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    Handbook of Mathematical Functions editted by Milton Abramowitz & Irene A. Stegun originally published by U.S. National Bureau of Standards Large file -- original PDF is 70Meg Flash version is barfing, but PDF is fine once downloaded, I checked.

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    Abramowitz & Stegun

    Uploaded by

    Kevin G. Rhoads
    Handbook of Mathematical Functions editted by Milton Abramowitz & Irene A. Stegun originally published by U.S. National Bureau of Standards Large file -- original PDF is 70Meg Flash version is barfing, but PDF is fine once downloaded, I checked.

    Copyright:

    Public Domain
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    of 1059

    Preface’

    The present volume is an outgrowth of a Conference on Mathematical Tables


    held at Cambridge, Mass., on September 15-16, 1954, under the auspices of the
    National Science Foundation and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The
    purpose of the meeting was to evaluate the need for mathematical tables in the light
    of the availability of large scale computing machines. It was the consensus of
    opinion that in spite of the increasing use of the new machines the basic need for
    tables would continue to exist.
    Numerical tables of mathematical functions are in continual demand by scien-
    tists and engineers. A greater variety of functions and higher accuracy of tabula-
    tion are now required as a result of scientific advances and, especially, of the in-
    creasing use of automatic computers. In the latter connection, the tables serve
    mainly forpreliminarysurveys of problems before programming for machine operation.
    For those without easy access to machines, such tables are, of course, indispensable.
    Consequently, the Conference recognized that there was a pressing need for a
    modernized version of the classical tables of functions of Jahnke-Emde. To imple-
    ment the project, the National Science Foundation requested the National Bureau
    of Standards to prepare such a volume and established an Ad Hoc Advisory Com-
    mittee, with Professor Philip M. Morse of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    as chairman, to advise the staff of the National Bureau of Standards during the
    ~course of its preparation. In addition to the Chairman, the Committee consisted
    of A. Erdelyi, M. C. Gray, N. Metropolis, J. B. Rosser, H. C. Thacher, Jr., John
    Todd, C. B. Tompkins, and J. W. Tukey.
    The primary aim has been to include a maximum of useful information within
    the limits of a moderately large volume, with particular attention to the needs of
    scientists in all fields. An attempt has been made to cover the entire field of special
    functions. To carry out the goal set forth by tbe Ad Hoc Committee, it has been
    necessary to supplement the tables by including the mathematical properties that
    are important in computation work, as well as by providing numerical methods
    which demonstrate the use and extension of the tables.
    The Handbook was prepared under the direction of the late Milton Abramowitz,
    and Irene A. Stegun. Its success has depended greatly upon the cooperation of
    many mathematicians. Their efforts together with the cooperation of the Ad HOC
    Committee are greatly appreciated. The particular contributions of these and
    other individuals are acknowledged at appropriate places in the text. The sponsor-
    ship of the National Science Foundation for the preparation of the material is
    gratefully recognized.
    It is hoped that this volume will not only meet the needs of all table users but
    will in many cases acquaint its users with new functions.

    ALLEN V. ASTIN, L?imctor.

    Washington, D.C.
    Preface to the Ninth Printing
    The enthusiastic reception accorded the “Handbook of Mathematical
    Functions” is little short of unprecedented in the long history of mathe-
    matical tables that began when John Napier published his tables of loga-
    rithms in 1614. Only four and one-half years after the first copy came
    from the press in 1964, Myron Tribus, the Assistant Secretary of Com-
    merce for Science and Technology, presented the 100,OOOth copy of the
    Handbook to Lee A. DuBridge, then Science Advisor to the President.
    Today, total distribution is approaching the 150,000 mark at a scarcely
    diminished rate.
    The successof the Handbook has not ended our interest in the subject.
    On the contrary, we continue our close watch over the growing and chang-
    ing world of computation and to discuss with outside experts and among
    ourselves the various proposals for possible extension or supplementation
    of the formulas, methods and tables that make up the Handbook.
    In keeping with previous policy, a number of errors discovered since
    the last printing have been corrected. Aside from this, the mathematical
    tables and accompanying text are unaltered. However, some noteworthy
    changes have been made in Chapter 2: Physical Constants and Conversion
    Factors, pp. 6-8. The table on page 7 has been revised to give the values
    of physical constants obtained in a recent reevaluation; and pages 6 and 8
    have been modified to reflect changes in definition and nomenclature of
    physical units and in the values adopted for the acceleration due to gravity
    in the revised Potsdam system.
    The record of continuing acceptance of the Handbook, the praise that
    has come from all quarters, and the fact that it is one of the most-quoted
    scientific publications in recent years are evidence that the hope expressed
    by Dr. Astin in his Preface is being amply fulfilled.
    LEWIS M. BRANSCOMB, Director
    National Bureau of Standards

    November 1970
    Foreword
    This volume is the result of the cooperative effort of many persons and a number
    of organizations. The National Bureau of Standards has long been turning out
    mathematical tables and has had under consideration, for at least IO years, the
    production of a compendium like the present one. During a Conference on Tables,
    called by the NBS Applied Mathematics Division on May 15, 19.52, Dr. Abramo-
    witz of t,hat Division mentioned preliminary plans for such an undertaking, but
    indicated the need for technical advice and financial support.
    The Mathematics Division of the National Research Council has also had an
    active interest in tables; since 1943 it has published the quarterly journal, “Mathe-
    matical Tables and Aids to Computation” (MTAC),, editorial supervision being
    exercised by a Committee of the Division.
    Subsequent to the NBS Conference on Tables in 1952 the attention of the
    National Science Foundation was drawn to the desirability of financing activity in
    table production. With its support a z-day Conference on Tables was called at the
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology on September 15-16, 1954, to discuss the
    needs for tables of various kinds. Twenty-eight persons attended, representing
    scientists and engineers using tables as well as table producers. This conference
    reached consensus on several cpnclusions and recomlmendations, which were set
    forth in tbe published Report of the Conference. There was general agreement,
    for example, “that the advent of high-speed cornputting equipment changed the
    task of table making but definitely did not remove the need for tables”. It was
    also agreed that “an outstanding need is for a Handbook of Tables for the Occasional
    Computer, with tables of usually encountered functions and a set of formulas and
    tables for interpolation and other techniques useful to the occasional computer”.
    The Report suggested that the NBS undertake the production of such a Handbook
    and that the NSF contribute financial assistance. The Conference elected, from its
    participants, the following Committee: P. M. Morse (Chairman), M. Abramowitz,
    J. H. Curtiss, R. W. Hamming, D. H. Lehmer, C. B. Tompkins, J. W. Tukey, to
    help implement these and other recommendations.
    The Bureau of Standards undertook to produce the recommended tables and the
    National Science Foundation made funds available. To provide technical guidance
    to the Mathematics Division of the Bureau, which carried out the work, and to pro-
    vide the NSF with independent judgments on grants ffor the work, the Conference
    Committee was reconstituted as the Committee on Revision of Mathematical
    Tables of the Mathematics Division of the National Research Council. This, after
    some changes of membership, became the Committee which is signing this Foreword.
    The present volume is evidence that Conferences can sometimes reach conclusions
    and that their recommendations sometimes get acted on.
    V

    ,/”
    VI FOREWORD

    Active work was started at the Bureau in 1956. The overall plan, the selection
    of authors for the various chapters, and the enthusiasm required to begin the task
    were contributions of Dr. Abramowitz. Since his untimely death, the effort has
    continued under the general direction of Irene A. Stegun. The workers at the
    Bureau and the members of the Committee have had many discussions about
    content, style and layout. Though many details have had t’o be argued out as they
    came up, the basic specifications of the volume have remained the same as were
    outlined by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Conference of 1954.
    The Committee wishes here to register its commendation of the magnitude and
    quality of the task carried out by the staff of the NBS Computing Section and their
    expert collaborators in planning, collecting and editing these Tables, and its appre-
    ciation of the willingness with which its various suggestions were incorporated into
    the plans. We hope this resulting volume will be judged by its users to be a worthy
    memorial to the vision and industry of its chief architect, Milton Abramowitz.
    We regret he did not live to see its publication.
    P. M. MORSE, Chairman.
    A. ERD~LYI
    M. C. GRAY
    N. C. METROPOLIS
    J. B. ROSSER
    H. C. THACHER. Jr.
    JOHN TODD
    ‘C. B. TOMPKINS
    J. W. TUKEY.
    Handbook of Mathematical Functions
    with

    Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables


    Edited by Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun

    1. Introduction
    The present Handbook has been designed to tional importance. Many numerical examples
    provide scientific investigators with a compre- are given to illustrate the use of the tables and
    hensive and self-contained summary of the mathe- also the computation of function values which lie
    matical functions that arise in physical and engi- outside their range. At the end of the text in
    neering problems. The well-known Tables of each chapter there is a short bibliography giving
    Funct.ions by E. Jahnke and F. Emde has been books and papers in which proofs of the mathe-
    invaluable to workers in these fields in its many matical properties stated in the chapter may be
    editions’ during the past half-century. The found. Also listed in the bibliographies are the
    present volume ext,ends the work of these authors more important numerical tables. Comprehen-
    by giving more extensive and more accurate sive lists of tables are given in the Index men-
    numerical tables, and by giving larger collections tioned above, and current information on new
    of mathematical properties of the tabulated tables is to be found in the National Research
    functions. The number of functions covered has Council quarterly Mathematics of Computation
    also been increased. (formerly Mathematical Tables and Other Aids
    The classification of functions and organization to Computation).
    of the chapters in this Handbook is similar to The ma.thematical notations used in this Hand-
    that of An Index of Mathematical Tables by book are those commonly adopted in standard
    texts, particularly Higher Transcendental Func-
    A. Fletcher, J. C. P. Miller, and L. Rosenhead. tions, Volumes 1-3, by A. ErdBlyi, W. Magnus,
    In general, the chapters contain numerical tables, F. Oberhettinger and F. G. Tricomi (McGraw-
    graphs, polynomial or rational approximations Hill, 1953-55). Some alternative notations have
    for automatic computers, and statements of the also been listed. The introduction of new symbols
    principal mathematical properties of the tabu- has been kept to a minimum, and an effort has
    lated functions, particularly those of computa- been made to avoid the use of conflicting notation.

    2. Accuracy of the Tables


    The number of significant figures given in each precision in their interpolates may obtain them
    table has depended to some extent on the number by use of higher-order interpolation procedures,
    available in existing tabulations. There has been described below.
    no attempt to make it uniform throughout the In certain tables many-figured function values
    Handbook, which would have been a costly and are given at irregular intervals in the argument.
    laborious undertaking. In most tables at least An example is provided by Table 9.4. The pur-
    five significant figures have been provided, and pose of these tables is to furnish “key values” for
    the tabular’ intervals have generally been chosen the checking of programs for automatic computers;
    to ensure that linear interpolation will yield. four- no question of interpolation arises.
    or five-figure accuracy, which suffices in most The maximum end-figure error, or “tolerance”
    physical applications. Users requiring higher in the tables in this Handbook is 6/& of 1 unit
    everywhere in the case of the elementary func-
    1 The most recent, the sixth, with F. Loesch added as cc-author, was tions, and 1 unit in the case of the higher functions
    published in 1960 by McGraw-Hill, U.S.A., and Teubner, Germany.
    2 The second edition, with L. J. Comrie added as co-author, was published except in a few cases where it has been permitted
    in two volumes in 1962 by Addison-Wesley, U.S.A., and Scientific Com-
    puting Service Ltd., Great Britain. to rise to 2 units.

    IX /-
    .

    X INTRODUCTION

    3. Auxiliary Functions and Arguments


    One of the objects of this Handbook is to pro- The logarithmic singularity recludes direct inter-
    vide tables or computing methods which enable polation near x=0. The Punctions Ei(x)-In x
    the user to evaluate the tabulated functions over and x-liEi(ln x-r], however, are well-
    complete ranges of real values of their parameters. behaved and readily interpolable in this region.
    In order to achieve this object, frequent use has Either will do as an auxiliary function; the latter
    been made of auxiliary functions to remove the was in fact selected as it yields slightly higher
    infinite part of the original functions at their accuracy when Ei(x) is recovered. The function
    singularities, and auxiliary arguments to co e with x-‘[Ei(x)-ln x-r] has been tabulated to nine
    infinite ranges. An example will make t fi e pro- decimals for the range 05x<+. For +<x12,
    cedure clear. Ei(x) is sufficiently well-behaved to admit direct
    The exponential integral of positive argument tabulation, but for larger values of x, its expo-
    is given by nential character predominates. A smoother and
    more readily interpolable function for large x is
    xe-“Ei(x); this has been tabulated for 2 <x510.
    Finally, the range 10 <x_<m is covered by use of
    the inverse argument x-l. Twenty-one entries of
    xe-“Ei(x), corresponding to x-l = .l(- .005)0, suf-
    fice to produce an interpolable table.

    4. Interpolation
    The tables in this Handbook are not provided Let us suppose that we wish to compute the
    with differences or other aids to interpolation, be- value of xeZ&(x) for x=7.9527 from this table.
    cause it was felt that the space they require could We describe in turn the application of the methods
    be better employed by the tabulation of additional of linear interpolation, Lagrange and Aitken, and
    functions. Admittedly aids could have been given of alternative methods based on differences and
    without consuming extra space by increasing the Taylor’s series.
    intervals of tabulation, but this would have con- (1) Linear interpolation. The formula for this
    flicted with the requirement that linear interpola- process is given by
    tion is accurate to four or five figures.
    For applications in which linear interpolation jp= (1 -P)joSPfi
    is insufficiently accurate it is intended that
    Lagrange’s formula or Aitken’s method of itera- where jO, ji are consecutive tabular values of the
    tive linear interpolation3 be used. To help the function, corresponding to arguments x0, x1, re-
    user, there is a statement at the foot of most tables spectively; p is the given fraction of the argument
    of the maximum error in a linear interpolate, interval
    and the number of function values needed in p= (x--x0>/(x1-~0>
    Lagrange’s formula or Aitken’s method to inter-
    polate to full tabular accuracy. and jP the required interpolate. In the present
    As an example, consider the following extract instance, we have
    from Table 5.1.
    jo=.89717 4302 ji=.89823 7113 p=.527
    zez El (2) ze*El (z)
    775 . 89268 7854 d0 . 89823 7113 The most convenient way to evaluate the formula
    ;:; : 89384
    89497 6312
    9666 g. I .89927
    90029 7306
    7888
    on a desk calculating machine is.to set o and ji
    in turn on the keyboard, and carry out t d e multi-
    E : 89608
    89717 4302
    8737 8: 4
    ix :.90227
    90129 4695
    60”3 plications by l-p and p cumulatively; a partial
    check is then provided by the multiplier dial
    [ 1‘453 reading unity. We obtain

    The numbers in the square brackets mean that j.6z,E.‘;9;72;&39717 4302)+.527(.89823 7113)
    the maximum error in a linear interpolate is
    3X10m6, and that to interpolate to the full tabular
    accuracy five points must be used in Lagrange’s Since it is known that there is a possible error
    and Aitken’s methods. of 3 X 10 -6 in the linear formula, we round off this
    8 A. C. Aitken On inte elation b iteration of roportional
    result to .89773. The maximum possible error in
    parts, with.
    out the use of diherences, ‘Brot Edin i: urgh Math. 8 oc. 3.6676 (1932). this answer is composed of the error committed
    INTRODUCTION XI

    by the last roundingJ that is, .4403X 10m5, plus The numbers in the third and fourth columns are
    3 X lo-‘, and so certainly cannot exceed .8X lo-‘. the first and second differences of the values of
    (2) Lagrange’s formula. In this example, the xezEl(x) (see below) ; the smallness of the second
    relevant formula is the 5-point one, given by difference provides a check on the three interpola-
    tions. The required value is now obtained by
    f=A-,(p)f_z+A-,(p)f-1+Ao(p>fo+A,(p)fi linear interpolation :
    +A&)fa
    Tables of the coefficients An(p) are given in chapter fn=.3(.89772 9757)+.7(.89774 0379)
    25 for the range p=O(.Ol)l. We evaluate the
    formula for p=.52, .53 and .54 in turn. Again, = 239773 7192.
    in each evaluation we accumulate the An(p) in the
    multiplier register since their sum is unity. We
    now have the following subtable. In cases where the correct order of the Lagrange
    polynomial is not known, one of the prelimina
    x m=&(x) interpolations may have to be performed witT
    7.952 .89772 9757 polynomials of two or more different orders as a
    10622
    7.953 .89774 0379 -2 check on their adequacy.
    10620 (3) Aitken’s method of iterative linear interpola-
    7.954 .89775 0999 tion. The scheme for carrying out this process
    in the present example is as follows:

    .; & Yn=ze”G@) Yo.I Yo. 1, (I Yo, 1.2. I Yo.1.a.s.n X,-X


    89823 7113 .0473
    1 7.9 : 89717 4302 89773 44034 -. 0527
    2 8.1 89927 7888 :89774 48264 .89773 71499 . 1473
    3 7.8 : 89608 8737 2 90220 2394 . 89773 71938 -. 1527
    4 8.2 . 90029 7306 4 98773 1216 89773 71930 . 2473
    5 7.7 . 89497 9666 2 35221 2706 ii 30 -. 2527

    Here
    1 Yo 20-x S2fl
    yo,n=-
    x.--20 Yn x,-x
    safz
    1 Yo.1 x,-x
    Yo.1 ,n=- x,-x
    G--z1 l/O.” wa

    Yo. . . 1 l/0.1. . . ., n-1.98 x,-x 1


    1. ., m--l.m.n-- ~n-%n Yo.1. . . -, m-1.n x,-x
    Here
    If the quantities Z.-X and x~--5 are used as Sf1l2=f1-f0, 8f3/a=fz-f1, . . . ,,
    multipliers when forming the cross-product on a a2/1=sf3ia-afiia=fa-2fi+fo
    desk machine, their accumulation (~~-2) -(x,-x) ~af3~~=~aja-~aj~=fa-3j2+3fi-k
    in the multiplier register is the divisor to be used 8'fa=~aj~fsla-6~3~2=f4-~f~+~ja-4f~+fo
    at that stage. An extra decimal place is usually and so on.
    carried in the intermediate interpolates to safe- In the present example the relevant part of the
    guard against accumulation of rounding errors. difference table is as follows, the differences being
    The order in which the tabular values are used written in units of the last decimal lace of the
    is immaterial to some extent, but to achieve the function, as is customary. The sma Bness of the
    maximum rate of convergence and at the same high differences provides a check on the function
    time minimize accumulation of rounding errors, values
    we begin, as in this example, with the tabular xe=El(x) SY S4f
    argument nearest to the given argument, then 7:9 .89717 4302 -2 2754 -34
    take the nearest of the remaining tabular argu- 8.0 . 89823 7113 -2 2036 -39
    ments, and so on.
    The number of tabular values required to Applying, for example, Everett’s interpolation
    achieve a given precision emerges naturally in formula
    the course of the iterations. Thus in the present
    example six values were used, even though it was j~=(l-P)fo+E2(P)~*jo+E4(P)~4jo+ . . . .
    known in advance that five would suffice. The +Pfl+F2(P)~afl+F4(P)~4fl+ . * *
    extra row confirms the convergence and provides
    a valuable check. and takin the numerical values of the interpola-
    (4) Difference formulas. We use the central tion toe flf cients Es(p), E4 ), F,(p) and F,(p)
    difference notation (chapter 25), from Table 25.1, we find t!l at

    ,,/
    XII INTRODUCTION

    10Qf.6,= .473(89717 4302) + .061196(2 2754) - .012(34) can be used. We first compute as many of the
    + .527(89823 7113) + .063439(2 2036) - .012(39) derivatives ftn) (~0) as are significant, and then
    = 89773 7193. evaluate the series for the given value of 2.
    An advisable check on the computed values of the
    We may notice in passing that Everett’s derivatives is to reproduce the adjacent tabular
    formula shows that the error in a linear interpolate values by evaluating the series for z=zl and x1.
    is approximately
    In the present example, we have
    mPwfo+ F2(P)wl= m(P) + ~2(P)lk?f0+wJ
    f(x) =xeZEt(x)
    Since the maximum value of IEz(p)+Fz(p)I in the f’(z)=(l+Z-‘)f(Z)-1
    range O<p<l is fd, the maximum error in a linear f”(2)=(1+2-‘)f’(Z)--Z-Qf(2)
    interpolate is approximately f”‘(X) = (1 -i-z-y’(2) -22~Qf’(5) +22-y(2).

    With x0=7.9 and x-x0= .0527 our computations


    are as follows: an extra decimal has been retained
    in the values of the terms in the series to safeguard
    (5) Taylor’s series. In cases where the succes- against accumulation of rounding errors.
    sive derivatives of the tabulated function can be
    computed fairly easily, Taylor’s expansion p:‘(xo)/k! (x--so) y’k’(x0)/k!
    i .89717 4302 .89717 4302

    ~(x,=~(xo)+(x-x,,~~+(x-xo,~~~ ; - .00113
    .01074 0669
    7621 -.ooooo
    .00056 6033
    3159 53
    +(~-x,)q$+ . . . 3 .00012 1987 .ooooo
    .a9773 7194
    0017 9

    5. Inverse Interpolation
    With linear interpolation there is no difference The desired z is therefore
    in principle between direct and inverse interpola-
    tion. In cases where the linear formula rovides z=zQ+p(z,--2,,)=8.1+.708357(.1)=8.17083 57
    an insufficiently accurate answer, two met fl ods are
    available. We may interpolate directly, for To estimate the possible error in this answer,
    example, by Lagrange’s formula to prepare a new we recall that the maximum error of direct linear
    table at a fine interval in the neighborhood of the interpolation in this table is Aj=3X lOwe. An
    approximate value, and then apply accurate approximate value for dj/dx is the ratio of the
    inverse linear interpolation to the subtabulated first difference to the argument interval (chapter
    values. Alternatively, we may use Aitken’s 25), in this case .OlO. Hence the maximum error
    method or even possibly the Taylor’s series in x is approximately 3XlO-e/(.OlO), that is, .0003.
    method, with the roles of function and argument (ii) Subtabulation method. To improve the
    interchanged. ap roximate value of x just obtained, we inter-
    It is important to realize that the accuracy of po Pate directly for p=.70, .7l and .72 with the aid
    an inverse interpolate may be very different from of Lagrange’s 5-point formula,
    that of a direct interpolate. This is particularly
    X xe=El (x) 6 QQ
    true in regions where the function is slowly
    varying, for example, near a maximum or mini- 8. 170 . 89999 -.-_
    1 0151
    mum. The maximum precision attainable in an 8.171 . 90000 3834 -2
    inverse interpolate can be estimated with the aid of 1 0149
    the formula 8. 172 90001 3983

    AxmAj/df
    dx
    Inverse
    gives
    linear interpolation in the new table

    in which Aj is the maximum possible error in the


    function values.
    Example. Given xe”Ei(z) = .9, find 2 from the Hencex=8.17062 23.
    table on page X.
    (i) Inverse linear interpolation. The formula An estimate of the maximum error in this result
    for v is is
    df~1x10-8_1x10-7
    Ajl z .OlO
    In the present example, we have
    .9 - .89927 7888 72 2112 (iii) Aitken’s method. This is carried out in the
    ‘=.90029 7306- .89927 7888=101=‘708357’ same manner as in direct interpolation.
    INTRODUCTION XIII

    n yn=xeeZE1(x) 2, Z0.n QJ.98 a.1 2.n zo.l.2.3.74 l/n-u


    0 . 90029 7306 8. 2 .00029 7306

    4 : 89927
    90129 6033
    7888 8. 31 8. 17083
    17023 5712
    1505 8. 1706,l 9521 -. . 00072
    00129 2112
    6033
    3 . 89823 7113 8. 0 8. 17113 8043 2 5948 8. 17062 2244 -. 00176 2887

    % : 90227
    89717 4302
    4695 7. 49
    8. 8. 16992
    17144 0382
    9437 21 8142
    7335 231
    415 8. 17062 2318
    265 -. .00227
    00282 5G98
    4695

    The estimate of the maximum error in this discrepancy in the highest interpolates, in this
    result is the same as in the subtabulation method. case xo .I ,2.3 A, and ZLI .2.8 .s.
    An indication of the error is also provided by the I

    6. Bivariate Interpolation
    Bivariate interpolation is generally most simply interpolation is then carried out in the second
    performed as a sequence of univariate interpola- direction.
    tions. We carry out the interpolation in one An alternative procedure in the case of functions
    direction, by one of the methods already described, of a complex variable is to use the Taylor’s series
    for several tabular values of the second argument expansion, provided that successive derivatives
    in the neighborhood of its given value. The of the function can be computed without much
    interpolates are differenced as a check, and difficulty.

    7. Generation of Functions from Recurrence Relations


    Many of the special mathematical functions (iii) the direction in which the recurrence is being
    which depend on a parameter, called their index, applied. Examples are as follows.
    order or degree, satisfy a linear difference equa-
    Stability-increasing n
    tion (or recurrence relation) with respect to this
    parameter. Examples are furnished by the Le- Pm(x), p:(2)
    gendre function P,(z), the Bessel function Jn(z) Qnb), Q:(x) (x<l)
    and the exponential integral E,(x), for which we y&9, KG)
    have the respective recurrence relations J-n-&), z-t44
    &Cd (n<d

    Stability-decreasing 7t
    Jn+*-~Jn+J.-l=O
    P”(X), P.,(z) @<l)
    nE,+,+xE,,=e-=.
    Qnh), Q:(x)
    Particularly for automatic work, recurrence re- J&4, Z.@)
    lations provide an important and powerful com- Jn+Hcd , Zn+&)
    puting tool. If the values of P&r) or Jn(z) are Em(z) (n >r)
    known for two consecutive values of n, or E',(z) F,,(t, p) (Coulomb wave function)
    is known for one value of n, then the function may
    be computed for other values of n by successive Illustrations of the generation of functions from
    applications of the relation. Since generation is their recurrence relations are given in the pertinent
    carried out perforce with rounded values, it is chapters. It is also shown that even in cases
    vital to know how errors may be propagated in where the recurrence process is unstable, it may
    the recurrence process. If the errors do not grow still be used when the starting values are known
    relative to the size of the wanted function, the to sufficient accuracy.
    process is said to be stable. If, however, the Mention must also be made here of a refinement,
    relative errors grow and will eventually over- due to J. C. P. Miller, which enables a recurrence
    whelm the wanted function, the process is unstable. process which is stable for decreasing n to be
    It is important to realize that st,ability may applied without any knowledge of starting values
    depend on (i) the particular solution of the differ- for large n. Miller’s algorithm, which is well-
    ence equation being computed; (ii) the values of suited to automatic work, is described in 19.28,
    x or other parameters in the difference equation; Example 1.
    XIV INTRODUCTION

    8. Acknowledgments
    The production of this volume has been the bibliographic references and assisted in preparing
    result of the unrelenting efforts of many persons, the introductory material.
    all of whose contributions have been instrumental Valuable assistance in the preparation, checkin
    in accomplishing the task. The Editor expresses and editing of the tabular material was receive IFi
    his thanks to each and every one. from Ruth E. Capuano, Elizabeth F. Godefroy,
    The Ad Hoc Advisory Committee individually David S. Liepman, Kermit Nelson, Bertha H.
    and together were instrumental in establishing Walter and Ruth Zucker.
    the basic tenets that served as a guide in the forma- Equally important has been the untiring
    tion of the entire work. In particular, special cooperation, assistance, and patience of the
    thanks are due to Professor Philip M. Morse for members of the NBS staff in handling the myriad
    his continuous encouragement and support. of detail necessarily attending the publication
    Professors J. Todd and A. Erdelyi, panel members of a volume of this magnitude. Especially
    of the Conferences on Tables and members of the appreciated have been the helpful discussions and
    Advisory Committee have maintained an un- services from the members of the Office of Techni-
    diminished interest, offered many suggestions and cal Information in the areas of editorial format,
    carefully read all the chapters. graphic art layout, printing detail, preprinting
    Irene A. Stegun has served eff ectively as associate reproduction needs, as well as attention to pro-
    editor, sharing in each stage of the planning of motional detail and financial support. In addition,
    the volume. Without her untiring efforts, com- the clerical and typing stafI of the Applied Mathe-
    pletion would never have been possible. matics Division merit commendation for their
    Appreciation is expressed for the generous efficient and patient production of manuscript
    cooperation of publishers and authors in granting copy involving complicated technical notation.
    permission for the use of their source material. Finally, the continued support of Dr. E. W.
    Acknowledgments for tabular material taken Cannon, chief of the Applied Mathematics
    wholly or in part from published works are iven Division, and the advice of Dr. F. L. Alt, assistant
    on the first page of each table. Myrtle R. Ke Yiling- chief, as well as of the many mathematicians in
    ton corresponded with authors and publishers the Division, is gratefully acknowledged.
    to obtain formal permission for including their
    material, maintained uniformity throughout the M. ABRAMOWITZ.
    1. Mathematical Constants

    DAVID S. LIEPMAN ’

    Contents
    Page
    Table 1.1. Mathematical Constants ............... 2

    +i,nprime <lOO, 20s. .................. 2


    Some roots of 2, 3, 5, 10, 100, 1000, e, 20s .......... 2

    e*n, n=l(l)lO, 25s .................... 2

    e*tns, n=l(l)lO, 20s .................... 2


    eas, e*‘, 20s ....................... 2

    ln n, log,, n, n=2(1)10, primes <lOO, 26, 25s ........ 2

    In 7~,In&, logI, ?r, log,, e, 25s ............... 3

    n In 10, n=1(1)9, 25s ................... 3

    na, n=1(1)9, 25s ..................... 3

    a*“, n=l(l)lO, 25s .................... 3

    Fractions of T, powers and roots involving T, 25s ....... 3

    1 radian in degrees, 26s .................. 3

    lo, l’, 1” in radians, 24D. ................. 3

    ~,lny, 24D ....................... 3

    r(4), l/r($), 15D ..................... 3

    r(2),l/r(z),lnr(2),2~3,a,g,q,~,g,g,~, 15D. ........ 3

    1 National Bureau of Standards.


    MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS

    TABLE 1.1. MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS

    1 4142 13562 37;: 50488 1O’fi 3.1622 77660 16837 93320


    i7320 50807 56887 72935
    2.2360 67977 49978 96964 1O’fl
    10"' 2.1544
    1.7782 79410
    34690 03892
    03188 %X
    2..6457 51311 06459 05905 101’5 1.5848 93192 46111 34853
    3.3166 24790 35539 98491
    3.6055 51275 46398 92931 1OOlfl
    loo”5 4.6415
    2.5118 88833
    86431 61277
    50958 FKd *
    4.1231 05625 61766 05498 1000"' 5.6234 13251 90349 08040
    4.3588 98943 54067 35522 lOOO"5 3.9810 71705 53497 25077 *
    4.7958 31523 31271 2lB 1.2599 21049 89487 31648
    5.3851 64807 13450 :E: 3’B 1.4422 49570 30740 83823
    5.5677 64362 83002 19221 2114 1.1892 07115 06275 20667
    6.0827 62530 29821 96890 3114 1.3160 74012 95249 24608 *
    6.4031 24237 43284 86865 2-m - 1) 7.0710 67811 86547 52440
    6.5574 38524 30200 06523 3-m - 1) 5.7735 02691 89625 76451
    6.8556 54600 40104 41249 5-‘fi (-- lj 4.4721 35954 99957 93928
    7.2801 09889 28051 82711
    7.6811 45747 86860 81758
    7.8102 49675 90665 43941 4.8104 77380 96535 16555
    8.1853 52771 87244 99700 2.1932 80050 73801 54566
    8.4261 49773 i7635 86306 (-- 11 2.0787 95763 50761 90855
    8.5440 03745 31753 11679 i-
    .
    li 4.5593
    -I ~- ~--~
    81277
    --~-
    65996
    -----
    23677
    -----

    8.8881 94417 31558 88501 1.6487 21270 70012 81468


    9.1104 33579 14429 88819 (- 1) 6.0653 06597 12633 42360
    9.4339 81132 05660 38113 1.3956 12425 08608 95286
    9.8488 57801 79610 47217 (- 1) 7.1653 13105 73789 25043

    2.7182 81828 45:04 52353 60287 - 1) 3.6787 94411e-“71442 32159 55238


    7.3890 56098 93065 02272 30427 - 1) 1.3533 52832 36612 69189 39995
    1) 2.0085 53692 31876 67740 92853 - 2) 4.9787 06836 78639 42979 34242
    lj 5.4598 15003 31442 39078 11026 - 2j 1.8315 63888 87341 80293 71802
    2) 1.4841 31591 02576 60342 11156 - 3) 6.7379 46999 08546 70966 36048
    2) 4.0342 87934 92735 12260 83872 - 3) 2.4787 52176 66635 84230 45167
    3) 1.0966 33158 42845 85992 63720 - 4) 9.1188 19655 54516 20800 31361
    3) 2.9809 57987 04172 82747 43592 - 4) 3.3546 26279 02511 83882 13891
    3) 8.1030 83927 57538 40077 09997 - 4) 1.2340 98040 86679 54949 76367
    4) 2.2026 46579 48067 16516 95790 - 5) 4.5399 92976 24848 51535 59152

    enr e--nr
    1) 2.3140 69263 27792 69006 - 2) 4.3213 91826 37722 49774
    2) 5.3549 16555 24764 73650 - 3) 1.8674 42731 70798 88144
    4) 1.2391 64780 79166 97482 - 5) 8.0699 51757 03045 99239
    5) 2.8675 13131 36653 29975 - 6) 3.4873 42356 20899 54918
    6) 6.6356 23999 34113 42333 - 7) 1.5070 17275 39006 46107
    8j 1.5355 29353 95446 69392 - 9i 6. 5124 12136 07990 07282
    9) 3.5533 21280 84704 43597 -1oj 2.8142 68457 48555 27211
    LO) 8.2226 31558 55949 95275 -11) 1.2161 55670 94093 08397
    12) 1.9027 73895 29216 12917 -13) 5.2554 85176 00644 85552
    13) 4.4031 50586 06320 29011 -14j 2.2711 01068 32409 38387

    26224 14792 64190 - 2) 6.5988 03584 53125 37077


    72417 99019 79852 - 1) 5.6145 94835 66885 16982

    In n log10 12
    0.6931 47180 55994 53094 172321 0102 99956 63981 19521 37389
    1.0986 12288 66810 96913 952452 7712 12547 l!id62 43729 50279
    1.3862 94361 11989 344642 0205 99913 27962 39042 74778
    1.6094 37912 43410 xz::: 007593 9897 00043 36018 80478 62611
    1.7917 59469 22805 50008 124774 7815 12503 83643 63250 87668
    1.9459 10149 05531 33051 053527 4509 80400 14256 83071 22163
    2.0794 41541 67983 59282 516964 0308 99869 91943 58564 12167
    2.1972 24577 33621 93827 904905 5424 25094 39324 87459
    2.3025 85092 99404 56840 179915 0000 00000 00000 00000 ~:~::
    2.3978 95272 79837 05440 619436 0413 92685 15822 50407 50200
    2.5649 49357 46153 67360 534874 1139 43352 30683 67692
    2.8332 13344 05621 60802 495346 2304 48921 37827 39285 ::%i
    2.9444 38979 16644 04600 090274 2787 53600 95282 89615
    3.1354 94215 92914 96908 067528 3617 27836 01759 X%f
    3.3672 95829 98647 40271 832720 4623 97997 89895 %Ei 32847
    3.4339 87204 48514 62459 291643 4913 61693 83427 26796 66704
    3.6109 17912 64422 44443 680957 1. 5682 01724 06699 49968 08451
    72066 70430 78038 667634 1.6127 83856 71973 54945 09412
    I: % 00115 69356 24234 728425 1.6334 68455 57958 65264 05088
    *See page xx.
    MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS

    TABLE 1.1. MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS-Continued

    In n log10 n
    3.8501 47601 71005 85868 209507 1.6720 97857 93571 74644 14219
    3. 9702 91913 55212 18341 444691 1.7242 75869 60078 90456 32992
    4.0775 37443 90.571 94506 160.504 1.7708 52011 64214 41902 60656
    4.1108 73864 17331 12487 513891 1.7853 29835 01076 70338 85749
    4. 2046 92619 39096 60596 700720 1.8260 74802 70082 64341 49132
    4.2626 79877 04131 54213 294545 1.. 8512 58348 71907 52860 92829
    4. 2904 59441 14839 11290 921089 1. 8633 22860 12045 59010 74387
    4.3694 47852 46702 14941 729455 I.. 8976 27091 29044 14279 94821
    4.4188 40607 79659 79234 754722 1. 9190 78092 37607 39038 32760
    4.4886 36369 73213 98383 178155 1. 9493 90006 64491 27847 23543
    4. 5747 10978 50338 28221 167216 1. 9867 71734 f ?624 48517 84362
    1. 1447 29885 84940 01741 43427 loglog (-1) 4.9714 98726 94133 85435 12683
    (-1) 9. 1893 85332 04672 74178 03296 logl0e (-1) 4.3429 44819 03251 82765 11289

    nln 10
    2.3025 85092 99404 56840 17991 3. 1415 92653 5s”9”19 32384 62643
    4.6051 70185 98809 13680 35983 6. 2831 85307 17958 64769 25287
    6.9077 55278 98213 70520 53974 !a. 4247 77960 76937 97153 87930
    9.2103 40371 97618 27360 71966 ( 1) 1. 2566 37061 43591 72953 85057
    ( 1) 1. 1512 92546 49702 28420 08996 ( 1) 1.5707 96326 79489 66192 31322
    ( 1) 1. 3815 51055 79642 74104 10795 ( 1) 1. 8849 55592 15387 59430 77586
    ( 1) 1. 6118 09565 09583 19788 12594 ( 1) 2. 1991 14857 51285 52669 23850
    ( 1) 1. 8420 68074 39523 65472 14393 ( 1)2.5132 74122 87183 45907 70115
    ( 1) 2. 0723 26583 69464 11156 16192 ( 1) 2.8274 33388 23081 39146 16379

    7P n *-”
    3.1415 92653 58979 32384 62643 -1) 3. 1830 98861 83790 67153 77675
    9.8696 04401 08935 86188 34491 ; -1) 1.. 0132 11836 42337 77144 38795
    ( 1) 3. 1006 27668 02998 20175 47632 3 -2j 3.2251 53443 31994 89184 42205
    ( 1) 9. 7409 09103 40024 37236 44033 4 -2) 1. 0265 98225 46843 35189 15278
    C 2) 3.0601 96847 85281 45326 27413 -3) 3.2677 63643 05338 54726 28250
    ( 2j 9.6138 91935 75304 43703 02194 x -31 1. 0401 61473 29585 22960 89838
    ( 3) 3.0202 93227 77679 20675 14206 7 -4j 3. 3109 36801 77566 76432 59528
    ( 3) 9.4885 31016 07057 40071 28576 -4) 1. 0539 03916 53493 66633 17287
    ( 4) 2.9809 09933 34462 11666 50940 i -5) 3.3546 80357 20886 91287 39854
    ( 4) 9.3648 04747 60830 20973 71669 10 -5) 1. 0678 27922 68615 33662 04078

    1. 5707 96326 79489 66192 31322 4.7123 88980 38468 98576 93965
    1. 0471 97551 19659 77461 54214 s-ii 4.1887 90204 78639 09846 16858
    (-1) 7.8539 81633 97448 30961 56608 ;h; J2 4.4428 82938 15836 62470 15881 *
    1. 7724 53850 90551 60272 98167 (-1) 5. 6418 95835 47756 28694 80795
    1.4645 91887 56152 32630 20143 r-1 13 (- 1) 6. 8278 40632 55295 68146 70208
    1.3313 35363 80038 97127 97535 ?r-l/4 (-1) 7. 5112 55444 64942 48285 87030
    2. 1450 29397 11102 56000 77444 +f3 (-1) 4. 6619 40770 35411 61438 19885
    2.3597 30492 41469 68875 78474 ,-%I4 (- 1) 4. 2377 72081 23757 59679 10077
    5. 5683 27996 83170 78452 84818 *-3/Z (-1) 1. 7958 71221 25166 56168 90820
    t: 1) 2. 2459 15771 83610 45473 42715 r--c ( -2) 4.. 4525 26726 69229 06151 35273
    2. 5066 28274 63100 05024 15765 (2r)-'12 (-1) 3. 9894 22804 01432 67793 99461
    1. 2533 14137 31550 02512 07883 (a/,)"2 (-1) 7. 9788 45608 02865 35587 98921
    2. 2214 41469 07918 31235 07940 2'f2/?r (-1) 4.5015 81580 78533 03477 75996

    57. 2957 79513 08232 08767 98155’ 1’ 0. 0002 90888 20866 57215 96154r
    0. 0174 53292 51994 32957 69237r 1” 0. 0000 04848 13681 10953 59936r i

    0. 5772 15664 90153 28606 06512 In Y -0. 5495 39312 98164 48223 37662

    1. 7724 53850 905516 l/~U/‘4 0. 5641 89583 547756


    2. 6789 38534 707748 l/Ul/3) 0. 3732 82173 907395
    1. 3541 17939 426400 l/r(2/3) 0. 7384 88111 621648
    3. 6256 09908 221908 mm) 0. 2758 15662 830209
    1. 2254 16702 465178 mw 0. 8160 48939 098263
    0.8929 79511 569249 m4/3) :l. 1198 46521 722186
    0. 9027 45292 950934 mw) l. 1077 32167 432472
    I-, -, 0. 9064 02477 055477 mw l. 1032 62651 320837
    r (714) 0. 9190 62526 848883 uw4 :l. 0880 65252 131017
    In r(i/3) 0. 9854 20646 927767 In r(4/3) -0. 1131 91641 740343
    In r(2/3) 0.3031 50275 147523 In r(5/3) -0. 1023 14832 960640
    In r(lj4) 1.2880 22524 698077 In r(5/4) -0. 0982 71836 421813
    ln r(3/4) 0.2032 80951 431296 in r(7/4) -0. 0844 01121 020486
    .
    *See page II.
    2. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors
    A. G. MCNISH 1

    Contents
    Page
    Table 2.1. Common Units and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . 6
    Table 2.2. Names and Conversion Factors for Electric and Magnetic
    Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
    Table 2.3. Adjusted Values of Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
    Table 2.4. Miscellaneous Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . 8
    Table 2.5. Conversion Factors for Customary U.S. Units to Metric
    Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
    Table 2.6. Geodetic Constants . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 8

    * National Bureau of Standards.


    2. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

    The tables in this chapter supply some of rise to the CGS system, often used in physics
    the more commonly needed physical con- and chemistry.
    stants and conversion factors. Table 2.1. Common Units and Conversion
    All scientific measurements in the fields of Factors
    mechanics and heat are based upon four in-
    ternational arbitrarily adopted units, the
    magnitudes of which are fixed by four agreed ~
    on standards:
    Length- the meter -fixed by the vacuum The SI unit of electric current is the ampere
    wavelength of radiation corresponding to the defined by the equation 2r,,,Z1ZJ4~= F giving
    transition 2Plu-5Da of krypton 86 the force in vacua per unit length between
    (1 meter - 1650763.73h). two infinitely long parallel conductors of in-
    finitesimal cross-section. If F is in newtons,
    Mass-the kilogram -fixed by the interna- and rrn has the numerical value 477 X lo-‘,
    tional kilogram at S&vres, France. then I1 and Zr are in amperes. The custom-
    Time-the second- fixed as l/31,556,925.9747 ary equations define the other electric and
    of the tropical year 1900 at 12” ephemeris magnetic units of SI such as the volt, ohm,
    time, or the duration of 9,19‘2,631,770 cycles farad, henry, etc. The force between elec-
    of the hyperfine transition frequency of cesi- tric charges in a vacuum in this system is
    urn 133. given by Q, Qn/4nrerg= F, re having the nu-
    Temperature-the degree-fixed on a ther- merical value 10r/4nc2 where c is the speed
    modynamic basis by taking the temperature of light in meters per second (r,= 8.854
    for the triple point of natural water as 273.16 x 10-12).
    “K. (The Celsius scale is obtained by adding The CGS unrationalized system is obtained
    -273.15 to the Kelvin scale.) by deleting 4n in the denominators in these
    Other units are defined in terms of them by equations and expressing F in dynes, and r
    assigning the value unity to the proportion- in centimeters. Setting r,,, equal to unity de-
    ality constant in each defining equation. The fines the CGS unrationalized electromagnetic
    entire system, including electricity units, is system (emu), re then taking the numerical
    called the Systi.?me International d’unitds value of 1/c2. Setting re equal to unity de-
    (SI). Taking the l/100 part of the meter as fines the CGS unrationalized electrostatic
    the unit of length and the l/1000 part of the system (esu), r,,, then taking the numerical
    kilogram as the unit of mass, similarly, gives value of l/cz.
    Table 2.2. Names and Conversion Factors for Electric and Magnetic Units
    = = = =
    Quantity SI emu esu SI unit/ SI unit/
    name name I name emu unit esu unit
    - -
    Current ampere I tbampere statampere 10-l -3x 100
    Charge coulomb 1tbcoulomb statcoulomb LO-’ -3 x 109
    Potential volt abvolt statvolt 108 -(1/3)X 10-Z
    Resistance ohm abohm statohm 100 -(1/9)X 10-u
    Inductance henry centimeter 100 %(1/9)X 10-l’
    Capacitance farad centimeter 10-g -9x 10”
    Magnetizing force amp. turns/ oersted 4*x IO-3* -3 x loo*
    meter
    Magnetomotive force amp. turns gil bert 4rX lo-I* -3/10**
    Magnetic flu* weber maxwell __---___----_- 108 -(1/3)X 10-z
    Magnetic flux density tesla gauss _-______-_____ 10’ -(1/3)X 10-B
    Electric displacement --._-_-______ I_-..____..____ 10-J* -3x 105*
    - - -
    Example: If the value assigned to a current is 100 amperes its value in abamperes is 100X10-‘=lO.
    *Divide this number by 4?r if unrationalized system is involved; other numbers are unchanged.
    6
    3. Elementary Analytical Methods
    MILTON ABRAMOWITZ l

    Contents
    Page
    Elementary Analytical Methods ................. 10
    3.1. Binomial Theorem and Binomial Coefficients; Arithmetic and
    Geometric Progressions; Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic
    and Generalized Means ............... 10
    3.2. Inequalities ...................... 10
    3.3. Rules for Differentiation and Integration ......... 11
    3.4. Limits, Maxima and Minima .............. 13
    3.5. Absolute and Relative Errors .............. 14
    3.6. Infinite Series ..................... 14
    3.7. Complex Numbers and Functions ............ 16
    3.3. Algebraic Equations .................. 17
    3.9. Successive Approximation Methods ........... 18
    3.10. Theorems on Continued Fractions ............ 19
    Numerical Methods ....................... 19
    3.11. Use and Extension of the Tables ............ 19
    3.12. Computing Techniques. ................ 19

    References ............................ 23
    Table 3.1. Powers and Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
    n’“, k=l(l)lO, 24, l/2, l/3, l/4, l/5
    n=2(1)999, Exact or 10s

    The author acknowledges the assistance of Peter J. U’Hara and Kermit C. Nelson in
    the preparation and checking of the table of powers and roots.

    1 National Bureau of Standards. (Deceased.)


    3. Elementary Analytical Methods

    3.1. Binomial Theorem and Binomial Coeffi- 3.1.9


    cients; Arithmetic and Geometric Progres- Sum of Arithmetic Progression to n Terms
    sions; Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic and
    Generalized Means a-t-b+d)+b+24+ . . . +(a++-114

    Binomial Theorem =na+; 7+-l)&; (a+z))


    3.1.1
    last term in series=Z=a+(n-1)d
    (a+b)“=a”+c) a”-lb+@ an-%2
    Sum of Geometric Progreamion to n Terms
    +C) a”-w+ . . . +b” 3.1.10
    a(l-P)
    (n a positive integer) s,=a+ar+a?+ . . . +a+‘=---
    l--P
    Binomial Coefficients (see chapter 24) lim s.=a/(l-r) (--l<r<l)
    3.1.2 n-t-
    n =nc7t=n(n-l) . .k., (n--k+l)= n! Arithmetic Mean of n Quantities A
    *
    0k (n-k)!k!
    &h+az+ . - . +a.
    3.1.11
    n
    3.1.3 @=(n:k)=(-l)k (k-;-l)
    Geometric Mean of n Quantities G

    3.1.4 3.1.12 G= (a,&. . . a,,)l’” (at>O,k=1,2,. . .,n)


    Harmonic Mean of n Quantities H
    3.1.13
    3.1.5
    .+$) (ah>O,k=1,2,. . .,n)
    3.1.6 1+c)+@+. . . +c)=2”
    General&d Mean

    3.1.7 1-G)+@- . . . +(--I)“@=0 3.1.14 M(t) ==(i g a:yf


    3.1.15 M(t)=O(t<O, some ak zero)
    Table of Binomial Coefficients z
    0 3.1.16 lim M(t) =max. @I, a2, * * *, a,) =mtLx. a
    t+m
    3.1.8
    3.1.17 t&M(t)=min. (a,,%,. . .,a,)=min.a

    3.1.18 liiM(t)=G

    2---I 1 2 3.1.19 M(l)=A


    3---- 1 3 ; 1
    4---- 1 4 6 4’ 1 3.1.20 M(-l)=H
    5..--- 1 5 10 10 5 1
    6-e-m 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 3.2. Inequalities
    7---- 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
    8---- 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 Relation Between Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic
    9---- 1 9 36 84126126 84 36 9 1 and Generalized Means
    lo_--_ 1 10 45120210252210120 45 10 3.2.1
    ll---- 1 11 55165330462462330165 55
    12---- 1 12 66220495792924792495220
    A> G>H, equality if and only if al=az= . . . =a,,

    For a more extensive table see chapter 24. 3.2.2 min. a<M(t)<mnx. a
    *See page II.

    10
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 11
    3.2.3 min. a<G<max. a Minkowski’s Inequality for Sums

    equality holds if all ak are equal, or t<O If p>l and &, bk>O for all x:,
    and an an is zero 3.2.12
    3.2.4 M(t)<&!(s) if t<s unless all ak are equal,
    or s<O and an an is zero. (& (ak+bk)p~‘p<(& a;)“‘+($ bi$“j

    Triangle Inequalities t?qUdity holds if and only i-f bk=C& (c=con-


    stant>O).
    3.2.5 Iall-la21_<lal+~2111all+la21
    Minkowski’s Inequality 5or Integrals
    3.2,6
    If P>l,
    Chehyshev’s Inequality 3.2.13
    If alla2>a,z . . . >a,
    b,>b,>b,> . . . >bn (Jb I?(~)+9(z)I~~s)llp~(~b lJ~(z)l%iz)l’p
    a a

    3.2.7 n 5 akbk> 2 a +(Jb Iscd lqp


    k=l -(kc, ‘> (& “) a

    Hiilder’s Inequality for Sums equality holds if and only if g(z) =cf(x) (c=con-
    stant>O).
    If ;++,p>1, fj>l
    3.3. Rules for Differentiation and Integration
    Derivatives

    3.3.1 $; (cu) =c $9 c constant


    equality holds if and only if jbkl=cIuEIP-’ (c=con-
    stant>O). If p=q=2 we get
    3.3.2 -g (u+v)++g
    Cauchy’s Inequality
    3.2.9
    [& akb,]2<& a; & b: (equality for &=Cbk, 3.3.3 & (uv) =u E+v 2
    c constant).
    vdu/dx-udv/dx
    Hiilder’s Inequality for Integrals 3.3.4 & (u/v)= v2 -
    4 ,
    1r;++=1,p>1, q>l
    3.3.5 .g u(v) =g gi
    3.2.10

    3.3.6 & (u”) =uD e %+1.n U 2)

    equality holds if and only if jgCs)I=clflr)Ip-’ Leibniz’s Theorem for Differentiation of an Integral
    (c=constant>O).
    If p=p=2 we get 3.3.7
    b(c)
    d
    Schwa&s Inequality a(c) f (2, wx
    3.2.11 & s
    b(c) b
    3 a(cj ,J(x,c)dx+f@, 4 $--f (a, 4 2
    s
    12 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Leibniz’s Theorem for Differentiation of a Product The following formulas are useful for evaluating
    P(x)dx
    3.3.8
    S (ux”+ fJx+cy
    where P(x) is a polynomial and

    s (t&g u+(y) g g +(g ds g n>l is an integer.


    3.3.16
    +...+~)d~rg+...+cg
    dx
    S (ax2+br+c)=(4c&c-bz)~
    2

    3.3.9
    dX
    -&=1g
    (b2--4uc<O)
    a
    2az+b- (b2--4uc)t
    3.3.17
    I 2azfbf (P-4acy
    3.3.10
    #x -d2y
    dy2=dr2
    dy -3
    0 zc
    (b2-4m>O)
    3.3.11 $= -B g-3 (g--j ($)-"
    3.3.18
    =2az+b -2
    (P-4ac=O)

    3.3.19

    Integration by Parts
    S S
    3.3.12 jidu=w+dti 3.3.20

    S (a+ bx$c+dxj=k
    c+dx
    bc In I-a+bx I (ad # bc)

    S___
    3.8.13 jkudx=(jidx) v-s(judx) 2 dx dx 1
    3.3.21 =- arctan E!
    u2+b2;C2 ub U
    Integrals

    (Integration
    of Rational Algebraic

    const,ants are omitted)


    Functions
    3.3.22
    S lnb2+
    b2x21
    3.3.23
    S
    3.3.14
    S(ux+f,)"dx=(ux+6)"+1
    4n+1> S
    (n#-1)
    3.3.24 (x2;1-“a2)2=& arctan ~+20~(xf+U2)

    3.3.15
    S $&In
    S )ax+b) 3.3.25

    Integrals of Irrational Algebraic Functions

    S 1 W<O)
    dx -d(a+ bx) 1’2
    3.3.26 =h2 arctan
    t(u+bx) (c+dx)11’2 C b(c+dx)
    3.3.27 2bdx+ad+ bc
    =+ arcsin (b>O, d<O)
    bc-ad >

    3.3.28 =h2 ln J[bd(n+ bx)]1/2+ b(c+dx)1/21 (bd>O)

    dx
    3.3.29
    S (a+bx)“P(c+dx)=[d(bc~ud)]1~2
    arctan ~~~~-J” (d(u&-bc)<O)

    3.3.30 d(u+bx)1’2-[d(ad-bc)]1’2
    =[d(ad&]1/2 In d(a+bx)1’2+[d(ud-bc)]“2 @b-J--4>O)
    I
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 17
    If zn=un+ivn, then ~~+l:=u,+,+iv~+~ where 3.8. Algebraic Equations

    3.7.23 u,+~=xu~-~v,; v,+,=xv,+yu, Solution of Quadratic Equations


    9?z” and 92” are called harmonic polynomials.
    3.8.1 Given az2+ bz+c=O,

    0-
    3.7.24
    21,2=- 2”, j-k gf, p= b2-4ac,

    3.7.25 .zi+,za= -b/u, Z~Z~=C/U

    If a>O, two real roots,


    Roots p=O, two equal roots,
    a<O, pair of complex conjugate roots.
    3.7.26 z*=&=rte+rs=r+ cos @+iri sin $0
    Solution of Cubic Equations

    If --?r<~< ?r this is the principal root. The 3.8.2 Given Z3+a2z2+ulz+a0==0, let
    other root has the opposite sign. The principa:
    root is given by
    3.7.27 d=[+(r+x)]+&-i[$(r--x)]*=ufiv where
    2uv=y and where the ambiguous sign is taken tc If $+P>O, one real root and a pair of complex
    be the same as the sign of y. c.onjugate roots,
    3 . 7 . 28 Zl/n,Tl/nefe/n , (principal root if - ?r<0 5 7r) $+9=0, all roots real and at least two are
    Other roots are Pet(B+2rn’ln (k=l,2,3, a . ., n-1) equal, .
    p3+r2<0, all roots real (irreducible case).
    Inequalities
    Let
    3.7.29 l&l-I221 _<1z1~~2111211+I~21 sl=[r-+(q3+r2)q+, sz=[T’-((p3+?3*]*
    I I then
    Complex Functions, Catwhy-Riemann Equations

    f(z)=f(x+iy)=u(x,yy)+iv(x,y)whereu(x,y),v(z,y
    aA real, is unaly& at those points z=z+$ a
    which
    au
    -=-, av au
    -=-- av
    3.7.30
    a~ by by ax
    If z=Tefff,
    If zl, z2, z3 are the roots of the cubic equation
    3.7.31 g=; ;, ; f$=-$
    Z~+Z~+Z~=-CIC~

    Laplace’s Equation
    ~~~2+~$,+&~,:=~~

    The functions U(X, y) and v(x, y) are callec


    harmonic functions and satisfy Laplace’s equation Solution of Quartic Equations

    Cartesian Coordinates 3.8.3 Given 24+~323+a3~~+~1l~+ag=O, find the


    r
    real root u1 of the cubic equation
    3.7.32 i!?+$E~2+g2=o U3 - a2U2 i- (~23 - 4ao)U - (a; j- Uoa$ - kW3) = 0

    and determine the four roots of the quartic as


    Polar Coordinates solutions of the two quadratic equations

    3.7.33 r ; (r g)+$=r ; (r g+g=o


    18 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Method of Iteration (Successive Substitution)


    If all roots of the cubic equation arc real, USC
    the value of U, which gives real coefficients in the 3.9.4 The iteration scheme Q+~=F(z~) will
    *quadratic equation and select signs so that if converge to a zero of z=F(z) if

    (1) IF’(s)J<q<l for aLzSb,


    then
    (2) a<xo &‘F(~)~xo’~
    - b.
    pl+p2=a2,plp2+pl+q2=a2,p~q2+p2q~=al, 4142==0.
    If zl, z2, z3, z4 are the roots, Newton’s Method of Successive Approximations

    3.9.5
    z2 j= -a3, z2 j2,2t= -&,
    Newton’s Rule

    Czj2,=u2, z1z2z3z4=ao. If z=zk is an approximation to the solution


    z= I of f(z) =0 then the sequence
    3.9. Successive Approximation Methods
    fcxk)
    xk+l= xk
    General Comments f’ bk)

    3.9.1 Let z=zl be an approximation to x=[ will converge quadratically to x=5: (if instead of
    where f(t) =0 and both x1 and [ are in the interval the condition (2) above),
    a$r<b. We define
    (1) Monotonic convergence, f(zO)r’(zo) >0
    GI+1=G+C&n) (n=l, 2, . . .). and f’(s), j”(z) do not change sign in the
    interval (Q, t), or
    Then, if f’(z)>0 and the constants cn are
    (2) Osdato y conwgence, f(xJf” (x0)<0
    negative and bounded, the sequence x,, converges
    monotonically to the root [. and f’(s), f”(z) do not change sign in the
    If c,,=c=constant<O and f’(z)>O, then the interval (x0, x1), xo<E<xl.
    process converges but not necessarily monotoni-
    Newton’s Method Applied to Real nth Roots
    cally.
    Degree of Convergence of an Approximution Process 3.9.6 Given x”=N, if zk is an approximation
    x=N’l” then the sequence
    3.9.2 Let zl, z2, x3, . . . be an infinite sequence
    of approximations to a number f. Then, if xk+l=- ; [$i+(n-l)xk]

    1%n+~-~I<&n-tlk, (n=l, 2, . . .)
    will converge quadratically to a.
    where A and k are independent of n, the sequence
    is said to have convergence of at most the kth
    degree (or order or index) to [. If k=l and
    A<1 the convergence is linear; if k=2 the con-
    vergence is quadratic.
    Regula Falsi (False Position)
    Aitken’e G-Process for Acceleration of Sequences
    3.9.3 Given y=f(z) to find 5 such that f(.$)=o,
    choose ~0 and x1 such that f(rO) and f(zl) have 3.9.7 If 2k, &+I, zri+2 are three successive iterates
    opposite signs and compute in p, sequence converging with an error which is
    approximately in geometric progression, then
    f 1~o-JoX,
    x*=x, -Hi f,= jlVfO * (5k--k+1)*=;tk~k+2-2:+1.
    &=xk-
    A*& A*Xk ’
    Then continue with x2 and either of x0 or x1 for
    which f(;ro) or j(zl) is of opposite sign to f(zl).
    Regula falsi is equivalent to inverse linear inter- is an improved estimate of x. In fact, if zk”x+*
    polation, OGtk) then Z=s+O(P), Ix\<~.
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS
    *
    3.10. Theorems on Continued Fractions (4) A,B,_l-A,-lB,=(-l)n-’ kiI al;
    Definitions (5) For every n>O,
    j,=b, 1 claI ClC& c2c3a3 &I-lW%
    c,bl+ czbz+ caba+ ’ * * c,b,’
    (6) l+b,+b,b,+ . . . +bzb3. . . b,

    =-- 1 bz _- b3 b,
    l- b,+l- b,+l- * ’ ‘--b,+l
    =b,,+&e&. ..
    d+$+ . . . +;=-& --& . . . $yu
    I 1 2 n1 n
    If the number of terms is finite, j is called a
    ternlinating continued fraction. If the number
    1
    ---
    a0
    x+A ...l
    aof aoGa2
    t(-1,n----5
    _ . . . a,
    of ternls is infinite, j is called an infinite cont’inued
    1 aox _- a12 %-1X
    fraction and the terminating fraction =- ___
    uo+ al-x+ I12-xf * . . +un-2

    is called the nth convergent of j.


    A
    (2) If lim -A exists, the infinite continued frac-
    It-+- 88
    tion j is said to be convergent. If uf= 1 and the
    bt are integers there is always convergence.
    Theorems

    (1) If at and br are positive then j2n<j2n+2,


    fin-1 >f*n+, .

    (2) If j.=+
    n
    A,=b,A,-~+a,A,-2
    Bn=bnBn-l+anBn-2
    where A-1=l, A,,=bo, B-1=0, B,=l. 0 .2 .4 .6 .8

    FIGURE 3.1
    1 i y:=xn*
    *n=0,,5t 29 1, 2, 5.

    Numerical Methods
    3.11. Use and Extension of the Tables I Linear interpolation in Table 3.1 gives
    (919.826)“4-5.507144.
    Example 1. Computti xl9 and x4’ for x=29 By Newton’s method for fourth roots with
    using Table 3.1. N=919.826,
    3p=x9. x10
    1
    4 ~7~3+3(5.507144)-]=5.50714 3845
    = (1.45071 4598. 1013)(4.207072333. 1014) [ .
    =6.10326 1248. 102’ Thus,
    Repetition yields the same result.
    x4’= (x*4)2/x
    ~“~=5.50714 3845/10$=1.74151. 1796,
    = (1.25184 9008. 1036)2/29 ~-~“=zt/x=.18983 05683.
    =5.40388 2547. lO6*
    3.12. Computing Techniques
    Example 2. Compute x-3’4 for x=9.19826.
    Example 3. Solve the quadratic equation
    (9.19826)“‘= (919.826/100)1’4= (919.826)1’4/10t x2- 18.2x+.056 given the coeflicients as 18.2 f .l,
    *see page II.
    ..
    <
    20 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    .056f .OOI. From 3.8.1 the solution is Example 5. Solve the cubic equation x3- 18.12
    z=4(18.2f-[(18.2)2-4(.05B)]:) -34.8=0.
    To use Newton’s method we first form the
    =3(18.2~[:J31]t)=3(18.2~18.~) table of f(z)=23-1S.1r-34.8
    = 18.1969, .OOJ
    4” -43.2
    f(x) .
    The smaller root may be obtained more accurately
    from 5 - .3
    * .05fi/18.1969= .0031& .OOOl. 6 72.6
    7 181.5
    Example 4. Compute (-3 + .0076i)i.
    From 3.7.26, (-3+.0976i)~=u+iv where We obtain by linear inverse interpolation:
    O-(-.3)
    Y r!y *, j”= (t”+y’)t x,=5+ 72.6-(-.3)=5’oo4’
    u=2G? I,-= ( >
    Thus Using Newton’s method, f’(x) =3x2- 18.1 we get
    r=[(-3)2+(.0076)2]~=(9.00005776)~=3.00000 9627
    21 =zo-f&J/f’ (d
    Ij= 3.00000 9627- (-3)
    2 1 f=
    .73205 2196 =5.004- C--.07215 9936jz5
    57.020048 '
    00526
    '
    .0076 Repetition yields x1=5.00526 5097. Dividing
    u=&=2(1.73205 21g6)=.00219 392926
    f(x) by x-5.00526 5097 gives x2+5.00526 5097x
    We note that the principal square root has been i-6.95267 869 the zeros of which are -2.50263 2549
    computed. f.83036 8OOi.
    -
    Example 6. Solve the quartic equation I
    ~‘-2.37752 4922x3+6.07350 5741.x’
    -11.17938 023s+9.05265 5259=0. We seek that value of y, for which y(nJ =O.
    Resolution Into Quadratic Factors Inverse interpolation in ~(a,) gives ~(a,) =O for
    (22 + p12 + qd w + p2x + 92) pl -2.003. Then,
    by Inverse Interpolation

    Starting with the trial value pI = 1 we compute


    QI 42 171 P2 Ykll)
    successively ~~----

    2.003 4. 520 -2. 550 172 . 011


    PI q2=; p1= a’--am pz=an-p1 Y(Qd=ql-t92+p*P2
    42-pll - a2
    _____
    Inverse interpolation between qI=2.2 and pl=
    :: 9.
    4. 053
    526 --2. 1. 093
    543 - 1.. 284
    165 5. 383 2.003 gives ql=2.0041, :md thus,
    2. 2 4. 115 -3. 106 . 729 - 2: E

    QI Qz PI P2 Y h)

    2. 0041 4. 51706 7640 -2. 55259 257 17506 765 .00078 552
    2. 0042 4.,51684 2260 -2. 55282 851 . 17530 358 . 00001 655
    2. 0043 4. 51661 6903 -2. 55306 447 . 17553 955 -. 00075 263

    Inverse interpolation gives q,=2.00420 2152, and we get finally,

    Qz PI P2 Y (Ql)
    _.
    2. 00420 2152 4. 51683 7410 -2. 55283 358 17530 8659 -. 00000 0011
    -
    4 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 21
    Double Precision Multiplication and Division on a Method @)--If N and d are numbers each not
    Desk Calculator
    more than 19 digits let N=N1+NolOQ, d=dI+
    Example 7. MultiplyM=20243 97459 71664 32102 dolO where No and do contain 10 digits and N,
    by m=69732 82428 43662 95023 on a 10X10X20 and dl not more than 9 digits. Then
    desk calculating machine. N NolOQ+N, zs- 1 [.N-y]
    Let MO=20243 97459, Ml=71664 32102, mO= d=,lOQ+d, dolO
    69732 82428, ml=43662 95023. Then Mm= Here
    M0m0102’+ (Mom,+Mlmo) 101o+M~ml.
    (1) Multiply ,W1m1=31290 75681 96300 28346 N= 14116 69523 40138 1761,
    and record the digits 96300 28346 appearing in d=20243# 97459 71664 3210
    positions 1 to 10 of the product dial. No= 14116 69523, do=20243 97459,
    (2) Transfer the digits 31290 75681 from posi- d,=71664 3210
    tions 11 to 20 of the product dial to positions 1 to
    10 of the product dial. (1) NodI= 10116 63378 42188 8830 (productdial).
    (3) Multiply cumulatively M,mo+Mom,+31290 (2) (Nod,)/do=49973 55504 (quotient dial).
    75681=58812 67160 12663 25894 and record the (3) N- (N&/d,= 14116 69!;22 90164 62106
    digits 12663 25894 in positions 1 to 10. (product dial).
    (4) Transfer the digits 58812 67160 from posi- (4) [N- (NodI)/do]/dolOQ= .69732 82428=first 10
    tions 11 to 20 to positions 1 t,0 10. digits of quotient in quotient dial. Remainder
    (5) Multiply cumulatively Mom,+58812 67160 =r=O8839 11654, in positions 1 to 10 of product
    =14116 69523 40138 17612. The results as ob- dial.
    tained are shown below, (5) r/(d010Q)=.43662 9502.10-“O=next 9 digits of
    9630028346 quotient. N/d=.69732 82428 43662 9502. This
    1266325894 method may be modified to give the quotient of
    14116695234013817612 20 digit numbers. Method (1) may be extended
    141166952340138176121266325894963~?28346 to quotients of numbers containing more than 20
    digits by employing higher order interpolation.
    If the product Mm is wanted to 20 digits, only
    the result obtained in step 5 need be recorded. Example 9. Sum the series S= l-&+*-i
    Further, if the allowable error in the 20th place is + to 5D using the Euler transform.
    a unit’, the operation MImI may be omitted. The sum of the first 8 terms is .634524 to 6D.
    When either of the factors M or m contains less If u,=ljn we get
    than 20 digits it is convenient to position the
    numbers as if they both had 20 digits. This n %7 Au, A*u, A3u, A%,,
    multiplication process may be extended to any 9 . 111111
    higher accuracy desired. -11111
    10 . 100000 2020
    Example 8. Divide N=14116 69523 40138 17612 -9091 -505
    by d=20243 97459 71664 32102. 11 . 090909 1515 156
    Method (1)--linear interpolation. -7576 -349
    12 . 083333 1166
    N/20243 97459.101’= .69732 82430 90519 39054 -6410
    N/20243 97460.10”= .69732 82427 46057 26941 13 . 076923
    Difference=3 44462 12113.
    From 3.6.27 we then obtain
    Difference X.71664 32102=24685 64402&10-*O (-.011111)+.002020
    SC 634524+.111111
    -_
    (note this is an 11 X 10 multiplication). 2 22 23

    Quotient= -(-- .000505) +.000156


    (69732 82430 90519 39054-246856 44028).10-20 24 26
    =.69732 82428 43662 95028 = .634524+ .055556+ .002778+ .000253
    There is an error of 3 units in the 20th place due -+ .000032+ .000005
    = .693148
    to neglect of the contribution from second differ-
    ences. (S=ln 2=.6931472 to 7D).
    22 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    m sin 2
    Example 10. Evaluate the integral -
    s Cl J:
    dx $?jk-‘=glI k-‘+l& (k+10)-2
    =- G to 4D using the Euler transform.

    (Icfl)= y dx
    - F dx=g s,. 1
    s0 +jY&p- ...

    =& s,’ sin;;;;t) dt+% (-l)f g dt. where f(k) = (k+10)-2. Thus,

    Evaluating the integrals in the last sum by $, k-2=1.54976 7731+.1


    numerical integration we get s
    - .005 + .00016 6667 - .OOOOO0333
    Ic = 1.64493 4065,

    1.85194 as compared with $=1.64493 4067.


    Example 12. Compute
    .43379
    x2 4x2 9x2
    .25661 arctanx=$3+g7+ . . .

    . 18260 A A2 A3 A4
    to 5D for x= .2. Here al=x, an=(n-l)2x2 for
    n>l, &,=O, b,=2n-1, A-l=l, Bdl=O, A,,=O,
    . 14180
    -2587
    .11593 799
    - 1788 -321
    .09805 478 153 A0
    -=
    -1310 - 168 Bo ’
    .08495 310
    - 1000
    .07495 A
    -r,*g
    Bl
    The sum to k=3 is 1.49216. Applying the
    Euler transform to the remainder we obtain
    A=.197368
    B2
    f (.14180)-h (-.02587)+& (.00799)
    A3
    B=.197396
    -; (-.00321)+$ (.00153) 3

    = .07090 + .00647 + .00100+ .00020 3.032

    [II
    A4
    + .00005
    = .07862 Bq = 15.36

    We obtain the value of the integral as 1.57018 as Note that in carrying out the recurrence method
    compared with 1.57080. for computing continued fractions the numerators
    A, and the denominators B, must be used as
    Example 11.
    Sum the series $I kep==f using
    P originally computed. The numerators and de-
    the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula. nominators obtained by reducing An/B, to lower
    From 3.6.28 we have for n= a, terms must not be used.
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 23

    References
    Texts [3.18] H. Mineur, Techniques de calcul numerique
    (Librairie Polytechnique Ch. B&anger, Paris,
    [3.1] R. A. Buckingham, Numerical methods (Pitman France, 1952).
    Publishing Corp., New York, N.Y., 1957). [3.19] National Physical Laboratory, Modern computing
    [3.2] T. Fort, Finite differences (Clarendon Press, Oxford, methods, Notes on Applied1 Science No. 16 (Her
    England, 1948). Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, England,
    [3.3] L. Fox, The use and construction of mathematical 1957).
    tables, Mathematical Tables, vol. 1, National (3.201 J. B. Rosser, Transformations to speed the con-
    Physical Laboratory (Her Majesty’s Stationery vergence of series, J. Research NBS 46, 56-64
    Office, London, England, 1956). (1951).
    [3.4] G. H. Hardy, A course of pure mathematics, 9th [3.21] J. B. Scarborough, Numerical mathematical anal-
    ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, ysis, 3d ed. (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore,
    and The Macmillan Co., New York, N.Y., 1947). Md.; Oxford Univ. Press, London, England,
    [3.5] D. R. Hartree, Numerical analysis (Clarendon 1955).
    Press, Oxford, England, 1952). [3.22] J. F. Steffensen, Interpolation (Chelsea Publishing
    [3.6] F. B. Hildebrand, Introduction to numerical analysis Co., New York, N.Y., 1950).
    (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., [3.23] H. S. Wall, Analytic theory of continued fractions
    1956). (D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
    [3.7] A. S. Householder, Principles of numerical analysis 1948).
    (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
    [3.24] E. T. Whittaker and G. Robinson, The calculus of
    1953).
    observations, 4th ed. (Blackie and Son, Ltd.,
    [3.8] L. V. Kantorowitsch and V. I. Krylow, Naherungs-
    London, England, 1944).
    methoden der Hoheren Analysis (VEB Deutscher
    Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany, [3.25] R. Zurmtihl, Praktische M.athematik (Springer-
    1956; translated from Russian, Moscow, U.S.S.R., Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1953).
    1952).
    [3.9] K. Knopp, Theory and application of infinite series
    Mathematical Tables and Collections of Formulas
    (Blackie and Son, Ltd., London, England, 1951).
    [3.10] Z. Kopal, Numerical analysis (John Wiley & Sons, [3.26] E. P. Adams, Smithsonian mathematical formulae
    Inc., New York, N.Y., 1955). and tables of elliptic functions, 3d reprint (The
    [3.11] G. Kowalewski, Interpolation und genaherte Quad- Smithsonian Institution, Wa,shington, D.C., 1957).
    ratur (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1932).
    [3.27] L. J. Comrie, Barlow’s tables of squares, cubes,
    [3.12] K. S. Kuns, Numerical analysis (McGraw-Hill square roots, cube roots a,nd reciprocals of all
    Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1957).
    integers up to 12,500 (Chelmical Publishing Co.,
    [3.13] C. Lanczos, Applied analysis (Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
    Inc., New York, N.Y., 1954).
    Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1956).
    [3.14] I. M. Longman, Note on a method for computing [3.28] H. B. Dwight, Tables of integrals and other mathe-
    infinite integrals of oscillatory functions, Proc. matical data, 3d ed. (The Macmillan Co., New
    Cambridge Philos. Sot. 52, 764 (1956). York, N.Y., 1957).
    [3.15] S. E. Mikeladze, Numerical methods of mathe- [3.29] Gt. Britain H.M. Nautical Almanac Office, Inter-
    matical analysis (Russian) (Gos. Izdat. Tehn- polation and allied tables (Her Majesty’s Sta-
    Teor. Lit., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1953). tionery Office, London, England, 1956).
    [3.16] W. E. Milne, Numerical calculus (Princeton Univ. [3.30] B. 0. Peirce, A short table of integrals, 4th ed.
    Press, Princeton, N.J., 1949). (Ginn and Co., Boston, Mass., 1956).
    [3.17] L. M. Milne-Thomson, The calculus of finite differ- [3.31] G. Schulz, Formelsammlung zur praktischen Mathe-
    ences (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, England, matik (de Gruyter and Co., Berlin, Germany,
    1951). 1945).
    24 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    k
    See Examples 1-5 for use nl=
    : T&L s
    n3, 8 27
    3
    4
    of the table. n‘L 16
    5
    12= 2:; 1024
    .L 2: 729
    :
    7
    Floating decimal notation: n7== 128 2187
    4096
    16384
    nL 6561 65536
    fz 910=3486784401 ngss= 25% 19683 2 62144
    10 .lO= 1024 59049 10 48516
    24
    = (9)3.4867 84401 $4, 167 77216 (11)2.8242 95365 (14)2.8147 49167
    l/2 &L 1.4142 13562 1.7320 50808 2.0000 00000
    l/3 nl/3= 1.2599 21050 1.4422 49570 1.5874 01052
    l/4 .&4= I.1892 07115 1.3160 74013 1.4142 13562
    l/5 7$1/5= 1.1486 98355 1.2457 30940 1.3195 07911

    6 7 8 9
    :
    3
    2:
    125
    625
    2:: 3:;
    2401
    516;
    4096
    7%
    4 1296 6561
    3125 7716 16807 32168 59049
    2 15625 46656 1 17649 2 62144 5 31441
    78125 2 79936 8 23543 20 97152 47 82969
    i 3 90625 16 79616 57 64801 167 77216 430 46721
    19 53125 100 77696 403 53607 1342 17728 3874 20489
    190 97 65625 604 66176 2824 75249 ( 9)1.0737 41824 ( 9)3.4867 84401
    24 (16)5.9604 64478 (18)4.7383 81338 (20) 1.9158 12314 (21)4.7223 66483 (22)7.9766 44308
    l/2 2.2360 61977 2.4494 89743 2.6457 51311 2.8284 27125 3.0000 00000
    l/3 1.7099 75947 1.8171 20593 1.9129 31183 2.0000 00000 2.0800 83823
    l/4 1.4953 48781 1.5650 84580 1.6265 76562 1.6017 92831 1.7320 50808
    l/5 1.3797 29662 1.4309 69081 1.4757 73162 1.5157 16567 1.5518 45574

    13
    1’0:
    1000
    1::
    1331
    12
    1728
    --_
    169
    2197
    1’946
    2744
    10000 14641 20736 28561 38416
    1
    10
    100
    00000
    00000
    00000
    17
    194
    1 61051
    71561
    87171 358
    -. __._
    79
    2 48832
    85984
    31808
    3 71293
    48 26809
    627 48517 1054
    5 37824
    75 29536
    13504
    1000 00000 2143 58881 4299 81696 8157 30721
    ( 9 11.0000 00000 ( 9)2.3579 47691 9)5.1597 80352 10)1.0604 49937
    (10 1.0000 00000 (10)2.5937 42460 10)6.1917 36422 11)1.3785 84918
    24 (24) 1.0000 00000 (24)9.8497 32676 (25)7.9496 84720 (26)5.4280 07704 (27)3.2141 99700
    w 3.1622 77660 3.3166 24790 3.4641 01615 3.6055 51275 3.7416 57381
    v3 2.1544 34690 2.2239 80091 2.2894 28485 2.3513 34688 2.4101 42264
    l/4 1.7782 79410 1.8211 60287 1.8612 09718 1.8988 28922 1.9343 36420
    v5 1.5848 93192 1.6153 94266 1.6437 51830 1.6702 71652 1.6952 18203
    16
    2:: 256 2% 3::
    3375 4096 4913
    50625
    7 59375
    65536
    10 48576 14
    83521
    19857
    1
    18
    5832
    04976
    89568 24
    1 6859
    30321
    76099
    113 90625 167 77216 -.-
    241 _37569-- 340 12224 470 45881
    1708 59375 2684 35456 41U3 38673 6122 20032 8938 71739
    I 914.2949 67296 I 9j6.9757 57441 10)1.1019 96058
    (lOj6;8719 47674 (llj1.1858 78765 11 1.9835 92904
    11)5.7665 03906 (12)1.0995 11628 (12)2.0159 93900 12 1 3.5704 67227
    24 (28)1.6834 11220 (28)7.9228 16251 (29)3.3944 86713 (30)1.3382 58845 (30)4.8987 62931
    l/2 3.8729 83346 4.0000 00000 4.1231 05626 4.2426 40687 4.3588 98944
    l/3 2.4662 12074 2.5198 42100 2.5712 81591 2.6207 41394 2.6684 01649
    l/4 1.9679 89671 2.0000 00000 2.0305 43185 2.0597 67144 2.0877 97630
    l/5 1.7187 71928 1.7411 01127 1.7623 40348 1.7826 02458 1.8019 83127

    23
    42000 441 4:: 5::
    8000 9261 10648 13824
    1 60000 1 94481 2 34256 3 31776
    32 00000 40 84101 51 53632 79 62624
    640 00000 857 66121 1133 79904 1911 02976
    9) 1.2800 00000 ( 9)1.8010 88541
    10)2.5600 00000 (10)3.7822 85936
    (11)5.1200 00000 (11)7.9428 00466
    (13)1.0240 00000 (13)1.6679 88098
    24 (31)1.6777 21600 (31)5.4108 19838 (32)1.6525 10926 (32)4.8025 07640 (33)1.3337 35777
    w 4.4721 35955 4.5825 75695 4.6904 15760 4.7958 31523 4.8989 79486
    l/3 2.7144 17617 2.7589 24176 2.8020 39331 2.8438 66980 2.0844 99141
    l/4 2.1147 42527 2.1406 95143 2.1657 36771 2.1899 38703 2.2133 63839
    l/5 1.8205 64203 1.8384 16287 1.8556 00736 1.8721 71231 1.8881 75023
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 25
    POWERS AND ROOT!3 nk Table 3.1

    6::
    15625
    26
    676
    21
    729
    19683
    7:: 8::
    17576 21952 24389
    3 90625 4 56976 5 31441 6 14656 7 07281
    97 65625 118 81376 143 48907 172 10368 2105 11149
    2441 40625 3089 15776 3674 20489 4818 90304 5948 23321
    9 8.0318 10176 10 1.0460 35320 10 1.3492 92851
    11 2.0882 70646 11 2.8242 95365 11 3.7780 19983
    12 5.4295 03679 12 7.6255 97405 13 1.0578 45595
    14 I 1.4116 70957 14 I 2.0589 11321 II 14 2.9619 61661
    (33)3.5527 13679 33)9.1066 85770 34)2.2528 39954 (34)5.3925 32264 (35)1.2518 49008
    5.0000 00000 5.0990 19514 5.1961 52423 5.2915 02622 5.3851 64807
    2.9240 17738 2.9624 96068 3.0000 00000 3.0365 88972 3.0723 16826
    2.2360 67977 2.2581 00864 2.2795 07057 2.3003 26634 2.32!05 95787
    1.9036 53939 1.9186 45192 1.9331 82045 1.9472 94361 1.9610 09057

    31 34
    9:: 961 10;; 1156
    27000 29791 32768 35937 39304
    6 10000 9 23521 10 48576 11 85921 13 36336
    243 00000 286 29151 335 54432 391 35393 454 35424
    7290 00000 0675 03681 9 1.2914'67969 9)1.5448 04416
    10 2.1870 00000 10 2.7512 61411 '10 4.2618 44298
    11 6.5610 00000
    13 1.9683 00000
    Ii 14 5.9049 00000
    (35)2.8242 95365
    5.4772 25575
    II
    11 8.5289
    13 2.6439
    14 8.1962
    (35)6.2041
    10374
    62216
    82870
    26610 (36)1.3292 27996
    '12 1.4064 08618
    113I 4.6411 48440
    15)1.5315 78985
    (36)2.7818 55434 (36)5. 6950 03680
    5.5677 64363 5.6560 54249 5.7445 62647 5.8309 51895
    3.1072 32506 3.1413 80652 3~1748 02104 3.2075 34330 3.2396 11801
    2.3403‘47319 2.3596 11062 2.3704 14230 2.3967 El727 2.41147 36403
    1.9743 50486 1.9873 40755 2.0000 00000 2.0123 46617 2.0;!43 97459

    35 37 30 19
    1225 1369 1444 15%
    42875 46656 50653 54672 59319
    15 00625 16 79616 18 74161 20 85136 23 13441
    525 21075 604 66176 693 43957 792 35168 902 24199
    9 3.0109 36384
    11 1.1441 55826
    ~12 4.3477 92138
    14 1.6521 61013
    15)2.7585 47354 15)3.6561 58440 15 I 6.2782 11848
    24 (37)1.1419 13124 (37)2.2452 25771 (37)4.3335 25711 (37)8.2187 60383 (38)1.5330 29700
    l/2 5.9160 79783 6.0000 00000 6.0827 62530 6.1644 14003 6.2449 97998
    l/3 3.2710 66310 3.3019 27249 3.3322 21852 3.3619 75407 3. 3912 11443
    l/4 2.4322 99279 2.4494 89743 2.4663 25715 2.4828 23796 2.4989 99399
    l/5 2.0361 68005 2.0476 72511 2.0589 24137 2.0699 35054 2.0807 16549
    40
    1600 16G 17:: 18:; 19;:
    64000 68921 74088 79507 85184
    25 60000 28 25761 31 11696 34 18801 37 48096
    1024 00000 1158 56201 1306 91232 1470 08443 1649 16224
    9)4.7501 04241 9 6.3213 63049
    11)1.9475 42739 11 I 2.7181 86111
    12)7.9849 25229 13 1.1688 20028
    14 1 5.0259 26119
    (16)1.0485 76000 16)2.1611 48231
    24 (38)2.8147 49767 (38)5.0911 10945 (38)9.0778 49315 39)1.5967 72093 (39)2.7'724 53276
    l/2 6.3245 55320 6.4031 24237 6.4807 40698 6.5574 38524 6.6332 49581
    l/3 3.4199 51893 3.4482 17240 3.4760 26645 3.5033 98060 3.5303 48335
    l/4 2.5148 66859 2.5304 39534 2.5457 29895 2.5607 49602 2.5'755 09577
    l/5 2.0912 79105 2.1016 32478 2.1117 85765 2.1217 47461 2.1'315 25513
    45 47
    2025 21;: 22d9 23::
    91125
    41 00625
    97336 1 03823 1 10592 _ _._..
    44 77456 48 79681 53 08416 57 64801
    1845 28125 2059 62976 2293 45007 2548 03968
    6 ( 9)8.3037 65625 (10 1.0779 21533 10)1.2230 59046
    7 (11)3.7366 94531 11 5.0662 31205 11 5.8706 83423
    (13 1.6815 12539 13 2.3811 28666 13 12.8179 28043
    9” (14 7.5668 06426 15 1.1191 30473 1.3526 05461
    10 (I6 I 3.4050 62892 ii16 5.2599 13224
    24 (39)4.7544 50505 (39)8.0572 70802 (40)1.3500 46075 40)2.2376 37322 (40)3.6‘703 36822
    l/2 6.7082 03932 6.7823 29983 6.8556 54600 6.9282 03230 7.0000 00000
    l/3 3.5568 93304 3.5830 47871 3.6088 26080 3.6342 41186 3.6!593 05710
    l/4 2.5900 20064 2.6042 90687 2.6183 30499 2.6321 48026 2.6457 51311
    l/5 2.1411 27368 2.1505 60013 2.1598 30012 2.1689 43542 2.1'779 06425

    The numbers in square brackets at the bottom of the page mean that the maximum
    error in a linear interpolate is a X 10-P (p in parentheses), and that to interpolate to
    the full tabular accuracy 11~ poJnts must be used in Lagrange's and Aitkens methods for
    the respective functions W'.

    *See page xx.


    26 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk

    k
    52 53 54
    : 25:: 26;: 2704 2809 2916
    1 25600 1 32651 1 40608 1 48877 1 51464
    : 62 50000 67 65201 73 11616 78 90481 85 03056
    3125 00000 3450 25251 3802 04032 4181 95493 4591 65024
    2 10 1.5625 00000 10 I 1.7596 28780 10 2.2164 36113
    7 11 7.8125 00000 11 8.9741 06779 12 1.1747 11140
    13 3.9062 50000 13 4.5167 94451 13 6.2259 69041
    t 15 1.9531 25000 15 3.2997 63592
    10 16 I 9.7656 25000 1.1904 24238 il17 1.7488 74104
    24 (40)5.9604 64478 40)9.5870 33090 (41)1.5278 48342 (41i2.4133 53110 (41)3.7796 38253
    l/2 1.0710
    3.6840
    67812
    31499
    7.1414 28429 7.2111 02551 7.2801
    3.1562
    09889
    85154
    7.3484
    3.7197
    69228
    63150
    l/3 3.1084 29769 3.7325 11157
    2.6591 47948 2.6723 45118 2.6853 49614 2.6981 67876 2.7108 06011
    ::: 2.1867 24148 2.1954 01897 2.2039 44515 2.2123 56822 2.2206 43035

    56 57
    30:: 3136 3244 34::
    1 66375 1 75616 1 85193 2 05379
    91 50625 98 34496 105 56001 121 17361
    5032 84375 5507 31776 6016 92057 7149 24299
    10 2.7680 64063
    12 1.5224 35234
    '13 8.3733 93789
    '15 I 4.6053 66584
    :17)2.5329 51621
    24 (41)5.8708 98173 (41)9.0471 67858 (42)1.3835 55344 (42)2.1002 54121 (42)3.1655 43453
    l/2 7.4161 98487 1.4833 14774 7.5498 34435 7.6157 73106 7.6811 45748
    l/3 3.8029 52461 3.8258 62366 3.8485 01131 3.8708 76641 3.8929 96416
    l/4 2.7232 69815 2.7355 64800 2.1476 96205 2.7596 69021 2.7714 88002
    l/5 2.2288 07384 2.2368 53829 2.2447 86134 2.2526 07878 2.2603 22470

    60 64
    3600 37;: 38:: 39% 40%
    2 16000 2 26981 2 38328 2 50047 2 62144
    129 60000 138 45841 147 76336 157 52961 167 77216
    7176 00000 8445 96301 9161 32832 .._. ___
    9974 36547._
    10)4.6656 00000

    24 (42)4.7383 81338 (42) 7.0455 68477 (43) 1.0408 79722 ; 43; 1.5281 75339 (43)2.2300 74520
    l/2 7.7459 66692 7.8102 49676 7.8740 07874 7.9372 53933 8.0000 00000
    l/3 3.9148 67641 3.9364 97183 3.9578 91610 3.9790 57208 4.0000 00000
    l/4 2.7831 57684 2.7946 82393 2.8060 66263 2.8173 13241 2.8284 27125
    l/5 2.2679 33155 2.2754 43032 2.2828 55056 2.2901 72049 2.2973 96710

    66
    4226: 4356 44:; 462648 4766;
    2 74625 2 81496 3 00763 3 14432 3 28509
    178 50625 189 74736 201 51121 213 81376 226 67121
    ( 9)1.1602 90625
    10)7.5418 89063
    12)4.9022 27891
    3.1864 48129
    I
    ('l8)1.3462 74334
    24 (43)3.2353 44710 (43)4.6671 78950 (43)6.6956 88867 (43)9.5546 30685 (44)1.3563 70007
    l/2 8.0622 51148 8.1240 38405 8.1853 52172 8.2462 11251 8.3066 23863
    l/3 4.0207 25159 4.0412 40021 4.0615 48100 4.081'6 55102 4.1015 65930
    l/4 2.8394 11514 2.8502 69883 2.8610 05553 2.8716 21711 2.8821 21417
    l/5 2.3045 31620 2.3115 79249 2.3185 41963 2.3254 22030 2.3322 21626

    72 73
    49:: 50:: 5184 5329 54::
    3 43000 3 57911 3 73248 3 89017 4 05224
    240 10000 254 11681 268 13856 283 98241 299 86576
    ( 9 I 1.8042 29351 ( 9I 1.9349 17632 9 2.0730 -71593
    (11 1.2810 02839 (11 1.3931 40695 11 1.5133 42263
    13 1.0030 61300 13 1.1047 39852
    I 14
    12 9.0951
    6.4515 20158
    35312 14 1.2220 41363 14 I 8.0646 00919
    (16 I 4.5848 50072
    (18 3.2552 43551 [ :86{ :: :I;: i:::: 16 5 2976
    1814: 25830
    8871 58671
    24 (44)1.9158 12314 (44)2.6927 76876 (44)3.7668 63772 ;44;5.2450 38047 (44)7.2704 49690
    l/2 8.3666 00265 8.4261 49773 8.4852 81374 8.5440 03745 8.6023 25261
    l/3 4.1212 85300 4.1408 17749 4.1601 67646 4.1793 39196 4.1983 36454
    l/4 2.8925 07608 2.9027 83108 2.9129 50630 2.9230 12786 2.9329 72088
    l/5 2.3389 42837 2.3455 81669 2.3521 58045 2.3586 55818 2.3650 82169
    .1[(-,,9] ,i[(-;)4] ,i[(-55131 “:[(-55)2]
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHO:DS 27
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1

    75 76
    5625 5776 59:; 6078: 62:;
    4 21875 4 38976 4 56533 4'74552 4 93039
    316 40625 333 62176 351 53041 370 15056 389 50081

    (45)1.0033 91278 (45)1.3788 79182 (45)1.8870 23915 (45)3.4918 06676


    l/2 8.6602 54038 8.7177 97887 8.7749 64387 8.8317 60866 8.8881 94417
    l/3 4.2171 63326 4.2358 23584 4.2543 20865 4.:2726 58682 4;2908 40427
    l/4 2.9428 30956 2.0525 91724 2.9622 56638 2.'3718 27866 2.9813 07501
    l/5 2.3714 40610 2.3777 30992 2.3839 55503 2. 3901 15677 2.3962 12991

    81
    6480: b56i 67;: 611:; 70::
    12000 5 31441 5 51368 5 71787 5 92704
    40: 60000 430 46721 452 12176 474 58321 497 87136
    00000
    40000
    52000
    21600
    77280
    41824 (19)1.2157 66546
    (45)4.7223 66483 (45)6.X626 85441 (45) a.5414 66801 (46)1.1425 47375 (46)1.5230 10388
    l/2 8.9442 71910 9.0000 00000 9.0553 85138 9. 1104 33579 9.1651 51390
    l/3 4.3088 69380 4.3267 48711 4.3444 81486 4. 3620 70671 4.3795 19140
    l/4 2.9906 97562 3.0000 00000 3.0092 16698 3. ~0183 49479 3.0274 00104
    l/5 2.4022 48868 2.4082 24685 2.4141 41771 2A200 01407 2.4258 04834

    86 87 88 89
    72;: 7396 7569 .,
    -I"44 7921
    6 14125 6 36056 6 58503 6 81472 7 04969
    522 00625 547 00816 572 89761 599 69536 627 42241
    9)4.9842 09207

    24 (46)2.0232 71747 (46)2.6789 39031 (46)3.5355 91351 (46)4.6514 04745 (46)6.1004 25945
    l/2 9.2195 44457 9.:!736 18495 9.3273 79053 9.:3808 31520 9.4339 81132
    l/3 4.3968 29672 4.41140 04962 4.4310 47622 4.4479 60181 4.4647 45096
    l/4 3.0363 70277 3.0452 61646 3.0540 75810 3.13628 14314 3.0714 78656
    l/5 2.4315 53252 2.4372 47818 2.4428 89656 2.4484 79851 2.4540 19455

    92 94
    8190:
    29000
    82::
    53571
    8464
    7 78688
    86:;
    a 04357
    8836
    a 30584
    65: 10000 74961 716 39296 748 05201 780 74896
    9 5.9049 00000 21451 9)6.9568 83693
    11 I 5.3144 10000 92520 11 6.4699 01834
    13 4.7829 69000 10194 13 6.0170 08706
    15 4.3046 72100 25276 15 5.!5958 18097
    04890 98001 17 5.2041 10830
    84401 6118i 19 4.8398 23072
    24 46)7.9766 44308 (47) 1.0399 04400 (47)1.3517 a5726 47)1:7522 28603 (47)2.2650 01461
    l/2 9.4868 32981 9.!;393 92014 9.5916 63047 9.6436 5Oi'bl 9.6953 59715
    l/3 4.4814 04747 4.4979 41445 4.5143 57435 4. 5306 54896 4.5468 35944
    l/4 3.0800 70288 3.0885 90619 3.0970 41015 3.1054 22799 3.1137 37258
    l/5 2.4595 09486 2.4649 50932 2.4703 44749 2.4756 91866 2.4809 93182

    96 97
    90;: 9216 .-,
    9P"9 9d48 98:;
    8 57375 8 04736 9 12673 9 41192 9 70299
    814 50625 849 34656 885 29281 922 36816 960 59601
    9 7.7378 09375 9)9.0392 07868
    11 I 7.3509 18906 11 8.8584 23E109 I 119 I 9.5099
    9.4148 00499
    01494
    13 6.9633
    15 I b.6342
    17 6.3024
    72961
    04313
    94097
    I::{;:z: 2383%
    (17)7.6023 10587
    13 1 8.6812
    15)8.5076
    8.3374
    55932
    30226
    77621
    I 13
    15 9.3206
    9.2274 46944
    53479

    19 5.9873 69392 (19)6.6483 26360 (19)7.3742 41269


    24 (47)2.919.3 90243 (47)3. 7541 32467 (47)4.8141 72219 (47)6.1578 03265 (47)7.8567 81408
    l/2 9.7467 94345 9.?979 58971 9.8488 57802 9.8994 945'37 9.9498 74371
    l/3 4.5629 02635 4.!,788 56970 4.5947 00892 4.0104 36292 4.6260 65009
    l/4 3.1219 85641 3.I.301 69160 3.1382 a8993 3.1463 46284 3.1543 42146
    l/5 2.4862 49570 2.4914 61879 2.4966 30932 2.5017 57527 2.5068 42442
    1
    4-55151 4-y] ;[(-y] ,,a[,-;)91
    28 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk

    k
    101 102 103 __.
    1nr
    : 10201 10404 10609 10816
    10 30301 10 61200 10 92121 11 24864
    : 1040 60401 1002 43216 1125 50001 1169 85856
    5
    7"
    :
    10
    24 (48)1.0000 00000 48) 1.2691 34649 (48)1.6084 37249 (48)2.0327 94106 40)2.5633 04165
    l/2 ( 1)1.0000 00000 1)1.0140 89157 1)1.0190 03903
    l/3 4.6415 00034 4.6123 20720 4.6075 40148 4.7026 69375
    l/4 3.1622 11660 3.1719 71028 3.1857 32501 3.1934 36868
    l/5 2.5110 66432 2.5168 90229 2.5218 54546 2.5267 80003 2.5316 67508

    105 106 107 108 109


    11025 11236 11449 11664 11801
    11 57625 11 91016 12 25043 12 59712 12 95029
    1215 50625 1262 41696 1310 79601 1360 40896 1411 58161
    10 1.4693 28077
    Iii10
    14 1.2762
    12 1.3400
    1.4071 95641
    00423
    81563 12 1.5868 74323
    14 1.7138 24269
    16 1.4774 55444 16 1.8509 30210
    18 1.5513 28216 18 I 1.9990 04627
    20 1.6280 94627 20)2.1589 24997
    24 (48)3.2250 99944 (4Q4.0489 34641 (48)5.0723 66953 4Q6.3411 80737 (48)7.9110 83175
    l/2 ( 1)1.0246 95077 ( 1)1.0295 63014 ( 1)1.0344 00043 1)1.0392 30405 ( 1)1.0440 30651
    l/3 4.7116 93980 4.1326 23491 4.1414 59396 4.lb22 03156 4.7768 56181
    l/4 3.2010 85873 3.2086 80436 3.2162 21453 3.2237 09795 3.2311 46315
    l/5 2.5365 17482 2.5413 30642 2.5461 07613 2.5500 49001 2.5555 55391

    110 111 112 113 114


    12100 12321 12544 12769 12996
    13 31000 13 67631 14 04928 14 42097 14 01544
    1464 10000 1518 07041 1573 51936 lb30 41361

    24 (48)9.8497 32676 (49)1.2239 15658 (49)1.5170 b2893 (49)1.8708 09051 (49)2.3212 20685
    w ( 1)1.0408 08048 ( 1) 1.0535 65375 ( 1):';;;; f3;;: ( 1)1.0630 14581 ( 1)1.0677 07825
    l/3 4.7914 19857 4.0058 95534 4.8345 00127 4.0480 07586
    l/4 3.2385 31040 3.2458 67180 3:2531 53123 3.2603 90439 3.2675 79071
    l/5 2.5602 21376 2.5640 65499 2.5694 70314 2.5740 42354 2.5705 02140

    115 118 119


    13225 __._- __-_, 13924 14161
    15 20075 15 60096 lb 01613 lb 43032 lb 85159
    1749 00625 1810 63936 1873 88721 1930 71716 2005 33921

    20)4.4114 35079
    24 (49)2.0625 17619 (49)3.5236 41704 (49)4.3297 20675 (49)5.3109 00621 (49)6.5031 99444
    l/2 ( 1)1.0723 80529 ( 1)1.0770 32961 ( 1)1.0016 65303 ( l)l.O862 70049 ( 1)1.0900 71211
    l/3 4.0629 44131 4.0769 90961 4.8909 73246 4.9040 60131 4.9106 64734
    l/4 3.2147 22111 3.2810 18035 3.2008 68168 3.2950 73252 3.3028 33952
    l/5 2.5830 90170 2.5075,66964 2.5920 12982 2.5964 20703 2.6000 14507

    120 122 123 124


    14400 14641 14884 15129 15376
    17 20000 17 71561 15048 18 60061 19 06624
    2073 60000 2143 50001 22:: 33456 2280 06641 2364 21376
    10)2.4883 20000 00163 10 2.9316 25062
    12)2.9059 04000 03959 12 3.6352 15077
    10830 I 14 4.5076 66696
    07213 16 I 5.5095 06703
    02000 10)6.9309 80312
    (20)6.1917 36422 31415 I (20)8.5944 25506
    24 (49)7.9496 04720 (49)9.7017 23378 (50)1.1820 50242 (50)1.4370 80104 (50)1.7463 06393
    w ( 1)1.0954 45115 ( 1)1.1000
    4.9460 00000
    07443 ( 1y;; ;;a;; ( 1)1.1090 53651 ( 1)1.1135 52073
    l/3 4.9324 24149 4.9731 89033 4.9066 30952
    l/4 3.3097 50920 3.3166 24790 3:3234 56186 3.3302 45713 3.3369 93965
    l/5 2.6051 71085 2.6094 90635 2.6137 97660 2.6100 68602 2.6223 11047

    11”[(-45)3] ,@‘] ,4-;V3] 46q6)5]


    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 29
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1

    125 126 127 128 129


    15625 15876 16129 16384 16641
    19 53125 20 Of3376 20 48383 20 97152 21. 46689
    2441 40625 2520 47376 2601 44641 2684 35456 276’) 22881
    10 3.0517 57813 (10 1 3.1757 96938 10)3.3038 36941
    12 3.8146 91266 (12 4.0015 04141 12 4.1958 72915
    14 4.7683 71582 (14 I 5.0418 95218 14 5.3287 58602
    16 I 5.9604 64478 (16 6.3527 87975 16 6.7675 23424
    18) 7.4505 80597 (18 8.0045 12848 18 8.5947 54749
    20)9.3132 25746 (21) 1.0085 68619 21 1.0915 33853 (21) 1.1805 91621
    24 50)2.1175 82368 (50)2.5638 52774 50)3.0994 83316 (50)3.7414 44192 (50)4.5097 56022
    l/2 1)1.1180 33989 ( 1)1.1224 97216 1)1.1269 42767 ( 1)1.1313 70850 ( 1)1.135;' 81669
    l/3 5.0000 00000 5.0132 97935 5.0265 25695 5.0396 84200 5.0527 74347
    l/4 3.3431 01525 3.3503 68959 3.3569 96823 3.3635 85661 3.37O:L 36005
    l/5 2.6265 27804 2. 6307 16865 2.6348 79413 2.6390 15822 2.6431. 26458

    130 131 132 133 134


    16900 17161 17424 17689 17956
    21 97000 22 48091 22 99968 23 52637 24 06104
    2856 10000 2944 99921 3035 95776 3129 00721 3224 17936
    10)3.7129 30000 10)4.0074 64243 10)4.1615 79589 10 I 4.3204 00342
    12)4.8268 09000 12)5.2898 52801 12)5.5349 00854 12 5.7893 36459
    14 6.2748 51700 14 1 6.9826 05697 14 7.3614 18136 14 7.7577 10855
    16 1 8.1573 07210 I 16 9.2170 39521 17 I l.O39!j 33255
    49217 I 21)1.7318
    19)1.3021
    16 1 9.7906 86120
    61254
    74468 19 1.3920 74561
    1.3785 84918 76966 21 1.8665 85912
    24 (50)5.4280 07704 (50)6. 5239 57088 (50)7.8302 26935 (50)9.3851 10346 (’ 51) 1.1233 50184
    l/2 ( 1)1.1401 75425 ( 1)1.1445 5>!314 ( 1)1.1489 12529 ( 1)1.1532 56259 1)1.1575 83690
    l/3 5.0657 97019 5.0787 53078 5.0916 43370 5.1044 68722 5.1172 29947
    l/4 3.3766 48375 3.3831 23282 3.3895 61224 3.3959 62690 3.4023 28159
    l/5 2.6472 11681 2.6512 71840 2.6553 07280 2.6593 18337 2.6633 05339

    135 136 139


    18225 18496 19321
    24 60375 25 15456 25 71353 26 28072 26 85619
    3321 50625 3421 02016 3522 75361 3626 73936 373'3 01041
    10 4.6525 87418 (10)4.8261 72446
    12 1 6.3275 18888 12)6.6118 56251
    14 8.6054 25688
    17 1.1703 37894
    19 1.5916 59535
    21 I 2.1646 56968
    24 (51) 1.3427 97252 51)1.6030 01028 (51)1.9111 44882 (51)2.2756 11258 ( 51)2.7061 70815
    l/2 ( 1)1.1618 95004 1)1.1661 90379 ( 1)1.1704 69991 ( 1)1.1747 34012 1)1.178') 82612
    l/3 5.1299 27840 5.1425 63181 5.1551 36735 5.1676 49252 5.18O:l 01467
    l/4 3.4086 58099 3.4149 52970 3.4212 13222 3.4274 39296 3.4336 31623
    l/5 2.6672 68608 2.6712 OR461 2.6751 25206 2.6790 19145 2.6828 90577

    140 141 144


    19600 19881 _“_I. _-1 .I 20736
    27 44000 28 03221 28 63288 29 24207 29 85984
    3841 60000 3952 54161 4065 86896 4181 61601 4299 81696
    (10)5.3782 40000 10 5.5730 83670 10) 5.9797 10894
    (12)7.5295 36000 12 7.8580 41975
    (15)1.0541 35040 15 1.1079 84764
    (17) 1.4757 89056 17 1.5622 513518
    (19 2.0661 04678 19 2.2027 8,1510 19 2.3474 43237
    (21 I 2.8925 46550 21)3.1059 26159 21 3.3333 69396
    24 (51)3.2141 99700 51)3.8129 28871 (51) 4.5177 29930 (51)5.3464 42484 51)6.319.7 4'3715
    l/2 ( 1)1.1832 15957 ( 1) 1.1874 34209 ( 1)1.1916 37529 ( 1)1.1958 26074 1) 1.2000 00000
    l/3 5.1924 94102 5.2048 27863 5.2171 03446 5.2293 21532 5.2414 82788
    l/4 3.4397 90628 3.4459 16727 3.4520 10326 3.4580 71824 3.4641 01615
    l/5 2.6867 39790 2.6905 67070 2.6943 72696 2.6981 56943 2.7019 20077

    1 145 146 141 148 149


    2 21025 21316 21609 21904 22201
    3 30 48625 31 12136 31 76523 32 41792 3'3 07949
    4 4420 50625 4543 71856 4669 48881 4797 85216 49213 84401
    5 0 6.4097 34063 10)6.8641 48551
    6
    7
    ii 2 1 9.2941 14391
    15)1.3476 46587
    8 17)1.9540 87551
    19)2.8334 26948
    1'0 i 21)4.1084 69075 21)4.7116 53533
    24 51)7.4616 01544 (51)8.7997 13625 (52)1.0366 11527 (52)1.2197 79049 (52)1.4337 40132
    l/2 1)1.2041 59458 ( 1)1.2083 0,1597 ( 1)1.2124 35565 ( 1)1.2165 52506 ( 1)1.2206 55562
    l/3 5.2535 87872 5.2656 31428 5.2776 32088 5.2895 72473 5. 3014 59192
    l/4 3.4701 00082 3.4760 67602 3.4820 04545 3.4879 11275 3.4937 88147
    l/5 2.7056 62363 2.7093 84058 2.7130 85417 2.7167 66686 2.7204 28110
    30 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    k
    150 151 152 153 154
    : 22500 22801 23104 23409 23716
    3 33 75000 34 42951 15 11808 35 81577 36 52264
    5062 50000 5198 85601 5337 94816 5479 81281 5624 48656
    5"
    b 1.1853 91159 I13 1.2332
    15)1.8745
    10 I 8.1136
    79543
    84905
    81203 I
    ;

    1: I1921 4.3310
    6.5831
    17 2.8493
    40965
    82267
    69056 I
    24 (52) 1.6834 11220 (52)1.9744 52704 ( 1)1.2328
    52)2.3133 75387 (52)2.7076 61312 (52)3.lb59 00782
    l/2
    l/3
    ( 1)1.2247
    5.3132
    44871
    92846
    ( 1)1.2288
    5.3250
    20573
    74022
    ( 5.3368
    82801
    03297
    ( 1)1.2369
    5.3484
    31688
    81241
    ( 1)1.2409
    5.3601
    67365
    08411
    l/4 3.4996 35512 3.5054 53712 3.5112 43086 3.5170 03963 3.5227 36670
    l/5 2.7240 69927 2.7276 92374 2.7312 95679 2.7348 80069 2.7304 45765

    155 156 157 158 159


    24025 24336 24649 24964 25281
    37 23875 37 96416 38 69893 39 44312 40 19679
    5772 00625 5922 40896 6075 73201 6232 01296 6391 28961
    (10)9.2389 57978 10 9.5388 99256
    1.4976 07183
    I :;I ;: T% 2"E
    I(1517 2.3512
    13

    1 3.6914
    43278
    51946

    I 17)3.3316
    15)2.1494
    8.0041 05615
    82490
    22977 I
    19 5.7955
    21 9.0990
    79555
    59901
    24 (52)3.6979 47627 (52)4.3150 94990 (52)5.0302 74186 (52)5.8582 79483 (52)b.8160 22003
    l/2
    l/3
    ( 1)1.2449
    5.3716
    89960
    85355
    ( 1)1.2489
    5.3832
    99600
    12612
    ( 1)1.2529
    5.3946
    96409
    90712
    ( 1)1.2569
    5.4061
    80509
    20176
    ( 1)1.2609
    5.4175
    52021
    01515
    l/4 3.5284 41525 3.5341 18843 3.5397 68931 3.5453 92093 3.5509 88625
    l/5 2.7419 92987 2.7455 21947 2.7490 32856 2.7525 25920 2.7560 01343

    160 161 162 163 164__.


    25600 25921 26244 26569 26896
    40 96000 41 73281 42 51528 43 30747 44 10944
    6553 60000 6718 98241 6887 47536 7059 11761 7233 94816

    I1311 11.1157
    15
    1.8075
    2.9282
    71008
    49033
    29434
    I
    17)4.2949 67296 17 4.7437 31683 I
    19 7.6848 45327
    I22 I 1.2449 44943
    24 (52)7.9228 16251 (52)9.2007
    ( 1)1.2688
    03274
    57754
    (53)1.0674
    ( 1)1.2727
    81480 (53) 1.2373
    ( 1)1.2767
    78329
    14533
    (53)1.4330
    1)l. 2806
    20335
    l/2 ( 1)1.2649
    5.4288
    11064
    35233 5.4401 21825 5.4513
    92206
    61778 5.4625 55571 5.4737
    24847
    03675
    l/3
    3.5565 58820 3.5621 0296b 3.5676 21345 3.5731 14235 3.5785 81908
    ::; 2.7594 59323 2.7629 00056 2.7663 23734 2.7697 30547 2.7731 20b81

    165 167 168 lb9


    27225 27556 Z-r&i9 28224 28561
    44 92125 45 74296 46 57463 41632 48 26809
    7412 00625 7593 33136 7777 96321 7964: 94176 8157 30721
    11 L2229 81031 (11)1.3382 78216
    13 I 2.0179 18702 07402
    15)3.3295 65858 56436
    17 5.4937 83665 22812
    19 1 9.0647 43047 64632
    (22) 1.4956 82603 88583
    24 (53)1.6581 15050 (53)1.9168 76411 53)2.2140 90189 (53)2.5551 87425 (53)2.9463 26763
    ( 1)1.2845 23258 ( 1)1.2884 09873 1)1.2922 84798 ( 1)1.2961 48140 ( 1)1.3000 00000
    5.4848 06552 5.4958 64660 5.5068 78446 5.5178 48353 5.5267 74814
    3.5840 24634 3.5894 42676 3.5948 36294 3. b002 05744 3.6055 51275
    2.7764 94317 2.7798 51635 2.7831 92813 2.7865 18023 2.7898 27436

    170 171 -._


    173 174
    28900 29241 29929 30276
    49 13000 50 00211 50 51 77717 52 68024
    8352 10000 8550 36081 8752 8957 45041 9166 36176
    1.5496 38921
    2.6808 75333
    6.9757 57441
    1.1858 78765 1.3880 81379
    2232.2661 2.4013 80785
    24 (53)3.3944 86713 (53)3.9075 68945 (53)4.4945 13878 (53)5.1654 29935 (53)5.9317 37979
    l/2 ( 1) 1.3038
    5.5396
    40481
    58257
    ( 1)1.3076
    5.5504
    69683
    99103 ( 1)l 3114 87705 ( %?::; ;%46
    ( 1)1.3190
    5.5827
    90596
    70172
    l/3
    l/4 3.6108 73137 3.6161 71571 5'3:6214
    5612 97766
    46817 3:bZbb 99110 3. b319 28683
    l/5 2.7931 21220 2.7963 99540 2.7996 62559 2.8029 10436 2.8061 43329
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 31
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1
    k
    175 179
    : 30625 32041
    53 59375
    : 9378 60625 9595 12576 9aii 06241
    11 I 1.6887 42134
    2 13 2.9721 a6155
    15 5.2310 47634
    ; 17 I 9.2066 43835
    20 1.6203 69315
    1: 22 2.8518 49994
    24 (53)6.8063 32613 53)7.8037 62212 (53)8.9404 29702 (54)1.0234 81638 (54)1.1707 73122
    l/2 ( 1) ;. 5';;; y;; 1)1.3266
    5.6040 49916
    78661 ( 1)1.3304
    5.6146 13470
    72408 ( 1)1.3341
    5.6252 66406
    26328 ( 1)1.3379 08816
    l/3 5.6357 40794
    l/4 3:6371 35763 3.6423 20574 3.6474 63337 3.6526 24271 3.6577 43509
    l/5 2.8093 61392 2.0125 64777 2.8157 53634 2.8189 28111 2.8220 88352

    180 181 182 --_


    lR1 184
    32400 32761 33124 33489 33856
    58 32000 59 29741 60 28568 61 28487 62 29504
    1.0497 60000 9)1.0732 a3121
    1.8895 68000

    1.1019 96058

    24 (54)1.3382 58845 (54)1.5285 71637 (54)1.7446 70074 (54)1.9898 76639 (54)2.2679 20111
    l/2 ( 1)1.3416 40786 ( l)l.3453 62405 ( 1)1.3490 73756 ( 1)1.3527 74926 ( l)l.3564 65997
    l/3 5.6462 16173 5.6566 52026 5.6670 51108 5.6774 11371 5.6877 33960
    l/4 3.6628 41501 3.6679 16217 3.6729 73940 3.6780 08871 3.6830 23210
    l/5 2.8252 34501 2.8283 66697 2.8314 85080 2.8345 89786 2.8376 80950

    185 186 laa 189


    34225 34596 35344 35721
    63 31625 64 34056 65 39203 66 44672 67 51269
    9)1.2491 98336

    3.0772 03640
    5.8159 14881
    24 (54)2.5829 82606 54)2.9397 51775 (54)3.3434 78670 (54)3.8000 41874 (54)4.3160 la526
    l/2 ( 1)1.3601 47051 ( 1)1.3638
    5.7082 18170
    67473 ( 1)1.3674
    5.7184 79065
    79433 ( 1)l 5.7,a6
    3711 54316
    30920 ( 1)1.3747 72700
    l/3 5.6980 19215 5.7307 93540
    l/4 3.6880 17151 3.6929 90888 3.6979 44609 3:7il20 78502 3.7077 92751
    l/5 2.8407 58702 2.8430 23174 2.0468 74493 2.8499 12786 2.8529 38178

    _..
    190 193 194
    : 36100 37636
    68 59000 E7 73 01384
    : 63361 54496 88001
    5 49020 92632 51842
    22627 49854 54055
    7" 84218 30326
    97266 ::::2" 22953
    : 86816 74059 a7299
    10 04818 a6193 90487
    24 (54)4.8987 62931 54)5.5564 93542 (54)6.2983 89130 (54)7.1346 95065 (54)8.0768 40718
    w ( 1)1.3784 04875 l';.:;;; ff;;;; ( l)l.3856 40646 ( 1)1.3892 44399 (*)1.3928 38828
    l/3 5.7408 97079 3:7175 63041 3.7224
    5.7689 19436
    98281 5.7789 96565 5.7869 60372
    l/4 3.7126 07530 3.7212 56899 3.7320 75599
    l/5 2.8559 50791 2.0589 50746 2.8619 38162 2.8649 13156 2.0670 75844

    195 196 197 198 _.


    199
    38025 38416 38809 39204 39601
    74 14875 75 29536 76 45313 77 62392 78 80599
    ( 9)1.5369 53616

    24 (54)9.1375 69069 55)1.0331 07971 (55)1.1673 18660 (55)1.3181 49187 (55)1.4875 57746
    l/2 ( l)l.3964 24004 ( ";.;;;; it;;; ( 1)1.4035 66885 ( 1)1.4071 24728 ( 1)1.4106 73598
    l/3 5.7988 89998 3: 1416 57367 3.7464
    5.0186 20805
    47867 5.8284 76683 5.8382 72461
    3.7368 75706 3.7511 66123 3.7558 93499
    2.8708 26340 2.8737 64756 2.8766 91203 2.8796 05790 2.8825 08624

    n”[‘-9’] j[(-751 ,a[,-,31 4,,,2]


    32 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS n-4

    201 202 203 204


    40000 40401 40804 41209 41616
    80 00000 20601 a2 42408 83 65427 84 89664
    1.6000 00000 40801 1.6649 66416
    3.3632 32160
    6.4000 00000 %Z 6.1937 20964
    77620 1.3723 33251
    10032 2.7721 13166
    5.5996 68596
    :::t: 1.1311 33056 (23)1.2482 50286
    (55)1.6777 21600 (55)1.8910 60303 (55)2,1302 61246 (55)2.3983 07745 (55)2.6985 09916
    l/2 ( 1)1.4142 13562 ( l);.;&; 2;;;; ( 1)1.4212 67040 ( l)l.4247 80685 ( 1)1.4282 85686
    l/3 5.8480 35476 3:7652 95059 5.0674 64308 5.8771 30659 5.8867 65317
    3.7606 03093 3.1699 69549 3.7746 26716 3.7792 66709
    2.8853 99812 2.8882 79450 2.8911 47666 2.8940 04537 2.8968 50171

    205 206 __-


    : 42025
    a6 15125
    42436
    a7 41816
    207
    42849
    2na
    43264
    209
    43681
    : 14096
    77038
    88 69743 89' 98912
    9 1.9080
    91 29329
    29761
    2 34698
    38548
    11 3.9877
    13 a.3344
    82200
    64799
    i9 :EE
    16 1.7419
    18 3.6405
    03143
    77569
    20 i 7.6088 07119
    10 70372 23)1.5902 40688
    24 (55)3.0345 38594 (55)3.4104 62581 (55)3.8307 89523 (55)4.3005 10765 (55)4.8251 50531
    l/2 ( 1)1.4317 82106 ( ";.,$$ :;;;; ( 1)1.4387 49457 ( 1)1.4422 20510 ( 1)1.4456 83229
    l/3 5.8963 68540 3:7804 95756 5.9154 a1700 5.9249 92137 5.9344 72140
    3.7838 a9674 3.7930 a5099 3.7976 57844 3.8022 14131
    :,/: 2.8996 84668 2.9025 08125 2.9053 20638 2.9081 22302 2.9109 13212

    210 211 212 213 214


    : 44100 44521 44944 45369 45756
    92 61000 93 93931 95 isiia 96 63597 98 00344
    : 9)2.0972 73616
    11)4.4881 65538
    2 13)9.6046 74252
    1

    : 20)9.4129 11168
    10 (23)2.0143 62990
    24 (55)5.4108 19838 (55)6.0642 75557 (55)6.7929 a5105 (55)7.6051 97251 (55)8.5100 19601
    l/2 ( 1)1.4491
    5.9439
    37675
    21953
    ( 1)1.4525
    5.9533 a3905
    41813 ( 1)1.4560 21978 ( 1)1.4594 51952 ( 1)1.4628 73884
    l/3 5.9621 31958 5.9720 92620 5.9814 24030
    3.8067 54096 3.8112 77876 3.8157 85604 3.8202 77414 3.8247 53435
    $5" 2.9136 93459 2.9164 63134 2.9192 22328 2.9219 71130 2.9247 09627

    215 216 217 218 219


    46225 46656 47089 47524 47961
    99 38375 100 71696 102 18313 103 60232 105 03459

    10
    24 (55)9.5175 03342 56)l.o63a 73589 (56)1.1885 94216 i56j1.3272 59512 (56)1.4813 53665
    l/2 ( 1)1.4662 a7830 ";.;;;; ;;;;; ( 1)1.4730 91986 ( 1)1.4764 82306 ( 1)1.4798 64859
    l/3 5.990f26415 3:8336 58625 6.0092 45007 6.0184 61655 6.0276 50160
    l/4 3.8292 13796 3.8380 88048 3.8425 02187 3.8469 01167
    l/5 2.9274 37906 2.9301 56052 2.9328 64149 2.9355 62280 2.9382 50529

    1 220 221 222 223 224


    48400 48841 49284 49729 50176
    : 106 48000 107 93861 41048 89567 112 39424
    4 12656 73441
    5 86096 30773
    6 65313 84962
    7 84996 20466
    16690 97640
    : 14905 78274
    10 67090 25550
    24 (56)1.6525 10926 (56jl.8425 3oo"3 (56)2.0533 89736 (56)2.2872 66205 (56)2.5465 51362
    l/2 ( 1)1.4832 39697 ( l';;;;$ i;'$; ( 1)1.4899 66443 ( 1)1.4933 18452 ( 1)1.4966 62955
    6.0368 10737 3:8556 54127 6.0550 48947 6.0641 26994 6.0731 77944
    :s: 3.8512 85107 2.9435 97699 3.8600 08345 3.8643 47878 3.8686 72841
    l/5 2.9409 28975 2.9462 56780
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 33
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1
    k
    225 226 227 229
    : 50625 51076 51529 52441
    113 90625 115 4317b 116 97083 118 5i352 1213 08989
    :

    1:
    24 (56)2.0338 73334 (56)3.1521 18526 56) 3.5044 5568b 56)3.0943 62082 ( 56) 4.325'b 51908
    l/2 ( 1)1.5000 00000 ( 1)1.5033 29638 1)l. 5066 51917 1)1.5099 bb887 ( 1’;. y; y;;
    6.0822 01996 6.0911 99349 6.1001 70200 6.1091 14744
    :s: 3.8729 83346 3.0772 79501 3.8815 61435 3.0050 29230 3:89OQ 83026
    l/5 2.9541 76939 2.9567 90210 2.9594 10235 2.9620 130b2 2.964b 06713

    230 231 232 233 234


    52900 53361 53824 54209 54756
    121 67000 123 26391 124 87168 126 49337 128 12904

    24 (56)4.8025 07640 (56)5.3295 12896 (56)5.9116 89798 56) 6.5545 38267 (56) 1.2640 79321
    l/2 ( 1)l. 5165 75089 ( 1)1.5198 68415 ( "lb.;::; ;;;$; ( l)l.5264 33152 ( 1'; :'6;; g;:;
    6.1269 25615 b..1357 92440
    if: 3.8943 22905 3.8985 48980 3:9027 61357 6.1534
    3.9069 49494
    60138 3:9111 45426
    l/5 2.9bll 91438 2.9697 b7129 2.9723 33915 2.9148 91866 2.9774 41049

    235 236 237 238 239


    55225 55696 56169 57121
    129 77675 131 44256 133 12053 134 i%:: 136 51919
    42736
    31712

    :x
    ._..
    74649
    49664
    56201
    24 (56)8.0469 01671 (56) 8.9102 12697 (56)9.861'3 93410 (57)1.0910 55818 (57)1.2065 61943
    l/2 ( l)l.5329 70972 ( 1) 1.5362 29150 "k:;;; "b;;i; ( 1)1.5427 24862 ( 1)1.5459 62483
    l/3 6.1710 05793 6.1791 46606 6.2058 21795
    l/4 3.9153 17320 3.9194 15921 3: 9236 21327 6.1971
    3.9277 54435
    53635 3.9318 72942
    l/5 2.9799 81531 2.9825 13380 2.9850 36660 2.9075 51438 2.9900 57776

    - .- 241 242 243 ?AA _


    57600 58081 58564 59049 59536
    138 24000 139 97521 141 72480 143 48907 145 26704
    84401
    86094
    11321
    54510
    66546
    12701
    79617 23)7.4799 42569
    24 (57)1.3337 35777 (57)l. 4736 99791 57)l.b276 79087 (57)l. 7910 10300 (57)1.9831 51223
    l/2 ( 1)1.5491 93338 ( l)l.5524 17470 1';;;;; ;;6';: ( 1y; pm; ( l)l.5620 49935
    l/3 6.2144 b5012 6.2230 84253 99710
    l/4 3.9359 79343 3.9400 12930 3:9441 53798 3:9482 22039 6.2487
    3.9522 71742
    l/5 2.9925 55740 2.9950 45390 2.9975 26190 3.0000 00000 3.0024 b5081

    245 246 247 248 249


    b0025 60516 b1009 61504 b2001
    147 06125 148 86936 150 69223 152 52992 154 36249
    42016
    00200
    37650
    13371
    13716
    bbOlb
    91719
    24 (57)2.1876 91225 (57)2.4123 62509 (51)2.6590 52293 (57)2.9298 15956 (57) 3.2268 91251
    l/2 ( 1); ;;;; y"b ( 1)l. 5684 38714 ( l)l.Sllb 23365 01515 ( 1';. ;;;I) ;g
    l/3 6.2658 26556 b.2743 05351 b1305
    l/4 3: 9563 20998 3.9603 51896 3.9643 70523 76966 3.9723 71312
    l/5 3.0049 22094 3.0073 11096 3:0098 12147 45305 3.0146 70627
    1
    34 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    k
    250 251 252 253 254
    : 62500 63001 63504 64009 64516
    156 25000 158 13251 160 03008 94211 163 81064
    : 52081
    19416
    2 46016
    41511
    ; 65511
    23159
    1: 91011
    24 (51) 3.5527 13679 (51) 3.9099 33001 (57)4.3014 31119 (51) 4.7303 41643
    w ( 1'2. ;g; y9" ( 1)1.5842 97952 ( 1)1.5874 50181 ( 1’;. ;2’:; 97372 ( 1)1.5937 31145
    l/3 6.3079 93549 6.3163 59598 03543 6.3330 25531
    l/4 319763 53644 3.9803 24041 3.9042 02604 3:9882 29397 3.9921 64507
    l/5 3.0170 88168 3.0194 97986 3.0219 00136 3.0242 94671 3.0266 01647

    256 257 258 259


    65025 65536 66049 67081
    165 81315 161 17216 169 74593 171 %:E 113 13979
    66096
    37653
    95144
    81472
    68820
    75555
    63693
    51) 5.7143 11018 (57)6.2771 01735 (57)6.8927 88615 (51)7.5661 15089 (57)8.3022 21920
    l/2 1)1.5968 11942 ( 1';;:;; ii;;; ( 1)1.6031 21954 ( 1)1.6062 37840 ( 1) 1.6093 47694
    l/3 6.3413 25705
    l/4 3.9960 88015 4:oooo 00000 4.0039
    6.3578 00541
    61180 4.0077
    6.3660 96760
    89716 6.3743
    4.0116 11088
    67601
    l/5 3.0290 61117 3.0314 33133 3.0337 91748 3.0361 55014 3.0385 04982

    260 262 263 264


    61600 68644 69169 69696
    175 16000 84128 181 91447 183 99144
    98736
    43669
    04412
    01560

    %;
    98010
    24 57)9.1066 85770 57)9.9‘355 54265 (58)1.0945 38372 (58) 1.1993 27914 (58)1.3136 94086
    l/2 ( 1)1.6124 51550 ( I)1 6155 49442 ( 1)1.6186 41406 ( 1)1.6217 27474 ( 1)1.6248 07681
    l/3 6.3825 04299 6.3906
    4:0193 76528
    89807 6.3988
    4.0232 34278
    27910 6.4069
    4.0270 58577
    67760 6.4150 68660
    l/4 4.0155 34273 4.0308 90325
    l/5 3.0408 41703 3.0431 83226 3.0455 11602 3.0418 32879 3.0501 47105

    265 266 261 268 269


    70225 70756 71289 11824 72361
    186 09625 188 21096 190 34163 192 48832 194 65109
    9 5.1586 86916
    12 1.3825 28110
    14 I 3.7051 15334

    1.9113 83974
    24 (58) 1.4384 10548 (58) 1.5145 60235 (58) 1.1229 40472 58) 1.8846 68868 (58)2.0608 89564
    ( 1)1.6278 82060 ( 1)1.6309 50643 ( 1)1.6340 13464 1) 1.6310 10554 ( 1) 1.6401 21947
    6.4231 58289 6.4312 27591 6.4392 16696 6.4413 05721 6.4553 14811
    4.0341 02045 4.0385 02994 4.0422 93240 4.0460 72854 4.0498 41906
    3.0524 54329 3.0547 54599 3.0570 47961 3.0593 34462 3.0616 14141

    270 272 273 274


    72900 73984 14529 15iC
    196 83000 199 02511 201 23648 203 46411 205 70024

    24 (58)2.2528 39954 (58)2.4618 51891 (5Q2.6893 89450 (58)2.9369 91176 (58) 3.2063 69049
    m ( 1)1.6431 61673 ( 1)1.6462 01763 ( 1)1.6492 42250 ( 1) 1.6522 11164
    l/3 6.4633 04070 6.4712 13627 6.4792 23603 6.4811 54111
    l/4 4.0536 00464 4.0573 48596 4.0610 86370 4.0648 13851
    l/5 3.0638 87063 3.0661 53254 3.0684 12165 3.0706 65640 3.0129 11923
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 35
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1
    k
    275 276 277 278 279
    : 75625 16116 76719 77284 77841
    201 96875 210 24576 212 53933 214 a4952 217 17639
    : 9 5.8873 39441
    12 1.6307 93025
    2 14 4.5172 96680
    17 1 1.2512 91180
    i 19 3.4660 76569
    21 9.6010 32097
    1: 24 I 2.6594 85891
    24 (58)3.4993 28001 (58)3.8178 42160 58)4.1640 35828 (58)4.5402 01230 (58)4.9488 11121
    l/2 ( 1)1.6583 12395 ( 1)1.6613 24773 1)1.6643 31698 ( 1)1.6673 33200 ( 1) ;. ;;g ;g;
    l/3 6.5029 57234 6.5108 30071 6.5186 a3915 6.5265 10079
    l/4 4.0722 38199 4.0759 35196 4.0796 22161 4.0832 99156 4:0869 66245
    l/5 3.0751 51657 3.0773 a4885 3.0796 11650 3.0818 31992 3.0840 45954

    280 281 283


    78400 78961 19524 a0089 80656
    219 52000 221 a8041 224 25168 226 65187 229 06304

    24 (58)5.3925 32264 (58)5.8742 39885 (58)6.3970 33126 58)6.9642 51599 (58)7.5794 93086
    l/2 ( 1)1.6733 20053 ( 1)1.6763 05461 ( 1)1.6792 a5562 1)1.6822 60384 ( 1) ;. y; $94;;
    6.5421 32620 63499 11620 6.3576 72186 6.5654 14427
    :;: 4.0906 23489 4.0942 70950 4.0979 08689 4.1015 36766 4:1051 55240
    l/5 3.0862 53577 3.0884 54901 3.0906 49967 3.0928 38815 3.0950 21484

    287 288 289


    al225 81796 82369 a2944 83521
    231 49125 233 93656 236 39903 238 a7872 241 37569

    III 12
    149 5.4726
    1.9135
    6.6905 a5616
    31410
    07486
    17 1.5651 72583
    19 4.4163 935’39
    22 1.2802 48566
    24 3.6615 10900 24)4.0642 31407
    24 (5a)a.2466 32480 (58)8.9690 42039 (58)9.7536 13040 (59)1.0602 77893 (59)1.1522 54005
    l/2 ( 1)1.6aal 94302 ( 1)1.6911 53453 ( 1)1.6941 07435 ( 1)1.6970 56275 ( 1)1.7(100 00000
    l/3 6.5808 44365 6.5085 32215 6.5962 02284 6.6038 54498 6.6114 89018
    l/4 4.1087 64171 4.1123 63618 4.1159 53637 4.1195 34288 4.1231 05626
    l/5 3.0971 98013 3.0993 68441 3.1015 32807 3.1036 91148 3.1058 43502

    290 291 292 293 294


    84100 84681 85264 a5849 06436
    243 R9000 246 42171 748 97088 251 53757
    9)7.1708 71761 49696
    25311
    49909
    05773
    16858
    a3323
    4.3544 15721 a7302
    24 (59)1.2518 49008 (59)1.3596 64428 (59)1.4763 46962 (59)1.6025 91698 (59)1.7391 45550
    l/2 ( 1) ;. y'9; ;g:; ( 1) t ‘6;;; ;g;;; ( 1"6'W3; ;;I;; ( 1)1.7117 24277 ( 1)1.7146 42820
    l/3 52195 6.6493 99761
    l/4 411266 67707 4:1302 20588 411337 64325 6.6418
    4.1372 98970 4.1408 24580
    l/5 3.1079 89906 3.1101 30396 3.1122 65011 3.1143 93785 3.1165 16755

    295 296 297 298 299


    a7025 a7616 88209 88804 a9401
    256 72375 259 34336 --.
    7A4 63592 :267 3089s
    ( 9 I 7.6765 63456 50416
    [J :: :::: ;:::: (12 2.2722 62783 72824
    17015
    I :;j;: z"o"8 2% 58671
    I 17
    19 I 6.5907
    14 1.9442
    5.7355
    1.6919 63969
    58973
    91371
    08381 36838
    02776
    42278
    24 (59)1.8868 10930 (59)2.0464 49657 (59)2.2189 a7131 (59)2.4054 16789 (59)2.6068 04847
    l/2 ( 1)1.7175 56404 ( 1)1.7204 65053 ( 1)1.7233 68794 ( 1)1.7262 67650 ( 1)1.7?91 61647
    l/3 6.6569 30232 6.6644 43703 6.6719 40272 6.6794 20032 6.6868 83077
    l/4 4.1443 41207 4.1478 48904 4.1513 47726 4.1548 37723 4.1'583 la947
    l/5 3.1186 33956 3.1207 45423 3.1228 51191 3.1249 51295 3.1270 45768
    1 1 1
    36 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk

    301 302 303 _-.


    90601 91204 91809 92416
    270 00000 272 70901 215 43608 270 18127 280 94464
    9)8.4288 92481 9)8.5407 17056
    12)2.5539 54422

    24)6.5226 83188
    (59)2.8242 95365 59)3.0591 15639 (59)3.3125 81949 (59)3.5861 05682 (59)3.8811 99856
    l/2 1)1.7349 35157 ( l)i.7378 14720 ( 1)1.7406 89519 ( 1)1.7435 59577
    l/3 6.7017 59395 6.7091 72852 6.7165 69962 6.7239 50814
    l/4 4.1652 55283 4.1687 10496 4.1721 57138 4.1155 95260
    l/5 3.1291 34645 3.1312 17958 3.1332 95743 3.1353 68030 3.1314 34853

    306 307 308 309


    93025 93636 94249 94864 95481
    283 72625 286 52616 289 34443 292 18112 295 03629
    9 8.9991 18496
    12 2.7717 46977
    14 8.5369 80688
    17 2.6293 90052
    19 1 8.0985 21360
    2.4943 44579
    i
    24 ('X9)4.1994 86063 (59)4.5427 01868 (59)4.9127 08679 (59)5.3115 00125 (59)5.7412 10972
    l/2 ( 1)1.7464 24920 ( 1)1.7492 85568 ( 1) ;. y;; 9";;;; ( 1)1.7549 92877 ( 1y.;;;; ;'4;;;
    l/3 6.7313 15497 6.7386 64101 6.7533 13417
    l/4 4.1790 24910 4.1824 46136 4: 1858 58988 4.1892 63512 411926 59756
    l/5 3.1394 96244 3.1415 52236 3.1436 02859 3.1456 48146 3.1476 88127

    311 312 313 314


    96100 96721 97344 97969 98596
    297 91000 301 80231 303 71328 306 64297 309 59144
    ( 9)9.2352 10000 9 9.5979 24961
    12 I 3.0041 50513
    14 9.4029 91105
    17 2.9431 36216
    19 I 9.2120 16356
    2.8015 04640 22 2.8833 61119
    24 9.0249 20304
    (59)6.2041 26610 (59)6.7026 93132 (59)7.2395 28072 (59)7.8174 31800 59)8.4393 99655
    ( 1)1.7606 81686 ( 1)1.7635 19209 ( 1)1.7691 80601 l)l.7720 04515
    6.7678 99452 6.7751 68952 6.7896 61336 6.7968 84386
    4.1960 41767 4.1994 27591 4.2061 62861 4.2095 18398
    3.1497 22833 3.1517 52295 3.1531 76544 3.1557 95609 3.1578 09519

    315 316 317 318


    : 99225 99856 1 00489 1 01124
    319
    1 01761
    312 55875 315 54496 318 55013 321 57432 324 61759
    :
    2
    i9
    10
    24 (59)9.1086 34822 (59)9.8285 62028 (60) 1.0602 84208 (60)1.1435 38734 (60) 1.2330 37808
    l/2 ( 1)1.7748 23935 1) 1.7716 38883 ( 1)1.7804 49381 ( 1)1.7832 55450 ( 1)1.7860 57110
    l/3 6.8040 92116 6.8112 84608 6.8184 61941 6.8256 24197 6.8327 71452
    l/4 4.2128 65931 4.2162 05502 4.2195 37156 4.2228 60938 4.2261 76889
    l/5 3.1598 18306 3.1618 21997 3.1638 20622 3.1658 14209 3.1678 02787

    320 321 322 323 324


    1 02400 1 03041 1 03684 1 04325 1 04976
    327 68000 330 76161 333 86248 336 98267 340 12224
    10)1.0884 54024
    12)3.5157 06498
    15 1.1355 73199
    17 3.6679 01432
    20 1.1847 32163
    22 3.8266 84885
    Ii 25 1.2360 19218
    24 (60) 1.3292 27996 (60) 1.4325 86248 (60) 1.5436 21862 (60) 1.6628 78568 (60) 1.7909 36736
    v2 ( 1)1.7888 54382 ( 1)1.7916 41287 ( 1)1.7944 35844 ( 1)1.7972 20076 ( 1)1.8000 00000
    l/3 6.8399 03787 6.8470 21278 6.8541 24002 6.8612 12036 6.8682 85455
    l/4 4.2294 85054 4.2327 85474 4.2360 78192 4.2393 63249 4.2426 40687
    l/5 3.1697 86385 3.1717 65030 3.1137 38149 3.1757 07571 3.1776 11523
    I
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 37
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1
    k
    325 326 327 328 329
    : 1 05625 1 06276 1 06929 1 07584 1 08241
    3 343 28125 ,346 45976 349 65183 352 87552 3515 11289

    :
    10 1.1156
    12 I 3.6259
    64063
    08203
    10 1.1574
    12 3.7963
    31706
    15994
    ( 10)1.1716 11408

    6 15 1.1784 20166 15 1.2452 11326

    ;
    17 3.8298
    20 1 1.2447
    65540
    06300
    II 17 4.0842
    20 1.3396
    93150
    48153
    I
    9
    10
    22 4.0452
    25) 1.3147
    95476
    21030
    22 4.3940
    I 25 I 1.4412
    45942
    47069
    I(
    24 60)1.9284 15722 (60)2.0759 76350 (60)2.2343 23554 (60)2.4042 09169 (60)2.5864 34894
    10
    1/3
    ( l)l.8027
    6.8753
    75638
    44335
    ( 1)1.8055
    6.8823
    47009
    88750
    ( 1)1.8083
    6.8894
    14132
    18774
    ( 1)1.8110
    6.8964
    77028
    34481
    ( 1)1.813#3
    6. 903,1
    35715
    35942
    1/4 4.2459 10547 4.2491 72871 4.2524 27697 4.2556 75061 4.258') 15020
    l/5 3.1796 30632 3.1815 84924 3.1835 34426 3.1854 79164 3.187,4 19165

    330 331 332 334


    1 08900 09561 1 10224 1 10889 1 11556
    359 37000 64691 365 94368 369 26037 37.x 59704
    61272 10 1.2444 74114
    95811
    27813
    I(1215 I 4.1565
    1.3882
    43539
    85542
    Ii~17
    15
    12
    10 1.1859
    4.2618
    1.2914
    3.9135 21000
    44298
    67969
    39300 73062 17 4.6363 73711
    67184 20 1.5487 15819
    25 I 1.4064
    I 20
    22 1.5315
    4.6411 08618
    78985
    48440
    70378
    28495
    I(2225 I 5.1727
    1.1276
    10837
    85420
    24 (60)2.7818 55434 60)2.9913 81825 (60)3.2159 84959 (60)3.4566 99320 (60)3.7146 26935
    l/2 ( Q1.8165 90212 ( 1)1.8248 28759 ( 1)1.8275 66688
    l/3 6.9104 23230 6.9313 00768 6.9382 32074
    l/4 4.2621 47595 4.2718 01446 4.2750 04899
    l/5 3.1893 54454 3.1912 85058 3.1932 11001 3.1951 32308 3.1970 49006

    1 335 336 337 338 339


    1 12225 12896 1 135bs 1 14244 1 14921
    : 375 95315 37: 382 12753 386 14472 389 58219
    %E
    2 90290
    16737
    : 60238
    8 79440
    9 50918
    10 72309 25) 1.9461 08291
    24 (60)3.9909 41565 (60)4.2868 93134 (60)4.6038 12427 (60)4.9431 16051 (60)5.3063 11693
    l/2 ( 1) ;. ;:5"; y', ( 1y;; y;"o ( 1)1.8357 55975 ( 1)1.8411 95264
    l/3 6.9726 82649
    l/4 4:2782 01166 4:2813 90286 4.2845
    6.9589 43337
    72295 4.2909 15128
    l/5 3.1989 61118 3.2008 68669 3.2027 71684 3.2046 70186 3.2065 64201

    :
    340

    39:
    341
    16281
    51821
    342
    16964
    _._
    343
    1 17649
    144
    1 18336
    40; 01688 403 53607 407 07584
    : 27096 57730

    II
    53398 57435
    2 66909 35043 1.6284 13598
    7 30158 61047 (1012
    17 1.4003
    15 4.8171
    5.7004
    1.6571 72660
    40890
    49439
    07395

    II
    47684 81952
    i 24602 10274
    10 04689 77114 25 1.9609
    22
    20 2.3205
    6.7456 15244
    54607
    83848
    24 (60)5.6950 03680 (60)6.lloa 98859 (60)6.5558 12822 (60)7.0316 76479 (60)7.5405 43015
    l/2 ( 1)1.8439 08891 ( 1);;;;; ;"8;;; ( 1)1.8493 24201 ( 1) +. i;'o; g;;;; ( 1)1.8547 23699
    1/3 6.9795 32047 7.0067 96121
    4.2940 76026 412972 29958 4.3003
    6.9931 90657
    76961 4:3035 17071 4.3066 50321
    $2 3.2084 53751 3.2103 38860 3.2122 19552 3.2140 95850 3.2159 67776

    345 346 347 348 349


    1 19025 1 19716 1 20409 1 21104 1 21801
    410 63625 ._
    414 21736 417 81923 421 44192 425 08549
    92066
    I 44547
    60213

    I 30338 I 15
    17 1.8069
    6.3063 48816
    76738

    Ii
    39497
    76659
    I 13924 25 2.2009
    22
    20 7.6811
    2.6807 37377
    95921
    15737
    24 (60)8.0845 95243 (60)8.6661 53376 (60)9.2876 83235 (60)9.9518 04932 (61) 1.0661 30203
    l/2 ( 1)1.8574 17562 ( 1)1.8601 07524 ( 1)1.8627 93601 ( 1)1.8654 75811 ( 1)1.8681 54169
    l/3 7.0135 79083 7.0203 48952 7.0271 05788 7.0338 49656 7.0405 80617
    4.3097 76748 4.3128 96386 4.3160 09269 4.3191 15431 4.3222 14906
    3.2178 35355 3.2196 98608 3.2215 57557 3.2234 1222,6 3.2252 62636

    4[(-46)5] 4-46)2] +j)l] 4647)63


    38 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS rzk


    k
    351 352 353 354
    350
    1 22500 1 23201 1 23904 1 24609 1 25316
    : 436 14208 439 86971 443 61864
    428 75000 432 43551
    25000 48640 40288
    : 73217
    87500 48727
    04703 54146
    z 65625 35134
    :%f lb:::: 02402
    ii 38480
    9 63867 64375
    47354 84096 25983
    10
    13124 (61)1.2228 43263 (61)1.3092 54042 (61)1.4014 99442 (61)1.4999 55202
    24 (61)1.1419
    28693 99400 ( l)l.8761 66304 ( 1q.g; 29423 ( 1)1.8814 88772
    l/2 ( "y;; ( y:;1 76615 7.0740 43955
    98732 04063 7.0606 96671
    l/3 4:3283 93928 4.3314 73541 4:3345 46600 4.3376 13137
    413253 07727
    3.2271 08809 3.2289 50768 3.2307 88532 3.2326 22125 3.2344 51567
    :::
    356 357 358 359
    355 1 28164 1 2asa1
    : 1 26025 1 26736 1 27449
    451 18016 454 99293 458 82712 462 68279
    3 447 38875
    10 1.6062 01370
    z 12 5.7180 76876
    6 15 2.0356 35368
    17 7.2468 61909
    .li 20 i 2.5798 82840
    9 22 9.1843 82909
    10 25 3.2696 40316
    (61)1.6050 20092 (61)1.7171 17251 (61)1.8366 95605 (61)1.9642 31355 (61)2.1002 29556
    24
    ( 1)1.8841 44368 ( 1)1.8867 96226 ( 1)1.8894 44363 ( 1)1.8920 88793 ( 1)1.8947 29532
    l/2 7.0806 98751 7.0873 41061 7.0939 70945 7.1005 88459 7.1071 93661
    l/3 4.3406 73183 4.3437 26771 4.3467 73933 4.3498 14700 4.3528 49104
    3.2362 76880 3.2380 98084 3.2399 15199 3.2417 28247 3.2435 37249
    i//2

    360 361 362 363 364


    1 29600 1 30321 1 31044 1 31769 1 32496
    466 56000 474 37928 478 32147 482 28544
    10)1.6983 56304

    ;61;2.2452 25771 (61)2.3997 87825 (61)2.5645 17652 51)2.7400 53237 i61)2.9270 70667
    24
    1)1.9052 55888 ( 1)1.9078 78403
    l/2 7.1334 92490 7.1400 36982
    l/3 4.3649 23697 4.3679 26743
    l/4 3.2507 33187 3.2525 22254
    l/5 3.2453 42223 3.2471 43191 3.2489 40172

    365 361 368 369


    1 33225 1 33956 1 34689 1 35424 1 36161
    486 27125 490 27896 494 30863 498 36032 502 43409
    (10 1.7748 90063 10)1.7944 20994 10 1.8339 65978
    12 6.4783 48728 12 6.7489 94798
    15 2.3645 97286 15 2.4836 30086
    I 17 8.6307 80093 17 1 9.1397 58715
    (20 3.1502 34734 20 3.3634 31207
    (23 1.1498 35678 23 1.2377 42684
    (25 1 4.1969 00224 25 I 4.5548 93078
    24 (61)3.1262 86296 61)3.3384 59019 (61)3.5643 92671 (61)3.8049 38558 (61)4.0609 98114
    ( 1)1.9104 97317 1)1.9131 12647 ( 1)1.9157 24406 ( 1)1.9183 32609 ( 1)1.9209 37271
    l/2 7.1465 69499 7.1530 90095 7.1595 98825 7.1660 95742 7.1725 80900
    ::: 4.3709 23607 4.3739 14319 4.3768 98909 4.3798 77406 4.3828 49839
    3.2543 07394 3.2560 88625 3.2578 65967 3.2596 39439 3.2614 09059
    l/5

    370 371 372 374


    36900 1 37641 38384 1 39876
    50; 53000 510 64811 78848 523 13624
    (10)1.8741 61000 13146
    95700 48902
    26409 71791
    87713 67064
    79454 75348
    26429
    lg% 22317
    24 (61)4.3335 25711 (61)4.6235 31606 85051 (61)5.6094 26383
    ( 1)1.9235 38406 ( 1)1.9261 36028 ( 1)1.9287 30152 ( 1)1.9313 20792 ( 1)1.9339 07961
    :/,: 7.1790 54352 7.1855 16151 7.1919 66348 7.1984 04996 7.2048 32147
    4.3858 16237 4.3887 76627 4.3917 31039 4.3946 79501 4.3976 22040
    l/4 3.2631 74848 3.2649 36822 3.2666 95001 3.2684 49404 3.2702 00047
    l/5

    J[(-q5] 4646121 +-p] $-;'5]


    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 39
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1
    k
    375 376 377 378 379
    : 1 40625 1 41376 1 42129 42884 1 43641
    527 34375 531 57376 535 82633 54; 10152 544 39939
    : 10 1.9987 17338 03746 10 2.0632 73686
    12 7.5151 77109 86558 12 7.8198 07278
    2 15 I 2.8257 06623 96519
    16 1.0624 65690 62484
    i 20 1 3.9948 70996 64160
    9 28264
    10 5.6477 88819 (15)5.7998 06469 96838 i 18
    25Y6.1149
    23)1.6134
    20)4.2570
    15 I 1.1232
    2.9637 38586
    40260
    06958
    98312
    44931
    24 (61)5.9806 78067 (61)6.3754 12334 (61)6.7950 46060 (61)7.2410 77507 (61)7.7150 90756
    l/2 ( 1)1.9364 91673 ( 1)1.9390 71943 ( l';.;;:; ‘I;;;: ( 1)1.9442 22210 ( 1)1.9467 92233
    l/3 7.2112 47852 7.2176 52160 7.2304 26792 7.23b7 97216
    4.4005 58684 4.4034 89461 414064 14397 4.4093 33520 4.4122 46'358
    :/,: 3.2719 46950 3.2736 90130 3.2754 29605 3.2771 65392 3.2788 97510

    380 381 382


    1 44400 1 45161 1 45924 1 46689 1 47456
    548 72000 553 06341 557 42960 561 81887 566 23104
    10 I 2.1071 71592
    12 8.0283 23766
    15 1 3.0587 91355
    18 1.1653 99506
    20 4.4401 72119
    23 I 1.6917 05577
    25 6.4453 90249
    (61)8.2187 60383 (6Q8.7538 56362 (61)9.3222 49236 ;61;9.9259 15535 (62)1.0566 94349
    ( 1)1.9493 58869 ( 1)1.9519
    7.2495 22130
    04524 ( 1)l 7.2558
    9544 41507
    82029 ( li1.9570 38579 ( !)1.9595 91794
    7.2431 56443 7.2621 67440 7.2684 82371
    4.4151 54436 4.4180 56280 414209 52418 4.4230 42876 4.4267 21679
    3.2806 25976 3.2823 50807 3.2840 72019 3.2857 09631 3.2075 03659

    385 386 387 389


    1 48225 1 48996 1 49769 1 50544 1 51321
    570 66625 575 12456 579 60603 584 11072 588 63869
    10 2.2430 75336
    12 I 8.6807 01551
    15 3.3594 31500
    18 I 1.3000 99991
    20 5.0313 66963
    23 1 1.9471 46755
    (25)7.5354 57941 (25)7.9340 69734
    (62)1.1247 53901 (62)1.1970 03202 (62)1.2736 88303 ;62;1.3550 69013 (62)1.4414 19629
    ( 1)1.9621 41687 ( 1)1.9646 88270 ( 1)1.9723 08292
    7.2747 06349 7.2810 79420 l)$.%;; )b;;;: ( lj1.9697
    7.2936 71560
    33030 7.2998 93662
    4.4296 06853 4.4324 80423 4:4353 48416 4.4302 10856 4.4410 67768
    3.2892 14120 3.2909 21030 3.2926 24406 3.2943 24265 3.2960 20622

    390 391 392 393 394


    : I 52100 1 52881 1 53664 1 54449 1 55236
    593 19000 597 76471 602 36208 606 98457 611 62984
    : 10 I 2.3134 41000
    12 9.0224 19900 9.1386 86663
    6' 15 1 3.5187 43761
    18 1.3723 10067
    i 20 I 5.3520 09260
    9 23 2.0872 83612
    10 25 8.1404 06085 25)8.3515 59392
    24 (62)1.5330 29700 (62)1.6302 04837 (62)1.7332 67559 (62)1.8425 58176 (62)1.9584 35730
    l/2 ( 1)1.9748 41766 ( 1':;;;; ;;f;; ( 1)1.9798 98987 ; lil.9824 22760 ( 1)1.9849 43324
    l/3 7.3061 43574 414467 65109 7.3186
    4.4496 05586
    11420 7.3248 29445 7.331Cl 36930
    l/4 4.4439 19178 4.4524 40634 4.4552 70277
    l/5 3.2977 13494 3.2994 02898 3.3010 88848 3.3027 71361 3.3044 50453

    395 _._ _..


    397 398 _..
    : 1 56025 1 56816 1 57609 1 58404 1 59201
    616 29875 620 99136 625 70773 630 44792 635, 21199
    : 10)2.4591 25786
    2
    i
    9
    10
    24 62)2.0812 78965 (62)2.2114 87364 (62)2.3494 82217 i62i2.4957 07762 (62)2.6506 32365
    l/2 1)1.9874 60691 ( 1)1.9899 74874 ( 1)1 9924 85885 ; ljl.9949 93734 ( 1)1.9974 98436
    l/3 7.3372 33921 7.3434 20462 7.3495 96597 7.3557 62368 7.3619 17821
    4.4580 94536 4.4609 13443 4: 4637 27013 4.4665 35273 4.4693 38246
    3.3061 26138 3.3077 98433 3.3094 67354 3.3111 32914 3.3127 95131
    I

    g [ 41
    (-(94
    40 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    k
    1 400 401 402 403 404
    1 60000 1 60801 1 62409 1 63216
    : 640 00000 644 81201 t%: 654 50827 659 39264
    4 85282 10)2.6639 46266
    57283
    2 26278
    1 11364
    9" ;:8628;
    10 00315
    24 (62)2.8147 49767 (62)2.9885 80393 62)3.1728 72718 ;62;3.3676 04703 (62)3.5739 85306
    l/2 ( 1)2.0000 00000 ( 1)2,0024 98439 ( 1)2.0099 75124
    l/3 7.3680 62997 7.3741 91940 1ym; pm; ( 1)2.0074
    7.3064 85990
    31295 1.3925 41792
    l/4 4.4721 35955 4.4149 28423 414777 15674 4.4004 91129 4.4832 74611
    l/5 3.3144 54017 3.3161 09590 3.3177 61862 3.3194 10850 3.3210 56568

    .-- 406 .-. 408 409


    1 64025 1 64836 1 65649 1 66464 1 67281
    664 30125 669 23416 674 19143 679 17312 684 17929

    24 (62)3.7924 56055 (62)4.0236 92707 (62)4.2684 06980 (62)4.5273 48373 (62)4.8013 06073
    l/2 ( 1)2.0124 61180 ( 7.4047
    1)2.0149 20630
    44168 ( 1)2 7.4107
    0174 24100
    95055 ( 1)2.0199 00988 ( 1)2.0223 74842
    l/3 7.3986 36223 7.4168 59539 7.4229 14120
    l/J 4.4860 46344 4.4088 12948 414915 14446 4.4943 30860 4.4970 82211
    l/5 3.3226 99030 3.3243 38251 3.3259 74245 3.3276 07026 3.3292 36609

    410 411 412 413 414


    1 68100 1 68921 1 69744 1 70569 1 71396
    689 21000 694 26531 699 34528 704 44997 709 57944
    10 2.6257 61000 10 I 2.8813 02554 10)2.9376 58882
    13 1 1.1585 62010 13 1.1870 96652
    15 4.7501 04241 15 4.8908 38207
    18 1.9475 42739 18)2.0150 25341
    20 7.9849 25229 20)8.1420 65185 20 I 8.3019 04405
    23 3.2738 19344 23 3.4203 84615 3.5727 53630
    26 I 1.3422 65931 26 1.4091 98461 1.4791 20006
    24 (62)5.0911 10945 (62)5.3976 37632 (62)s. 7218 06738 ( 62)6.064i 87127 ( 62)6.4269 98328
    l/2 ( 1)2.0248 45673 ( l';.;;;; -M; ( 1)2.0297 78313 1)2.0322 40143 1)2.0346 98995
    l/3 7.4289 58841 4:5025 69814 4.5053
    7.4410 18861
    06108 7.4470 34238 7.4530 39914
    l/4 4.4998 20522 4.5080 31426 4.5107 63768
    l/5 3.3308 63008 3.3324 86236 3.3341 06308 3.3357 23237 3.3373 37037

    415 416 417 418 419


    1 722% 1 73056 1 73889 1 74724 1 75561
    714 73375 719 91296 725 11713 730 34632 735 60059
    10)3.0528 47618

    il 10
    18 2.9661
    15
    13
    20 8.7980
    5.1084
    2.1200
    1.2309 16532
    43334
    45063
    03984
    50201
    3.7311 26518
    26)1.5521 48631
    24 (62)6.8101 13045 (62)7.2150 59801 (62)7.6430 25690 (62)8.0952 59269 (62)8.5730 73581
    l/2 ( 1)2.0371 54879 ( 1)2.0396 07805 ( 1)2 0420 57786 ( 1)2.0445 04830 1)2.0469 48949
    l/3 7.4590 35926 7.4650 22314 7.4709 99115 7.4769 66370 7.4829 24114
    l/4 4.5134 85215 4.5162 01729 4:5u9 13349 4.5216 20097 4.5243 21992
    l/5 3.3389 47722 3.3405 55305 3.3421 59799 3.3437 61218 3.3453 59575

    420 421 422 423 424


    1 76400 1 77241 78084 78929 1 79776
    740 88000 746 18461 51448 06967 762 25024
    3.1116 96000 91106
    27047
    40136 16974
    46338 62680
    72154 21 1.0249 97814
    26)1.7080 19812 :9"::: I $2 I :: z
    (62)9.0778 49315 (62)9.6110 38126 (63)1.0174 16609 (63)1.0768 83734 (63)1.1396 73784
    ( 1)2.0493 90153 ( 1)2.0518
    7.4948 28453
    11226 ( 1)2.0542
    7 5oo7 63858
    40668 ( 1)2.0566 96380 ( 1)2.0591 26028
    7.4880 72387 7.5066 60749 7.5125 71508
    4.5270 19056 4.5297 11307 415323 96767 4.5350 81455 4.5371 59390
    3.3469 54883 3.3485 47155 3.3501 36405 3.3517 22644 3.3533 05887

    4[(-46)4] +-y +-;‘7] .[(-47141


    IGLEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 41
    POWERS AND ROOTS d Table 3.1

    k
    425 427 428 429
    : 1 80625 I 81476 1 82329 1 83184
    767 65625 773 08776 778 54483 784 02752
    : 10 3.2933 53858
    1'13 11.4029 68743
    2 115 I 5.9166 46847
    t 18 2.5460 51557
    i I 21 1.0846 17963
    123 4.6204 12523
    1'0 I 26 1.9683 21295
    24 (63)1.2059 63938 (63)1.2759 40370 63)1.3497 98685 (63)1.4277 44370 63)1.5099 93273
    w / 1)2.0639 76744 1)2.0663 97832 ( 1)2.0688
    7.5361
    16087
    22043
    1)2.0712 31518
    7.5243 65204 7.5302 48212 7.5419 86732
    it: 4.5431 01082 4.5457 64877 4.5484 23998 4.5510 78463
    l/5 3.3548 86145 3.3564 63431 3.3580 37758 3.3596 09138 3.3611 77583

    430 ._-
    431 432 433
    1 85761 1 86624 1 87489 1 88%6
    800 62991 806 21568 811 82737 817 46504

    24 (63)1.5967 72093 ,63)1.6883 18906 (63)1.7848 83700 63)1.8867 28946 (63)1.9941 30189
    ( 1)2.0736 44135 , 1)2.0760 53949 ( 1)2.0784 60969 1)2.0808 65205 ( 1)2.0832 66666
    ::: 7.5478 42314 7.5536 88825 7.5595 26299 7.5653 54712 7.5711 74278
    l/4 4.5537 28292 4.5563 73502 4.5590 14114 4.5616 50145 4.5642 81614
    l/5 3.3627 43107 3.3643 05720 3.3658 65436 3.3674 22267 3.3689 76223

    436 437 438 439


    1 89225 1 90096 1 90969 1 91844 1 92721
    823 12875 828 81856 834 53453 840 21672 846 04519
    10 3.6469 15896
    13 1 1.5937 02247
    15 6.9644 78818
    18 1 3.0434 77243
    21 1.3299 99555
    23 5.8120 98057
    26 I 2.5398 86851 26)2.6585 52264
    24 (63)2.1073 16666 I 63)2.2267 71952 (63)2.3526 34640 (63)2.4852 99040 (63)2.6251 15920
    l/2 ( 1)2.0856 65361 c 1)2.0880 61302 ( 1)2.0904 54496 ( 1)2.0928 44954 ( 1)2.0952 32684
    l/3 7.5769 84852 7.5827 86527 7.5885 79338 7.5943 63318 7.6001 38502
    l/4 4.5669 08540 4.5695 30941 4.5721 48834 4.5747 62238 4.5773 71171
    l/5 3.3705 27318 3.3720 75562 3.3736 20969 3.3751 63549 3.3767 03314

    440 441 442 443._ 444


    1 93600 1 94481 1 95364 1 96249 1 97136
    851 84000 857 66121 863 50888 869 38307 875 28384
    10 3.8167 09250 10)3.8513 67000
    13 1.6869 85488
    15 I 1.4564 75858
    18 3.2957 62329
    21 1 1.4567 26950
    23 6.4387 33117
    26 1 2.8459 20038 26)2.9109 66867
    24 (63)2.7724 53276 6312.9276 97132 (63)3.0912 52385 (63)3.2635 43677 (63)3.4450 16313
    l/2 ( 1)2.0976 17696 , 1)2.1000 00000 ( 1)2.1023 79604 ( y.;;;; y;;; ( 1) ;. 16;;; ;;‘b;;
    l/3 7.6059 04922 7.6116 62611 7.6174 11603
    l/4 4.5799 75651 4.5825 75695 4.5851 71321 415877 62546 4:5903 49388
    l/5 3.3782 40216 3.3797 14445 3.3813 05834 3.3828 34454 3;3843 60316

    445 d4h ._ 447 448 449


    1 98025 1 98916 1 99804 2 ooioi 2 01601
    881 21125 887 16536 893 14623 899 15392 905 18849
    10 3.9213 90063 I 10 I 3.9567 57506 10 3.9923 63648
    13 11.7450 18578 113 1.7647 13847 13 1.7845 86551
    15 1.7653 32671 I 15 I 7.8706 23760 15 7.9771 01882
    18 13.4555 73039 118 3.5102 98197 18 I 3.5657 64541
    21 1.5377 30002 21 1.5655 92996 21 1.5938 96750
    23 6.8428 98510 / 23 6.9825 44761 23 1 7.1247 18472
    26 I 3.0450 89837 ,26 3.1142 14964 26)3.1847 49157 3.2567 17891 26)3.3301 47041
    24 63)3.6361 37215 63)3.8373 95917 (63)4.0493 05610 (63)4.2724 04226 (63)4.5072 55570
    l/2 1)2.1095 02311 / 1)2.1118 71208 ( 1)2.1142 37451 ( 1)2.1166 01049 ( 1)2.1189 62010
    l/3 7.6346 06721 7.6403 21250 7.6460 27242 7.6517 24131 7.6514 13148
    4.5929 31864 4.5955 09991 4.5980 83787 4.6006 53268 4.6032 18450

    [ 1 II3
    3.3858 83431 3.3874 03811, 3.3889 21465, 3.3904 36406, 3.3919 48644
    1
    $ (--6)4 C-47)4
    4 I
    42 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    k
    450 451 452 453
    : 2 02500 2 03401 2 04304 2 05209 2 Oblib
    911 25000 917 33851 923 45408 924 59677 935 16664
    : 73368
    lb236
    2 01548
    7 00201
    13891
    9”
    10
    24 (b3)4.7544 50505 (63)5.0146 08183 (b3)5.2883 77338 (63)5.5764 37619 (63)5.8795 01000
    l/2 ( 1)2.1213 20344 ( 1)2.1236 76058 ( 1): ;;ii ;;y; ( 1’;. yo’ 19665 ( 1) ;. y5”; y;
    l/3 7.6630 94324 7.6687 66491 85719
    l/4 4.6057 79352 4.6083 35988 4:6108 08317 4:b134 36534 416159 00476
    l/5 3.3934 58190 3.3949 b5055 3.3964 b9249 3.3979 70784 3.3994 69669

    1 455 456 457 458 459


    2 07025 2 07936 2 08849 09764 2 lob81
    : 941 96375 946 188lb 954 43993 96; 71912 967 02579
    4 10 I 4.3617 90480 93570
    13 1.9933 38249 42855
    2 15 9.1095 55800
    :'4:::
    l 1.9025 21619 82342
    9 57127
    10 03764
    24 (63)6.1983 13235 (b3)6.5336 55383 b3)6.8863 45396 (63)7.2572 39774 ( b3)7.6472 35292
    ( 1)2.1330 72901 ( 1)2.1354 15650 1)2.1377 55833 ( 1)2.1400 93456 1)2.1424 28529
    :g 7.6913 71681 7.6970 02263 7.7026 24618 7.7082 38770 1.7130 44772
    l/4 4.6185 20218 4. b210 55778 4. b235 87171 4.6261 14413 4.6286 37519
    l/5 3.4009 65915 3.4024 59532 3.4039 50532 3.4054 38923 3.4069 24718

    46” .__ 461 462 463 464


    : 2 11600 2 12521 13444 14369 2 15296
    3 973 36000 979 72181 11128 9922 52847 998 97344
    34114 06816
    : 95360 73356
    54565 27630
    7" 59409 72096
    8 b2447 76381
    9 98505 24642
    10 63510 93909
    24 (63)8.0572 70802 (63)8.4883 29103 (63)8.9414 38903 (63)9.4176 76852 (63)9.9181 69666
    w ( 1)2.1447 61059 ( 1)2.1470 91055 ( 1)2.1494 18526 ( 1)2.1517 43479 ( 1)2.1540 65923
    10 7.7194 42629 7.1250 32380 7.7306 14052 1.7361 87677 7.7417 53281
    l/4 4.6311 56507 4.6336 71390 4.6361 82186 4.6386 88909 4.6411 91574
    l/5 3.4084 07924 3.4098 88554 3.4113 66616 3.4128 42121 3.4143 15079

    465 466 467 468 469


    : 2 16225 2 17156 2 18089 2 19024 2 19961
    1005 44625 1011 94696 1018 47563 1025 03232 1031 61709
    :
    5
    7"
    9"
    10
    24 (b4)1.0444 09634 64)1.0996 69046 (64) 1.1577 24259 (64) 1.2187 10278 (b4)1.2827 68318
    l/2 ( 1)2.1563 85865 1)2.1587 03314 ( 1)2.1610 18278 ( 1)2.1633 30765 ( 1)2.1656 40783
    7.7473 10895 7.7520 60547 7.7504 02264 7.7639 36077 7.7694 62012
    :;: 4.6436 90198 4. b461 84795 4.6486 75300 4.6511 61968 4. b53b 44575
    l/5 3.4157 85500 3.4172 53393 3.4187 18768 3.4201 81635 3.4216 42003

    470 471 472 .._


    471 474
    2 20900 2 21841 2 22784 2 23729 2 24676
    1038 23000 1044 87111 1051 54048 1058 23817 1064 96424
    10 I 4.8796 81000
    13 2.2934 50070
    16 1.0779 21533
    18 5.0662 31205
    21 I 2.3811 286b6
    24 1.1191 30473
    26) 5.2599 13224
    24 (64)1.3500 46075 (b4)1.4206 98007 (64)1.4948 85630 (b4)1.5727 77826 (64)1.6545 51159
    ( 1) ;. ;;;; y;; ( 1)2.1702 53441 ( 1)2.1725 56098 ( 1)2.1748 56317 ( 1)2.1771 54106
    ::: 7.7804 90361 7.7059 92032 7.7914 87536 7.7969 74500
    4:b561 23215 4.6585 97902 4.6610 68652 4.6635 35480 4.6659 98399
    3.4230 99883 3.4245 55283 3.4260 08213 3.4274 50603 3.4289 06701
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 43
    POWERS AND ROOTS rzk Table 3.1
    k
    475 476 477 478 419
    : 2 25625 2 265% 2 27529 2 28484 ;! 29441
    1071 71875 1078 50176 1085 31333 1092 15352 1099 02239
    : 10 1 5.1769 44584 10 I 5.2204 93826
    13 2.4694 02567 13 2.4953 96049
    2 II! 10
    lb
    135.0906
    2.4180
    1.1485 81079
    65430
    b4063 lb 1.1779 05024 lb 1.1927 99311
    185.4557 60126 18 5.6186 06966 18 5.7015 80708
    .z 212.5914 86060 21 I 2. b800 75523 21 I 2.7253 55578 / 18
    lb 1 2.5216
    13
    21
    10 2.7713
    1.2070
    5.7856
    5.2643 02524
    50214
    17248
    03609
    07962
    241.2309 55878 24 1.3027 19966
    1: 26 5.8470 40422 6.0979 49036 26 b.2270 01440
    24 (64) 1.7403 90207 64) 1.8304 87912 (64) 1.9250 45935 (b4)2.0242 75033 (b4)2.1283 95451
    l/2 ( 1)2.1794 49472 1)2.1817 42423 ( Q2.1840 32967 ( 1)2.1863 21111 ( 1)2.1886 06863
    l/3 7.8024 53153 7.8079 25322 7.8133 89232 7.8188 45511 7.824;! 94186
    l/4 4.6604 57424 4.6709 12569 4.6733 63849 4.6758 11278 4. b78:! 54870
    l/5 3.4303 52278 3.4317 95422 3.4332 36143 3.4346 74449 3.4361. 10350

    481 482 483 484


    2 30400 2 31361 2 32324 2 33289 ; ! 34256
    1105 92000 1112 84641 1119 80168 1126 78587 1133 79904
    ;lO I 5.3084 lb000 10)5.3527 91232 10 I 5.4423 75752
    13 2.5480 39680 13 I 2.5746 92583 13 2. b28b 67488
    :lb 1.2230 59046 lb 1.2384 27132 lb 1.2696 46397
    18 5.8706 83423 1.3 5.9568 34506 18 6.1323 92097
    '21 2.8179 28043 21 I 2.9619 45383
    '24 I 1.3526 05461 1.3781 79188 24 1.4306 19620
    26 6.4925 ObZll 6. b290 41895 26 6.9098 92764
    24 (b4)2.2376 31322 b4)2.3522 41094 (b4)2.4724 57971 b4)2.5985 50361 (b4)2.7307 92362
    l/2 ( 1)2.1908 90230 1)2.1977 26098 ( 1)2.2000 00000
    l/3 1.0291 35282 7.8405 94846 7.8460 13365 7.8514 24411
    l/4 4. b8Ob 94639 4.6855 b2762 4.6879 91145 4. b904 15760
    l/5 3.4375 43855 3.4389 14973 3.4404 03713 3.4418 30083 3.4432 54092

    486 487 488 489


    2 352% 2 3b196 2 37169 2 38144 2 39121
    1140 84125 1147 91256 1155 01303 1162 14272 1169 30169
    10 1 5.6712 56474
    13 2.1675 73159
    lb) 1.3505 75702
    18 I 6.5908 09424
    21 3.2163 14999
    24 1.5695 61719
    26 7.6594 61191
    (b4)2.8694 70250 b4)3.0148 82996 (64)3.lb73 42798 b4)3.3271 75643 b4)3.4947 21879
    l/2 ( 1)2.2022 71555 ( l';;?;; ii-;; ( 1)2.2068 07649 1)2.2090 72203 1)2.2113 34439
    l/3 7.8568 28008 7.8729 94366 7.8783 68425
    l/4 4.6928 36620 4: b952 53740 4.6976
    7.8676 67133
    12960 4.7000 76812 4.7024 82790
    l/5 3.4446 75750 3.4460 95065 3.4475 12045 3.4489 26700 3.4503 39037

    491 .._
    497 I_ 494
    2 40100 41081 2 42064 2 43049 ;! 44036
    1176 49000 70771 1190 95488 1198 23157 lZO!i 53784
    10)5.7648 01000 04856 5.6594 98010 10 5.9072 81640
    13 2.8247 52490 94384 2.8828 73021 13 2.9122 89849
    lb 1.3841 28720 63943 1.4183 73526 lb 1.4357 58895
    '18 6.1822 30728 14959 6.9783 97749 18 I 7.0782 91354
    21 I 3.3232 93057 40045 3.4333 71692 21 3.4895 97638
    68562 1.6892 18873 24 1.7203 71635
    71639 8.3109 56854 26 I 8.4814 32162
    24 (b4)3.6703 36822 (b4)3.8543 91376 (64)4.0472 72689 64)4.2493 84825 b4)4.4611 49467
    l/2 ( 1)2.2135 94362 ( y. '8;;; y;; ( 1';. ii,": ;;;"7; 1)2.2203 60331 1)2.222B 11077
    l/3 7.8837 35163 7.8997 91695 7.9051 29393
    l/4 4.7048 85081 4:7072 83697 4: 7096 78653 4.7120 b99bO 4.7144 57633
    l/5 3.4517 49066 3.4531 56794 3.4545 62231 3.4559 65384 3.457'3 66263

    .._ 498 499


    2 45025 46016 2 48004 :! 49001
    1212 87375 122; 23936 1235 05992 1242 51499
    10 6.0037 25063 87226 10) 6.1505 98402 10) 6.200'1 49800
    13 2.9718 43906 84064 13 3.0629 98004 13)3.0938 74750
    lb I 1.4710 62733 84096 lb I 1.5253 73006 16)1.5438 43500
    18 7.2817 60531 61115 18 7.5963 57570 18 7.1031 79067
    21 3.6044 71463 39113 21 3.7829 86070 21 3.8441 85754
    24 I 1.7842 13374 17000 24 1.9182 48691
    26)8.8318 56201 08320 26 I 9.5720 60970
    24 64)4.6830 06649 (b4)4.9154 15513 (b4)5.1588 55098 64)5.4138 25162 (64)5.6808 47029
    l/2 1)2.2248 59546 ( 1’: ;;;; 8”;;;; ( 1’;. ;;y; y.9;; ( 1)2.2315 91360 ( 1)2.2338 30790
    l/3 1.9104 59893 7.9264 08444 7.9317 10391
    l/4 4.7168 41683 417192 22124 417215 98967 4.7239 12221 4.7263 4191b
    l/5 3.4561 64874 3.4601 61227 3.4615 55329 3.4629 47190 3.464'3 36816
    1
    4-;)3] +p6)1] .:[(,5] q-37)3]
    .
    44 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Tahlc 3.1 POWERS AHD ROOTS rth-

    500 502 503


    2 50000 2 2 52004 2 53009
    1250 00000 1257 126; 06008 1272 63527
    10 6.2500 00000 (10)6.4013 55408
    13 I 3.1250 00000 3.2520 16064
    16)1.5625 00000
    18)7.8125 00000
    21)3.9062 50000
    24)1.9531 25000
    26)9.7656 25000 (27)1.0163 35678
    24 64)5.9604 64478 64)6.2532 44659 (64)6.5597 79050 (64)6.8806 84448 (64)7.2166 04000
    l/2 1)2.2360 67977 1)2.2383 02929 ( 1)2.2405 35650 ( 1)2.2427 66149 ( 1)2.2449 94432
    l/3 7.9370 05260 7.9422 93073 7.9475 73855 7.9528 47628 7.9581 14416
    l/4 4.7287 08045 4.7310 70628 4.7334 29676 4.7357 85203 4.7381 37221
    l/5 3.4657 24216 3.4671 09398 3.4684 92370 3.4698 73139 3.4712 51715

    505 506 507 509


    2 55025 2 56036 2 57049 2 58064 2 59081
    1287 87625 1295 54216 1303 23843 1310 96512 1318 72229
    10)6.5037 75063 (10)6.5554 43330 10)6.6074 18840 (10)6.7122 96456
    13)3.2844 06407 (13)3.3170 54325
    16 1.6586 25235 (16 1.6784 29488
    18 1 8.3760 57438 (18 1 8.4928 53211
    21)4.2299 09006 (21)4.2973 83725
    24)2.1744 76165
    27)1.1002 84939
    24 64)7.5682 08268 (64)7.9361 96349 64)8.3212 97020 (64)8.7242 69942 (64)9.1459 06897
    l/2 1)2.2472 20505 ( 1)2.2494 44376 1)2.2516 66050 ( 1)2.2538 85534 ( 1)2.2561 02835
    l/3 7.9633 74242 7.9606 27129 7.9738 73099 7.9791 12176 7.9843 44383
    l/4 4.7404 85740 4.7428 30775 4.7451 72336 4.7475 10436 4.7498 45086
    l/5 3.4726 28104 3.4740 02314 3.4753 74353 3.4767 44229 3.4781 11950

    510 511 512 513 514


    2 60100 2 61121 2 62144 2 63169 2 64196
    1326 51000 1334 32831 1342 17728 1350 05697 1357 96744
    (10)6.7652 01000 6.8184 17664 6.9257 92256
    13)3.4502 52510 3.4842 11426
    16)1.7804 32039 16 1.8226 53822
    9.0980 07719 18 9.3502 14108
    4.6490 81944 21 4.7966 59837
    24 2.4606 06497
    27)1.2379 40039 ii27 1.2623 32173
    24 (64)9.5&?70 33090 (65)1.0048 50848 65)1.0531 22917 (65)1.1036 12886 65)1.1564 18034
    1)2.2627 41700 ( 1)2.2649 50331 1)2.2671 56810
    8.0000 00000 8.0052 04946 8.0104 03133
    4.7568 28460 4.7591 49431 4.7614 67011
    3.4794 77522 3.4808 40954 3.4822 02253 3.4835 61427 3.4849 18483

    515 516 517 518 519


    2 65225 2 66256 2 67289 2 68324 2 69361
    1365 90875 1373 88096 1381 88413 1389 91832 1397 98359
    10 7.2555 34832
    13 3.7656 22576
    16 1.9543 58118
    19 1.0143 11863
    21 I 5.2642 78570
    1.4179 91340
    24 (65)1.2116 39706 (65)1.2693 83471 65)1.3297 59294 (65)1.3928 81704 (65)1.4588 69982
    l/2 ( 1)2.2693 61144 ( Q2.2715 63338 1)2.2737 63400 ( 1)2.2759 61335 ( 1)2.2781 57150
    l/3 8.0155 94581 8.0207 79314 8.0259 57353 8.0311 28718 8.0362 93433
    l/4 4.7637 81212 4.7660 92045 4.7683 99522 4.7707 03654 4.7730 04452
    l/5 3.4862 73428 3.4076 26271 3.4889 77017 3.4903 25675 3.4916 72252

    520 521 522 523 __.


    524
    2 70400 2 71441 2 72484 2 73529 2 74576
    1406 08000 1414 20761 1422 36648 1430 55667 1438 17824
    10 I 7.3680 21648
    13 3.8387 39279
    16 I 1.9999 83164
    19 1.0419 91229
    21 5.4287 74301

    1.4735 91925
    24 (65)1.5278 48342 (65)1.5999 46126 (65)1.6752 98008 (65)1.7540 44200 (65)1.8363 30669
    l/2 ( 1)2.2803 50850 ( 1)2.2825 42442 ( 1)2.2847 31932 ( 1)2.2869 19325 ( 1)2.2891 04628
    l/3 8.0414 51517 8.0466 02993 8.0517 47881 8.0568 86203 8.0620 17979
    l/4 4.7753 01928 4.7775 96092 4.7790 86957 4.7821 74532 4.7844 58829
    l/5 3.4930 16754 3.4943 59190 3.4956 99566 3.4970 37889 3.4983 74167
    1
    +;)a] .:[(-,P] ni[(-;)S] $[‘-;‘“I
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 45
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1
    k
    525 526 527 528 529
    : 2 75625 2 76676 2 77729 2 78784 2 79841
    3 1447 03125 1455 31576 1463 63183 1471 97952 1480 35889
    4 10)7.5969 14063 110 7.6549 60898 10)7.7133 39744 10 7.7720 51866 (10)7.8310 98528
    5 13)3.9883 79883 113 1 4.0265 09432 13 4.1036 43385
    6 16 2.0938 99438 I16 2.1179 43961 16)2.1667 23707
    7 19 11.0992 97205 I19 1.1140 385'24 19)1.1440 30117 19 1.1592 83632
    8 21)5.7713 10327 I 21 5.8598 42634 21 6.0404 79020 21 6.1326 10416
    9 124 I 3.0822 17226 24 I 3.1893 72923 I 24 I 3.2441 50910
    10 127)1.6212 77821 27)1.6839 88903 (2711.7161 55831
    24 (65)1.9223 09365 , 65)2.0121 38448 (65)2.1059 82534 (65)2.2040 12944 (65)2.3064 07963
    l/2 ( 1)2.2912 87847 / 1)2.2934 68988 ( 1)2.2956 48057 ( 1)2.2978 25059 ( 1)2.3000 00000
    l/3 8.0671 43230 8.0722 61977 8.0113 74241 8.0824 80041 8.0875 79399
    l/4 4.7867 39859 4.7890 17632 4.7912 92160 4.7935 63454 4.7958 31523
    l/5 3.4997 08406 3.5010 40614 3.5023 70797 3.5036 98962 3.5050 25117

    530 531 532 533 534


    : 2 80900 81961 83024 2 84089 2 85iG
    1488 77000 21291 68768 1514 19437 1522 73304
    : 10)7.8904 81000 00552 58458 10)8.0706 55992 10 8.1313 94434
    56493 57499 13)4.3016 59644 13 14.3421 64628
    2 46498 95390 16 2.2921 84590 16 2.3187 15911
    7 14290 94141 19 1.2220 54187 19 j 1.2381 94297
    68R82 24056 21 I 6.5135 48814 21 6.6119 57543
    9" 22076 37598 24 1 3.5307 85328
    10 27)1.7488 74704 53022 02002 27)1.8854 39365
    24 (65)2.4133 53110 :65)2.5250 41417 (65)2.6416 13716 (65)2.7634 58943 65)2.8906 14446
    l/2 ( 1)2.3021 72887 : 1y;; 43724 ( 1)2.3065 12519 ( 1)2.3086 79276 1)2.3108 44002
    l/3 8.0926 12335 58868 8.1028 39019 8.1079 12808 8.1129 80255
    l/4 4.1980 96379 4:8003 58033 4.8026 16494 4.8048 71774 4.8071 23882
    l/5 3.5063 49267 3.5076 71420 ' 3.5089 91583 3.5103 09762 3.5116 25964

    535 !j36 537 538 539


    2 86225 2 '37296 2 88369 2 89444 2 90521
    1531 30375 1539 90656 1548 54153 1557 20872 1565' 90819
    (10)8.1924 75063 8.2538 99162 10)8.4402 45144

    (27)1.9572 57'189
    24 (65)3.0233 66304 (65)3.1619 49669 (65)3.3066 09101 (65)3.4575 98937 (65)3.6151 83652
    l/2 ( 1)2.3130 06701 ( 1)2.3151 67381 ( 1)2.3173 26045 1)2.3194 82701 ( 1)2.3216 37353
    l/3 8.1180 41379 8.1230 96201 8.1281 44739 8.1331 87014 8.1382 23044
    l/4 4.8093 72829 4.8116 18626 4.8138 61283 4.8161 00810 4.8183 31217
    l/5 3.5129 40196 3.5142 52463 3.5155 62774 3.5168 71134 3.5181 77550

    540 541 542 543 544


    2 91600 2 92681 2 93764 2 94849 2' 95936
    1574 64000 1583 40421 1592 20088 1601 03007 1609 89184
    28710 10 8.6935 93280
    12993 13 4.7206 21151
    I 10
    13 I 4.6773
    16 2.5351
    8.6297 03642 16 2.5632 97285
    19)1.3740 26174 19 1.3918 70426
    21864 21 I 7.5578 56412
    94250
    II 21
    24 1.4472
    4.0363
    2.1877 25684 2.2284 26405
    24 65) 3.1796 38253 (65)3.9512 48669 (65)4.1303 12169 65)4.3171 37789 (65)4.5120 46770
    l/2 1)2.3237 90008 ( 1';;:;; y; ( 1y;; 89345 1)2.3302 36040 ( 1)2.3323 80758
    l/3 8.1432 52850 93862 8.1583 05107 8.1633 10204
    4.8205 70514 4:8228 00711 4:8250 27819 4.8272 51847 4.8294 72806
    :/,: 3.5194 82029 3.5207 84516 3.5220 85199 3.5233 83903 3.5246 80696

    545 546 547 548 549


    : 2 97025 2 98116 2 99209 3 00304 3 01401
    1618 78625 1621 71336 1636 67323 1645 66592 1654 69149
    : 10)8.9526 02568
    5
    7"
    :
    10
    24 (65)4.7153 73024 (65)4.9274 63602 (65)5.1486 79188 (65)5.3793 94612 (65)5.6199 99369
    l/2 ( 1)2.3345 23506 ( 1)2.3366 64289 ( 1)2.3388 03113 ( 1)2.3409
    8.1832
    39982
    69477
    f 112.34311 74903
    l/3 8.1683 09170 8.1733 02026 8.1782 88788 ' -'8; i882 44110
    4.8316 90704 4.8339 05553 4.8361 17361 4.8383 26138 4.8405 31895
    3.5259 75582 3.5272 68570 3.5285 59664 3.5298 48871 3.531:l 36198

    +;)3] ;[(-47181 +37)41 $-?3]


    46 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    k
    550 551 552 553
    3 02500 3 03601 3 04704 3 05809 3 06916
    1663 75000 1672 84151 1681 96608 1691 12377 1700 31464
    (10)9.1506 25000 10 19.2173 56720 10)9.2844 52762 10 9.3519 14448
    13)5.0328 43750 13 5.0787 63553 13 I 5.1250 17924 13 1 5.1716 08690
    16)2.7680 64063 16 2.7983 98718 16 2.8290 09894 16 2.8598 99605

    24 (65)5.8708 98173
    19 1.5419
    21 I 8.4959
    24 1 4.6812
    27 2.5793
    (65)6.1325
    17693
    66491
    17536
    83922
    11516
    19 1.5616
    21 I 8.6201
    24
    27
    4.7582
    2.6265
    (65)6.4052
    13462
    'I6308
    98682
    80873
    76258
    1
    19 1.5815
    21 8.7458
    24 4.8364
    27)2.6745
    (65)6,6896
    24482
    30384
    44203
    53644
    46227 (65)6.9860 92851
    l/2 ( 1)2.3452 07880 ( 1)2.3473 38919 ( 1)2.3494 68025 1)2.3515 95203 ( 1)2.3537 20459
    l/3 8.1932 12706 8.1981 75283 8.2031 31859 ( 8.2080 82453 8.2130 27082
    l/4 4.8427 34641 4.8449 34384 4.8471 31136 4.8493 24905 4.8515 15700
    l/5 3.5324'21650 3.5337 05234 3.5349 86956 3.5362 66821 3.5375 44836

    555 556 557 558 559


    3 08025 3 09136 3 10249 3 11364 3 12481
    1709 53875 1718 79616 1728 08693 1737 41112 1746 76879
    10 9.5565 06650 10)9.6254 44200 10 9.6947 54050 (10)9,7644 37536
    13 ! 5.3134 17697 13 1 5.4096 72760
    16)2.9542 60240 16)3.0185 97400
    1.6425 68693 19)1.6843 77349 1.7056 21474
    21)9.3988 25608 9.5344 24040
    24)5.3297 43038
    27)2.9793 26358
    24 (65)7.2951 05803 (65)7.6171 93672 (65)7.9528 84664 65)8.3027 27311 (65)8.6672 91224
    l/2 ( 1)2.3558 43798 ( 1)2.3579 65225 ( 1)2.3600 84744 1)2.3622 02362 ( 1)2.3643 18084
    l/3 8.2179 65765 8.2228 98519 8.2278 25361 8.2327 46311 8.2376 61384
    l/4 4.8537 03532 4.8558 88409 4.8580 70341 4.8602 49337 4.8624 25407
    l/5 3.5388 21007 3.5400 95340 3.5413 67840 3.5426 38514 3.5439 07368

    560 561 562 563 564


    3 13600 3 14721 3 15844 3 16969 3 18096
    1756 16000 1765 58481 1775 04328 1784 53547 1794 06144
    (10)9.8344 96000
    I ::I :: F% %"6
    1.7270 94850

    3.0330 54891 27)3.1995 13511


    24 (65)9.0471 67858 ( 65)9.4429 71309 (65)9.8553 39138 66)1.0284 93323 66)1.0732 44065
    m ( 132.3664 31913 l);.:t%: 7";;;; ( 1)2.3706
    8.2523 71525
    53918 1)2.3727 62104 1)2.3748 68417
    l/3 8.2425 70600 8.2572 63270 8.2621 49226
    l/4 4.8645 98558 4:8667 68801 4.8689 36145 4.8711 00598 4.8732 62170
    l/5 3.5451 74407 3.5464 39637 3.5477 03064 3.5489 64695 3.5502 24533

    565 566 567 568 569


    3 19225 3 20356 3 21489 3 22624 3 23761
    1803 62125 1813 21496 1822 84263 1832 50432 1842 20009
    11 1.0262 79667 11)1.0482 11851
    13 5.8087 42917 13 5.9643 25433
    16 3.2877 48491 16 I 3.3937 01172
    19 1.8608 65646 19 1.9310 15967
    22 1.0532 49956 22 j 1.0987 48085
    24 5.9613 94749
    27 3.3741 49428 3.4342 39578 3.5573 17788
    (66)1.1198 57461 (66)1.1684 07534 (66)1.2189 71112 (6631.2716 27927 (66)1.3264 60719
    l/2 ( 1)2.3769 72865 ( 1)2.3790 75451 ( 1)2.3811 76180 ( 1)2.3832 75058 ( 1)2.3853 72088
    l/3 8.2670 29409 8.2719 03838 8.2767 72529 8.2816 35499 8.2864 92764
    l/4 4.8754 20869 4.8775 76704 4.8797 29685 4.8818 79820 4.8840 27117
    l/5 3.5514 82586 3.5527 38859 3.5539 93358 3.5552 46087 3.5564 97054

    570 571 572 573 574


    3 24900 3 26041 27184 3 28329 1 79476
    1851 93000 1861 69411 187: 49248 1881 32517 1891 19224
    11)1.0556 00100 11 l.Ob30 27337 93699
    13 6.0698 86093 23956
    3.4296 44725 16 3.4659 04959 84103
    19 r 1.9790 31732 20907
    22 1.1300 27119 56759
    24 6.4524 54848 72660
    27 3.6843 51718 I 22
    27 I 1.1459
    24 3.7493
    6.5548 87161 27)3.8154 53980
    24 (66)1.3835 55344 (66)1.4430 00887 (66)1.5048 89774 66)1.5693 17896 (66)1.6363 84728
    w ( 1)2.3874 67277 ( 1)2.3895 b0629 ( 1)2.3916 52149 ( 1)2.3937 41841 ( 1)2.3958 29710
    l/3 8.2913 44342 8.2961 90248 8.3010 30501 8.3058 65115 8.3106 94107
    l/4 4.8861 71586 4.8883 13236 4.8904 52074 4.8925 88109 4.8947 21351
    l/5 3.5577 46263 3.5589 93720 3.5602 39430 3.5614 8340; 3.5627 25633
    1
    q-y] .;[,,)8] ;[‘-p”] 1$[‘-321
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 47
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table: 3.1
    k
    575 576 577 570 579
    : 3 30625 3 31716 32929 34084 3 35241
    3 1901 09375 1911 02976 192: 00033 193: 00552 1941 04539
    11 1.1084 17190 21191 11)1.1238 65281
    5" 13 6.3955 67189 80481
    6 16 I 3.6902 42268 82318
    19 2.1292 69789 36180
    i 88668 26512
    56614 99239
    1: 27966 72960
    24 (66)1.7061 93459 l66)1.7788 51122 66)1.8544 68735 (66)1.9331 61432 ;66;2.0150 48620
    l/2 ( 1)2.3979 15762 I 1)2.4000 00000 1)2.4020 82430 ( 1)2.4041 63056 ( 1)2.4062 41883
    l/3 8.3155 17494 8.3203 35292 8.3251 47517 8.3299 54185 8.3347 55313
    l/4 4.8968 51807 4.8989 79486 4.9011 04396 4.9032 26546 4.9053 45944
    l/5 3.5639 66137 3.5652 04916 3.5664 41976 3.5676 17321 3.5689 10958

    582 583 584


    : 3 375'61 3 30724 3 39889 3 41;56
    1961 225141 1971 37368 1981 55287 1991 76704
    : 1.1552 45323
    6'
    ;
    9
    10 4.6145 40597
    24 (66)2.1002 54121 (66)2.1889 06331 66)2.2811 38380 (66)2.3770 88299 (66j2.4768 99188
    l/2 ( 1)2.4083 18916 ( 1)2.4103 94:159 1)2.4124 67616 ( 1)2.4145 39294 ( 1)2.4166 09195
    8.3395 50915 8.3443 41009 8.3491 25609 8.3539 04732 8.3506 70393
    :g 4.9074 62599 4.9095 76!j18 4.9116 87710 4.9137 96184 4.9159 01946
    l/5 3.5701 42892 3.5713 73'L27 3.5726 01670 3.5738 28526 3.5750 53698

    585 586 587 588 589


    : 3 42225 3 43396 3 44569 3 45744 3 46921
    3 2002 01625 2012 30'356 2022 62003 2032 97472 2043 36469
    1.1711 79506 'ii i.1953 89135
    5" :13 7.0288 88116
    16 '4.1329 86212
    ; '19 I 2.4301 95893
    22 1.4289 55185
    : '24 I 8.4022 56487
    10 1 27)4.8571 44372 27 4.9405 26815
    24 (66)2.5807 19397 (66)2.6887 02707 (66)2.8010 08521 66)2.9178 02055 (66)3. 039:! 54545
    l/2 ( 1)2.4186 77324 ( 1)2.4207
    8.3682
    43687
    09391
    ( 1)2.4228 08288 1)2.4248 71131 ( 1)2.4269 32220
    8.3634 46607 8.3729 66760 0.3777 18728 6.3824 65312
    :;: 4.9180 05007 4.9201 05372 4.9222 03051 4.9242 98052 4. 926'3 90382
    l/5 3.5762 77194 3.5774 99018 3.5787 19175 3.5799 37670 3.5811 54508

    590 591 592 593 594


    3 48100 3 49281 3 50464 3 51649 3 52836
    2053 79000 2064 25,071 2074 74688 2085 27857 2095 84584
    11 1.2365 70192
    13 7.3328 61239 7.3948 98628
    16 I 4.3483 06715
    19 2.5785 93322
    22 1.5291 05840
    24 I 9.0675 97630
    27)5.3770 85394 27)5.4684 52572
    (66)3.1655 43453 (66)3.2968 52680 (66)3.4333 72793 (66)3.5753 01250 (66)3.7228 42640
    ( 1)2.4289 91560 ( 1)2.4310 49156 ( l)?;;;; '3;;;; ( 1)2.4351 '59132 ( 1)2.4372 11521
    8.3672 06527 8.3919 42387 8.4061 17992
    4.9284 80050 4.9305 67063 4:9326 51429 8.4013
    4.9347 98104
    33156 4.9368 12252
    3.5823 69695 3.5835 83235 3.5847 95134 3.5860 05396 3.5872 14026

    595 596 598 599


    3 54025 3 5'5216 3 56409 3 57604 3 58801
    2106 44875 2117 089736 2121 76113 213'3 47192 2149 21799
    II
    (11 1.2533 37006 11 1.2702 73753
    13 7.4573 55187 13 7.5835 34304
    16 4.4371 26336 '16 I 4.5273 69980
    19 2.6400 90170 '19 2.7028 39878 .
    ;22 I 1.6135 95407
    I ::I k :'42 :z 24 9.6331 64580
    (27j5.5612 14639 27 5.7509 99254 (27)5.9465 93118
    24 (66)3.8762 08928 (66)4.0356 19703 (66)4.2013 02448 (66)4.3734 92798 (66)4.5524 34829
    ( 1)2.4392 62184 ( 1)2.4413 11123 ( 1)2.4433 58345 ( 1)2.4454 03852 ( 1)2.4474 47650
    ::: 8.4108 32585 8.4155 41899 8.4202 45948 0.4249 44747 8.42'?6 38310
    l/4 4.9388 80725 4.9409 62581 4.9490 33830 4.9451 02478 4.9471 68534
    l/5 3.5884 21030 3.5896 26411 3.5908 30176 3.5920 32329 3.5932 32875
    48 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS rzk

    601 602 603 --.


    3 60000 3 61201 624 4 3 63609 3 64816
    2160 00000 2170 81801 218: 672 i! 8 2192 56227 2203 48064
    61624 66592
    16360 66885
    50833 93065
    82950
    41953 ::z:
    87314 08947
    53756 21860
    (66)4.7383 81338 66)4.9315 94142 (66)5.1323 44384 (66)5.3409 12849 (66)5.5575 90288
    ( 1)2.4494 89743 1)2.4515 ( 1)2.4535 68829 ( 1)2.4556 05832 ( 1)2.4576 41145
    8.4343 26653 8.4390 '0% 8.4436 87734 8.4483 60500 8.4530 28104
    4.9492 32004 4.9512 92896 4.9533 51218 4.9554 06978 4.9574 60182
    3.5944 31819 3.5956 29165 3.5968 24918 3.5980 19083 3.5992 11665

    605 606 607 608 609


    3 66025 67236 68449 69664 3 70881
    2214 45125 45016 223: 48543 55712 2258 66529
    22797 46656
    54150 08202
    28415 67079
    92819
    83448 '3::::
    82770
    27505 %i
    (6635.7826 77757 (66)6.0164 86963 (66)6.2593 40623 (66)6.5115 72833 (66)6.7735 29447
    ( 1)2.4596 74775 ( 1)2.4617 06725 ( 1)2,4637 36999
    8.4576 90558 8.4623 47078 8.4670 00076
    4.9595 10838 4.9615 58954 4.9636 04536
    3.6004 02669 3.6015 92098 3.6027 79959 3.6039 66255 3.6051 50991

    610 611 612 613 614


    3 72100 3 73321 3 74544 75769 76996
    2269 81000 2280 99131 2292 20928 46397 231: 75544
    ;ll 1.4028 32079 59840
    13 8.5853 32326 z:::: 35419
    '16 5.2542 23383 46261 92747
    '19 1 3.2155 84711 45058 68947
    '22 1.9679 37843 10121 79533
    '25 I 1.2043 77960 05604 67433
    '27 7.3707 93114 20352 42041
    (66)7.0455 68477 (66)7.3280 60494 (66)7.6213 89047 (66)7.9259 51097 (66)8.2421 57465
    ( 1)2.4698 17807 ( 1)2.4718 41419 ( "UN',; 0~;; ( 1)2.4758 83681 ( 1)2.4779 02339
    8.4809 26088 8.4855 57944 8.4948 06516 8.4994 23260
    4.9697 26156 4.9717 61679 4;9737 94704 4.9758 25239 4.9778 53291
    3.6063 34171 3.6075 15802 3.6086 95885 3.6098 74428 3.6110 51433

    615 616 617 618 619


    3 78225 3 79456 3 80689 81924 3 83161
    2326 OLi375 2337 44896 2348 85113 29032 2371 76659
    59418
    15202
    70395
    59704
    87297 I 22
    19 I 2.1553
    16 3.4820
    5.6252 86668
    76757
    46313
    10750
    (27)7.8669 63254 48432
    (66)8.5704 33286 (6638.9112 18488 66)9.2649 68280 66)9.6321 53659 (67)1.0013 26192
    ( 1)2.4799 19354 ( 1)2.4819 34729 1)2.4839 48470 1)2.4859 60579 ( 1)2.4879 71061
    8.5040 34993 8.5086 41730 8.5132 43484 8.5178 40269 8.5224 32097
    4.9798 70868 4.9819 01975 4.9839 22621 4.9859 40813 4.9879 56556
    3.6122 26906 3.6134 00850 3.6145 73271 3.6157 44173 3.6169 13560

    620 621 622 623 624


    3 84400 3 85641 3 86884 3 88129 89376
    2385 28000 2394 83061 2406 41848 2418 04367 242: 70624
    11 1.5064 41206 36694
    13 1 9.3851 28716
    16 5.8469 35190 z;
    19 1 3.6426 40623 66786
    2.2693 65108 70474
    70376
    8.8080 64101 71145
    (67)1.0408 79722 (67)1.0819 28109 (67)1.1245 25305 (67)1.1687 27115 (67)1.2145 91262
    ( 1)2.4899 79920 ( 1)2.4919 87159 ( 1)2.4939 92783 ( 1)2,4959 96795 ( y;‘: 99199
    8.5270 18983 8.5316 00940 8.5361 77980 8.5407 50116 17363
    4.9899 69859 4.9919 80728 4.9939 89170 4.9959 95191 4:9979 98799
    3.6180 81437 3.6192 47808 3.6204 12677 3.6215 76049 3.6227 37928
    1
    1ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 49
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1

    625 626 621 620 629


    3 90625 3 91876 3 93129 3 94384 3 95641
    2441 40625 2453 14376 2464 91883 2476 73152 2488 58189
    11 1.5356 67994
    13 9.6132 81641
    16 I 6.0179 14307 I 11
    13 I 1.565:)
    16 6.1930
    9.8458 50275
    18009
    39823
    19 3.7672 14356
    22 2.3582 76187
    25 1.4762 80893
    27 I 9.2415 18391 II 19
    22 3.8954
    27
    25 9.6940
    21:5411
    4502 22049
    20469
    76765
    06675
    24 (67)1.2621 77448 67)1.3115 47419 67)1.3627 65028 (67)1.4158 96309 (67)1.4710 09545
    l/2 ( 1)2.5000 00000 1)2.5019 99201 1)2.5039 96805 ( 1)2.5059 92817 ( 1)2.5079 87241
    l/3 8.5498 79733 8.5544 37239 6.5589 89894 8.5635 37711 8.5680 80703
    5.0000 00000 5.0019 98801 5.0039 95209 5.0059 89230 5.007') 80871
    $2 3.6238 98318 3.6250 57224 3.6262 14650 3.6273 70600 3.6285 25079

    630 631 632 633 634


    3 96900 3 98161 3 99424 4 00689 4 01956
    2500 47000 2512 39591 2524 35960 2536 36137 2548 40104
    11 I 1.5953 95318
    14 1.0082 89841
    I 16
    13 I 1.5752
    11 6.2523
    9.9243 50221
    65430
    96100 16 6.3723 91794
    19 I 4.0273 51614
    22 2.5452 86220
    25 1.6086 20891 1.6316 73988
    II 19
    27 3.9389
    25
    22 2.4815
    1.5633
    9.6493 80639
    02919
    81416
    57803 28 1.0166 48403 (28)1.0492 82860
    (67)1.5281 75339 (67)1.5874 66692 67)1.6489 59081 (67)1.7127 30535 (67)1.7788 61719
    m ( 1)2.5099 80080 ( 1)2.5119 71337 1)2.5139 61018 ( 1)2.5159 49125 ( 1)2.5179 35662
    l/3 8.5726 18882 0.5771 52262 8.5816 80854 8.5062 04672 8.5907 23720
    l/4 5.0099 70139 5.0119 57040 5.0139 41581 5.0159 23768 5.0179 03608
    l/S 3.6296 78090 3.6308 29638 3.6319 79727 3.6331 28361 3.6342 75544

    635 636 637 638 639


    4 03225 4 04496 4 05769 4 07044 4 08321
    2560 47875 2572 59456 2584 74853 2596 94072 260') 17119
    11)1.6361 70140 11 1.6464 84814
    14 1 1.0488 10826
    16 6.6809 24963
    19 4.2557 49202
    22 2.7109 12241
    25 1.7268 51098
    28 I 1.1000 04149 (2Q1.1173 95163
    24 (67)1.8474 36020 (67)1.9185 39634 67)1.9922 61654 67)2.0686 94164 (67)2.1479 32334
    l/2 ( 1)2.5199 20634 ( 1)2.5219 04043 1)2.5238 85893 1)2.5258 66188 ( 1)2.5278 44932
    l/3 8.5952 38034 8.5997 47604 8.6042 52449 8.6087 52582 8.6132 48015
    l/4 5.0198 81108 5.0218 56273 5.0238 29110 5.0257 99626 5.0277 67827
    l/5 3.6354 21280 3.6365 65574 3.6377 08430 3.6388 49851 3.639') 89842

    _. - .-
    64.1 642 643 644
    4 09600 4 10881 4 12164 4 13449 4 14736
    2621 44000 2633 74721 2646 09288 2658 47707 2670 89984

    24 (67)2.2300 74520 (67)2.3152 22362 67)2.4034 80891 (67)2.4949 58638 (67)2.5897 67740
    l/2 ( 1)2.5298 22128 ( 1) 2 ‘6;;; ‘2:;;; 1)2.5337 71892 ( 1)2.5357 44467 ( 1)2.537'7 15508
    l/3 8.6177 30760 8.6311 82992 8.6356 55108
    l/4 5.0297 33719 5:0316 97308 8.6267
    5.0336 06237
    58602 5.0356 17605 5.0375 74325
    l/5 3.6411 28406 3.6422 65548 3.6434 01272 3.6445 35581 3.6450 68481

    645 646 647 _


    648 . -..
    4 16025 4 17316 4 18609 4 19904 4 21201
    2683 36125 2695 86136 2708 40023 2720 97792 2733 59449
    (11)1.7523 34949

    24 (67)2.6880 24057 (67)2.7898 47292 (67)2.8953 61105 (67)3.0046 93247 (67)3.1179 75679
    w ( 1)2.5396 85020 ( 1)2.5416 53005 ( 1); p9'; y; ( 1)2.5455 84412 ( 1)2.5475 47841
    l/3 8.6401 22598 8.6445 85472 8.6534 97422 8.657') 46522
    l/4 5.0395 28767 5.0414 80939 5:0434 30845 5.0453 78492 5.0473 23886
    l/5 3.6467 99973 3. b479 30063 3.6490 58755 3.6501 86051 3.6513 11957
    1 1
    4--97 .;[(-;I”] “;[(-;)3] 4’-37
    50 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    k
    651 653 654
    4 22500 4 23801 4 25104 4 26409 4 27iid
    2146 25000 2758 94451 2771 67808 2784 45077 2797 26264
    11 1.8182 46353
    '14 i 1.1873 14868
    :lb 1.1531 66091
    19 5.0628 17457
    ‘22 I 3.3060 19800
    ;25 2.1588 30929
    ,28 1.4097 16597
    (67)3.2353 44710 (b7)3.3569 41134 (67)3.4829 10364 (67)3.6134 02582 (67)3.7485 72888
    ( 1)2.5495 09757 ( 1)2.5514 70164 ( 1);;::; ;U; ( 1)2.5553 86468 ( 1)2.5573 42371
    8.6623 91053 8.6668 31029 8.6801 23736
    5.0492 67033 5.0512 07939 5:0531 46611 8.6756
    5.0550 97359
    83054 5.0570 17214
    3.6524 36416 3.6535 59612 3.6546 81368 3.6558 01749 3.6569 20758

    656 657
    4 29025 4 30336 4 31649 4 34281
    2810 11375 2823 0041b 2835 93393 2861 91179

    (67)3.8885 81447 67) 4.0335 93654 (67)4.1837 80288 (b7) 4.3393 17689 (67)4.5003 87920
    ( 1)2.5592 96778 1)2.5612 49695 ( 1)2.5670 99531
    8. b845 45603 8.6889 62971 8.7021 88202
    5.0589 49271 5.0608 79069 5.0666 55239
    3.6580 38399 3.6591 54676 3.6602 69592 3.6613 83152 3.6624 95358

    --- 661 662 663 664


    :

    : lQ1.8974
    2874
    4 35600
    96000
    73600 11
    2888
    1.9089
    4 36921
    04781
    99602
    2901
    4 38244
    17528 2914
    4 39569
    34241
    09058
    _-.4 54944
    2927 - 40896

    5 14 1.2523 32576 '14 1.2618 48737


    lb 1 8.2653 95002 lb i 8.3408 20153 ~24063025
    : 19 5.4551 60701 19 5.5132 82121 18918
    8 22 3.6004 ObOb3 22 3.6442 79482 31842
    25 2.3762 68001 25 2.4088 68738 65311
    1: 28 i 1.5683 36881 28 1.5922 62236 00901
    24 (67)4.6671 78950 (67) 4.8398 84834 (b7)5.0187 05901 (67)5.2038 48947 (67) 5.3955 27431
    112 ( 1)2.5690 46516 ( 1)2.5709
    8.7109
    92026
    82739
    ( 1)2.5768 19745
    l/3 8.7065 87691 1);;;;; ;;;;t ( 1)2.5748
    8.7197 59553
    78638 8.7241 41343
    l/4 5.0685 76246 5.0704 95071 5: 0124 11720 5.0743 26200 5.0762 38514
    l/5 3.6636 06215 3.6647 15727 3.6658 23896 3.6669 30727 3.6680 3b224

    665 666 b67 bb8 --.


    : 4 42225 4 43556 4 44889 46224 4 47561
    2940 79625 2954 08296 2967 40963 298; 77632 2994 18309
    4’ 58582
    5 93933
    27470
    7” 98350
    12498
    i 27948
    10 49870
    24 67) 5.5939 61683 (67) 5.7993 79113 (67)6.0120 14426 (67)b. 2321 09844 (b7)b.4599 15340
    10 1)2.5787 59392 ( 1)2.5806 97580 ( 1'2%;; ;U;; ( 1)2.5845 69597 ( 1)2.5865 03431
    l/3 8.7285 18735 8.7328 91741 8.7459 84552
    l/4 5.0781 48670 5.0800 56673 5:0819 62528 5.0838
    8,741b 66242
    24639 5.0857 b7819
    l/5 3.6691 40389 3.6702 43226 3.6713 44740 3.6724 44934 3.6735 43810

    _.I 671 672 673 674


    4 48900 4 50241 4 51584 4 52929 4 54276
    3007 63000 3021 11711 3034 64448 3048 21217 3061 82024
    11)2.0151 12100 11 2.0271 69581
    14)1.3501 25107 '14 I 1.3602 30789
    lb) 9.0458 38217 ‘lb 9.1271 48592 lb I 9.2090 67120
    19 6.0607 11605 '19 6.1243 lb705 19 6.1884 93105
    22 4.0606 76776 :22 4.1094 lb509 22 4.1586 67366
    25 I 2.7206 53440 25) 2.7946 24470
    28) 1.8228 37805 1.8502 27799 28) 1.8719 87644
    67) 6.6956 88867 (67)6.9396 96605 (67)7.1922 13208 (67)7.4535 22063 (67)l. 7239 15552
    1)2.5884 35821 ( 1)2.5903 66769 ( 1);:;;; '9;;;; ( 1)2.5942 24354 ( 1)2.5961 50997
    8.7503 40123 8.7546 91362 5:0914 59790 5.0933
    8.7633 52878
    80887 8.1677
    5.0952 19196
    43858
    5.0876 67266 5.0895 64588
    3.6746 41314 3.6757 37627 3.6768 32575 3.6779 26219 3.6790 18565
    1 t
    “[C-36)2] 46;)“I 4637)3] 4’-37’21
    ISLEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 51
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1
    k
    675 676 677 678 679
    4 55625 4 56976 4 58329 4 59684 4 61041
    3075 46875 3089 15776 3102 88733 3116 65752 3130 46639
    (11)2.0759 41406 11)2.1006 54722 (11)2.1130 93799 (11)2.1255 '38037
    (14)1.4012 60449 I 14)1.4221 43247 (14 1.4326 11595 (14) 1.4432 74277
    (16)9.4585 08032 (16 9.6279 09783 (16 1 9.7135 54097
    (19)6.3844 92922 (19 6.5180 94923 (19 6.5057 89678
    (22)4.3095 32722 (22 4.4127 50263 (22 4.4651 65402
    (25)2.9089 34587 (25 2.9874 31928 (25 3.0273 82142
    (28) 1.9635 30847 (28 2.0224 91415 (28 I 2.0525 65092
    24 (67)8.0036 95322 t 67)8.2931 72571 (67)8.5926 68325 (67)8.9025 13744 (67)9.2230 50418
    l/2 ( 1)2.5980 76211 t 1)2.6000 00000 ( lJ2.6019 22366 ( 1)2.6038 43313 ( lj2.6057 62844
    l/3 8.7720 53215 8.7763 82955 8.7807 08428 a.7850 29644 a.7893 46612
    l/4 5.0971 32735 5.0990 19514 5.1009 04200 5.1027 86801 5.1046 67319
    l/5 3.6801 09614 3.6811 99371 3.6822 a7040 3.6833 75023 3.6844 60923

    682 --a
    4 62400 4 63761 4 65124 4 66489
    3144 32000 4 67856
    3158 21241 3172 14568 3186 11987 3200 13504
    (11 2.1507 42651 11 2.1634 03354 11 2.1761 19871 11)2.1888 92367
    I 14
    16
    11 I 2.1381
    9.8867
    1.4539 33568
    37600
    48262 (14 1.4646 55745 14 1.4754 41087 14 1.4862 89872
    116 9.9743 05627 17J1.0062 50822 17 I 1.0151 35983
    119 6.7925 02132 19 6.8626 30603 19 6.9333 78761
    I22 4.6256 93952 22 1 4.6803 14071 22 4.7354 97694
    125 3.1500 97581 3.1919 14196 25 I 3.2343 44925
    2.1139 22820 128 2.1452 16453 28)2.2090 57584
    24 (67)9.5546 30685 167)9.8976 17949 68) 1.0252 38701 (6aJ1.0619 32441 6a)l.o998 a2878
    ( 1)2.6076 a0962 I 1)2.6095 97670 lJ2.6115 12971 ( 112.6134 26869 1)2.6153 39366
    8.7936 59344 8.7979 67850 8.8022 72141 a.8065 12225 a.8108 68115
    5.1065 45762 5.1084 22134 5.1102 96441 5.1121 68688 5.1140 38880
    3.6855 45546 3.6866 28893 3.6871 10968 3.6887 91774 3.6898 71315

    685 686 687 689


    : 4 69225 4 70596 4 71969 4 73344 4 74721
    3 3214 19125 3228 28'356 3242 42703 3256 60672 3270 82769
    4 111)2.2146 05952 (11)2.2405 45423
    5 114 1.5192 19683
    6 117 1 1.0421 84703
    7 119 7.1493 87060
    8 I22 4.9044 79523
    9 I25 3.3644 72953
    10 (28)2.2746 03562 28 I 2.3080 28446 (2aJ2.3418 94737
    24 (68)1.1391 31118 168) 1.1797 19551 (66)1.2216 91886 (68)1.2650 93189 (68)1.3099 69927
    l/2 ( 1)2.6172 50466 1)2.6191 60171 ( lj2.6210 68484 ( 1)2.6229 75410 ( i)2.6248 a0950
    l/3 8.8151 59819 a.8194 47349 a.8237 30714 8.8280 09925 a.8322 a4991
    l/4 5.1159 07022 5.1177 73120 5.1196 37179 5.1214 99204 5.1233 59200
    l/5 3.6909 49595 3.6920 26615 3.6931 02381 3.6941 76894 3.6952 50159

    690 691 692 693 694


    4 76100 4 77481 4 78864 4 a0249 4 81636
    3285 09000 3299 39371 3313 73888 3328 12557 3342 55384
    11 2.2667 12100 11 2.2931 07305
    14 1 1.5640 31349 14 1.5868 30255
    17)1.0791 81631 17 1.0980 a6536
    19)7.4463 53253 I 19 7.5987 58832
    22)5.1379 a3744 (22 5.2583 41112
    3.5452 08784 3.6387 72050

    24 68) 1.3563 70007 '68)1.4043 42816 (68) 1.4539 39271 (68) 1.5052 11857 (6a)1.5582 14678
    l/2 1)2.6267 a5107 : 1)2.6286 a7886 ( lj2.6305 a9288 ( 1)2.6324 a9316 ( 1)2.6343 a7974
    l/3 8.8365 55922 8.8408 22729 a.8450 a5422 a.8493 44010 a.8535 98503
    l/4 5.1252 17173 5.1270 73128 5.1289 27069 5.1307 79001 5.1326 28931
    1/5 3.6963 22179 3.6973 92956 3.6984 62494 3.6995 30796 3.7005 97866

    695 696 698 699


    4 83025 4 84416 4 a5809 4 a7204 4 a8601
    3357 02375 3371 53536 3386 08873 3400 68392 3415 32099
    11 2.3736 77376
    14 1.6568 26809
    17 1.1564 65112
    19 a.0721 26484
    22 5.6343 44286
    3.9321 12312

    24 68)1.6130 03502 (68) 1.6696 35809 (6a)1.7281 70846 (68)1.7886 69670 (68) 1.8511 95210
    l/2 1)2.6362 a5265 ( 1)2.63al al192 ( 1)2.6400 75756 ( lJ2.6419 68963 ( 1)2.6438 60813
    10 a.8578 48911 8.8620 95243 8.8663 37511 8.8705 15722 a.8748 09888
    5.1344 76863 5.1363 22801 5.1381 66751 5.1400 08719 5.1418 48708
    3.7016 63101 3.1027 28321 3.7037 91713 3.7048 53884 3.7059 14839
    52 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    k
    701 702 703
    : 4 90000 4 91401 4 92804 4 94209 4 95616
    3430 00000 3444 72101 3459 48408 3414 28927 3489 13664
    :

    i
    9"
    10 2q2.9481 74939
    24 (6a)1.9158 12314 (68)1.9825 a7808 (68)2.0515 90555 (68)2.1228 91511 (68)2.1965 63787
    l/2 ( 1)2.6457 51311 ( 1)2.6476 40459 ( 1’;;;;: gg; ( 1) 2 "8:;; '0;;;; ( 1)2.6532 99832
    a.8790 40017 8.8832 66120 8.8959 20362
    ;g 5.1436 86124 5.1455 22771 511473 56056 511491 a8981 5.1510 19154
    3.7069 74581 3.7080 33112 3.7090 90435 3.7101 46554 3.7112 01473

    705 706 707 708 709


    : 4 97025 4 98436 4 99849 5 01264 5 02681
    3 3504 02625 3518 95816 3533 93243 3548 94912 3564 00829
    4
    2
    i
    1'0
    24 (68)2.2726 82709 (68)2.3513 25887 (68)2.4325 13215 (68)2.5165 07242 (ba)2.6032 12640
    l/2 ( 1)2.6551 a3609 ( 1)2.6570 66051 ( 1)2.6589 47160 ( 1)2.6608 26939 ( 1)2.6627 05391
    8.9001 30453 a.9043 36564 8.9085 38706 8.9127 36887 8.9169 31117
    ::: 5.1520 47377 5.1546 73657 5.1564 97998 5.1583 20404 5.1601 40881
    l/5 3.7122 55193 3.7133 07718 3.7143 59051 3.7154 09195 3.7164 58153

    710 711 712 713 714


    5 05521 5 06944 5 08369 5 09796
    3594 25431 3609 44128 3624 67097 3639 94344
    \ 2) :: ZE :;zt

    I 19
    17)1.3249
    22 I 9.4599
    4.8226
    6.7543 a3171
    20408
    18825
    29584

    24 (68)2.6927 76016 (bQ2.7852 89985 68)2.8808 44702 (68)2.9795 36544 (ba)3.0814 63889
    v2 1)2.6645 a2519 ( 1)2.6664 58325 1)2.6683 32813 ( 1)2.6702 05985 ( 1)2.6720 77843
    l/3 a.9211 21404 a.9253 07760 8.9294 90191 6.9336 68708 8.9376 43321
    l/4 5.1619 59433 5.1637 76065 5.1655 90782 5.1674 03588 5.1692 14489
    l/5 3.7115 05928 3.7185 52523 3.7195 97942 3.7206 42186 3.7216 85260

    715
    5 11225
    716
    5 12656
    717 718 ._
    719
    5 14089 5 15524 5 16961
    3655 25875 3670 61696 3686 61613 3701 46232 3716 94959

    24 (68)3.1867 28051 (6CQ3.2954 33372 (68)3.4076 87302 (68)3.5236 00491 (68)3.6432 86875
    ( 1)2.6739 48391 ( 1)2.6758 17632 ( 1)2.6776 85568 ( 1)2.6795 52201.
    a.9420 14037 8.9461 80866 8.9503 43817 8.9545 02899
    5.1710 23488 5.1728 30591 5.1746 35801 5.1164 39125
    3.7221 27165 3.1231 67905 3.7248 07483 3.7258 45902 3.7260 a3164

    1 720 721 722 723 724


    5 18400 5 19841 5 21284 5 22729 5 24176
    : 3732 48000 3140 05361 3763 67048 3719 33067 3795 03424
    4
    2
    7
    a
    1:
    24 (68) 3.7668 63712 (68)3.8944 51981 (68)4.0261 75870 (68)4.1621 63488 (ba)4.3025 46659
    ( 1)2.6832 a1573 ( 1)2.6851 44316 ( 1)2.6870 05769 ( 1)2.6888 65932 t 112.6907 24809
    a.9628 09493 a.9669 57022 a.9711 00718 a.9152 40590 'a;4793 76646
    5.1800 40128 5.1818 37817 5.1836 33637 5.1854 27593 5.1872 19688
    3.1279 19273 3.7289 54232 3.7299 a8042 3.7310 20708 3.7320 52232
    1 1
    R2[(-36)2] qc-,7,5] 4637)2] 4’137’2]
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 53
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1

    725 726 727 728 729


    5 25625 5 27076 5 28529 5 29984 5 31441
    3810 70125 3826 57176 3842 40583 3858 28352 3874 20489
    (11)2.7628 16406 11)2.7780 91098 (11)2.7934 29038 (11)2.8088 30403 (11)2.8242 95365
    14)2.0168 94137 (14)2.0448 28533 (14)2.0589 11321
    17)1.4642 65143 (17 1.4886 35172 (17)1.5009 46353
    20 1 1.0837 26405 (20)1.0941 89891
    22 7.8895 28230 (22)7.9766 44308
    25 1 5.7435 76552 (25 5.814(1 73700
    I 28)4.1813 23730 (28 1 4.2391 15828
    24 (68)4.4474 61095 (68)4.5970 46501 (68)4.7514 46686 (68)4.9108 09683 (68)5.0752 87861
    l/2 ( 1)2.6925 82404 ( 1)2.6944 38717 ( 1)2 a'9917
    6962 93753
    62009 ( 1)2.6981 47513 ( 1)2.7OOll 00000
    l/3 0.9835 08896 8.9876 37347 9.000[1 00000
    l/4 5.1890 09928 5.1907 98317 5:1925 84860 5.1943
    8.9958 82891
    69560 5.1961 52423
    l/5 3.7330 82616 3.7341 11864 3.7351 39979 3.7361 66963 3.7371 92819

    730 731 732 734


    : 5 32900 5 34361 5 35824 5 37284 Ia 38756
    3890 17000 3906 17891 3922 23168 3938 32637 3954 46904
    : 11)2.9025 80275
    I 14)2.1304 93922
    2 (17 1.563;' 82539
    1 20 1.1478 16384
    9” t 22 8.4249 72255
    25 6.183(1 29635
    10 28 4.5390 04352
    24 (68)5.2450 38047 (68)5.4202 21655 (68)5.6010 04807 (68)5.7875 58467 (68)5.9800 58576
    ( 1)2.7018 51217 ( 1)2.7037 01167 ( 1):;;;; ;;;'8; ( 1)2.7073 97274 ( 1)2 7092 43437
    ://: 9.0041 13346 9.0082 22937 9:02OI1 29268
    l/4 5.1979 33452 5.1997 12653 5:2014 90029 9.0164
    5.2032 30890
    65584 5.205(1 39324
    l/5 3.7382 17550 3.7392 41158 3.7402 63647 3.7412 85019 3.7423 05277

    735 736 737 730 739


    5 40225 5 41696 5 43169 5 44644 II 46121
    3970 65375 3986 88256 4003 15553 4019 47272 4035 a3419
    (11)2.9663 70867 (11)2.9824 81466
    (14)2.1891 81700 (14)2.2040 53804
    I 14
    11 I 2.9184
    17 2.1450
    1.5766 46422
    09120
    30506 (17 1.6156 16095 (17)1.6287 95761 .
    II 20 8.5172
    28 4.6012
    25
    22 6.2601
    1.1588 36620
    07703
    24153
    68916 (20 1.1923 24678
    (22 I 8.7993 56123

    24 (68)6.1786 86185 (68)6.3836 27605 (68)6.5950 74542 (68)6.8132 24254 (68)7.0382 79698
    l/2 ( 1) ;. ;;:; 2";;;; 1) $.-p; y7’; ( q.;;;; '0;;;; ( l'y& ( 1';. y; 2;;;;
    l/3
    l/4 5:2068 11253 512085 61314 5:2103 49693 5:2121 SW&
    16213 5:2138 80938
    l/5 3.7433 24423 3.7443 42461 3.7453 59393 3.7463 75222 3.7473 89950

    740 741 742 ._ 744


    5 47600 5 49081 5 50564 52049 II 53536
    4052 24000 4068 69021 4085 18488 410: 72407 4118 30784
    11)3.0312 07181
    E:
    14035
    33628
    49854
    98142
    28)5.0587 01490 93019 (28)5.196 20453
    (68)7.2704 49690 (68)7.5099 49065 ( 68)7.7569 98844 (68)8.0118 26396 (68)8.2746 65623
    l/2 ( 1)2.7202 94102 ( 1)2.7221 31518 l'$.;:f .5;5;; ( 1)2.7258
    9.0572 02634
    48245 ( 1)2.7270 36339
    l/3 9.0450 41696 9.0491 14206 9.061:) 09792
    5.2156 43874 5.2174 05023 5:2191 64391 5.2209 21982 5.2226, 77799
    :;: 3.7484 03580 3.7494 16115 3.7504 27557 3.7514 37909 3.7524 47174

    745 747 748 749


    5 55025 5 56516 5 58009 5 59504 ! j 61001
    4134 93625 4151 60936 4168 32723 4185 08992 420: 89749
    (11)3.1472 ,21220

    28)5.4101 09038
    24 (68)8.5457 57129 (68)8.8253 48404 (68)9.1136 94019 (68)9.4110 55807 (68)9.7177 03069
    l/2 ( 1)2.7294 68813 ( 1';. ;;;; 2";;;; ( u;.;;;; y;; ( l)$m~ ;9"6";; ( 1)2.7367 a6437
    9.0653 67701 9.081!5 63122
    :5: 5.2244 31847 5:2261 84131 512279 34653 5:2296 a3419 5.2314 30432
    l/5 3.7534 55355 3.7544 62453 3.7554 68472 3.7564 7341; 3.7574 77202
    1
    54 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    k
    750 .__
    751 152 753 754
    : 5 62500 5 64001 c. 65504 5 67009 5 68516
    3 4218 75000 4235 64751 425; 59008 4269 57711 4286 61064
    4 11)3.1640 62500 11 3.1809 71280 47740 92061
    5 14)2.3730 46875 14 2.3889 09431 56701 89022
    17 1.7797 85156 17 1.7940 70983 52239 29433
    ? ;20 1 1.3348 38867 20 1 1.3473 47308 56084 65863
    23 1.0011 29150 23 1.0118 57828 86975 17395
    ; 25 7.5084 68628 25 1 1.5990 52291 06051 38985
    10 28 I 5.6313 51471 2Q5.7068 88271 35750 03656
    24 69) 1.0033 91278 69) 1.0359 96977 69) 1.0696 16698 (69) 1.1042 80565 (69) 1.1400 19555
    l/2 1)2.7386 12788 1)2.7404
    9.0896
    37921
    39217
    ( 1)2.7422
    9.0936
    61840
    71888
    ( y.;;;; a4547 ( 1)2.7459
    9.1017
    06044
    26517
    l/3 9.0856 02964 00985
    5.2331 75697 5.2349 19217 5.2366 60997 5:2384 01041 5.2401 39353
    ::: 3.7584 80079 3.7594 81806 3.7604 a2467 3.7614 82064 3.7624 80599

    755 756 757 758


    : 5 70025 5 71536 73049 14564 5 76681
    3 4303 68875 4320 81216 98093 4372 45479
    11)3.2492 85006 11 3.2665 33993 51564 :;;A:
    2 14 2.4532 10180 14 I 2.4694 99699 75634 38329
    6 17 1.8521 73686 17 1.8669 41772 07855 72453
    1 20 1.3983 91133 28546 53520
    a 23 i 1.0557 85305 68109 17168
    9 25 7.9711 79054 46588 14132
    10 28 I 6.0182 40186 17667 97112
    24 69)1.1768 65520 69) 1.2148 51214 69) 1.2540 10313 (69)1.2943 (69)1.3359 88198
    l/2 1)2.7477 26333 1)2.7495
    9.1097
    45417
    b6916
    1)2.7513 63298 ( 1)2.7531 79980 ( 1)2.7549
    9.1218
    95463
    00968
    l/3 9.1057 48491 9.1137 81798 9.1177 93146
    5.2418 75936 5.2436 10795 5.2453 43934 5.2470 753568 5.2488 05067
    $2 3.7634 78075 3.7644 74495 3.1654 69862 3.7664 b4176 3.1614 57442

    1 760 761 762 763 764


    5 77600 80644 82169 5 83696
    : 4389 76000 442: 50728 4459 43744
    4 11)3.3714 74547 ;;;;z
    11)3.3362 17600
    14)2.5355 25376 63605 6528:l
    2 17)l. 9269 99286 26467 91509
    20 1.4645 19457 11368 68822
    i 23 1 1.1130 34787 84062 72711
    8.4590 64385 32555 12784
    1: 87807 16435
    24 69)1.3788 79182 69)1.4230 88020 69) 1.4686 (69)1.5156 15056 (69)1.5640 13890
    1)2.7568 09750 ( 1)2.7586 22845 1)2.7604 ( uy;;: 45463 ( 1)2.7640 54992
    ::: 9.1258 05271 9.1298 Ob063 9.1338 97144 9.1417 a7449
    l/4 5.2505 33069 5.2522 59366 5.2539 5:2557 06863 5.2574 28071
    l/5 3.7684 49662 3.7694 40838 3.7704 3.1714 2006N8 3.7724 08126

    165 766 767 768 769


    5 85225 5 86756 88289 5 a9az14 5 91361
    4476 97125 4494 55096 45125 17663 4529 84832 4547 56609
    11 3.4248 83006 11)3.4428 26035 11)3.4608 39475 (11)3.4789 23510 11 3.4970 78323
    14 I 2.6200 35500 14 2.6372 04743 63877 13255 14 1 2.6892 53231
    17 2.0043 27157 17 2.0200 98833 73794 52500 17 2.0680 35734
    20 1 1.5333 10275 20 1.5473 95706 91900 99582 20 1.5903 19480
    23 1.1729 82361 23 / 1.1853 05111 40987 23 1.2229 55680
    25 1 8.9733 15059 73373 z;t 25 9.4045 29178
    28)6.8645 86020 6.9548 48857 78477 86072 28 i 7.2320 82938
    24 69)1.6138 91907 (69) 1.6652 92289 69)1.7182 59425 (b9)1.7728 69)1.8290 77701
    1)2.7658 63337 ( 1)2.7676 70501 1) '9. ;g;': 76485 ( y.;;;; 1)2.7730 84925
    9.1457 14274 9.1497 57625 37512 9.1616 86919
    5.2591 47590 5.2b08 65424 5:2625 81576 5: 2642 5.2660 08854
    3.7733 95151 3.7743 81144 3.7753 66108 3.7763 3.7773 32958

    770 771 ._ 772 713 774


    5 92900 5 94441 95984 97529 5 99076
    4565 33000 4583 14011 460: 99648 461; a9917 4636 84824
    11)3.5153 04100 ;;s:;;
    14 2.7067 84157
    17 2.0842 23801 22t54
    20 1.6048 52327 35044
    23 1.2357 36292 82084
    25 i 9.5151 69445 65S13
    28)7.3266 80473 92641
    24 (69)1.8870 23915 (69)1.9467 27094 (69)2.0082 38127 (69)2.0716 09310 (69)2.1368 94378
    10 ( 1)2.7748 87385 ( l';.;:;; ;i;;; ( 1)2.7784 88798 ( 1)2.7802 87755 ( 1)2.7820
    9.1815
    85549
    00317
    9.1656 56454 5:2694 29452 5.2711
    9.1735 37257
    85227 9.1775 44479
    43403
    ::: 5.2677 19986 5.2728 5.2745 47894
    l/5 3.7783 14849 3.7792 95720 3.7802 75573 3.7812 54412 3.7822 32239
    1
    .i[,-,2] 4-37151 .i[,,,2] .[C,,l]
    ZLEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 55
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1
    k
    715 776 777 778 779
    00625 6 02176 6 03729 6 05284 6 06841
    465i 04375 4672 88576 4690 97433 4709 10952 4127 29139
    03906 111 I 3.6261 59350 11 3.6448 87054 11)3.6636 87207
    15527 114 2.8138 99655 14 2.832U 77241
    57034 ( 17 2.1835 86133 17 1 2.2005 24016
    36701 I 20 1.6944 62839 20 1.7098 07161
    08443 I 23 1.3149 03163 23 1.3285 20164
    91544 64854 26 I 1.0322 60167
    84463 31271 28 8.0206 61501
    24 (69)2.2041 169)2.2734 28553 (69)2.3447 92689 (69)2.4183 00846 (69)2.4940 14558
    l/2 ( 1';. ;;;i 82181 I 1)2.7856 17655 ( 1)2.7874 71973 ( y.;;;; i;;;$ ( 1)2.7910 57147
    l/3 52750 9.1894 01784 9.1933 47428 9.2012 28569
    l/4 5:2762 50735 5.2719 51928 5.2796 51478 5:2813 49388 5.2830 45663
    l/5 3.7832 09055 3.7841 84864 3.7851 59667 3.7861 33467 3.7871 06266

    780 781 .__ ._.


    784
    08400 09961 6 11524 6 13089 6 14656
    52000 476; 79541 4782 11768 4800 48687 4818 90304
    05600 I 11 3.7205 24215 11 3.7587 81219 (11)3.7780 19983
    74368 114 I 2.9057 29412 14 1 2.9431 25695
    96007 I 17 2.2693 74671 17 2.3044 67419
    56885 I 20 1.7723 81618 20 I 1.8043 97989
    14371 123 I 1.3842 30044 23 1.4128 43625
    89209 I 26 1.0810 83664 26 1.1062 56559
    75831 f 28 8.4432 63416 28 8.6619 88854
    24 (69)2.5719 97041 169)2.6523 13239 (69)2.7350 29868 69)2.8202 15463 (69)2.9079 40422
    ( 1)2.7928 48009 I l'$;;W; ;'6;;; ( 1)2.7964 26291 1)2.7982 13716 ( 1)2.8000 00000
    9.2051 64083 9.2130 25029 9.2169 50477 9.2208 72584
    5.2847 40305 5:2864 33318 5.2881 24706 5.2898 14473 5.2915 02622
    3.7880 78066 3.7890 48871 3.7900 18681 3.7909 87500 3.7919 55329

    785 786 787 788 789


    6 16225 6 17796 6 19369 h __...
    _ ,“%I4 6 22521
    4837 36625 4855 87656 4874 43403 4893 03872 4911 69069
    11)3.8167 18976 11)3.8557 14511
    ?I4 2.9999 41115
    ,117 2.3579 53117
    (20 1.8533 51621
    123 I 1.4567 34374 1.4716 27378
    1,26)1.1449 93218
    '128)8.9996 46695
    24 (69)2.9982 77060 / 69)3.0912 99652 (69)3.1870 84488 (69)3.2857 09926 (69)3.3872 56439
    l/2 ( 1)2.8017 85145 1)2.8035 69154 ( 1)2.8053 52028 ( 1)2.8071 33770 ( 1)2.8089 14381
    l/3 9.2247 91357 9.2287 06804 9.2326 18931 9.2365 21746 9.2404 33255
    l/4 5.2931 89157 5.2948 74081 5.2965 57399 5.2982 39113 5.2999 19227
    l/5 3.7929 22172 3.1938 88029 3.7948 52904 3.7958 16799 3.1967 79716

    790 791 792 793 794


    : 6 24100 6 25681 6 21264 6 28849 6 30436
    4930 39000 4949 13671 4967 93088 49% __ 7775-l-. 5005 66184
    : 11)3.9346 01257 (11 3.9545 10648 (11)3.9744 95501
    5 14 3.1162 04196 (14 3.1359 26944 (14 3.1557 49428
    17 2.4680 33723 (17 2.4867 90066 {17{2.5056 65046
    : 20 1.9546 82708 (20 1 1.9720 24523 20 1.9894 98046
    8 23 I 1.5481 08705 (23)1.5638 15447 (23 1.5796 61449
    26 1.2542 51190
    lo’ 28 I 9.9587 54451
    24 (69)3.4918 06676 69)3.5994 45514 69)3.7102 60118 (69)3.8243 39997 (69)3.9417 77065
    l/2 ( 1)2.8106 93865 1)2.8124 72222 1)2.8142 49456 ( 1)2.8160 25568 ( 1)2.8178 00561
    l/3 9.2443 35465 9.2482 34384 9.2521 30018 9.2560 22375 9.2599 11460
    l/4 5.3015 91145 5.3032 74670 5.3049 50005 5.3066 23755 5.3082 95923
    l/5 3.7971 41656 3.7987 02623 3.7996 62619 3.8006 21646 3.8015 79705

    .,-
    795 796 797 ,-
    7911
    : 6 32025 6 33616 6 35209 6 36804 6' 38401
    5024 59875 5043 58336 5062 61573 5081 69592 5100 82399

    I
    : 11 4.0755 58368
    5 14 1 3.2563 71136
    I 11
    17 4.0349
    14 2.5630
    3.2158 04737
    07803
    19075 17 2.6018 40538
    7” II 20
    26 2.0427
    23
    29 1.2975
    1.0341
    1.6280 17219
    49232
    52362
    45624 20 2.0788 70590
    8 23 1.66101 17601
    26 I 1.3271 53063
    1: 29)1.0603 95298
    24 (69)4.0626 65702 :69)4.1871 02820 (69)4.3151 87922 (69)4.4470 23172 (69)4.5827 13463
    l/2 ( 1’;. y; ;‘i:;; ( 1’;. ;‘6;; y& ( 1)2.8231 18843 ( 1) $ ;;;i "3;;;; ( 1)2.8266# 58805
    l/3 9.2715 59160 9.279? 08064
    l/4 5:3099 66512 5:3116 35526 5.3133 02968 5:3149 68841 5.316b 33150
    l/5 3.8025 36800 3.8034 92932 3.8044 48104 3.8054 02317 3.8063 55574
    56 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    I;
    _._ 801 802 803 804
    : 6 40000 41601 6 43204 44809 6 46416
    3 5120 00000 22401 5158 49608 81627 5197 18464
    18432 86465
    : 02531
    6 '6::f;: 78133
    71036 25440
    ; 72400 18829
    52492 61219
    1'0 39346 I 23 1.1146
    1.7287
    29 I 1.3881
    26 93459
    24 (69) 4.7223 66483 (69)4.8660 92789 (69)5.0140 05879 (69)5.1662 22264 (69) 5.3228 61548
    l/2 ( Q2.8284 27125 ( 1)2.8301 94340 60452 ( 1)2.8337 25463 ( lj2.8354 89376
    l/3 9.2831 77667 9.2870 44047 ( 1)2.8319
    9.2909 07211 9.2947 67164 9.2986 23915
    l/4 5.3182 95897 5.3199 57086 5.3216 16720 5.3232 74803 5.3249 31338
    l/5 3.8073 07877 3.8082 59229 3.8092 09631 3.8101 59085 3.8111 07593

    805 806 808 __.


    809
    : 6 48025 6 49636 52864 6 54481
    5216 60125 5236 06616 525; 14112 5294 75129
    : 4.1993 64006 69325 14025
    37076 49732
    2 38883 11384
    60940
    i 67318 :%
    9 40258 19524
    10 45448 78976
    24 (69)5.4840 46503 (69)5.6499 03151 (b9)5.8205 60843 (69)5.9961 52346 (69)6.1768 13927
    l/2 ( 1)2.8372 52192 ( 1)2.8407 ( lj2.8442 92531
    l/3 9.3024 71468 ( ";.;;;; ;;;;; 74542 ( "t% 9.3178 59849
    l/4 5.3265 86329 513282 39778 9 3101
    513298 91690
    75012 5:3315 :;o"l"i
    42067 5.3331 90912
    l/5 3.8120 55159 3.8130 01783 3.8139 47468 3.8148 92216 3.8158 36029

    810 811 812 813 814


    6 56100 57721 6 59344 60969 6 62566
    11731 5353 87328 67797 5393 53144

    %:f
    80748
    22686
    00899
    I17 I 4.3473
    14
    11 2.8663
    3.5300
    45103
    44224
    95910
    13479
    00190
    34554
    41493
    52533
    11)4.3903 34592

    40945 41510s
    06129 32047 25547
    59670 21222 52870
    24 (6936.3626 85441 (69)6.5539 10420 (69)6.7506 36166 (69)6.9530 13847 (69)7.1611 98588
    l/2 ( 1)2.8460 49694 ( 1)2.8478
    9.3255 06173
    32030 ( 1)2,8495 61370 ( 1)2.8513 15486 ( 1)2.8530 68524
    l/3 9.3216 97518 9.3293 63391 9.3331 9160H 9.3370 16687
    l/4 5.3348 38230 5.3364 84023 5.3381 28295 5.3397 71049 5.3414 12288
    l/5 3.8167 78910 3.8177 20859 3.8186 61880 3.8196 01974 3.9205 41144

    815 816 RI7 81B 819


    6 64225 65856 67489 h 69124 6 70761
    5413 43375 543; 38513 5473 43432 5493 53259
    :% 15651 69274
    51976 74587 06266
    67212 40938 48326
    68445 09746 03930
    (23 1.9465 28962 18251 i286j 94015 I 11
    17
    14 1 4.4992
    23
    20 3.0178
    3.684&
    2.0242
    2.4716 90032
    47414
    03191
    82936
    51936
    (26 I 1.5864 21104 26093 04529 57904 26 i 1.6578 87724
    (29 1.2929 33200 85292 14300 21966 29 1.3578 10046
    24 (69)7.3753 49576 (69)7.5956 30157 (69)7.8222 07941 (69)8.0552 54907 (69)8.2949 47511
    l/2 ( 1)2.8548 20485 ( "yp; ;g;; ( ";A:%: nm; ( 1y;g m!; ( lj2.8618 17604
    l/3 9.3408 38634 9.3560 95237
    l/4 5.3430 52016 5:3446 90236 5:3463 26950 5:3479 62163 5.3495 95877
    l/5 3.8214 79391 3.8224 16717 3.8233 53125 3.8242 88616 3.8252 23193

    _-. 821 822 824


    : 6 72400 6 74041 6 75684 '6 77% 6 78976
    5513 68000 5533 87661 5554 12248 5574 41767 5594 76224
    : 11)4.5212 17600 11)4.5654 88679
    5 3.7528 31694
    7"

    9"
    10 (29)1.3913 34555
    24 (69)8.5414 66801 ( 69) 8.7949 98523 (69) 9.0557 33244 ( 69) 9.3238 66467 (69) 9.5995 98755
    w ( lj2.8635 64213 ( "29';;;; ;i;;; ( 1)2.8670 54237 ( 1)2.8687 97658 ( 1)2.8705 40019
    l/3 9.3599 01623 5:3528 58822 9.3675 05121 9.3713 02245 9.3750 96295
    l/4 5.3512 28095 5.3544 88059 5.3561 15810 5.3577 42079
    l/5 3.8261 56858 3.8270 89612 3.8280 21458 3.8289 5239; 3.8298 02432
    1 1
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 57
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1
    k
    1
    2
    825 826 827 _-.
    828 829
    6 80625 b 82276 b 83929 b a5564 b 87241
    3 5615 15625 5635 59976 5656 09283 5676 63552 5697 22789
    4 11 4.6325 03906
    14 3.8218 15723 3.8683 b5913
    2 17 3.1529 97971
    20 I 2.6012 23326
    i 23 2.1460 09244 23 2.1879 83671
    26 I 1.7704 57626 26 1.8094 62496
    1: 29)1.4bOb 27542 i 29 I 1.4964 25484
    24 69)9.8831 35853 (70)1.0174 68882 (70)1.0474 47415 (70)1.0782 71392 (70)1.1099 63591
    l/2 1)2.8722 81323 ( 1)2.8740 21573 ( 1)2.8757 b0769 ( 1)2.8774 98914 ( 1)2.8792 36010
    l/3 9.3788 87277 9.3826 75196 9.3864 60060 9.3902 41873 9.3940 20643
    l/4 5.3593 bb869 5.3609 90182 5.3626 12021 5.3642 32391 5.3658 51293
    l/5 3.8308 11564 3.8317 39795 3.8326 67128 3.8335 93565 3.8345 19107

    830 831 832 833 834


    : 6 88900 6 90561 6 92224 6 93889 b 95556
    5717 87000 5738 56191 5759 30368 5780 09537 5800 93704
    : 11 4.8148 19443 11)4.8379 81491
    5 14 1 4.0107 44596
    17 3.3409 50249
    ! 20 2.7830 11557
    23 I 2.3182 48627
    i 26 1.9311 01106
    10 29 I 1.6086 07222 1.6280 22889
    24 (70)1.1425 47375 ;70;1.1760 46709 (70)1.2104 86167 70)1.2458 90957 (70)1.2822 86929
    l/2 ( 1)2.8809
    9.3977 96375
    72058 ; 1; g. m; ;;"o';; ( 1)2.8844 41020 1)2.8861 73938 ( 1)2.8879 05816
    l/3 9.4053 38751 9.4091 05407 9.4128 b9049
    l/4 5.3674 68731 5: 3690 84709 5.3706 99229 5.3723 12294 5.3739 23907
    l/5 3.8354 43756 3.8363 b7514 3.8372 90383 3.8382 12366 3.8391 33463

    835 836 837 838 839


    b 97225 b 98896 7 00569 7 02244 7 03921
    5821 82075 TA42 77056 5863 76253 5084 80472

    III 11
    17 4.8612
    14 3.3893
    4.0591 24550
    b8999
    27006 I
    20 2.8301 23115
    23 2.3631 52801
    26 1.9732 32589 I
    29 1.6476 49211 (29)1.6'375 41959
    (70)1.3197 00592 (70)1.3581 59133 (70)1.3976 90431 70)1.4383 23072 (70) 1.4800' 86372
    ( 1y;; y; ( 1y;;; ;;;;; ( 1’;. i;:f ;:q2:; 1)2.8948 22965 1) 2.8965 49672
    9.4278 93606 9.4316, 42272
    513755 34071 5:3?71 42790 5:3787 50067 5.3803 55904 5.3819 60304
    3.8400 53677 3.8409 73010 3.8418 91464 3.8428 09040 3.8437 25741

    1 840 841 842 I .< -.,


    Rdd
    2 7 05600 7 07281 7 08964 7 10649 1 12336
    5927 04000 5948 23321 5969 47688 5990 77107 6012 11584
    :

    2
    7
    i
    10 29)1;812i 90531
    24 (70)1.5230 10388 (70)1.5671 25939 ( 70) 1. b124 b4626 70)1.6590 58848 70)1.7069 41821
    l/2 ( 1)2,8982 75349 ( 1)2.9000 00000 ( 1)2.9017 23626 1)2.9034 46228 1)2.9051 b7809
    l/3 9.4353 87961 9.4391 30677 9.4428 70428 9.4466 07220 9.4503 41057
    l/4 5.3835 b3271 5.3851 64807 5.3867 64916 5.3883 63600 5.3899 60862
    l/5 3.8446 41568 3.0455 56523 3.8464 70609 3.8473 83826 3.8482 96177

    045 846 -..


    Ad7 848 849
    : 7 14025 7 15716 7 17409 7 19104 7 20801
    3 6033 51125 6054 95736 6076 45423 6098 00192 6119 60049
    5"
    I
    ;
    8 I
    2.2436 27182
    1;: 29)1.9003 52223
    24 70)1.7561 47601 (70)1.8067 11101 (70)1.8586 68111 (70) 1.9120 55324 (7O)l. 9669 10351
    10 1)2.9068
    9.4540
    88371
    71946
    ( 1)2.9086 07914 ( 1)2.9103 26442 ( 1)2.9120 43956 ( 1)2.9137
    9.468')
    60457
    66137
    l/3 9.4577 99893 9.4615 24903 9.4652 46902
    l/4 5.3915 56705 5.3931 51133 5.3947 44148 5.3963 35753 5.3979 25951
    l/5 3.8492 07664 3.8501 18288 3.8510 28051 3.8519 36956 3.8528 45003
    I 1
    ?@l] ;[‘-;I”] ‘y-37)2] q-37)1]
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk

    :
    3 6141
    850
    7 22500
    25000 6162
    _.___
    7 7A?“l
    95051 6184
    7 852
    25904
    70208 6206
    857
    7 27609
    50477 6228
    854
    7 29%6
    35864

    5” 11)5.2200
    14)4.4370
    62500
    53125 I 11)5.2446
    14)4.4632
    70884
    14922
    11)5.2693
    14 4.4094
    66172
    99979
    (11)5.2941
    (14)4.5159
    48569
    08729
    11)5.3190
    14 4.5424
    18279
    41610

    F (17)3.7714
    (20)3.2057
    95156
    70883
    (17 3.7981
    1
    20 3.2322
    95899
    64710
    17 3.8250
    I
    20 3.2589
    53982
    45993
    (17)3.8520
    (20 3.2858
    70146
    15835
    17 1 3.8792
    20)3.3128
    45135
    75345

    10
    i (23)2.7249

    1.9687
    05250

    44043
    23)2.7506
    26)2.3408
    I 29)1.9920
    57268
    09335
    28744
    23)2.7766 21986 (23 1 2.8028
    (26)2.3907
    (29)2.0393
    00907
    89174
    43165
    23)2.8291 95545

    24 (70)2.0232 71747 (70)2.0811 79034 (70)2.1406 72719 (70)2.2017 94325 70)2.2645 86409
    l/2 ( 1)2.9154 75947 ( 1)2.9171 90429 ( 1)2.9189 03904 ( 1)2.9206 16373 1)2.9223 27839
    1/q
    l/3

    l/5 ,
    9.4726
    5.3995
    3.8537
    82372
    14744
    52195
    9.4763
    5.4011
    3.8546
    95693
    02137
    58534
    9.4801
    5.4026
    3.8555
    06107
    88131
    64021
    9.4838
    5.4042
    3.8564
    13619
    72729
    68659
    9.4875
    5.4058
    3.8573
    18234
    55935
    72440

    858
    6250
    7 31025
    26315 6272
    _-._.
    856
    7 327%
    22016 6294
    857
    7 34449
    22793 6316
    1 36164
    28712 6338
    859
    7 37881
    39779
    (11 1 5.3439 75506 I 11)5.3690 20457 11)5.3941 53336 11)5.4193 74349
    (14 4.5690 99058 14 4.5958 81511 14)4.6227 89409 I 14)4.6498 23191
    I 20)3.3401
    I 17)3.9065
    26)2.4417
    23)2.8558
    79694
    25639
    15345
    07421
    17 1 3.9340
    20
    1
    3.3675
    (23 2.8826
    14574
    67035
    38067
    1
    17 3.9617
    20 3.3952
    23 2.9096
    30523
    03059
    89021
    (17)3.9895
    (20)3.4230
    48298
    32440
    (17 4.0175
    lZOj3.4510
    23 2.9644
    28654
    57114
    58061

    24
    (29)2.0876
    (70)2.3290
    66620
    92589 (70)2.3953 57569
    I
    26 2.4936
    29 2.1370
    70)2.4634
    03491
    18192
    27165 (70)2.5333 48329
    I
    (26 2.5464
    (29 2.1874
    (70)2.6051
    69474
    17279
    69182
    l/2 ( 1)2.9240 38303 ( 1)2.9257 47768 1)2.9274 56234 ( 1)2.9291 63703 ( 1)2.9308 70178
    l/3 9.4912 19958 9.4949 18797 9.4986 14756 9.5023 07842 9.5059 98059
    5.4074 31751 5.4090 18180 5.4105 97225 5.4121 74889 5.4137 51174
    ::z 3.8582 75391 3.8591 77490 3.8600 78746 3.8609 79161 3.8618 78737

    860 861 862 863 864


    7 39600 7 41321 1 43044 7 AA769
    .._. 7 46496
    6360 56000 6382 77381 6405 05928 6427 35647
    (11)5.4700 81600 (11)5.4955 68250 11 5.5211 43859 (11)5.5468 08634
    14)4.7042 70176 14 4.7592 26007
    I :;I 44: '0% i%;; 17 I 4.1024 52818
    1:;j ;: '02":;
    26)2.6003
    %9"
    29381
    20
    23 13.5363
    3.0483
    14329
    02952

    (29)2.2130 15789 I 29)2.2388 83597 2.2650 23218


    24 (70)2.6789 39031 (70)2.7547 08410 70)2.8325 29097 (70)2.9124 54150 (70)2.9945 37938
    l/2 ( 1)2.9325 75660 ( 1)2.9342 80150 1)2.9359 83651 ( 1)2.9376 86164 1)2.9393 87691
    9.5096 85413 9.5133 69910 9.5170 51555 9.5207 30354 9.5244 06312
    ::i 5.4153 26084 5.4168 99621 5.4184 71787 5.4200 42587 5.4216 12022
    l/5 3.8627 77475 3.8636 75378 3.8645 72447 3.8654 68684 3.8663 64090

    865 866 867 868 869


    7 40225 7 49956 7 51689 7 53424 7 55161
    6472 14625 6494 61896 6517 14363 6539 72032 6562 34909
    (11 5.5984 06506 11 5.6503 63527
    [14{4.8426 21628 14 14.6900 65178
    17 4.1888 67708 17 4.2473 16109
    20 3.6233 70568 3.6527 94533 20 3.6824 23067
    23 3.1342 15541 23 I 3.1926 60799
    26 2.7110 96443
    29 2.3450 98423 29)2.4558 26970
    24 (70)3.0788 36164 (70)3.1654 05907 ( 70)3.2543 05644 (70)3.3455 95291 70)3.4393 36231
    ( 1)2.9410 88234 ( 1)2.9427 87794 1)2.9444 86373 ( 1)2.9461 83973 ( 1)2.9478 80595
    :;: 9.5280 79435 9.5317 49727 9.5354 17196 9.5390 81845 9.5427 43681
    1/q 5.4231 80095 5.4247 46809 5.4263 12167 5.4270 76171 5.4294 38824
    l/5 3.8672 58668 3.8681 52418 3.8690 45344 3.8699 37445 3.8708 20725

    870 871 872 873 874


    7 56900 7 58641 7 60384 7 62129 1 63816
    6585 03000 6607 76311 6630 54848 6653 38617 6676 27624
    11)5.7818 38275 5.8084 06126
    17)4.3362 62010 (17 I 4.4267 54753
    I 20
    23 3.8645
    3.3137 58173
    56899

    24 (70)3.5355 91351 (70)3.6344 25075 70)3.7359 03403 (70)3.8400 93943 (70)3.9470 65953
    l/2 ( 1)2.9495 76241 ( 1) ;. p; ;;g;: 1)2.9529 64612 ( 1) ;. ;;y; ;;;g ( 1)2.9563 49100
    l/3 9.5464 02709 9.5537 12362 9.5610 10846
    l/4 5.4310 00130 5:4325 60090 5.4341 18707 514356 75984 5.4372 31924
    l/5 3.8117 19185 3.0726 08827 3.8734 97651 3.0743 85661 3.8752 72857
    1 1
    21,EMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 59
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Tabile 3.1
    k
    a75 a76 877 a78 879
    7 65625 7 67376 69129 7 70884 7 72641
    6699 21875 6122 21376 6745 26133 676.3 36152 6791 51439
    ;11)5.8886 59254 11)5.9155 94186 (11)5.9426 21415 (11)5.6697 41149
    14)5.1584 65506 14)5.1879 76101 (14 5.2176 21602
    '17)4.5188 15784 (17 4.5498 55041 (17 4.5810 71767
    '20 3.9584 82626 (20 13.9902 22871 (20 4.0221 81011
    23 3.4676 30781 (23)3.4994 25458 (23 i 3.5314 74928
    26 I 3.0376 44564 (26 3.1006 34987
    29)2.6609 76638 [:~~::E E: (29 12.7223 57518 (29j2.7535 23268
    (70)4.0568 90376 70)4.1696 39882 (70)4.2853 88904 (70)4.4042 13682 (70)4.5261 92303
    ( 1)2.9580 39892 1)2.9597 29717 ( l’p; 18579 ( 1)2.9631 06478 ( 1)2.9647 93416
    9.5646 55914 9.5682 98205 37725 9.5755 74480 9.5192 08475
    5.4387 86530 5.4403 39803 514418 91747 5.4434 42365 5.4449 91658
    3.8761 59242 3.8770 44816 3.8779 29583 3.8788 13542 3.8796 96696

    881 a82 883 884


    7 74400 7 76161 11924 7 79689 7 81456
    6814 72000 6831 97841 686: 28968 6884 65387 6908 07104
    11)5.9969 53600 11 6.0242 58979 (11)6. 0516 57498 11)6.0791 49367 (11)6.1067 34799
    14 1 5.3073 72161 61913 14)5.3678 88891 14 5.3983 53563
    17 4.6151 94874 29607 17 4.7398 45891 17 4.1121 44549
    20 1 4.1193 75284 17514 20 1 4.1852 83922 I 20 I 4.2185 75782
    23 3.6291 69625 55847 23 3.6956 05703
    26 1 3.1972 98440 09657 26 3.2632 19836
    29)2.8168 19925 (29)2.8489 56718 29 I 2.8814 23115 29)2.9142 22119
    24 70)4.6514 04745 70)4.7799 32920 (70)4.9118 60716 70)5.0472 74047 (70)5.1862 60897
    l/2 1)2.9664 79395 1)2.9681 64416 ( l’y& 48481 ( 1)2.9715 31592 ( 1)2.9732 13749
    l/3 9.5828 39714 9.5864 68204 93948 9.5937 16954 9.5973 37224
    5.4465 39631 5.4480 86284 5:4496 31621 5.4511 75645 5.4527 18358
    :s: 3.8805 19041 3.8814 60596 3.8823 41346 3.8832 21296 3.8841 00450
    t
    885 886 887 888 889
    : 7 83225 7 84996 86769 7 88544 7 90321
    6931 54125 6955 06456 697: 64103 7002 27072 7025 95369
    : 11)6.1621 87200 54594 11 6.2180 16399 11116.2460 72830
    5 114)5.4596 97859 78425 14 5.5215 98563
    17 4.8372 92303 43063 17 I 4.9031 19524
    t 20 1 4.2858 40981 16896 20 4.3540 23417
    123 3.7912 55109 17587 23 1 3.8663 72794
    t 126 3.3643 68021 98020
    10 29 I 2.9808 30072 45144 3.0488 05069
    24 (70)5.3289 11365 70)5.4753 17719 (70)5.6255 14442 (70)5.7797 78281 (70)5.9380 28303
    l/2 ( 1)2.9748 94956 1)2.9765 75213 ( 1’;. 2;;; 54522 ( 1)2.9799 32885 ( 1)2.9816 10303
    9.6009 54166 9.6045 69584 81682 9.6117 91067 9.6153 97744
    ::: 5.4542 59763 5.4551 99862 5:4573 38658 5.4588 76153 5.4604 12350
    l/5 3.8849 78808 3.8858 56313 3.8867 33146 3.8876 09128 3.8884 84321

    890 891 892 R9d


    :
    II

    7 92100 7 93881 95664 7 91449 7 99236


    7049 69000 7073 47971 32288 7121 21957 7145 16984
    : 12009 11 6.3592 49076
    84312 14 1 5.6788 09425
    2 99206 17 5.0711 76816
    81692 20 1 4.5285 60897
    .l 18069 23 4.0440 04881
    62918 26 1 3.6112 96359
    1: 56123 29)3.2248 87648
    24 (70)6.1004 25945 70)6.2670 75070 (70)6.4380 82017 (70)6.6135 55666 (70)6.7936 07487
    l/2 ( 1)2.9832 86778 1)2.9849 62311 ( u;.;;;; 36905 ( 1) ;. ;;;; ;;:;; ( 1)2.9899 83278
    9.6190 01716 9.6226 02990 01570 9.6333 90671
    :,': 5.4619 47252 5.4634 80860 5:4650 13179 514665 44210 5.4680 73955
    l/5 3.8893 58728 3.8902 32348 3.8911 05185 3.8919 71239 3.8928 48512

    7169
    895
    8 01025
    17375 7193
    896
    8 02816
    23136 7717
    a97
    8 04609
    34213 7241
    898
    8 06404
    50792
    -..
    8 08201
    7265 72699
    111 1 6.4451 35299 56429 11)6.5028 74112
    14 5.7748 41228 38917 14 5.8395 80953
    17 I 5.1742 57740 03608 17 1 5.2439 43696
    120 4.6361 34935 76231 20 4.7090 61439
    23 4.1539 76902 23 4.2287 31112
    26 3.7219 63304 E2” 26 I 3.1974 05980
    29 3.3348 79120 86240 29)3.4100 70570
    24 (70)6.9783 51604 70)7.1679 04854 (70)7.3623 86846 (70)7.5619 20026 (70)7.7666 29743
    l/2 ( 1)2.9916 55060 1)2.9933 25909 ( 11;. ;;i; 95826 ( 1)2.9966 64813 ( 1)2.9983 32870
    l/3 9.6369 81200 9.6405 69057 54244 9.6477 36769 9.6513 16634
    5.4696 02417 5.4711 29599 5:4726 55504 5.4741 a0133 5.4151 03489
    3.8937 19006 3.8945 88722 3.8954 57662 3.8963 25828 3.8971 93220

    .y-,$l] 4637)3] 4-;~2] .:[,-,,l]


    60 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL MFlTIODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS nk


    k
    1 900 901 902 9n3 904
    2 8 10000 11801 8 13604 8 15409 8 172ib
    7290 00000 32701 7338 70808 7363 14327 7387 63264
    4' 08636 (11)6.6195 14688 11 6.6489 18373 11 6.6784 19907
    5 77981 14)5.9708 02249 14 6.0039 73291 14 16.0372 91596
    37961 17)5.3856 63628 17 I 5.4215 87881 17)5.4577 11602
    7" 94103 20 4.8956 93857 20 4.9337 71289
    8 84987 / 23 1 4.4208 11553 23 1 4.4601 29245
    19573 26)4.0319 56837
    lo' 20735 29)3.6448 88981
    24 (70)7.9766 44308 (70)8.1920 95066 (70)8.4131 16465 (70)8.6398 46120 70)8.8724 24888
    10 ( 1)3.0000 00000 ( 1) 2. pi y”o; ( 1)3.0033 31484 ( 1)3.0049 95840 1)3.0066 59276
    l/3 9.6548 93846 09608 9.6691 76254
    l/4 5.4772 25575 514787 46393 9.6620
    5.4802 40328
    65946 5.4817
    9.6656 84235 5.4833 01264
    l/5 3.8980 59841 3.8989 25692 3.8997 90774 3.9006 55089 3.9015 18640

    905 .__
    9"h 907 908 909
    8 19025 8 20836 8 22649 _ _.._.
    R 744h4 8 26281
    7412 17625 7436 77416 7461 42643 7486 13312 7510 89429
    11)6.7080 19506 I 11
    17 I 6.1720
    14 5.6042
    6.7974 08873
    18909
    47257 (11)6.8274 02910
    14)6.0707 57653 (14)6.2061 09245
    17)5.4940 35676 17)5.6413 53304
    20 4.9721 02287 20)5.0886 30769 20)5.1279 90153
    23 4.4997 52570 4.5799 24265 I 23)4.6613 43049
    26 4.0722 76076 26)4.2371 60832
    29 I 3.6854 09848 3.7676 70117 I 29)3.8515 79196
    24 (70)9.1109 96943 (70)9.3557 09844 (70)9.6067 14616 (70)9.8641 65825 (71)1.0128 22166
    l/2 ( 1)3.0083 21791 ( 1';. y; y; ( "6 ;'8;: y;;;; ( 1)3.0149 62686
    v3 9.6727 40271 9.6869 70141
    l/4 5.4848 17035 5:4863 31551 5:4893 56824 5.4908 67587
    l/5 3.9023 81426 3.9032 43449 3.9041 04712 3.9049 65216 3.9058 24962

    910 912 914


    8 28100 8 31744 8 35396
    7535 71000 7560 58031 7585 50528 7610 48497 7635 51944
    11)6.9483 72778 11 1 6.9788 64760
    14 6.3786 82398
    17 I 5.8301 15712
    20 5.3287 25761
    23 4.8704 55345

    24 (71)1.0399 04400 (71)1.0676 79852 (71)1.0961 65476 (71)1.1253 78622 (71)1.1553 37042
    l/2 ( 1)3.0166
    9.6905
    20626
    21083
    ( 1)3.0182 77655 ( 1)3.0199 33774 ( 1)3.0215
    9.7011
    88986
    58327
    1)3.0232
    9.7046
    43292
    98896
    l/3 9.6940 69425 9.6976 15172
    l/4 5.4923 77104 5.4938 85370 5.4953 92410 5.4968 98203 5.4984 02760
    l/5 3.9066 83951 3.9075 42186 3.9083 99668 3.9092 56397 3.9101 12376

    915 916 917 918 ._.


    919
    8 37225 39056 40889 8 42724 8 44561
    7660 60875 768; 15296 77180 95213 7736 20632 7761 51559
    11 7.0094 57006 49711 ii(ii ;. 07:; 43103 11 I 7.1328 32827
    14 6.4136 53161 77136 54826 14 6.5550 73368
    17 I 5.0684 92642 79856 17 519458 78275 17 6.0241 12425
    20 5.3696 70767 85148 20 5.4523 70378 20 I 5.5361 59319
    23 4.9132 48752 70796 23 4.9998 23637 5.0436 09448 23 5.0877 30414
    26 I 4.4956 22608 35649 26)4.5848 38275 26 4.6756 24251
    29)4.1134 94687 72654 (29)4.2042 96698 (29)4.2503 70729 29 4.2968 98666
    24 71)1.1860 58902 (71)1.2175 62793 (71)1.2498 67732 (71)1.2829 93183 (71)1.3169 59057
    l/2 1)3.0248
    9.7082
    96692
    36884
    ( l);.;;;; ;;;;i ( 1);;;;; 00;;;; ( 1)3.0298 51482 ( 1)3.0315 01278
    l/3 5:5014 08174 5:5029 09036 5.5044
    9.7188 35404
    08671 9.7223 63112
    l/4 5.4999 06083 5.5059 07081
    l/5 3.9109 67606 3.9118 22089 3.9126 75026 3.9135 28819 3.9143 81068

    .__
    97n 923 924
    8 46400 8 51929 8 53776
    7786 88000 7812 29961 7837 77448 7063 30467 7888 89024
    (11)7.2893 34582
    (14)6.7353 45154

    23 5.2221 26266
    26 4.8148 00417
    29)4.3438 84542 29 I 4.4392 45985
    24 (71)1.3517 85726 (71)1.3874 94035 (71)1.4241 05308 (71)1.4616 41363 (71)1.5001 24518
    l/2 ( 1)3.0331
    9.7258
    50178
    88262
    ( 1)3.0347 98181 ( 1)3.0364 45290 ( 1)3.0380 91506 ( 1)3.0397 36831
    l/3 9.7294 10859 9.7329 30906 9.7364 48410 9.7399 63373
    l/4 5.5074 04268 5.5089 00236 5.5103 94986 5.5118 88520 5.5133 80842
    l/5 3.9152 32576 3.9160 83344 3.9169 33373 3.9177 82664 3.9186 31220
    1 1 1
    +-;P] q-37)3] q-37)2] “[‘-.;‘l]
    :ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 61
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1

    925 926 927 928 929


    55625 57476 59329 61184 8 63&l
    53125 794: 22776 796: 97983 799; 78752 8017 65089
    11)7.3209 41406 (11 I 7.3526 50906 11 i 7.3844 63302 (11)7.4163 78819 (11)7.4483 97677
    14)6.7718 70801 (14 6.8085 54739 14 6.8453 97481 (14 1 6.8823 99544 (14 6.9195 61442
    17)6.2639 80491 (17)6.3047 21688 17 6.3456 83465 (17 6.3868 66776 (17 1 6.4282 72579
    20 5.7941 81954 (20)5.83'31 72283 20 5.8824 48572 (20 I 5.9270 12369 (20 5.9718 65226
    23 1 5.3596 18307 (23 I 5.4061 47534 23 5.4530 29826 (23 5.5002 67478 (23 I 5.5478 62795
    46934 (26 5.0060 92617 58649 (26 5.1042 48220 (26)5.1539 64537
    23414 (29)4.6356 41763 46668 (2934.7367 42348 (29)4.7880 33055
    77607 (71)1.5800 23988 71)1.6214 87554 (71)1.6639 92748 (71)1.7075 64573
    1) ;. y;; ( 1)3.0430 24811 1)3.0446 61470 ( "y;; 09242 ( 1)3.0479 50131
    %: 9.7469 85700 9.7504 93072 97922 9.7575 00256
    5:5148 71952 5.5163 61854 5.5178 50550 5:5193 38042 5.5208 24332
    3.9194 79042 3.9203 26131 3.9211 72488 3.9220 18115 3.9228 63013

    930 931 932 933 934


    8 64900 8 66761 8 68624 8 70489 8 72356
    8043 57000 8069 54491 8095 57568 8121 66237 8147 80504
    (11)7.4805 20100 (11)7.5450 76534 (11)7.5775 10991 11 I 7.6100 49907
    (14)6.9568 83693 (14)7.0320 11329 (14)7.0698 17755 14 7.1077 86613
    (17)6.5961 39965 17 6.6386 72697
    (20)6.1541 98588
    (23)5.7418 67282
    (29)4.9449 18334
    24 (71)1.7522 28603 71)1.7980 10997 (71)1.8449 38512 (71)1.8930 38514 (7131.9423 38996
    l/2 ( 1)3.0495 90136 1)3.0512 29260 ( 1';;;;; fJ;J;; ( 1y;: ;iJ;o" ( 1)3.0561
    9.7749
    41358
    14326
    l/3 9.7610 00077 9.7644 97390
    l/4 5.5223 09423 5.5237 93317 5:5252 76015 5:5267 57521 5.5282 37837
    l/5 3.9237 07185 3.9245 50630 3.9253 93351 3.9262 35348 3.9270 76625

    019
    936 937 938 I/ I

    : 8 76096 8 77969 8 79844 8 81721


    3 8200 25856 8226 56953 8252 93672 8279 36019
    4 11 7.6754 42012 (11 7.7082 95650 11 7.7412 54643 (11)7.7743 19218
    5 '14 1 7.1842 13723 jl417.2226 73024 14 1 7.2612 96855 (14)7.3000 85746
    6.7244 24045 17) 6.7616 44623 17 6.8110 96450 (17 6.8547 80516
    F 6.2940 60906 20 1 6.3888 08471 (20 16.4366 38904
    5.8912 41008 23 5.9927 02345 (23 6.0440 03931
    t 26 1 5.6211 54800 (26 5.6753 19691
    10 29)5.2726 43202 (29 I 5.3291 25190
    24 71)1.9928 68584 :71)2.0446 56558 71)2.0977 32860 71)2.1521 28115 71)2.2078 73640
    l/2 1)3.0577 76970 [ 1)3.0594 11708 1)3.0610
    9.7854
    45573
    28852
    1)3.0626
    9.7889
    78566
    08735
    1)3.0643
    9.7923
    10689
    86145
    l/3 9.7784 61652 9.7819 46493
    l/4 5.5297 16964 5.5311 94905 5.5326 71663 5.5341 47239 5.5356 21636
    l/5 3.9279 17180 3.9287 57017 3.9295 96137 3.9304 34540 3.9312 72229

    940 941 942 943


    8 83600 8 85481 8 87364 8 89249 8 91136
    8305 84000 8332 37621 8358 9688.3 8385 61807 8412 32384
    66014 11 7.8741 48685 11 7.9076 37840 11)7.9412 33705
    60819 14 I 7.4174 48061 14 1 7.4569 02483 14 7.4965 24617
    49330 17)h.9872 36074 17)7.0318 59042 17 7.0767 19239
    21220 20)6.5819 76381 20 6.6310 43076 20 I 6.6804 22962
    61168 23 6.2002 21751 23 6.2530 73621
    43259 26 15.8406 08890 26 I 5.8966 48424
    29)5.3861 51141 25707 29)5.5018 53574 29)5.5605 39464 5.6197 88134
    24 71)2.2650 01461 (71)2.3235 44328 (71)2.3835 35733 (71)2.4450 09921 (71)2.5080 01911
    1)3.0659 41943 ( 1)3.0675 72330 ( 1';.;06;; ;;;;; ( 1)3.0708 30507 ( 1)3.0724 58299
    :;: 9.7958 61087 9.7993 33566 9.8062 71149 9.8091 36263
    l/4 5.5370 94855 5.5385 66899 515400 37771 5.5415 07472 5.5429 76005
    l/5 3.9321 09204 3.9329 45467 3.9337 81020 3.9346 15863 3.9354. 49998

    945 946 948


    : 8 93025 8 94916 8 96809 8 98704 $1 00601
    8436 08625 8465 90536 8492 78123 8519 71392 8546 70349
    : 11 8.0087 46471 (11)8.0766 88.796
    5 14 7.5762 74161
    17 7.1671 55356
    ? 20 1 6.7801 20967
    23 6.4140 02003
    i 26 6.0676 45895 6.1256 16600
    10 5.6796 04376 29 I 5.7399 93016 29)5.8625 06988
    24 (71)2.5725 47511 (71)2.6386 83331 (71)2.7064 46809 (71)2.7758 76218 (71)2.8470 10693
    l/2 ( 1)3.0740
    9.8131
    85230
    98931
    ( 1)3.0757
    9.8166
    11300
    59156
    ( I';.;;;; :;;:: ( 1)3.0789
    9.8235
    60864
    72299
    ( 1)3.0805
    9.8270
    84360
    25224
    :;: 5.5444 43371 5.5459 09574 5:5473 74614 5.5488 38494 5.5503 01217
    l/5 3.9362 83427 3.9371 16151 3.9379 48170 3.9387 79481 3.9396 10103
    1 I I I
    q--y] q-3”3] q-37)2] q-y
    62 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

    Table 3.1 POWERS AND ROOTS I&


    k
    950 951 952 953 954
    : 9 02500 9 04401 Ob304 9 08209 9 1Olib
    8573 75000 8600 a5351 862: 01408 8655 23177 8682 50664
    : 111\8.1450 62500 11688 69404 (ll)a.2484 35877 (11)8.2831 11335
    5 20515 (14 7.8607 59391 (14)7.9020 88213
    b ball0 (17 7.4913 03699 (17)7.5385 92155
    92173 38087 (20 7.1392 12425 (20)7.1918 lb916
    fi 77556 65059 (23 I 6.8036 b9441
    2b)b.3024 94097 53956 20336
    1'0 (29)5.9873 69392 93712 20160
    24 (71)2.9198 90243 (71)2.9945 55775 (71)3.0710 49109 (71)3.1494 12996 (71)3.2296 91146
    l/2 ( 1)3.0822 07001 ( l'y& 28789 ( 1'9'. 8";;; 49724 ( i)3.0870 69808 ( i)3.0886 a9042
    l/3 9.8304 75725 23805 69469 9.8408 12721 9.8442 53565
    l/4 5.5517 62784 5:5532 23198 5:5546 82461 5.5561 40574 5.5575 97541
    l/5 3.9404 40019 3.9412 69236 3.9420 97756 3.9429 25580 3.9437 52709

    955 956 957 __- 959


    9 12025 13936 9 15849 9 17764 9 19681
    a709 83875 873; 22816 8764 67493 8792 17912 8819 74079
    (li)a.3l7a 96006 90121 (li)a.3877 93908 (11 a.4229 07597 (11)8.4581 31418
    (14)7.9435 90686 b7356 (14)8.0271 la770 (14 1 a.0691 45478 (14)8.1113 48029
    (17 7.5861 29105 15592 (17)7,6819 52663 (17)7.7302 41368
    (20 1 7.2447 53295 23306 20 7.3516 28698 (20)7.4055 71230 1 :g: ::z? z:
    (23) 6.9187 39397 10280 23 7.0355 08664 (23)7.0945 37239 (23)7.1539 98708
    26228 I 26 I 6.7329 al792
    49474 (29)6.4434 63575 6.5793 96686
    24 (7u3.3119 28238 71)3.3961 69948 (71)3.4824 b2966 (71)3.5708 55021 (71)3.6613 94899
    l/2 ( l)3.0903 07428 1)3.0919 24967 ( 1)3.0935 41660 ( 1)3.0951 57508 ( 1)3.0967 72513
    1/3 9.8476 92005 9.8511 28046 9.8545 61691 9.8579 92945 9.8614 71813
    1/4 5.5590 53362 5.5605 08040 5.5619 61578 5.5634 13977 5.5648 65240
    l/5 3.9445 79145 3.9454 04889 3.9462 29943 3.9470 54307 3.9478 77983

    960 961 962 .-_ ._.


    9 21600 9 23521 __.. 9 27369 9 29296
    8847 36000 a875 03681 a902 77128 '3930 56347 a958 41344
    10374 f11)8.5644 65971 (11 8.6359 10556
    a2870 (14 1 8.3250 17776
    27838 (17 a.0253 17136
    20)7.5144 74781 39352 (20 1 7.7364 05719
    7.2138 95790 31217 (23)7.4578 95113
    6.9253 39958 36200 (26)7.1225 67671
    (29) 6.6483 26360 05288 (29)b.a590 32667
    (71)3.7541 32467 (7u3.8491 lab99 (71)3.9464 05693 (71)4.0460 46699 (71)4.1480 96142
    ( 1)3.0983 86677 ( 1)3.1000 00000 12484 ( 1)3.1032 24130 ( i)3.1048 34939
    9.8648 48297 9.8682 72403 94135 9.8751 13495 9.8785 30490
    5.5663 15367 5.5677 64363 12228 5.5706 58964 5.5721 04575
    3.9487 00972 3.9495 23275 44894 3.9511 65831. 3.9519 86085

    965 966 967 968 ,-_


    9h9
    9 31225 9 33156 35089 9 37024 9 38961
    8986 32125 9014 28696 31063 9070 39232 9098 53209
    11)8.6718 00006 11 8.7078 01203 14379 11)8.8164 77595
    14 1 a.4117 35962 65205 14 8.5431 66790
    17)8.1257 36940 38153 (17 a.2783 28619
    20)7.8494 61884 18994 (70 a.0217 00432
    23 7.5825 80180 03867 (23 I 7.7730 27719
    26 7.3247 72454
    29 I 7.0757 30190 2::: (29)7.2235 98067
    24 (71)4.2526 09649 (71)4.3596 44069 (71)4.4692 57504 (71)4.5815 09331 (71)4.6964 60232
    l/2 ( 1)3.1064 44913 ( 1)3.1080 54054 ( 1)3.1096 62361 ( 1)3.1112 69837 ( 1)3.1128 76483
    l/3 9.8819 45122 9.8853 57396 9.8887 67316 9.8921 74886 9.8955 80110
    5.5735 49061 5.5749 92425 5.5764 34668 5.5778 75794 5.5793 15803
    :,/2 3.9528 05659 3.9536 24554 3.9544 42771 3.9552 60312 3.9560 77177

    970 971 972 971


    .._ 914
    9 409on 9 42841 9 44784 9 467;!9 9 486%
    9126 73000 9154 98611 9183 30048 9211 673:L7 9240 10424
    11)8.9629 57994
    14 8.7209 58129
    17 I a.4854 922'59
    20)8.2563 a3968
    23)8.0334 61601
    29)7.ba40 39148
    24 (71)4.8141 72219 (71)4.9347 08664 (71)5.0581 34323 (71)5.1845 15371 (71)5.3139 19427
    l/2 ( 1)3.1144 82300 ( 1)3.1160 87290 ( 1)3.1176 91454 ( 1)3.1192 94792 ,~--
    f i)3.1208 97307
    l/3 9. a989 a2992 9.9023 83537 9.9057 a1747 9.9091 77627 9.9125 71181
    l/4 5.5807 54698 5.5821 92482 5.5836 29155 5.5850 64719 5.5864 99178
    l/5 3.9568 93368 3.9577 08886 3.9585 23732 3.9593 37908 3.9601 51415
    1
    ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 63
    POWERS AND ROOTS nk Table 3.1
    k
    .._
    975 978
    : 9 50625 9 56484
    9268 59375 9354 41352
    : (11 I 9.0368 78906 11)9.1486 16423
    (14 8.8109 56934 14)8.9413 46861
    2 17 8.5906 83010 17)8.7505 05230
    7 20 18.3759 15935 20)8.5579 94115
    23 8.1665 18037 23 8.3697 18245
    9” 26 8.1855 84443
    10 29 I 8.0055 01586
    24 (71)5.4464 15584 (71)5.5820 74443 (71)5.7209 68141 71)5.8631 70383 (71)6.0087 56477
    m ( 1)3.1224 98999 ( 1)3.1240 99870 ( 1)3.1256 99922 1)3.1272 99154 ( 1)3.1288 97569
    l/3 9.9159 62413 9.9193 51328 9.9227 37928 9.9261 22218 9.9295 04202
    l/4 5.5879 32533 5.5893 64785 5.5907 95938 5.5922 25992 5.5936 54950
    l/5 3.9609 64254 3.9617 76427 3.9625 87934 3.9633 98776 3.9642 08956

    .__
    WI” 983 984
    : 9 60400 9 66289 9 68256
    941192000 9498 62087 9527 63904
    : (11)9.2236 81600
    (14)9.0392 07968
    2 (17 8.8584 23809
    20 1 8.6812 55332
    l3 23)8.5076 30226 i 11
    23 I19.1784
    20
    17
    14 9.0223
    9.3371.
    8.7182
    8.8689 79843
    12862
    44315
    26396
    99386
    lo' I
    24 (71)6.1578 03365 71)6.3103 89657 (71)6.4665 95666 (71)6.6265 03443 (71)6.7901 96812
    l/2 ( 1)3.1304 95168 1)3.1320 91953 ( 1)3.1336 87923 ( l';.;:;; ;;3;; ( 1)3.1368 77428
    l/3 9.9328 83884 9.9362 61267 9.9396 36356 9.9463 19667
    l/4 5.5950 82813 5.5965 09584 5.5919 35265 5: 5993 59857 5.6007 83363
    l/5 3.9650 18474 3.9658 27331 3.9666 35529 3.9674 43069 3.9682 49952

    986 987 988


    : 9 74169 9 76144 9 78iil
    9615 04803 9644 30272 9673 61669
    : 11 9.4900 52406
    I4 9.3666 81724 [ ::I z: :::: EZ
    2 17 I 9.2449 14862 (17 9.3012 57495
    i I 20
    23 9.1896
    9.0193 66691
    42406
    9
    10 I 29
    26 8.9704
    8.8621 14296
    69325 8.9528 83144
    24 (71)6.9577 61406 (71)7.1292 84708 ( 71)7.3048 56083 (71)7.4845 66822 (71)7.6685 10178
    l/2 ( 1)3.1384 70965 ( 1)3.1400 63694 1)3.1416 55614 ( 1)3.1432 46729 ( 1)3.1448 37039
    l/3 9.9497 47896 9.9531 13846 9.9564 77521 9.9598 38925 9.9631 98061
    l/4 5.6022 05785 5.6036 27123 5.6050 47381 5.6064 66560 5.6078 84662
    l/5 3.9690 56179 3.9698 61152 3.9706 66671 3.9714 70939 3.9122 74555

    990 993 994


    : 9 80100 9 86049 9 88036
    3 9702 99000 9791 46657
    (11 9.6059 60100 11 i 9.7229 26304
    : 14 9.5099 00499 14 9.6548 65820
    I 17 9.4148 01494

    I
    17 9.5872 81759
    ! 20 9.3206 53479 20 9.5201 70787
    8 I 23 I 9.2274 46944 23 9.4535 29591
    9 26)9.1351 72475 26 9.3873 54884
    10 I 29)9.0438 20750 29 9.3216 43400
    24 (71)7.8567 81408 (71)8.2466 98779 (71)8.4485 45822 (71)8.6551 22630
    ( 1)3.1464 26545 ( 1)3.1480 15248 ( 1)3.1496 03150 ( 1)3.1511 90251 ( 1)3.1527 76554
    ://: 9.9665 54934 9.9699 09547 9.9732 61904 9.9766 12009 9.9199 59866
    5.6093 01690 5.6107 17644 5.6121 32527 5.6135 46340 5.6149 59086
    $2 3.9730 77521 3.9738 79839 3.9746 81509 3.9754 82534 3.9762 82913

    996 997 998


    94009 96004
    991; 26973 99490 11992
    (11)9.8805 38921 (11 9.9202 39680
    (14)9.8508 97304
    44612
    80578
    04937
    (14
    (17 I
    9.9003
    9.8805
    99201
    98402
    37206
    15531
    11422
    17769 (29)9.8017 iEi
    24 (71)8.8665 35105 (71)9.0828 91413 (71)9.3043 02025 (71)9.5308 79767 (71)9.7627 39866
    l/2 ( 1)3.1543 62059 ( 1)3.1559 46768 ( 1)3.1575 30681 ( 1)3.1591 13800 ( 1)3.1606 96126
    9.9833 05478 9.9866 48849 9.9899 89983 9.9933 28884 9.9966 65555
    ::: 5.6163 70767 5.6177 81384 5.6191 90939 5.6205 99434 5.6220 06871
    l/5 3.9770 82648 3.9778 81740 3.9786 80191 3.9794 78001 3.9802 75173

    +y] ,:[(-231 “q-p] .:[(-y]


    .

    4. Elementary Transcendental Functions


    Logarithmic, Expwential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions
    RUTY ZUCKER l

    Contents

    Page
    Mathematical Prcbperties ..................... 67
    4.1. Logarithmic Function ................... 67
    4.2. Exponential Function ................... 69
    4.3. Circular lknctions .................... 71
    4.4. Inverse C rcular Functions ................. 79
    4.5. Hyperbol:.c Functions ................... 83
    4.6. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ............... 86

    Numerical Methods ....................... 89


    4.7. Use and Extension of the Tables .............. 89

    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . 93

    Table 4.1. Commcln Logarithms (100&11350) . . . . . . . . . . . 95


    log,, 5, 2=1(0(1)1350, 10D

    Table 4.2. Natural Logarithms (0 5s<_2.1) . , , . , . . . . . , , . 100


    In z, s=O(.O101)2.1, 16D

    Table 4.3. Radix ‘Table of Natural Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . 114


    ln (l+z), -in (l-cc), r=lO-n(lO-n)lO-n+l, n=lO(-1)1, 2511

    Table 4.4. Exponential Function (0 5 1215 100) , , . . . . . . . . . . 116


    ez, fz=o(.o31)1, 18D, s=O(.1)5, ’ 15D
    x=5(.1)10, 12D, --2=0(.1)10, 20D
    *tz=0(1)100, 19s

    Table 4.5. Radix Table of the Exponential Function . . . . . . . . . 140


    ez, eez, x=1(1-n(lO-“)lO-“+l, n=lO(-l)l, 25D

    Table 4.6. Circular Sines and Cosines for Radian Arguments (0 <z < 1.6)1 . 142
    sin 2, co9 5, ~=0(.001)1.6, 23D

    Table 4.7. Radix Table of Circular Sines and Cosines . . . . . . . . . 174


    sin 2, cos 2, ;c=lO-n(lO-“)lO-n+‘, n=lO(-1)4, 25D

    Table 4.8. Circular Sines and Cosines for Large Radian Arguments
    (0~z~1000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
    sin 2, cos 2, ;e=O(l)lOO, 23D, ~=100(1)1000, 8D

    1 National Bureau of Standards.


    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL .FUNCTIONS

    Table Tangents, Cotangents, Secants and Cosecants for Page


    4.9. Circular
    Radian Arguments
    (0 <z 5 1 .S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
    tm 5, cot x, set 2, csc r, 2=0(.01)1.6, 7 to 9D
    5
    -1 -cot x, csc x-x-l, x=0(.01).5, 8D
    Table 4.10. Circular Sines and Cosines to Tenths of a Degree (0’ 5 8 5 90”) . 189 .
    sin 8, cos 8, 8=O”(.lo)900, 15D

    Table 4.11. Circular Tangents, Cotangents, Secants and Cosecants to


    Five Tenths of a Degree (0” 5 0<90’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
    tan e, cot 8, e=o”(.50)900, l5D
    set 8, csc 8, e=O”(.50)900, 8D

    Table 4.12. Circular Functions for the Argument f z (05 z < 1) . . . . 200

    sin %, cos %, tan %, cot %c, set %, csc L, s=O(.Ol)l, 20D


    2 2 2 2 2 2

    Table 4.13. Harmonic Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 202


    sin *‘T, cos z, r=l(l)[s/2], s even
    T&&2], s odd
    s=3(1)25, 10D

    Table 4.14. Inverse Circular Sines and Tangents (O<z<l). . . . . , . 203


    arcsin 2, arctan 2, x=0(.001)1, 12D
    f(z)=[2(1-x)1-f&r-arcsin z], z=.95(.001)1, l2D

    Table 4.15. Hyperbolic Functions (0 5 az5 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . 213


    sinh x, cash x, x=0(.01)2, 9D, 2=2(.1)10, 9D
    tanh z, coth 5, x=0(.01)2, 8D, 7D, 2=2(.1)10, 10D

    Table 4.16. Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions for the Argument KZ


    (O<x<l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
    e**=, sinh ?rx, cash ?rx, tanh ?rz, z=O(.Ol)l, 10D

    Table 4.17. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions (0 5~5~)) . . . . . . . . . 221


    arcsinh x, arctanh 5, z=O(.Ol)l, 9D
    arcsinh x, (arccosh X)/(X?- l)‘, 2= 1(.01)2, 9D, 8D
    arcsinh z-ln z, arccosh z-ln 2, s-‘=.5(-.01)0, 10D

    Table 4.18. Roots z, of cos x, cash z~= f 1, n= 1(1)5, 7D . . . . . . 223

    Table 4.19. Roots 2, of tan zn=kzn (--00 <AlO, l<Xlm) . . . . . 224


    -x=0(.05)1, n=1(1)9, 5D
    x-*=-1(.05)1, n=1(1)9, 5D

    Table 4.20. Roots 2, of cot x,,=kr,, (0 <Xla ) . . . . . . . . . . . 225


    X=0(.05)1, n=l(1)9, 5D
    X-‘=1(-.05)0, n=1(1)9, 5D

    The author acknowledges the assistance of Lois K. Cherwinski and Elizabeth F. Godefroy
    io the preparation and checking of the tables.
    4. Elementary Transcendental Functions
    Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic IFunctions
    Mathematical Properties
    4.1. Logarithmic Function Logarithmic Identities

    Integral Representat ion 4.1.6 Ln (z,z2)=Ln zl+Ln z2.

    z dt (i.e., every value of Ln (z1z2) is one of the values


    4.1.1 In z=
    S 17 of Ln zr+Ln z2.)

    4.1.7 In (z1z2)=ln q+ln z2


    iY

    (--?r<arg zl+arg z217r)

    4.1.8 Ln z=Ln zl--Ln z2

    n 0
    1
    -I
    x 4.1.9 In z=ln z,-ln ;z2
    z=r+iy
    (-r<arg zl-arg z2<n)

    4.1.10 Ln zn=n Ln 2 (n integer)


    FIGURE 4.1. Brunch cut for, In z and 9.
    (a not an integer or zero.) 4.1.11 In P=n In 2
    (n integer, -s<n arg 25~)
    where the path of integration does not pass Special Values (see chapter 1)
    through the origin or cross the negative real
    axis. In z is a single-valued function, regular in 4.1.12 In l=O
    the z-plane cut along the negative real axis, real 4.1.13 In 0=- 03
    when z is positive.
    4.1.14 ln (-l)=*i
    z=x+iy=reie.
    4.1.15 In (&i)=f&
    4.1.2 In z=ln r+iO (-*<OS*). 4.1.16 In e=l, e is the real number such that

    4.1.3 r= (x2+y2)*, x=r cos 0, y=r sin 0: S6 dt


    1 t=’

    e=arctan f. “=2.71828 18284.. .

    (see 4.2.21)
    The general logarithmic function is the many-
    valued function Ln z defined by Logarithms to General Base

    4.1.18 log, z=ln z/in 1s


    z dt
    4.1.4 Lnz=
    S 1t
    4.1.19
    where the path does not pass through the origin.
    4.1.20
    4.1.5
    Ln (re@)=ln (refe)+2kti=ln r+i(e+akr), 4.1.21 log, z=ln 2

    k being an arbitrary integer. In z is said to be the 4.1.22 log,, z=ln z/in lO=log,, e In z
    principal branch of Ln z. = (.43429 44819 . . .)ln 2
    67
    68 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    4.1.23 ln z=ln 10 log,, z= (2.30258 50929 . . .) loglo z


    4.1.35 Iln (l--x)\< g (O<zI.5828)
    (log, x=ln x, called natural, Napieriun, or hyper-
    bolic logarithms; log,, x, called common or Briggs 4.1.36 111 2_<2-1
    logarithms.) (XX)
    Series Expansions 4.1.37 In x<n(x I’*-- 1) for any positive n
    4.1.24 In (1+2)=2-~2z++23-. . . (XX)
    (/z/11 and z#-1) 4.1.38 /In (1+2)(:2-ln (l-120 W<1)
    4.1.25 Continued Fractions

    In z=(G)+: (?J+a ($J+ , . . 4.1.39


    2 42 42 92
    In (1+z)=*&GG5+6+. ..
    (92 13)
    4.1.26
    (z in the plane cut from - 1 to - co)
    In z=(z-1)-~(z-1)*+Q(z-l)3-. . .
    4.1.40
    (Iz-1111, ZZO)
    4.1.27 =---2;: 22 --.
    422 922 . .
    l-- 3- 5- 7-
    In 2=2 [(s)+i (sy+i (sy+. . .] (z in the cut plane of Figure 4.7.)

    (922 0, z#O) Polynomial Approximations *

    4.1.28 In (%)=2 (k+&+&,+ . . .) 4.1.41

    jl421, zffl)
    log10 x=alt+u3t”+t(x), t=(x-1)/(x+1)
    4.1.29
    le(x)l56XlO-’
    In (z+a)=ln a+2
    [(&)+f (&> al= .86304 a,=.36415
    +f (&J5+ * . .]
    4.1.42
    (a>O, 921--a#z)

    Limiting Values log10 x=a~t+a~t~+a~t~+a,t’+u~t”+~(x)


    t=(x-.1)/(x$1)
    4.1.30 lim x-0 In x=0
    z+m
    je(x)/_<lO-’
    (a constant, 9&~>0)
    4.1.31 aI=. 1718 a’= .09437 6476
    lim xa In x=0
    z--10 u3= .28933 5524 f&=.19133 7714
    (CYconstant, 2&~>0)
    as= .17752 2071
    4.1.32
    4.1.43 01:x< 1
    lim $I i-ln m =y (Euler’s constant)
    m-+m( > In (1+x)=u1x+~x2+u3x3+u4x4+usx5+~(x)
    =.57721 56649 . . .
    (see chapters 1, 6 and 23) Is(x)/ 5 1 x 10-s
    Inequalities UI= .99949 556 a4= - .13606 275
    4.1.33 ex <In U+X)<J: a2= - .49190 896 as= .03215 845

    (x>-1, x#O) a3= .28947 478

    4.1.34 z<-In (l--2)< & * The approximations 4.1.41 to 4.1.44 are from C. Hast-
    ings, Jr., Approsimations for digital computers. Princeton
    (x<l, ‘XZO) ,Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission).
    ELEiMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 69
    4.1.44 O_<z<l
    4.1.52
    In (1+2)=a~z+u~22+~~23+uq~4S~u~25+ug~6
    4.1.53
    fw’ + fws+f (2)

    le(z)1<3XlO-* Sln [z+(z2&1)(]dz=z In [2+(22&1)+]-(22511))

    uq= . 99999 64239 a$= . 16765 40711 4.1.54


    u2= -. 49987 41238 ue= --. 09532 93897
    a,= . 33179
    u4= -. 24073
    90258
    38084
    u7= . 03608
    us= --. 00645
    84937
    35442 S zn In [z+(z2&l)i]dz= 2 In [z+(z2*l)+]

    Approximation

    4.1.45
    in Terms of Chebyohev

    O<z<l
    Polynomials 3 -- &
    S --
    &+f)+ dz (n#--1)

    Definite Integrals
    Z’,*(X)=COS n8, cos ~=!kc-l (see chapter 22)
    4.1.55
    In (l+d=n$o -4,T,,*@)
    4.1.56
    n AZ n A,
    0 . 37645 2813 6 -.. 00000 8503
    1 34314 5750 00000 1250 4.1.57 Trdt-ln t-Zz(x)
    - (see 5.1.3)
    0
    2 -: 02943 7252 ; -: 00000 0188
    3 .00336 7089 9 00000 0029 4.2. Exponential Function
    4 -. 00043 3276 10 -: 00000 0004
    5 . 00005 9471 11 . 00000 0001 Beries Expansion
    4.2.1
    Differentiation Formulas
    z 22 z3
    e’=exp ~.=l+~+~+~+ . . . (z=z+iy)
    4.1.46 & In z=Jj
    where e is the real number defined in 4.1.16

    4.1.47 &In z=(-l)n-l(n-l)!z-fl Fundamental Properties

    4.2.2 Ln (exp 2)=2+2k7ri (k any integer)


    Integration Formulas
    4.2.3 In (exp z)=z (--?T<:J~IT)
    4.1.48 s dz
    T=ln 2
    4.2.4 exp (ln 2) = exp (Ln 2) = 2

    4.1.49
    S In z dz=z In z---z 4.2.5
    d
    z exp z=exp z
    4.1.50

    s zn In zdz=- Zn+l ln z--


    n+l (n+02
    p+l 4.2.6
    Definition

    If N=u*,
    of General

    then z=Log,
    Powers

    4.2.7 a”= exp (2 In cc)


    (n#-1, n integer)
    4.2.8 If u=juj exp (i arg a) (--?r<arg ul?r)
    4.1.51
    4.2.9 l&l = ((+-Y *rg =
    S z” (In 2)‘” dz=
    z?+l (In 2)” --- nt
    n+l n-t-l Szn (ln z)“-‘dz
    4.2.10 arg (u’)=y In lul+z arg a
    (n#-1)
    4.2.11
    Ln u’=z In a for one of the values of Ln uz
    3 The approximation 4.1.45 is from C. W. Clenshaw,
    Polynomial approximations to elementary functions, 4.2.12 In uz=z ln a (a real and positive)
    Math. Tables Aids Comp. 8, 143-l‘L7 (1954) (with per-
    mission). 4.2.13’ le*[=ez
    ,
    70 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    4.2.14 arg (eZ)= y Special Values (see chapter 1)

    4.2.15 &l&Zz=&3 4.2.22 e=2.71828 18284 . .


    4.2.23 eO=l
    4.2.16 u%*= (cd)" (--?r<arg a+arg bS?r)
    4.2.24 em= co
    4.2.25 e-- =0
    4.2.26 efd=-l

    4.2.27 e*?= fi
    4.2.28 e2*ki = 1 (k any integer)
    Exponential Inequalities

    If 2 is real and different from zero


    -z
    4.2.29 e l-r<l-x<e-z @-a
    4.2.30 ez>l+x

    FIGURE 4.2, Logarithmic and exponential junctions. 4.2.31 e'<j-$ @a

    Periodic Property 4.2.32 +x<(l-“-q<x (x>-1)

    4.2.17 &Wkl= ,f (k any integer) 4.2.33 x<(e"--I)<& (x<l)


    Exponential Identities

    4.2.18 &z22=ez1+z2 4.2.34 l+x>t!G (x>-1)

    4.2.19 (ezl)Zs=~rlr2 (- ?r<921< 7r) 4.2.35 e">l+$ (n>O, z>O)


    The restriction (- n<Yq 5 r) can be removed
    if z2 is an integer. 4.2.36 eZ> 1-t; ‘>,ezs (~>O, Y>O)
    ( >
    Limiting Values
    4.2.20 4.2.37 P<l-; (O<xI 1.5936)
    /iy zae-z=O (Jarg 21_<p-t<+n, (Yconstant)
    * m
    4.2.38 $4<le' -li<~l4 @<14<1)
    4.2.21 4.2.39 (ez-l(<e~“-ll(z~e’r~ (all z)

    Continued Fractions

    (For e,(z) see 6.5.11)


    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 71
    4.2.42 Approximations in Terms of Chebyshev Polynomials 6

    2a nrctnn tzl I 2a a2+1 a?+4 a2+9 4.2.48 O<z_<l


    e
    z--a+ 32+ !iz+ 72+ * ” T:(x) =cos no, cos 8=2x-- 1 (see chapter 22)

    (z in the cut plrtne of Figure 4.4.) e-=2 A,T:(x)


    n=o
    Polynomial Approximzltions ’
    A, n An
    4.2.43 O<x<ln 2=.693 .. 1.75338 7654 ID 64503 5270
    .85039 1654 ; -: 31284 1606
    e-==1+u~x+u2x2$~E(x) . 10520 8694 -: 03870 4116
    .00872 2105 3 00320 8683
    le(x)J<3XlO-” * 00054 3437 4 00019 9919
    .00002 7115 85 -: 00000 9975
    a,=-.9664 u2= .3536 . 00000 1128 16 00000 0415
    . 00000 0040 7 -: 00000 0015
    4.2.44 O<x<ln 2 . 00000 0001
    Differentiation For!mulas
    e-z=l+a,x+u2x2+u3x3+u~x4+e(x)
    d
    le(x)/<3XlO-” 4.2.49 dz ez=e”

    al = - .99986 84 u3= -- .15953 32 d” ear= anen’


    u2= .49829 26 u4= .0293641 4.2.50 dz”

    4.2.45 O<x<ln 2 d
    4.2.51 d=d In a:
    dz
    e-z=1+a~x+a2x2+~3x3+~4x4+~~~5
    +u6x*+u,x’+E(x) 4.2.52 -d y&(&-l
    dz
    le(x)112X10-10
    4.2.53 $ Y=(l+ln z)z’
    a, = - .99999 99995 u5= -- .00830 13598
    u2= .49999 99206 u6= .00132 98820 Integration Formulas
    aa=-. a’=--.00014 13161
    u4= .04165 73475
    4.2.54 eazdz= earla
    s
    4.2.46 6 O<xil
    4.2.55
    10Z=(l+a,x+azx2+a3;c”+a4x4)2+r(x) f
    JE(x)~~7X10-4 J z”e”‘dz=s [(uz)n-n(az)n-1+n(n-1)(uz)n-2
    + . . . +(-1>m-in!+%!] (n20)
    a1=1.14991 96 u3= .20800 30
    a2= .6774323 a4= .12680 89 4.2.56
    5 &=- eaz
    4.2.47 O_<x<l
    S s5 dz@>I>
    (n-1)2"-'+laY
    10z= (1 +alx+u2x2+a3x3+u4x4t a& (See chapters 5, 7 and 29 for other integrals
    involving exponential functions.)
    +w6+~7~7)2+~(~)

    4.3. Circular Functions


    Ic(x)~<5xlO-~
    Definitions
    al=l. 15129 277603 us=:. 01742 111988
    a2= .66273 088429 u6=. 00255 491796 ei3~e-iz
    u3= .25439 357484 a’=:. 00093 264267 4.3.1 sin z=
    u4= .07295 173666 2i
    eiL+e--t”
    4 The a proximations 4.2.43 to 4.S1.45 are from B. Carl- 4.3.2 cos z=--
    son, M. E oldstein, Rational approximation of functions, 2
    Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LIA-1943, Los Alamos,
    N. Mex., 1955 (with permission). 6 The approximations 4.2.48 are from C. W. Clenshaw,
    5 The approximations 4.2.46 to 4.2.47 are from C. Hast- Polynomial approximations to cxlementary functions,
    ings, Jr., Approximations for digital computers. Princeton Math. Tables Aids Camp. 8, 143-147 (1954) (with per-
    Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission). mission).
    72 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    4.3.17 cos (z~+~~)=c~s q cos z2-sin z1 sin z2


    4.3.3 tan 2=%
    43.18 tan (zl+z2)=cAtan tan z,+tan z2
    1 1 2
    4.3.4
    2 tan 2

    csc 2=-r--
    sin 2
    4.3.19 (zl+z2,=“~~t~;“;i”,,“zz’
    1
    cot

    SW z=- 2 1

    4.3.5
    cos 2
    Half-Angle Formulas
    1
    4.3.6 cot z=- tan 2 4.3.20 sin $= &(qc)’
    Periodic Properties

    4.3.7 sin (2+2h)=sin 2 (k any integer) 4.3.21 cos ;= *( +=)”

    4.3.8 cos (2 +2/h) = cos 2


    4.3.22 t,an i= &(~~>1=~=~2
    4.3.9 tan (z+&r)=tan 2
    V
    , The ambiguity in sign may be resolved with the
    aid of a diagram.
    I
    Transforkation of Trigonometric Integrals

    If t,an %=z then

    22 l-z2 du
    4.3.23 sin u=--,
    1+z2 cos u=l+zz
    Multiple-Angle Formulas
    1
    70
    4.3.24 sin 22=2 sin ,a cos 2=,“,“t”,“,~2

    4.3.25 cos 2~2 co9 z-1=1-2 sin2 z


    l-tan2 2
    =cos2 z-sin2 z= 1+tarP 2

    4.3.26 tan 22=--= 2 tan 2 2 cot 2 2


    =--
    l-tan22 cot22-1 cot z-tan 2
    - sinx
    ----- co3 x
    --- tonx 4.3.27 sin 3z=3 sin z-4 sin3 2
    FIGURE 4.3. Circularfunctions.
    4.3.28 cos 3z=-3 cos z+4 cosa 2
    Relations Between Circular Functions
    4.3.29 sin 42=8 cos” 2 sin 2-4 cos 2 sin 2
    4.3.10 sin2 z+cos2 z=l
    4.3.30 cos 42=8 co& z-8 cos2 23-1
    4.3.11 sec2 z-tan2 2=1
    Products of Sines and Cosines
    4.3.12 csc2 z-cot? z=l
    4.3.31 2 sin z1 sin zz=cos (ZI-2&-co8 (21+22)
    Negative Angle Formulas
    4.3.32 2 cos z1 cos Z:~=COS (a-z2)+cos (21+22)
    4.3.13 sin (--)=-sin 2
    4.3.14 cos (- z)=cos 2 4.3.33 2 sin z1 cos z:!=sin (zl-z2)+sin (21+22)

    Addition and Subtraction of Two Circular Functions


    4.3.15 tan (--)=-tan 2
    4.3.34
    Addition Formulas
    sin zl+sin z2=2 sin(‘+) cOS(y)
    4.3.16 sin (zl + z2)=sin z1 cos z2+cos z1 sin 22
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 73
    4.3.35 4.3.41
    sin zl-sin z2=2 cos(F) sin(v) cos2 a-cos2 z2=-sin (zl+z2) sin (~~-2~)
    4.3.36
    4.3.42
    cos2 zl--sin2 z2=cos (z1+z2) cos (zl-z2)

    cos 21--cos z2=-2 sin(Tk) sin(y)


    4.3.43
    Signs of the Circular Functions
    4.3.38
    in the Four Quadrants
    tan z,i-tan z2= sin (215 z2)
    cos 21 cos 22
    Quadrant sin cos tan
    4.3.39
    csc set cot
    cot 21&cot z2= sin (~2fzJ
    . ___~-
    sin z1 sin z2
    Relations Between Squares of ISines and Cosines + +
    :I $ -
    4.3.40 III - 7
    IV - J -
    sin2 q-sin2 z2=sin (zl+zJ sin (~~-4

    4.3.44
    Functions of Angles in Any Quadrant in Terms of Angles in the First Quadrant. (0 2 0 15, k any integer)

    2kufe

    sin-------- -sin 8 cos 8 Fsin e --OS 8 &sin 8


    cos-- -.---- cos e Fsin e --OS e fsin e +COS e
    tan--_---- -tan0 ‘fc0t e &tan e ‘fc0t e ftan 8
    csc------- --SC e +sec e FCSC e -set 8 ~CSC 8
    set------- set e FCSC e -set e ~CSC e +sec e
    cot _______ --cot e Ftan8 *cot 8 itan e f00t e

    4.3.45 Relations Between Circular (or Inverse Circular) Functions


    == = = = =
    sin x=u cos x=u tan x=a csc x=a set x=a cot x=a
    - - ._ -- .-
    sin x------ a ( 1-u2)* a(l+a2)-+ a-’ a-‘(cc- 1)” (1+a2)-4

    cos x------ (l--d)+ CC (l+d)-+ u-‘(d- 1)’ a-’ a(1 +a2)-i

    tan x------ a(l--a2)-* tc-‘(l--a2)* a (a”- 1)-’ (a2- 1)” a-’


    csc x------ a-1 :1-a”)-* a-y1+a*y a a(a”- I)-” (1 +a214
    set xv----- (l-a2)-* 4 -1
    (lfa214 u(&-- 1)-t a a-‘(1+a2)*

    cot x------ a-‘(l-4)* ‘z(l--d)-* a-l (&-I)+ (a2- 1) -* a


    - - - - -
    (wx~;) Illustration: If sin x=u, cot ~=a-‘(l--a2)t
    arcsec u=arccot (a”- 1)-i
    74 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    4.3.46 Circular Functions for Certain


    - Angles Euler’s Formula
    - -
    4.3.47 ez=ez+fu=ez (cos y+i sin y)
    a/12 7d6 *I4 *I3
    is 15O 3o” 45O 60’ De Moivre’s Theorem
    -- - _- -- --
    4.3.48 (cos z+i sin z)“=cos vzfi sin ~2

    sin 0 $ (J3-1) l/2 &I2 &I2 (-*<L%?;z <T unless Y is nn integer)


    Relation to Hyperbolic Functions (see 4.5.7 to 4.5.12)
    JZ -
    cos 1 z cd3+ 1) 4512 112 4.3.49 sin z= --i sinh iz

    4.3.50 cos z=cosh iz


    tan 0 2-J3 1 43
    4.3.51 tan z= --i tanh iz
    csc co llz<&+ 1) Jz 2&/3
    4.3.52 csc z=:i csch iz
    set 1 &qJ3- 1) 4 2
    4.3.53 set z=:sech iz
    cot 00 2+i3 1 4313 4.3.54 cot z==i coth iz
    = = = = =
    Circular Functions in Tgazi of Real andImaginary
    5~/12 n/2 7~112 2~13
    75O 30° 105O 1200
    4.3.55 sin z=sin x cash yfi cos x sinh y
    - .-
    4.3.56 cos z=cos x cash y--i sin 2 sinh y
    sin 1 4512 4 . 3 . 57 tan Z=sin 2x-j-i sinh 2y
    cos 2x f cash 2y

    cos $(&i-l) 0
    -Jz
    4
    -
    (d3- 1) -l/2
    4 . 3 . 58
    2x--i sinh
    cot z_sincash 2y- cos 2x
    2y
    tan w& co -(2f43) 4 Modulus and Phase (Argument) of Circular Functions

    csc j5<&- 1) 1 JR&-1, 24313 4.3.59 /sin zj= (sin2 z+sinh2 y)+

    =[a (cash 2y-cos 2x)]+


    set J%&+ 1) Q1 +m+ 1) -2
    4.3.60 arg sin z=arctan (cot x tanh y)
    cot a-& 0 4243) -&3
    4.3.61 (cos z~=(co@ z+sinh2 y)f
    A.-
    - = = =I = ==
    =[a (cash 2y+cos 22)]+
    37r/4 5n/6 ’ lln/12
    135O 150° 165’ GO0 4.3.62 arg cos z= --arctan (tan x tanh y)

    ‘cash 2y-cos 2x 4
    4.3.63
    sin lj5/2 112
    4-$ (Jc1) 0
    Itan ‘l=(,cosh 2yfcos 2x

    4.3.64 arg tan z:=arctan (@S&$!)


    cos 4% -&/a -1
    Series Expansions
    4.3.65
    tan -1 -a/3 -(2-&i) 0

    csc liz 2 &m+1> co sin z=z-$+&$+ ... (14-c-1


    set -42 - 2&/3 -1 4.3.66
    -&M- 1)

    cot -1
    -
    4 -@+&I co cos z=l -$+2-S+.
    . . .
    .. @4<4
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 75
    4.3.67 Inerlualities

    23 225 1727
    tan z=z+~+~+~+ ... 4.3.79

    22n-1$- . .
    +(-l).-i22.(22n-l)Bzn
    (2n)! (lH<; > 4.3.80 sin 21 x_< tan 2
    4.36%
    12 7 31 4.3.81
    csc 2=;+,+,,, 23+15120 z5+ . . .

    +(-l)n-12(22n-‘-l)BZn
    (2n) !
    *2n-l,+
    (bl<d 4.3.82 (O<x<l)
    4.3.69 4.3.33 lsinh y/ 5 lsin ZJ5 cash y
    z2 5z4 61z6
    set ~=l+~+~+m+. .. 4.3.84 lsinh y/ 5 Jcos 21 Icosh y
    4.3.85 lcsc z[ Icschlyl

    4.3.70
    +(- l)n&
    (2n) !
    22n-- . .*
    ( ) lH<5
    4.3.86 /cos zl Scosh(z)
    4.3.87 /sin zI Isinhlzl
    1 2 23 2z5
    cot z=;-j-~-py- ...
    4.3.88 lcos zl< 2, /sin 2[<$[2( (l2l<O
    _ (-- w122n&n 22n-1,- .
    (2n) ! (l2l<7r)
    Infinite Products

    4.3.71
    4.3.89 sin 2=2 jiI (1-&)
    In (I4<a>
    4.3.90 cos 2=,i1 (l-
    4.3.72 (2&$ >
    l* cos 2=.& (-- w2n-1w- m, p (14<37r>
    Expansion in Partial Fractions
    W-1 n(2n) !
    4.3.73 4.3.91

    ln tan
    T=gI 2 (- l)‘-‘y..;;~l- 1) Bzn 22n
    1
    w<t’d 4.3.92 csc224 -
    k-i--m (z-kT)2
    where B, and E, are the Bernoulli and Euler
    numbers (see chapter 23).
    Limiting Values
    4.3.93
    sin 2
    4.3.74 lim ----xl (z#O,f?r,f%, . . .>
    z+o x
    Continued Fractions
    4.3.75 lim tan=1
    z-10 x 2 22 22 22
    4.3.94 tan z=c ---
    3- 5- 7- ... (2 #i*n*)
    4.3.76 lim n sin E=x
    n+- 4.3.95
    4.3.77 lim n tan 2=x a tan 2 (1-a’) tan2 2 (4--a2) tan2 2
    tan az=------
    ?a+- 1+ 3f 5+

    4.3.78 lim cos z=l (9-a”) tan2 2., . 2<g2<;, uz #+r


    n-+- 7t ( >
    76 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Polynomial Approximations 1
    4.3.101 o<x-$
    4.3.96 o<x<;
    tan x
    -= 2 1 +a~x2+u4x4+agx6+agx8+~,ox10

    la(s)] <2x10-5

    a,=-.16605 u4= .00761 as= .33333 14036 a3= .02456 50893


    a4= .13339 23995 alo= .00290 05250
    a6= .05337 40603 a12= .00951 68091

    4.3.102 05x<;

    [E(x)(<2x10-9 * x cot x= I $-a2x2+a4x4+ e (2)

    a2=-. 16666 66664 as= .OOOOO27526 16(2')1<3x10-5


    a4= .00833 33315 alo= - .OOOOO00239
    a2= - .332867 a,=-.024369
    as=-. 00019 84090
    4.3.103 02x< ;
    4.3.98 o_<xg;

    x cot x= 1 +a2x2+a4x4+a~x6+a8x8+aIox10+ c (x)


    cos x=1+a,x2+a,x4++(x)
    16(X)1<9x 10-h Ir(x)l<4Xlo-'O

    a2= - .49670 a4= .03705 a2= - .33333 33410 aa= - .00020 78504
    a4= - .02222 20287 alo= - .00002 62619
    4.3.99 O<X$ a6=-. 00211 77168

    cos x=1+a~xz+a4x4+a,xe+a8x8+a,0x10+t(x) Approximations in Terms of Chebyshev Polynomials 8

    la(x)ll2X 10-Q 4.3.104 --11x51

    a2= - .49999 99963 aa= .00002 47609 T: (x) = cos ti, cos 8=2x- 1 (see chapter 22)

    a4= .04166 66418 alo= -. 00000 02605


    sin ~~x=x *co A,T,*(,x*) cos $rx=2 A,T,*(z*)
    as=-.00138 88397 n-0

    n A, n A,
    4.3.100 o<x$ 0 1.27627 8962 0 .47200 12 16
    1 -.28526 1569 1 - .49940 3258
    tan 2
    --l+a2x2+a4x4+t(x)
    2 2 .00911 8016 2 .02799 2080
    3 - .00013 6587 3 - .00059 6695
    (a(x)(<lXlo-3
    4 .OOOOO1185 4 .OOOOO6704
    a*= .31755 a,=.20330 5 -.ooooo 0007 5 - .ooooo 0047

    7 The a proximations 4.3.96 to 4.3.103 are from B. Carl- n The approximations 4.3.104 are from C. W. Clenshan,
    son, M. e oldstein, Rational approximation of functions, Polynomial approxinlations to elementary functions,
    Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos, Math. Tables Aids Camp. 8, 143-147 (1954) (with per-
    N. Mex., 1955 (with permission). mission).
    *see page Ix.
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
    77
    Differentiation Formulas
    4.3.122

    4.3.105
    d
    2; sin z=cos 2 S z dz
    sin”=(n-
    -2 cos 2
    1) sinn-l z-(n-
    1
    1) (n-2) sinnm2 2

    d
    4.3.106 z cos z=-sin z
    4.3.123
    4.3.107 -$ tan z=sec2 z
    .
    zn cos zdz=zn sin z-n
    S zn-‘sin zdz

    d 4.3.124
    4.3.108 & csc z=-csc 2 cot 2

    4.3.109
    d
    z set z=sec z tan 2
    S S‘ sdz (n>l)

    4.3.110
    d
    -& cot 2=-csc2 2
    4.3.125
    SLdz=z
    cos2 2
    tan z+ln cos 2

    4.3.126
    2 dz sin
    S 2 2
    4.3.111 cosn=+1) cop-1 z-(%-l) (La) cosn-2Z

    4.3.112
    ++-2)
    (n-1) S5 cm>21

    Integration Formulas 4.3.127


    sirP+’
    4.3.113
    s
    sin zdz=-cos z S sinm 2 cos” 2 dz =
    m+n
    2 coC1 2

    4.3.114
    .I-
    cos z dz=sin ;:
    S sin”’ 2 cosnm2 z dz

    4.3.115

    4.3.116
    S tan zdz=-ln cosz==ln secz =-
    sinme 2 cosnfl
    m+n
    2

    I-
    J csc zdz=ln tan :=ln (csc z-cot z)=- 1 In- 1-cosz
    2 lfcosz
    S sin”‘-* 2 COS”

    (m#-n)
    2 dz

    4.3.117 4.3.128
    1
    s
    seczdz=ln(secz+tanz)=lntan
    S sinm z”Z,oP z=(n--1) sinmS1 2 cosnel 2

    =Inverse

    gd 2=2 arctan eZ-i


    Gudermannian Function
    + m+n-2
    n-l S sinm
    dz
    2 coP2 2

    (n>l)

    4.3.118

    4.3.119
    S cot zdz=ln sin z=--1n csc z =(m-1) sin:: 2 cosnml 2

    m-b-2 dz

    S Psinzdz=-zz” cos z+n z”-’ cos zdz


    + m-l S sirF2 2 cosn 2

    (m>l>
    4.3.120

    S 4.3.129
    S tannzdz=ts-fian”-2zda (n#l>

    4.3.121
    S Adz=--z
    sin* 2
    cot z-rln sin z 4.3.130
    S cot”zdz=---
    COtn-’
    n-l
    2

    S Cotn-2ZdZ (n#l)
    78 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    4.3.131
    clz =------ 2
    a tan 4.3.141
    S 0
    lsin2 nt dt== *cos2nt dt=%
    S 0

    S a+b sin z (a”--b”)*


    arctan
    (a”-- b2)t
    (az>b2)
    (n an integer, n#O)

    =- 1
    (bz-a2)+
    In
    a tan
    0
    z +b-(b2-a*))
    1 4.3.142
    S 0
    msirltmt &=;
    (m>O)

    a tan E +b+(b2-a2)t =o (m=O)


    0
    n
    (b2>a2) =-- (m<O>
    2
    dz
    4.3.132
    S ---7-=Ttan
    lfsm 2
    4.3.143 r
    mcos at--cos bt
    ___- L
    6
    dt=ln (b/a)
    4.3.133 Jo
    (a-b) tan i -

    S dz
    a+b cos z
    =-----
    2
    (a2-b2)*
    arctan (a”-b2)i W>W 4.3.144
    S0
    -sin t2 dt=
    S 0
    -cos t2 dt=i
    J
    i

    4.3.145

    =&h-l
    (b-a)

    (b-a)
    tan z+(b2-a2)+
    2
    tan c- (b2-a2)+
    1 S 0
    r/2
    In sin t dt=
    f
    .O
    s/2
    In cos t dt=-; In 2
    2
    m cos mt
    (b2>a?) 4.3.146
    S
    o T+T dt=ae-”
    4.3.134
    S dz
    -------=tan
    1+cos 2
    %
    (See chapters 5 and. 7 for other integrals
    ing circular functions.)
    involv-

    4.3.135
    S dz=-cot
    1-cos 2
    -2
    2
    (See [5.3] for Fourier transforms.)
    4.3.147
    4.3.136
    Formulas for Solution of Plane Right Triangles

    S e”” sin bz dz=-


    a2+b2
    ea” (a sin bz-b cos bz)

    4.3.137
    ,

    S e”” cos bz dz=-


    em
    a2fb2
    (a cos bz+b sin bz)

    4.3.138 C b A

    eazsin“-I bz
    S earsinn bz dz=
    a2+n2b2
    (a sin bz-nb cos bz)
    If A, B and C are the vertices (C the right

    + n(n-l)b2
    a2+n2b2 S eazsinne2 bz dz
    angle), and a, b and c the sides opposite respectively,

    sin A=:=- 1
    4.3.139
    c CSCA

    S e”’ cosn bz dz=


    eaLcos”-’ bz
    a2fn2b2
    (a cos bz+nb sin bz)
    cos A=-= 6 - 1
    c set A
    +
    n(n-W2
    a2+n2b2 S eaz COSn-2
    bz dz
    tan A=i=c+A
    Definite Integrals
    * versine A=vers A=l-cos A
    4.3.140
    S0
    sin mt sin nt dt=O
    coversine A=covers A=l-sin A
    (mfn, m and n integers)
    * haversine A=hav A=$ vers A

    S0
    cos mt cos nt dt=O
    exsecant A=exsec A=sec A-l
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 79
    4.3.148 4.4. Inverse Circular Functions
    Formulaa for Solution of Plane Triangles Definitions
    4.4.1
    s * dt
    ~rcsm z= s o (l-t*)* (2=x+$
    4.4.2
    0
    C l dt
    A
    4.4.3
    arccos z=
    S ----=9-arcsin
    z (l-t*)* 2
    2

    A/ ‘1

    In a triangle with angles A, B and C and sides


    b C
    arctan z=
    s p dt
    -
    0 1+t*
    The path of integration must not cross the
    opposite a, b and c respectively, real axis in the case of 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 and the
    imaginary axis in the case of 4.4.3 except possibly
    a b c inside the unit circle. Each function is single-
    sin=sin=sin valued and regular in the z-plane cut along the
    real axis from - 0~ to - 1 and + 1 to + 03in the case
    c*+ b*-a* of 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 and along the imaginary axis
    cos A=
    2bc from i to i 0~ and --i to --i 03in the case of 4.4.3.
    Inverse circular functions are also written
    a=b cos C-l-c cos B arcsin 2= sin-’ 2, arccos z=cos-’ 2, arctan 2
    =tan+ 2, . . . .
    a+b tan $(A+B) When -1 _<x_<1, arcsin x and arccos x are
    a--b=tan #(A-B) real and
    4.4.4 - $ir 5 arcsin 2 5 &r, 0 <;Irccos x,<u
    area bc sin A
    =-=[s(s-a) (s- b)(s,-c)]+ R220
    2 4.4.5 arctan z+arccot z=&)s
    RZ<O
    s=j(a+b+c) 4.4.6 arccsc 2= urcsiu l/z
    4.3.149 4.4.7 arcsec z=arccos l/z
    Formulas for Solution of Spherical Triangles 4.4.8 arccot z=arctan l/z
    4.4.9 arcsec 2 + arccsc 2= +a
    s (see 4.3.45)

    C
    (I

    A
    m
    0 -I 0 +I
    C
    b

    I
    -i

    arcsin z and arctan z


    If A, B and C are the three argles and a, b and arccos z
    c the opposite sides,

    sin A
    y=,=-- sin B sin C
    sin a sm b sm c

    cos a=cos b cm c+sin b sin c cos A


    =cos b cos (CH)
    CO8 e
    orccsc 2 and orccot L
    orcsec L
    where tan B=tan b cos A
    FIGURE 4.4. Branch cuts for inverse circular
    cos A=-cos B cos C+sin 13 sin C cos a jzbnctions.
    80 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Fundamental Property 4.4.23 Arccsc z=i Arccsch iz


    The general solutions of the equations 4.4.24 Arcsec z= f i Arcsech z
    sin t=z 4.4.25 Arccot z=:i Arccoth iz
    cos t=z Logarithmic Representations

    tan t=2 4.4.26 Arcsin x=-ii:Ln [(l-x”)*+ix] (~“51)


    are respectively
    4.4.27 Arccos x=--i Ln [x+i(l-x2)*] (x251)
    4.4.10 t=Arcsin z= (- 1)” arcsin z+kn
    4.4.28 Arctan x=i Ln
    4.4.11 t=Arccos z= k arccos z+Zkr

    4.4.12 (x real)
    t=Arctan z=arctan z+ka (9#-1)

    where k is an arbitrary integer. 4.4.29 Arccsc x=-i Ln [(x2-l)r+i] (~“2 1)

    4.4.13 Interval containing principal value


    x positive x negative 4.4.30 Arcsec x=--i Ln
    Y
    or zero

    arcsin x and arctan x 0 < y 5 a/2 - ?r/2 < y<O 4.4.31 Arccot

    arccos x and arcsec x 0 5 y 5~12 d2<Y s ?I- (5 real)


    arccot x and arccsc x 0 i y 57~12 - ?r/2 _<y<O Addition and Subtraction of Two Inverse Circular
    Functions
    4.4.32
    Arcsin z1 f Arcsin z2
    =:Arcsin [21(1-z3+~22(1-2T)t]
    4.4.33
    Arccos 21 f Arccos z2
    =Arccos{ zlz2F[(l-23 (l-z$]‘j
    L-20
    - -
    DlCILC
    OlECOl
    I
    I 4.4.34
    FIGURE 4.5. Inverse circular junctions. Arctan zlfArctan z,=Arctan (e)

    Functions of Negative Arguments 4.4.35


    4.4.14 arcsin (- 2) = - arcsin 2 Arcsin z1f Arccos 2:)

    =Arcsin{wdz[(l--zT) (l-$)1’}
    4.4.15 arccos (- 2) = 7r- arccos 2
    =Arccos [zz(l-2~)~~zz1(l-z~)*]
    4.4.16 arctan (- 2) = - arctan 2 4.4.36
    4.4.17 arccsc (- 2) = - arccsc 2 Arctan z1 &Arccot z2

    4.4.18 arcsec (- 2) = 7r-arcsec 2 =Arctan (*)=Arccot (--E?-E?)

    4.4.19 arccot (-z)=-arccot 2 Inverse Circular Functions in Terms of Real and


    Imaginary Parts
    Relation to Inverse Hyperbolic Functions (see 4.6.14 to
    4.6.19) 4.4.37
    4.4.20 Arcsin z= -i Arcsinh iz Arcsin ~=kd-(-l)~ arcsin/
    f(-l)%In [cYS(d--l)q
    4.4.21 Arccos z= f i Arccosh z 4.4.38
    4.4.22 Arctan z---i Arctanh iz (zz# -1) Arccos z=2knf {arccosfi-i In [(~+(a~-l)~I}
    ELElMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 81
    4.4.39 4.4.46 O<x<l
    Arctan z=ks++ arctan ($&)
    arcsin ~=T-(l--z)~(a,+a~z+a,22+a3~3
    2
    +; lu [$H] (zZ#-1)
    +u4x4+ujx5+u6x6+u,x’) -tE(X)
    where k is an integer or zero uild
    le(x>l<2X 10-s
    Cx=~[(2+1)~+?J~]~+~[(x--l)~+y~]~
    uo= 1.57079 63050 CIQ= .03089 lSS10
    P=~[(2+1)2+y2];-3[(2--1)2f?12];
    aq= -.21459 88016 us= -.01708 81256
    Series Expansions
    4.4.40 I&= .08897 89874 us= .00667 00901
    23 1 a325 1--*3.5;:’,7+. . .
    arcsIn 2=2+~~+~.~ .5+2e4e6 (l4<1) a3= -.05017 43046 a,=-.00126 24911

    4.4.41 4.4.41 -l_<s<l

    arcsin (l-2)+(22)’ arctan x=ulx+u3x3+u~x6+u,x7+uaexQ+~(x)


    1 +ks
    le(x) 15 10-b
    (121<2>
    4.4.42
    u1= .99986 60 aI= -.08513 30
    arctan z=z 2,z”3 5-, “?+ . . . (/z/_<l and ~~2-1) u3= - .33029 95 uQ= .02083 51
    uj= .18014 10
    =i-i+&-&+. . .((zl>landz2#-1)
    4.4.48 lo -11&l

    arctan x=-
    1+:8x2+‘(“)

    Continued Fractions Ir(x>l_<5x10-3

    4.4.43 arctan z=z - z2 -4z2 -.92 -1622


    4.4.49 l1 Ojril
    1+ 3+ 5+ 7-t 9+. . .
    (2 in the cut plane of Figure 4.4.) arctan x
    2
    =l+k~u2&k+r(r)
    2 1.2.~~1.2.~~3.4~~ 3.4~~
    4.4.44 ae22=1--r-cs-. ..
    le(x)l12xlO-*
    (2 in the cut plane of Figure 4.4.) u2= -.33333 14528 ulo= - .07528 96400
    Polynomial ApproximaGons 8
    u4= .19993 55085 a12= 90429096138
    4.4.45 O<x<l
    -- u8= - .14208 89944 u14= -.01616 57367
    arcsin 2=~-(1-~)*(a,+am-~a?rz+asr3)+~(r) ua= .10656 26393 am= .00286 62257

    /e(x)1 55x10-5

    a,,= 1.57072 88 u2=: .07426 10


    aq= -.21211 44 u3=- - .01872 93
    10The approximation 4.4.48 is from C. Hastings, Jr.,
    Note 143, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 6, 68 (1958) (with
    permission).
    11 The approximation 4.4.49 is from B. Carlson, M. Gold-
    Q The approximations 4.4.45 to 4.4.47 are from C. Hast- stein, Rational approximation of functions, Los Alamos
    ings,Jr., Approximat.ions for digital computers. Princeton Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos, N. Mex.,
    Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.. 1955 (with permission). 1955 (with permission).
    82 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Approximations in Terms of Chehyshev Polynomials I2 d 1


    4.4.57 z arccsc 2=-2 (e2-l)i
    4.4.50 -l<S<l
    Integra-tion Formulas
    Tf(x)=cos ne, cos 0=2x- 1 (see chapter 22)
    4.4.58 arcsin z dz ==z arcsin z + (1- ,z2)i
    arctan x=x g0 A,T~(zz) s

    21 A,
    88137 3587 i!t A,
    00000 3821
    4.4.59
    S arccos z dz:=z arccos z-(3-z2)t

    :: -: 01113
    10589 2925
    5843 7 -: . 00000 0570
    0086 4.4.60 arctan 2 dz==z arctan 2--3ln (1-j-z”)
    s
    3 -: 00138 1195 ii -. 00000 0013
    4 .00018 5743 10 . 00000 0002 4.4.61
    5 -. 00002 6215
    arccsc 2 d2=2 arccsc 2fln [~+(2~-1)*]

    c
    For 2 >l, use arctan s=$7r-arctan (l/z) s
    O<arccsc 2<5
    4.4.51 -$Ji<X<$JZ

    arcsin x=x nTOA,Tt(2x2) -i<arccsc 2<0

    4.4.62
    .
    o<x<@ arcsec z dz=.z arcsec zTln [2+(22-l)+]

    arccos x=&r-x 5 A,Tz(2x2) O<arcsec 2<f


    ItaO

    n A?& n 4
    ;< arcsec 2<ir
    0 1.05123 1959 : 00000 5881 [
    ; : 05494
    00408 6487
    0631 : 00000 0777
    0107 4.4.63

    i .00004 6985
    .00040 7890 9 :. 00000 0015
    0002 S arccot 2 dz:=z arccot 2+$ In (l+z2)

    For $~<z<l, use arcsin x=arccos(l-x2)+, arc- 4.4.64


    cos z=aEsiG (1--x2)+.
    arcsin 2+$ (1-22)4
    Differentiation Formulas

    4.4.65
    4.4.52 & arcsin z=(l-z2)-+ 9+1

    4.4.53
    S 2" arcsin 2 dz=--
    n-j-1
    arcsin

    (n#-1)
    $ arccos z=-(I-z2)-f
    4.4.66
    d 1
    4.4.54
    z
    arctan z=-
    1+22 S z arccos z dz.7 arccos z-f (l--z*)+

    d -1 4.4.67
    4.4.55 z arccot 2=1+22

    4.4.56
    d 1
    S 2n arccos 2 dz=Ez
    n,+l
    arccos

    z aJJcsec2=2 (2”- 1)t


    @Z-l)
    la The approximations 4.4.50 to 4.4.51 are from C. W. 4.4.68 ,
    Clenshaw, Polynomial approximations to elementary
    1
    functions, Math.
    (with permission).
    Tables Aids Comp. 8, 143-147 (1954)
    S2 arctan z dz=- (l+29
    2
    arctan 2-g
    2
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 83
    4.4.69 L.5.8 cash 2=cos iz
    p+l 1
    S z” arctan z dz=-
    n+l
    arctan z----
    n+l S gdz E.5.9 tanh z= --i’tan iz

    (n#-I) L.5.10 csch z=i csc iz


    4.4.70 E.5.11 sech z=sec iz

    S
    z arccot z dz=i (14-S) nrccot z+:
    h.5.12 coth z=i cot iz
    Periodic Properties
    4.4.71
    ,$a+1 1.5.13 sinh (2+2k7ri) =sinh z
    S zn arccot z dz=-
    n+l
    arcco t z J,-
    (k any integer)
    (n#-1) cash (zf2ksi) =cosh z
    a.5.14
    4.5. Hyperbolic Functions 1.5.15 tanh (z+k&)=tanh z
    Definitions
    Relations Between Hyperbolic Functions
    ez-e-2
    4.5.1 sinh z=- (z=x+iy> 4.5.16 cosh2 z-sinh2 z=l
    2
    4.5.17 tanh2 z+sech2 z= 1
    e”+e-”
    4.5.2 cash z=- coth2 z-csch2 z= 1
    2 4.5.18

    4.5.3 tanh z=sinh Z/COS:I z 4.5.19 cash z+sinh z=e’

    4.5.4 csch z = l/sinh z 4.5.20 cash z-sinh z=e-”


    Negative Angle Formulas
    4.5.5 sech z= l/cash z
    4.5.21 sinh (-.z)=-sinh z
    4.5.6 coth z=l/tanh z
    4.5.22 cash ( - z) = cash z

    4.5.23 tanh (-z)=-tanh z


    Addition Formulas

    4.5.24 sinh (zl+z2) =sinh z1 cash 22


    +cosh z1 sinh 22

    4.5.25 cash (zl+ 22)=cosh ZI cash 22

    +sinh z1 sinh zz

    4.5.26 tanh (q+zQ=(tanh zI+tanh &)/


    (1 + tanh z1 tanh 22)

    4.5.27 coth (zl+zz)=(coth zl coth %+l)/


    FIGURE 4.6. Hyperbolic jusctions.
    (coth zz+coth ZI)
    Relation to Circular Functions (see 4.3.49 to 4.3.34) Half-Angle Formulas

    Hyperbolic formulas can be derived from 4.5.28


    trigonometric identities by replacing z by iz
    sinh E=(,,sh;-l)i
    4.5.7 sinh z=--i sin i;r
    84 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    4.5.44
    cash z,-cash z2=2 s:inh (p) sinh (v)

    4.5.45
    sinh (21+z2)
    tad zl+tanh %=E;h L 2 cosh 2
    1 2
    4.5.46
    sinh (2, +2,)
    Multiple-Angle Formulas coth z,+coth zz=- smh 2, sinh zz

    4.5.31 sinh 22=2 sinh z cash ~=~~‘a~~f, Relations Between Squares of Hyperbolic Sines and
    COosines
    4.5.47
    4.5.32 cash 22=2 cosh2 z--l=2 sinh2 z-j-1 sinh2 zL-sinh2 zz=sinh (zl+zz) sinh (zl--- z2)

    = cosh2 z + sinh2 z =cosh2 q-cosh2 zz


    4.5.48
    sinh2 zl+cosh2 z2=cosh (q+zJ cash (2,-z2)
    4.5.33 tanh 2~=12+tt&annhhez,
    =cosh2 zl+sinh2 z2

    4.5.34 sinh 32=3 sinh 2+4 sinh3 z Hyperbolic Functions in z;;;s of Real and Imaginary

    4.5.35 cash 32=-3 cash 2+4 cosh3 z (z:=zfiy)

    4.5.36 sinh 42=4 sinh3 z cash 2+4 cosh3 z sinh z 4.5.49 sinh z=sinh x cos y+i cash x sin y

    4.5.37 cash 4z=cosh4 z-j-6 sinh2 z cosh2 z+sinh’ z 4.5.50 cash z=cosh x cos yfi sinh x sin y
    Products of Hyperbolic Sines and Cosines 4 . 5 .51 tanh 2=sinh 2x-j-i sin 2y
    cash 2x+cos 2y
    4.5.38 2 sinh z1 sinh zz=cosh (zl+z2)
    4 . 5 .52 coth 2=sinh 2x---i sin 2y
    -cash (Q-.zz>
    cash 2x-cos 2y
    4.5.39 2 cash 21 cash zz=cosh (zl+zJ De Moivre’s Theorem

    +cosh (q-q) 4.5.53 (cash z+sinh z)“=cosh nz+sinh m


    Modulus and Phase (Argument) of Hyperbolic
    4.5.40 2 sinh z1 cash z2=sinh (zI+zz) Functions

    +sinh (~~-2~) 4.5.54 lsinh z/ = (sinh2 x+sin2 y)*


    =[+(cosh 2x-cos 2y)]”
    Addition and Subtraction of Two Hyperbolic Functions
    4.5.55 arg sinh z=a.rctan (coth x tan y)
    4.5.41
    sinh z,+sinh z2=2 sinh (‘9) cash (‘9) 4.5.56 (cash zl= (sinh2 x+cos2 y)”
    =[+(cosh 2x+cos 2y)]h
    4.5.42 4.5.57 arg cash z=arctan (tanh x tan y)
    sinh z,-sinh z2=2 cash (9) sinh (y)
    cash 2x-cos 2y *
    4.5.58 ltanh Z1=(cosh 2x+cos 2y
    4.5.43
    cash zl+cosh z2=2 cash (‘+) cash (y) 4.5.59 arg tanh z=arctan ~
    (f:2,“,)
    Y
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 85
    4.5.60 Relations Bet ween Hyperbolic (or Inverse Hyperbolic) Functions
    sinh x=a CO~ll x=u tanh z=a csch x=u sech x=,z coth x=a
    = --
    sinh x----?. a (a’-. l)+ a(l-u2)-1 CL-’ a-‘(1-a2y (a’- 1) -1
    cash x----o (l+u*)+ a (l-a”)+ a-‘(l+a2)t a-l a(a2- 1)-i
    tanh x----- a(l+a’)-4 u-‘(a2- 1)’ a (l+ay-+ (l-a’)+ a-’
    csch x----- am1 (a’- 1)-’ a-‘(l-a2)+ a a(l-a2)+ (a2- 1)’
    soch x----- (l+u’)-+ a-* (l-4)+ a(l+a2)-* a a-‘(a2- 1)’

    coth x----- a-‘(a2+l)f u(a2-- 1)-i a-l u+a2y (1-a2)-4 a


    -
    Illustration: If sinh x=a, coth x=aB1(a2+ 1)’
    arcsech a=arccoth (l--a2)-)

    4.5.61 Special Values of the Hypl>rbolic Functions 4.5.66


    z
    * . sech z=l -f+& 24-go zs+ . . . +a* 22*+ . . .
    2 0 -a co
    2
    IM<;
    ( >
    sinh 2 ____ _ __ 0 i 0 --i co 4.5.67

    cash z------- 1 0 -1 0 cu coth 2=;+;-$+$f- . . . +2~22n-1+ . . .

    tanh 0 -coi 1 (l4<*)


    z------ -i 0
    where B, and E,, are the nth Bernoulli and Euler
    csch 2 _______ 0~ 4 OD i 0 numbers, see chapter 23.
    sech 2 _______ 1 OD -1 co 0 Inhite Products

    coth 2 _______ 0~ 0 co 0 1 sinh z=z ii (l+&)


    4.5.68
    -.

    4.5.62 smh
    ’
    Series

    ~=2+9+3+~+
    Expansions

    23 ZfJ 2
    . . .
    4.5.69 cash z=fi
    k=l C
    l+
    (2Zzf)%2 1
    (14-c -1 Continued Fraction

    22 22 24
    4.5.63 cash z=l+$+$+;+ ... 4.5.70 tanh 2=& 3+ 5f 7+ . . .
    . . . (l4< m)
    2 #i ifnni
    ( >
    Differentiation Formulas
    * +
    ... +22W2”-1)B,,

    (h)!
    22n-l+

    ’’* d
    4.5.71
    z sinh z=cosh 2

    d
    4.5.65 4.5.72 cash z=sinh 2
    z
    csch z=I ’ ’ -j&o25+...
    z--T;+360 23
    4.5.73 & tanh z=sech2 z
    -2(22”-‘-l)B2, 2”-1
    +...
    zd csch z=-csch
    (2n)! 2
    4.5.74 z coth z
    (l4<3d

    *See page II.


    86 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS,

    d 4.5.87
    4.5.75 z sech z=-sech z tanh z

    4.5.76 -$ coth z=-csch2 z


    S tanh” z dz=-- tanh”-‘z+Stanh”-”
    n-l
    z dz

    Wl)
    Integration Formulas 4.5.88

    4.5.77
    s
    sinh z dz=cosh z s coth” z de= -%!@.?+SCoth”-2
    n-l
    z dz

    Wl>

    4.5.78 cash zdz=sinh z (See chapters 5 and 7 for other integrals in-
    s volving hyperbolic functions.)

    4.5.79 tanh z dz=ln cash z 4.6. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions


    s Definitions

    4.5.80
    S csch zdz=ln tanh :
    4.6.1 arcsinh z=
    S Oz(lTt2)1 (z=x+iy)

    4.5.81
    S sech z dz=arctan (sinh z)
    4.6.2 arccosh z=
    S iz (t2fl)t

    4.5.82
    S coth zdz=ln sinh z 4.6.3 arctanh z=
    S z dt
    -
    0 1-P
    4.5.83 The paths of integration must not cross the fol-
    P r
    en sinh z dz=z” cash z-n 9-i cash z dz lowing cuts.
    J J
    4.6.1 imaginary axis from --im to --i and i
    4.5.84 to iw

    S z” cash 2 dz=z” sinh z-n


    S zn-l sinh z dz 4.6.2 real axis fro.m - 03 to + 1
    4.6.3 real axis from - ~0 to - 1 and + 1 to
    4.5.85 +a

    S sinh” z cash” z dz=-


    1
    m+n
    sinh”‘+l z cosh’+l z Inverse hvnerbolic
    ” -.
    functions are also written
    sinh-’ z, arsmh z, JS’T sinh z, etc.

    +- S
    n-l
    m+n
    sinh” z coshnm2 z dz
    4.6.4
    4.6.5
    arccsch z = arcsinh 1/z
    q

    arcsech z ==arccosh 1/z

    =--& sinhmel z coshn+l z


    4.6.6 arccoth z==arctanh l/z

    iy
    S
    I-
    m-l 9 iy
    -m+- sinhm+ z cash” z dz
    ti
    X --CD 4-I X X
    (m+n#O>
    3 0 -I 0 +I
    -i
    4.5.86
    S dz
    sinh” z coshn z=s
    -1
    sinh”-’
    1
    z coshn-l z
    arcsinh z
    t-
    arccosh .z arctanh z

    - m+n-2
    m--l S dz
    sinhmm2 z cash” z (m#l>

    1 1
    =-
    n-l sinh”-’ 5 cash”-’ z
    arccsch z 1 arcsech z 1 arccothz

    +
    m+n-2
    n-l Ssinh”
    dz
    z cosh”-2 z Wl>
    FIGURE 4.7. Branch cuts for
    junctions.
    inverse hyperbolic
    ELESMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 87
    4.6.7 arctanh z=arccoth z& $ri x+1
    4.6.25 arccoth x=i In - (x2>1)
    x-l
    (see 4.5.60) (according as J&SO)
    Fundamental Property

    The general solutions of the equations


    z=sinh t
    z=cosh t
    z=tanh t
    are respectively
    4.6.8 t=Arcsinh ~=(-l)~ arcsinh z+kri
    4.6.9 t=Arccosh 2= harccosh z+2k&

    4.6.10 t=Arctanh z=arctanh z.+kti


    (k, integer)
    Functions of Negative Arguments

    4.6.11 arcsinh (- z) = - arcsinh z FIGURE 4.8. Inverse hyperbolic junctiolas.

    *4.6.12 arccosh (- z) = ai- arccosh z


    Addition and Subtraction of Two Inverse Hyperbolic
    4.6.13 arctanh (-2) = -arctanh z Functions

    Relation to Inverse Circular Functions (see 4.4.20 to 4.6.26


    4.4.25)
    Arcsinh z1 &Arcsinh z2
    Hyperbolic identities can be derived from trig-
    onometric identities by replacing 2 by i2. =Arcsinh [2,(1 +z:)*d~ ~~(1 +z;>+]
    4.6.14 Arcsinh 2=-i Arcsin iz
    4.6.27
    4.6.15 Arccosh z= k i Arccos 2
    Arccosh 2, f Arccosh z2
    4.6.16 Arctanh 2= -i Arctrm iz
    =Arccosh { 2,z2k [ (zi- 1) (z$- l)]‘}
    4.6.17 Arccsch z=i Arccsc iz
    4.6.28
    4.6.18 Arcsech 2= 5 i Arcwc z
    Arctanh z,&Arctanh z2=Arctanh
    4.6.19 Arccoth z=i Arccot iz
    Logarithmic Representrltions 4.6.29

    4.6.20 arcsinh z=ln [x+(x*-+l)t] Arcsinh z,fArccosh z2

    4.6.21 arccosh x=ln [z+ (x2-- l)i] (x21) =Arcsinh { 2,22~:[~1+2:)(2~-1l)]‘j

    arctanh x=4 In -1+x


    =Arccosh /[za(l +z:)‘& 2,(2[-- l)‘]
    4.6.22 Wx2<1)
    l-x 4.6.30

    4.6.23 arccsch x=ln [:+($-I-1)1] (x+0) Arctanh 2,fArccoth z2=Arctanh


    (S>

    4.6.24 arcsech s=ln [i+($- 1>‘1 (O<X< 1) =Arccoth ( 2ri:i;)

    ‘see pageII.
    88 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Series Expansions
    4.6.31 4.6.42 -$ arccoth. 2=(1-S)+
    arcsinh z=z --.A-
    2 . 3 z3++-& 25 Integration Formulas

    1.3.5
    -2.4.6.7 “+ ’ ’ * 4.6.43 arcsinh z dz=z arcsinh z-(1+,9)+
    s
    (lzl<l) 4.6.44 arccosh zdz=z arccosh z-(z2-1)f
    s
    1.3
    =In 2z+1 2 ’ 222 - 2 * 4 * 424 4.6.45
    Sarctanhzdz=z arctanh z++ln (l-9)

    l-3.5 4.6.46 arccsch z dz=z arccsch z f alcsinh z *


    + 2.4.6.&e- '*' s
    (according as 9~~0)
    (14>1)
    4.6.32 4.6.47 *
    arccosh z=ln 22---
    1 1.3 Sarcsech z dz = z arcsech 2 f arcsin z
    2 * 222 2 * 4 * 4z4 4.6.48
    1.3.5 Sarccoth z dz=z arccoth .z++ In (~~-1)

    -2.4 . 6. 69-- * ** 4.6.49


    z!z2+ 1
    (14>1) z arcsinh z dz=-- arcsinh z-z 4 (z’+lY
    s 4

    4.6.33 arctanh z=z+$+f+g+ ... (121<1) 4.6.50


    p+1
    zR arcsinh zdz=-- arcsinhz
    4.6.34 arccoth z=$-&+&~+$+ ...
    S n-i-1
    (n#-1)
    (I 01) 4.6.51
    Continued Fractions S2 arccosh z dz:= 222-
    - 1
    arccosh z-$9- 1)”
    22 422 922 4
    4.6.35 arctanh z=$- - 3- 5-- 7-. . .
    4.6.52
    (z in the cut plane of Figure 4.7.) 2”arccosh zdz=*‘-
    ,,n+1
    arccoshz-- -
    p+1
    S 7t+1 $1 S (z”- l,td2
    4.6.36 (nit-l)
    arcsinh z 2 1 * 222 1 ’ 222 3 * 422 3 * 422
    - =1+3+5+-- 4.6.53
    1/1+z2 7+ 9+ -**
    22-l
    z arctsnh a dz--2 arctanh z+f
    s Differentiation Formulas S
    4.6.37 $ arcsinh z=(l +z2)-i 4.6.54

    4.6.38 2 arccosh z=(z2-1)-f


    s 2” arctanh 2 dz:=-
    pa+1

    n+l
    arctanh z -&Ssdz
    (n#- 1)
    4.6.55
    4.6.39 2 arctanhz=(l-,9)-I
    Sz arccsch z de=< arccsh z&-f (l+zz)* *

    4.6.40 d
    z arccsch z=T ’ (according as &z~O)
    z(l+S))
    4.6.66
    (according as 9?z=O)
    .z”arccsch z dz- -
    p+1arccsch 2f
    4.6.41 1 S n+l
    2 arcsech z= 7
    dz z(l-.zy (n# -1)
    *See pageII.
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 89
    4.6.57 4.6.59
    z arcsech z dz=$ arcsech tri (l-z*)1 z*- 1
    *
    s
    (acc.ording as %ZO) S z arccoth z dz- -2 arccoth z+
    1
    4.6.58 I 4.6.60
    p+1 1 *ll+1
    sz” arcsech z dz =-
    nfl
    arcsech z + -
    -n+1 S zdz
    (l--z*)’
    z” arcc0t.h z dz=-
    n+l
    arccoth z+-
    1
    n+l
    (n#-1) I (hrE-1)

    Numerical Methods
    4.7. Use and Extension of the Tables Example 2.
    Compute xw314for x=9.19826 to 10D usjng t,he
    NOTE: In the examples given it is assumed t,hat Table of Common Logarithms.
    the arguments are esact. From Table 4.1, four-point Lagrangian intierpola-
    tion gives log,, (9.19826) = .96370 56812. Then,
    -; log,, (x) = - .72277 92609=9.27722 073!$1- 10.
    Example 1. Computation of Common Logarithms.
    Linear inverse interpolation in Table 4.1 yields
    antilog (‘i.27722) =. 18933. For 10 place ndcurncy
    To comput,e common lognrithms, the number subtnbulation with 4- oint Lngrnnginn intcr-
    must be expressed in the form x. log, (1 Iz<lO, polnnt’s produces the tn Ele
    - Q) 5 q _<= ). The common lognrithm of x .lOP
    consists of nn integral part which is called the N A A:’
    characteristic and a deamnl part which is called log,, N
    the mnntissa. Table 4.1 gives the common .18933 .27721 94350
    logarithm of x. 2 29379
    .18934 .2’7724 23729 -13
    2 29366
    .18935 .2’7726 53095
    X x. 10’ log,, 5 * 10’
    By linear inverse interpolation
    so09836 9.836. 1O-3 5.99281:35=(--200718 15) x-314= .18933 05685.
    .09836 9.836. lo-’ -i.99281,85=(-1.00718 15) Example 3.
    .9836 9.836.10~’ i.99281;35=(-0.00718 15) Convert log,, x t,o In x for x=.009836.
    9.836 9.836. loo 0.99281 85 Using 4.1.23 nnd Table 4.1, In (.009836)=
    In 10 log,, (.009836)=2.30258 5093 (-2.00718 15)
    98.36 9.836.10! 1.99281:35 = -4.62170 62:.
    983.6 9,836.10* 2.99281:35 Example 4.
    Compute In x for x=.00278 t*o 6D.
    Interpolation in Table 4.1 between 983 nnd 984 Using 4.1.7, 4.1.11 nndTable 4.2, ln (.00278)=
    gives -99281 85 as t,he mantissa of 9836. In (.278.10-*)==ln (.278)-2 ln lo=-5.886304.
    Note t.hat 5.99281 85=-3+.!39281 85. When Linenr lntrrpolntion between x=.002 nnd
    p is negative the common logarithm can be x= .003 would ivc ln(.00278)=-5.808. TO
    expressed in the alternative forms obtain 5 decimn f plncc accurncy with linenr
    interpolatio’n it, is neccssnry t’hnt x>.175.

    log,, (.009836)=?k99281 85=7.99281 85-10 Example 5.#


    = -2.00718 15. Compute In x for x=1131.718 t,o SD.
    Using 4J.7, 4.1.11 and Table 4.2
    The last form is convenient for conversion from 1131.718 1131
    common logarit.hms to natural lognrithms. In 1131.718:=hl 1131
    The inverse of log,,x is called l;he ant,ilogarithm
    of x, and is written antilog x or lo -I x. The :=ln 1’~:~‘8+1n 1.131 +ln lo3
    logarithm of the reciprocal of a num %er is called
    the cologarithm, written colog. :=ln(1.00063 4836)+1x1 1.131+3 lu 10.
    90 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FWNCTIONS

    Then from 4.1.24 Example 9.

    In 1131.718=(.00063 4836)-$(.00063 4836)2 Compute e4.gg72a


    6gto 7s.
    +ln 1.131+3 In 10=.00063 4836-.OOOOO 0202 Using 4.2.18 and Table 4.4,
    e4.80728 ‘3B==e4. 8e.W728 68.
    +.12310 2197+6.90775 5279=7.03149 211.

    Example 6. Linear interpolation gives e.og72*


    “= 1.10217 67
    Compute In x working with 16D for with an error of 1X 10m7,
    x= 1.38967 12458 179231. e’eg72*
    6g=(134.28978)(1.10217 67)=148.0111.
    Since &g- - 1.00048 32583 282384= 1+a, using
    Example 10.
    4.1.24 and Table 4.2 we compute successively
    Compute ez to 18D for
    a= .00048 32583 282384 x=.86725 13489 24685 12693.
    a2 Let a=x-.867. Using 4.2.1, compute succes-
    --=-. 1167 693059 sively
    2
    1.00000 00000 00000 00000
    aa
    -= . 376199 a= .00025 13489 24685 12693
    3
    a2
    a4 g= - 315 88140 97019
    ---cm* 136
    4
    aa
    In (l-ta)= .00048 31415 965388 fg= * 2646 54842

    In 1.389 = .32858 40637 722067 a4


    ig= . 16630
    ln x= .32906 72053 687455.

    Example 7. e”=1.00025 13805 15472 81184


    e.867=2.37976 08513 29496 863 from Table 4.4
    Compute the principal value of In (f2 f 3i).
    From 4.1.2, 4.1.3 and Tables 4.2 and 4.14. eae.a67=ez=2.38035 90:768 39006 089.

    Example 11.
    In (2+3i)=i In (22+32)+i arctan i
    Compute eelsto 7s.
    =L282475+i(.982794)
    Let n=&. and d=the decimal part of Go*
    In (-2+3i)=i In 13+i 7-arctan i
    > Then
    =1.282475fi(2.158799) exp x=exp (& ln lO)=exp [(n+d) In lo]

    In (-2--3i)=i In 13-i-i (--?r+arctan g =exp (In 10”) exp (d In 10)


    >
    =1.282475-i(2.158799) =lO” exp (d In 10)

    3 From Table 4.4


    In (2-33i)=iln 13+i -arctan -
    ( 2>
    es48=exp (E In 10) ==exp (281.42282 42 In 10)
    =1.282475-G(.982794).

    Example 8. =10281exp (.42282 42 In 10)=lOzsl exp .97358 87

    Compute (.227).6gto 7D. =10281(2.647428)=(!281)2.647428.


    Using 4.2.7 and Tables 4.2 and 4.4,
    Example 12.
    (.227).8g=e. 68 In C.227) ,e.68(-1.48%0 5262)
    Compute em2for x= .75 using the expansion in
    =e--l.o~la b@l= .35g46 60. Chebyshev polynomials.
    .

    ELE:MENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 91


    Following the procedure in [4.3] we have from Example 15.
    4.2.48 Compute sin x and cos x for z=2.317 to 71).
    e-z=&m(Z) From 4.344 and Table 4.6
    I
    sin (2.317)=sin (r-2.317)=sin (.82459 2654)
    * where a(r) are the Chebyshev polynomials
    defined in chapter 22. Assuming be=kO we =.73427 12
    F;WE&IZ ba, k=7,6,5,. . . 0 from the recurrence
    cos (2.317)=cos (r-2.317)= -cos (.82459 2654)
    b,=(4s-2)b,+l-bc+~+AI =-. 67885 60.
    k be Linear interpolation for x=.82459 2654 gives an
    7 - .ooooo 00 15 error of 9X lo-*.
    6 .ooooo 0400 Example 16.
    5 - .OOOOO9560 Compute sin x for x=12.867 to 8D.
    4 .00018 9959 From 4.3.16 and Tables 4.6 and 4.8

    3 -.00300 9164 sin (12.867)=sin 12 cos .867+cos 12 sin 367


    2 .03550 4993 =.29612 142.
    1 - .27432 74.49 The method of reduction to an angle in the first
    0 .33520 2828 quadrant which was given in Example 15 may
    also be used.
    sincef(z)=b,,-((2x-l)bl,
    Example 17.
    e-.‘6=.33520 2828-(.5)(--.27432 7449)
    Compute sin x to 19D for
    = .47236 6553.
    x=.86725 13489 24685 12693.
    Example 13. Let a=.867, /3=x-a. From 4.3.16 and
    Express 38’42’32” in radians to 6D. Table 4.6
    sin (a+@)=sin a co9 @+cos a sin 0
    lo=.01745 32925 19943 !Z9577 r
    sin a=.76239 10208 07866 22598
    1’=.00029 08882 08665 ‘72159 62 r
    cos a=.64711 66288 94312 75010
    l”=.OOOOO 48481 36811 139535 9936 r
    With the series expansions for sin B and cos fl we
    Therefore compute successively
    38O=. 66322 51 r
    42’=.01221 73 r 1.00000 00000 00000 OOOOO
    d
    32”=.00015 51 r 315 88140 97019
    -- -2=- *
    38’42’32”= .675598 r. 8’
    a= * 16630
    Example 14.
    co9 /3= .99999 99684 11859 196li
    Express X= 1.6789 radians in degrees, minutes
    and seconds to the nearest tenth of a second. 8= .00025 13489 24685 12693
    From Table 1.1 giving the mathematical con-
    stants we have Ba 2646 54842
    T!=- *
    1 r-l8oo
    --=57.29577 951300 . . . !c
    r 1
    51- *
    1.6789 r=96.19388’ sin /3= BOO25 13489 22038 57352
    .19388oX6O=11.633’ sin a cos /3=.76239 09967 25351 31308
    .633’X60=38.0” ma a sin fl=.OOOlS 26520 67105 82436
    1.6789 r=96°11‘38.0”. sin x=.76255 36487 92457 13’74
    *See page II.
    .

    92 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    This procedure is equivalent to interpolation with Example 22.


    Taylor’s formula 3.6.4.
    Compute arctan 20 and arccot 20 to 9D.
    Example 18. Using 4.4.5,4.4.8, and Table 4.14 *

    In the plane triangle ABC, a=123, B=29”16’,


    c=321; find A, b. arctan 20=;-arctan l/20= 1.52083 7931

    bs=az+d--2ac cos B=(123)2+(321)2


    arccot 20=;-arctan 2O=arctan .05=.04995 8396.
    -2(123)(321) cos 29’16’
    b=221.99934 00 Example 23.
    sin A-a--= sin B (123)(-48887 50196)=.27086 3gg18 Express z=3+9i in polar form.
    b 221.99934 00
    z=x+iy=refe, where r==($+y2)+,
    A=15’42’56.469”.

    Example 19. 0=arctan f+2rk, k is an integer. For k=O,


    In the plane triangle ABC, a=4, b=7, c=9, ~=(3~+9~)f= qt%=9.486833
    find A, B, and C.
    B=arctan 9/3=arctan 3= 1.24904 58.
    c2+b2-a2=81+49-16 114
    cos A= ===.90476 1905 Thus 3+93=9.486833 exp (1.24964 58i).
    2bc 2-7 -9
    A=.43997 5954=25’12’31.6” Example 24.
    sin A=.42591 7709 Compute arctan x for. z= l/3 to l2D.
    From 4.4.34 and 4.4.42 we have
    sin B=7(*425g1 770g’, Bz.84106 8670
    4 arctan s=arctan (x0+@
    =48Y1’22.9”
    h
    =arctan xo+arctan :
    sin C=g(‘425g1 770g), Ccl.86054 803 .L+xoh+g
    4
    =106’36’5.6” =arcm xo+(i-$&&&+~+xJ+. .. .
    where the supplementary an le must be chosen for
    (7. As a check we get A+ 27+C=180”00’.1”. We have
    Example 20. x= f = .33333 33333 33 so that h= .00033 33333 33
    Compute cot x for x=.4589 to 6D. and, from Table 4.1,4, arctan zO=arctan .333
    Since 2<.5, using Table 4.9 with interpolation h
    = .32145 05244 03. Since
    1 1 +x&+x;=
    in (z-l-cot x), we find --cot(.4589)= .00030 00300 03 we get
    .4589
    .155159. Therefore cot (.4589)=2.179124-
    .155159=2.023965. arctan x= .32145 05244 03+.00030 00300 03

    Example 21. --.ooooo 00000 09

    Compute arcsin x for 5= .99511. =.32175 05543 97.


    For z>.95, using Table 4.14 with interpolation
    in the auxiliary functionf(z) we find If x is given in the form b/a it is convenient to
    use 4.4.34 in the form
    arcsin 2=:-[2(1-x)I?f(x) b
    arctan ,=arctan xO+arctan b-axe
    -*
    a+b
    arcsin (.99511)=;-[2(.00489)]*j(.99511)
    In the present example we get
    =1.57079 6327-(.09889 388252)
    (1.00040 7951) 1
    arctan jj=arctan .333+arctan -.
    =1.47186 2100. 3333
    *see page II.
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 93
    Example 25. arctanh .96035=+ In 1+ .96035=$ln- 1.96035
    Compute arcsec 2.8 to 5D. 1- .96035 .03965
    Using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14 =a In 49.44136 191
    (z”-- I)+ =$(3.90078 7359) = 1.950394.
    arcsec z=arcsin --y

    . [(2.8)2-l]+ .Example 27.


    arcsec 2.8=arcsm - 2.8
    Compute arccosh x for x=1.5368 to 6D.
    =arcsin .93404 97735 Using Table 4.17

    = 1.20559 arccosh x=arccosh 1.5368=.852346


    (x2-- 1)’ [(1.5368)2-l]*
    or using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14
    arccosh 1.5368=(.852346)(1.361754)*
    arcsec z=arctan (z2-l)*
    =(.852346)(1.166942)
    arcsec 2.8=arctan 2.61533 9366
    = .994638.
    =z-arctan .38235 951564,
    f:rom 4.4.3 and 4.4.8 Example 28.
    =1.570796-.365207 Compute arccosh x for x=31.2 to 5D.
    = 1.20559. Using Tables 4.2 and 4.17 with l/x=1/31.2
    = .03205 128205
    Example 26.
    arccosh 31.2-m 31.2=.692886
    Compute arctanh 2 for x=.96035 to 6D.
    From 4.6.22 and Table 4.2 arccosh 31.2=.692886+3.440418=4.13330.

    References
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    [4.6] C. Hastings, Jr., Note 143, Math. Tables Aids
    Comp. 6, 68 (1953). Laboratory., Tables of the
    [4.7] E. W. Hobson, A treatise on plane tri~metry, [4.16] Harvard. Computation
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    ambndge, bridge, Mass., 1956). z=x+iy, O<x<475,
    England, 1918). 0 5~ 1475, 6D, varying intervals.
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    (D. Van Nostrand Co., Iuc., New York, N.Y., [4.17] Harvard Computation Laboratory, Tables of inverse
    1948). hyperbolic functions (Harvard Univ. Press,
    Cambridge, Mass., 1949). arctanh x, O<z<l;
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    [4.9] E. P. Adams, Smithsonian mathematical formulae arcsinhs, arccosh x, 3.5_<~<22980, 9D, varying
    and tables of elliptic functions, 3d reprint (The intervals.
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    Math. Series 27 (U.S. Government Printing
    [4.10] H. Andoyer, Nouvelles tables tri onometrlques Office, Washington, D.C., 1953). z=O(.OOOO1)1,
    fondamentales (Hermann et fils, !baris, France, 10 D. Radix- table of 10n’lo-P, n=1(1)999,
    1916). p=3(3)15, 15D.
    94 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    14.191 National Bureau of Standards, Table of natural [4.28] National Bureau of Standards, Table of arcsin z
    logarithms for arguments between zero and five (Columbia Univ. Fress, New York, N.Y., 1945).
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    Series 31 (U.S. Government Printing office, iary table of f(u) =[$a-arcsin (l--)]/(2v) %,
    Washington, D.C., 1953). 2=0(.0001)5, 16 D. v=O(.OOOOl).OOO5, 13D.
    [4.20] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the ex- [4.29] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of arctan z,
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    14 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ment Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1953).
    ton, D.C., 1951). Z= -2.4999(.0001) .9999, s=0(.001,7(.01)50(.1)300(1)2000(10)10000, 12D.
    18D, s=l(.OOOl) 2.4999, 15D, z=2.5(.001)4.999, [4.30] National Bureau of 8tandards, Table of hyperbolic
    15D, z=5(.01)9.99, 12D, z== -.000099(.000001) sines and cosines, x=2 to x=10, Applied Math.
    .000099, 18D, z= - 100(1)100, lQS, z= -9X Series 45 (U.S. Government Printing Office,
    10-n(10-n)9X, lo-*, n= 10, 9, 8, 7, 18D; values of Washington, D.C., 1955). 2=2(.001)10, 9s.
    [4.31] B. 0. Peirce, A short table of integrals, 4th ed.
    [4.21] N~t~?al%ur~~~2,5u56oD. Standards, Table of the de- (Ginn and Co., Boston, Mass., 1956).
    scending exponential, 2=2.5 to z=lO, Applied [4.32] J. Peters, Ten-place logarithm table, ~01s. 1, 2
    Math. Series 46 (U.S. Government Printing (together with an appendix of mathematical
    Office, Washington, D.C., 1955). s=2.5(.001)10, tables) (Berlin, 1~922; rev. ed., Frederick Ungar
    ZOU. Publ. Co., New York, N.Y., 1957).
    [4.22] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of sines and [4.33] J. Peters, Seven-place values of trigonometric
    cosines for radian arguments, 2d ed., Applied functions for every thousandth of a de ree
    Math. Series 43 (U.S. Government Printing (Berlin-Friedenau., 1918; D. Van Nostrand 5 o.,
    Office, Washingtor, D.C., 1955). sin 5, cos z, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1942).
    z=O(.OO1)25.2, O(l)lOO, 8D, x=10-“(lo-“)9X [4.34] L. W. Pollak, R.echentafeln zur harmonischen
    lo-n, n=5,4,3, 2, 1, 15D, ~=0(.00001) 91, 12D. Analyse (Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig,
    [4.23] xational Bureau of Standards, Tables of circular Germany, 1926).
    and hyperbolic sines and cosines for radian [4.35] A. J. Thompson, Standard table of logarithms to
    arguments, 2d ed., Applied Math. Series 36 (U.S. twenty decimal places, Tracts for Computers, No.
    Government Printing O&e, Washington, D.C., 22 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
    1953). sin x, cos z, sinh Z, cash 2, z=O(.OOOl) and New York, :N.Y., 1952).
    1.9999, O(.l)lO, QD. [4.36] J. Todd, Table of arctangents of rational numbers,
    [4,24] National Bureau of Standards, Table of circular NBS Applied Math. Series 11 (U.S. Government
    and hyperbolic tangents and cot,angents for radian Printing Office, ‘Washington, D.C., I D51). arctan
    arguments, 2d printing (Columbia Univ. Press, m/n and arccot m/n, O<m<n<lOO, 12D; re-
    Fey;; prk, N.Y., 1947). tan 5, cot Z, tanh z, ductions of arctan m/n, O<m<n<lOO; reduc-
    ) 2=0(.0001)2, 8D or 8S, z=O(.l)lO, tions of arctan 1%for reducible n <2089.
    10D. [4.37] U.S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic
    [4.25] National Bureau of Standards, Table of sines and Survey, Natural sines and cosines to eight decimal
    cosines to fifteen decimal places at hundredths of places, Special Publication No. 231 (U.S. GOV-
    a degree, Applied Math. Series 5 (U.S. Government ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1942).
    Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1949). sin 5, [4.38] C. E. Van Ostrand, Tables of the exponential
    cos z, z=O”(.O1o)QOo, 15D; supplementary table function and of the circular sine and cosine to
    of sin Z, cos z, z=l”(lo)8Qo, 30 D. radian arguments, Memoirs of the National
    [4.26] National Bureau of Standards, Table of secants and Academy of Sciences 14, 5th Memoir (U.S.
    cosecants to nine significant figures at hundredths Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
    of a degree! Applied Math. Series 40 (U.S. Gov- 1921).
    ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1954). [4.39] B. V. Vega, Logarithmic tables of numbers and
    [4.27] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of functions trigonometrical functions (G. E. Stechert & Co.,
    and of zeros of functions, Collected short tables
    of the Computation Laboratory, Applied Math. Ncm York, N.Y., 1905); log10 2, z=1(1)100000;
    Series 37 (U.S. Government Printing Office, logarithms of the trigonometrical functions for
    Washington, D.C., 1954). every ten seconds.
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 95
    COMMON LOGARITHMS Table 4.1

    x log10 1 x log10 T E log10 z 2 log10 2: x log10x


    100 00000 00000 150 176119
    12591 200 3010299957 250 3979400087 300 47712 12547
    101 00432 13738 151 1789769473 201 3031960574 251 3996737215 301 47856 64956
    102 0086001718 152 181r3435879 202 3053513694 252 4014005408 % 4814426285
    48000 69430
    103 0128372247 153 18415914308 203 3074960379 253 4031205212
    104 0170333393 154 18715207208 204 3096301674 254 4048337166 304 48287 35836
    105 0211892991 155 1903316982 205 3117538611 255 4065401804 305 4842998393
    106 0253058653 156 193112
    45984 206 3138672204 256 4082399653 306 48572 14265
    107 0293837777 157 1950996524 207 3159703455 257 40993 31233 307 48713 83755
    108 03342 37555 158 198b570870 208 3180633350 258 4116197060 308 48855 07165
    109 0374264979 159 2013971243 209 3201462861 259 4132997641 309 48995 84794
    110 0413926852 160 204:.1 99827 210 3222192947 260 4149733480 310 49136 16938
    111 0453229788 161 2061i258760 211 3242824553 261 4166405073 311 4927603890
    112 0492180227 162 2091il 50145 212 3263358609 262 4183012913 312 4941545940
    113 0530784435 163 212:.8 76044 213 3283796034 263 41995 57485 313 4955443375
    114 0569048513 164 2140438480 214 3304137733 264 4216039269 314 4969296481
    115 0606978404 165 217118 39442 215 3324384599 265 4232458739 315 49831 05538
    116 0644579892 166 220:.0 80880 216 3344537512 266 4248816366 316 4996870826
    117 0681858617 167 222:'l 64711 217 3364597338 267 4265112614 317 5010592622
    118 0718820073 168 225:bO92817 218 3384564936 268 4281347940 318 5024271200
    119 0755469614 169 227118 67046 219 3404441148 269 4297522800 319 5037906831
    120 0791812460 170 2304489214 220 3424226808 270 4313637642 320 5051499783
    121 0827853703 171 232'1961104 221 3443922737 271 4329692909 321 5065050324
    122 0863598307 172 23511284469 222 3463529745 272 4345689040 322 5078558717
    123 0899051114 173 2380461031 223 3483048630 273 4361626470 323 5092025223
    124 0934216852 174 24011492483 224 3502480183 274 4377505628 324 5105450102
    125 0969100130 175 243t1380487 225 3521825181 275 4393326938 325 5118833610
    126 1003705451 176 245f1126678 226 3541084391 276 4409090821 326 5132176001
    127 1038037210 177 247517 32664 227 3560258572 277 4424397691 327 5145477527
    128 1072099696 178 250l.2 00023 228 3579348470 278 4440447959 328 5158738437
    129 1105897103 179 252fl5 30310 229 3598354823 279 4456042033 329 5171958979
    130 1139433523 180 2552'725051 230 3617278360 280 4471580313 330 5185139399
    131 1172712957 181 257617 85749 231 3636119799 281 4487063199 331 5198279938
    132 1205739312 182 26Ot1713880 232 3654879849 282 4502491083 332 5211380837
    133 1238516410 183 2621.510897 233 3673559210 283 4517864355 333 5224442335
    134 1271047984 184 264tll 78230 234 3692158574 284 4533183400 334 5237464668
    135 1303337685 185 2671717284 235 3710678623 285 4548448600 335 5250448070
    136 1335389084 186 269fsl 29442 236 3729120030 286 4563660331 336 5263392774
    137 1367205672 187 271tb416065 237 3747483460 287 4578818967 337 5276299009
    138 1398790864 188 2741578493 238 3765769571 288 4593924878 338 5289167003
    139 1430148003 189 2761618042 239 3783979009 289 4608978428 339 5301996982
    140 1461280357 190 27875 36010 240 3802112417 290 4623979979 340 5314789170
    141 1492191127 191 281tl3 33672 241 3820170426 291 4638929890 341 5327543790
    142 1522883444 192 283:sO12287 242 3838153660 292 4653828514 342 53402 61061
    143 1553360375 193 2855573090 243 3856062736 293 4668676204 343 5352941200
    144 1583624921 194 287t~O17299 244 3873898263 294 4683473304 344 5365584426
    145 1613680022 195 29OC346114 245 3891660844 295 4698220160 345 5378190951
    146 1643528558 196 2922'560714 246 3909351071 296 4712917111 346 53907 60988
    147 1673173347 197 2941.662262 247 3926969533 297 4727564493 347 5403294748
    148 1702617154 198 2966651903 248 3944516808 298 4742162641 348 5415792439
    149 1731862684 199 298E1530764 249 3961993471 299 4756711883 349 5428254270
    150 1760912591 200 3OlCl299957 250 3979400087 300 4771212547 350 54406 80444

    [ 1
    (-;I6
    [(-F2
    1 C-l)6
    [ 1
    For use of common logarithms see Examples 1-3. For 100<~,<135 interpolate in the range
    1000<:~~<1350.Compiled from A. J. Thompson, Standard table of logarithms to twenty decimal
    places, Tracts for Computers, No. 22. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952 (with
    permission).
    96 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.1 COMMON LOGARITHMS


    2’ log10 2 .c log10 z z log10 2 2 log10 z z log10 2
    350 54406 80444 400 60205 99913 450 65321 25138 500 69897 00043 550 74036 26895
    351 54530 71165 401 60314 43726 451 65417 65419 501 69983 77259 551 74115 15989
    352 54654 26635 402 60422 60531 452 65513 84348 502 70070 37171 552 74193 90777
    353 54777 47054 403 60530 50461 453 65609 82020 503 70156 79851 553 74272 51313
    354 54900 32620 404 60638 13651 454 65705 58529 504 70243 05364 554 74350 97647
    355 55022 83531 405 60745 50232 455 65801 13967 505 70329 13781 555 74429 29831
    356 55144 99980 406 60852 60336 456 65896 48427 506 70415 05168 556 74507 47916
    357 55266 82161 407 60959 44092 457 65991 62001 507 70500 79593 557 74585 51952
    358 55388 30266 408 61066 01631 458 66086 54780 508 70586 37123 558 74663 41989
    359 55509 44486 409 61172 33080 459 66181 26855 509 70671 77823 559 74741 18079
    360 55630 25008 410 61278 38567 460 66275 78317 510 10757 01761 560 74818 80270
    361 55750 72019 411 61384 18219 461 66370 09254 511 70842 09001 561 74896 28613
    362 55870 85705 412 61489 72160 462 66464 19756 512 70926 99610 562 74973 63156
    363 55990 66250 413 61595 00517 463 66558 09910 513 71011 73651 563 75050 83949
    364 56110 13836 414 61700 03411 464 66651 79806 514 71096 31190 564 75127 91040
    365 56229 28645 415 61804, 80967 465 66745 29529 515 71180 72290 565 75204 84478
    366 56348 10854 416 61909 33306 ‘77; 66838 59167 516 71264 97016 566 75281 64312
    367 56466 60643 417 62013 60550 66931 68806 517 71349 05431 567 75350 30589
    368 56504 78187 418 62117 62818 468 67024 58531 518 71432 97597 568 75434 83357
    369 56702 63662 419 -62221 40230 469 67117 28427 519 71516 73578 569 75511 22664
    370 56820 17241 420 62324 92904 470 67209 78579 520 71600 33436 570 75587 48557
    371 56937 39096 421 62428 20958 471 67302 09071 521 71683 77233 571 75663 61082
    372 57054 29399 422 62531 24510 472 67394 19986 522 71767 05030 572 75739 60288
    373 57170 88318 423 62634 03674 473 67486 11407 523 71850 16889 573 75815 46220
    374 57287 16022 424 62736 58566 474 67577 83417 524 71933 12870 574 75891 18924
    375 57403 12677 425 62838 89301 475 67669 36096 525 72015 93034 575 75966 78447
    376 57518 78449 426 62940 95991 476 67760 69527 526 72098 57442 576 76042 24834
    377 57634 13502 427 63042 78750 477 67851 83790 527 72181 06152 577 76117 58132
    378 57749 17998 428 63144 37690 478 67942 78966 528 72263 39225 578 76192 78384
    379 57863 92100 429 63245 72922 479 68033 55134 529 72345 56720 579 76267 85637
    380 57978 35966 430 63346 84556 480 68124 12374 530 72427 58696 580 76342 79936
    381 58092 49757 431 63447 72702 481 68214 50764 531 72509 45211 581 76417 61324
    382 58206 33629 432 63548 37468 482 68304 70382 532 72591 16323 582 76492 29846
    383 58319 87740 433 63648 i'8964 483 68394 71308 533 72672 72090 583 76566 85548
    384 58433 12244 434 63748 97295 484 68484 53616 534 72754 12570 584 76641 28471
    385 58546 07295 435 63848 92570 485 68574 17386 535 72835 37820 585 76715 58661
    386 58658 73047 436 63948 64893 486 68663 62693 536 72916 47897 586 76789 76160
    387 58771 09650 437 64048 14370 487 68752 89612 537 72997 42857 587 76863 81012
    388 58883 17256 438 64147 41105 488 68841 98220 538 73078 22757 588 76937 73261
    389 58994 96013 439 64246 45202 489 68930 88591 539 73158 87652 589 77011 52948
    390 59106 46070 440 64345 26765 490 69019 60800 540 73239 37598 590 77085 20116
    391 59217 67574 441 64443 85895 491 69108 14921 541 73319 72651 591 77158 74809
    392 59328 60670 442 64542 22693 492 69196 51028 542 73399 92865 592 77232 17067
    393 59439 25504 443 64640 37262 493 69284 69193 543 73479 98296 593 77305 46934
    394 59549 62218 444 64738 29701 494 69372 69489 544 73559 88997 594 77378 64450
    395 59659 70956 445 64836 00110 495 69460 51989 545 73639 65023 595 77451 69657
    396 59769 51859 446 64933 48587 496 69548 16765 546 73719 26427 596 77524 62597
    397 59879 05068 447 65030 75231 497 69635 63887 547 73798 73263 597 77597 43311
    398 59988 30721 448 65127 80140 t;; 69722 93428 548 73878 05585 598 77610 11840
    399 60097 28957 449 65224 63410 69810 05456 549 73957 23445 599 77742 68224
    400 60205 99913 450 65321 25138 500 69897 00043 550 74036 26895 600 77815 12504

    [ 1
    C-l)4
    [93 1 [ 1
    (73
    [c-y1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 97
    COMMON LOGARITHMS Table 4.1
    X log10 x X loglcl 2 X log10 2 2 log10 x X log10 2
    600 77815 12504 650 81291 33566 700 84509 80400 750 87506 12634 800 90308 99870
    601 77887 44720 651 81358 39886 701 84571 80180 751 87563 99370 801 90363 25161
    602 77959 64913 652 al424 75957 702 84633 71121 752 87621 78406 802 90417 43683
    603 78031 73121 653 81491 31813 703 84695 53250 753 87679 49762 803 90471 55453
    604 78103 69386 654 81557 77483 704 84757 26591 754 a7737 13459 804 90525 60487
    605 78175 53747 655 81624 13000 705 84818 91170 755 87794 69516 805 90579 58804
    606 78247 26242 656 81690 38394 706 84880 47011 756 87852 17955 806 90633 50418
    607 78318 86911 657 81756 53696 707 84941 94138 757 87909 58795 807 90687 35347
    608 78390 35793 658 81822 58936 708 85003 32577 758 87966 92056 808 90741 13608
    609 78461 72926 659 81888 54146 709 85064 62352 759 88024 17759 809 90794 85216
    610 78532 98350 660 81954 39355 710 85125 83487 760 88081 35923 810 90848 50189
    611 78604 12102 661 82020 14595 711 85186 96007 761 88138 46568 811 90902 085412
    612 78675 14221 662 82085 79894 712 85247 99936 762 88195 49713 812 90955 6029:2
    613 78746 04745 663 82151 35284 713 85308 95299 763 88252 45380 813 91009 05456
    614 78816 83711 664 82216 80794 714 85369 82118 764 88309 33586 814 91062 44049
    615 78887 51158 665 82282 16453 715 85430 60418 765 88366 14352 815 91115 76087
    616 78958 07122 666 82347 42292 716 85491 30223 766 88422 87696 816 91169 01588
    617 79028 51640 667 82412 58339 7L7 85551 91557 767 88479 53639 817 91222 20565
    618 79098 a4751 668 82477 64625 718 85612 44442 768 88536 12200 818 91275 33037
    619 79169 06490 669 82542 61178 719 85672 88904 769 88592 63398 819 91328 39018
    620 79239 16895 670 82607 48027 720 85733 24964 770 88649 07252 820 91381 38524
    621 79309 16002 671 82672 25202 721 a5793 52647 771 88705 43781 821 91434 31571
    622 79379 03847 672 82736 92731 722 85853 71976 772 88761 73003 822 91487 18175
    623 79448 80467 673 82801 50642 723 85913 82973 773 88817 94939 823 91539 98352
    624 79518 45897 674 82865 98965 724 a5973 85662 774 88874 09607 824 91592 72117
    625 79588 00173 675 82930 37728 725 86033 80066 775 88930 17025 825 91645 39485
    626 79657 43332 676 82994 66959 726 86093 66207 776 88986 17213 826 91698 00473
    627 79726 75408 677 83058 86687 727 86153 44109 777 89042 10188 827 91750 55096
    628 79795 96437 678 83122 96939 728 86213 13793 778 89097 95970 828 91803 03368
    629 79865 06454 679 83186 97743 729 86272 75283 779 a9153 74577 829 91855 45306
    630 79934 05495 680 83250 89127 730 86332 28601 780 89209 46027 91907 80924
    631 80002 93592 681 83314 71119 731 86391 73770 781 89265 10339 :zi 91960 10238
    632 80071 70783 682 83378 43747 732 86451 10811 782 89320 67531 832 92012 33263
    633 80140 37100 683 83442 07037 733 86510 39746 783 89376 17621 833 92064 50014
    634 80208 92579 684 83505 61017 734 86569 60599 784 89431 60627 834 92116 60506
    635 80277 37253 685 83569 05715 735 86628 73391 785 89486 96567 835 92168 64755
    636 80345 711% 686 83632 41157 736 86687 78143 786 89542 25460 836 92220 62774
    637 80413 94323 687 83695 67371 737 86746 74879 787 89597 47324 837 92272 54580
    638 80482 06787 688 a3758 84382 738 86805 63618 788 89652 62175 838 92324 40186
    639 80550 08582 689 83821 92219 739 86864 44384 789 89707 70032 839 92376 19608
    640 80617 99740 690 83884 90907 740 86923 17197 790 89762 70913 840 92427 92861
    641 80685 80295 691 83947 80474 741 86981 82080 791 89817 64835 841 92479 59958
    642 80753 50281 692 84010 60945 742 87040 39053 792 89872 51816 842 92531 20915
    643 80821 09729 693 84073 32346 743 87098 88138 793 89927 31873 843 92582 75746
    644 80888 58674 694 84135 94705 744 87157 29355 794 89982 05024 844 92634 24466
    645 80955 97146 695 84198 48046 745 87215 62727 795 90036 71287 845 92685 67089
    646 81023 25180 696 84260 92396 746 a7273 88275 796 90091 30677 846 92737 036:30
    647 81090 42807 697 84323 27781 747 87332 06018 797 90145 83214 847 92788 34103
    648 81157 50059 698 84385 54226 748 87390 15979 90200 28914 848 92839 58523
    649 81224 46968 699 84447 71757 749 87448 18177 T2 90254 67793 849 92890 76902
    650 81291 33566 700 84509 80400 750 87506 12634 800 90308 99870 850 92941 89257

    [ 1
    c-y
    [c-p11 C-47)
    [ I
    1 [ 1
    C-t,8
    98 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL F’UNCTIONS

    Table 4.1 COM MON LOGARITHMS

    X log10 % X log10 x X log10 x X log10 x 2 log10 2

    850 92941 89257 900 95424 25094 950 97772 36053 1000 00000 00000 1050 02118 92991
    851 92992 95601 901 95472 47910 951 97818 05169 ii01 00043 40775 1051 02160 27160
    852 93043 95948 902 95520 65375 952 97863 69484 1002 00086 77215 1052 02201 57398
    853 93094 90312 903 95568 77503 953 97909 29006 1003 00130 09330 1053 02242 83712
    854 93145 78707 904 95616 84305 954 97954 83747 1004 00173 37128 1054 02284 06109
    855 93196 61147 905 95664 85792 955 98000 33716 1005 00216 60618 1055 02325 24596
    856 93247 37647 906 95712 81977 956 98045 78923 1006 00259 79807 1056 02366 39182
    857 93298 08219 907 95260 72871 957 98091 19378 1007 00302 94706 1057 02407 49873
    858 93348 72878 908 95808 58485 958 98136 55091 1008 00346 05321 1058 02448 56677
    859 93399 31638 909 95856 38832 959 98181 86072 1009 00389 11662 1059 02489 59601
    860 93449 84512 910 95904 13923 960 98227 12330 1010 00432 13738 1060 02530 58653
    861 93500 31515 911 95951 83770 961 98272 33877 1011 00475 11556 1061 02571 53839
    562 93550 72658 912 95999 48383 962 98317 50720 1012 00518 05125 1062 02612 45167
    363 93601 07957 913 96047 07775 963 98362 62871 1013 00560 94454 1063 02653 32645
    164 93651 37425 914 96094 61957 964 98407 70339 1014 0060:3 79550 1064 02694 16280
    865 93701 61075 915 96142 10941 965 98452 73133 1015 00646 60422 1065 02734 96078
    866 93751 78920 916 96189 54737 966 98497 71264 1016 00689 37079 1066 02775 72047
    867 93801 90975 917 96236 93357 967 98542 64741 1017 00732 09529 1067 02816 44194
    868 93851 97252 918 96284 26812 968 98587 53573 1018 00774 77780 1068 02857 12527
    869 93901 97764 919 96331 55114 969 98632 37771 1019 00817 41840 1069 02897 77052
    870 93951 92526 920 96378 78273 970 98677 17343 1020 00860 01718 1070 02938 37777
    871 94001 81550 921 96425 96302 971 98721 92299 1021 00902 57421 1071 02978 94708
    872 94051 64849 922 96473 09211 972 98766 62649 1022 00945 08958 1072 03019 47854
    873 94101 42437 923 96520 17010 973 98811 28403 1023 00987 56337 1073 03059 97220
    874 94151 14326 924 96567 19712 974 98855 89569 1024 01029 99566 1074 03100 42814
    875 94200 80530 925 96614 17327 975 98900 46157 1025 01072 38654 1075 03140 84643
    876 94250 41062 926 96661 09867 976 98944 98177 1026 01114 73608 1076 03181 22713
    877 94299 95934 927 96707 97341 977 98989 45637 1027 01157 04436 1077 03221 57033
    878 94349 45159 928 96754 79762 978 99033 88548 1028 01199 31147 1078 03261 87609
    879 94398 88751 929 96801 57140 979 99078 26918 1029 01241 53748 1079 03302 14447
    880 94448 26722 930 96848 29486 980 99122 60757 1030 01283 72247 1080 03342 37555
    881 94497 59084 931 96894 96810 981 99166 90074 1031 01325 86653 1081 03382 56940
    882 94546 85851 932 96941 59124 982 99211 14878 1032 01367 96973 1082 03422 72608
    a83 94596 07036 933 96988 16437 983 99255 35178 1033 014:LO 03215 1083 03462 84566
    884 94645 22650 934 97034 68762 984 99299 50984 1034 01452 05388 1084 03502 92822
    885 94694 32707 935 97081 16109 985 99343 62305 1035 01494 03498 1085 03542 97382
    886 94743 37219 936 97127 58487 986 99387 69149 1036 01535 97554 1086 03582 98253
    887 94792 36198 937 97173 95909 987 99431 71527 1037 01577 87564 1087 03622 95441
    888 94841 29658 938 97220 28384 988 99475 69446 1038 01619 73535 1088 03662 88954
    889 94890 17610 939 97266 55923 989 99519 62916 1039 01661 55476 1089 03702 78798
    890 94939 00066 940 97312 78536 990 99563 51946 1040 01703 33393 1090 03742 64979
    891 94987 77040 941 97358 96234 991 99607 36545 1041 01745 07295 1091 03782 47506
    892 95036 48544 942 97405 09028 992 99651 16722 1042 01786 77190 1092 03822 26384
    893 95085 14589 943 97451 16927 993 99694 92485 1043 01828 43084 1093 03862 01619
    894 95133 75188 944 97497 19943 994 99738 63844 1044 01870 04987 1094 03901 73220
    895 95182 30353 945 97543 18085 995 99782 30807 1045 01911 62904 1095 03941 41192
    896 95230 80097 946 97589 11364 996 99825 93384 1046 01953 16845 1096 03981 05541
    897 95279 24430 947 97634 99790 997 99869 51583 1047 01994 66817 1097 04020 66276
    898 95327 63367 948 97680 83373 998 99913 05413 1048 02036 12826 1098 04060 23401
    899 95375 96917 949 97726 62124 999 99956 54882 1049 02077 54882 1099 04099 76924
    900 95424 25094 950 97772 36053 1000 00000 00000 1050 02X18 92991 1100 04139 26852
    c-y
    [ I [ 1
    ‘-iI 6
    [ 1
    c-3815
    [1 I
    C-38)5
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIt INS 99
    COMMON LOGARITHMS Table 4.1

    n log10 1’ log10 2 2 log10 r x 1ogu.l T 2 log10 1:


    1100 04139 26852 1150 06069 781104 1200 07918 12460 1250 09691 00130 1300 11394 33523
    1101 04178 73190 1151 06107 53:!36 1201 07954 30074 1251 09725 73097 1301 11427 72966
    1102 04218 15945 1152 06145 24.791 1202 07990 44677 1252 09760 43289 1302 11461 09842
    1103 04257 55124 1153 06182 93073 1203 08026 56273 1253 09795 10710 1303 11494 44157
    1104 04296 90734 1154 06220 58088 1204 08062 64869 1254 09829 75365 1304 11527 75914

    1105 04336 22780 1155 06258 19842 1205 08098 70469 1255 09864 37258 1305 11561 05117
    1106 04375 51270 1156 06295 78341 1206 08134 73078 1256 09898 96394 1306 11594 31769
    1107 04414 76209 1157 06333 331590 1207 08170 72701 1257 09933 52777 1307 11627 55876
    1108 04453 97604 1158 06370 851594 1208 08206 69343 1258 09968 06411 1308 11660 77440
    1109 04493 15461 1159 06408 34360 1209 08242 63009 1259 10002 57301 1309 11693 96466

    1110 04532 29788 1160 06445 791392 1210 08278 53703 1260 10037 05451 1310 11727 12957
    1111 04571 40589 1161 06483 22:197 1211 08314 41431 1261. 10071 50866 1311 11760 26917
    1112 04610 47872 1162 06520 61:!81 1212 08350 26198 1262 10105 93549 1312 11793 38350
    1113 04649 51643 1163 06557 971.47 1213 08386 08009 1263 10140 33506 1313 11826 47261
    1114 04688 51908 1164 06595 29803 1214 08421 86867 1264 10174 70739 1314 11859 53652

    1115 04727 48674 1165 06632 59;!54 1215 08457 62779 1265 10209 05255 1315 11892 57528
    1116 04766 41946 1166 06669 851jO4 1216 08493 35749 1266 10243 37057 1316 11925 58893
    1117 04805 31731 1167 06707 08fj60 1217 08529 05782 1267 10277 66149 1317 11958 57750
    1118 04844 18036 1168 06744 28428 1218 08564 72883 1268 10311 92535 1318 11991 54103
    1119 04883 00865 1169 06781 45:112 1219 08600 37056 1269 10346 16221 1319 12024 47955

    1120 04921 80227 1170 06818 58017 1220 08635 98307 1270 10380 37210 1320 12057 39312
    1121 04960 56126 1171 06855 68951 1221 08671 56639 1271 10414 55506 1321 12090 28176
    1122 04999 28569 1172 06892 76:117 1222 08707 12059 1272 10448 71113 1322 12123 14551
    1123 05037 97563 1173 06929 80:121 1223 08742 64570 1273 10482 84037 1323 12155 98442
    1124 05076 63112 1174 06966 80969 1224 08778 14178 1274 10516 94280 1324 12188 79851

    1125 05115 25224 1175 07003 781i66 1225 08813 60887 1275 10551 01848 1325 12221 58783
    1126 05153 83905 1176 07040 73?17 1226 08849 04702 1276 10585 06744 1326 12254 35241
    1127 05192 39160 1177 07077 64h28 1227 08884 45627 1277 10619 08973 1327 12287 09229
    1128 05230 90996 1178 07114 52905 1228 08919 83668 1278 10653 08538 1328 12319 80750
    1129 05269 39419 1179 07151 38051 1229 08955 18829 1279 10687 05445 1329 12352 49809

    1130 05307 84435 1180 07188 201173 1230 08990 51114 1280 10720 99696 1330 12385 16410
    1131 05346 26049 1181 07224 98976 1231 09025 80529 1281 10754 91297 1331 12417 80555
    1132 05384 64269 1182 07261 74'165 1232 09061 07078 1282 10788 80252 1332 12450 42248
    1133 05422 99099 1183 07298 47446 1233 09096 30766 1283 10822 66564 1333 12483 01494
    1134 05461 30546 1184 07335 17024 1234 09131 51597 1284 10856 50237 1334 12515 58296

    1135 05499 58615 1185 07371 83503 1235 09166 69576 1285 10890 31277 1335 12548 12657
    1136 05537 83314 1186 07408 46;390 1236 09201 84708 1286 10924 09686 1336 12580 64581
    1137 05576 04647 1187 07445 07190 1237 09236 96996 1287 10957 85469 1337 12613 14073
    1138 05614 22621 1188 07481 64,106 1238 09272 06447 1288 10991 58630 1338 12645 61134
    1139 05652 37241 1189 07518 18546 1239 09307 13064 1289 11025 29174 1339 12678 05770

    1140 05690 48513 1190 07554 69514 1240 09342 16852 1290 11058 97103 1340 12710 47984
    1141 05728 56444 1191 07591 171515 1241 09377 17815 1291 11092 62423 1341 12742 87779
    1142 05766 61039 1192 07627 62354 1242 09412 15958 1292 11126 25137 1342 12775 25158
    1143 05804 62304 1193 07664 04137 1243 09447 11286 1293 11159 85249 1343 12807 60127
    1144 05842 60245 1194 07700 43,268 1244 09482 03804 1294 11193 42763 1344 12839 92687

    1145 05880 54867 1195 07736 79,353 1245 09516 93514 1295 11226 97684 1345 12872 22843
    1146 05918 46176 1196 07773 11797 1246 09551 80423 1296 11260 50015 1346 12904 50599
    1147 05956 34179 1197 07809 41504 1247 09586 64535 1297 11293 99761 1347 12936 75957
    1148 05994 18881 1198 07845 68181 1248 09621 45853 1298 11327 46925 1348 12968 98922
    1149 06032 00287 1199 07881 91331 1249 09656 24384 1299 11360 91511 1349 13001 19497

    1150 06069 78404 1200 07918 12160 1250 09691 00130 1300 11394 33523 1350 13033 37685

    c 1 c-3815
    [ 1 c-3814
    [ I
    c-3814
    [ I c-3813
    [ I C-38)3
    100 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.2 NATURAL LOGARITHMS

    3 In x X In 2 X In x
    0.000 -m 0.050 -2.99573 22735 539910 0.100 -2.30258 50929 940457
    0: 001 -6.90775 52789 821371 0.051 -2.97592 96462 578113 0.101 -2.29263 47621 408776
    0.002 -6.21460 80984 221917 0.052 -2.95651 15604 007097 0.102 -2.28278 24656 978660
    0.003 -5.80914 29903 140274 0.053 -2.93746 33654 300152 0.103 -2.27302 62907 525013
    0.004 -5.52146 09178 622464 0.054 -2.91877 12324 178627 0.104 -2.26336 43798 407644
    0.005 -5.29831 73665 480367 0.055 -2.90042 20937 496661 0.105 -2.25379 49288 246137
    3.006 -5.11599 58097 540821 0.056 -2.88240 35882 469878 0.106 -2.24431 61848 700699
    0.007 -4.96184 51299 268237 0.057 -2.86470 40111 475869 0.107 -2.23492 64445 202309.
    0.008 -4.82831 37373 023011 0.058 -2.84731 22684 357177 0.108 -2.22562 40518 579174
    0.009 -4.71053 07016 459177 oIo59 -2.83021 78350 764176 0.109 -2.21640 73967 529934
    0.010 -4.60517 01859 880914 0.060 -2.81341 07167 600364 0.110 -2.20727 49131 897208
    0.011 -4.50986 00061 837665 0,061 -2.79688 14148 088258 0.111 -2.19822 50776 698029
    0.012 -4.42284 86291 941367 0.062 -2.78062 08939 370455 0.112 -2.18925 64076 870425
    0.013 -4.34280 59215 206003 0.063 -2.76462 05525 906044 0.113 -2.18036 74602 697965
    0.014 -4.26869 79493 668784 0.064 -2.74887 21956 224652 0.114 -2.17155 68305 876416
    0.015 -4.19970 50778 799270 0.065 -2.73336 80090 864999 0.115 -2.16282 31506 188870
    0.016 -4.13516 65567 423558 0.066 -2.71810 05369 557115 0.116 -2.15416 50878 757724
    OiO17 -4.07454 19349 259210 0.067 -2.70306 26595 911710 0.117 -2.14558 13441 843809
    0.018 -4.01738 35210 859724 0.068 -2.68824 75738 060304 0.118 -2.13707 06545 164723
    0.019 -3.96331 62998 156966 0.069 -2.67364 87743 848777 0.119 -2.12863 17858 706077
    0.020 -3.91202 30054 281461 0.070 -2.65926 00369 327781 0.120 -2.12026 35362 000911
    0.021 -3.86323 28412 587141 0.071 -2.64507 54019 408216 0.121 -2.11196 47333 853960
    0.022 -3.81671 28256 238212 0.072 -2.63108 91599 660817 0.122 -2.10373 42342 488805
    0.023 -3.77226 10630 529874 0.073 -2.61729 58378 337459 0.123 -2.09557 09236 097196
    0.024 -3.72970 14486 341914 0.074 -2.60369 01857 779673 0.124 -2.08747 37133 771002
    0.025 -3.68887 94541 139363 0.075 -2.59026 71654 458266 0.125 -2.07944 15416 798359
    0.026 -3.64965 87409 606550 0.076 -2.57702 19386 958060 0.126 -2.07147 33720 306591
    0.027 -3.61191 84129 778080 0.077 -2.56394 98571 284532 0.127 -2.06356 81925 235458
    0.028 -3.57555 07688 069331 0.078 -2.55104 64522 925453 0.128 -2.05572 50150 625199
    0.029 -3.54045 94489 956630 0.079 -2.53830 74265 151156 0.129 -2.04794 28746 204649
    0.030 -3.50655 78973 199817 0.080 -2.52572 86443 082554 0.130 -2.04022 08285 265546
    0.031 -3.47376 80744 969908 0.081 -2.51330 61243 096983 0.131 -2.03255 79557 809855
    0.032 -3.44201 93761 824105 0.082 -2.50103 60317 178839 0.132 -2.02495 33563 957662
    0.033 -3.41124 77175 156568 0.083 -2.48891 46711 855391 0.133 -2.01740 61507 603833
    0.034 -3.38139 47543 659757 0.084 -2.47693 84801 388234 0.134 -2.00991 54790 312257
    0.035 -3.35240 72174 927234 0.085 -2.46510 40224 918206 0.135 -2.00248 05005 437076
    0.036 -3.32423 63405 260271 0.086 -2.45340 79827 286293 0.136 -1.99510 03932 460850
    0.037 -3.29683 73663 379126 0.087 -2.44184 71603 275533 0.137 -1.98777 43531 540121
    0.038 -3.27016 91192 557513 0.088 -2.43041 84645 039306 0.138 -1.98050 15938 249324
    0.039 -3.24419 36328 524906 0.089 -2.41911 89092 499972 0.139 -1.97328 13458 514453
    0.040 -3.21887 58248 682007 0.090 -2.40794 56086 518720 0.140 -1.96611 28563 728328
    0.041 -3.19418 32122 778292 0.091 -2.39689 57724 652870 0.141 -1.95899 53886 039688
    0.042 -3.17008 56606 987687 0.092 -2.38596 67019 330967 0.142 -1.95192 82213 808763
    0.043 -3.14655 51632 885746 0.093 -2.37515 57858 288811 0.143 -1.94491 06487 222298
    0.044 -3.12356 56450 638759 0.094 -2.36446 04967 121332 0.144 -1.93794 19794 061364
    0.045 -3.10109 27892 118173 0.095 -2.35387 83873 815962 0.145 -1.93102 15365 615627
    0.046 -3.07911 38824 930421 0.096 -2.34340 70875 143008 0.146 -1.92414 86572 738006
    0.047 -3.05760 76772 720785 0.097 -2.33304 43004 787542 0.147 -1.91732 26922 034008
    0.048 -3.03655 42680 742461 0.098 -2.32278 78003 115651 0.148 -1.91054 30052 180220
    0.049 -3.01593 49808 715104 0.099 -2.31263 54288 475471 0.149 -1.90380 89730 366779
    0.050 -2.99573 22735 539910 0.100 -2.30258 50929 940457 0.150 -1.89711 99848 858813

    For use of natural logarithms see Examples 4-7.

    In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457


    ELEMJCNTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 101
    NATURAL LOGARITHMS Table 4.2
    x In 2 X In x X In 2
    0.150 -1.897 11 99848 858813 0.200 -1.60943 79124 341004 0.250 -1.38629 43611 198906
    0.151 -1.890 47 54421 672127 0.201 -1.60445 03709 230613 0.251 -1.38230 23398 503532
    0.152 -1.883 87 47581 358607 0.202 -1.59948 75815 809323 0.252 -1.37832 61914 707137
    0.153 -1.877 31 73575 897016 0.203 -1.59454 92999 403497 0.253 -1.37436 57902 546168
    0.154 -1.870 80 26765 685079 0.204 -1.58963 52851 379207 0.254 -1.37042 10119 636005
    0.155 -1.86433 01620 628904 0.205 -1.58474 52998 437289 0.255 -1.36649 17338 237109
    0.156 -1.85789 92717 326000 0.206 -1.57987 91101 925560 0.256 -1.36257 78345 025746
    0.157 -1.85150 94736 338290 0.207 -1.57503 64857 167680 0.257 -1.35867 91940 869173
    0.158 -1.84516 02459 551702 0.208 -1.57021 71992 808191 0.258 -1.35479 56940 605196
    0.159 -1.83885 10767 619055 0.209 -1.56542 10270 173260 0.259 -1.35092 72172 825993
    0.160 -1.83258 14637 483101 0.210 -1.56064 77482 646684 0.260 -1.34707 36479 666093
    0.161 -1.82635 09139 976741 0.211 -1.55589 71455 060706 0.261 -1.34323 48716 594436
    0.162 -1.82015 89437 497530 0.212 -1.55116 90043 101246 0.262 -1.33941 07752 210402
    0.163 -1.81400 50781 753747 0.213 -1.54646 31132 727119 0.263 -1.33560 12468 043725
    0.164 -1.80788 88511 579386 0.214 -1.54177 92639 602856 0.264 -1.33180 61758 358209
    0.165 -1.80180 98050 815564 0.215 -1.53711 72508 544743 0.265 -1.32802 54529 959148
    0.166 -1.79576 74906 255938 0.216 -1.53247 68712 979720 0.266 -1.32425 89702 004380
    0.167 -1.78976 14665 653819 0.217 -1.52785 79254 416775 0.267 -1.32050 66205 818875
    0.168 -1.78379 12995 788781 0.218 -1.52326 02161 930480 0.268 -1.31676 82984 712804
    0.169 -1.77785 65640 590636 0.219 -1.51868 35491 656362 0.269 -1.31304 38993 802979
    0.170 -1.77195 68419 318753 0.220 -1.51412 77326 297755 0.270 -1.30933 33199 837623
    0.171 -1.76609 17224 794772 0.221 -1.50959 25774 643842 0.271 -1.30563 64581 024362
    0.172 -1.76026 08021 686840 0.222 -1.50507 78971 098576 0.272 -1.30195 32126 861397
    0.173 -1.75446 36844 843581 0.223 -1.50058 35075 220183 0.273 -1.29828 34837 971773
    0.174 -1.74869 99797 676080 0.224 -1.49610 92271 270972 0.274 -1.29462 71725 940668
    0.175 -1.74296 93050 586230 0.225 -1.49165 48767 777169 0.275 -1.29098 41813 155658
    0.176 -1.73727 12839 439853 0.226 -1.48722 02797 098512 0.276 -1.28735 44132 649871
    0.177 -1.73160 55464 083079 0.227 -1.48280 52615 007344 0.277 -1.28373 77727 947986
    0.178 -1.72597 17286 900519 0.228 -1.47840 96500 276963 0.278 -1.28013 41652 915000
    0.179 -1.72036 94731 413821 0.229 -1.47403 32754 278974 0.279 -1.27654 34971 607714
    0.180 -1.71479 84280 919267 0.230 -1.46967 59700 589417 0.280 -1.27296 56758 128874
    0.181 -1.70925 82477 163113 Oi231 -1.46533 75684 603435 0.281 -1.26940 06096 483913
    0.182 -1.70374 85919 053417 0.232 -1.46101 79073 158271 0.282 -1.26584 82080 440235
    0.183 -1.69826 91261 407161 Oi2j3 -1i45671 68254 164365 0.283 -1.26230 83813 388994
    0.184 -1.69281 95213 731514 0.234 -1.45243 41636 244356 0.284 -1.25878 10408 209310
    0.185 -1.68739 94539 038122 0.285 -1.25526 60987 134865
    0.186 -1.68200 86052 689358 3-22;: -1.44816
    -1.44392 97648
    34739 379781
    565270 0.286 -1.25176 34681 622845
    0.187 -1.67664 66621 275504 0:237 -1.43969 51378 470059 0.287 -1.24827 30632 225159
    0.188 -1.67131 33161 521878 0.238 -1.43548 46053 106624 0.288 -1.24479 47988 461911
    0.189 -1.66600 82639 224947 0.239 -1.43129 17270 506264 0.289 -1.24132 85908 697049
    0.190 -1.66073 12068 216509 0.240 -1.42711 63556 401457 0.290 -1.23787 43560 016173
    0.191 -1.65548 18509 355072 0.241 -1.42295 83454 914821 0.291 -1.23443 20118 106445
    0.192 -1.65025 99069 543555 0.242 -1.41881 75528 254507 0.292 -1.23100 14767 138553
    0.193 -1.64506 50900 772515 0.243 -1.41469 38356 415886 0.293 -1.22758 26699 650697
    0.194 -1.63989 71199 188089 0.244 -1.41058 70536 889352 0.294 -1.22417 55116 434554
    0.195 -1.63475 57204 183903 0.245 -1.40649 70684 374101 0.295 -1.22077 99226 423172
    0.196 -1.62964 06197 516198 0.246 -1.40242 37430 497742 0.296 -1.21739 58246 580767
    0.197 -1.62455 15502 441485 0.247 -1.39836 69423 541599 0.297 -1.21402 31401 794374
    0.198 -1.61948 82482 876018 0.248 -1.39432 65328 171549 0.298 -1.21066 17924 767326
    0.199 -1.61445 04542 576447 0.249 -1.39030 23825 174294 0.299 -1.20731 17055 914506
    0.200 -1.60943 79124 341004 0.250 -1.38629 43611 198906 0.300 -1.20397 28043 259360

    [ 1
    C-7612

    In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457


    102 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.2 NATURAL LOGARITHMS

    2’ In $7’ .I’ In .f’ :c In .I’


    0.350 -1.04982 21244 986777 0.400 -0.91629 07318 741551
    ;.;N; -1.20397
    -1.20064 28043
    50142 259360
    332613 0.351 -1.04696 90555 162712 0.401 -0.91379 38516 755679
    0:302 -1.19732 82616 072674 0.352 -1.04412 41033 840400 0.402 -0.91130 31903 631160
    0.303 -1.19402 24734 727679 0.353 -1.04128 72220 488403 0.403 -0.90881 87170 354541
    0.304 -1.19072 75775 759154 0.354 -1.03845 83658 483626 0.404 -0.90634 04010 209870
    0.305 -1.18744 35023 741254 0.355 -1.03563 74895 067213 0.405 -0.90386 82118 755979
    0.306 -1.18417 01770 297563 0.356 -1.03282 45481 301066 0.406 -0.90140 21193 804044
    0.307 -1.18090 75313 949399 0.357 -1:OSOOl 94972 024980 0.407 -0.89894 20935 395421
    0.308 -1.17765 54960 085626 0.358 -1.02722 22925 814367 0.408 -0.89648 81045 779754
    0.309 -1.17441 40020 843916 0.359 -1.02443 28904 938582 0.409 -0.89404 01229 393353
    0.310 -1.17118 29815 029451 0.360 -1.02165 12475 319814 0.410 -0.89159 81192 837836
    0.311 -1.16796 23668 029029 0.361 -1.01887 73206 492561 0.411 -0.88916 20644 859024
    0.312 -1.16475 20911 726547 0.362 -1.01611 10671 563660 0.412 -0.88673 19296 326107
    0.313 -1.16155 20884 419838 0.363 -1.01335 24447 172863 0.413 -0.88430 76860 211043
    0.314 -1i15836 22930 738837 0.364 -1.01060 14113 453964 0.414 -0.88188 93051 568227
    0.315 -1.15518 26401 565040 0.365 -1.00785 79253 996455 0.415 -0.87947 67587 514388
    0.316 -1.15201 30653 952249 0.366 -1.00512 19455 807708 0.416 -0.87707 00187 208738
    Oi317 -1i14885 35051 048564 0.367 -1.00239 34309 275668 0.417 -0.87466 90571 833356
    0.318 -1.14570 38962 019602 0.368 -0.99967 23408 132061 0.418 -0.87227 38464 573807
    0.319 -1.14256 41761 972925 0.369 -0.99695 86349 416099 0.419 -0.86988 43590 599993
    0.320 -1.13943 42831 883648 0.370 -0.99425 22733 438669 0.420 -0.86750 05677 047231
    0.321 -1.13631 41558 521212 0.371 -0.99155 32163 747019 0.421 -0.86512 24452 997556
    0.322 -1.13320 37334 377287 0.372 -0.98886 14247 089905 0.422 -0.86274 99649 461252
    0.323 -1.13010 29557 594805 0.373 -0.98617 68593 383215 0.423 -0.86038 30999 358591
    0.324 -1.12701 17631 898077 0.374 -0.98349 94815 676051 0.424 -0.85802 18237 501793
    0.325 -1.12393 00966 523996 0.375 -0.98082 92530 117262 0.425 -0.85566 61100 577202
    0.326 -1.12085 78976 154294 0.376 -0.97816 61355 922425 0.426 -0.85331 59327 127666
    0.327 -1.11779 51080 848837 0.377 -0.97551 00915 341263 0.427 -0.85097 12657 535125
    0.328 -1.11474 16705 979933 0.378 -0.97286 10833 625494 0.428 -0.84863 20834 003403
    0.329 -1.11169 75282 167652 0.379 -0.97021 90738 997107 0.429 -0.84629 83600 541201
    0.330 -1.10866 26245 216111 0.380 -0.96758 40262 617056 0.430 -0.84397 00702 945289
    0.331 -1.10563 69036 050742 0.381 -0.96495 59038 554361 0.431 -0.84164 71888 783893
    0.332 -1.10262 03100 656485 0.382 -0.96233 46703 755619 0.432 -0.83932 96907 380267
    0.333 -1.09961 27890 016932 0.383 -0.95972 02898 014911 0.433 -0.83701 75509 796472
    0.334 -1.09661 42860 054366 0.384 -0.95711 27263 944102 0.434 -0.83471 07448 817322
    0.335 -1.09362 47471 570706 0.385 -0.95451 19446 943528 0.435 -0.83240 92478 934530
    0.336 -1.09064 41190 189328 0.386 -0.95191 79095 173062 OI4% -0.83011 30356 331027
    0: s>i -ii08767 23486 297753 0.387 -0.94933 05859 523552 0.431 -0.82782 20838 865469
    0.338 -1.08470 93834 991183 0.388 -0.94674 99393 588636 0.438 -0i82553 63686 056909
    0.339 -1.08175 51716 016868 0.389 -0.94417 59353 636908 0.439 -0.82325 58659 069657
    0.340 -1.07880 96613 719300 0.390 -0.94160 85398 584449 0.440 -0.82098 05520 698302
    0.341 -1.07587 28016 986203 0.391 -0.93904 77189 967713 0.441 -0.81871 04035 352911
    0.342 -1.07294 45419 195319 0.392 -0.93649 34391 916745 0.442 -0.81644 53969 044389
    0.343 -1.07002 48318 161971 0.393 -0.93394 56671 128758 0.443 -0.81418 55089 370014
    0.344 -1.06711 36216 087387 0.394 -0.93140 43696 842032 0.444 -0.81193 07165 499123
    0.345 -1.06421 08619 507773 0.395 -0.92886 95140 810152 0.445 -0.80968 09968 158968
    Oi346 -1.06131 65039 244128 0.396 -0.92634 10677 276565 0.446 -0.80743 63269 620730
    0.347 -1.05843 04990 352779 0.397 -0.92381 89982 949466 0.447 -0.80519 66843 685682
    0.348 -1.05555 27992 076627 0.398 -0.92130 32736 976993 0.448 -0.80296 20465 671519
    0.349 -1.05268 33567 797099 0.399 -0.91879 38620 922736 0.449 -0.80073 23912 398828
    0.350 -1.04982 21244 986777
    [‘-,6’1]
    0.400 -0.91629 07318 741551 0.450
    * (-77)8
    -0.79850
    76962 177716

    L ’ J [ I
    In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457
    *see page n.
    ELEMEiNTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 103
    NATURAL LOGARITHMS Table 4.2
    X In 2 X In x X In x

    0.450 -0.79850 76962 177716 0.500 -0.69314 71805 599453 0.550 -0.59783 70007 556204
    0.451 -0.79628 79394 794587 0.501 -0.69114 91778 972723 0.551 -0.59602 04698 292226
    0.452 -0.79407 30991 499059 0.502 -0.68915 51592 904079 0.552 -0.59420 72327 050417
    0.453 -0.79186 31534 991030 0.503 -0.68716 51088 823978 0.553 -0.59239 72774 598023
    0.454 -0.78965 80809 407891 0.504 -0.68517 90109 107684 0.554 -0.59059 05922 348532

    0.455 -0.78745 78600 311866 0.505 -0.68319 68497 067772 0.555 -0.58878 71652 357025
    0.456 -0.78526 24694 677510 0.506 -0.68121 86096 946715 0.556 -0.58698 69847 315547
    0.457 -0.78307 18880 879324 0.507 -0.67924 42753 909539 0.557 -0.58519 00390 548530
    0.458 -0.78088 60948 679521 0.508 -0.67727 38314 036552 0.558 -0.58339 63166 008261
    0.459 -0.77870 50689 215919 0.509 -0.67530 72624 316143 0.559 -0.58160 58058 270379

    0.460 -0.77652 87894 989964 0.510 -0.67334 45532 637656 0.560 -0.57981 84952 529421
    0.461 -0.77435 72359 854885 0.511 -0.67138 56887 784326 0.561 -0.57803 43734 594407
    0.462 -0.77219 03879 003982 0.512 -0.66943 06539 426293 0.562 -0.57625 34290 884460
    0.463 -0.77002 82248 959030 0.513 -0.66747 94338 113675 0.563 -0.57447 56508 424467
    0.464 -0.76787 07267 558818 0.514 -0.66553 20135 269719 0.564 -0.57270 10274 840782

    0.465 -0.76571 78733 947807 0.515 -0.66358 83783 184009 0.565 -0.57092 95478 356961
    0.466 -0.76356 96448 564912 0.516 -0.66164 85135 005743 0.566 -0.56916 12007 789541
    0.467 -0.76142 60213 132397 0.517 -0.65971 24044 737079 0.567 -0.56739 59752 543850
    0.468 -0.75928 69830 644903 0.518 -0.65778 00367 226540 0.568 -0.56563 38602 609857
    0.469 -0.75715 25105 358577 0.519 -0.65585 13958 162484 0.569 -0.56387 48448 558061

    0.470 -0.75502 25842 780328 0.520 -0.65392 64674 066640 0.570 -0.56211 89181. 535412
    0.471 -0.75289 71849 657193 0.521 -0.65200 52372 287701 0.571 -0.56036 60693 261268
    0.472 -0.75077 62933 965817 0.522 -0.65008 76910 994983 0.572 -0.55861 62876 023392
    0.473 -0.74865 98904 902041 0.523 -0.64817 38149 172142 0.573 -0.55686 95622 673975
    0.474 -0.74654 79572 870606 0.524 -0.64626 35946 610949 0.574 -0.55512 58826 625706

    0.475 -0.74444 04749 474958 0.525 -0.64435 70163 905133 0.575 -0.55338 52381 847866
    0.476 -0.74233 74247 507170 0.526 -0.64245 40662 444272 0.576 -0.55164 76182 862458
    0.477 -0.74023 87880 937958 0.527 -0.64055 47304 407747 0.577 -0.54991 30124 740375
    0.478 -0.73814 45464 906811 0.528 -0.63865 89952 758756 0.578 -0.54818 14103 097596
    0.479 -0.73605 46815 712218 0.529 -0.63676 68471 238377 0.579 -0.54645 28014 091418

    0.480 -0.73396 91750 802004 0.530 -0.63487 82724 359695 0.580 -0.54472 71754 416720
    0.481 -0.73188 80088 763759 0.531 -0.63299 32577 401982 O;iiSl -0i54300 45221 302258
    0.482 -0.72981 11649 315367 0.532 -0.63111 17896 404927 0.582 -0.54128 48312 506992
    0.483 -0.72773 86253 295644 0.533 -0.62923 38548 162925 0.583 -0.53956 80926 316447
    0.484 -0.72567 03722 655053 0.534 -0.62735 94400 219422 0.584 -0.53785 42961 539100

    0.485 -0.72360 63880 446539 0.535 -0.62548 85320 861305 0.585 -0.53614 34317 502806
    0.486 -0.72154 66550 816433 0.536 -0.62362 11179 113351 0.586 -0.53443 54894 051244
    0.487 -0.71949 11558 995473 0.537 -0.62175 71844 732724 0.587 -0.53273 04591 540406
    0.488 -0.71743 98731 289899 0.538 -0.61989 67188 203526 0.588 -0.53102 83310 835101
    0.489 -0.71539 27895 072650 0.539 -0.61803 97080 731399 0.589 -0.52932 90953 305503

    0.490 -0.71334 98878 774648 0.540 -0.61618 61394 238170 0.590 -0.52763 27420 823719
    0.491 -0.71131 11511 876165 0.541 -0.61433 60001 356555 ;A;; -0.52593 92615 760389
    0.492 -0.70927 65624 898289 0.542 -0.61248 92775 424908 -0.52424 86440 981314
    0.493 -0.70724 61049 394469 0.543 -0.61064 59590 482016 0:593 -0.52256 08799 844116
    0.494 -0.70521 97617 942145 0.544 -0.60880 60321 261944 0.594 -0.52087 59596 194921

    0.495 -0.70319 75164 134468 0.545 -0.60696 94843 188930 0.595 -0.51919 38734 365073
    0.496 -0.70117 93522 572096 0.546 -0.60513 63032 372320 0.596 -0.51751 46119 167873
    0.497 -0.69916 52528 855083 0.547 -0.60330 64765 601558 0.597 -0.51583 81655 895350
    0.498 -0.69715 52019 574841 0.548 -0.60147 99920 341215 0.598 -0.51416 45250 315053
    0.499 -0.69514 91832 306184 0.549 -0.59965 68374 726064 0.599 -0.51249 36808 666877

    0.500 -0.69314 71805 599453 0.550 -0.59783 70007 556204 0.600 -0.51082 56237 659907

    [ I
    C-76
    [ 1
    95

    ln lo= 2.30258 50929 940457


    104 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.2 NATURAL LOGARITHMS

    2 In z X In 2 2 In x

    0.600 -0.51082 56231 659907 0.650 -0.43078 29160 924543 0.700 -0.35667 49439 387324
    OibOl -0.50916 03444 469295 0.651 -0.42924 56367 735678 0.701 -0.35524 73919 475470
    0.602 -0.50749 78336 733160 0.652 -0.42771 07170 554841 0.702 -0.35382 18749 563259
    0.603 -0.50583 80822 549516 0.653 -0.42617 81497 057060 0.703 -0.35239 83871 714721
    0.604 -0.50418 10810 473221 0.654 -0.42464 79275 249384 0.704 -0.35097 69228 240947
    0.605 -0.50252 68209 512956 0.655 -0.42312 00433 468851 0.705 -0.34955 74761 698684
    0.606 -0.50087 52929 128226 0.656 -0.42159 44900 380480 0.706 -0.34814 00414 888950
    0.607 -0.49922 64879 226388 0.657 -0.42007 12604 975265 0.707 -0.34672 46130 855643
    0.608 -0.49758 03970 159700 0.658 -0.41855 03476 568199 0.708 -0.34531 11852 884173
    0.609 -0.49593 70112 722400 0.659 -0.41703 17444 796298 0.709 -0.34389 97524 500096

    0.610 -0.49429 63218 147801 0.660 -0.41551 54439 616658 0.710 -0.34249 03089 467759
    0.611 -0.49265 83198 105417 0.661 -0.41400 14391 304508 0.711 -0.34108 28491 788962
    0.612 -0.49102 29964 698110 0.662 -0.41248 97230 451288 0.712 -0.33967 73675 701613
    0.613 -0.48939 03430 459257 0.663 -0.41098 02887 962745 0.713 -0.33827 38585 678411
    0.614 -0.48776 03508 349946 0.664 -0.40947 31295 057032 0.714 -0.33687 23166 425527
    0.615 -0.48613 30111 756192 0.665 -0.40796 82383 262829 0.71!i -0.33547 27362 881294
    0.616 -0.48450 83154 486173 0.666 -0.40646 56084 417479 0.716 -0.33407 51120 214914
    0.617 -0.48288 62550 767492 0.667 -0.40496 52330 665133
    0.618 -0.48126 68215 244463 0.668 -0.40346 71054 454913 ao@
    . 5:i -0.33128
    -0.33267 94383
    57099 825167
    339129
    0.619 -0.47965 00062 975409 0.669 -0.40197 12188 539086 0.719 -Or32989 39212 610904

    0.620 -0.47803 58009 429998 0.670 -0.40047 75665 971253 0.720 -0.32850 40669 720361
    0.621 -0.47642 41970 486583 0.671 -0.39898 61420 104553 0.721 -0.32711 61416 971880
    0.622 -0.47481 51862 429576 0.672 -0.39749 69384 589875 0.722 -0.32573 01400 893108
    0.623 -0.47320 87601 946839 0.673 -0.39600 99493 374092 0.723 -0.32434 60568 233724
    0.624 -0.47160 49106 127094 0.674 -0.39452 51680 698300 0.724 -0.32296 38865 964207

    0.625 -0.47000 36292 457356 0.675 -0.39304 25881 096072 0.7i!5 -0.32158 36241 274623
    0.626 -0.46840 49078 820385 0.676 -0i39i56 22029 391730 0.726 -0.32020 52641 573410
    -0.46680 87383 492164 0.677 -0.39008 40060 698621 0.727 -0.31882 88014 486177
    :* 2 -0.46521 51125 139384 0.678 -0Ij8860 79910 417415 0.728 -0.31745 42307 854511
    0: 629 -0.46362 40222 816965 0.679 -0.38713 41514 234409 0.729 -0.31608 15469 734789
    0.630 -0.46203 54595 965587 0.680 -0.38566 24808 119847 0.7'30 -0.31471 07448 397002
    -0.46044 94164 409239 0.681 -0.38419 29728 326247 a. 731 -0.31334 18192 323585
    i* t;: -0.45886 58848 352796 0.682 -0.38272 56211 386750 0.732 -0.31197 47650 208255
    0:633 -0.45728 48568 379609 0.683 -0.38126 04194 113470 0.733 -0.31060 95770 954856
    0.634 -0.45570 63245 449111 0.684 -0.37979 73613 595866 0.134 -0.30924 62503 676215

    0.635 -0.45413 02800 894454 0.685 -0.37833 64407 199118 0.735 -0.30788 47797 693004
    0.636 -0.45255 67156 420149 0.686 -0.37687 76512 562518 0.736 -0.30652 51602 532608
    0.637 -0.45098 56234 099737 0.681 -0.37542 09867 597877 0.137 -0.30516 73867 928004
    0.638 -0.44941 69956 373472 0.688 -0.37396 64410 487934 0.738 -0.30381 14543 816646
    0.639 -0.44785 08246 046022 0.689 -0.37251 40079 684785 0.739 -0: 30245 73580 339353
    0.640 -0.44628 71026 284195 0.690 -0.37106 36813 908320 0.740 -0.30110 50927 839216
    0.641 -0.44472 58220 614670 0.691 -0.36961 54552 144672 0.741 -0.29975 46536 860502
    0.642 -0.44316 69752 921759 0.692 -0.36816 93233 644675 0.742 -0.29840 60358 147566
    0.643 -0.44161 05547 445177 0.693 -0.36672 52797 922330 0.743 -0.29705 92342 643779
    0.644 -0.44005 65528 777834 0.694 -0.36528 33184 753326 0.744 -0.29571 42441 490452

    0.645 -0.43850 49621 863646 0.695 -0.36384 34334 173449 0.745 -0.29437 10606 025775
    0.646 -0.43695 57751 995352 0.696 -0.36240 56186 477174 0.746 -0.29302 96787 783762
    0.647 -0.43540 89844 812365 0.697 -0.36096 98682 216132 0.747 -0i29169 00938 493197
    0.648 -0.43386 45826 298624 0.698 -0.35953 61762 197646 0.748 -0.29035 23010 076598
    0.649 -0.43232 25622 780471 0.699 -0.35810 45367 483268 0.749 -0.28901 62954 649176
    0.650 -0.43078 29160 924543 0.700 -0.35667 49439 381324 0.750 -0.28768 20724 517809

    In lO= 2.30258 50929 940457


    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 105
    NATURAL LOGARITHMS Table 4.2
    X In x X In T X In x

    0.750 -0.28768 20724 517809 0.800 -0.22314 35513 142098 0.850 -0.16251 89294 977749
    0.751 -0.28634 96272 180023 0.801 -0.22189 43319 137778 0.851 -0.16134 31504 087629
    0.752 -0.28501 89550 322973 0.802 -0.22064 66711 156226 0.852 -0.16016 87521 528213
    0.753 -0.28369 00511 822435 0.803 -0.21940 05650 353754 0.853 -0.15899 57314 904579
    0.754 -0.28236 29109 741810 0.804 -0.21815 60098 031707 0.854 -0.15782 40851 935672

    0.755 -0.28103 75297 331123 0.805 -0.21691 30015 635737 0.855 -0.15665 38100 453768
    0.756 -0.27971 39028 026041 0.806 -0.21567 15364 755088 0.856 -0.15548 49028 403950
    0.757 -0.27839 20255 446883 0.807 -0.21443 16107 121883 0.857 -0.15431 73603 843573
    0.758 -0.27707 18933 397654 0.808 -0.21319 32204 610417 0.858 -0.15315 11794 941748
    0.759 -0.27575 35015 865071 0.809 -0.21195 63619 236454 0.859 -0.15198 63569 978817

    0.760 -0.27443 68457 017603 0.810 -0.21072 10313 156526 0.860 -0.15082 28897 345836
    0.761 -0i27312 19211 204512 0.811 -0.20948 72248 667241 0.861 -0.14966 07745 544063
    0.762 -0.27180 87232 954908 0.812 -0.20825 49388 204591 0.862 -0.14850 00083 184440
    0.763 -0.27049 72476 976800 0.813 -0.20702 41694 343265 0.863 -0.14734 05878 987091
    0.764 -0.26918 74898 156166 0.814 -0.20579 49129 795968 0.864 -0.14618 25101 780814

    0.765 -0.26787 94451 556012 0.815 -0.20456 71657 412743 0.865 -0.14502 57720 502577
    0.766 -0.26657 31092 415458 0.816 -0.20334 09240 180300 0.866 -0.14387 03704 197019
    0.767 -0.26526 84776 148809 0.817 -0.20211 61841 221342 0.867 -0.14271 63022 015952
    0.768 -0.26396 55458 344649 0.818 -0.20089 29423 793900 0.868 -0.14156 35643 217869
    0.769 -0.26266 43094 764931 0.819 -0.19967 11951 290676 0.869 -0.14041 21537 167450

    0.770 -0.26136 47641 344075 0.820 -0.19845 09387 238383 0.870 -0.13926 20673 335076
    0.771 -0.26006 69054 188076 0.821 -0.19723 21695 297088 0.871 -0.13811 33021 296343
    0.772 -0.25877 07289 573609 0.822 -0.19601 48839 259571 0.872 -0.13696 58550 731574
    0.773 -0.25747 62303 947151 0.823 -0.19479 90783 050672 0.873 -0.13581 97231 425348
    0.774 -0.25618 34053 924099 0.824 -0.19358 47490 726654 0.874 -0.13467 49033 266016

    0.775 -0.25489 22496 287901 0.825 -0.19237 18926 474561 0.875 -0.13353 13926 245226
    0.776 -0.25360 27587 989183 0.826 -0.19116 05054 611590 0.876 -0.13238 91880 457456
    0.777 -0.25231 49286 144896 0.827 -0.18995 05839 584457 0.877 -0.13124 82866 099540
    0.778 -0.25102 87548 037454 0.828 -0.18874 21245 968774 0.878 -0.13010 86853 470204
    0.779 -0.24974 42331 113888 0.829 -0.18753 51238 468421 0.879 -0.12897 03812 969601

    0.780 -0.24846 13592 984996 0.830 -0.18632 95781 914934 0.880 -0.12783 33715 098849,
    0.781 -0.24718 01291 424511 0.831 -0.18512 54841 266889 0.881 -0.12669 76530 459575
    0.782 -0.24590 05384 368260 0.832 -0.18392 28381 609285 0.882 -0.12556 32229 753457
    0.783 -0.24462 25829 913340 0.833 -0.18272 16368 152944 0.883 -0.12443 00783 781770
    0.784 -0.24334 62586 317292 0.834 -0.18152 18766 233903 0.884 -0.12329 82163 444936

    0.785 -0.24207 15611 997286 0.835 -0.18032 35541 312816 0.885 -0.12216 76339 742075
    0.786 -0.24079 84865 529305 0.836 -0.17912 66658 974354 0.886 -0.12103 83283 770561
    0.787 -0.23952 70305 647338 0.837 -0.17793 12084 926617 0.887 -0.11991 02966 725576
    0.788 -0.23825 71891 242579 0.838 -0.17673 71785 000540 0.888 -0.11878 35359 899670
    0.789 -0.23698 89581 362628 0.839 -0.17554 45725 149309 0.889 -0.11765 80434 682325

    0.790 -0.23572 23335 210699 0.840 -0.17435 33871 447778 0.890 -0.11653 38162 559515
    Oi791 -0i23445 73112 144832 0.841 -0.17316 36190 091890 0.891 -0.11541 08515 113277
    0.792 -0.23319 38871 677112 0.842 -0.17197 52647 398103 0.892 -0.11428 91464 021277
    0.793 -0.23193 20573 472891 0.843 -0.17078 83209 802816 0.893 -0.11316 86981 056380
    0.794 -0.23067 18177 350013 0.844 -0.16960 27843 861799 0.894 -0.11204 95038 086229

    0.795 -0.22941 31643 278052 0.845 -0.16841 86516 249632 0.895 -0.11093 15607 072817
    0.796 -0.22815 60931 377540 0.846 -0.16723 59193 759138 0.896 -0.10981 48660 072066
    0.797 -0.22690 06001 919220 0.847 -0.16605 45843 300827 0.897 -0.10869 94169 233409
    0.798 -0.22564 66815 323283 ;.;&I; -0.16487 46431 902340 ;.;N: -0.10758 52106 799374
    0.799 -0.22439 43332 158624 . -0.16369 60926 707897 . -0.10647 22445 105168

    0.800 -0.22314 35513 142098 0.850 -0.16251 89294 977749 0.900 -0.10536 05156 578263

    [ 1
    (72
    [ 1
    C-67)2
    [ 1
    (72

    In lO= 2.30258 50929 940457


    106 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.2 NATURAL LOGARITHMS

    x In z X In 2 X In x
    0.900 -0.10536 05156 578263 0.950 -0.05129 32943 875505 1.000 0.00000 00000 000000
    0.901 -0.10425 00213 737991 0.951 -0.05024 12164 367467 1.0011 0.00099 95003 330835
    0.902 -0.10314 07589 195134 0.952 -0.04919 02441 907717 1 OOZ! 0.00199 80026 626731
    0.903 -0.10203 27255 651516 0.953 -0.04814 03753 279349 1:003 0.00299 55089 797985
    0.904 -0.10092 59185 899606 0.954 -0.04709 16075 338505 1.004 0.00399 20212 695375
    0.905 -0.09982 03352 822109 0.955 -0.04604 39385 014068 1.005 0.00498 75415 110391
    0.906 -0.09871 59729 391577 0.956 -0.04499 73659 307358 1.006 0.00598 20716 775475
    0.907 -0.09761 28288 670004 0.957 -0.04395 18875 291828 1.007 0.00697 56137 364252
    0.908 -0.09651 09003 808438 0.958 -0.04290 75010 112765 1.008 0.00796 81696 491769
    0.909 -0.09541 01848 046582 0.959 -0.04186 42040 986988 1.009 0.00895 97413 714719
    0.910 -0.09431 06794 712413 0.960 -0.04082 19945 202551 1.010 0.00995 03308 531681
    0.911 -0.09321 23817 221787 0.961 -0.03978 08700 118446 1.011. 0.01093 99400 383344
    0.912 -0.09211 52889 078057 0.962 -0.03874 08283 164306 1 OK! 0.01192 85708 652738
    0.913 -0.09101 93983 871686 0.963 -0.03770 18671 840115 1:013 0.01291 62252 665463
    0.914 -0.08992 47075 279870 0.964 -0.03666 39843 715914 1.014 0.01390 29051 689914
    0.915 -0.08883 12137 066157 0.965 -0.03562 71776 431511 1.015 0.01488 86124 937507
    0.916 -0iO8773 89143 080068 Oi966 -0iO3459 14447 696191 1.016 OiOi587 33491 562901
    0.917 -0.08664 78067 256722 0.967 -0.03355 67835 288427 1.017 0.01685 71170 664229
    0.918 -0iO8555 78883 616466 0.968 -0.03252 31917 055600 l.OlEl 0.01783 99181 283310
    0.919 -0.08446 91566 264500 0.969 -0.03149 06670 913708 1.019 0.01882 17542 405878
    0.920 -0.08338 16089 390511 0.970 -0.03045 92074 847085 1.020 0.01980 26272 961797
    Oi921 -0.08229 52427 268302 0.971 -0iO2942 88106 908121 1.021. OiO2078 25391 825285
    0.922 -0.08121 00554 255432 0.972 -0.02839 94745 216980 l.O2i! 0.02176 14917 815127
    Oi923 -0.08012 60444 792849 0.973 -0.02737 11967 961320 1.023 OiO2273 94869 694894
    0.924 -0.07904 32073 404529 0.974 -0.02634 39753 396020 1.024 0.02371 65266 173160
    0.925 -0.07796 15414 697119 0.975 -0.02531 78079 842899 0.02469 26125 903715
    0.926 -0.07688 10443 359577 0.976 -0.02429 26925 690446 :- i:: 0.02566 77467 485778
    0.927 -0.07580 17134 162819 0.977 -0.02326 86269 393543 1: 02i: 0.02664 19309 464212
    0.928 -0.07472 35461 959365 0.978 -0.02224 56089 473197 1.028 0.02761 51670 329734
    0.929 -0.07364 65401 682985 0.979 -0.02122 36364 516267 1.029 0.02858 74568 519126
    '0.930 -II.07257 06928 348354 0.980 -0.02020 27073 175194 1.030 0.02955 88022 415444
    0.931 -6.07149 60017 050700 0.981 -0.01918 28194 167740 1.031. 0.03052 92050 348229
    0.932 -0.07042 24642 965459 0.982 -0.01816 39706 276712 1 03i! 0.03149 86670 593710
    0.933 -0.06935 00781 347932 0.983 -0.01714 61588 349705 11033 0.03246 71901 375015
    0.934 -0.06827 88407 532944 0.984 -0.01612 93819 298836 1.034 0.03343 47760 862374
    0.935 -0.06720 87496 934501 0.985 -0.01511 36378 100482 1.035 0.03440 14267 173324
    0.936 -0.06613 98025 045450 0.986 -0.01409 89243 795016 1.036 0.03536 71438 372913
    0.937 -0.06507 19967 437149 0.987 -0.01308 52395 486555 1.037 0.03633 19292 473903
    0.938 -0.06400 53299 759124 0.988 -0.01207 25812 342692 1.038 0.03729 57847 436969
    0.939 -0.06293 97997 738741 0.989 -0.01106 09473 594249 1.039 0.03825 87121 170903
    0.940 -0.06187 54037 180875 0.990 -0.01005 03358 535014 1.040 0.03922 07131 532813
    0.941 -0.06081 21393 967574 o1991 -0~00904 07446 521491 1.041. OiO4018 17896 328318
    0.942 -0.05975 00044 057740 0.992 -0.00803 21716 972643 1 042 0.04114 19433 311752
    0.943 -0.05868 89963 486796 0.993 -0.00702 46149 369645 1:043 0.04210 11760 186354
    0.944 -0.05762 91128 366364 0.994 -0.00601 80723 255630 1.044 0.04305 94894 604470
    0.945 -0.05657 03514 883943 0.995 -0.00501 25418 235443 1.045 0.04401 68854 167743
    0.946 -0.05551 27099 302588 0.996 -0.00400 80213 975388 1.046 0.04497 33656 427312
    0.947 -0.05445 61857 960588 0.997 -0.00300 45090 202987 1.047 0.04592 89318 883998
    0.948 -0iO5340 07767 271152 0.998 -0.00200 20026 706731 1.048 0.04688 35858 988504
    0.949 -0.05234 64803 722092 0.999 -0.00100 05003 335835 1.049 0.04783 73294 141601
    0.950 -0.05129 32943 875505 1.000 0.00000 00000 000000 1.050 0.04879 01641 694320

    [ 1
    C-67)2
    [
    (-iI 1
    I [C-67)
    11
    In 10=2.30258 50929 940457
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 107
    NATURAL LOGARITHMS Table 4.2

    X In 2 X In x X In x

    1.050 0.04879 01641 694320 1.100 0.09531 01798 043249 1.150 0.13976 19423 751587
    1.051 OiO4974 20918 948141 1.101 0.09621 88577 405429 1.151 0.14063 11297 397456
    1.052 0.05069 31143 155181 1.102 0.09712 67107 307227 1.152 0.14149 95622 736995
    1.053 0.05164 32331 518384 1.103 0.09803 37402 713654 1.153 0.14236 72412 869220
    1.054 0.05259 24501 191706 1.104 0.09893 99478 549036 1.154 0.14323 41680 859078
    1.055 0.05354 07669 280298 1.105 0.09984 53349 697161 1.155 0.14410 03439 737569
    1.056 0.05448 81852 840697 1.106 0.10074 99031 001431 1.156 0.14496 57702 501857
    1.057 0.05543 47068 881006 1.107 0.10165 36537 264998 1.157 0.14583 04482 115395
    1.058 0.05638 03334 361076 1.108 0.10255 65883 250921 1.158 0.14669 43791 508035
    1.059 0.05732 50666 192694 1.109 0.10345 87083 682300 1.159 0.14755 75643 576147
    1.060 0.05826 89081 239758 1.110 0.10436 00153 242428 1.160 0.14842 00051 182733
    1.061 0.05921 18596 318461 1.111 0.10526 05106 574929 1.161 0.14928 17027 157544
    1.062 0.06015 39228 197471 1.112 0.10616 01958 283906 1.162 0.15014 26584 297195
    1.063 0.06109 50993 598109 1.113 0.10705 90722 934078 1.163 0.15100 28735 365274
    1.064 0.06203 53909 194526 1.114 0.10795 71415 050923 1.164 0.15186 23493 092461
    1.065 0.06297 47991 613884 1.115 0.10885 44049 120821 1.165 0.15272 10870 176639
    1.066 0.06391 33257 436528 1.116 0.10975 08639 591192 1.166 0.15357 90879 283006
    1.067 0.06485 09723 196163 1.117 0.11064 65200 870637 1.167 0.15443 63533 044189
    1.068 0.06578 77405 380031 1.118 0.11154 13747 329074 1.168 0.15529 28844 060353
    1.069 0.06672 36320 429082 1.119 0.11243 54293 297882 1.169 0.15614 86824 899314
    1.070 0.06765 86484 738148 1.120 0.11332 86853 070032 1.170 0.15700 37488 096648
    1.071 0.06859 27914 656117 1.121 0.11422 11440 900229 1.171 0.15785 80846 155803
    1.072 0.06952 60626 486102 1.122 0.11511 28071 005046 1.172 0.15871 16911 548209
    1.073 OiO7045 84636 485614 1.123 0.11600 36757 563061 1.173 0.15956 45696 713384
    1.074 0.07138 99960 866729 1.124 0.11689 37514 714993 1.174 0.16041 67214 059047
    1.075 0.07232 06615 796261 1.125 0.11778 30356 563835 1.175 0.16126 81475 961223
    1.076 0.07325 04617 395927 1.126 0.11867 15297 174986 1.176 0.16211 88494 764352
    1.077 0.07417 93981 742515 1.127 0.11955 92350 576392 1.177 0.16296 88282 781397
    1.078 0.07510 74724 868054 1.128 0.12044 61530 758672 1.178 0.16381 80852 293950
    1.079 0.07603 46862 759976 1.129 0.12133 22851 675250 1.179 0.16466 66215 552339
    1.080 0.07696 10411 361283 1.130 0.12221 76327 242492 1.180 0.16551 44384 775734
    1.081 0.07788 65386 570712 1.131 0.12310 21971 339834 1.181 0.16636 15372 152253
    1.082 0.07881 11804 242898 1.132 0.12398 59797 809912 1.182 0.16720 79189 839065
    1.083 0.07973 49680 188536 1.133 0.12486 89820 458693 1.183 0.16805 35849 962497
    1.084 0.08065 79030 174545 1.134 0.12575 12053 055603 1.184 0.16889 85364 618139
    1.085 0.08157 99869 924229 1.135 0.12663 26509 333660 1.185 0.16974 27745 870945
    1.086 0.08250 12215 117437 1.136 0.12751 33202 989596 1.186 0.17058 63005 755337
    1.087 0.08342 16081 390724 1.137 0.12839 32147 683990 1.187 0.17142 91156 275310
    1.088 0.08434 11484 337509 1.138 0.12927 23357 041392 1.188 0.17227 12209 404532
    1.089 0.08525 98439 508234 1.139 0.13015 06844 650451 1.189 0.17311 26177 086448
    1.090 0.08617 76962 410523 1.140 0.13102 82624 064041 1.190 0.17395 33071 234380
    1.091 0.08709 47068 509338 1.141 0.13190 50708 799386 1.191 0.17479 32903 731631
    1.092 0.08801 08773 227133 1.142 0.13278 11112 338185 1.192 0.17563 25686 431580
    1.093 0.08892 62091 944015 1.143 0.13365 63848 126736 1.193 0.17647 11431 157791
    1.094 0.08984 07039 997895 1.144 0.13453 08929 576062 1.194 0.17730 90149 704103
    1.095 0.09075 43632 684641 1.145 0.13540 46370 062030 1.195 0.17814 61853 834740
    1.096 0.09166 71885 258238 1.146 0.13627 76182 925478 1.196 0.17898 26555 284400
    1.097 0.09257 91812 930932 1.147 0.13714 98381 472336 1.197 0.17981 84265 758361
    1.098 0.09349 03430 873389 1.148 0.13802 12978 973747 1.198 0.18065 34996 932576
    1.099 0.09440 06754 214843 1.149 0.13889 19988 666186 1.199 Oil8148 78760 453772
    1.100 0.09531 01798 043249 1.150 0.13976 19423 751587 1.200 0.18232 15567 939546

    [
    6;) 1
    I [c-y1
    In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457
    108 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.2 NATURAL LOGARITHMS

    X In 2 X In x X In x

    1.200 0.18232 15567 939546 1.250 0.22314 35513 142098 1.300 0.26236 42644 674911
    1.201 0.18315 45430 978465 1.251 0.22394 32314 847741 1.301 0.26313 31995 303682
    1.202 0.18398 68361 130158 1.252 0.22474 22726 779068 1.302 0.26390 15437 863775
    1.203 0.18481 84369 925418 1.253 0.22554 06759 139312 1.303 0.26466 92981 427081
    1.204 0.18564 93468 866293 1.254 0.22633 84422 107290 1.304 0.26543 64635 044612
    1.205 0.18647 95669 426183 1.255 0.22713 55725 837472 1.305 0.26620 30407 746567
    1.206 0.18730 90983 049937 1.256 0.22793 20680 460069 1.306' 0.26696 90308 542393
    1.207 0.18813 79421 153944 1.257 0.22872 79296 081104 1.307 0.26773 44346 420849
    1.208 0.18896 60995 126232 1.258 0.22952 31582 782488 1.308 0.26849 92530 350070
    1.209 0.18979 35716 326556 1.259 0.23031 77550 622101 1.309 0.26926 34869 277629
    1.210 0.19062 03596 086497 1.260 0.23111 17209 633866 1.310 0.27002 71372 130602
    1.211 0.19144 64645 709552 1.261 0.23190 50569 827825 1.311 0.27079 02047 815628
    1.212 0.19227 18876 471227 1.262 0.23269 77641 190214 1.312 0.27155 26905 218973
    1.213 0.19309 66299 619131 1.263 0.23348 98433 683541 1.313 0.27231 45953 206591
    1.214 0.19392 06926 373065 1.264 0.23428 12957 246657 1. 314 0.27307 59200 624188
    1.215 0.19474 40767 925118 1.265 0.23507 21221 794836 1. 31'5 0.27383 66656 297279
    1.216 0.19556 67835 439753 1.266 0.23586 23237 219844 1.316 Oi27459 68329 031255
    1.217 0.19638 88140 053901 1.267 0.23665 19013 390020 1.317 0.27535 64227 611440
    1.218 0.19721 01692 877053 1.268 0.23744 08560 150342 1.318 0.27611 54360 803155
    1.219 0.19803 08504 991345 1.269 0.23822 91887 322506 1.319 0.27687 38737 351775
    1.220 0.19885 08587 451652 1.270 0.23901 69004 704999 0.27763 17365 982795
    1.221
    1.222
    0.19967
    0.20048
    01951
    88607
    285676
    494036
    1.271
    1.272
    0.23980
    0.24059
    39922
    04649
    073170
    179304
    :- 3322:
    1:322
    0.27838
    0.27914
    90255
    57414
    401883
    294945
    1.223 0.20130 68567 050353 1.273 0.24137 63195 752695 1.32:3 0.27990 18851 328186
    1.224 0.20212 41840 901343 1.274 0.24216 15571 499716 1.3214 0.28065 74575 148165
    1.225 0.20294 08439 966903 1.275 0.24294 61786 103895 1.325 0.28141 24594 381855
    1.226 0.20375 68375 140197 1.276 0.24373 01849 225981 1.326 0.28216 68917 636708
    1.227 0.20457 21657 287744 1.277 0.24451 35770 504022 1.3i!7 0.28292 07553 500705
    1.228 0.20538 68297 249507 1.278 0.24529 63559 553431 1.328 0.28367 40510 542421
    1.229 0.20620 08305 838978 1.279 0.24607 85225 967056 1.329 0.28442 67797 311083
    1.230 0.20701 41693 843261 1.280 0.24686 00779 315258 1.330 0.28517 89422 336624
    1.231 0.20782 68472 023165 1.281 0.24764 10229 145972 1.331 0.28593 05394 129746
    1.232 0.20863 88651 113280 1.282 0.24842 13584 984783 1.332 0.28668 15721 181974
    1.233 0.20945 02241 822072 1.283 0.24920 10856 334994 1.333 0.28743 20411 965716
    1.234 0.21026 09254 831961 1.284 0.24998 02052 677694 1.334 0.28818 19474 934320
    1.235 0.21107 09700 799405 1.285 0.25075 87183 471831 1.335 0.28893 12918 522129
    1.236 0.21188 03590 354990 1.286 0.25153 66258 154276 1.336 0.28968 00751 144540
    1.237 0.21268 90934 103508 1.287 0.25231 39286 139896 1. 337 0.29042 82981 198061
    1.238 0.21349 71742 624044 1.288 0.25309 06276 821619 1.338 0.29117 59617 060367
    1.239 0.21430 46026 470054 1.289 0.25386 67239 570503 1.339 Oi29192 30667 090355
    1.240 0.21511 13796 169455 1.290 0.25464 22183 735807 1.340 0.29266 96139 628200
    1.241 0.21591 75062 224702 1.291 0.25541 71118 645054 1.341 0.29341 56042 995415
    1.242 0.21672 29835 112870 1.292 0.25619 14053 604101 1.342 0.29416 10385 494901
    1.243 0.21752 78125 285741 1.293 0.25696 50997 897204 1.343 0.29490 59175 411005
    1.244 0.21833 19943 169877 1.294 0.25773 81960 787088 1.344 0.29565 02421 009578
    1.245 6.21913 55299 166709 1.295 0.25851 06951 515011 1.1345 0.29639 40130 538024
    1.246 0.21993 84203 652614 1.296 0.25928 25979 300830 1.346 0.29713 72312 225361
    1.247 0.22074 06666 978994 1.297 0.26005 39053 343068 1.347 0.29787 98974 282269
    1.248 0.22154 22699 472359 1.298 0.26082 46182 818983 1.348 0.29862 20124 901153
    1.249 0.22234 32311 434406 1.299 0.26159 47376 884625 1.349 0.29936 35772 256188

    cc-pI
    1.250 0.22314 35513 142098 1.300 0.26236 42644 674911 1.350 0.30010 45924 503381
    c-y
    [ I
    In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 109
    NATURAL LOGARITHMS Table 4.2

    x In x X In x X In x

    1.350 0.30010 45924 503381 1.400 0.33647 22366 212129 1.450 0.37156 35564 324830
    1.351 0.30084 50589 780618 1.401 0.33718 62673 548700 1.451 0.37225 29739 020508
    1.352 0.30158 49776 207723 1.402 0.33789 97886 123983 1.452 0.37294 19164 026043
    1.353 0.30232 43491 886510 1.403 0.33861 28011 203239 1.453 P.37363 03845 881459
    1.354 0.30306 31744 900833 1.404 0.33932 53056 036194 1.454 0.37431 83791 113276
    1.355 0.30380 14543 316642 1.405 0.34003 73027 857091 1.455 0.37500 59006 234558
    1.356 0.30453 91895 182038 1.406 0.34074 87933 884732 1.456 0.37569 29497 744942
    1.357 Oi30527 63808 527321 1.407 0.34145 97781 322520 1.457 0.37637 95272 130678
    1.358 0.30601 30291 365044 1.408 0.34217 02577 358507 1.458 0.37706 56335 864664
    1.359 0.30674 91351 690067 1.409 0.34288 02329 165432 1.459 0.37775 12695 406486
    1.360 0.30748 46997 479606 1.410 0.34358 97043 900769 1.460 0.37843 64357 202451
    1.361 0.30821 97236 693290 1.411 0.34429 86728 706770 1.461 0.37912 11327 685624
    1.362 0.30895 42077 273206 1.412 0.34500 71390 710503 1.462 0.37980 53613 275868
    1.363 0.30968 81527 143956 1.413 0.34571 51037 023904 1.463 0.38048 91220 379873
    1.364 0.31042 15594 212704 1.414 0.34642 25674 743810 1.464 0.38117 24155 391198
    1.365 0.31115 44286 369231 1.415 0.34712 95310 952009 1.465 0.38185 52424 690306
    1.366 0.31188 67611 485983 1.416 0.34783 59952 715280 1.466 Or38253 76034 644597
    1.367 0.31261 85577 418125 1.417 0.34854 19607 085434 1.467 0.38321 94991 608447
    1.368 0.31334 98192 003587 1.418 0.34924 74281 099358 1.468 0.38390 09301 923238
    1.369 0.31408 05463 063118 1.419 0.34995 23981 779056 1.469 0.38458 18971 917403
    1.370 0.31481 07398 400335 1.420 0.35065 68716 131694 1.470 0.38526 24007 906449
    0.31554 04005 801773 1.421 0.35136 08491 149636 1.471 0.38594 24416 193005
    :* z: 0.31626 95293 036935 1.422 0.35206 43313 810491 1.472 0.38662 20203 066845
    1:373 0.31699 81267 858340 1.423 0.35276 73191 077153 1.473 0.38730 11374 804932
    1.374 0.31772 61938 001576 1.424 0.35346 98129 897840 1.474 0.38797 97937 671449
    1.375 0.31845 37311 185346 1.425 0.35417 18137 206138 1.475 0.38865 79897 917831
    1.376 0.31918 07395 111519 1.426 0.35487 33219 921042 1.476 0.38933 57261 782808
    1.377 0.31990 72197 465178 1.427 0.35557 43384 946994 1.477 0.39001 30035 492427
    1.378 0.32063 31725 914668 1.428 0.35627 48639 173926 1.478 0.39068 98225 260100
    1.379 0.32135 85988 111648 1.429 0.35697 48989 477304 1.479 0.39136 61837 286627
    1.380 0.32208 34991 691133 1.430 0.35767 44442 718159 1.480 0.39204 20877 760237
    1.381 0.32280 78744 271551 1.431 0.35837 35005 743139 1.481 0.39271 75352 856617
    1.382 0.32353 17253 454782 1.432 0.35907 20685 384539 1.482 0.39339 25268 738951
    1.383 0.32425 50526 826212 1.433 0.35977 01488 460348 1.483 0.39406 70631 557950
    1.384 0.32497 78571 954778 1.434 0.36046 77421 774286 1.484 0.39474 11447 451887
    1.385 0.32570 01396 393018 1.435 0.36116 48492 115844 1.485 0.39541 47722 546629
    1.386 0.32642 19007 677115 1.436 0.36186 14706 260324 1.486 0.39608 79462 955674
    1.387 0.32714 31413 326945 1.437 0.36255 76070 968879 1.487 0.39676 06674 780180
    1.388 0.32786 38620 846128 1.438 0.36325 32592 988549 1.488 0.39743 29364 109001
    1.389 0.32858 40637 722067 1.439 0.36394 84279 052308 1.489 0.39810 47537 018719
    1.390 0.32930 37471 426004 1.440 0.36464 31135 879093 1.490 0.39877 61199 573678
    1.391 0.33002 29129 413059 1.441 0.36533 73170 173850 1.491 0.39944 70357 826014
    1.392 0.33074 15619 122279 1.442 0.36603 10388 627573 1.492 0.40011 75017 815691
    1.393 0.33145 96947 976686 1.443 0.36672 42797 917338 1.493 0.40078 75185 570533
    1.394 0.33217 73123 383321 1.444 0.36741 70404 706345 1.494 0.40145 70867 106256
    1.395 0.33289 44152 733290 1.445 0.36810 93215 643955 1.495 0.40212 62068 426497
    0.33361 10043 401807 1.446 0.36880 11237 365729 1.496 0.40279 48795 522855
    11.z: 0.33432 70802 748248 1.447 0.36949 24476 493468 1.497 0.40346 31054 374913
    1:398 0.33504 26438 116185 1.448 0.37018 32939 635246 1.498 0.40413 08850 950277
    1.399 0.33575 76956 833441 1.449 0.37087 36633 385453 1.499 0.40479 82191 204607
    1.400 0.33647 22366 212129 1.450 0.37156 35564 324830 1.500 0.40546 51081 081644
    c-y
    [ I [ 1
    (-fV

    In lo= 2.30258 50929 940457


    110 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.2 NATURAL LOGARITHMS

    X In x 5 In z X In x

    1.500 0.40546 51081 081644 1.550 0.43825 49309 311553 1.600 0.47000 36292 457356
    1.501 0.40613 15526 513249 1.551 0.43889 98841 944018 0.47062 84340 145776
    1.502 0.40679 75533 419430 1.552 0.43954 44217 610270 :- El: 0.47125 28486 461675
    1.503 0.40746 31107 708374 1.553 0.44018 85441 665500 1:603 0.47187 68736 274159
    1.504 0.40812 82255 276481 1.554 0.44083 22519 454557 1.604 0.47250 05094 443228
    1.505 0.40879 28982 008391 1.555 0.44147 55456 311975 1.605 0.47312 37565 819792
    1.506 0.40945 71293 777018 1.556 0.44211 84257 561999 1.606 0.47374 66155 245699
    1.507 0.41012 09196 443584 1.557 0.44276 08928 518613 1.607 0.47436 90867 553755
    1.508 0.41078 42695 857643 1.558 0.44340 29474 485565 1.608 0.47499 11707 567746
    1.509 0.41144 71797 857118 1.559 0.44404 45900 756395 1.609 0.47561 28680 102462
    1.510 0.41210 96508 268330 1.560 0.44468 58212 614457 1.610 0.47623 41789 963716
    1: 511 0141277 16832 906025 1.561 0.44532 66415 332950 1.611 Oi47685 51041 948373
    1.512 0.41343 32777 573413 1.562 0.44596 70514 174942 1.612 0.47747 56440 844365
    1.513 Oi41409 44348 062189 1.563 0.44660 70514 393396 1.613 Oi47809 57991 430718
    1.514 0.41475 51550 152570 1.564 0.44724 66421 231193 1.614 0.47871 55698 477571
    1.515 0.41541 54389 613325 1.565 0.44788 58239 921165 1.615 0.47933 49566 746199
    1.516 0.41607 52872 201799 1.566 0.44852 45975 686114 1.616 0.47995 39600 989036
    1.517 0.41673 47003 663952 1.567 0.44916 29633 738838 1.617 0.48057 25805 949698
    1.518 0.41739 36789 734382 1.568 0.44980 09219 282161 1.618 0.48119 08186 362999
    1.519 0.41805 22236 136358 1.569 0.45043 84737 508955 1.619 0.48180 86746 954981
    1.520 0.41871 03348 581850 1.570 0.45107 56193 602167 1.620 0.48242 61492 442927
    1.521 0.41936 80132 771558 1.571 0.45171 23592 734841 1.621 0.48304 32427 535391
    1.522 0.42002 52594 394941 1.572 0.45234 86940 070148 1.622 0.48365 99556 932212
    1.523 0.42068 20739 130248 1.573 0.45298 46240 761408 1.623 0.48427 62885 324542
    1.524 0.42133 84572 644545 1.574 0.45362 01499 952115 1.624 0.48489 22417 394862
    1.525 0.42199 44100 593749 1.575 0.45425 52722 775964 1.625 0.48550 78157 817008
    1.526 0.42264 99328 622653 1.576 0.45488 99914 356874 1.626 0.48612 30111 256188
    1.527 0.42330 50262 364954 1.577 0.45552 43079 809013 1.627 0.48673 78282 369007
    1.528 0.42395 96907 443287 1.578 0.45615 82224 236825 1.628 0.48735 22675 803486
    1.529 0.42461 39269 469252 1.579 0.45679 17352 735050 1.629 0.48796 63296 199081
    1.530 0.42526 77354 043441 1.580 0.45742 48470 388754 1.630 0.48858 00148 186710
    1.531 0.42592 11166 755467 1.581 0.45805 75582 273350 1.631 0.48919 33236 388768
    1.532 0.42657 40713 183996 1.582 0.45868 98693 454621 1.632 0.48980 62565 419153
    1.533 0.42722 65998 896771 1.583 0.45932 17808 988751 1.633 0.49041 88139 883281
    1.534 0.42787 87029 450644 1.584 0.45995 32933 922341 1.634 0.49103 09964 378111
    1.535 0.42853 03810 391605 1.585 0.46058 44073 292439 1.635 0.49164 28043 492167
    1.536 0.42918 16347 254804 1.586 0.46121 51232 126562 1.636 0.49225 42381 805553
    1.537 0.42983 24645 564588 1.587 0.46184 54415 442720 1.637 0.49286 52983 889979
    1.538 0.43048 28710 834522 1.588 0.46247 53628 249440 1.638 0.49347 59854 308777
    1.539 0.43113 28548 567422 1.589 0.46310 48875 545789 1.639 0.49408 62997 616926
    1.540 0.43178 24164 255378 1.590 0.46373 40162 321402 1.640 0.49469 62418 361071
    1.541 0.43243 15563 379787 1.591 0.46436 27493 556498 1.641 0.49530 58121 079538
    1.542 0.43308 02751 411377 1.592 0.46499 10874 221913 1.642 0.49591 50110 302365
    1.543 0.43372 85733 810238 1.593 0.46561 90309 279115 1.643 0.49652 38390 551310
    1.544 0.43437 64516 025844 1.594 0.46624 65803 680233 1.644 0.49713 22966 339882
    1.545 0.43502 39103 497088 1.595 0.46687 37362 368079 1.645 0.49774 03842 173352
    1.546 0.43567 09501 652302 1.596 0.46750 04990 276170 1.646 0.49834 81022 548781
    1.547 0.43631 75715 909291 1.597 0.46812 68692 328754 1.647 0.49895 54511 955033
    1.548 0.43696 37751 675354 1.598 0.46875 28473 440829 1.648 0.49956 24314 872800
    1.549 0.43760 95614 347316 1.599 0.46937 84338 518172 1.649 0.50016 90435 774619
    1.550 0.43825 49309 311553 1.600 0.47000 36292 457356 1.650 0.50077 52879 124892

    E 1
    C-58)6
    [(-;I51 c-p
    I: 3
    In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457
    ELEMXNTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 111
    NATURAL LOGARITHMS Table 4.2

    X In x 2 In 2 X In x
    1.650 0.50077 52879 124892 1.700 0.53062 82510 621704 1.750 0.55961 57879 354227
    1.651 0.50138 11649 379910 1.701 0.53121 63134 137247 1.751 0.56018 70533 037148
    1.652 0.50198 66750 987863 1.702 0.53180 40301 511824 1.752 0.56075 79925 141997
    1.653 0.50259 18188 388871 1.703 0.53239 14016 805512 1.753 {Or56132 86059 390974
    1.654 0.50319 65966 014996 1.704 0.53297 84284 071240 1.754 0.56189 88939 499913
    1.655 0.50380 10088 290262 1.705 0.53356 51107 354801 1.755 0.56246 88569 178291
    1.656 0.50440 50559 630679 1.706 0.53415 14490 694874 1.756 0.56303 84952 129249
    1.657 0.50500 87384 444259 1.707 0.53473 74438 123036 1.757 0.56360 78092 049601
    1.658 0.50561 20567 131032 1.708 0.53532 30953 663781 1.758 0.56417 67992 629853
    1.659 0.50621 50112 083074 1.709 0.53590 84041 334538 1.759 0.56474 54657 554211
    1.660 0.50681 76023 684519 1.710 0.53649 33705 145685 1.760 0.56531 38090 500604
    1.661 0.50741 98306 311578 1.711 0.53707 79949 100564 1.761 0.56588 18295 140691
    1.662 0.50802 16964 332564 1.712 0.53766 22777 195504 1.762 0.56644 95275 139878
    1.663 0.50862 32002 107906 1.713 0.53824 62193 419829 1.763 0.56701 69034 157332
    1.664 0.50922 43423 990168 1.714 0.53882 98201 755880 1.764 0.56758 39575 845996
    1.665 0.50982 51234 324071 1.715 0.53941 30806 179032 1.765 0.56815 06903 852601
    1.666 0.51042 55437 446509 1.716 0.53999 60010 657705 1.766 0.56871 71021 817683
    1.667 0.51102 56037 686569 1.717 0.54057 85819 153385 1.767 0.56928 31933 375593
    1.668 0.51162 53039 365550 1.718 0.54116 08235 620636 1.768 0.56984 89642 154517
    1.669 0.51222 46446 796980 1.719 0.54174 27264 007122 1.769 0.57041 44151 776482
    1.670 0.51282 36264 286637 1.720 0.54232 42908 253617 1.770 0.57097 95465 857378
    1.671 0.51342 22496 132567 1.721 0.54290 55172 294024 1.771 0.57154 43588 006965
    1.672 0.51402 05146 625099 1.722 0.54348 64060 055391 1.772 0.57210 88521 828892
    1.673 0.51461 84220 046869 1.723 0.54406 69575 457926 1.773 0.57267 30270 920708
    1.674 0.51521 59720 672836 1.724 0.54464 71722 415014 1.774 0.57323 68838 873877
    1.675 0.51581 31652 770298 1.725 0.54522 70504 833231 1.775 0.57380 04229 273791
    1.676 0.51641 00020 598913 1.726 0.54580 65926 612362 1.776 0.57436 36445 699783
    1.677 0.51700 64828 410718 1.727 0.54638 57991 645415 1.777 0.57492 65491 725143
    1.678 0.51760 26080 450144 1.728 0.54696 46703 818639 1.778 0.57548 91370 917128
    1.679 0.51819 83780 954038 1.729 0.54754 32067 011534 1.779 0.57605 14086 836981
    1.680 0.51879 37934 151676 1.730 0.54812 14085 096876 1.780 0.57661 33643 039938
    1.681 0.51938 88544 264786 1.731 0.54869 92761 940722 1.781 0.57717 50043 075246
    1.682 0.51998 35615 507563 1.732 0.54927 68101 402434 1.782 0.57773 63290 486176
    1.683 0.52057 79152 086690 1.733 0.54985 40107 334690 1.783 0.57829 73388 810034
    1.684 0.52117 19158 201350 1.734 0.55043 08783 583501 1.784 0.57885 80341 578176
    1.685 0.52176 55638 043250 1.735 0.55100 74133 988225 1.785 0.57941 84152 316024
    1.686 0.52235 88595 796637 1.736 0.55158 36162 381584 1.786 0.57997 84824 543073
    1.687 0.52295 18035 638312 1.737 0.55215 94872 589679 1.787 0.58053 82361 772910
    1.688 0.52354 43961 737654 1.738 0.55273 50268 432003 1.788 0.58109 76767 513224
    1.689 0.52413 66378 256630 1.739 0.55331 02353 721460 1.789 0.58165 68045 265821
    1.690 0.52472 85289 349821 1.740 0.55388 51132 264377 1.790 0.58221 56198 526636
    1.691 0.52532 00699 164432 1.741 0.55445 96607 860520 1.791 0.58277 41230 785747
    1.692 0.52591 12611 840315 1.742 0.55503 38784 303111 1.792 0.58333 23145 527387
    1.693 0.52650 21031 509983 1.743 0.55560 77665 378839 1.793 0.58389 01946 229958
    1.694 0.52709 25962 298627 1.744 0.55618 13254 867879 1.794 0.58444 77636 366044
    1.695 0.52768 27408 324136 1.745 0.55675 45556 543905 1.795 0.58500 50219 402422
    1.696 0.52827 25373 697113 1.746 0.55732 74574 174105 1.796 Oi58556 19698 800079
    1.697 0.52886 19862 520893 1.747 0.55790 00311 519195 1.797 0.58611 86078 014220
    1.698 0.52945 10878 891556 1.748 0.55847 22772 333437 1.798 Oi58667 49360 494285
    1.699 0.53003 98426 897950 1.749 0.55904 41960 364650 1.799 0.58723 09549 683961
    1.700 0.53062 82510 621704 1.750 0.55961 57879 354227 1.800 0.58778 66649 021190
    C-58)5
    [ 1 [ I
    C-5814
    [C-5814I
    In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457
    112 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.2 NATURAL LOGARITHMS

    X In x x In x 2 In x
    1.800 0.58778 66649 021190 1.850 0.61518 56390 902335 1.900 0.64185 38861 723948
    1.801 0.58834 20661 938190 1.851 0.61572 60335 913605 1.901 0.64238 00635 062921
    1.802 0.58889 71591 861462 1.852 0.61626 61362 239876 1.902 0.64290 59641 231986
    1.803 0.58945 19442 211802 1.853 0.61680 59473 032227 1.903 0.64343 15883 140124
    1.804 0.59000 64216 404319 1.854 0.61734 54671 436634 1.904 0.64395 69363 691736
    1.805 0.59056 05917 848442 1.855 0.61788 46960 593985 1.905 0.64448 20085 786643
    1.806 0.59111 44549 947937 1.856 0.61842 36343 640088 1.906 0.64500 68052 320104
    1.807 0.59166 80116 100914 1.857 0.61896 22823 705687 1.907 0.64553 13266 182820
    1.808 0.59222 12619 699848 1.858 0.61950 06403 916468 1.908' 0.64605 55730 260948
    1.809 0.59277 42064 131581 1.859 0.62003 87087 393070 1.909 0.64657 95437 436106
    1.810 0.59332 68452 777344 1.860 0.62057 64877 251099 1.910 0.64710 32420 585385
    1.811 0.59387 91789 012763 1.861 0.62111 39776 601137 1.911. 0.64762 66652 581360
    1.812 0.59443 12076 207876 1.862 0.62165 11788 548753 1.912 0.64814 98146 292095
    1.813 0.59498 29317 727140 1.863 0.62218 80916 194514 1.913 0.64867 26904 581158
    1.814 0.59553 43516 929449 1.864 0.62272 47162 633994 1.914 0.64919 52930 307625
    1.815 0.59608 54677 168141 1.865 0.62326 10530 957789 1.915 0.64971 76226 326093
    1.816 0.59663 62801 791016 1.866 0.62379 71024 251521 1.916 0.65023 96795 486688
    1.817 0.59718 67894 140341 1.867 0.62433 28645 595856 1.917 0.65076 14640 635074
    1.818 0.59773 69957 552871 1.868 0.62486 83398 066509 1.918 0.65128 29764 612465
    1.819 0.59828 68995 359852 1.869 0.62540 35284 734258 1.919 0.65180 42170 255629
    1.820 0.59883 65010 887040 1.870 0.62593 84308 664953 1.92:O 0.65232 51860 396902
    0.59938 58007 454709 1.871 0.62647 30472 919526 1. 9i!l 0.65284 58837 864196
    1.872 0.62700 73780 554003 1.9;!2 0.65336 63105 481007
    ;.;;;'
    1:823 0.60048 34956
    0.59993 47988 377666
    965260 1.873 0.62754 14234 619515 1.9:!3 0.65388 64666 066427
    1.824 0.60103 18916 521396 1.874 0.62807 51838 162304 1.924 0.65440 63522 435147
    1.825 0.60157 99870 344548 1.875 0.62860 86594 223741 1.925 0.65492 59677 397475
    1.826 0.60212 77821 727767 1.876 0.62914 18505 840329 1.926 0.65544 53133 759338
    1.827 0.60267 52773 958697 1.877 0.62967 47576 043718 1.927 0.65596 43894 322293
    1.828 0.60322 24730 319583 1.878 0.63020 73807 860712 1.928 0.65648 31961 883539
    1.829 Oi60376 93694 087286 1.879 0.63073 97204 313283 1,929 0.65700 17339 235920
    1.830 0.60431 59668 533296 1.880 0.63127 17768 418578 1.930 0.65752 00029 167942
    1.831 0.60486 22656 923737 1.881 0.63180 35503 188933 1.931 0.65803 80034 463774
    1.832 0.60540 82662 519385 1.882 0.63233 50411 631879 1.932 0.65855 57357 903263
    1.833 0.60595 39688 575680 1.883 0.63286 62496 750154 1.933 0.65907 32002 261938
    1.834 0.60649 93738 342731 1.884 0.63339 71761 541713 1.934 0.65959 03970 311026
    1.835 0.60704 44815 065336 1.885 0.63392 78208 999741 1.935 0.66010 73264 817451
    1.836 0.60758 92921 982987 1.886 0.63445 81842 112658 1.936 0.66062 39888 543853
    1.837 0.60813 38062 329886 1.887 0.63498 82663 864132 1.937 0.66114 03844 248588
    1.838 0.60867 80239 334953 1.888 0.63551 80677 233089 1.938 0.66165 65134 685745
    1.839 0.60922 19456 221840 1.889 0.63604 75885 193725 1.'939 0.66217 23762 605148
    1.840 0.60976 55716 208943 1.890 0.63657 68290 715510 1.940 0.66268 79730 752368
    1.841 0.61030 89022 509408 1.891 0.63710 57896 763204 1.941 0.66320 33041 868732
    1.842 0.61085 19378 331151 1.892 0.63763 44706 296865 0.66371 83698 691332
    1.843 0.61139 46786 876862 1.893 0.63816 28722 271858 :* zt; 0.66423 31703 953030
    1.844 0.61193 71251 344021 1.894 0.63869 09947 638865 1:944 0.66474 77060 382473
    1.845 0.61247 92774 924905 1.895 0.63921 88385 343897 1.945 0.66526 19770 704096
    1.846 0.61302 11360 806604 1.896 0.63974 64038 328301 1.946 0.66577 59837 638133
    1.847 0.61356 27012 171029 1.897 0.64027 36909 528772 1.947 0.66628 97263 900626
    1.848 0.61410 39732 194924 1.898 0.64080 07001 877361 1.948 0.66680 32052 203434
    1.849 Or61464 49524 049878 1.899 0.64132 74318 301488 1.949 0.66731 64205 254238
    1.850 0.61518 56390 902335 1.900 0.64185 38861 723948 L950 0.66782 93725 756554

    [ 1
    C-58)4
    [ I
    ‘-;8’4

    In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457


    [ 3
    C-i)3
    ELEIKENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 113
    NATURAL LOGARITHMS Table 4.2

    X In x X In 2 X In x
    1.950 0.66782 93725 756554 2.000 0.69314 71805 599453 2.050 0.71783 97931 503168
    1.951 Oi66834 20616 409742 2.001 0.69364 70556 015964 2.051 0.71832 74790 902436
    1.952 0.66885 44879 909007 2.002 0.69414 66808 930288 2.052 0.71881 49273 085231
    1.953 Oi66936 66518 945419 2.003 0.69464 60566 836812 2.053 0.71930 21380 367965
    1.954 0.66987 85536 205910 2.004 0.69514 51832 226184 2.054 0.71978 91115 063665
    1.955 0.67039 01934 373291 2.005 0.69564 40607 585325 2.055 0.72027 58479 481979
    1.956 0.67090 15716 126256 2.006 0.69614 26895 397438 2.056 0.72076 23475 929187
    1.957 0.67141 26884 139392 0.69664 10698 142011 2.057 0.72124 86106 708201
    1.958 0.67192 35441 083186 %*00:: 0.69713 92018 294828 2.058 0.72173 46374 118579
    1.959 0.67243 41389 624037 2:009 0.69763 70858 327974 2.059 0.72222 04280 456524
    1.960 0.67294 44732 424259 2.010 0.69813 47220 709844 2.060 0.72270 59828 014897
    1.961 Oi67345 45472 142092 2.011 0.69863 21107 905150 2.061 0.72319 13019 083220
    1.962 0.67396 43611 431713 2.012 0.69912 92522 374928 2.062 0.72367 63855 947682
    1.963 0.67447 39152 943240 2.013 0.69962 61466 576544 2.063 0.72416 12340 891148
    1.964 0.67498 32099 322741 2.014 0.70012 27942 963706 2.064 0.72464 58476 193163
    1.965 0.67549 22453 212246 0.70061 91953 986463 2.065 0.72513 02264 129961
    1.966 0.67600 10217 249748 I* 00:: 0.70111 53502 091222 2.066 0.72561 43706 974468
    1.967 0.67650 95394 069220 2:017 0.70161 12589 720747 2.067 0.72609 82806 996312
    1.968 0.67701 77986 300617 2.018 0.70210 69219 314172 2.068 0.72658 19566 461827
    1.969 0.67752 57996 569885 2.019 0.70260 23393 307004 2.069 0.72706 53987 634060
    1.970 0.67803 35427 498971 2.020 0.70309 75114 131134 2.070 0.72754 86072 772777
    11971 Oi678ii ib281 7Oii83i 0.70359 24384 214840 2.071 0.72803 15824 134471
    1.972 0.67904 82561 804437 :- 8;: 0.70408 71205 982797 2.072 0.72851 43243 972366
    11973 Oi67955 52270 404783 2:023 0.70458 15581 856084 2.073 0.72899 68334 536425
    1.974 0.68006 19410 112898 2.024 0.70507 57514 252191 2.074 0.72947 91098 073356
    1.975 0.68056 83983 530852 2.025 0.70556 97005 585025 2.075 0.72996 11536 826616
    1.976 0.68107 45993 256761 27026 0.70606 34058 264916 2.076 0.73044 29653 036422
    1.977 0.68158 05441 884799 2.027 0.70655 68674 698630 2.077 0.73092 45448 939753
    1.978 0.68208 62332 005204 z*. 82298 0.70705
    0.70754 30608
    00857 436777
    289367 2.078 0.73140 58926 770357
    1.979 0.68259 16666 204287 2.079 0.73188 70088 758759
    1.980 0.68309 68447 064439 2.030 0.70803 57930 536960 2.080 0.73236 78937 132266
    1.981 0.6836$'?7677 164139 2.031 0.70852 82825 982476 2.081 0.73284 85474 114974
    1.982 0.68410 64359 077962 2.032 0.70902 05297 162355 2.082 0.73332 89701 927771
    1.983 0.68461 08495 376589 2.033 0.70951 25346 462096 2.083 0.73380 91622 788349
    1.984 0.68511 50088 626811 2.034 0.71000 42976 263682 2.084 0.73428 91238 911205
    1.985 0.68561 89141 391537 2.035 0.71049 58188 945583 2.085 0.73476 88552 507648
    1.986 0.68612 25656 229808 2:036 0.71098 70986 882763 2.086 0.73524 83565 785807
    1.987 0.68662 59635 696798 2.037 0.71147 81372 446688 2.087 0.73572 76280 950637
    1.988 0.68712 91082 343823 2.038 0.71196 89348 005331 2.088 0.73620 66700 203923
    1.989 0.68763 19998 718351 2.039 0.71245 94915 923181 2.089 0.73668 54825 744287
    1.990 0.68813 46387 364010 0.71294 98078 561250 2.090 0.73716 40659 767196
    11991
    1.992
    Or68863
    0.68913
    70250
    91591
    820592
    624065
    %- FA!
    2:042
    0.71343
    0.71392
    98838
    97197
    277077
    424738
    2.091
    2.092
    0.73764
    0.73812
    24204
    05462
    464965
    026765
    1.993 0.68964 10412 306577 2.043 0.71441 93158 354850 2.093 0.73859 84434 638627
    1.994 0.69014 26715 396466 2.044 0.71490 86723 414580 2.094 0.73907 61124 483451
    1.995 0.69064 40503 418268 2.045 0.71539 77894 947651 2.095 0.73955 35533 741011
    i;99i Oi69114 51778 892722 2iO46 0.71588 66675 294347 2.096 0.74003 07664 587957
    1.997 0.69164 60544 336782 2.047 0.71637 53066 791525 2.097 0.74050 77519 197829
    1.998 0.69214 66802 263618 2.048 0.71686 37071 772614 2.098 0.74098 45099 741054
    1.999 0.69264 70555 182630 2.049 0.71735 18692 567627 2.099 0.74146 10408 384959
    2.000 0.69314 71805 599453 2.050 0.71783 97931 503168 2.100 0.74193 73447 293773
    r (91 [C-i)3 1
    L 5 J
    For x>2.1 see Example 5.
    [ 1 C-i)3

    In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457


    114 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.3 RADIX TABLE OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS

    n In (1+x10-n, -In (I-210Wn)


    10 0.00000 00000 99999 99999 50000 0.00000 0000~1 00000 00000 50000
    10 0.00000 00001 99999 99998 00000 0.00000 OOOCl200000 00002 00000
    10 0.00000 00002 99999 99995 50000 0.00000 oooCl3 00000 00004 50000
    10 0.00000 00003 99999 99992 00000 0.00000 00004 00000 00008 00000
    10 0.00000 00004 99999 99987 50000 0.00000 oooCl5 00000 00012 50000
    10 0.00000 00005 99999 99982 00000 0.00000 00006 00000 00018 00000
    10 0.00000 00006 99999 99975 50000 0.00000 00007 00000 00024 50000
    10 0.00000 00007 99999 99968 00000 0.00000 00008 00000 00032 00000
    10 0.00000 00008 99999 99959 50000 0.00000 00009 00000 00040 50000
    0.00000 00010 00000 00050 00000
    ; 0.00000 00009 99999 99950
    00019 99800 00000 0.00000 ooo;!o 00000 00200 00000
    9 0.00000 00029 99999 99550 00000 0.00000 00030 00000 00450 00000
    ; 0.00000 00049 99999 98750
    00039 99200 00000 0.00000 00040 00000 00800 00000
    0.00000 00050 00000 01250 00000
    9 0.00000 00059 99999 98200 00001 0.00000 00060 00000 01800 00001
    0.00000 00070 00000 02450 00001
    ; 0.00000 00069 99999 97550
    00079 96800 00001
    00002 0.00000 00080 00000 03200 00002
    9 0.00000 00089 99999 95950 00002 0.00000 00090 00000 04050 00002
    8" 0.00000 00199 99999 95000
    00099 80000 00027
    00003 0.00000 00100 00000 05000 00003
    0.00000 00200 00000 20000 00027
    8 0.00000 00299 99999 55000 00090 0.00000 00300 00000 45000 00090
    8 0.00000 00399 99999 20000 00213 0.00000 00400 00000 80000 00213
    0.00000 00500 00001 25000 00417
    ii 0.00000 00499 99998 75000
    00599 20000 00417
    00720 0.00000 00600 00001 80000 00720
    8" 0.00000 00799
    00699 99996
    99997 55000
    80000 01707
    01143 0.00000 007OO 00002 45000 01143
    0.00000 00800 00003 20000 01707
    8 0.00000 00899 99995 95000 02430 0.00000 00900 00004 05000 02430
    7 0.00000 00999 99995 00000 03333 0.00000 OlOOO 00005 00000 03333
    0.00000 02000 00020 00000 26667
    s 0.00000 01999
    02999 99955
    99980 00000 26667
    90000 0.00000 03000 00045 00000 90000
    : 0.00000 03999 99875
    04999 99920 00004
    00002 16667
    13333 0.00000 040'00 00080 00002 13333
    0.00000 05000 00125 00004 16667
    7 0.00000 05999 99820 00007 20000 0.00000 06000 00180 00007 20000
    0.00000 07000 00245 00011 43334
    ; 0.00000 07999 99680
    06999 99755 00011
    00017 43333
    06666 0.00000 08000 00320 00017 06668
    7 0.00000 08999 99595 00024 29998 0.00000 09000 00405 00024 30002
    6 0.00000 09999 99500 00033 33331 0.00000 10000 00500 00033 33336
    6 0.00000 19999 98000 00266 66627 0.00000 20000 02000 00266 66707
    0.00000 29999 95500 00899 99798 0.00000 30000 04500 00900 00203
    6" 0.00000 39999 92000 02133 32693 0.00000 40000 08000 02133 33973
    0.00000 49999 87500 04166 65104 0.00000 50000 12500 04166 68229
    i 0.00000 59999 82000 07199 96760 0.00000 60000 18000 07200 03240
    6 0.00000 69999 75500 11433 27331 0.00000 70000 24500 11433 39336
    0.00000 79999 68000 17066 56427 0.00000 80000 32000 17066 76907
    6" 0.00000 89999 59500 24299 83598 0.00000 90000 40500 24300 16403

    For n>lO,ln (l~~10-~)=f~10-~-~~210-2~to 25D.


    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
    115
    RADIX ‘TABLE OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS Table 4.3

    X n In (1+x10-") -In (l-x10-n)


    0.00001 00000 50000 33333 58334
    21 : 0.00001
    0.00000 99998 !jOOOO
    99999 00002 33333
    66662 08334
    66673 0.00002 00002 00002 66670 66673
    0.00003 00004 50009 00020 25049
    ; 5 0.00003
    0.00002 99992
    99995 130021
    150008 99979
    33269 75049
    33538 0.00004 00008 00021 33397 33538
    5 s 0.00004 99987 50041 66510 42292 0.00005 00012 50041 66822 92292
    0.00006 00018 00072 00324 01555
    ; z 0.00005
    0.00006 99975 130071
    99982 50114 99676
    32733 01555
    11695 0.00007 00024 50114 33933 61695
    9" 5 0.00008
    0.00007 99968 130170
    99959 50242 98359
    65642 86809
    73220 0.00008 00032 00170 67690 73221
    0.00009 00040 50243 01640 36811
    0.00010 00050 00333 35833 53335
    : 1 0.00009
    0.00019 99950
    99800 00333
    32666 26673
    30833 53332
    06560 0.00020 00200 02667 06673 06773
    3 4 0.00029 99550 D8997 97548 58785 0.00030 00450 09002 02548 61215
    4 4 0.00039 99200 21326 93538 06509 0.00040 00800 21339 73538 20162
    2 4 0.00059
    0.00049 98200
    98750 71967
    41651 61554
    04791 40636
    42280 0.00050 01250 41682 29791 92719
    0.00060 01800 72032 41555 97800
    0.00070 02451 14393 39196 69533
    ; : 0.00079
    0.00069 96801 70564
    97551 14273 34192
    33215 77369
    90059 0.00080 03201 70769 13224 63873
    9 t 0.00089 95952 42836 09300 94948 0.00090 04052 43164 14318 66419
    13 0.00099 95003 33083 53316 68094 0.00100 05003 33583 53350 01430
    2 ; 0.00199 80026 62673 05601 82538 0.00200 20026 70673 07735 16511
    ; 0.00299
    0.00399 20212 79798
    55089 69537 45299
    47881 90751
    16106 0.00300 45090 20298 72181 32509
    0.00400 80213 97538 81834 87927
    5 ; 0.00498 75415 11039 07361 21022 0.00501 25418 23544 28204 30937
    0.00601 80723 25563 01620 19350
    ; 3 0.00697
    0.00598 20716
    56137 77547
    36425 46378
    24209 20189
    95222 0.00702 46149 36964 45987 41123
    8 ; 0.00796 81696 49176 87351 07973 0.00803 21716 97264 25903 86494
    9 3 0.00895 97413 71471 90444 31465 0.00904 07446 52149 06220 55241
    0.01005 03358 53501 44118 35489
    ; 2 0.01980
    0.00995 26272 53168
    03308 96179 71302
    08284 82154
    60291 0.02020 27073 17519 44840 80453
    0.03045 92074 84708 54591 92613
    ; 2; 0.02955
    0.03922 88022 53281
    07131 41544 40273
    29626 26194
    92009 0.04082 19945 20255 12955 45771
    5 2 0.04879 01641 69432 00306 53744 0.05129 32943 87550 53342 61961
    0.06187 54037 18087 47179 78001
    ; ; 0.06765
    0.05826 86484 23975
    89081 73814 77552
    80526 57184
    84159 0.07257 06928 34835 43071 15733
    0.08338 16089 39051 05839 47658
    9" 2 0.08617
    0.07696 76962
    10411 41052
    36128 32498
    33234 42170
    13335 0.09431 06794 71241 32687 71427
    ; : 0.18232
    0.09531 15567 04324
    01798 93954 86004
    62621 17180
    39521 0.10536 05156 57826 30122 75010
    0.22314 35513 14209 75576 62951
    3 i 0.26236 42644 67491 05203 54960 0.35667 49439 38732 37891 26387
    4 0.33647 22366 21212 93050 45934 0.51082 56237 65990 68320 55141
    0.69314 71805 59945 30941 72321
    2 1 0.47000
    0.40546 36292 45735
    51081 08164 55365
    38197 80131
    09370 0.91629 07318 74155 06518 35272
    1.20397 28043 25935 99262 27462
    ii 1' 0.58778
    0.53062 82510 02119
    66649 62170 39623
    00818 15432
    97311 1.60943 79124 34100 37460 07593
    9 11 0.64185 38861 72394 77599 10360 2.30258 50929 94045 68401 79915
    1 0 0.69314 71805 59945 30941 72321
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FTJNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    N e-z
    0.000 1.00000 00000 00000 000 1.00000 00000 00000 000
    0.001 1.00100 05001 66708 342 0.99900 04998 33374 992
    0.002 1.00200 20013 34000 267 0.99800 19986 67333 067
    0.003 iI 45045 03377 026 0.99700 44955 03372 976
    0.004 1.00400 80106 77341 872 0.99600 79893 43991 472
    0. 003 1.00501 25208 59401 063 0.99501 24791 92682 313
    0.006 1.00601 80360 54064 865 0.99401 79640 53935 265
    0.007 1.00702 45572 66848 555 0.99302 44429 33235 105
    0.008 1.00803 20855 04273 431 0.99203 19148 37060 630
    0.009 1.00904 06217 73867 814 0.99104 03787 72883 662
    0.010 1.01005 01670 84168 058 0.99004 ,d337 49168 054
    0.011 1.01106 07224 44719 556 0.98906 02787 75368 698
    0.012 1.01207 22888 66077 754 0.98807 17128 61930 540
    0.013 1.01308 48673 59809 158 0.98708 41350 20287 583
    0.014 1.01409 84589 38492 345 0.98609 75442 62861 903
    0.015 1.01511 30646 15718 979 0.98511 19396 03062 661
    0.016 1.01612 86854 06094 822 0.98412 73200 55285 115
    0.017 1.01714 53223 25240 748 0.98314 36846 34909 635
    0.018 1.01816 29763 89793 761 0.98216 10323 58300 718
    0.019 1.01918 16486 17408 011 0.9811'7 93622 42806 006
    0.020 1.02020 13400 26755 810 0.98019 86733 06755 302
    0.021 1.02122 20516 37528 653 0.97921 89645 69459 588
    0.022 1.02224 37844 70438 235 0.97824 02350 51210 045
    0.023 1.02326 65395 47217 475 0.97726 24837 73277 073
    0.024 1.02429 03178 90621 534 0.97628 57097 57909 314
    0.025 1.02531 51205 24428 841 0.97530 99120 28332 669
    0.026 1.02634 09484 73442 115 0.97433 50896 08749 328
    0.027 1.02736 78027 63489 392 0.97336 12415 24336 791
    0.028 1.02839 56844 21425 045 0.97238 83668 01246 891
    0.029 1.02942 45944 75130 820 0.97141 64644 66604 825
    0.030 1.03045 45339 53516 856 0.97044 55335 48508 177
    0.031 1.03148 55038 86522 716 0.96947 55730 76025 948
    0.032 1.03251 75053 05118 420 0.96850 65820 79197 585
    0.033 1.03355 05392 41305 472 0.96753 85595 89032 009
    0.034 1.03458 46067 28117 894 0.96657 15046 37506 651
    0.035 1.03561 97087 99623 260 0.96560 54162 57566 478
    0.036 1.03665 58464 90923 727 0.96464 02934 83123 030
    0.037 1.03769 30208 38157 074 0.96367 61353 49053 452
    0.038 1.03873 12328 78497 733 0.96271 29408 91199 529
    0.039 1.03977 04836 50157 831 0.96175 07091 46366 723
    0.040 1.04081 07741 92388 227 0.96078 94391 52323 209
    0.041 1.04185 21055 45479 549 0.95982 91299 47798 914
    0.042 1.04289 44787 50763 238 0.95886 97805 72484 552
    0.043 1.04393 78948 50612 586 0.95791 13900 67030 669
    0.044 1.04498 23548 88443 779 0.95695 39574 73046 678
    0.045 1.04602 78599 08716 943 0.95599 74818 33099 907
    0.046 1.04707 44109 56937 184 0.95504 19621 90714 635
    0.047 1.04812 20090 79655 638 0.95408 73975 90371 141
    0.048 1.04917 06553 24470 516 0.95313 37870 77504 745
    0.049 liO5022 03507 40028 148 0.95218 11296 98504 853
    0.050 1.05127 10963 76024 040 0. 95122 94245 00714 009

    For use and extension of the table see Examples 8-11.


    2 -23 -- 23
    SW Table 7.1 for values of -e and Table 26.1 for & e 2.
    &
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL F’UNCTIONS 117
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4
    X ez e-z

    0.050 1.05127 10963 76024 040 0.95122 94245 00714 009


    0.051 1.03232 28932 83203 913 0.95027 86705 32426 935
    0.052 1.05337 57425 13364 763 0.94932 88668 42889 583
    0.053 1.05442 96451 19355 907 0.94838 00124 82298 184
    0.054 1.05548 46021 55080 041 0.94743 21065 01798 300
    0.055 1.05654 06146 75494 286 0.94648 51479 53483 869
    0.056 1.05759 76837 36611 252 0.94553 91358 90396 267
    0.057 1.05865 58103 95500 087 0.94459 40693 66523 349
    0.058 1.05971 49957 10287 540 0.94364 99474 36798 514
    0.059 1.015077 52407 40159 012 0.94270 67691 57099 754
    0.060 l.Otj183 65465 45359 622 0.94176 45335 84248 710
    0.061 1.015289 89141 87195 264 0.94082 32397 76009 730
    0.062 1.015396 23447 28033 669 0.93988 28867 91088 928
    0.063 1.015502 68392 31305 464 0.93894 34736 89133 241
    0.064 1.015609 23987 61505 244 0.93800 49995 30729 488
    0.065 l.Oli715 90243 84192 625 0.93706 74633 77403 433
    0.066 1.015822 67171 65993 321 Oi93613 08642 91618 844
    0.067 1.0~5929 54781 74600 202 0.93519 52013 36776 558
    0.068 1.07036 53084 78774 366 0.93426 04735 77213 542
    0.069 1.07143 62091 48346 205 0.93332 66800 78201 958
    0.070 1.0'7250 81812 54216 479 0.93239 38199 05948 229
    0.071 1.0'7358 12258 68357 383 0.93146 18921 27592 106
    0.072 1.0'7465 53440 63813 620 0.93053 08958 11205 732
    0.073 1.0'7573 05369 14703 476 0.92960 08300 25792 713
    0.074 1.0'7680 68054 96219 891 0.92867 16938 41287 187
    0.075 1.0'7788 41508 84631 536 0.92774 34863 28552 892
    0.076 1.0'7896 25741 57281, 889 0.92681 62065 59382 237
    0.077 1.013004 20763 92600 313 0.92588 98536 06495 377
    0.078 1.0:3112 26586 70083 133 0.92496 44265 43539 280
    0.079 1.0;3220 43220 70314 717 0.92403 99244 45086 807
    0.080 1.013328 70676 74958 554 0.92311 63463 86635 783
    0.081 1.013437 08965 66760 341 0.92219 36914 44608 072
    0.082 1.0~3545 58098 29549 059 0.92127 19586 96348 654
    0.083 1.013654 18085 48238 061 0.92035 11472 20124 706
    0.084 1.013762 88938 08826 156 0.91943 12560 95124 674
    0.085 1.0;3871 70666 98398 696 0.91851 22844 01457 356
    0.086 1.013980 63283 05128 660 Oi91759 42312 20150 982
    0.087 1.0'3089 66797 18277 747 0.91667 70956 33152 295
    0.088 1.0'3198 81220 28197 460 0.91576 08767 23325 631
    0.089 1.0'3308 06563 26330 201 0.91484 55735 74452 003
    0.090 1.0'3417 42837 05210 358 0.91393 11852 71228 187
    0.091 1.0'3526 90052 58465 401 0:91301 77108 99265 803
    0.092 1.0'3636 48220 80816 975 0.91210 51495 45090 403
    0.093 1.0'3746 17352 68081 994 0.91119 35002 96140 557
    0.094 1.0'3855 97459 17173 736 0.91028 27622 40766 940
    0.095 1.0'3965 88551 26102 942 0.90937 29344 68231 420
    0.096 1.10075 90639 93978 912 0.90846 40160 68706 150
    0.097 1.113186 03736 21010 606 0.90755 60061 33272 654
    0.098 1.11296 27851 08507 743 0.90664 89037 53920 921
    0.099 1.10406 62995 58881 902 0.90574 27080 23548 496
    0.100 1.13517 09180 75647 625 0.90483 74180 35959 573

    [c-J)1 1 [(-;I1
    1
    118 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION


    X ez e-z

    0.100 1.10517 09180 75647 625 0.90483 74180 35959 573


    0.101 1.10627 66417 63423 521 0.90393 30328 85864 089
    0.102 1.10738 34717 27933 371 0.90302 95516 68876 819
    0.103 1.10849 14090 76007 230 0.90212 69734 81516 470
    0.104 1.10960 04549 15582 540 0.90122 52974 21204 780
    0.105 1.11071 06103 55705 232 0.90032 45225 86265 613
    0.106 1.11182 18765 06530 839 0.89942 46480 75924 059
    0.107 1.11293 42544 79325 605 0.89852 56729 90305 534
    0.108 1.11404 77453 86467 594 0.89762 75964 30434 876
    0.109 1.11516 23503 41447 807 0.89673 04174 98235 450
    0.110 1.11627 80704 58871 292 0.89583 41352 96528 251
    0.111 1.11739 49068 54458 258 0.89493 87489 29031 000
    0.112 1.11851 28606 45045 196 0.89404 42575 00357 257
    0.113 1.11963 19329 48585 987 0.89315 06601 16015 519
    0.114 1.12075 21248 84153 031 0.89225 79558 82408 325
    0.115 1.12187 34375 71938 354 0.89136 61439 06831 368
    0.116 1.12299 58721 33254 738 0.89047 52232 97472 599
    0.117 1.12411 94296 90536 839 0.88958 51931 63411 334
    0.118 1.12524 41113 67342 307 0.88869 60526 14617 364
    0.119 1.12636 99182 88352 913 0.88780 78007 61950 067
    0.120 1.12749 68515 79375 671 0.88692 04367 17157 516
    0.121 1.12862 49123 67343 967 0.88603 39595 92875 591
    0.122 1.12975 41017 80318 682 0.88514 83685 02627 096
    0.123 1.13088 44209 47489 324 0.88426 36625 60820 866
    0.124 1.13201 58709 99175 153 0.88337 98408 82750 886
    0.125 1.13314 84530 66826 317 0.88249 69025 84595 403
    0.126 1.13428 21682 83024 976 0.88161 48467 83416 046
    0.127 1.13541 70177 81486 442 0.88073 36725 97156 940
    0.128 1.13655 30026 97060 307 0.87985 33791 44643 827
    0.129 1.13769 01241 65731 582 0.87897 39655 45583 178
    0.130 1.13882 83833 24621 831 0.87809 54309 20561 324
    0.131 1.13996 77813 11990 306 0.87721 77143 91043 564
    0.132 1.14110 83192 67235 091 0.87634 09950 79373 297
    0.133 1.14224 99983 30894 235 0.87546 50921 08771 138
    0.134 1.14339 28196 44646 898 0.87459 00646 03334 043
    0.135 1.14453 67843 51314 488 0.87371 59116 88034 434
    0.136 1.14568 18935 94861 807 0.87284 26324 88719 322
    0.137 1.14682 81485 20398 195 0.87197 02261 32109 436
    0.138 1.14797 55502 74178 672 0.87109 86917 45798 347
    0.139 1.14912 41000 03605 088 0.87022 80284 58251 595
    0.140 1.15027 37988 57227 268 0.86935 82353 98805 820
    0.141 1.15142 46479 84744 161 0.86848 93116 97667 890
    0.142 1.15257 66485 37004 992 0.86762 12564 85914 032
    0.143 1.15372 98016 66010 407 0.86675 40688 95488 962
    0.144 1.15488 41085 24913 632 0.86588 77480 59205 017
    0.145 1.15603 95702 68021 623 0.86502 22931 10741 288
    0.146 1.15719 61880 50796 218 0.86415 77031 84642 755
    0.147 1.15835 39630 29855 297 0.86329 39774 16319 421
    0.148 1.15951 28963 62973 936 0.862431 11149 42045 443
    0.149 1.16067 29892 09085 563 0.86156 91148 98958 277
    0.150 1.16183 42427 28283 123 0.86070 79764 25057 807

    [c-p1
    1 [(-l’l1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 119
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    X ez e-1

    0.150 1.16183 42427 28283 123 0.86070 79764 25057 807


    0.151 1.16299 66580 81820 230 0.85984 76986 59205 488
    0.152 1.16416 02364 32112 335 0.85898 82807 41123 482
    0.153 1.16532 49789 42737 886 0.85812 97218 11393 800
    0.154 1.16649 08867 78439 490 0.85727 20210 11457 440
    0.155 1.16765 79611 05125 080 0.85641 51774 83613 531
    0.156 1.16882 62030 89869 080 0.85555 91903 71018 473
    0.157 1.16999 56139 00913 572 0.85470 40588 17685 083
    0.158 1.17116 61947 07669 465 0.85384 97819 68481 735
    0.159 1.17233 79466 80717 662 0.85299 63589 69131 511
    0.160 1.17351 08709 91810 235 0.85214 37889 66211 338
    0.161 1.17468 49688 13871 592 0.85129 20711 07151 144
    0.162 1.17586 02413 20999 654 0.85044 12045 40232 998
    0.163 1.17703 66896 88467 025 0.84959 11884 14590 263
    0.164 1.17821 43150 92722 171 0.84874 20218 80206 741
    0.165 1.17939 31187 11390 594 0.84789 37040 87915 828
    0.166 iIi8Oi7 31017 23276 011 0.84704 62341 89399 660
    0.167 1.18175 42653 08361 533 0.84619 96113 37188 270
    0.168 ii18293 66106 47810 843 0.84535 38346 84658 733
    0.169 1.18412 01389 23969 378 Oi84450 89033 86034 326
    0.170 1.18530 48513 20365 514 0.84366 48165 96383 682
    0.171 1.18649 07490 21711 746 0.84282 15734 71619 939
    0.172 1.18767 78332 13905 874 0.84197 91731 68499 904
    0.173 1.18886 61050 84032 188 0.84113 76148 44623 201
    0.174 1.19005 55658 20362 660 0.84029 68976 58431 438
    0.175 1.19124 62166 12358 122 0.83945 70207 69207 358
    0.176 1.19243 80586 50669 468 0.83861 79833 37074 003
    0.177 1.19363 10931 27138 834 0.83777 97845 22993 869
    0.178 1.19482 53212 34800 796 0.83694 24234 88768 073
    0.179 1.19602 07441 67883 563 Oi83610 58993 97035 511
    0.180 1.19721 73631 21810 165 0.83527 02114 11272 021
    0.181 ii19841 51792 93199 657 0.83443 53586 95789 549
    0.182 1.19961 41938 79868 311 0.83360 13404 15735 309
    0.183 1.20081 44080 80830 812 0.83276 81557 37090 951
    0.184 1.20201 58230 96301 462 0.83193 58038 26671 728
    0.185 1.20321 84401 27695 376 0.83110 42838 52125 659
    0.186 1.20442 22603 77629 686 0.83027 35949 81932 701
    0.187 1.20562 72850 49924 742 0.82944 37363 85403 915
    0.188 1.20683 35153 49605 317 0.82861 47072 32680 634
    0.189 1.20804 09524 82901 811 0.82778 65066 94733 637
    0.190 1.2'0924 95976 57251 458 0.82695 91339 43362 318
    0.191 iIi1045 94520 81299 533 0.82613 25881 51193 854
    0.192 1.21167 05169 64900 562 0.82530 68684 91682 387
    0.193 1.2'1288 27935 19119 527 0.82448 19741 39108 186
    0.194 1.2'1409 62829 56233 085 0.82365 79042 68576 832
    0.195 1.2'1531 09864 89730 774 0.82283 46580 56018 384
    0.196 1.211652 69053 34316 229 ii82201 22346 78186 562
    0.197 1.211774 40407 05908 396 0.82119 06333 12657 919
    0.198 1.2'1896 23938 21642 747 0.82036 98531 37831 021
    0.199 1.212018 19658 99872 499 0.81954 98933 32925 626
    0.200 1.;!2140 27581 60169 834 0.81873 07530 77981 859

    [ (-Y1 [c-y1
    120 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION


    X e-z

    0.200 1.22140 27581 60169 834 0.81873 07530 77981 859


    0.201 1.22262 47718 23327 112 0.81791 24315 53859 397
    0.202 1.22384 80081 11358 099 0.81709 49279 42236 649
    0.203 1.22507 24682 47499 185 0.81627 82414 25609 934
    0.204 1.22629 81534 56210 607 Oi81546 23711 87292 668
    0.205 1.22752 50649 63177 678 0.81464 73164 11414 545
    0.206 1.22875 32039 95312 005 0.81383 30762 82920 720
    0.207 1.22998 25717 80752 723 0.81301 96499 87570 998
    0.208 1.23121 31695 48867 721 0.81220 70367 11939 015
    0.209 1.23244 49985 30254 869 0.81139 52356 43411 427
    0.210 1.23367 80599 56743 251 0.81058 42459 70187 100
    0.211 1.23491 23550 61394 396 0.80977 40668 81276 291
    0.212 1.23614 78850 78503 512 0.80896 46975 66499 845
    0.213 1.23738 46512 43600 719 0.80815 61372 16488 379
    0.214 1.23862 26547 93452 285 0.80734 83850 22681 475
    0.215 1.23986 18969 66061 862 0.80654 14401 77326 874
    0.216 1.24110 23790 00671 728 0.80573 53018 73479 662
    0.217 1.24234 41021 37764 020 0.80492 99693 05001 467
    0.218 1.24358 70676 19061 978 0.80412 54416 66559 655
    0.219 1.24483 12766 87531 187 0.80332 17181 53626 521
    0.220 1.24607 67305 87380 820 0.80251 87979 62478 483
    0.221 1.24732 34305 64064 879 0.80171 66802 90195 284
    0.222 1.24857 13778 64283 447 0.80091 53643 34659 186
    0.223 1.24982 05737 35983 926 0.80011 48492 94554 165
    0.224 1.25107 10194 28362 294 0.79931 51343 69365 114
    0.225 1.25232 27161 91864 345 0.79851 62187 59377 043
    0.226 l.25357 56652 78186 948 0.79771 81016 65674 '274
    0.227 1.25482 98679 40279 295 0.79692 07822 90139 647
    0.228 1.25608 53254 32344 151 0.79612 42598 35453 721
    0.229 1.25734 20390 09839 113 0.79532 85335 05093 973
    0.230 1.25860 00099 29477 863 0.79453 36025 03334 008
    0.231 1.25985 92394 4v31 426 0.79373 94660 35242 758
    0.232 1.26111 97288 28329 426 0.79294 61233 06683 687
    0.233 1.26238 14793 27261 349 0.79215 35735 24314 003
    0.234 1.26364 44922 07777 797 0.79136 18158 95583 855
    0.235 1.26490 87687 32891 756 0.79057 08496 28735 550
    0.236 1.26617 43101 66879 857 0.78978 06739 32802 754
    0.237 1.26744 11177 75283 640 0.78899 12880 17609 706
    0.238 1.26870 91928 24910 818 0.78820 26910 93770 426
    0.239 1.26997 85365 83836 547 0.78741 48823 72687 922
    0.240 1.27124 91503 21404 692 0.78662 78610 66553 409
    0.241 1.27252 10353 08229 095 0.78584 16263 88345 515
    0.242 1.27379 41928 16194 849 0.78505 61775 51829 496
    0.243 1.27506 86241 18459 570 0.78427 15137 71556 451
    0.244 1.27634 43304 89454 665 0.78348 76342 62862 532
    0.245 1.27762 13132 04886 611 0.78270 45382 41868 168
    0.246 1.27889 95735 41738 230 0.78192 22249 25477 270
    0.247 1.28017 91127 78269 966 0.78114 06935 31376 458
    0.248 1.28145 99321 94021 162 0.78035 99432 78034 273
    0.249 1.28274 20330 69811 341 0.77957 99733 84700 396
    0.250 1.28402 54166 87741 484 0.77880 07830 71404 868

    [
    C-i)2
    1 [c-y1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 121
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    X ez e-2
    0.250 1.28402 54166 87741 484 0.77880 07830 71404 868
    0.251 1.26531 00843 31195 317 0.77802 23715 58957 312
    0.252 1.28659 60372 84840 591 0.77724 47380 68946 150
    0.253 1.28788 32768 34630 366 0.77646 78818 23737 828
    0.254 ii28917 18042 67804 299 0.77569 18020 46476 034

    0.255 1.29046 16208 72889 931 0.77491 64979 61080 928


    0.256 1.29175 27279 39703 974 0.77414 19687 92248 360
    0.257 1.23304 51267 59353 603 0.77336 82137 65449 096
    0.258 1.29433 88186 24237 745 0.77259 52321 06928 045
    0.259 1.29563 38048 28048 373 0.77182 30230 43703 483

    0.260 1.29693 00866 65771 798 0.77105 15858 03566 284


    0.261 1.29822 76654 33689 967 0.77028 09196 15079 142
    0.262 1.29952 65424 29381 755 0.76951 10237 07575 806
    0.263 1.30082 67189 51724 266 0.76874 18973 11160 303
    0.264 1.30212 81963 00894 131 0.76797 35396 56706 173

    0.265 1.30343 09757 78368 808 0.76720 59499 75855 698


    0.266 1.30473 50586 86927 883 0.76643 91275 01019 133
    0.267 1.30604 04463 30654 372 0.76567 30714 65373 938
    0.268 1.30734 71400 14936 028 0.76490 77811 02864 015
    0.269 1.30865 51410 46466 646 0.76414 32556 48198 937

    0.270 1.30996 44507 33247 364 0.76337 94943 36853 186


    0.271 1.31127 50703 84587 979 0.76261 64964 05065 386
    0.272 1.31258 70013 11108 252 0.76185 42610 89837 543
    0.273 1.31390 02448 24739 218 0.76109 27876 28934 278
    0.274 1.31521 48022 38724 500 0.76033 20752 60882 066

    0.275 1.31653 06748 67621 623 0.75957 21232 24968 476


    0.276 ii31784 78640 27303 324 0.75881 29307 61241 409
    0.277 1.31916 63710 34958 873 0.75805 44971 10508 337
    0.278 1.32048 61972 09095 387 0.75729 68215 14335 547
    0.279 1.32180 73438 69539 151 0.75653 99032 15047 380

    0.280 1.32312 98123 37436 936 0.75578 37414 55725 472


    0.281 li32445 36039 35257 318 0.75502 83354 80208 002
    0.282 1.32577 87199 86792 007 0.75427 36845 33088 932
    0.283 1.32710 51618 17157 164 0.75351 97878 59717 250
    0.284 1.32843 29307 52794 731 0.75276 66447 06196 222

    0.285 1.32976 20281 21473 753 0.75201 42543 19382 630


    0.286 ii33109 24552 52291 710 0.75126 26159 46886 026
    0.287 1.33242 42134 75675 843 0.75051 17288 37067 974
    0.288 1.33375 73041 23384 488 0.74976 15922 39041 301
    0.289 1.33509 17285 28508 403 0.74901 22054 02669 348

    0.290 1.33642 74880 25472 103 0.74826 35675 78565 215


    0.291 1.33776 45839 50035 199 0.74751 56780 18091 016
    0.292 1.33910 30176 39293 724 0.74676 85359 73357 128
    0.293 1.34044 27904 31681 481 0.74602 21406 97221 444
    0.294 1.34178 39036 66971 373 0.74527 64914 43288 626

    0.295 1.34312 63586 86276 747 0.74453 15874 65909 357


    0.296 1.34447 01568 32052 735 0.74378 74280 20179 599
    0.297 1.34581 52994 48097 594 0.74304 40123 61939 843
    0.298 1.34716 17878 79554 052 0.74230 13397 47774 369
    0.299 1.34850 96234 72910 654 0.74155 94094 35010 502

    1.34985 88075 76003 104

    [c-p1
    0.300 0.74081 82206 81717 866

    [1 1
    C-l)2
    122 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    X ez e-2

    0.300 1.34985 88075 76003 104 0.74081 82206 81717 866


    0.301 1.35120 93415 38015 618 0.74007 77727 46707 647
    0.302 1.35256 12267 09482 272 0.73933 80648 89531 848
    0.303 1.35391 44644 42288 348 0.73859 90963 70482 549
    0.304 1.35526 90560 89671 692 0.73786 08664 50591 171
    0.305 1.35662 50030 06224 066 0.73712 33743 91627 732
    0.306 1.35798 23065 47892 497 0.73638 66194 56100 112
    0.307 1.35934 09680 71980 642 0.73565 06009 07253 313
    0.308 1.36070 09889 37150 137 0.73491 53180 09068 726
    0.309 1.36206 23705 03421 961 0.73418 07700 26263 391
    0.310 1.36342 51141 32177 794 0.73344 69562 24289 264
    0.311 1.36478 92211 86161 378 0.73271 38758 69332 482
    0.312 1.36615 46930 29479 880 0.73198 15282 28312 628
    0.313 1.36752 15310 27605 258 0.73124 99125 68882 001
    0.314 1.36888 97365 47375 624 0.73051 90281 59424 881
    0.315 1.37025 93109 56996 611 0.72978 88742 69056 797
    0.316 1.37163 02556 26042 743 0.72905 94501 67623 797
    0.317 1.37300 25719 25458 804 0.72833 07551 25701 720
    0.318 1.37437 62612 27561 208 0.72760 27884 14595 463
    0.319 1.37575 13249 06039 370 0.72687 55493 06338 254
    0.320 1.37712 77643 35957 085 0.72614 90370 73690 925
    0.321 1.37850 55808 93753 895 0.72542 32509 90141 181
    0.322 1.37988 47759 57246 476 0.72469 81903 29902 880
    0.323 1.38126 53509 05630 003 0.72397 38543 67915 300
    0.324 1.38264 73071 19479 542 0.72325 02423 79842 419
    0.325 1.38403 06459 80751 421 0.72252 73536 42072 189
    0.326 1.38541 53688 72784 617 Oi72180 51874 31715 812
    0.327 1.38680 14771 80302 136 0.72108 37430 26607 016
    0.328 1.38818 89722 89412 403 0.72036 30197 05301 338
    0.329 1.38957 78555 87610 642 0.71964 30167 47075 395
    0.330 1.39096 81284 63780 266 0.71892 37334 31926 170
    0.331 1.39235 97923 08194 268 0.71820 51690 40570 286
    0.332 1.39375 28485 12516 609 0.71748 73228 54443 294
    0.333 1.39514 72984 69803 608 0.71677 01941 55698 947
    0.334 1.39654 31435 74505 339 0.71605 37822 27208 486
    0.335 1.39794 03852 22467 023 0.71533 80863 52559 924
    0.336 1.39933 90248 10930 424 0.71462 31058 16057 326
    0.337 1.40073 90637 38535 249 0.71390 88399 02720 095
    0.338 1.40214 05034 05320 540 0.71319 52878 98282 260
    0.339 1.40354 33452 12726 081 0.71248 24490 89191 756
    0.340 1.40494 75905 63593 797 0.71177 03227 62609 715
    0.341 1.40635 32408 62169 155 0.71105 89082 06409 751
    0.342 1.40776 02975 14102 572 0.71034 82047 09177 248
    0.343 1.40916 87619 26450 817 0.70963 82115 60208 649
    0.344 1.41057 86355 07678 418 0.70892 89280 49510 748
    0.345 1.41198 99196 67659 075 0.70822 03534 67799 973
    0.346 1.41340 26158 17677 066 0.70751 24871 06501 685
    0.347 1.41481 67253 70428 658 0.70680 53282 57749 463
    0.348 1.41623 22497 40023 522 0.70609 88762 14384 398
    0.349 1.41764 91903 41986 146 0.70539 31302 69954 390
    0.350 1.41906 75485 93257 248 0.70468 80897 18713 434
    [(-;I21 [ C-29
    1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 1.23
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    X e= e-=
    0.350 1.41906 75485 93257 248 0.70468 80897 18713 434
    0.351 1.42048 73259 12195 200 0.70398 37538 55620 921
    0.352 1.42190 85237 18577 438 0.70328 01219 76340 929
    0.353 1.42333 11434 33601 886 0.70257 71933 77241 521
    0.354 1.42475 51864 79888 380 0.70187 49673 55394 037
    0.355 1.42618 06542 81480 082 0.70117 34432 08572 398
    0.356 1.42760 75482 63844 915 0.70047 26202 35252 !399
    0.357 1.42903 58698 53876 979 0.69977 24977 34611 008
    0.358 1.43046 56204 79897 983 0.69907 30750 06525 666
    0.359 1.43189 68015 71658 672 0.69837 43513 51573 587
    0.360 1.43332 94145 60340 258 0.69767 63260 71031 057
    0.361 1.43476 34608 78555 848 0.69697 89984 66872 738
    0.362 1.43619 89419 60351 880 0.69628 23678 41770 967
    0.363 1.43763 58592 41209 556 0.69558 64334 99095 062
    0.364 1.43907 42141 58046 276 0.69489 11947 42910 621
    0.365 1.44051 40081 49217 078 0.69419 66508 77978 831
    0.366 1.44195 52426 54516 071 0.69350 28012 09755 768
    0.367 1.44339 79191 15177 881 0.69280 96450 44391 707
    0.368 1.44484 20389 73879 090 0.69211 71816 88730 425
    0.369 1.44628 76036 74739 677 0.69142 54104 50308 508
    0.370 1.44773 46146 63324 462 0.69073 43306 37354 660
    0.371 1.44918 30733 86644 554 0.69004 39415 58789 010
    0.372 1.45063 29812 93158 799 0.68935 42425 24222 423
    0.373 1.45208 43398 32775 223 0.68866 52328 43955 806
    0.374 1.45353 71504 56852 487 0.68797 69118 28979 422
    0.375 1.45499 14146 18201 336 0.68728 92787 90972 199
    0.376 1.45644 71337 71086 052 0.68660 23330 42301 040
    0.377 1.45790 43093 71225 910 0.68591 60738 96020 141
    0.378 1.45936 29428 75796 632 0.68523 05006 65870 297
    0.379 1.46082 30357 43431 842 0.68454 56126 66278 222
    0.380 1.46228 45894 34224 532 0.68386 14092 12355 858
    0.381 1.46374 76054 09728 512 0.68317 78896 19899 696
    0.382 1.46521 20851 32959 881 0.68249 50532 05390 084
    0.383 1.46667 80300 68398 485 0.68181 28992 85990 553
    0.384 1.46814 54416 81989 380 0.68113 14271 79547 125
    0.385 1.46361 43214 41144 302 0.68045 06362 04587 638
    0.386 1.47108 46708 14743 133 0.67977 05256 80321 060
    0.387 1.47255 64912 73135 370 0.67909 10949 26636 810
    0.388 1.47402 97842 88141 592 0.67841 23432 64104 077
    0.389 1.47550 45513 33054 939 0.67773 42700 13971 142
    0.390 1.47698 07938 82642 577 0.67705 68744 98164 700
    0.391 1.47845 85134 13147 180 0.67638 01560 39289 177
    0.392 1.47993 77114 02288 401 0.67570 41139 60626 058
    0.393 1.48141 83893 29264 352 0.67502 87475 86133 209
    0.394 1.48290 05486 74753 084 0.67435 40562 40444 198
    0.395 1.48438 41909 20914 066 0.67368 00392 48867 624
    0.396 1.48586 93175 51389 667 0.67300 66959 37386 438
    0.397 1.48735 59300 51306 642 0.67233 40256 32657 274
    0.398 1.48884 40299 07277 615 0.67166 20276 62009 771
    0.399 1.49033 36186 07402 565 0.67099 07013 53445 901
    0.400 1.49182 46976 41270 318 0.67032 00460.35639 301
    C-l)9
    [ 1
    c-y
    1 1
    124 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    X ez e+

    0.400 1.49182 46976 41270 318 0.67032 00460 35639 301


    0.401 1.49331 72684 99960 030 0.66965 00610 37934 596
    0.402 1.49481 13326 76042 686 0.66898 07456 90346 733
    0.403 1.49630 68916 63582 585 0.66831 20993 23560 309
    0.404 1.49780 39469 58138 840 0.66764 41212 68928 902
    0.405 1.49930 25000 56766 870 0.66697 68108 58474 400
    0.406 1.50080 25524 58019 898 0.66631 01674 24886 338
    0.407 1.50230 41056 61950 452 0.66564 41903 01521 227
    0.408 1.50380 71611 70111 860 0.66497 88788 22401 888
    0.409 1.50531 17204 85559 754 0.66431 42323 22216 786
    0.410 1.50681 77851 12853 578 0.66365 02501 36319 366
    0.411 1.50832 53565 58058 082 0.66298 69316 00727 386
    0.412 1.50983 44363 28744 838 0.66232 42760 52122 256
    0.413 1.51134 50259 33993 742 0.66166 22828 27848 372
    0.414 1.51285 71268 84394 526 0.66100 09512 65912 454
    0.415 1.51437 07406 92048 265 0.66034 02807 04982 886
    0.416 1.51588 58688 70568 894 0.65968 02704 84389 050
    0.417 1.51740 25129 35084 718 0.65902 09199 44120 673
    0.418 1.51892 06744 02239 927 0.65836 22284 24827 158
    0.419 1.52044 03547 90196 115 0.65770 41952 67816 932
    0,420 1.52196 15556 18633 796 0.65'704 68198 15056 782
    0,421 1.52348 42784 08753 926 0.65639 01014 09171 201
    0.422 1.52500 85246 83279 422 0.65573 40393 93441 728
    0.423 1.52653 42959 66456 685 0.65507 86331 11806 293
    0.424 1.52806 15937 84057 126 0.65442 38819 08858 560
    0.425 1.52959 04196 63378 690 0.65376 97851 29847 271
    0.426 1.53112 07751 33247 382 0.65311 63421 20675 593
    0.427 1.53265 26617 24018 802 0.65246 35522 27900 462
    0.428 1.53418 60809 67579 666 0.65181 14147 98731 930
    0.429 1.53572 10343 97349 347 0.65115 99291 81032 515
    0.430 1.53725 75235 48281 402 0.65050 90947 23316 545
    0.431 1.53879 55499 56865 110 0.64985 89107 74749 506
    0.432 1.54033 51151 61127 008 0.64920 93766 85147 398
    0.433 1.54187 62207 00632 428 0.64856 04918 04976 075
    0.434 l.54341 88681 16487 038 0.64791 22554 85350 604
    0.435 1.54496 30589 51338 384 0.64726 46670 78034 611
    0.436 1.54650 87947 49377 427 0.64661 77259 35439 635
    0.437 1.54805 60770 56340 096 0.64597 14314 10624 479
    0.438 1.54960 49074 19508 826 0.64532 57828 57294 565
    0.439 1.55115 52873 87714 108 0.64468 07796 29801 285
    0.440 1.55270 72185-11336 042 0.64403 64210 83141 359
    0.441 1.55426 07023 42305 879 0.64339 27065 72956 185
    0.442 1.55581 57404 34107 580 0.64274 96354 55531 200
    0.443 1.55737 23343 41779 367 0.64210 72070 87795 233
    0.444 1.55893 04856 21915 277 0.64146 54208 27319 863
    0.445 1.56049 01958 32666 719 0.64082 42760 32318 776
    0.446 1.56205 14665 33744 035 0.64018 37720 61647 123
    0.447 1.56361 42992 86418 055 0.63954 39082 74800 880
    0.448 1.56517 86956 53521 663 0.63890 46840 31916 208
    0.449 1.56674 46571 99451 356 0.63826 60986 93768 809
    0.450 1.56831 21854 90168 811 0.63762 81516 21773 293

    1 1
    t-p
    IIc-y1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCX’IONS 125
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    5 ez ecz

    0.450 1.56831 21854 90168 811 0.63762 81516 21773 293


    0.451 1.56988 12820 93202 449 0.63699 08421 77982 535
    0.452 1.57145 19485 77649 003 0.63635 41697 25087 037
    0.453 1.57302 41865 14175 089 0.63571 81336 26414 293
    0.454 1.57459 79974 75018 775 0.63508 27332 45928 153
    0.455 1.57617 33830 33991 152 0.63444 79679 48228 182
    0.456 1.57775 03447 66477 911 0.63381 38370 98549 030
    0.457 1.57932 88842 49440 916 0.63318 03400 62759 794
    0.458 1.53090 90030 61419 781 0.63254 74762 07363 387
    0.459 1.53249 07027 82533 449 0.63191 52448 99495 898
    0.460 1.53407 39849 94481 775 0.63128 36455 06925 969
    0.461 1.55565 88512 80547 101 0.63065 26773 98054 154
    0.462 1.5~372453032 25595 846 0.63002 23399 41912 291
    0.463 1.5'3883 33424 16080 087 0.62939 26325 08162 872
    0.464 1.5'3042 29704 40039 147 0.62876 35544 67098 411
    0.465 1.5'3201 41888 87101 182 0.62813 51051 89640 814
    0.466 1.5'3360 69993 48484 772 0.62750 72840 47340 750
    0.467 1.5'3520 14034 17000 511 0.62688 00904 12377 027
    0.468 1.5'3679 74026 87052 601 0.62625 35236 57555 956
    0.469 1.59839 49987 54640 444 0.62562 75831 56310 730
    0.470 1.5'3999 41932 17360 241 0.62500 22682 82700 796
    0.471 1.61)159 49876 74406 589 0.62437 75784 11411 229
    0.472 1.60319 73837 26574 077 0.62375 35129 17752 104
    0.473 1.61148013829 76258 891 0.62313 00711 77657 876
    0.474 1.60640 69870 27460 416 0.62250 72525 67686 754
    0.475 1.60801 41974 85782 835 0.62188 50564 65020 075
    0.476 1.60962 30159 58436 741 0.62126 34822 47461 685
    0.477 1.6X123 34440 54240 740 0.62064 25292 93437 314
    0.478 1.6:!284 54833 83623 064 0.62002 21969 81993 957
    0.479 1.6:1445 91355 58623 174 0.61940 24846 92799 250
    0.480 l-6:.607 44021 92893 382 0.61878 33918 06140 853
    0.481 1.6:.769 12849 01700 456 0.61816 49177 02925 827
    0.482 1.6:.930 97853 01927 238 0.61754 70617 64680 018
    0.483 1.6:!092 99050 12074 265 0.61692 98233 73547 436
    0.484 1.6:!255 16456 52261 382 0.61631 32019 12289 639
    0.485 1.6:!417 50088 44229 364 0.61569 71967 64285 113
    0.486 1.6;!579 99962 11341 538 0.61508 18073 13528 659
    0.487 1.6;!742 66093 78585 406 0.61446 70329 44630 776
    0.488 1.6;!905 48499 72574 272 0.61385 28730 42817 043
    0.489 1.6:,068 47196 21548 865 0.61323 93269 93927 508
    0.490 1.6:1231 62199 55378 970 0.61262 63941 84416 069
    0.491 1.63394 93526 05565 057 0.61201 40740 01349 867
    0.492 1.63558 41192 05239 912 0.61140 23658 32408 668
    0.493 1.6:,722 05213 89170 270 0.61079 12690 65884 251
    0.494 1.6:)885 85607 93758 453 0.61018 07830 90679 799
    0.495 1.64049 82390 57044 002 0.60957 09072 96309 287
    0.496 1.64213 95578 18705 315 Oi60896 16410 72896 868
    0.497 1.64378 25187 20061 292 0.60825 29838 11176 269
    0.498 1.64542 71234 04072 971 Oi60774 49349 02490 178
    0.499 1.64707 33735 15345 173 0.60713 74937 38789 634
    0.500 1.61187212707 00128 147 0.60653 06597 12633 424

    1(72 1 [ c-y1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    X e2 e-x

    0.500 1.64872 12707 00128 147 0.6065:3 06597 12633 424


    0.501 1.65037 08166 06319 214 0.60592 44322 17187 470
    0.502 1.65202 20128 83464 418 0.60531 88106 46224 228
    0.503 1.65367 48611 82760 175 0.60471 37943 94122 075
    0.504 1.65532 93631 57054 920 0.60410 93828 55864 709
    0.505 1.65698 55204 60850 766 0.603510 55754 27040 541
    0.506 1.65864 33347 50305 156 0.602910 23715 03842 093
    0.507 1.66030 28076 83232 516 0.60229 97704 83065 390
    0.508 1.66196 39409 19105 918 0.6016'3 77717 62109 362
    0.509 li66362 67361 19058 736 0.60109 63747 38975 237
    0.510 1.66529 11949 45886 308 0.60049 55788 12265 943
    0.511 1.66695 73190 64047 601 0.59989 53833 81185 502
    0.512 1.66862 51101 39666 871 0.5992'3 57878 45538 434
    0.513 1.67029 45698 40535 333 0.5986'3 67916 05729 153
    0.514 1.67196 56998 36112 826 0.5980'3 83940 62761 369
    0.515 1.67363 85017 97529 486 0.59750 05946 18237 489
    0.516 1.67531 29773 97587 414 0.596910 33926 74358 019
    0.517 1.67698 91283 10762 348 0.596310 67876 33920 965
    0.518 1.67866 69562 13205 342 0.59571 07789 00321 238
    0.519 1.68034 64627 82744 439 0.59511 53658 77550 053
    0.520 1.68202 76496 98886 347 0.59452 05479 70194 339
    0.521 1.68371 05186 42818 123 0.59392 63245 83436 138
    0.522 1.68539 50712 97408 851 0.59333 26951 23052 015
    0.523 1.68708 13093 47211 326 0.5927.3 96589 95412 460
    0.524 1.68876 92344 78463 738 0.59214 72156 07481 294
    0.525 1.69045 88483 79091 359 0.5915s 53643 66815 082
    0.526 1.69215 01527 38708 232 0.59096 41046 81562 533
    0.527 1.69384 31492 48618 855 0.5903'7 34359 60463 912
    0.528 1.69553 78396 01819 881 0.58978 33576 12850 450
    0.529 1.69723 42254 93001 803 0.58919 38690 48643 749
    0.530 1.69893 23086 18550 654 0.58860 49696 78355 196
    0.531 1.70063 20906 76549 702 0.5880:1 66589 13085 372
    0.532 1.70233 35733 66781 146 0.58742 89361 64523 463
    0.533 1.70403 67583 90727 817 0.58684 18008 44946 670
    oI534 1.70574 16474 51574 883 0.5862!5 52523 67219 626
    0.535 1.70744 82422 54211 545 0.58566 92901 44793 803
    0.536 1.70915 65445 05232 748 0.58508 39135 91706 932
    0.537 1.71086 65559 12940 887 0.5844'3 91221 22582 409
    0.538 1.71257 82781 87347 510 0.58391 49151 52628 716
    0.539 1.71429 17130 40175 036 0.58333 12920 97638 836
    0.540 1.71600 68621 84858 460 0.58274 82523 73989 665
    0.541 1.71772 37273 36547 069 0.58216 57953 98641 430
    0.542 1.71944 23102 12106 159 0.581513 39205 89137 107
    0.543 1.72116 26125 30118 747 0.581013 26273 63601 839
    0.544 1.72288 46360 10887 296 0.58042 19151 40742 351
    0.545 1.72460 83823 76435 429 0.57984 17833 39846 373
    0.546 1.72633 38533 50509 656 0.57926 22313 80782 055
    0.547 1.72806 10506 58581 095 0.57868 32586 83997 389
    0.548 1.72978 99760 27847 197 0.57810 48646 70519 631
    0.549 1.73152 06311 87233 477 0.57752 70487 61954 718
    0.550 1.73325 30178 67395 237 0.57694 98103 80486 695

    1 1
    c-y
    [
    C-i)8
    1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 127
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    X ez e-2

    0.550 1.73325 30178 67395 237 0.57694 98103 80486 695


    0.551 1.73498 71378 00719 302 0.57637 31489 48877 132
    0.552 1.73672 29927 21325 750 0.57579 70638 90464 548
    0.553 1.73846 05843 65069 647 0.57522 15546 29163 839
    0.554 1.74019 99144 69542 780 0.57464 66205 89465 693
    0.555 1.74194 09847 74075 399 0.57407 22611 96436 024
    0.556 1.74368 37970 19737 955 0.57349 84758 75715 391
    0.557 1.74542 83529 49342 837 0.57292 52640 53518 425
    0.558 1.74717 46543 07446 121 0.57235 26251 56633 257
    0.559 1.74892 27028 40349 310 0.57178 05586 12420 941
    0.560 1.75067 25002 96101 083 0.57120 90638 48814 886
    0.561 1.75242 40484 24499 041 0.57063 81402 94320 280
    0.562 1.75417 73489 77091 459 0.57006 77873 78013 522
    0.563 1.75593 24037 07179 036 0.56949 80045 29541 648
    0.564 1.75768 92143 69816 648 0.56892 87911 79121 561
    0.565 1.75944 77827 21815 104 0.56836 01467 57540 464
    0.566 1.76120 81105 21742 902 0.56779 20706 96153 288
    0.567 1.76297 01995 29927 989 0.56722 45624 26884 125
    0.568 1.76473 40515 08459 520 0.56665 76213 82224 657
    0.569 1.76649 96682 21189 621 0.56609 12469 95233 792
    0.570 1.76826 70514 33735 152 0.56552 54386 99537 097
    0.571 1.77003 62029 13479 471 0.56496 01959 29326 229
    0.572 1.77180 71244 29574 208 0.56439 55181 19358 370
    0.573 1.77357 98177 52941 024 0.56383 14047 04955 664
    0.574 1.77535 42846 56273 392 0.56326 78551 22004 648
    0.575 1.77713 05269 14038 362 0.56270 48688 06955 693
    0.576 1.77890 85463 02478 341 0.56214 24451 96822 437
    0.577 1.78068 83445 99612 864 0.56158 05837 29181 224
    0.578 1.78246 99235 85240 377 0.56101 92838 42170 538
    0.579 1.78425 32850 40940 016 0.56045 85449 74490 445
    0.580 1.78603 84307 50073 382 0.55989 83665 65402 033
    0.581 1.78782 53624 97786 336 0.55933 87480 54726 843
    0.582 1.78961 40820 71010 772 0.55877 96888 82846 320
    0.583 1.79140 45912 58466 414 0.55822 11884 90701 245
    0.584 1.79319 68918 50662 599 0.55766 32463 19791 179
    0.585 1.79499 09856 39900 067 0.55710 58618 12173 905
    0.586 1.79678 68744 20272 757 0.55654 90344 10464 868
    0.587 1.79858 45599 87669 600 0.55599 27635 57836 621
    0.588 1.80038 40441 39776 313 0.55543 70486 98018 264
    0.589 1.80218 53286 76077 198 0.55488 18892 75294 892
    0.590 1.80398 84153 97856 940 0.55432 72847 34507 035
    0.591 1.80579 33061 08202 413 0.55377 32345 21050 107
    0.592 1.80760 00026 12004 477 0.55321 97380 80873 848
    0.593 1.80940 85067 15959 787 0.55266 67948 60481 771
    0.594 1.81121 88202 28572 596 0.55211 44043 06930 610
    0.595 1.81303 09449 60156 569 0.55156 25658 67829 766
    0.596 1.81484 48827 22836 588 0.55101 12789 91340 753
    0.597 1.81666 06353 30550 566 0.55046 05431 26176 649
    0.598 1.81847 82045 99051 264 0.54991 03577 21601 542
    0.599 1.82029 75923 45908 101 0.54936 07222 27429 984
    0.600 1.82211 88003 90508 975 0.54881 16360 94026 433

    [ 1
    c-y
    [
    C-i)7
    1
    128 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    5 ez e-a

    0.600 1.82211 88003 90508 975 0.54881 16360 94026 433


    0.601 ii82394 18305 54062 083 0.54826 30987 72304 710
    0.602 1.82576 66846 59597 740 0.54771 51097 13727 448
    0.603 1.82759 33645 31970 203 0.54716 76683 70305 543
    0.604 1.82942 18719 97859 499 0.54662 07741 94597 605
    0.605 1.83125 22088 85773 244 0.54607 44266 39709 413
    0.606 1.83308 43770 26048 479 0.54552 86251 59293 368
    0.607 1.83491 83782 50853 497 0.54498 33692 07547 943
    0.608 1.83675 42143 94189 676 0.54443 86582 39217 140
    0.609 1.83859 18872 91893 312 0.54389 44917 09589 946
    0.610 1.84043 13987 81637 455 0.54335 08690 74499 787
    0.611 1.84227 27507 02933 750 0.54280 77897 90323 981
    0.612 1.84411 59448 97134 270 0.54226 52533 13983 200
    0.613 1.84596 09832 07433 364 0.54172 32591 02940 922
    0.614 1.84780 78674 78869 496 0.54118 18066 15202 890
    0.615 1.84965 65995 58327 090 0.54064 08953 09316 571
    0.616 1.85150 71812 94538 381 0.54010 05246 44370 616
    0.617 1.85335 96145 38085 258 0.53956 06940 79994 313
    0.618 1.85521 39011 41401 120 0.53902 14030 76357 053
    0.619 1.85707 00429 58772 725 0.53848 26510 94167 789
    0.620 1.85892 80418 46342 044 0.53794 44375 94674 492
    0.621 1.86078 78996 62108 121 0.53740 67620 39663 618
    0.622 1.86264 96182 65928 925 0.53686 96238 91459 568
    0.623 1.86451 31995 19523 215 0.53633 30226 12924 149
    0.624 1.86637 86452 86472 402 0.53579 69576 67456 037
    0.625 1.86824 59574 32222 407 0.53526 14285 18990 242
    0.626 1.87011 51378 24085 530 0.53472 64346 31997 571
    0.627 1.87198 61683 31242 321 0.53419 19754 71484 093
    0.628 1.87385 91108 24743 442 0.53365 80505 02990 602
    0.629 1.87573 39071 77511 543 0.53312 46591 92592 086
    0.630 1.87761 05792 64343 132 0.53259 18010 06897 190
    0.631 1.87948 91289 61910 454 0.53205 94754 13047 683
    0.632 1.88136 95581 48763 361 0.53152 76818 78717 927
    0.633 1.88325 18687 05331 198 0.53099 64198 72114 344
    0.634 1.88513 60625 13924 678 0.53046 56888 61974 883
    0.635 1.88702 21414 58737 766 0.52993 54883 17568 489
    0.636 1.88891 01074 25849 565 0.52940 58177 08694 574
    0.637 1.89079 99623 03226 199 0.52887 66765 05682 485
    1.89269 17079 80722 703 0.52834 80641 79390 975
    00.
    .E 1.89458 53463 50084 912 0.52781 99802 01207 673
    0.640 1.89648 08793 04951 353 0.52729 24240 43048 557
    0.641 1.89837 83087 40855 140 0.52676 53951 77357 426
    0.642 1.90027 76365 55225 865 0.52623 88930 77105 369
    0.643 1.90217 88646 47391 502 0.52571 29172 15790 242
    0.644 1.90408 19949 18580 301 0.52518 74670 67436 140
    0.645 1.90598 70292 71922 692 0.52466 25421 06592 872
    0.646 1.90789 39696 12453 188 0.52413 81418 08335 432
    0.647 1.90980 28178 47112 287 0.52361 42656 48263 478
    0.648 1.91171 35758 84748 384 0.52309 09131 02500 807
    0.649 1.91362 62456 36119 674 0.52256 80836 47694 830
    0.650 1.91554 08290 13896 070 0.52204 57767 61016 048
    C-i)7
    c 1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 129
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    X e-z
    0.650 1.91!554 08290 13896 070 0.52204 57767 61016 048
    0.651 1.91'745 73279 32661 108 0.52152 39919 20157 530
    0.652 1.91'337 57443 08913 867 0.52100 27286 03334 394
    0,653 1.92129 60800 61070 883 0.52048 19862 89283 277
    0.654 1.92321 83371 09468 067 0.51996 17644 57261 823
    0.655 1.92514 25173 76362 630 0.51944 20625 87048 156
    0.656 1.92706 86227 85934 997 0.51892 28801 58940 364
    0.657 1.92899 66552 64290 740 0.51840 42166 53755 974
    0.658 1.92'092 66167 39462 496 0.51788 60715 52831 438
    0.659 1.92128585091 41411 902 0.51736 84443 38021 612
    0.660 1.9:!479 23344 02031 522 0.51685 13344 91699 238
    0.661 1.93672 80944 55146 776 0.51633 47414 96754 426
    0.662 1.93866 57912 36517 879 0.51581 86648 36594 140
    0.663 1.94060 54266 83841 774 0.51530 31039 95141 674
    0.664 1.94254 70027 36754 070 0.51478 80584 56836 146
    0.665 1.94449 05213 36830 982 0.51427 35277 06631 974
    0.666 1.94643 59844 27591 272 0.51375 95112 29998 365
    0.667 1.94838 33939 54498 192 0.51324 60085 12918 798
    0.668 1.95033 27518 64961 432 0.51273 30190 41890 516
    0.669 1.95228 40601 08339 065 0.51222 05423 03924 002
    0.670 1 =1542373206 35939 496 0.51170 85777 86542 478
    0.671 1:(:,5619 25354 01023 417 0.51119 71249 77781 383
    0.672 1.05814 97063 58805 754 0.51068 61833 66187 865
    0.673 1.')6010 88354 66457 630 0.51017 57524 40820 271
    0.674 1.96206 99246 83108 314 0.50966 58316 91247 632
    0.675 l/36403 29759 69847 187 0.50915 64206 07549 157
    0.676 ii 96599 79912 89725 700 0.50864 75186 80313 718
    0.677 1.96796 49726 07759 335 0.50813 91254 00639 348
    0.678 1.96993 39218 90929 575 0.50763 12402 60132 723
    0.679 1.97190 48411 08185 868 0.50712 38627 50908 661
    0.680 1.97387 77322 30447 594 0.50661 69923 65589 610
    0.681 1.97585 25972 30606 040 0.50611 06285 97305 142
    0.682 1.97782 94380 83526 371 0.50560 47709 39691 448
    0.683 1.97980 82567 66049 605 0.50509 94188 86890 827
    0.684 1.98178 90552 56994 589 0.50459 45719 33551 185
    0.685 1.98377 18355 37159 979 0.50409 02295 74825 526
    0.686 1: 98575 65995 89326 220 0.50358 63913 06371 449
    0.687 1,98774 33493 98?57 531 0.50308 30566 24350 644
    0.688 1,98973 20869 50703 885 0.50258 "2250 25428 387
    0.689 1.99172 28142 35403 001 0.50207 .3960 06773 037
    0.690 1.99371 55332 43082 329 0.50157 60690 66055 534
    0.691 1.99571 02459 66461 043 0.50107 47437 01448 895
    0.692 1.99770 69544 00252 033 0.50057 39194 11627 713
    0.693 1.99970 56605 41163 899 0.50007 35956 95767 658
    0.694 2.00170 63663 87902 948 0.49957 37720 53544 971
    0.695 Z!.OO37090739 41175 193 0.49907 44479 85i.35 969
    0.696 :!.00571 37852 03688 356 0.49857 56229 91216 541
    0.697 :!.00772 05021 80153 865 0.49807 72965 72961 653
    0.698 2.00972 92268 77288 865 0.49757 94682 32044 844
    0.699 2.01173 99613 03818 219 0.49708 21374 70637 732
    0.700 2.01375 27074 70476 522 0.49658 53037 91409 515

    !Lc-y 1 [I 1
    (-;I6
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FVNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    X ez e-z

    0.700 2.01375 27074 70476 522 0.49658 53037 91409 515


    0.701 2.01576 74673 90010 108 0.49608 89666 97526 471
    0.702 2.01778 42430 77179 065 0.49559 31256 92651 465
    0.703 2.01980 30365 48759 247 0.49509 77802 80943 451
    0.704 2.02182 38498 23544 296 0.49460 29299 67056 976

    0.705 2.02384 66849 22347 653 0.49410 85742 56141 685


    0.706 2.02587 15438 68004 586 0.49361 47126 53841 826
    0.707 2.02789 84286 85374 210 0.49312 13446 66295 756
    0.708 2.02992 73414 01341 511 0.49262 84698 00135 445
    0.709 2.03195 82840 44819 374 0.49213 60875 62485 987

    0.710 2.03399 12586 46750 612 0.49164 41974 60965 102


    0.711 2.03602 62672 40109 996 0.49115 27990 03682 649
    0.712 2.03806 33118 59906 288 0.49066 18916 99240 129
    0.713 2.04010 23945 43184 280 0.49017 14750 56730 197
    0.714 2.04214 35173 29026 822 0.48968 15485 85736 169

    0.715 2.04418 66822 58556 873 0.48919 21117 96331 534


    0.716 2.04623 18913 74939 531 0.48870 31641 99079 460
    0.717 2.04827 91467 23384 083 0.48821 47053 05032 312
    0.718 2.05032 84503 51146 049 0.48772 67346 25731 153
    0.719 2.05237 98043 07529 226 0.48723 92516 73205 263

    0.720 2.05443 32106 43887 743 0.48675 22559 59971 650


    0.721 2.05648 86714 13628 106 0.48626 57469 99034 560
    0.722 2.05854 61886 72211 257 0.48577 97243 03884 990
    0.723 2.06060 57644 77154 626 0.48529 41873 88500 207
    0.724 2.06266 74008 88034 189 0.48480 91357 67343 253

    0.725 2.06473 10999 66486 529 0.48432 45689 55362 467


    0.726 2.06679 68637 76210 896 0.48384 04864 67990 997
    0.727 2.06886 46943 82971 273 0.48335 68878 21146 315
    0.728 2.07093 45938 54598 438 0.48287 37725 31229 734
    0.729 2.07300 65642 60992 036 0.48239 11401 15125 923

    0.730 2.07508 06076 74122 645 0.48190 89900 90202 427


    0.731 2.07715 67261 68033 852 0.48142 73219 74309 180
    0.732 2.07923 49218 18844 323 0.48094 61352 85778 027
    0.733 2.08131 51967 04749 882 0.48046 54295 43422 238
    0.734 2.08339 75529 06025 589 0.47998 52042 66536 031

    0.735 2.08548 19925 05027 819 0.47950 54589 74894 090


    0.736 2108756 85175 86196 344 0.47902 61931 88751 082
    0.737 2.08965 71302 36056 419 0.47854 74064 28841 182
    0.738 2109174 78325 43220 868 0.47806 90982 16377 589
    0.739 2.09384 06265 98392 173 0.47759 12680 73052 052

    0.740 2.09593 55144 94364 563 0.47711 39155 21034 388


    0.741 2.09803 24983 26026 109 0.47663 70400 82972 004
    0.742 2.10013 15801 90360 816 0.47616 06412 81989 423
    0.743 2.10223 27621 86450 725 0.47568 47186 41687 803
    0.744 2.10433 60464 15478 007 0.47520 92716 86144 466

    0.745 2.10644 14349 80727 065 0.47473 42999 39912 416


    0.746 2.10854 89299 87586 641 0.47425 98029 28019 867
    0.747 2.11065 85335 43551 917 0.47378 57801 75969 767
    0.748 2.11277 02477 58226 625 0.47331 22312 09739 326
    0.749 2.11488 40747 43325 155 0.47283 91555 55779 537

    0.750 2.11700 00166 12674 669 0.47236 65527 41014 707


    (96
    [ C-l)3
    1 [ 1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FVNCTIONS 131
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    X ez e-z
    0.750 2.11700 00166 12674 669 0.47236 65527 41014 707
    0.751 2.11911 80754 a2217 212 0.47189 44222 92841 982
    0.752 2.12123 a2534 70011 a30 0.47142 27637 39130 a75
    0.753 2.12336 05526 96236 688 0.47095 15766 08222 791
    0.754 2.12548 49752 a3191 190 0.47048 08604 28930 562
    0.755 2.12761 15233 55298 098 0.47001 06147 30537 969
    0.756 2.12974 0.1990 39105 663 0.46954 08390 42799 274
    0.757 2.13187 10044 63289 745 0.46907 15328 95938 749
    0.758 2.13400 39417 58655 946 0.46860 26958 20650 211
    0.759 2.13613 90130 58141 739 0.46813 43273 48096 543
    0.760 2.13827 62204 96818 602 0.46766 64270 09909 234
    0.761 2.14041 55662 11894 152 0.46719 89943 38187 907
    0.762 2.14255 70523 42714 282 0.46673 20288 65499 852
    0.763 2.14470 06810 30765 301 0.46626 55301 24879 557
    0.764 2.14684 64544 19676 075 0.46579 94976 49828 242
    0.765 2.14899 43746 55220 173 0.46533 39309 74313 393
    0.766 2.15114 44438 a5318 010 0.46486 88296 32768 297
    0.767 2.15329 66642 60038 993 0.46440 41931 60091 573
    0.768 2.15545 10379 31603 678 0.46394 00210 91646 708
    0.769 2.15760 75670 54385 916 0.46347 63129 63261 598
    0.770 2.15976 62537 a4915 008 0.46301 30683 11228 073
    0.771 2.16192 71002 ala77 a66 0.46255 02866 72301 444
    0.772 2.16409 01087 06121 167 0.46208 79675 83700 034
    0.773 2.16625 52812 20653 514 0.46162 61105 83104 714
    0.774 2.16842 26199 90647 604 0.46116 47152 08658 446
    0.775 2.17059 21271 a3442 386 0.46070 37809 98965 ala
    0.77 2.17276 38049 68545 234 0.46024 33074 93092 580
    0.77 t 2.17493 76555 17634 114 0.45978 32942 30565 la9
    0.778 2.17711 36810 04559 757 0.45932 37407 51370 344
    0.779 2.17929 18836 05347 a30 0.45886 46465 95954 527
    0.780 2.18147 22654 98201 117 0.45840 60113 05223 545
    0.781 2.18365 48288 63501 691 Oi45794 78344 20542 069
    0.782 2.18583 95758 a3813 099 0.45749 01154 a3733 175
    0.783 2.18802 65087 43882 545 0.45703 28540 37077 a90
    0.784 2.19021 56296 30643 070 0.45657 60496 23314 727
    0.785 2.19240 69407 33215 744 0.45611 97017 85639 236
    0.786 2.19460 04442 42911 a52 0.45566 38100 67703 540
    0.787 2.19679 61423 53235 086 0.45520 83740 13615 885
    0.788 2.19899 40372 59883 740 0.45475 33931 67940 176
    0.789 2.20119 41311 60752 903 0.45429 88670 75695 532
    0.790 2.20339 64262 55936 659 0.45384 47952 82355 822
    0.791 2.20560 09247 47730 288 0.45339 11773 33849 215
    0.792 2.20780 76288 40632 465 0.45293 80127 76557 724
    0.793 2.21001 65407 41347 466 0.45248 53011 57316 754
    0.794 2.21222 76626 58787 377 0.45203 30420 23414 649
    0.795 2.21444 09968 04074 299 0.45158 12349 22592 237
    0.796 2.21665 65453 90542 561 0.45112 98794 03042 379
    0.797 2.21887 43106 33740 936 0.45067 89750 13409 518
    0.798 2.22109 42947 51434 850 0.45022 a5213 02789 227
    0.799 2.22331 64999 63608 607 0.44977 a5178 20727 758
    0.800 2.22554 09284 92467 605 0.44932 a9641 17221 591
    C-l)3
    [ 1 [1 1
    (96
    132 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    X @ ecz

    0.800 2.22554 09284 92467 605 0.44932 89641 17221 591


    0.801 2.22776 75825 62440 556 0.44887 98597 42716 986
    0.802 2.22999 64644 00181 717 0.44843 12042 48109 530
    0.803 2.23222 75762 34513 111 0.44798 29971 84743 691
    0.804 2.23446 09202 96726 759 0.44753 52381 04412 369

    0.805 2.23669 64988 19986 909 0.44708 79265 59356 447


    0.806 2.23893 43140 39932 270 0.44664 10621 02264 340
    0.807 2.24117 43681 94378 249 0.44619 46442 86271 556
    0.808 2.24341 66635 23379 186 0.44574 86726 64960 242
    0.809 2.24566 12022 69230 599 0.44530 31467 92358 738

    0.810 2.24790 79866 76471 419 0.44485 80662 22941 134


    0.811 2.25015 70189 91886 242 0.44441 34305 11626 826
    0.812 2.25240 83014 64507 569 0.44396 92392 13780 063
    0.813 2.25466 18363 45618 061 0.44352 54918 85209 512
    0.814 2.25691 76258 88752 788 0.44308 21880 82167 806

    0.815 2.25917 56723 49701 480 0.44263 93273 61351 106


    0.816 2.26143 59779 86510 786 0.44219 69092 79898 654
    0.817 2.26369 85450 59486 532 0.44175 49333 95392 332
    0.818 2.26596 33758 31195 979 0.44131 33992 65856 218
    0.819 2.26823 04725 66470 087 0.4408'7 23064 49756 146

    2.27049 98375 32405 781 0.44043 16545 05999 263


    8*Ei 2.27277 14729 98368 215 0.43999 14429 93933 588
    0:822 2.27504 53812 35993 046 0.43955 16714 73347 574
    0.823 2.27732 15645 19188 700 0.43911 23395 04469 662
    0.824 2.27960 00251 24138 650 0.43867 34466 47967 847

    0.825 2.28188 07653 29303 690 0.43823 49924 64949 237


    0.826 2.28416 37874 15424 217 0.43779 69765 16959 611
    0.827 2.28644 90936 65522 506 0.43735 93983 65982 985
    0.828 2.28873 66863 64904 998 0.43692 22575 74441 171
    0.829 2.29102 65678 01164 583 0.43648 55537 05193 342

    0.830 2.29331 87402 64182 888 0.43604 92863 21535 593


    0.831 2.29561 32060 46132 567 0.43561 34549 87200 502
    0.832 2.29790 99674 41479 593 0.43517 80592 66356 699
    0.833 2.30020 90267 46985 553 0.43474 30987 23608 428
    0.834 2.30251 03862 61709 945 0.43430 85729 23995 109

    0.835 2.30481 40482 87012 474 0.43387 44814 32990 906


    2.30712 00151 26555 358 0.43344 08238 16504 293
    8. $76 2.30942 82890 86305 628 0.43300 75996 40877 616
    0:838 2.31173 88724 74537 437 0.43257 48084 72886 664
    0.839 2.31405 17676 01834 366 0.43214 24498 79740 233

    0.840 2.31636 69767 81091 734 0.43171 05234 29079 693


    0.841 2.31868 45023 27518 913 0.43127 90286 88978 558
    0.842 2.32100 43465 58641 644 0.43084 79652 27942 052
    0.843 2.32332 65117 94304 351 0.43041 73326 14906 679
    0.844 2.32565 10003 56672 462 0.42998 71304 19239 788

    0.845 2.32797 78145 70234 734 0.42955 73582 10739 148


    0.846 2.33030 69567 61805 575 0.42912 80155 59632 516
    0.847 2.33263 84292 60527 370 0.42869 91020 36577 204
    0.848 2.33497 22343 97872 812 0.42827 06172 12659 654
    0.849 2.33730 83745 07647 233 0.42784 25606 59395 005

    0.850 2.33964 68519 25990 937 0.42741 49319 48726 670

    [ C-i)3
    1 [ 1
    (536
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 133
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    X ez e-2

    0.850 2.33964 68519 25990 937 0.42741 49319 48726 67n


    d, -

    0.851 2.34198 76689 91381 538 0.42698 77306 53025 901


    0.852 2.34433 08280 44636 295 0.42656 09563 45091 ?A7
    I”.

    0.853 2.34667 63314 28914 459 0.42613 46085 98148 726


    0.854 2.34902 41814 89719 607 0.42570 86869 85850 193
    0.855 2.35137 43805 74901 997 0.42528 31910 82274 123
    0.856 2.35372 69310 34660 911 0.42485 81204 61924 574
    0.857 2.35608 18352 21547 002 0.42443 34746 99730 893
    0.858 2.35843 90954 90464 656 0.42400 92533 71047 281
    0.859 2.36079 87141 98674 336 0.42358 54560 51652 373
    0.860 2.36316 06937 05794 948 0.42316 20823 17748 817
    0.861 2.36552 50363 73806 196 0.42273 91317 45962 841
    0.862 2.36789 17445 67050 946 0.42231 66039 13343 840
    0.863 2.37026 08206 52237 586 0.42189 44983 97363 945
    0.864 2.37263 22669 98442 400 0.42147 28147 75917 606
    0.865 2.37500 60859 77111 933 0.42105 15526 27321 165
    0.866 2.37738 22799 62065 359 0.42063 07115 30312 439
    0.867 2.37976 08513 29496 863 0.42021 02910 64050 296
    0.868 2.38214 18024 57978 010 0.41979 02908 08114 234
    0.869 2.38452 51357 28460 126 0.41937 07103 42503 963
    0.870 2.38691 08535 24276 682 0.41895 15492 47638 983
    0.871 2.38929 89582 31145 671 0.41853 28071 04358 162
    0.872 2.39168 94522 37171 999 0.41811 44834 93919 324
    0.873 2.39408 23379 32849 872 0.41769 65779 97998 822
    0.874 2.39647 76177 11065 184 0.41727 90901 98691 126
    0.875 2.39887 52939 67097 915 0.41686 20196 78508 403
    0.876 2.40127 53690 98624 518 0.41644 53660 20380 096
    0.877 2.40367 78455 05720 327 0.41602 91288 07652 513
    0.878 2.40608 27255 90861 947 0.41561 33076 24088 408
    0.879 2.40849 00117 58929 666 0.41519 79020 53866 560
    0.880 2.41089 97064 17209 851 0.41478 29116 81581 367
    0.881 2.41331 18119 75397 361 0.41436 83360 92242 420
    0.882 2.41572 63308 45597 956 0.41395 41748 71274 097
    0.883 2.41814 32654 42330 708 0.41354 04276 04515 140
    0.884 2.42056 26181 82530 413 0.41312 70938 78218 250
    0.885 2.42298 43914 85550 015 0.41271 41732 79049 666
    0.886 2.42540 85877 73163 018 0.41230 16653 94088 753
    0.887 2.42783 52094 69565 911 0.41188 95698 10827 593 '
    0.888 2.43026 42590 01380 593 0.41147 78861 17170 568
    0.889 2.43269 57387 97656 799 0.41106 66139 01433 949
    0.890 2.43512 96512 89874 527 0.41065 57527 52345 488
    0.891 2.43756 59989 11946 472 0.41024 53022 59044 001
    0.892 2.44000 47841 00220 460 0.40983 52620 11078 959
    0.893 2.44244 60092 93481 882 0.40942 56315 98410 082
    0.894 2.44488 96769 32956 134 0.40901 64106 11406 922
    0.895 2.44733 57894 62311 060 0.40860 75986 40848 458
    0.896 2.44978 43493 27659 394 0.40819 91952 77922 685
    0.897 2.45223 53589 77561 203 0.40779 12001 14226 207
    0.898 2.45468 88208 63026 343 0.40738 36127 41763 826
    0.899 2.45714 47374 37516 904 0.40697 64327 52948 135
    0.900 2.45960 31111 56949 664 0.40656 96597 40599 112

    [ 1
    C-l)3
    [
    (-;I5
    1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    X eI e+

    0.900 2.45960 31111 56949 664 0.40656 96597 40599 112


    0.901 2.46206 39444 79698 548 0.40616 32932 97943 710
    0.902 2.46452 72398 66597 083 0.40575 73330 18615 453
    0.903 2.46699 29997 80940 863 0.40535 17784 96654 028
    0.904 2.46946 12266 88490 006 0.40494 66293 26504 879
    0.905 2.47193 19230 57471 626 0.40454 18851 03018 802
    0.906 2.47440 50913 58582 298 0.40413 75454 21451 540
    0.907 2.47688 07340 64990 529 0.40373 36098 77463 377
    0.908 2.47935 88536 52339 232 0.40333 00780 67118 736
    0.909 2.48183 94525 98748 200 0.40292 69495 86885 773
    0.910 2.48432 25333 84816 587 0.40252 42240 33635 975
    0.911 2.48680 80984 93625 386 0.40212 19010 04643 753 '
    0.912 2.48929'61504 10739 912 0.40171 99800 97586 047
    0.913 2.49178 66916 24212 291 0.40131 84609 10541 915
    0.914 2.49427 97246 24583 942 0.40091 73430 41992 136
    0.915 2.49677 52519 04888 075 0.40051 66260 90818 809
    0.916 2.49927 32759 60652 177 0.40011 63096 56304 950
    0.917 2.50177 37992 89900 513 0.39971 63933 38134 089
    0.918 2.50427 68243 93156 620 0.39931 68767 36389 877
    0.919 2.50678 23537 73445 810 0.39891 77594 51555 677
    0.920 2.50929 03899 36297 671 0.39851 90410 84514 173
    0.921 2.51180 09353 89748 577 0.39812 07212 36546 962
    0.922 2.51431 39926 44344 189 0.39772 27995 09334 165
    0.923 2.51682 95642 13141 971 0.39732 52755 04954 021
    0.924 2.51934 76526 11713 703 0.39692 81488 25882 492
    0.925 2.52186 82603 58147 991 0.39653 14190 74992 866
    0.926 2.52439 13899 73052 794 0.39613 50858 55555 360
    0.927 2.52691 70439 79557 936 0.39573 91487 71236 720
    0.928 2.52944 52249 03317 633 0.39534 36074 26099 830
    0.929 2.53197 59352 72513 022 0.39494 84614 24603 311
    0.930 2.53450 91776 17854 680 0.39455 37103 71601 130
    0.931 2.53704 49544 72585 166 0.39415 93538 72342 199
    0.932 2.53958 32683 72481 544 0.39376 53915 32469 987
    0.933 2.54212 41218 55857 927 0.39337 18229 58022 122
    0.934 2.54466 75174 63568 010 0.39297 86477 55429 996
    0.935 2.54721 34577 39007 611 0.39258 58655 31518 373
    0.936 2.54976 19452 28117 220 0.39219 34758 93504 997
    0.937 2.55231 29824 79384 537 0.39180 14784 49000 198
    0.938 2.55486 65720 43847 026 0.39140 98728 06006 497
    0.939 2.55742 27164 75094 464 0.39101 86585 72918 221
    0.940 2.55998 14183 29271 496 0.39062 78353 58521 102
    0.941 2.56254 26801 65080 189 0.39023 74027 71991 894
    0.942 2.56510 65045 43782 593 0.38984 73604 22897 977
    0.943 2.56767 28940 29203 299 0.38945 77079 21196 971
    0.944 2.57024 18511 87732 007 0.38906 84448 77236 34i
    0.945 2.57281 33785 88326 089 0.38867 95709 01753 010
    0.946 2.57538 74788 02513 161 0.38829 10856 05872 971
    0.947 2.57796 41544 04393 651 0.38790 29886 01110 896
    0.948 2.58054 34079 70643 376 0.38751 52794 99369 747
    0.949 2.58312 52420 80516 117 0.38712 79579 12940 390
    0.950 2.58570 96593 15846 199 0.38674 10234 54501 207

    [ 1
    C-l)3
    [C-l)5 1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 135
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    x er e-=

    0.950 2.58570 96593 15846 199 0.38674 10234 54501 207


    0.951 2.58829 66622 61051 072 0.38635 44757 37117 707
    0.952 2.59088 62535 03133 898 0.38596 83143 74242 140
    0.953 2.59347 84356 31686 135 0.38558 25389 79713 111
    0.954 2.59607 32112 38890 126 0.38519 71491 67755 194

    0.955 2.59867 05829 19521 695 0.38481 21445 52978 545


    0.956 2.60127 05532 70952 740 0.38442 75247 50378 516
    0.957 2.60387 31248 93153 828 0.38404 32893 75335 273
    0.958 2.60647 83003 88696 799 0.38365 94380 43613 409
    0.959 2.60908 60823 62757 366 0.38327 59703 71361 560

    0.960 2.61169 64734 23117 718 0.38289 28859 75112 023


    0.961 2.61430 94761 80169 136 0.38251 01844 71780 368
    0.962 2.61692 50932 46914 592 0.38212 78654 78665 061
    0.963 2.61954 33272 38971 373 0.38174 59286 13447 076
    0.964 2.62216 41807 74573 688 0.38136 43734 94189 517

    0.965 2.62478 76564 74575 291 0.38098 31997 39337 233


    0.966 2.62741 37569 62452 101 0.38060 24069 67716 437
    0.967 2.63004 24848 64304 825 0.38022 19947 98534 325
    0.968 2.63267 38428 08861 583 0.37984 19628 51378 697
    0.969 2.63530 78334 27480 539 0.37946 23107 46217 574

    0.970 2.63794 44593 54152 532 0.37908 30381 03398 818


    0.971 2.64058 37232 25503 708 0.37870 41445 43649 757
    0.972 2.64322 56276 80798 158 0.37832 56296 88076 798
    0.973 2.64587 01753 61940 558 0.37794 74931 58165 054
    0.974 2.64851 73689 13478 808 0.37756 97345 75777 964

    0.975 2.65116 72109 82606 682 0.37719 23535 63156 913


    0.976 2.65381 97042 19166 470 0.37681 53497 42920 859
    0.977 2.65647 48512 75651 628 0.37643 87227 38065 949
    0.978 2.65913 26548 07209 434 0.37606 24721 71965 147
    0.979 2.66179 31174 71643 642 0.37568 65976 68367 855

    0.980 2.66445 62419 29417 138 0.37531 10988 51399 539


    0.981 2.66712 20308 43654 602 0.37493 59753 45561 350
    0.982 2.66979 04868 80145 169 0.37456 12267 75729 751
    0.983 2.67246 16127 07345 099 0.37418 68527 67156 142
    0.984 2.67513 54109 96380 441 0.37381 28529 45466 482

    0.985 2.67781 18844 21049 708 0.37343 92269 36660 918


    0.986 2.68049 10356 57826 547 0.37306 59743 67113 412
    0.987 2.68317 28673 85862 418 0.37269 30948 63571 361
    0.988 2.68585 73822 86989 272 0.37232 05880 53155 231
    0.989 2.68854 45830 45722 235 0.37194 84535 63358 181

    0.990 2.69123 44723 49262 289 0.37157 66910 22045 691


    0.991 2.69392 70528 87498 962 0.37120 53000 57455 187
    0.992 2.69662 23273 53013 016 0.37083 42802 98195 674
    0.993 2.69932 02984 41079 142 0.37046 36313 73247 362
    0.994 2.70202 09688 49668 652 0.37009 33529 11961 296

    0.995 2.70472 43412 79452 181 0.36972 34445 44058 983


    0.996 2.70743 04184 33802 382 0.36935 39058 99632 024
    0.997 2.71013 92030 18796 637 0.36898 47366 09141 744
    0.998 2.71285 06977 43219 755 0.36861 59363 03418 822
    0.999 2.71556 49053 18566 687 0.36824 75046 13662 921

    1.000 2.71828 18284 59045 235 0.36787 94411 71442 322

    [ C-l)3
    1 [ (-!I5
    1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUrVCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    2 e2 e-l

    1.00000 00000 00000 1.00000 00000 00000 00000


    E 1.10517 09180 75648 0.90483 74180 35959 57316
    1.22140 27581 60170 0.81873 07530 77981 85867
    t: 1.34985 88075 76003 0.74081 82206 81717 86607
    0: 4 1.49182 46976 41270 0.67032 00460 35639 30074
    0. 5 1.64872 12707 00128 0.60653 06597 12633 42360
    1.82211 88003 90509 0.54881 16360 94026 43263
    i-76 2.01375 27074 70477 0.49658 53037 91409 51470
    0: 8 2.22554 09284 92468 0.44932 89641 17221 59143
    0.9 2.45960 31111 56950 0.40656 96597 40599 11188
    1. 0 2.71828 18284 59045 0.36787 94411 71442 32160
    1.1 3.00416 60239 46433 0.33287 10836 98079 55329
    3.32011 69227 36547 0.30119 42119 12202 09664
    1'3 3.66929 66676 19244 0.27253 17930 34012 60312
    1:4 4.05519 99668 44675 0.24659 69639 41606 47694
    1. 5 4.48168 90703 38065 0.22313 01601 48429 82893
    1.6 4.95303 24243 95115 0.20189 65179 94655 40849
    5.47394 73917 27200 0.18268 35240 52734 65022
    11-i 6.04964 74644 12946 0.16529 88882 21586 53830
    1:9 6.68589 44422 79269 0.14956 86192 22635 05264
    7.38905 60989 30650 0.13533 52832 36612 69189
    22:10 8.16616
    9.02501
    99125 67650
    34994 34121
    0.12245
    0.11080
    64282 52981 91022
    31583 62333 88333
    s-23
    2:4
    9.97418
    11.02317
    24548 14721
    63806 41602
    0.10025
    0.09071
    88437 22803 73373
    79532 89412 50338
    2.5 12.18249 39607 03473 0.08208 49986 23898 79517
    13.46373 80350 01690 0.07427 35782 14333 88043
    3:; 14.87973 17248 72834 0.06720 55127 39749 76513
    16.44464 67710 97050 0.06081 00626 25217 96500
    ;:t 18.17414 53694 43061 0.05502 32200 56407 22903
    3. 0 20.08553 69231 87668 0.04978 70683 67863 94298
    22.19795 12814 41631 0.04504 92023 93557 80607
    z 24.53253 01971 09349 0.04076 22039 78366 21517
    3:s 27.11263 89206 57887 0.03688 31674 01240 00545
    3.4 29.96410 00473 97013 0.03337 32699 60326 07948
    3.5 33.11545 19586 92314 0.03019 73834 22318 50074
    36.59823 44436 77988 0.02732 37224 47292 56080
    3:: 40.44730 43600 67391 0.02472 35264 70339 39120
    44.70118 44933 00823 0.02237 07718 56165 59578
    z 49.40244 91055 30174 0.02024 19114 45804 38847
    54.59815 00331 44239 0.01831 56388 88734 18029
    210 60.34028 75973 61969 0.01657 26754 01761 24754
    66.68633 10409 25142 0.01499 55768 20477 70621
    t-23 73.69979 36995 95797 0.01356 85590 12200 93176
    414 81.45086 86649 68117 0.01227 73399 03068 44118
    90.01713 13005 21814 0.01110 89965 38242 30650
    i-56 99.48431 56419 33809 0.01005 18357 44633 58164
    4: 7 109.94717 24521 23499 0.00909 52771 01695 81709
    4.8 121.51041 75187 34881 0.00822 97470 49020 02884
    4.9 134.28977 96849 35485 0.00744 65830 70924 34052
    5.0 148.41315 91025 76603 0.00673 79469 99085 46710
    From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tablesof the exponentialfunction and of the circular sine and cosine
    to radian arguments, Memoirsof the National Academy of Sciences,vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.
    GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington,D.C., 1921(with permission) for e-",x12.4.
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 137
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    ez e-2

    148.41315 91025 77 0.00673 79469 99085 46710


    164.02190 72999 02 0.00609 67465 65515 63611
    181.27224 18751 51 0.00551 65644 20760 77242
    200.33680 99747 92 0.00499 15939 06910 21621
    221.40641 62041 87 0.00451 65809 42612 66798
    244.69193 22642 20 0.00408 67714 38464 06699
    270.42640 74261 53 0.00369 78637 16482 93082
    298.86740 09670 60 0.00334 59654 57471 27277
    330.29955 99096 49 0.00302 75547 45375 81475
    365.03746 78653 29 0.00273 94448 18768 36923
    403.42879 34927 35 0.00247 87521 76666 35842
    445.85777 00825 17 0.00224 28677 19485 80247
    492.74904 10932 56 0.00202 94306 36295 73436
    544.57191 01259 29 0.00183 63047 77028 90683
    601.84503 78720 82 0.00166 15572 73173 93450
    665.14163 30443 62 0.00150 34391 92977 57245
    735.09518 92419 73 0.00136 03680 37547 89342
    812.40582 51675 43 0.00123 09119 02673 48118
    897.84729 16504 18 0.00111 37751 47844 80308
    992.27471 56050 26 0.00100 77854 29048 51076
    1096.63315 84284 59 0.00091 18819 65554 51621
    1211.96707 44925 77 0.00082 51049 23265 40427
    1339.43076 43944 18 0.00074 65858 08376 67937
    1480.29992 75845 45 0.00067 55387 75193 84424
    1635.98442 99959 27 0.00061 12527 61129 57256
    1808.04241 44560 63 0.00055 30843 70147 83358
    1998.19589 51041 18 0.00050 04514 33440 61070
    2208.34799 18872 09 0.00045 28271 82886 79706
    2440.60197 76244 99 0.00040 97349 78979 78671
    2697.28232 82685 09 0.00037 07435 40459 08837
    2980.95798 70417 28 0.00033 54626 27902 51184
    3294.46807 52838 41 0.00030 35391 38078 86666
    3640.95030 73323 55 0.00027 46535 69972 14233
    4023.87239 38223 10 0.00024 85168 27107 95202
    4447.06674 76998 56 0.00022 48673 24178 84827
    4914.76884 02991 34 0.00020 34683 69010 64417
    5431.65959 13629 80 0.00018 41057 93667 57912
    6002.91221 72610 22 0.00016 65858 10987 63341
    6634.24400 62778 85 0.00015 07330 75095 47660
    7331.97353 91559 93 0.00013 63889 26482 01145
    8103.08392 75753 84 0.00012 34098 04086 67955
    8955.29270 34825 12 0.00011 16658 08490 11474
    9897.12905 87439 16 0.00010 10394 01837 09335
    10938.01920 81651 84 0.00009 14242 31478 17334
    12088.38073 02169 84 0.00008 27240 65556 63226
    13359.72682 96618 72 0.00007 48518 29887 70059
    14764.78156 55772 73 0.00006 77287 36490 85387
    16317.60719 80154 32 0.00006 12834 95053 22210
    18033.74492 78285 11 0.00005 54515 99432 17698
    19930.37043 82302 89 0.00005 01746 82056 17530
    22026.46579 48067 17 0.00004 53999 29762 48485
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.4 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    e* e-=

    0)1.00000 00000 00000 000 1.00000 00000 00000 000


    0)2.71828 18284 59045 235 3.67879 44117 14423 216
    I 112.00855
    0)7.38905 60989
    36923 30650
    18766 774
    227 e- 1.35335 28323 66126 919
    4.97870 68367 86394 298
    ( lj5.45981 50033 14423 908 1.83156 38888 73418 029

    Ii
    1.48413 15910 25766 034 - f- 3j6.73794 69990 85467 097
    4.03428 79349 27351 226,--
    1.09663 31584 28458 599
    2.98095 79870 41728 275 - 3
    4 2.47875
    3.35462 21766
    9.11881
    1.23409 62790 66358
    80408
    96555 25118
    45162
    66795 423
    388
    495
    080
    3)8.10308 39275 75384 008 --
    4)2.20264 65794 80671 652- 4.53999 29762 48485 154
    :: 5.98741 41715 19781 846 -- 1.67017 00790 24565 931
    12 1.62754 79141 90039 208 6.14421 23533 28209 759
    13 4.42413 39200 89205 033- 2.26032 94069 81054 326
    14 1.20260 42841 64776 778--c 8.31528 71910 35678 841
    ( 6)3.26901 73724 72110 639 - !- 713.05902 32050 18257 884

    Ii
    6)8.88611 05205 07872 637
    7)2.41549 52.75357529 821
    6.56599 69137 33051 114~
    1.78482 30036 31872 608 - 7
    9 1.12535
    8 1.52299 17471
    5.60279
    4.13993 64375 85166
    79744
    77187 37267 844
    71262
    92591 540
    660
    145
    4.85165 19540 97902 780- 2.06115 36224 38557 828
    1.31881 57344 83214 697- 7.58256 04279 11906 728
    3.58491 28461 31591 562-p 2.78946 80928 68924 808
    9.74480 34462 48902 600- 1.02618 79631 70189 030
    2.64891 22129 84347 229 3.77513 45442 79097 752
    25 7.20048 99337 38587 252--. -11 1.38879 43864 96402 059
    26 1.95729 60942 88387 643 -12 5.10908 90280 63324 720
    27 5.32048 24060 17986 167 -12 1.87952 88165 39083 295
    28 1.44625 70642 91475 174- -13 6.91440 01069 40203 009
    29 3.93133 42971 44042 074- I -13 I 2.54366 56473 76922 910
    30 1.06864 74581 52446 215, -14 9.35762 29688 40174 605
    2.90488 49665 24742 5232 -14 3.44247 71084 69976 458
    :: 7.89629 60182 68069 516 -14 1.26641 65549 09417 572
    2.14643 57978 59160 646~ -15 4.65888 61451 03397 364
    ;34 5.83461 74252 74548 814 I -15 I 1.71390 84315 42012 966
    (15)1.58601 34523 13430 728 6.30511 67601 46989 386
    4.31123 15471 15195 227, 2.31952 28302 43569 388
    1.17191 42372 80261 1311 8.53304 76257 44065 794
    3.18559 31757 11375 622~ 3.13913 27920 48029 629
    (16)8.65934 00423 99374 695 1.15482 24173 01578 599
    40 (17)2.35385 26683 70199 854 4.24835 42552 91588 995
    6.39843 49353 00549 492 1.56288 21893 34988 768
    2 1.73927 49415 20501 047 5.74952 22642 93559 807
    43 4.72783 94682 29346 561 2.11513 10375 91080 487
    44 (19)1.28516 00114 35930 828 7.78113 22411 33796 516
    45 2.86251 85805 49393 644
    46 1.05306 17357 55381 238
    47 I 19
    20I 9.49611
    3.49342 28861
    2.58131
    7.01673 59120 48509
    94206
    71057 97631
    90067
    02448 535
    396
    739
    875 3.87399 76286 87187 113
    48 1.42516 40827 40935 106
    49 (21)1.90734 65724 95099 691 5.24288 56633 63463 937
    50 (21)5.18470 55285 87072 464 (-22)1.92874 98479 63917 783
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 139
    EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.4

    ez ec2

    5.18470 55285 87072 464 1.92874 98479 63917 783


    1.40934 90824 26938 796 7.09547 41622 84704 139
    3.83100 80007 16576 849 2.61027 90696 67704 805
    1.04137 59433 02908 780 9.60268 00545 08676 030
    2.83075 33032 74693 900 3.53262 85722 00807 030
    7.69478 52651 42017 138 1.29958 14250 07503 074
    2.09165 94960 12996 154 4.78089 28838 85469 081
    5.68571 99993 35932 223 1.75879 22024 24311 649
    1.54553 89355 90103 930 6.47023 49256 45460 326
    4.20121 04037 90514 255 2.38026 64086 94400 606
    1.14200 73898 15684 284 8.75651 07626 96520 338
    3.10429 79357 01919 909 3.22134 02859 92516 089
    8.43835 66687 41454 489 Iv.18506 48642 33981 006
    2.29378 31594 69609 879 4.35961 00000 63080 974
    6.23514 90808 11616 883 1.60381 08905 48637 853
    (28)1.69488
    4.60718
    1.25236
    3.40427
    9.25378
    92444
    66343
    31708
    60499
    17255
    10333
    31291
    42213
    31740
    87787
    714
    543
    781
    521
    600
    II
    f-29)5.90009
    -30
    -29 2.93748
    2.17052
    1.08063
    05415 97061 391
    7.98490 20113
    21117 03639
    42456
    92777 10802 412
    07278
    86978 808
    495
    947

    2.51543 86709 19167 006 3.97544 97359 08646 808


    6.83767 12297 62743 867 1.46248 62272 51230 947
    1.85867 17452 84127 980 5.38018 61600 21138 414
    5.05239 36302 76104 195 1.97925 98779 46904 554
    1.37338 29795 40176 188 7.28129 01783 21643 834
    3.73324 19967 99001 640 2.67863 69618 08077 944
    1.01480 03881 13888 728 9.85415 46861 11258 029
    2.75851 34545 23170 206 3.62514 09191 43559 224
    7.49841 69969 90120 435 1.33361 48155 02261 341
    2.03828 10665 12668 767 4.90609 47306 49280 566
    (34j5.54062 23843 93510 053 1.80485 13878 45415 172
    1.50609 73145 85030 548 6.63967 71995 80734 401
    4.09399 69621 27454 697 2.44260 07377 40527 679
    1.11286 37547 91759 412 8.98582 59440 49380 670
    3.02507 73222 01142 338 3.30570 06267 60734 298
    8.22301 27146 22913 510 1.21609 92992 52825 564
    2.23524 66037 34715 047 4.47377 93061 81120 735
    6.07603 02250 56872 150 1.64581 14310 82273 651
    1.65163 62549 94001 856 6.05460 18954 01185 885
    4.48961 28191 74345 246 2.22736 35617 95743 739
    1.22040 32943 17840 802 8.19401 26239 90515 430
    3.31740 00983 35742 626 3.01440 87850 65374 553
    9.01762 84050 34298 931 1.10893 90193 12136 379
    2.45124 55429 20085 786 4.07955 86671 77560 158
    6.66317 62164 10895 834 1.50078 57627 07394 888
    1.81123 90828 89023 282 5.52108 22770 28532 732
    4.92345 82860 12058 400 2.03109 26627 34810 926
    1.33833 47192 04269 500 7.47197 23373 42990 161
    3.63797 09476 08804 579 2.74878 50079 10214 930
    9.88903 03193 46946 771 1.01122 14926 10448 530
    (43)2.68811 71418 16135 448 (-44)3.72007 59760 20835 963
    For 1zj>lOO see Example 11.
    140 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.5 RADIX TABLE OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

    @O- fl e-2210-n

    1.00000 00001 00000 00000 50000 0.99999 99999 00000 00000 50000
    1.00000 00002 00000 00002 00000 0.99999 99998 00000 00002 00000
    1I00000 00003 00000 00004 50000 0.99999 99997 00000 00004 50000
    1.00000 00004 00000 00008 00000 0.99999 99996 00000 00008 00000
    1.00000 00005 00000 00012 50000 0.99999 99995 00000 00012 50000
    1.00000 00006 00000 00018 00000 0.99999 99994 00000 00018 00000
    1.00000 00007 00000 00024 50000 0.99999 99993 00000 00024 50000
    1.00000 00008 00000 00032 00000 0.99999 99992 00000 00032 00000
    1.00000 00009 00000 00040 50000 0.99999 99991 00000 00040 50000
    1.00000 00010 00000 00050 00000 0.99999 99990 00000 00050 00000
    1.00000 00020 00000 00200 00000 0.99999 99980 00000 00200 00000
    1.00000 00030 00000 00450 00000 0.99999 99970 00000 00450 00000
    1.00000 00040 00000 00800 00000 0.99999 99960 00000 00800 00000
    1.00000 00050 00000 01250 00000 0.99999 99950 00000 01250 00000
    1.00000 00060 00000 01800 00000 0.99999 99940 00000 01800 00000
    1.00000 00070 00000 02450 00001 0.99999 99930 00000 02449 99999
    1.00000 00080 00000 03200 00001 0.99999 99920 00000 03199 99999
    1.00000 00090 00000 04050 00001 0.99999 99910 00000 04049 99999
    1.00000 00100 00000 05000 00002 0.99999 99900 00000 04999 99998
    1.00000 00200 00000 20000 00013 0.99999 99800 00000 19999 99987
    1.00000 00300 00000 45000 00045 0.99999 99700 00000 44999 99955
    1.00000 00400 00000 80000 00107 0.99999 99600 00000 79999 99893
    1.00000 00500 00001 25000 00208 0.99999 99500 00001 24999 99792
    1.00000 00600 00001 80000 00360 0.99999 99400 00001 79999 99640
    1.00000 00700 00002 45000 00572 0.99999 99300 00002 44999 99428
    1.00000 00800 00003 20000 00853 0.99999 99200 00003 19999 99147
    1.00000 00900 00004 05000 -01215 0.99999 99100 00004 04999 98785
    1.00000 01000 00005 00000 01667 0.99999 99000 00004 99999 98333
    1.00000 02000 00020 00000 13333 0.99999 98000 00019 99999 86667
    1.00000 03000 00045 00000 45000 0.99999 97000 00044 99999 55000
    1.00000 04000 00080 00001 06667 0.99999 96000 00079 99998 93333
    1.00000 05000 00125 00002 08333 0.99999 95000 00124 99997 91667
    1.00000 06000 00180 00003 60000 0.99999 94000 00179 99996 40000
    1.00000 07000 00245 00005 71667 0.99999 93000 00244 99994 28333
    1.00000 08000 00320 00008 53334 0.99999 92000 00319 99991 46667
    1.00000 09000 00405 00012 15000 0.94999 91000 00404 99987 85000
    1.00000 10000 00500 00016 66667 0.99999 90000 00499 99983 33334
    1.00000 20000 02000 00133 33340 0.99999 80000 01999 99866 66673
    1.00000 30000 04500 00450 00034 0.99999 70000 04499 99550 00034
    1.00000 40000 08000 01066 66773 0.99999 60000 07999 98933 33440
    1.00000 50000 12500 02083 33594 0.99999 50000 12499 97916 66927
    1.00000 60000 18000 03600 00540 0.99999 40000 17999 96400 00540
    1.00000 70000 24500 05716 67667 0.99999 30000 24499 94283 34334
    1.00000 80000 32000 08533 35040 0.99999 20000 31999 91466 68373
    1.00000 90000 40500 12150 02734 0.99999 10000 40499 87850 02734

    Compiled from C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine
    and cosine to radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences,vol. 14, Fifth
    Memoir. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission),
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FTJNCTIONS 141
    RADIX TABLE OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Table 4.5

    1.00001 00000 50000 16666 70833 0.99999 00000 49999 83333 37500
    1.00002 00002 00001 33334 00000 0.99998 00001 99998 66667 33333
    1.00003 00004 50004 50003 37502 0.99997 00004 49995 50003 37498
    1.00004 00008 00010 66677 33342 0.99996 00007 99989 33343 99991
    1.00005 00012 50020 83359 37526 0.99995 00012 49979 16692 70807
    1.00006 00018 00036 00054 00065 0.99994 00017 99964 00053 99935
    1.00007 00024 50057 16766 70973 0.99993 00024 49942 83433 37360
    1.00008 00032 00085 33504 00273 0.99992 00031 99914 66837 33060
    1.00009 00040 50121 50273 37992 0.99991 00040 49878 50273 37008
    1.00010 00050 001% 67083 34167 0.99990 00049 99833 33749 99167
    1.00020 00200 01333 40000 26668 0.99986 30199 98666 73333 06668
    1.00030 00450 04500 33752 02510 0.99970 00449 95500 33747 97512
    1.00040 00800 10667 73341 86724 0.99960 00799 89334 39991 46724
    1.00050 01250 20835 93776 04384 0.99950 01249 79169 27057 29384
    1.00060 01800 36005 40064 80648 0.99940 01799 64005 39935 20648
    1.00070 02450 57176 67223 40801 0.99930 02449 42843 33609 95801
    1.00080 03200 85350 40273 10308 0.99920 03199 14683 73060 30307
    1.00090 04051 21527 34242 14882 0.99910 04048 78527 33257 99880
    13 1.00100 05001 66708 34166 80558 0.99900 04998 33374 99166 80554
    1.00200 20013 34000 26675 55810 0.99800 19986 67333 06675 55302
    1.00300 45045 03377 02601 29341 0.99700 44955 03372 97601 20662
    1.00400 80106 77341 87235 88080 0.99600 79893 43991 47235 23064
    1.00501 25208 59401 06338 35662 0.99501 24791 92682 31335 25642
    1.0060.1 80360 54064 86485 55845 0.99401 79640 53935 26474 44988
    1.00702 45572 66848 55523 16000 0.99302 44429 33235 10490 47970
    1.00803 20855 04273 43117 20736 0.99203 19148 37060 63033 98697
    1.00904 06217 73867 81406 25705 0.99104 03787 72883 66216 45648
    1.01005 01670 84168 05754 21655 0.99004 98337 49168 05357 39060
    1.02020 13400 26755 81016 01439 0.98019 86733 06755 30222 08141
    1.03045 45339 53516 85561 24400 0.97044 55335 48508 17693 25284
    1.04081 07741 92388 22675 70448 0.96078 94391 52323 20943 92107
    1.05127 10963 76024 03969 75176 0.95122 94245 00714 00909 14253
    1.06183 65465 45359 62222 46849 0.94176 45335 84248 70953 71528
    1.07250 81812 54216 47905 31039 0.93239 38199 05948 22885 79726
    1.08328 70676 74958 55443 59878 0.92311 63463 86635 78291 07598
    1.09417 42837 05210 35787 28976 0.91393 11852 7122‘8 18674 73535
    1.10517 09180 75647 62481 17078 0.90483 74180 35959 57316 42491
    1.22140 27581 60169 83392 10720 0.81873 07530 77981 85866 99355
    1.34985 88075 76003 10398 37443 0.74081 82206 81717 86606 68738
    1.49182 46976 41270 31782 48530 0.67032 00460 35639 30074 44329
    54 ; 1.64872
    1.82211
    12707
    88003
    00128
    90508
    14684
    97487
    86508
    53677
    0.60653
    0.54881
    06597
    16360
    12633
    94026
    42360
    43262
    37995
    84589
    6 ; 2.01375 27074 70476 52162 45494 0.49658 53037 91409 51470 48001
    8' 1 2.22554 09284 92467 60457 95375 0.44932 89641 17221 59143 01024
    9 1 2.45960 31111 56949 66380 01266 0.40656 96597 40599 11188 34542
    1 0 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02875 0.36787 94411 71442 32159 55238
    142 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    I sin z cos x
    0.000 0.00000 00000 00000 00000 000 1.00000 00000 00000 00000 000
    0.001 0.00099 99998 33333 34166 667 0.99999 95000 00041 66666 528
    0.002 0.00199 99986 66666 93333 331 0.99999 80000 00666 66657 778
    0.003 0.00299 99955 00002 02499 957 0.99999 55000 03374 99898 750
    0.004 0.00399 99893 33341 86666 342 0.99999 20000 10666 66097 778

    0.005 0.00499 99791 66692 70831 783 0.99998 75000 26041 64496 529
    0.006 0.00599 99640 00064 79994 446 0.99998 20000 53999 93520 004
    0.007 0.00699 99428 33473 39150 327 0.99997 55001 00041 50326 542
    0.008 0.00799 99146 66939 73291 723 0.99996 80001 70666 30257 El’9
    0.009 0.00899 98785 00492 07405 100 0.99995 95002 73374 26188 857

    0.010 0.00999 98333 34166 66468 254 0.99995 00004 16665 27778 026
    0.011 0.01099 97781 68008 75446 684 0.99993 95006 10039 20617 059
    0.01199 97120 02073 59289 053 0.99992 80008 63995 85281 066
    00. “0:: 0.01299 96338 36427 42921 659 0.99991 55011 90034 96278 551
    0: 014 0.01399 95426 71148 51241 801 0.99990 20016 00656 20901 438

    0.015 0.01499 94375 06328 09109 944 0.99988 75021 09359 17975 106
    0.016 0.01599 93173 42071 41340 585 0.99987 20027 30643 36508 430
    0.017 0.01699 91811 78498 72691 726 0.99985 55034 80008 14243 829
    0.018 0.01799 90280 15746 27852 832 0.99983 80043 73952 76107 331
    0.019 0.01899 88568 53967 31431 205 0.99981 95054 29976 32558 650

    0.020 0.01999 86666 93333 07936 649 0.99980 00066 66577 77841 270
    0.021 0.02099 84565 34033 81764 335 0.99977 95081 03255 88132 556
    0.022 0.02199 82253 76279 77175 771 0.99975 80097 60509 19593 878
    0.023 0.02299 79722 20302 18277 769 0.99973 55116 59836 06320 750
    0.024 0.02399 76960 66354 28999 311 0.99971 20138 23734 58193 002

    0.025 0.02499 73959 14712 33066 217 0.99968 75162 75702 58624 967
    0.026 0.02599 70707 65676 53973 517 0.99966 20190 40237 62215 698
    0.027 0.02699 67196 19572 14955 411 0.99963 55221 42836 92299 214
    0.028 0.02799 63414 76750 38952 746 0.99960 80256 09997 38394 779
    0.029 0.02899 59353 37589 48577 881 0.99957 95294 69215 53557 207

    0.030 0.02999 55002 02495 66076 853 0.99955 00337 48987 51627 216
    0.031 0.03099 50350 71904 13288 752 0.99951 95384 78809 04381 810
    0.032 0.03199 45389 46280 11602 188 0.99948 80436 89175 38584 710
    0.033 0.03299 40108 26119 81908 762 0.99945 55494 11581 32936 824
    0.034 0.03399 34497 11951 44553 435 0.99942 20556 78521 14926 773

    0.035 0.03499 28546 04336 19281 702 0.99938 75625 23488 57581 460
    0.036 0.03599 22245 03869 25183 461 0.99935 20699 80976 76116 700
    0.037 0.03699 15584 11180 80633 489 0.99931 55780 86478 24487 902
    0.038 0.03799 08553 26937 03228 414 0.99927 80868 76484 91840 819
    0.039 0.03899 01142 51841 09720 085 0.99923 95963 88487 98862 358

    0.040 0.03998 93341 86634 15945 255 0.99920 01066 60977 94031 457
    0.041 0.04098 85141 32096 36751 449 0.99915 96177 33444 49770 040
    0.042 0.04198 76530 89047 85918 946 0.99911 81296 46376 58494 043
    0.043 0.04298 67500 58349 76078 755 0.99907 56424 41262 28564 524
    0.044 0.04398 58040 40905 18626 492 0.99903 21561 60588 80138 853

    0.045 0.04498 48140 37660 23632 066 0.99898 76708 47842 40921 992
    0.046 0.04598 37790 49604 99745 054 0.99894 21865 47508 41817 869
    0.047 0.04698 26980 77774 54095 689 0.99889 57033 05071 12480 849
    0.048 0.04798 15701 23249 92191 340 ii99884 82211 67013 76767 299
    0.049 0.04898 03941 87159 17808 403 0.99879 97401 80818 48087 272

    0.050 0.04997 91692 70678 32879 487 0.99875 02603 94966 24656 287
    C-79)6
    For conversion from degrees to radians see Example 13.
    For use and extension of the table see Examples 15-17.
    From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential functionand of thecir-
    cular sine and cosine to radian arguments,Memoirs of the National Academy of
    Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
    D.C., 1921 (with permission). Known errors have been corrected.
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 143
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    2 sin 2 co9 5

    0.050 0.04997 91692 70678 32879 487 0.99875 02603 94966 24656 287
    0.051 0.05097 78943 75032 37375 800 0.99869 97818 58936 84647 237
    0.052 0.05197 65685 01496 29184 649 0.99864 83046 23208 81242 407
    0.053 0.05297 51906 51396 03981 925 0.99859 58287 39259 37585 623
    0.054 0.05397 37598 26109 55099 505 0.99854 23542 59564 41634 531
    0.055 0.05497 22750 27067 73387 446 0.99848 78812 37598 40913 005
    0.056 0.05597 07352 55755 47070 891 0.99843 24097 27834 37163 704
    0.057 0.05696 91395 13712 61601 567 0.99837 59397 85743 80900 770
    0.058 0.05796 74868 02534 99503 794 0.99831 84714 67796 65862 676
    0.059 0.05896 57761 23875 40214 896 0.99826 00048 31461 23365 235
    0.060 0.05996 40064 79444 59919 909 0.99820 05399 35204 16554 766
    0.061 0.06096 21768 71012 31380 500 0.99814 00768 38490 34561 437
    0.062 0.06196 02863 00408 23757 982 0.99807 86156 01782 86552 769
    0.063 0.06295 83337 69523 02430 343 0.99801 61562 86542 95687 334
    0.064 0.06395 63182 80309 28803 166 0.99795 26989 55229 92968 628
    0.065 0.06495 42388 34782 60114 361 0.99788 82436 71301 10999 144
    0.066 0.06595 20944 35022 49232 601 0.99782 27904 99211 77634 635
    0.067 0.06694 98840 83173 44449 361 0.99775 63395 04415 09538 592
    0.068 0.06794 76067 81445 89264 458 0.99768 88907 53362 05636 926
    0.069 0.06894 52615 32117 22165 004 0.99762 04443 13501 40472 866
    0.070 0.06994 28473 37532 76397 655 0.99755 10002 53279 57462 091
    0.071 0.07094 03632 00106 79734 071 0.99748 05586 42140 62048 084
    0.072 0.07193 78081 22323 54229 480 0.99740 91195 50526 14757 726
    0.073 0.07293 51811 06738 15974 250 0.99733 66830 49875 24157 139
    0.074 0.07393 24811 55977 74838 360 0.99726 32492 12624 39707 777
    0.075 0.07492 97072 72742 34208 684 0.99718 88181 12207 44522 774
    0.076 0.07592 68584 59805 90718 980 0.99711 33898 23055 48023 568
    0.077 0.07692 39337 20017 33972 485 0.99703 69644 20596 78496 785
    0.078 0.07792 09320 56301 46257 015 0.99695 95419 81256 75551 417
    0.079 0.07891 78524 71660 02252 478 0.99688 11225 82457 82476 279
    0.080 0.07991 46939 69172 68730 688 0.99680 17063 02619 38497 771
    0.081 0.08091 14555 51998 04247 389 0.99672 12932 21157 70937 933
    0.082 0.08190 81362 23374 58826 394 0.99663 98834 18485 87272 823
    0.083 0.08290 47349 86621 73635 718 0.99655 74769 76013 67091 212
    0.084 0.08390 12508 45140 80655 638 0.99647 40739 76147 53953 598
    0.085 0.08489 76828 02416 02338 544 0.99638 96745 02290 47151 570
    0.086 0.08589 40298 62015 51260 514 0.99630 42786 38841 93367 506
    0.087 0.08689 02910 27592 29764 492 0.99621 78864 71197 78234 626
    0.088 0.08788 64653 02885 29594 973 0.99613 04980 85750 17797 412
    0.089 0.08888 25516 91720 31524 112 0.99604 21135 69887 49872 388
    0.090 0.08987 85491 98011 04969 125 0.99595 27330 11994 25309 284
    0.091 0.09087 44568 25760 07600 919 0.99586 23565 01450 99152 586
    0.092 0.09187 02735 79059 84943 819 0.99577 09841 28634 21703 483
    0.093 0.09286 59984 62093 69966 323 0.99567 86159 84916 29482 217
    0.094 0.09386 16304 79136 82662 751 0.99558 52521 62665 36090 844
    0.095 0.09485 71686 34557 29625 724 0.99549 08927 55245 22976 426
    0.096 0.09585 26119 32817 03609 347 0.99539 55378 57015 30094 649
    0.097 0.09684 79593 78472 83083 006 0.99529 91875 63330 46473 881
    0.098 0.09784 32099 76177 31775 683 0.99520 18419 70541 00679 686
    0.099 0.09883 83627 30679 98210 683 0.99510 35011 75992 51179 796
    0.100 0.09983 34166 46828 15230 681 0.99500 41652 78025 76609 556
    144 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS


    X sin x cos x
    0.100 0.09983 34166 46828 15230 681 0.99500 41652 78025 76609 556
    0.101 0:10082 83707 29567 99512 975 0.99490 38343 75976 65937 840
    0.102 0.10182 32239 83945 51074 864 0.99480 25085 70176 08533 469
    0.103 0;10281 79754 15107 52769 040 0.99470 01879 61949 84132 117
    0.104 0.10381 26240 28302 69768 897 0.99459 68726 53618 52703 737
    0.105 0.10480 71688 28882 49043 655 0.99449 25627 48497 44220 501
    0.106 0.10580 16088 22302 18823 209 0.99438 72583 50896 48325 268
    0.107 0.10679 59430 14121 88052 588 0.99428 09595 66120 03900 596
    0.108 0.10779 01704 10007 45835 941 0.99417 36665 00466 88538 307
    0.109 0.10878 42900 15731 60869 939 0.99406 53792 61230 07909 607
    0.110 0.10977 83008 37174 80866 495 0.99395 60979 56696 85035 784
    0.111 0.11077 22018 80326 31964 714 0.99384 58226 96148 49459 483
    0.112 0.11176 59921 51285 18131 952 0.99373 45535 89860 26316 578
    0.113 0.11275 96706 56261 20553 909 0.99362 22907 49101 25308 652
    0.114 0.11375 32364 01575 97013 636 0.99350 90342 86134 29576 080
    0.115 0.11474 66883 93663 81259 372 0.99339 47843 14215 84471 755
    0.116 0.11574 00256 39072 82361 097 0.99327 95409 47595 86235 439
    0.117 0.11673 32471 44465 84055 722 0.99316 33043 01517 70568 768
    0.118 0.11772 63519 16621 44080 790 0.99304 60744 92218 01110 921
    0.119 0.11871 93389 62434 93496 613 0.99292 78516 36926 57814 950
    0.120 0.11971 22072 88919 35996 735 0.99280 86358 53866 25224 810
    0.121 0.12070 49559 03206 47206 615 0.99268 84272 62252 80653 067
    0.122 0.12169 75838 12547 73970 447 0.99256 72259 82294 82259 329
    0.123 0.12269 00900 24315 33626 003 0.99244 50321 35193 57029 382
    0.124 0.12368 24735 46003 13267 407 0.99232 18458 43142 88655 070
    0.125 0.12467 47333 85227 68995 744 0.99219 76672 29329 05314 910
    0.126 0.12566 68685 49729 25157 389 Oi99207 24964 17930 67355 462
    0.127 0.12665 88780 47372 73569 978 0.99194 63335 34118 54873 474
    0.128 0.12765 07608 86148 72735 909 0.99181 91787 04055 55198 803
    0.129 0.12864 25160 74174 47043 273 0.99169 10320 54896 50278 123
    0.130 0.12963 41426 19694 85954 121 0.99156 18937 14788 03959 451
    0.131 0.13062 56395 31083 43179 968 0.99143 17638 12868 49177 481
    0.132 0.13161 70058 16843 35844 433 0.99130 06424 79267 75039 751
    0.133 0.13260 82404 85608 43632 907 0.99116 85298 45107 13813 659
    0.134 0.13359 93425 46144 07929 171 0.99103 54260 42499 27814 325
    0.135 0.13459 03110 07348 30938 844 0.99090 13312 04547 96193 339
    0.136 0.13558 11448 78252 74799 575 0.99076 62454 65348 01628 375
    0.137 0.13657 18431 68023 60677 867 0.99063 01689 59985 16913 714
    0.138 0.13756 24048 85962 67852 453 0.99049 31018 24535 91451 667
    0.139 0.13855 28290 41508 32784 107 0.99035 50441 96067 37644 937
    0.140 0.13954 31146 44236 48171 799 0.99021 59962 12637 17189 895
    0.141 0.14053 32607 03861 61995 092 0.99007 59580 13293 27270 829
    0.142 0.14152 32662 30237 76542 691 0.98993 49297 38073 86655 145
    0.143 0.14251 31302 33359 47427 025 0.98979 29115 28007 21689 546
    0.144 0.14350 28517 23362 82584 791 0.98964 99035 25111 52197 214
    0.145 0.14449 24297 10526 41263 332 0.98950 59058 72394 77275 984
    0.146 0.14548 18632 05272 32992 773 0.98936 09187 13854 60997 551
    0.147 0.14647 11512 18167 16543 800 0.98921 49421 94478 18007 704
    0.148 0.14746 02927 59922 98870 997 0.98906 79764 60241 99027 617
    0.149 0.14844 92868 41398 34041 627 0.98892 00216 58111 76256 193
    0.150 0.14943 81324 73599 22149 773 0.98877 10779 36042 28673 498
    p-p1
    L ’ J cc-y1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 145
    ~IR~UIAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6
    X sin z cos x
    0.150 0.14943 81324 73599 22149 773 0.98877 10779 36042 28673 498
    0.151 0.15042 68286 67680 08215 725 0.98862 11454.42977 27245 283
    0.152 Oil5141 53744 34944 81070 532 0.98847 02243 28849 20028 611
    0.153 0.15240 37687 86847 72225 604 0.98831 83147 44579 17178 614
    0.154 0.15339 20107 34994 54727 267 0.98816 54168 42076 75856 382
    0.155 0.15438 00992 91143 41996 190 0.98801 15307 74239 85038 006
    0.156 0.15536 80334 67205 86651 555 0.98785 66566 94954 50224 794
    0.157 0.15635 58122 75247 79319 902 0.98770 07947 59094 78054 663
    0.158 0.15734 34347 27490 47428 529 0.98754 39451 22522 60814 736
    0.159 0.15833 08998 36311 53983 354 0.98738 61079 42087 60855 150
    0.160 0.15931 82066 14245 96331 146 0.98722 72833 75626 94904 095
    0.161 0.16030 53540 73987 04906 020 0.98706 74715 81965 18284 099
    0.162 0.16129 23412 28387 41960 095 0.98690 66727 20914 09029 574
    0.163 0.16227 91670 90460 00278 226 0.98674 48869 53272 51905 638
    0.164 0.16326 58306 73379 01876 705 0.98658 21144 40826 22328 234
    0.165 0.16425 23309 90480 96685 825 0.98641 83553 46347 70185 554
    0.166 0.16523 86670 55265 61216 228 0.98625 36098 33596 03560 791
    0.167 0.16622 48378 81396 97208 916 0.98608 78780 67316 72356 233
    0.168 0.16721 08424 82704 30268 843 0.98592 11602 13241 51818 712
    0.169 0.16819 66798 73183 08481 981 0.98575 34564 38088 25966 434
    0.170 0.16918 23490 66996 01015 762 0.98558 47669 09560 70917 193
    0.171 0.17016 78490 78473 96702 805 0.98541 50917 96348 38117 998
    0.172 0.17115 31789 22117 02607 812 0.98524 44312 68126 37476 124
    0.173 0.17213 83376 12595 42577 560 0.98507 27854 95555 20391 598
    0.174 0.17312 33241 64750 55773 865 0.98490 01546 50280 62691 158
    0.175 0.17410 81375 93595 95189 433 0.98472 65389 04933 47463 670
    0.176 0.17509 27769 14318 26146 505 0.98455 19384 33129 47797 052
    0.177 0.17607 72411 42278 24778 176 0.98437 63534 09469 09416 699
    0.178 0.17706 15292 93011 76492 317 0.98419 97840 09537 33225 443
    0.179 0.17804 56403 82230 74417 975 0.98402 22304 09903 57745 046
    0.180 0.17902~95734 25824 17834 180 0.98384 36927 88121 41459 272
    0.181 0.180Dl 33274 39859 10581 029 0.98366 41713 22728 45058 522
    0.182 0.18099 69014 40581 59452 980 0.98348 36661 93246 13586 083
    0.183 0.18198 02944 44417 72574 233 0.98330 21775 80179 58485 974
    0.184 0.18296 35054 67974 57756 116 0.98311 97056 65017 39552 448
    0.185 0.18394 65335 28041 20836 370 0.98293 62506 30231 46781 122
    0.186 0.18492 93776 41589 64000 231 0.98275 18126 59276 82121 799
    0.187 0,18591 20368 25775 84083 224 0.98256 63919 36591 41132 959
    0.188 0.18689 45100 97940 70855 554 0.98237 99886 47595 94537 971
    0.;89 0.18787 67964 75611 05288 013 0.98219 26029 78693 69683 022
    0.190 0.18885 88949 76500 57799 285 0.98200 42351 17270 31896 788
    0.191 0.18984 08046 18510 86484 571 0.98181 48852 51693 65751 875
    0.192 0.19082 25244 19732 35325 424 0.98162 45535 71313 56228 034
    0.193 0.19180 40533 98445 32380 691 0.98143 32402 66461 69777 178
    0.194 0.19278 53905 73120 87958 485 0.98124 09455 28451 35290 214
    0.195 0.19376 65349 62421 92769 058 0.98104 76695 49577 24965 723
    0.196 0.19474 74855 85204 16058 510 0.98085 34125 23115 35080 479
    0.197 0.19572 82414 60517 03723 204 0.98065 81746 43322 66661 867
    0.198 0.19670 88016 07604 76404 820 0.98046 19561 05437 06062 170
    0.199 Oil9768 91650 45907 27565 917 0.98026 47571 05677 05434 796
    0.200 0.19866 93307 95061 21545 941 0.98006 65778 41241 63112 420
    c-y
    c 1 c-y
    1
    146 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    2 sin x cos x
    0.200 0.19866 93307 95061 21545 941 0.98006 65778 41241 63112 420
    0.201 0.19964 92978 74900 91597 545 0.97986 74185 10310 03887 090
    0.202 OI20062 90653 05459 37903 151 0.97966 72793 12041 59192 306
    0.203 0.20160 86321 06969 25571 640 0.97946 61604 46575 47187 084
    0.204 0.20258 79972 99863 82615 083 OI97926 40621 15030 52742 047
    0.205 0.20356 71599 04777 97905 397 0.97906 09845 19505 07327 536
    0.206 0.20454 61189 42549 19110 856 0.97885 69278 63076 68803 784
    0.207 0.20552 48734 34218 50612 330 0.97865 18923 49802 01113 156
    0.208 0.20650 34224 01031 51399 175 0.97844 58781 84716 53874 491
    0.209 0.20748 17648 64439 32944 665 0.97823 88855 73834 41879 553
    0.210 0.20845 98998 46099 57060 871 0.97803 09147 24148 24491 614
    0.211 0.20943 78263 67877 33732 895 0.97782 19658 43628 84946 201
    0.212 0.21041 55434 51846 18932 346 0.97761 20391 41225 09554 014
    0.213 0.21139 30501 20289 12409 982 0.97740 11348 26863 66806 039
    0.214 0.21237 03453 95699 55467 398 0.97718 92531 11448 86380 882
    0.215 0.21334 74283 00782 28707 677 0.97697 63942 06862 38054 344
    0.216 0.21432 42978 58454 49764 905 0.97676 25583 25963 10511 247
    0.217 0.21530 09530 91846 71012 439 0.97654 77456 82586 90059 555
    0.218 0.21627 73930 24303 77249 851 0.97633 19564 91546 39246 782
    0.219 0.21725 36166 79385 83368 434 0.97611 51909 68630 75378 736
    0.220 0.21822 96230 80869 31995 179 0.97589 74493 30605 48940 602
    0.221 0.21920 54112 52747 91115 124 0.97567 87317 95212 21920 392
    0.222 0.22018 09802 19233 51671 977 0.97545 90385 81168 46034 788
    0.223 0.22115 63290 04757 25146 920 0.97523 83699 08167 40857 388
    0.224 0.22213 i4566 33970 41115 484 0.97501 67259 96877 71849 392
    0.225 0.22310 63621 31745 44782 417 0.97479 41070 68943 28292 737
    0.226 0.22408 10445 23176 94494 428 0.97457 05133 46983 01125 708
    0.227 0.22505 55028 33582 59230 720 0.97434 59450 54590 60681 052
    0.228 0.22602 97360 88504 16071 214 0.97412 04024 16334 34326 607
    0.229 0.22700 37433 13708 47642 363 0.97389 38856 57756 84008 477
    0.230 0.22797 75235 35188 39540 462 0.97366 63950 0.537483696 773
    0.231 0.22895 10757 79163 77732 354 0.97343 79306 86678 96733 940
    0.232 0.22992 43990 72082 45933 437 0.97320 84929 30133 53085 695
    0.233 0.23089 74924 40621 22962 869 0.97297 80819 65176 26494 602
    0.234 0.23187 03549 11686 80075 884 0.97274 66980 22218 11536 294
    0.235 0.23284 29855 12416 78273 112 0.97251 43413 32643 00578 389
    0.236 0.23381 53832 70180 65586 809 0.97228 10121 28807 60642 091
    0.237 0.23478 75472 12580 74343 904 0.97204 67106 44041 10166 529
    0.238 0.23575 94763 67453 18405 752 0.97181 14371 12644 95675 843
    0.239 0.23673 11697 62868 90384 520 0.97157 51917 69892 68349 034
    0.240 0.23770 26264 27134 58836 079 0.97133 79748 52029 60492 618
    0.241 0.23867 38453 88793 65429 334 0.97109 97865 96272 61916 095
    0.242 0.23964 48256 76627 22091 869 0.97086 06272 40809 96210 262
    0.243 0.24061 55663 19655 08131 828 0.97062 04970 24800 96928 391
    0.244 0.24158 60663 47136 67335 933 0.97037 93961 88375 83670 294
    0.245 0.24255 63247 88572 05043 522 0.97013 73249 72635 38069 313
    0.246 0.24352 63406 73702 85196 546 0.96989 42836 19650 79682 233
    0.247 0.24449 61130 32513 27365 389 0.96965 02723 72463 41782 166
    0.248 0.24546 56408 95231 03750 445 0.96940 52914 75084 47054 425
    0.249 0.24643 49232 92328 36159 337 0.96915 93411 72494 83195 397
    0.250 0.24740 39592 54522 92959 685 0.96891 24217 10644 78414 459
    [ 1
    c-:)3
    1c-y1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 147
    CIRCULAR SINES .4ND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    X sin x cos x
    0.250 0.24740 39592 54522 92959 685 0.96891 24217 10644 78414 459
    0.251 0.24837 27478 12778 86007 332 0.96866 45333 36453 76838 955
    0.252 0.24934 12879 98307 67549 922 0.96841 56762 97810 13822 250
    0.253 0.25030 95788 42569 27105 742 0.96816 58508 43570 91154 897
    0.254 0.25127 76193 77272 88317 722 0.96791 50572 23561 52178 941
    0.255 0.25224 54086 34378 05782 506 0.96766 32956 88575 56805 375
    0.256 0.25321 29456 46095 61854 486 0.96741 05664 90374 56434 780
    0.257 0.25418 02294 44888 63424 714 0.96715 68698 81687 68781 180
    0.258 0.25514 72590 63473 38674 587 0.96690 22061 16211 52599 126
    0.259 0.25611 40335 34820 33804 209 0.96664 65754 48609 82314 035
    0.260 0.25708 05518 92155 09735 339 0.96638 99781 34513 22555 822
    0.261 0.25804 68131 68959 38788 820 0.96613 24144 30519 02595 835
    0.262 0.25901 28163 98972 01336 401 0.96587 38845 94190 90687 131
    0.263 0.25997 85606 16189 82426 844 0.96561 43888 84058 68308 107
    0.264 0.26094 40448 54868 68386 239 0.96535 39275 59618 04309 520
    0.265 0.26190 92681 49524 43392 399 0.96509 25008 81330 28964 923
    0.266 0.26287 42295 34933 86023 278 0.96483 01091 10622 07924 537
    0.267 0.26383 89280 46135 65779 278 0.96456 67525 09885 16072 584
    0.268 0.26480 33627 18431 39579 372 0.96430 24313 42476 11288 118
    0.269 0.26576 75325 87386 48230 942 0.96403 71458 72716 08109 368
    0.270 0.26673 14366 88831 12873 229 0.96377 08963 65890 51301 623
    0.271 0.26769 50740 58861 31394 301 0.96350 36830 88248 89328 696
    0.272 0.26865 84437 33839 74821 451 0.96323 55063 07004 47727 972
    0.273 0.26962 15447 50396 83684 915 0.96296 63662 90334 02389 084
    0.274 0.27058 43761 45431 64354 828 0.96269 62633 07377 52736 246
    0.275 0.27154 69369 56112 85351 302 0.96242 51976 28237 94814 248
    0.276 0.27250 92262 19879 73627 557 0.96215 31695 23980 94278 169
    0.277 0.27347 12429 74443 10825 981 0.96188 01792 66634 59286 807
    0.278 0.27443 29862 57786 29507 043 0.96160 62271 29189 13299 879
    0.279 0.27539 44551 08166 09350 952 0.96133 13133 85596 67778 997
    0.280 0.27635 56485 64113 73331 967 0.96105 54383 10770 94792 459
    0.281 0.27731 65656 64435 83865 270 0.96077 86021 80586 99523 878
    0.282 0.27827 72054 48215 38926 293 0.96050 08052 71880 92684 682
    0.283 0.27923 75669 54812 68142 411 0.96022 20478 62449 62830 504
    0.284 0.28019 76492 23866 28856 909 Oi95994 23302 31050 48581 495
    0.285 0.28115 74512 95294 02165 110 0.95966 16526 57401 10746 590
    0.286 0.28211 69722 09293 88922 591 0.95938 00154 22179 04351 746
    0.287 0.28307 62110 06345 05725 374 0.95909 74188 07021 50572 193
    0.288 0.28403 51667 27208 80861 997 0.95881 38630 94525 08568 713
    0.289 0.28499 38384 12929 50237 384 0.95852 93485 68245 47227 984
    0.290 0.28595 22251 04835 53268 394 0.95824 38755 12697 16807 013
    0.291 0.28691 03258 44540 28750 981 0.95795 74442 13353 20481 688
    0.292 0.28786 81396 73943 10698 841 0.95767 00549 56644 85799 478
    0.293 0.28882 56656 35230 24153 475 0.95738 17080 29961 36036 308
    0.294 0.28978 29027 70875 80965 551 0.95709 24037 21649 61457 636
    0.295 0.29073 98501 23642 75547 489 0.95680 21423 21013 90483 768
    0.296 Oi29169 65067 36583 80597 155 Oi95651 09241 18315 60759 429
    0.297 0.29265 28716 53042 42792 582 0.95621 87494 04772 90127 632
    0.298 Oi29360 89439 16653 78457 616 Oi95592 56184 72560 47507 858
    0.299 0.29456 47225 71345 69198 389 0.95563 15316 14809 23678 590
    0.300 0.29552 02066 61339 57510 532 0.95533 64891 25606 01964 231

    [C-f)4 1 [ (-;)I1
    148 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin x cos x
    0.300 0.29552 02066 61339 57510 532 0.95533 64891 25606 01964 231
    0.301 0.29647 53952 31151 42357 025 0.95504 04912 99993 28826 414
    0.302 0.29743 02873 25592 74716 586 0.95474 35384 33968 84359 763
    0.303 0.29838 48819 89771 53102 518 0.95444 56308 24485 52692 116
    0.304 0.29933 91782 69093 19051 897 0.95414 67687 69450 92289 242
    0.305 0.30029 31752 09261 52585 026 0.95384 69525 67727 06164 084
    0.306 0.30124 68718 56279 67635 045 0.95354 61825 19130 11990 559
    0.307 0.30220 02672 56451 07447 613 0.95324 44589 24430 12121 945
    0.308 0.30315 33604 56380 39950 549 0.95294 17820 85350 63513 878
    0.309 0.30410 61505 02974 53093 365 0.95263 81523 04568 47552 001
    0.310 0.30505 86364 43443 50156 564 0.95233 35698 85713 39784 281
    0.311 0.30601 08173 25301 45030 632 0.95202 80351 33367 79558 038
    0.312 0.30696 26921 96367 57464 615 0.95172 15483 53066 39561 711
    0.313 0.30791 42601 04767 08284 189 0.95141 41098 51295 95271 383
    0.314 0.30886 55200 98932 14579 138 0.95110 57199 35494 94302 111
    0.315 0.30981 64712 27602 84860 120 0.95079 63789 14053 25664 080
    0.316 i:j1076 71125 39828 14184 658 0.95048 60870 96311 88923 617
    0.317 0.31171 74430 84966 79252 234 0.95017 48447 92562 63269 094
    0.318 0.31266 74619 12688 33468 402 0.94986 26523 14047 76481 749
    0.319 0.31361 71680 72974 01977 833 0.94954 95099 72959 73811 467
    0.320 0.31456 65606 16117 76666 176 0.94923 54180 82440 86757 531
    0.321 0.31551 56385 92727 11130 659 0.94892 03769 56583 01754 395
    0.322 0.31646 44010 53724 15619 332 0.94860 43869 10427 28762 501
    0.323 0.31741 28470 50346 51938 844 0.94828 74482 59963 69764 173
    0.324 0.31836 09756 34148 28330 674 0.94796 95613 22130 87164 613
    0.325 0.31930 87858 57000 94315 718 0.94765 07264 14815 72098 048
    0.326 0.32025 62767 71094 35507 128 0.94733 09438 56853 12639 034
    0.327 0.32120 34474 28937 68391 319 0.94701 02139 68025 61918 976
    0.328 0.32215 02968 83360 35077 048 0.94668 85370 69063 06147 877
    0.329 0.32309 68241 87512 98012 460 0.94636 59134 81642 32541 351
    0.330 0.32404 30283 94868 34670 020 0.94604 23435 28386 97152 941
    0.331 0.32498 89085 59222 32199 224 0.94571 78275 32866 92611 768
    0.332 0.32593 44637 34694 82047 011 0.94539 23658 19598 15765 535
    0.333 0.32687 96929 75730 74545 756 0.94506 59587 14042 35228 939
    0.334 Oij2782 45953 37100 93468 777 0.94473 86065 42606 58837 502
    0.335 0.32876 91698 73903 10553 241 0.94441 03096 32643 01006 864
    0.336 0.32971 34156 41562 79990 386 0.94408 10683 12448 49997 577
    0.337 0.33065 73316 95834 32882 957 0.94375 08829 11264 35085 413
    0.338 0.33160 09170 92801 71669 766 0.94341 97537 59275 93637 243
    0.339 0.33254 41708 88879 64517 288 0.94308 76811 87612 38092 499
    0.340 0.33348 70921 40814 39678 177 0.94275 46655 28346 22850 264
    0.341 0.33442 96799 05684 79816 635 0.94242 07071 14493 11062 025
    0.342 0.33537 19332 40903 16300 519 0.94208 58062 80011 41330 105
    0.343 0.33631 38512 04216 23460 104 0.94174 99633 59801 94311 834
    0.344 0.33725 54328 53706 12813 399 0.94141 31786 89707 59229 468
    0.345 0.33819 66772 47791 27257 928 0.94107 54526 06513 00285 905
    0.346 0.33913 75834 45227 35228 880 0.94073 67854 47944 22986 218
    0.347 0.34007 81505 05108 24823 531 0.94039 71775 52668 40365 059
    0.348 0.34101 83774 86866 97891 850 0.94005 66292 60293 39119 944
    0.349 0.34195 82634 50276 64093 188 0.93971 51409 11367 45650 473
    0.350 0.34289 78074 55451 34918 963 0.93937 27128 47378 92003 503
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 149
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    sin z cos x
    0.350 0.34289 78074 55451 34918 963 0.93937 27128 47378 92003 503
    0.351 0.34383 70085 62847 17681 237 0.93902 93454
    10755 al724 321
    0.352 0.34477 58658 33263 09467 102 0.93868 50389 44865 55613 a41
    0.353 0.34571 43783 27841 91058 778 0.93833 97937 94014 57391 a69
    0.354 0.34665 25451 08071 20819 319 0.93799 36103 03447 99266 461

    0.355 0.34759 03652 35784 28543 852 0.93764 64888 19349 27409 412
    0.356 0.34852 78377 73161 09276 237 0.93729 84296 88839 87337 915
    0.357 0.34946 49617 82729 17091 064 0.93694 94332 59978 89202 418
    0.358 0.35040 17363 58840 a91
    27364 0.93659 94998 al762 72980 716
    0.359 0.35133 al604 70292 87868 632 0.93624 86299 04124 73578 312

    0.360 0.35227 42332 75089 97684 991 0.93589 68236 77934 85835 091
    0.361 0.35320 99538 05683 15610 866 0.93554 40815 54999 29438 322
    0.362 0.35414 53211 26351 96384 608 0.93519 04038 88060 13742 042
    0.363 0.35508 03343 01729 15734 065 0.93483 57910 30795 02492 a55
    0.364 0.35601 49923 96801 63913 294 0.93448 02433 37816 78462 165
    0.365 0.35694 92944 76911 39203 863 0.93412 37611 64673 07984 897
    0.366 0.35788 32396 41380 647
    07756 0.93376 63448 67846 05404 739
    0.367 0.35881 68268 55391 65142 021 0.93340 79948 04751 97425 922
    0.368 0.35975 00552 86229 93504 354 0.93304 a7113 33740 a7371 606
    0.369 0.36068 29239 67042 91160 721 0.93268 84948 14096 19348 a71
    0.370 0.36161 54319 64961 97803 729 0.93232 73456 06034 42320 381
    0.371 0.36254 75783 47479 21412 373 0.93196 52640 70704 74082 737
    0.372 0.36347 93621 al3
    82448 31502 0.93160 70188 65151 560
    22505
    0.373 0.36441 07825 38085 52343 006 0.93123 a3054 67499 62553 347
    0.374 0.36534 la384 a2970 56131 067 0.93087 34291 26582 73524 125
    0.375 0.36627 25290 86047 56137 291 0.93050 76219 12314 29114 948
    0.376 0.36720 28534 16625 99809 733 0.93014 08841 90501 47704 265
    0.377 0.36813 28105 44381 61843 251 0.92977 32163 27881 98417 211
    0.378 0.36906 23995 39357 37211 926 0.92940 46186 92123 64451 a36
    0.379 0.36999 16194 71964 34164 758 0.92903 50916 51824 06312 328
    0.380 0.37092 04694 12982 67184 549 0.92866 46355 76510 24949 253
    0.37184 89484 33562 49909 aal 0.92829 32508 36638 24806 a58
    i* 33:: 0.37277 70556 05224 88020 096 0.92792 09378 03592 76777 471
    0: 383 0.37370 47899 99862 72083 la4 0.92754 76968 49686 81063 030
    0.384 0.37463 21506 a9741 70366 479 0.92717 35283 48161 29943 792
    0.385 0.37555 91367 47501 21610 089 0.92679 84326 73184 70454 235
    0.386 0.37648 57472 46155 27762 945 0.92642 24101 99852 66966 223
    0.37741 19812 59093 46681 397 0.92604 04187 63679 438
    54613
    2 ;:i 0.37833 78378 60081 a4790 240 0.92566 75863 63138 47019 143
    01389 0.37926 33161 23263 89706 110 oI9252a 87857 54580 07941 297
    0.390 0.38018 a4151 23161 42823 118 0.92490 90598 57313 04145 068
    0.391 0.38111 31339 34675 51860 671 0.92452 84090 51063 22192 776
    0.392 0.38203 74716 33087 43373 349 0.92414 68337 16481 39537 314
    0.393 0.38296 14272 94059 55222 774 0.92376 43342 35142 86457 070
    0.394 0.38388 49999 93636 29011 366 0.92338 09109 a9547 07898 401
    0.395 0.38480 ala88 08245 02477 888 0.92299 65643 63117 25225 693
    0.396 0.38573 09928 14697 01854 707 0.92261 12947 40199 97879 040
    0.38665 34110 90188 34186 658 0.92222 51025 06064 84939 589
    it ;z; 0.38757 54427 12300 79611 426 0.92183 79880 46904 06602 584
    0:399 0.38849 70867 59002 a3601 363 0.92144 99517 49832 05558 150
    0.400 0.38941 a3423 08650 49166 631 0.92106 09940 02885 08279 a53
    r(-_sbq
    L '_I cC-f)’
    1
    150 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SIR’ES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUIMENTS

    X sin x cos x

    0.400 0.38941 83423 08650 49166 631 0.92106 09940 02885 08279 853
    0.401 0.39033 92084 39988 29019 595 0.92067 11151 95020 86221 075
    0.402 0.39125 96842 32150 17700 358 0.92028 03157 16118 16919 248
    0.403 0.39217 97687 64660 43663 363 0.91988 85959 56976 45007 979
    0.404 0.39309 94611 17434 61324 955 0.91949 59563 09315 43137 110
    0.405 0.39401 87603 70780 43071 820 0.91910 23971 65774 72800 745
    0.406 0;j9493 76656 05398 71230 202 0.91870 79189 19913 45073 295
    0.407 0.39585 61759 02384 29995 816 0.91831 25219 66209 81253 568
    0.408 0.39677 42903 43226 97324 356 0.91791 62067 00060 73416 956
    0.409 0.39769 20080 09812 36782 508 0.91751 89735 17781 44815 737

    0.410 0.39860 93279 84422 89359 380 0.91712 08228 16605 10547 564
    0.411 0.39952 62493 49738 65238 251 0.91672 17549 94682 37232 150
    0.412 0.40044 27711 88838 35528 558 0.91632 17704 51081 03796 202
    0.413 0.40135 88925 85200 23958 010 0.91592 08695 85785 61266 649
    0.414 0.40227 46126 22702 98524 766 0.91551 90527 99696 92832 194

    0.415 0.40318 99303 85626 63109 550 0.91511 63204 94631 73753 232
    0.416 0.40410 48449 58653 49047 645 0.91471 26730 73322 31180 180
    0.417 0.40501 93554 26869 06660 654 0.91430 81109 39416 03880 251
    0.418 0.40593 34608 75762 96747 939 0.91390 26344 97475 01872 722
    0.419 0.40684 71603 91229 82037 655 0.91349 62441 52975 65972 725

    0.420 0.40776 04530 59570 18597 279 0.91308 89403 12308 27243 609
    0.421 0.40867 33379 67491 47203 546 0.91268 07233 82776 66357 915
    0.422 0.40958 58142 02108 84671 703 0.91227 15937 12591 72866 996
    0.423 0.41049 78808 50946 15143 980 0.91186 15518 90901 04379 332
    0.424 0.41140 95370 01936 81337 201 0.91145 05981 47728 45647 576

    0.425 0.41232 07817 43424 75749 435 0.91103 87329 54033 67564 373
    0.426 0.41323 16141 64165 31825 593 0[91062 59567 21681 86066 990
    0.421 0.41414 20333 53326 15081 889 0.91021 22698 63449 20950 808
    0.428 0.41505 20384 00488 14189 067 Oi90979 76727 93022 54591 701
    0.429 0.41596 16283 95646 32014 301 0.90938 21659 24998 90577 360

    0.430 0.41687 08024 29210 76621 692 0.90896 57496 74885 12247 591
    0.431 0.41777 95595 92007 52231 243 0.90854 84244 59097 41143 638
    0.432 0.41868 78989 75279 50136 257 0.90813 01906 94960 95366 563
    0.433 0.41959 58196 70687 39579 028 0.90771 10488 00709 47844 729
    0.434 0.42050 33207 70310 58584 774 0.90729 09991 95484 84510 435

    0.435 0.42141 04013 66648 04753 684 0.90687 00422 99336 62385 731
    0.436 0,42231 70605 52619 26011 018 Oi90644 81785 33221 67577 465
    0.42322 32974 21565 11315 146 0.90602 54083 19003 73181 601
    ii* t;; 0.42412 91110 67248 81323 456 0.90560 17320 79452 97096 848
    0:439 0.42503 45005 83856 79016 027 0.90517 71502 38245 59741 647

    0.440 0.42593 94650 65999 60276 972 0.90475 16632 19963 41716 554
    0.441 0.42684 40036 08712 84433 381 0.90432 52714 50093 41286 061
    0.442 0.42774 81153 07458 04751 750 0.90389 79753 55027 31889 904
    0.443 0.42865 17992 58123 58891 823 0.90346 97753 62061 19473 892
    0.444 0.42955 50545 57025 59317 145 0.90304 06718 99394 99766 305

    0.445 0.43045 78803 00908 83666 443 0.90261 06653 96132 15457 899
    0.446 0.43136 02755 86947 65073 141 0.90217 97562 82279 13291 573
    0.447 0.43226 22395 12746 82453 917 0.90174 79449 88745 01061 718
    0.448 0.43316 37711 76342 50745 219 0.90131 52319 47341 04523 319
    0.449 0.43406 48696 76203 11100 244 0.90088 16175 90780 24210 832

    0.43496 55341 11230 21042 084

    [1(-y 1
    0.450 0.90044 71023 52676 92166 884
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 151
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGCMENTS Table 4.6

    x sin x cos x
    0.450 0.43496 55341 11230 21042 084 0.90044 71023 52676 92166 884
    0.451 0.43586 57635 80759 44573 567 0.90001 16866 67546 28580 847
    0.452 0.43676 55571 84561 42243 681 0.89957 53709 70803 98337 319
    0.453 0;43766 49140 22842 61170 507 Oi89913 81556 98765 67474 569
    0.454 0.43856 38331 96246 25020 568 0.89870 00412 88646 59552 965

    0.455 0.43946 23138 05853 23944 492 0.89826 10281 78561 11933 463
    0.456 0.44036 03549 53183 04468 918 0.89782 11168 07522 31966 167
    0.457 0.44125 79557 40194 59344 542 0.89738 03076 15441 53089 030
    0.458 0.44215 51152 69287 17350 215 0.89693 86010 43127 90836 721
    0.459 0.44305 18326 43301 33053 008 0.89649 59975 32287 98759 714

    0.460 0.44394 81069 65519 76524 151 0.89605 24975 25525 24253 639
    0.461 0.44484 39373 39668 23010 752 0.89560 81014 66339 64298 937
    0.462 0.44573 93228 69916 42563 218 0.89516 28097 99127 21110 867
    0.463 0.44663 42626 60878 89618 275 0.89471 66229 69179 57699 908
    0.464 0.44752 87558 17615 92537 506 0.89426 95414 22683 53342 602

    0.465 0.44842 28014 45634 43101 319 0.89382 15656 06720 58962 873
    0.466 0.44931 63986 50888 85958 244 Oi89337 26959 69266 52423 883
    0.467 0.45020 95465 39782 08029 479 0.89292 29329 59190 93730 459
    0.468 0745110 22442 19166 27868 603 Oi89247 22770 26256 80142 134
    0.469 0.45199 44907 96343 84976 342 0.89202 07286 21120 01196 857

    0.470 0.45288 62853 79068 29070 327 0.89156 82881 95328 93645 402
    0.471 0.45377 76270 75545 09309 736 0.89111 49562 01323 96296 541
    0.472 0.45466 85149 94432 63474 735 0.89066 07330 92437 04773 005
    0.473 0.45555 89482 44843 07100 635 0.89020 56193 22891 26178 292
    0.474 0.45644 89259 36343 22566 671 0.88974 96153 47800 33674 367

    0.475 0.45733 84471 78955 48139 307 0.88929 27216 23168 20970 288
    0.476 0.45822 75110 83158 66969 994 0.88883 49386 05888 56721 822
    0.477 0.45911 61167 59888 96047 279 0.88837 62667 53744 38842 074
    0.478 0.46000 42633 20540 75103 180 0.88791 67065 25407 48723 197
    0.479 0.46089 19498 76967 55473 739 0.88745 62583 80438 05369 212

    0.480 0.46177 91755 41482 88913 664 0.88699 49227 79284 19439 995
    0.481 0.46266 59394 26861 16364 968 0.88653 27001 83281 47206 469
    0.482 0.46355 22406 46338 56679 522 0.88606 95910 54652 44417 051
    0.483 0.46443 80783 13613 95295 430 0.88560 55958 56506 20075 401
    0.484 0.46532 34515 42849 72867 132 0.88514 07150 52837 90129 517

    0.485 0.46620 83594 48672 73849 162 0.88467 49491 08528 31072 223
    0.486 0.46709 28011 46175 15033 451 0.88420 82984 89343 33453 094
    0.487 0.46797 67757 50915 34040 104 0.88374 07636 61933 55301 874
    0.488 0.46886 02823 78918 77761 558 0.88327 23450 93833 75463 416
    0.489 Oi46974 33201 46678 90760 024 0.88280 30432 53462 46844 214

    0.490 0.47062 58881 71158 03618 136 0.88233 28586 10121 49570 547
    0.491 0.47150 79855 69788 21242 715 0.88186 17916 33995 44058 307
    0.492 0.47238 96114 60472 11121 556 0.88138 98427 96151 23994 541
    0.493 0.47327 07649 61583 91533 149 0.88091 70125 68537 69230 763
    0.494 Oi47415 14451 91970 19709 261 0.88044 33014 23984 98588 075

    0.49'5 0.47503 16512 70950 79950 264 0.87996 87098 36204 22574 157
    0.496 0.47591 13823 18319 71693 150 0.87949 32382 79786 96012 154
    0.497 0.47679 06374 54345 97532 118 0.87901 68872 30204 70581 529
    0.498 0.47766 94157 99774 51191 668 0.87853 96571 63808 47270 917
    0.499 0.47854 77164 75827 05452 099 0.87806 15485 57828 28743 023

    0.47942 55386 04203 00027 329 0.87758 25618 r, 90372-\.-,


    0.500 71611 628

    c(6;W 1 l’-:“l
    152 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin x cos 2
    0.500 0.47942 55386 04203 00027 329 0.87758 25618 90372 71611 628
    0.501 0.48030 28813 07080 29394 947 0.87710 26976 40428 38630 733
    0.502 0.48117 97437 07116 30578 414 0.87662 19562 87859 50795 903
    0.503 0.48205 61249 27448 70881 314 0.87614 03383 13407 39357 847
    0.504 0.48293 20240 91696 35573 583 0.87565 78441 98689 97748 295
    0.505 0.48380 74403 23960 15529 617 0.87517 44744 26201 33418 203
    0.506 0.48468 23727 48823 94818 170 0.87469 02294 79311 19588 355
    0.507 0.48555 68204 91355 38243 967 0.87420 51098 42264 46912 391
    0.508 0.48643 07826 77106 78840 928 0.87371 91160 00180 75052 318
    0.509 0.48730 42584 32116 05316 931 0.87323 22484 39053 84166 561
    0.510 0.48817 72468 82907 49450 013 0.87274 45076 45751 26310 581
    0.511 0.48904 97471 56492 73435 934 0.87225 58941 08013 76750 129
    0.512 0.48992 17583 80371 57187 006 0.87176 64083 14454 85187 176
    0.513 0.49079 32796 82532 85582 104 0.87127 60507 54560 26898 565
    0.514 0.49166 43101 91455 35667 778 0.87078 48219 18687 53787 441
    0.515 0.49253 48490 36108 63810 364 0.87029 27222 98065 45347 504
    0.516 0.49340 48953 45953 92799 025 0.86979 97523 84793 59540 132
    0.517 0.49427 44482 50944 98899 617 0.86930 59126 71841 83584 429
    0.518 0.49514 35068 81528 98859 309 0.86881 12036 53049 84660 240
    0.519 0.49601 20703 68647 36861 855 0.86831 56258 23126 60524 189
    0.520 0.49688 01378 43736 71433 446 0.86781 91796 77649 90038 785
    0.521 0.49774 77084 38729 62299 043 0.86732 18657 13065 83614 647
    0.522 0.49861 47812 86055 57189 109 0.86682 36844 26688 33565 898
    0.523 0.49948 13555 18641 78596 658 0.86632 46363 16698 64378 779
    0.524 0.50034 74302 69914 10484 518 0.86582 47218 82144 82893 524
    0.525 0.50121 30046 73797 84942 748 0.86532 39416 22941 28399 561
    0.526 0.50207 80778 64718 68796 092 0.86482 22960 39868 22644 077
    0.527 0.50294 26489 77603 50161 411 0.86431 97856 34571 19753 996
    0.528 0.50380 67171 47881 24954 981 0.86381 64109 09560 56071 436
    0.529 0.50467 02815 11483 83349 596 0.86331 21723 68210 99902 671
    0.530 0.50553 33412 04846 96181 366 0.86280 70705 14761 01380 670
    0.531 0.50639 58953 64911 01306 143 0.86230 11058 54312 41041 248
    0.532 0.50725 79431 29121 89905 473 0.86179 42788 92829 81312 894
    0.533 0.50811 94836 35431 92741 999 0.86128 65901 37140 13920 311
    0.534 0.50898 05160 22300 66364 220 0.86077 80400 94932 10201 726
    0.535 0.50984 10394 28695 79260 534 0.86026 86292 74755 70140 025
    0.536 0.51070 10529 94093 97962 456 0.85975 83581 86021 71507 760
    0.537 0.51156 05558 58481 73096 946 0.85924 72273 39001 18926 068
    0.538 0.51241 95471 62356 25387 754 0.85873 52372 44824 92837 581
    0.539 0.51327 80260 46726 31605 686 0.85822 23884 15482 98393 339
    0.540 0.51413 59916 53113 10467 728 0.85770 86813 63824 14253 797
    0.541 0.51499 34431 23551 08484 914 0.85719 41166 03555 41303 947
    0.542 0.51585 03796 00588 85758 874 0.85667 86946 49241 51282 623
    0.543 0.51670 68002 27290 01726 969 0.85616 24160 16304 35326 032
    0.544 0.51756 27041 47234 00855 920 0.85564 52812 21022 52425 567
    0.545 0.51841 80905 04516 98283 861 0.85512 72907 80530 77799 957
    0.546 0.51927 29584 43752 65410 714 0.85460 84452 12819 51181 787
    0.547 0.52012 73071 10073 15436 812 0.85408 87450 36734 25018 472
    0.548 0.52098 11356 49129 88849 675 0.85356 81907 71975 12587 703
    0.549 0.52183 44432 07094 38858 868 Oi85304 67829 39096 36027 442
    0.550 0.52268 72289 30659 16778 838 0.85252 45220 59505 74280 498
    C-f)7
    1 1 C-J)1
    [ 1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 153
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    X sin 2 cos x

    0.550 0.52268 72289 30659 16778 838 0.85252 45220 59505 74280 498
    0.551 0.52353 94919 67038 57359 653 0.85200 14086 55464 10953 761
    0.552 0.52439 12314 63969 64065 565 0.85147 74432 50084 82092 114
    0.553 0.52524 24465 69712 94301 297 0.85095 26263 67333 23867 il0
    0.554 0.52609 31364 33053 44585 976 0.85042 69585 32026 20180 431
    0.555 0.52694 33002 03301 35674 635 0.84990 04402 69831 50182 218
    0.556 0.52779 29370 30292 97627 180 0.84937 30721 07267 35704 287
    0.557 0.52864 20460 64391 54824 757 0.84884 48545 71701 88608 318
    0.558 0.52949 06264 56488 10933 415 0.84831 57881 91352 58049 047
    0.559 0.53033 86773 58002 33815 002 0.84778 58734 95285 77652 517
    0.560 0.53118 61979 20883 40385 187 0.84725 51110 13416 12609 452
    0.561 0.53203 31872 97610 81418 533 0.84672 35012 76506 06683 799
    0.562 0.53287 96446 41195 26300 543 0.84619 10448 16165 29136 481
    0.563 0.53372 55691 05179 47726 585 0.84565 77421 64850 21564 438
    0.564 0.53457 09598 43639 06347 607 0.84512 35938 55863 44654 991
    0.565 0.53541 58160 11183 35362 572 0.84458 86004 23353 24855 579
    0.566 0.53626 01367 62956 25057 521 0.84405 27624 02313 00958 945
    0.567 0.53710 39212 54637 07291 168 0.84351 60803 28580 70603 796
    0.568 0.53794 71686 42441 39926 969 0.84297 85547 38838 36691 011
    0.569 0.53878 98780 83121 91211 553 0.84244 01861 70611 53715 445
    0.570 0.53963 20487 33969 24099 446 0.84190 09751 62268 74013 376
    0.571 0.54047 36797 52812 80524 005 0.84136 09222 53020 93925 658
    0.572 0.54131 47702 98021 65614 465 0.84082 00279 82920 99876 632
    0.573 0.54215 53195 28505 31859 028 0.84027 82928 92863 14368 839
    0.574 0.54299 53266 03714 63213 905 0.83973 57175 24582 41893 605
    0.575 0.54383 47906 83642 59158 222 0.83919 23024 20654 14757 543
    0.576 0.54467 37109 28825 18694 718 0.83864 80481 24493 38825 019
    0.577 0;54551 20865 00342 24296 136 0.83810 29551 80354 39176 658
    0.578 0.54634 99165 59818 25797 231 0.83755 70241 33330 05683 918
    0.579 0.54718 72002 69423 24232 321 0.83701 02555 29351 38499 807
    0.580 0.54802 39367 91873 55618 270 0.83646 26499 15186 93465 789
    0.581 0.54886 01252 90432 74682 851 0.83591 42078 38442 27434 927
    0.582 0.54969 57649 28912 38538 382 0.83536 49298 47559 43511 337
    0.583 0.55053 08548 71672 90300 563 0.83481 48164 91816 36205 988
    0.584 0.55136 53942 83624 42652 424 0.83426 38683 21326 36508 907
    0.585 0.55219 93823 30227 61353 309 0.83371 20858 87037 56877 861
    0.586 0.55303 28181 77494 48692 799 0.83315 94697 40732 36143 543
    0.587 0.55386 57009 91989 26889 504 0.83260 60204 35026 84331 337
    0.588 0.55469 80299 40829 21434 637 0.83205 17385 23370 27399 720
    0.589 0.55552 98041 91685 44380 278 0.83149 66245 60044 51895 332
    0.590 0.55636 10229 12783 77572 254 0.83094 06791 00163 49524 800
    0.591 0.55719 16852 72905 55827 556 0.83038 39026 99672 61643 346
    0.592 0.55802 17904 41388 50056 192 Oi82982 62959 15348 23660 255
    0.593 0.55885 13375 88127 50327 409 0.82926 78593 04797 09361 243
    0.594 0.55968 03258 83575 48880 201 Oi82870 85934 26455 75147 786
    0.595 0.56050 87544 98744 23078 004 0.82814 84988 39590 04193 468
    0.596 0.56133 66226 05205 18307 516 0.82758 75761 04294 50517 407
    0.597 0.56216 39293 75090 30821 541 0.82702 58257 81491 82974 799
    0.598 0.56299 06739 81092 90525 792 0.82646 32484 32932 29164 660
    0.599 0.56381 68555 96468 43709 545 Oi82589 98446 21193 19254 799
    0.600 0.56464 24733 95035 35720 095 0.82533 56149 09678 29724 095
    C-f)7
    [ 1
    154 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin x cos x

    0.600 0.56464 24733 95035 35720 095 0.82533 56149 09678 29724 095
    0.601 O;i6546 75265 51175 93580 897 0.82477 05598 62617 27022 123
    0.602 0.56629 20142 39837 08553 336 0.82420 46800 45065 11146 193
    0.603 0.56711 59356 36531 18642 028 0.82363 79760 22901 59135 858
    0.604 0.56793 92899 17336 91043 574 0:82307 04483 62830 68484 934
    0.605 0.56876 20762 58900 04538 687 0.82250 20976 32380 00471 116
    0.606 Oi56958 42938 38434 31827 607 0.82193 29243 99900 23403 216
    0.607 0.57040 59418 33722 21808 719 0.82136 29292 34564 55786 102
    0.608 0.57122 70194 23115 81800 299 0.82079 21127 06368 09403 380
    0.609 0.57204 75257 85537 59705 300 0.82022 04753 86127 32317 893
    0.610 0.57286 74601 00481 26119 098 0.81964 80178 45479 51790 075
    0.611 0:$7368 68215 48012 56380 111 0.81907 47406 56882 17114 225
    0.612 0.57450 56093 08770 12563 221 0.81850 06443 93612 42372 770
    0.613 O:i7532 38225 63966 25415 904 0.81792 57296 29766 49108 549
    0.614 0.57614 14604 95387 76236 989 0.81734 99969 40259 08915 198
    0.615 0.57695 85222 85396 78697 975 0.81677 34469 00822 85945 685
    0.616 0.57777 50071 16931 60606 809 0.81619 60800 88007 79339 051
    0.617 0.57859 09141 73507 45614 047 0.81561 78970 79180 65565 411
    0.618 0.57940 62426 39217 34861 330 0.81503 88984 52524 40689 288
    0.619 0.58022 09916 98732 88572 073 0.81445 90847 87037 62551 318
    0.620 0.58103 51605 37305 07584 296 0.81387 84566 62533 92868 400
    0.621 0.58184 87483 40765 14825 522 0.81329 70146 59641 39252 335
    0.622 0.58266 17542 95525 36729 641 0.81271 47593 59801 97147 027
    0.623 0.58347 41775 88579 84595 681 0.81213 16913 45270 91684 290
    0.624 0.58428 60174 07505 35888 387 0.81154 78111 99116 19458 331
    0.625 0.58509 72729 40462 15480 540 0.81096 31195 05217 90218 953
    0.626 0.58590 79433 76194 76836 923 0.81037 76168 48267 68483 556
    0.627 0.58671 80279 04032 83139 861 0.80979 13038 13768 15067 973
    0.628 0.58752 75257 13891 88356 252 0.80920 41809 88032 28536 214
    0.629 0.58833 64359 96274 18246 006 0.80861 62489 58182 86569 178
    0.630 0.58914 47579 42269 51311 811 0.80802 75083 12151 87252 371
    0.631 0.58995 24907 43555 99690 151 0.80743 79596 38679 90282 722
    0.632 0.59075 96335 92400 89983 484 0.80684 76035 27315 58094 522
    0.633 0.59156 61856 81661 44033 509 0.80625 64405 68414 96904 569
    0.634 0.59237 21462 04785 59635 440 0.80566 44713 53140 97676 566
    0.635 0.59317 75143 55812 91193 198 0.80507 16964 73462 77004 837
    0.636 0.59398 22893 29375 30315 454 0.80447 81165 22155 17917 411
    0.637 0.59478 64703 20697 86352 425 0.80388 37320 92798 10598 548
    0.638 0.59559 00565 25599 66873 364 0.80328 85437 79775 93030 752
    0.639 0.59639 30471 40494 58084 641 0.80269 25521 78276 91556 338
    0.640 0.59719 54413 62392 05188 355 0.80209 57578 84292 61358 611
    0.641 0.59799 72383 88897 92681 375 0.80149 81614 94617 26862 715
    0.642 0.59879 84374 18215 24594 757 0.80089 97636 06847 22056 216
    0.643 0.59959 90376 49145 04673 426 0.80030 05648 19380 30729 469
    0.644 0.60039 90382 81087 16496 070 0.79970 05657 31415 26635 842
    0.645 0.60119 84385 14041 03535 151 0.79909 97669 42951 13571 848
    0.646 0.60199 72375 48606 49156 949 0.79849 81690 54786 65377 243
    0.647 0.60279 54345 85984 56561 576 0.79789 57726 68519 65855 159
    0.648 0.60359 30288 27978 28662 868 0.79729 25783 86546 48612 327
    0.649 0.60439 00194 76993 47908 070 0.79668 85868 12061 36819 444
    0.650 0.60518 64057 36039 56037 252 0.79608 37985 49055 82891 760
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 155
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGKMENTS Table 4.6

    X sin x cos x
    0.650 0.60518 64057 36039 56037 252 0.79608 37985 49055 a2891 760
    0.651 0.60598 21868 08730 33782 358 0.79547 a2142 02318 08089 927
    0.652 0.60677 73618 99284 80505 ala 0.79487 la343 77432 42041 la3
    0.653 0.60757 19302 12527 93778 646 0.79426 46596 80778 62180 929
    0.654 0.60836 58909 53891 48897 929 0.79365 66907 19531 33114 757
    0.655 0.60915 92433 29414 78343 652 0.79304 79281 01659 45900 987
    0.656 0.60995 19865 45745 51174 755 0.79243 83724 35925 57253 785
    0.657 0.61074 41198 10140 52364 359 0.79182 80243 31885 28666 909
    0.658 0.61153 56423 30466 62074 073 0.79121 68843 99886 65458 154
    0.659 0.61232 65533 15201 34867 307 0.79060 49532 51069 55734 550
    0.660 0.61311 68519 73433 78861 515 0.78999 22314 97365 09278 382
    0.661 0.61390 65375 14865 34819 272 0.78937 a7197 51494 96354 080
    0.662 0.61469 56091 49810 55178 137 0.78876 44186 26970 a6436 061
    0.663 0.61548 40660 a9197 a3019 la6 0.78814 93287 38093 86857 558
    0.664 0.61627 19075 44570 30974 165 0.78753 34506 99953 81380 523
    0.665 0.61705 91327 28086 60071 171 0.78691 67851 28428 68686 643
    0.666 0.61784 57408 52521 58518 785 0.78629 93326 40184 00789 551
    0.667 0.61863 17311 31267 20428 576 0.78568 10938 52672 21368 279
    0.668 0.61941 71027 78333 24475 901 0.78506 20693 a4132 04022 017
    0.669 0.62020 la550 08348 12498 919 0.78444 22598 53587 90446 244
    0.670 0.62098 59870 36559 68035 744 0.78382 16658 80849 28530 294
    0.671 0.62176 94980 78835 94799 654 0.78320 02880 86510 10376 414
    0.672 0.62255 23873 51665 95092 281 0.78257 81270 91948 10240 374
    0.673 0.62333 46540 72160 48154 700 0.78195 51835 19324 22393 698
    0.674 0.62411 62974 58052 a8456 349 0.78133 14579 91581 98907 578
    0.675 0.62489 73167 27699 a3921 682 0.78070 69511 32446 a7358 526
    0.676 0.62567 77111 00082 14094 496 0.78008 16635 66425 68455 a30
    0.677 0.62645 74797 94805 48239 849 0.77945 55959 18805 93590 a77
    0.678 0.62723 66220 32101 23383 477 0.77882 a7488 15655 22308 414
    0.679 0.62801 51370 32827 22288 658 0.77820 11228 a3820 59699 786
    0.680 0.62879 30240 18468 51370 418 0.77757 27187 50927 93718 239
    0.681 0.62957 02822 11138 la547 018 0.77694 35370 45381 32416 339
    0.682 0.63034 69108 33578 11028 644 0.77631 35783 96362 41105 566
    0.683 0.63112 29091 09159 73043 207 0.77568 28434 33829 79438 156
    0.684 0.63189 a2762 61884 a3499 197 0.77505 13327 88518 38411 247
    0.685 0.63267 30115 16386 33585 498 0.77441 90470 91938 77293 390
    0.686 0.63344 71140 97929 04308 084 0.77378 59869 76376 60473 500
    0.687 0.63422 05832 32410 43963 542 0.77315 21530 74891 94232 293
    0.688 0.63499 34181 46361 45549 306 0.77251 75460 21318 63436 286
    0.689 0.63576 56180 66947 24110 566 0.77188 21664 50263 68154 418
    0.690 0.63653 71822 21967 94023 743 0.77124 60149 97106 60197 354
    0.691 0.63730 al098 39859 46216 467 0.77060 90922 97998 79579 541
    0.692 0.63807 84001 49694 25323 984 0.76997 13989 89862 90904 069
    0.693 0.63884 80523 81182 06781 a99 0.76933 29357 10392 19670 418
    0.694 0.63961 70657 64670 73855 200 0.76869 37030 98049 @SO5 132
    0.695 0.64038 54395 31146 94603 464 0.76805 37017 92068 53315 502
    0.696 0.64115 31729 12236 98782 Ii5 0.76741 29324 32449 39366 321
    0.697 0.64192 02651 40207 54600 136 0.76677 13956 59961 77279 757
    0.698 0.64268 67154 47966 i5a92 698 0.76612 90921 16142 38958 434
    0.699 0.64345 25230 69063 48031 063 0.76548 60224 43294 73431 759
    0.700 0.64421 76872 37691 05367 261 0.76484 21872 84488 42625 586

    [ c-y1 [c-y 1
    156 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin 5 cos x
    0.700 0.64421 76872 37691 05367 261 0.76484 21872 84488 42625 586
    0.701 0.64498 22071 88685 07414 902 0.76419 75872 83558 57055 252
    0.702 0.64574 60821 57525 65445 583 Oi76355 22230 85105 i1442 075
    0.703 0.64650 93113 80337 88940 870 0.76290 60953 34492 20253 368
    0.704 0.64727 18940 93892 61979 783 0.76225 92046 77847 53166 023
    0.705 0.64803 38295 35607 19561 705 0.76161 15517 62061 70453 752
    0.706 0.64879 51169 43546 23864 641 0.76096 31372 34787 58298 030
    0.707 0.64955 57555 56422 40438 747 0.76031 39617 44439 64022 815
    0.708 0.65031 57446 13597 14335 062 0.75966 40259 40193 31253 107
    0.709 0.65107 50833 55081 46169 354 0.75901 33304 71984 34997 406
    0.710 0.65183 37710 21536 68121 013 0.75836 18759 90508 16654 146
    0.711 0.65259 18068 54275 19866 915 0.75770 96631 47219 18942 159
    0.712 0.65334 91900 95261 24450 173 0.75705 66925 94330 20755 235
    0.713 0.65410 59199 87111 64083 709 0.75640 29649 84811 71940 852
    0.714 0.65486 19957 73096 55888 565 0.75574 84809 72391 28003 128
    0.715 0.65561 74166 97140 27566 883 0.75509 32412 11552 84730 074
    0.716 0.65637 21820 03821 93009 463 0.75443 72463 57536 12745 203
    0.717 0.65712 62909 38376 27837 851 0.75378 04970 66335 91983 563
    0.718 0.65787 97427 46694 44880 853 0.75312 29939 94701 46092 263
    0.719 0.65863 25366 75324 69585 417 0.75246 47378 00135 76755 558
    0.720 0.65938 46719 71473 15361 800 0.75180 57291 40894 97944 549
    0.721 0.66013 61478 83004 58862 952 0.75114 59686 75987 70091 576
    0.722 0.66088 69636 58443 15198 027 0.75048 54570 65174 34189 363
    0.723 0.66163 71185 46973 13079 967 0.74982 41949 68966 45814 983
    0.724 0.66238 66117 98439 69907 065 0.74916 21830 48626 09078 707
    0.725 0.66313 54426 63349 66778 441 0.74849 94219 66165 10497 806
    0.726 0.66388 36103 92872 23443 354 0.74783 59123 84344 52795 369
    0.727 0.66463 11142 38839 73184 280 0.74717 16549 66673 88624 209
    0.728 0.66537 79534 53748 37633 666 0.74650 66503 77410 54215 910
    0.729 0.66612 41272 90759 01524 309 0.74584 08992 81559 02955 103
    0.730 0.66686 96350 03697 87373 259 0.74517 44023 44870 38879 013
    0.731 0.66761 44758 47057 30099 195 0.74450 71602 33841 50102 364
    0.732 0.66835 86490 75996 51573 181 0.74383 91736 15714 42167 693
    0.733 0.66910 21539 46342 35102 739 0.74317 04431 58475 71321 153
    0.734 0.66984 49897 14589 99849 159 0.74250 09695 30855 77713 862
    0.735 0.67058 71556 37903 75177 973 0.74183 07534 02328 18528 866
    0.736 0.67132 86509 74117 74942 523 0.74115 97954 43109 01033 791
    0.737 0.67206 94749 81736 71700 537 0.74048 80963 24156 15559 237
    0.738 0.67280 96269 19936 70863 650 0.73981 56567 17168 68402 998
    0.739 0.67354 91060 48565 84779 796 0.73914 24772 94586 14660 158
    0.740 0.67428 79116 28145 06748 388 0.73846 85587 29587 90979 142
    0.741 0.67502 60429 19868 84968 216 0.73779 39016 96092 48243 787
    0.742 0.67576 34991 85605 96417 996 0.73711 85068 68756 84181 492
    0.743 0.67650 02796 87900 20669 485 0.73644 23749 22975 75897 532
    0.744 0.67723 63836 89971 13633 096 0.73576 55065 34881 12335 582
    0.745 0.67797 18104 55714 81235 936 0.73508 79023 81341 26664 537
    0.746 0.67870 65592 49704 53032 193 0.73440 95631 39960 28591 681
    0.747 0.67944 06293 37191 55745 803 0.73373 04894 89077 36602 285
    0.748 0.68017 40199 84105 86745 313 0.73305 06821 07766 10125 695
    0.749 0.68090 67304 57056 87450 880 0.73237 01416 75833 81627 975
    0.750 0.68163 87600 23334 16673 324 0.73168 88688 73820 88631 184
    [(-;GJ
    1 [(-;)I1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 157
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN .4RGUMENTS Table 4.6

    X sin x cos x
    0.750 0.68163 87600 23334 16673 324 0.73168 88688 73820 88631 184
    0.751 0.68237 01079 50908 23885 163 0.73100 68643 83000 05659 342
    0.752 0.68310 07735 08431 22423 554 0.73032 41288 85375 76111 160
    0.753 0.68383 07559 65237 62625 080 0.72964 06630 63683 44059 608
    0.754 0.68456 00545 91345 04892 285 0.72895 64676 01388 85978 367
    0.755 0.68528 86686 57454 92691 917 0.72827 15431 82687 42395 268
    0.756 0.68601 65974 34953 25484 772 0.72758 58904 92503 49472 750
    0.757 0.68674 38401 95911 31587 089 0.72689 95102 16489 70515 436
    0.758 0.68747 03962 13086 40963 419 0.72621 24030 41026 27404 8k7
    0.759 0.68819 62647 59922 57950 885 0.72552 45696 53220 31961 494
    0.760 0.68892 14451 10551 33914 776 0.72483 60107 40905 17233 969
    0.761 0.68964 59365 39792 39835 383 0.72414 67269 92639 68715 814
    0.762 0.69036 97383 23154 38826 030 0.72345 67190 97707 55489 548
    0.763 0.69109 28497 36835 58582 200 0.72276 59877 46116 61298 318
    0.764 0.69181 52700 57724 63761 700 0.72207 45336 28598 15545 123
    0.765 0.69253 69985 63401 28295 794 0.72138 23574 36606 24219 693
    0.766 0.69325 80345 32137 07631 223 0.72068 94598 62317 00753 084
    0.767 0.69397 83772 42896 10903 039 0.71999 58415 98627 96800 072
    0.768 0.69469 80259 75335 73038 195 0.71930 15033 39157 32949 410
    0.769 0.69541 69800 09807 26789 802 0.71860 64457 78243 29362 010
    0.770 0.69613 52386 27356 74701 988 0.71791 06696 10943 36337 129
    0.771 0.69685 28011 09725 61005 296 0.71721 41755 33033 64806 626
    0.772 0.69756 96667 39351 43442 524 0.71651 69642 41008 lb757 355
    0.773 0.69828 58347 99368 65024 972 0.71581 90364 32078 15581 770
    0.774 0.69900 13045 73609 25718 983 0.71512 03928 04171 36356 807
    0.775 0.69971 60753 46603 54062 747 0.71442 10340 55931 36051 117
    0.776 0.70043 01464 03580 78713 256 0.71372 09608 86716 83660 709
    0.777 0.70114 35170 30469 99923 379 0.71302 01739 96600 90273 093
    0.778 0.70185 61865 13900 60948 949 0.71231 86740 86370 39059 972
    0.779 0.70256 81541 41203 19385 818 0.71161 64618 57525 15198 564
    0.780 0.70327 94192 00410 18436 790 0.71091 35380 12277 35721 626
    0.781 0.70398 99809 80256 58108 374 0.71020 99032 53550 79296 239
    0.782 0.70469 98387 70180 66337 280 0.70950 55582 84980 15931 435
    0.783 0.70540 89918 60324 70046 581 0.70880 05038 10910 36614 737
    0.784 0.70611 74395 41535 66131 480 0.70809 47405 36395 82877 671
    0.785 0.70682 51811 05365 92374 614 0.70738 82691 67199 76290 330
    0.786 0.70753 22158 44073 98290 801 0.70668 10904 09793 47885 059
    0.787 0.70823 85430 50625 15901 193 0.70597 32049 71355 67509 330
    0.788 0.70894 41620 18692 30436 730 0.70526 46135 59771 73107 880
    0.789 0.70964 90720 42656 50970 857 0.70455 53168 83632 99934 173
    0.790 0.71035 32724 17607 80981 403 0.70384 53156 52236 09691 278
    0.791 0.71105 67624 39345 88841 574 0.70313 46105 75582 19602 208
    0.792 0.71175 95414 04380 78239 979 0.70242 32023 64376 31409 812
    0.793 0.71246 16086 09933 58529 620 0.70171 10917 30026 60306 275
    0.794 0.71316 29633 53937 15005 776 0.70099 82793 84643 63792 314
    0.795 0.71386 36049 35036 79112 713 0.70028 47660 41039 70466 123
    0.796 0.71456 35326 52590 98579 148 0.69957 05524 12728 08742 151
    0.797 0.71526 27458 06672 07482 391 0.69885 56392 13922 35499 779
    0.798 0.71596 12436 98066 96241 109 0.69814 00271 59535 64661 971
    0.799 0.71665 90256 28277 81536 630 0.69742 37169 65179 95703 964
    0.800 0.71735 60908 99522 76162 718 0.69670 67093 47165 42092 075

    [c-y1 [ C-f,9
    1
    158 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin x co5 x
    0.800 0.71735 60908 99522 76162 718 0.69670 67093 47165 42092 075
    0.801 0.71805 24388 14736 58803 753 0.69598 90050 22499 59652 695
    0.802 0.71874 80686 77571 43741 255 0.69527 06047 08886 74871 538
    0.803 0.71944 29797 92397 50488 651 0.69455 15091 24727 13123 218
    0.804 0.72013 71714 64303 73354 263 0.69383 17189 89116 26831 236

    0.805 0.72083 06429 99098 50932 396 0.69311 12350 21844 23558 425
    0.806 0.72152 33937 03310 35522 503 0.69239 00579 43394 94027 956
    0.807 0.72221 54228 84188 62476 322 0.69166 81884 74945 40074 951
    0.808 0.72290 67298 49704 19472 935 0.69094 56273 38365 02528 784
    0.809 0.72359 73139 08550 15721 677 0.69022 23752 56214 89026 151

    0.810 0.72428 71743 70142 51092 818 0.68949 84329 51747 01754 964
    0.811 Oi72497 63105 44620 85175 959 0.68877 38011 48903 65129 158
    0.812 0.72566 47217 42849 06266 069 0.68804 84805 72316 53394 472
    0.813 0.72635 24072 76416 00277 085 0.68732 24719 47306 18165 280
    0.814 0.72703 93664 57636 19583 027 0.68659 57759 99881 15892 545

    0.815 0.72772 55985 99550 51786 534 0.68586 83934 56737 35262 969
    0.816 Oi72841 11030 15926 884L4 775 0.68514 03250 45257 24529 414
    0.817 0.72909 58790 21260 93542 651 0.68441 15714 93509 18772 652
    0.818 Oi72977 99259 30776 72343 223 0.68368 21335 30246 67094 544
    0.819 0.73046 32430 60427 39565 302 0.68295 20118 84907 59742 692

    0.820 0.73114 58297 26895 87938 131 0.68222 12072 87613 55166 656
    0.821 0.73182 76852 47595 56503 084 0.68148 97204 69169 07005 802
    0.822 0.73250 88089 40670 98872 320 0.68075 75521 61060 91008 857
    0.823 0.73318 92001 24998 51414 329 0.68002 47030 95457 31885 232
    0.824 0.73386 88581 20187 01366 283 0.67929 11740 05207 30088 213

    0.825 0.73454 77822 46578 54873 150 0.67855 69656 23839 88530 058
    0.826 0.73522 59718 25249 04953 477 0.67782 20786 85563 39229 106
    0.827 0.73590 34261 78008 99391 793 0.67708 65139 25264 69888 949
    0.828 0.73658 01446 27404 08557 557 0.67635 02720 78508 50409 750
    0.829 0.73725 61264 96715 93150 579 0.67561 33538 81536 59331 781

    0.830 0.73793 13711 09962 71872 858 0.67487 57600 71267 10211 246
    0.831 0.73860 58777 91899 89026 752 0.67413 74913 85293 77928 481
    0.832 0.73927 96458 68020 82039 434 0.67339 85485 61885 24928 580
    0.833 0.73995 26746 64557 48913 544 0.67265 89323 39984 27394 537
    0.834 0.74062 49635 08481 15603 989 0.67191 86434 59207 01352 983

    0.835 0.74129 65117 27503 03320 808 0.67117 76826 59842 28712 570
    0.836 0.74196 73186 50074 95758 049 0.67043 60506 82850 83235 098
    0.837 0.74263 73836 05390 06248 576 0.66969 37482 69864 56439 445
    0.838 0.74330 67059 23383 44844 755 0.66895 07761 63185 83438 385
    0.839 0.74397 52849 34732 85324 932 0.66820 71351 05786 68708 357

    0.840 0.74464 31199 70859 32125 657 0.66746 28258 41308 11792 267
    0.841 0.74531 02103 63927 87199 577 0.66671 78491 14059 32935 396
    0.842 0.74597 65554 46848 16798 923 0.66597 22056 69016 98654 482
    0.843 0.74664 21545 53275 18184 539 0.66522 58962 51824 47240 065
    0.844 0.74730 70070 17609 86260 385 0.66447 89216 08791 14192 152

    0.845 0.74797 11121 74999 80133 429 0.66373 12824 86891 57589 286
    0.846 0.74863 44693 61339 89598 886 0.66298 29796 33764 83391 100
    0.847 0.74929 70779 13273 01550 724 0.66223 40137 97713 70674 409
    0.848 0.74995 89371 68190 66317 368 0.66148 43857 27703 96802 946
    0.849 0.75062 00464 64233 63922 547 0.66073 40961 73363 62530 783

    [c-w1
    0.850 0.75128 04051 40292 70271 207 0.65998 31458 84982 17039 542

    [ 71
    i-8)9
    7
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 159
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    X sin z cos x
    0.850 0.75128 04051 40292 70271 207 0.65998 31458 84982 17039 542
    0.851 0.75194 00125 36009 23260 432 0.65923 15356 13509 82909 449
    0.852 0.75259 88679 91775 88815 295 0.65847 92661 10556 81024 321
    0.853 0.75325 69708 48737 26849 594 0.65772 63381 28392 55410 547
    0.854 0.75391 43204 48790 57151 380 0.65697 27524 19944 98010 152
    0.855 0.75457 09161 34586 25193 237 0.65621 85097 38799 73388 013
    0.856 0.75522 67572 49528 67867 227 0.65546 36108 39199 43373 300
    0.857 0.75588 18431 37776 79144 450 0.65470 80564 76042 91635 218
    0.858 0.75653 61731 44244 75659 143 0.65395 18474 04884 48193 134
    0.859 0.75718 97466 14602 62217 260 0.65319 49843 81933 13861 148
    0.860 0.75784 25628 95276 97229 459 0.65243 74681 64051 84627 203
    0.861 0.75849 46213 33451 58068 441 0.65167 92995 08756 75966 794
    0.862 0.75914 59212 77068 06350 566 0.65092 04791 74216 47091 357
    0.863 0.75979 64620 74826 53141 684 0.65016 10079 19251 25131 418
    0.864 0.76044 62430 76186 24087 122 0.64940 08865 03332 29254 574
    0.865 0.76109 52636 31366 24465 750 0.64864 01156 86580 94718 373
    0.866 0.76174 35230 91346 04168 673 0.64787 86962 29767 96858 196
    0.867 0.76239 10208 07866 22598 272 0.64711 66288 94312 75010 176
    0.868 0.76303 77561 33429 13500 144 0.64635 39144 42282 56369 276
    0.869 0.76368 37284 21299 49706 858 0.64559 05536 36391 79782 561
    0.870 0.76432 89370 25505 07814 480 0.64482 65472 40001 19477 766
    0.871 0.76497 33813 00837 32779 191 0.64406 18960 17117 08727 234
    0.872 0.76561 70606 02852 02438 134 0.64329 66007 32390 63447 280
    0.873 0.76625 99742 87869 91953 834 0.64253 06621 51117 05733 091
    0.874 0.76690 21217 12977 38182 114 0.64176 40810 39234 87329 202
    0.875 0.76754 35022 36027 03963 458 0.64099 68581 63325 13035 656
    0.876 0.76818 41152 15638 42337 736 0.64022 89942 90610 64049 903
    0.877 0.76882 39600 11198 60682 252 0.63946 04901 88955 21244 528
    0.878 0.76946 30359 82862 84773 027 0.63869 13466 26862 88380 872
    0.879 0.77010 13424 91555 22769 271 0.63792 15643 73477 15258 639
    0.880 0.77073 88788 98969 29120 965 0.63715 11441 98580 20801 550
    0.881 0.77137 56445 67568 68399 506 0.63638 00868 72592 16079 131
    0.882 0.77201 16388 60587 79051 337 0.63560 83931 66570 27264 710
    0.883 0.77264 68611 42032 37074 497 0.63483 60638 52208 18529 695
    0.884 0.77328 13107 76680 19618 049 0.63406 30997 01835 14874 218
    0.885 0.77391 49871 30081 68504 290 0.63328 95014 88415 24894 213
    0.886 0.77454 78895 68560 53673 706 0.63251 52699 85546 63485 020
    0.887 0.77518 00174 59214 36552 600 0.63174 04059 67460 74481 571
    0.888 0.77581 13701 69915 33343 321 0.63096 49102 09021 53235 256
    0.889 0.77644 19470 69310 78237 045 0.63018 87834 85724 69127 530
    0.890 0.77707 17475 26823 86549 033 0.62941 20265 73696 88020 355
    0.891 0.77770 07709 12654 17776 316 0.62863 46402 49694 94643 540
    0.892 0.77832 90165 97778 38577 722 0.62785 66252 91105 14919 057
    0.893 0.77895 64839 53950 85676 211 0.62707 79824 75942 38222 428
    0.894 0.77958 31723 53704 28683 432 0.62629 87125 82849 39581 242
    0.895 0.78020 90811 70350 32846 443 0.62551 88163 91096 01810 880
    0.896 0.78083 42097 77980 21716 548 0.62473 82946 80578 37587 545
    0.897 0.78145 85575 51465 39740 163 0.62395 71482 31818 11458 656
    0.898 0.78208 21238 66458 14771 667 0.62317 53778 25961 61790 683
    0.899 0.78270 49080 99392 20508 171 0.62239 29842 44779 22654 524
    0.900 0.78332 69096 27483 38846 138 0.62160 99682 70664 45648 472
    [c-p1
    1 [ (-f)S
    1
    160 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin x cos x

    0.900 0.78332 69096 27483 38846 138 0.62160 99682 70664 45648 472
    0.901 0.78394 81278 28730 22159 796 0.62082 63306 86633 21658 870
    0.902 0.78456 85620 81914 55501 279 0.62004 20722 76323 02558 530
    0.903 0.78518 82117 66602 18722 439 0.61925 71938 23992 22842 983
    0.904 0.78580 70762 63143 48518 260 Oib1847 16961 14519 21204 658
    0.905 0.78642 51549 52674 00391 817 0.61768 55799 33401 62045 040
    0.906 0.78704 24472 17115 10540 713 0.61689 88460 66755 56924 921
    0.907 0.78765 89524 39174 57664 940 0.61611 14953 01314 85952 792
    0.908 0.78827 46700 02347 24696 094 0.61532 35284 24430 19111 466
    0.909 0.78888 95992 90915 60447 888 0.61453 49462 24068 37523 020
    0.910 0.78950 37396 89950 41187 896 0.61374 57494 88811 54652 118
    0.911 0.79011 70905 85311 32130 474 0.61295 59390 07856 37447 803
    0.912 0.79072 96513 63647 48850 789 0.61216 55155 71013 27423 839
    0.913 0.79134 14214 12398 18619 897 0.61137 44799 68705 61677 674
    0.914 0.79195 24001 19793 41660 812 0.61058 28329 91968 93848 110
    0.915 0.79256 25868 74854 52325 499 0.60979 05754 32450 15011 758
    0.916 0.79317 19810 67394 80192 738 0.60899 77080 82406 74518 350
    0.917 0.79378 05820 88020 11086 785 0.60820 42317 34706 00764 999
    0.918 0.79438 83893 28129 48016 785 0.60741 01471 82824 21909 476
    0,919 0.79499 54021 79915 72036 860 0.60661 54552 20845 86522 589
    0.920 0.79560 16200 36366 03026 828 0.60582 01566 43462 84179 741
    0.921 0.79620 70422 91262 60393 471 0.60502 42522 45973 65991 745
    0.922 0.79681 16683 39183 23692 319 0.60422 77428 24282 65074 984
    0.923 0.79741 54975 75501 93169 858 0.60343 06291 74899 16960 980
    0.924 0.79801 85293 96389 50226 129 0.60263 29120 94936 79945 468
    0.925 0.79862 07631 98814 17797 639 0.60183 45923 82112 55377 043
    0.926 0.79922 21983 80542 20660 537 0.60103 56708 34746 07885 466
    0.927 0.79982 28343 40138 45653 978 0.60023 61482 51758 85549 703
    0.928 0.80042 26704 76967 01823 638 0.59943 60254 32673 40005 791
    0.929 0.80102 17061 91191 80485 294 0.59863 53031 77612 46494 584
    0.930 0.80161 99408 83777 15208 432 0.59783 39822 87298 23849 491
    0.931 0.80221 73739 56488 41719 806 0.59703 20635 63051 54424 260
    0.932 0.80281 40048 11892 57726 899 0.59622 95478 06791 03960 905
    0.933 0.80340 98328 53358 82661 218 0.59542 64358 21032 41397 846
    0.934 0.80400 48574 85059 17341 371 0.59462 27284 08887 58618 345
    0.935 0.80459 90781 11969 03555 863 0.59381 84263 74063 90139 324
    0.936 0.80519 24941 39867 83565 545 0.59301 35305 20863 32740 634
    0.937 0.80578 51049 75339 59525 671 0.59220 80416 54181 65034 867
    0.938 0.80637 69100 25773 52827 488 0.59140 19605 79507 66977 785
    0.939 0.80696 79086 99364 63359 313 0.59059 52881 02922 39319 443
    0.940 0.80755 81004 05114 28687 022 0.58978 80250 31098 22996 099
    0.941 0.80814 74845 52830 83153 915 0.58898 01721 71298 18462 976
    0.942 0.80873 60605 53130 16899 872 0.58817 17303 31375 04967 973
    0.943 0.80932 38278 17436 34799 758 0.58736 27003 19770 59766 388
    0.944 0.80991 07857 57982 15321 017 0.58655 30829 45514 77276 748
    0.945 0.81049 69337 87809 69300 383 0.58574 28790 18224 88177 827
    0.946 0.81108 22713 20770 98639 669 0.58493 20893 48104 78446 913
    0.947 0.81166 67977 71528 54920 560 0.58412 07147 45944 08339 436
    0.948 0.81225 05125 55555 97938 351 0.58330 87560 23117 31310 012
    0.949 0.81283 34150 89138 54154 591 0.58249 62139 91583 12874 994
    0.950 0.81341 55047 89?73 75068 542 0.58168 30894 63883 49416 618

    1 1
    c-y
    [ !-;I81
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 161
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    X sin x cos x
    0:950 0.81341 55047 89373 75068 542 0.58168 30894 63883 49416 618
    0.951 0.81399 67810 74171 95507 433 0.58086 93832 53142 86928 810
    0.952 0.81457 72433 62256 91835 411 0.58005 50961 73067 39704 748
    0.953 0.81515 68910 73166 40081 165 0.57924 02290 37944 08966 251
    0.954 0.81573 57236 27252 73984 145 Oi57842 47826 62640 01435 096
    0.955 0.81631 37404 45683 42959 322 0.57760 87578 62601 47846 300
    0.956 0.81689 09409 50441 69980 433 0.57679 21554 53853 21403 511
    0.957 0.81746 73245 64327 09381 654 0.57597 49762 52997 56176 536
    0.958 0.81804 28907 10956 04577 644 0.57515 72210 77213 65441 113
    0.959 0.81861 76388 14762 45701 891 0.57433 88907 44256 59961 007
    0.960 0.81919 15683 00998 27163 322 0.57351 99860 72456 66212 505
    0.961 0.81976 46785 95734 05121 101 0.57270 05078 80718 44551 395
    0.962 0.82033 69691 25859 54877 569 0.57188 04569 88520 07322 513
    0.963 0.82090 84393 19084 28189 263 0.57105 98342 15912 36911 940
    0.964 0.82147 90886 03938 10495 962 0.57023 86403 83518 03741 923
    0.965 0.82204 89164 09771 78067 694 0.56941 68763 12530 84208 614
    0.966 0.82261 79221 66757 55069 656 0.56859 45428 24714 78562 699
    0.967 0.82318 61053 05889 70544 986 0.56777 16407 42403 28733 004
    0.968 0.82375 34652 58985 15315 328 0.56694 81708 88498 36093 162
    0.969 0.82432 00014 58683 98799 136 0.56612 41340 86469 79171 417
    0.970 0.82488 57133 38450 05747 662 0.56529 95311 60354 31303 653
    0.971 0.82545 06003 32571 52898 564 0.56447 43629 34754 78229 727
    0.972 0.82601 46618 76161 45547 087 0.56364 86302 34839 35633 190
    0.973 0.82657 78974 05158 34034 750 0.56282 23338 86340 66624 480
    0.974 0.82714 03063 56326 70155 495 0.56199 54747 15554 99167 663
    0.975 0.82770 18881 67257 63479 226 0.56116 80535 49341 43450 813
    0.976 0.82826 26422 76369 37592 699 0.56034 00712 15121 09200 110
    0.977 0.82882 25681 22907 86257 689 0.55951 15285 40876 22937 736
    0.978 0.82938 16651 46947 29486 397 0.55868 24263 55149 45183 654
    0.979 0.82993 99327 89390 69534 022 0.55785 27654 87042 87601 358
    0.980 0.83049 73704 91970 46808 453 0.55702 25467 66217 30087 666
    0.981 0.83105 39776 97248 95697 028 0.55619 17710 22891 37806 645
    0.982 0.83160 97538 48619 00310 290 0.55536 04390 87840 78167 757
    0.983 0.83216 46983 90304 50142 703 0.55452 85517 92397 37748 295
    0.984 0.83271 88107 67360 95650 254 0.55369 61099 68448 39160 207
    0.985 0.83327 20904 25676 03744 902 0.55286 31144 48435 57861 376
    0.986 0.83382 45368 11970 13205 801 0.55202 95660 65354 38911 453
    0.987 0.83437 61493 73796 90007 262 0.55119 54656 52753 13672 322
    0.988 0.83492 69275 59543 82563 379 0.55036 08140 44732 16453 272
    0.989 0.83547 68708 18432 76889 279 0.54952 56120 75943 01100 969
    0.990 0.83602 59786 00520 51678 926 0.54868 98605 81587 57534 313
    0.991 0.83657 42503 56699 33299 444 0.54785 35603 97417 28224 252
    0.992 0.83712 16855 38697 50701 883 0.54701 67123 59732 24618 647
    0.993 0.83766 82835 99079 90248 385 0.54617 93173 05380 43512 268
    0.994 0.83821 40439 91248 50455 694 0.54534 13760 71756 83362 006
    0.995 0.83875 89661 69442 96654 953 0.54450 28894 96802 60547 375
    0.996 0.83930 30495 88741 15567 733 0.54366 38584 19004 25576 412
    0.997 0.83984 62937 05059 69798 245 0.54282 42836 77392 79237 026
    0.998 0.84038 86979 75154 52241 668 0.54198 41661 11542 88693 907
    0.999 0.84093 02618 56621 40408 555 0.54114 35065 61572 03531 067
    1.000 0.84147 09848 07896 50665 250 0.54030 23058 68139 71740 094

    IIC-f)1
    1 [c-p7 1
    162 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin x cos x
    1.000 0.84147 09848 07896 50665 250 0.54030 23058 68139 71740 094
    1. 001 0.84201 08662 88256 92390 268 0.53946 05648 72446 55654 214
    1.002 0.84254 99057 57821 22046 578 0.53861 82844 16233 47828 237
    1.003 0.84308 81026 77549 97169 747 0.53777 54653 41780 86864 465
    1.004 0.84362 54565 09246 30271 873 0.53693 21084 91907 73184 669
    1.005 0.84416 19667 15556 42661 273 0.53608 82147 09970 84748 188
    1.006 0.84469 76327 59970 18177 851 0.53524 37848 39863 92716 262
    1.007 0.84523 24541 06821 56844 116 0.53439 88197 26016 77062 668
    1.008 0.84576 64302 21289 28431 774 0.53355 33202 13394 42130 747
    1.009 0.84629 95605 69397 25943 853 0.53270 72871 47496 32136 904
    1.010 0.84683 18446 18015 19012 310 0.53186 07213 74355 46620 673
    1.011 0.84736 32818 34859 07211 051 0.53101 36237 40537 55841 426
    1.012 0.84789 38716 88491 73284 331 0.53016 59950 93140 16121 808
    1.013 0.84842 36136 48323 36290 466 0.52931 78362 79791 85137 984
    1.014 0.84895 25071 84612 04660 810 0.52846 91481 48651 37156 798
    1.015 0.84948 05517 68464 29173 940 0.52761 99315 48406 78219 896
    1.016 0.85000 77468 71835 55845 003 0.52677 01873 28274 61274 932
    1.017 0.85053 40919 67530 78730 164 0.52591 99163 37999 01253 921
    1.018 0.85105 95865 29204 92646 111 0.52506 91194 27850 90098 832
    1.019 0.85158 42300 31363 45804 549 0.52421 77974 48627 11734 503
    1.020 0.85210 80219 49362 92361 655 0.52336 59512 51649 56988 961
    1.021 0.85263 09617 59411 44882 415 0.52251 35816 88764 38461 245
    1.022 0.85315 30489 38569 26719 808 0.52166 06896 12341 05336 792
    1.023 0.85367 42829 64749 24308 778 0.52080 72758 75271 58150 502
    1.024 0.85419 46633 16717 39374 945 0.51995 33413 30969 63497 542
    1.025 0.85471 41894 74093 41057 997 0.51909 88868 33369 68691 985
    1.026 0.85523 28609 17351 17949 715 0.51824 39132 36926 16373 373
    1.027 0.85575 06771 27819 30046 586 0.51738 84213 96612 59061 276
    1.028 0.85626 76375 87681 60616 931 0.51653 24121 67920 73657 956
    1.029 0.85678 37417 79977 67982 525 0.51567 58864 06859 75899 186
    1.030 0.85729 89891 88603 37214 627 0.51481 88449 69955 34753 350
    1.031 0.85781 33792 98311 31744 398 0.51396 12887 14248 86768 878
    1.032 0.85832 69115 94711 44887 626 0.51310 32184 97296 50370 116
    1.033 0.85883 95855 64271 51283 734 0.51224 46351 77168 40101 715
    1.034 0.85935 14006 94317 58248 998 0.51138 55396 12447 80821 625
    1.035 0.85986 23564 73034 57043 938 0.51052 59326 62230 21842 776
    1.036 0.86037 24523 89466 7.4054 819 0.50966 58151 86122 51023 535
    1.037 0.86088 16879 33518 21889 224 0.50880 51880 44242 08807 028
    1.038 0.86139 00625 95953 50385 634 0.50794 40520 97216 02209 404
    1.039 0.86189 75758 68397 97536 975 0.50708 24082 06180 18757 138
    1.040 0.86240 42272 43338 40328 079 0.50622 02572 32778 40373 447
    1.041 0.86291 00162 14123 45486 997 0.50535 76000 39161 57213 919
    1.042 0.86341 49422 74964 20150 131 0.50449 44374 87986 81451 427
    1.043 0.86391 90049 20934 62441 124 0.50363 07704 42416 61010 426
    1.044 0.86442 22036 47972 11963 456 0.50276 65997 66117 93250 711
    1.045 0.86492 45379 52878 00206 699 0.50190 19263 23261 38600 728
    1.046 0.86542 60073 33318 00866 385 0.50103 67509 78520 34140 520
    1.047 0.86592 66112 87822 80077 424 0.50017 10745 97070 07134 396
    1.048 0.86642 63493 15788 46561 037 0.49930 48980 44586 88513 415
    1.049 0.86692 52209 17477 01685 140 0.49843 82221 87247 26307 756
    1.050 0.86742 32255 94016 89438 141 0.49757 10478 91726 99029 085

    [(-;)I1 c-8)7
    II 1
    7
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 163
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    5 sin z cos x

    1.050 0.86742 32255 94016 89438 141 0.49757 10478 91726 99029 085
    1.051 0.86792 03628 47403 46316 092 0.49670 33760 25200 29002 975
    1.052 0.86841 66321 80499 51123 146 0.49583 52074 55338 95651 499
    1.053 0.86891 20330 97035 74685 276 0.49496 65430 50311 48726 051
    1.054 0.86940 65651 01611 29477 198 0.49409 73836 78782 21490 510
    1.055 0.86990 02276 99694 19162 460 0.49322 77302 09910 43854 806
    1.056 0.87039 30203 97621 88046 624 0.49235 75835 13349 55459 008
    1.057 0.87088 49427 02601 70443 529 0.49148 69444 59246 18707 979
    1.058 0.87137 59941 22711 39954 543 0.49061 58139 18239 31756 732
    1.059 0.87186 61741 66899 58660 794 0.48974 41927 61459 41446 534
    1.060 0.87235 54823 44986 26228 295 0.48887 20818 60527 56191 864
    1.061 0.87284 39181 67663 28925 947 0.48799 94820 87554 58818 317
    1.062 0.87333 14811 46494 88556 345 0.48712 63943 15140 19351 528
    1.063 0.87381 81707 93918 11299 356 0.48625 28194 16372 07757 202
    1.064 0.87430 39866 23243 36468 402 0.48537 87582 64825 06632 362
    1.065 0.87478 89281 48654 85179 424 0.48450 42117 34560 23847 867
    1.066 0.87527 29948 85211 08932 453 0.48362 91807 00124 05142 311
    1.067 0.87575 61863 48845 38105 753 0.48275 36660 36547 46667 387
    1.068 0.87623 85020 56366 30362 492 0.48187 76686 19345 07484 800
    1.069 0.87671 99415 25458 18969 874 0.48100 11893 24514 22014 811
    1.070 0.87720 05042 74681 61030 706 0.48012 42290 28534 12436 509
    1.071 0.87768 01898 23471 85627 336 0.47924 67886 08365 01039 904
    1.072 0.87815 89976 92149 41877 919 0.47836 88689 41447 22529 904
    1.073 0.87863 69274 01900 46904 963 0.47749 04709 05700 36282 289
    1.074 0.87911 39784 74797 33716 111 0.47661 15953 79522 38551 762
    1.075 0.87959 01504 33788 98997 101 0.47573 22432 41788 74632 160
    1.076 0.88006 54428 02703 50816 869 0.47485 24153 71851 50968 911
    1.077 0.88053 98551 06248 56244 731 0.47397 21126 49538 47223 840
    1.078 0.88101 33868 70011 88879 619 0.47309 13359 55152 28292 396
    1.079 0.88148 60376 20461 76291 297 0.47221 00861 69469 56273 392
    1.080 0.88195 78068 84947 47373 533 0.47132 83641 73740 02391 353
    1.081 0.88242 86941 91699 79609 169 0.47044 61708 49685 58871 547
    1.082 0.88289 86990 69831 46247 031 0.46956 35070 79499 50767 810
    1.083 0.88336 78210 49337 63390 660 0.46868 03737 45845 47743 217
    1.084 0.88383 60596 61096 36998 790 0.46779 67717 31856 75803 727
    1.085 0.88430 34144 36869 09797 534 0.46691 27019 21135 28984 862
    1.086 Oi88476 98849 09301 08104 243 0.46602 81651 97750 80991 522
    1.087 0.88523 54706 11921 88562 972 0.46514 31624 46239 96791 014
    1.088 0.88570 01710 79145 84791 522 0.46425 76945 51605 44159 401
    1.089 0.88616 39858 46272 53940 000 0.46337 17623 99315 05181 235
    1.090 0.88662 69144 49487 23160 860 0.46248 53668 75300 87702 790
    1.091 0.88708 89564 25861 35990 371 0.46159 85088 65958 36738 852
    1.092 0.88755 01113 13352 98641 470 0.46071 11892 58145 45833 190
    1.093 0.88801 03786 50807 26207 951 0145982 34089 39181 68372 764
    1.094 0.88846 97579 77956 88779 948 0.45893 51687 96847 28855 783
    1.095 0.88892 82488 35422 57470 660 0.45804 64697 19382 34113 686
    1.096 0.88938 58507 64713 50354 274 0.45715 73125 95485 84487 142
    1.097 0.88984 25633 08227 78315 047 0.45626 76983 14314 84956 158
    1.098 0.89029 83860 09252 90807 488 0.45537 76277 65483 56224 382
    1.099 0.89075 33184 11966 21527 609 0.45448 71018 39062 45757 688
    0.89120 73600 61435 33995 180 0.45359 61214 25577 38777 137

    c(-;I1
    1.100

    1 C-78)6
    c 1
    164 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    2 sin x cos x

    1.100 0.89120 73600 61435 33995 180 0.45359 61214 25577 38777 137
    1.101 0.89166 05105 03618 67046 971 0.45270 46874 16008 69206 400
    1.102 0.89211 27692 85365 80240 901 0.45181 28007 01790 30573 730
    1.103 0.89256 41359 54417 99171 080 0.45092 04621 74808 86868 576
    1.104 0.89301 46100 59408 60693 678 0.45002 76727 27402 83352 928
    1.105 0.89346 41911 49863 58063 585 0.44913 44332 52361 57327 478
    1.106 0.89391 28787 76201 85981 812 0.44824 07446 42924 48852 689
    1.107 0.89436 06724 89735 85553 594 0.44734 66077 92780 11424 866
    1.108 0.89480 75718 42671 89157 146 0.44645 20235 96065 22607 305
    1.109 0.89525 35763 88110 65223 027 0.44555 69929 47363 94616 628
    1.110 0.89569 86856 80047 62924 063 0.44466 15167 41706 84864 374
    1.111 0.89614 28992 73373 56775 801 0.44376 55958 74570 06453 951
    1.112 0.89658 62167 23874 91147 427 0.44286 92312 41874 38633 030
    1.113 0.89702 86375 88234 24683 120 0.44197 24237 39984 37201 474
    1.114 0.89747 01614 24030 74633 785 0.44107 51742 65707 44874 890
    1.115 0.89791 07877 89740 61099 138 0.44017 74837 16293 01603 891
    1.116 0.89835 05162 44737 51180 079 0.43927 93529 89431 54849 166
    1.117 0.89878 93463 49293 03041 321 0.43838 07829 83253 69812 438
    1.118 0.89922 72776 64577 09884 230 0.43748 17745 96329 39623 410
    1.119 0.89966 43097 52658 43829 826 0.43658 23287 27666 95482 777
    1.120 0.90010 04421 76504 99711 910 0.43568 24462 76712 16761 399
    1.121 0.90053 56744 99984 38780 263 0.43478 21281 43347 41055 736
    1.122 0.90097 00062 87864 32313 880 0.43388 13752 27890 74199 612
    1.123 0.90140 34371 05813 05144 201 0.43298 01884 31095 00232 420
    1.124 0.90183 59665 20399 79088 276 0.43207 85686 54146 91323 845
    1.125 0.90226 75940 99095 16291 842 0.43117 65167 98666 17655 197
    1.126 0.90269 83194 10271 62482 258 0.43027 40337 66704 57257 452
    1.127 0.90312 81420 23203 90131 256 0.42937 11204 60745 05806 078
    1.128 0.90355 70615 08069 41527 464 0.42846 77777 83700 86372 749
    1.129 0.90398 50774 35948 71758 658 0142756 40066 38914 59134 030
    1.130 0.90441 21893 78825 91603 708 0.42665 98079 30157 31037 122
    1.131 0.90483 83969 09589 10334 160 0.42575 51825 61627 65422 763
    1.132 0.90526 36996 02030 78425 425 0.42485 01314 37950 91605 376
    1.133 0.90568 80970 30848 30177 523 0.42394 46554 64178 14410 540
    1.134 0.90611 15887 71644 26245 348 0.42303 87555 45785 23669 902
    1.135 0.90653 41744 00926 96078 401 0.42213 24325 88672 03673 585
    1.136 0.90695 58534 96110 80269 960 0.42122 56874 99161 42580 219
    1.137 0.90737 66256 35516 72815 632 0.42031 85211 83998 41784 656
    1.138 0.90779 64903 98372 63281 260 0.41941 09345 50349 25243 478
    1.139 0.90821 54473 64813 78880 126 0.41850 29285 05800 48758 379
    1.140 0.90863 34961 15883 26459 422 0.41759 45039 58358 09217 519
    1.141 0.90905 06362 33532 34395 940 0.41668 56618 16446 53794 933
    1.142 0.90946 68673 00620 94400 939 0.41577 64029 88907 89108 094
    1.143 0.90988 21889 00918 03234 153 0.41486 67283 85000 90333 707
    1.144 0.91029 66006 19102 04326 885 0.41395 66389 14400 10281 852
    1.145 0.91071 01020 40761 29314 164 0.41304 61354 87194 88428 529
    1.146 0.91112 26927 52394 39475 912 0.41213 52190 13888 59906 732
    1.147 0.91153 43723 41410 67087 073 0.41122 38904 05397 64456 120
    1.148 0.91194 51403 96130 56676 684 0.41031 21505 73050 55331 381
    1.149 0.91235 49965 05786 06195 821 0.40940 00004 28587 08169 395
    1.150 0.91276 39402 60521 08094 403 0.40848 74408 84157 29815 258
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 165
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    5 sin x cos x

    1.150 0.91276 39402 60521 08094 403 0.40848 74408 84157 29815 258
    1.151 0.91317 19712 51391 90306 792 0.40757 44728 52320 67107 284
    1.152 0.91357 90890 70367 57146 165 0.40666 10972 46045 15621 071
    1.153 Oi91398 52933 10330 30107 602 0.40574 73149 78706 28372 706
    1.154 0.91439 05835 65075 88579 865 0.40483 31269 64086 24481 224
    1.155 0.91479 49594 29314 10465 816 0.40391 85341 16372 97790 397
    1.156 0.91519 84204 98669 12711 431 0.40300 35373 50159 25449 945
    1.157 0.91560 09663 69679 91743 383 0.40208 81375 80441 76456 266
    1.158 0.91600 25966 39800 63815 143 0.40117 23357 22620 20152 779
    1.159 0.91640 33109 07401 05261 556 0.40025 61326 92496 34689 958
    1.160 0.91680 31087 71766 92661 866 0.39933 95294 06273 15445 164
    1.161 0.91720 19898 33100 42911 136 0.39842 25267 80553 83402 355
    1.162 0.91759 99536 92520 53200 023 0.39750 51257 32340 93491 775
    1.163 0.91799 69999 52063 40902 883 0.39658 73271 79035 42889 706
    1.164 0.91839 31282 14682 83374 147 0.39566 91320 38435 79278 377
    1.165 0.91878 83380 84250 57652 941 0.39475 05412 28737 09066 125
    1.166 0.91918 26291 65556 80075 906 0.39383 15556 68530 05567 898
    1.167 0.91957 60010 64310 45798 178 0.39291 21762 76800 17146 187
    1.168 0.91996 84533 87139 68222 492 0.39199 24039 72926 75312 486
    1.169 0.92035 99857 41592 18336 360 0.39107 22396 76682 02789 366
    1.170 0.92075 05977 36135 63957 301 0.39015 16843 08230 21533 266
    1.171 0.92114 02889 80158 08886 071 0.38923 07387 88126 60718 072
    1.172 0.92152 90590 83968 31967 851 0.38830 94040 37316 64679 599
    1.173 0.92191 69076 58796 26061 369 0.38738 76809 77135 00821 054
    1.174 0.92230 38343 16793 36915 902 0.38646 55705 29304 67479 575
    1.175 0.92268 98386 71033 01956 127 0.38554 30736 15936 01753 942
    1.176 0.92307 49203 35513 88974 783 0.38462 01911 59525 87293 547
    1.177 0.92345 90789 25145 34733 097 0.38369 69240 82956 62048 718
    1.178 0.92384 23140 55777 83468 944 0.38277 32733 09495 25982 487
    1.179 0.92422 46253 44173 25312 701 0.38184 92397 62792 48743 902
    1.180 0.92460 60124 08020 34610 754 0.38092 48243 66881 77302 960
    1.181 0.92498 64748 65932 08156 619 0.38000 00280 46178 43547 271
    1.182 0.92536 60123 37446 03329 642 0.37907 48517 25478 71840 534
    1.183 0.92574 46244 43024 76141 242 0.37814 92963 29958 86542 917
    1.184 0.92612 23108 04056 19188 645 0.37722 33627 85174 19493 444
    1.185 0.92649 90710 42853 99516 095 0.37629 70520 17058 17454 471
    1.186 0.92687 49047 82657 96383 480 0.37537 03649 51921 49518 342
    1.187 0.92724 98116 47634 38942 352 0.37444 33025 16451 14476 334
    1.188 0.92762 37912 62876 43819 290 0.37351 58656 37709 48149 962
    1.189 0.92799 68432 54404 52606 588 0.37258 80552 43133 30684 752
    1.190 0.92836 89672 49166 69260 202 0.37165 98722 60532 93806 568
    1.191 0.92874 01628 75038 97404 950 0.37073 13176 18091 28040 589
    1.192 0.92911 04297 60825 77546 899 0.36980 23922 44362 89893 026
    1.193 0.92947 97675 36260 24192 928 0.36887 30970 68273 08995 672
    1.194 0.92984 81758 32004 62877 403 0.36794 34330 19116 95213 382
    1.195 0.93021 56542 79650 67095 956 0.36701 34010 26558 45714 570
    1.196 0.93058 22025 11719 95146 303 0.36608 30020 20629 52004 819
    1.197 0.93094 78201 61664 26876 083 0.36515 22369 31729 06923 698
    1.198 0.93131 25068 63866 00337 679 0.36422 11066 90622 11604 876
    1.199 0.93167 62622 53638 48349 974 0.36328 96122 28438 82399 631
    1.200 0.93203 90859 67226 34967 013 0.36235 77544 76673 57763 837

    [C-f)1
    1 p-y51
    L ’ J
    166 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin x cos x

    1.200 0.93203 90859 67226 34967 013 0.36235 77544 76673 57763 837
    1.201 0.93240 09776 41805 91853 542 0.36142 55343 67184 05108 539
    1.202 0.93276 19369 15485 54567 367 0.36049 29528 32190 27614 189
    1.203 0.93312 19634 27305 98748 519 0.35956 00108 04273 71008 651
    1.204 0.93348 10568 17240 76215 175 0.35862 67092 16376 30309 065
    1.205 0.93383 92167 26196 50966 302 0.35769 30490 01799 56527 660
    1.206 0.93419 64427 96013 35090 992 0.35675 90310 94203 63341 607
    1.207 Oi93455 27346 69465 24584 444 0.35582 46564 27606 33727 018
    1.208 0.93490 80919 90260 35070 567 0.35488 99259 36382 26557 166
    1.209 0.93526 25144 03041 37431 162 0.35395 48405 55261 83165 039
    1.210 0.93561 60015 53385 93341 646 0.35301 94012 19330 33870 301
    1.211 0.93596 85530 87806 90713 291 0.35208 36088 64027 04470 775
    1.212 0.93632 01686 53752 79041 926 0.35114 74644 25144 22698 521
    1.213 0.93667 08478 99608 04663 095 0.35021 09688 38826 24640 616
    1.214 0.93702 05904 74693 45913 598 0.34927 41230 41568 61124 730
    1.215 0.93736 93960 29266 48199 416 0.34833 69279 70217 04069 578
    1.216 0.93771 72642 14521 58969 959 0.34739 93845 61966 52800 358
    1.217 0.93806 41946 82590 62598 617 0.34646 14937 54360 40329 260
    1.218 0.93841 01870 86543 15169 574 0.34552 32564 85289 39601 140
    1.219 0.93875 52410 80386 79170 848 0.34458 46736 92990 69704 455
    1.220 0.93909 93563 19067 58093 524 0.34364 57463 16047 02047 552
    1.221 0.93944 25324 58470 30937 151 0.34270 64752 93385 66500 405
    1.222 0.93978 47691 55418 86621 257 0.34176 68615 64277 57501 890
    1.223 0.94012 60660 67676 58302 957 0.34082 69060 68336 40132 702
    1.224 0.94046 64228 53946 57600 622 0.33988 66097 45517 56153 996
    1.225 0.94080 58391 73872 08723 559 0.33894 59735 36117 30011 855
    1.226 0.94114 43146 88036 82507 685 0.33800 49983 80771 74807 668
    1.227 0.94148 18490 57965 30357 157 0.33706 36852 20455 98234 533
    1.228 0.94181 84419 46123 18091 912 0.33612 20349 96483 08479 750
    1.229 0.94215 40930 15917 59701 104 0.33518 00486 50503 20093 523
    1.230 0.94248 88019 31697 51002 382 0.33423 77271 24502 59823 955
    1.231 0.94282 25683 58754 03206 998 0.33329 50713 60802 72418 427
    1.232 0.94315 53919 63320 76390 684 0.33235 20823 02059 26391 462
    1.233 0.94348 72724 12574 12870 299 0.33140 87608 91261 19759 164
    1.234 0.94381 82093 74633 70486 175 0.33046 51080 71729 85740 328
    1.235 0.94414 82025 18562 55790 164 0.32952 11247 87117 98424 316
    1.236 0.94447 72515 14367 57139 322 0.32857 68119 81408 78405 786
    1.237 0.94480 53560 32999 77695 223 0.32763 21705 98914 98386 387
    1.238 0.94513 25157 46354 68328 851 0.32668 72015 84277 88743 487
    1.239 0.94545 87303 27272 60431 046 0.32574 19058 82466 43066 054
    1.240 0.94578 39994 49538 98628 471 0.32479 62844 38776 23657 769
    1.241 0.94610 83227 87884 73405 063 0.32385 03381 98828 67007 475
    1.242 0.94643 17000 17986 53628 942 0.32290 40681 08569 89227 042
    1.243 0.94675 41308 16467 18984 738 0.32195 74751 14269 91456 764
    1.244 0.94707 56148 60895 92311 309 0.32101 05601 62521 65238 364
    1.245 0.94739 61518 29788 71844 815 0.32006 33242 00239 97855 712
    1.246 0.94771 57414 02608 63367 118 0.31911 57681 74660 77643 341
    1.247 0.94803 43832 59766 12259 472 0.31816 78930 33339 99262 871
    1.248 0.94835 20779 82619 35461 479 0.31721 96997 24152 68947 423
    1.249 0.94866 88225 53474 53335 262 0.31627 11891 95292 09714 116
    1.250 0.94898 46193 55586 21434 849 0.31532 23623 95268 66544 754

    [c-y1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 167
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    X sin x cos x

    1.250 0.94898 46193 55586 21434 849 0.31532 23623 95268 66544 754
    1.251 0.94929 94671 73157 62180 713 0.31437 32202 72909 11534 791
    1.252 0.94961 33656 91340 96439 444 0.31342 37637 77355 49010 665
    1.253 0.94992 63145 96237 75008 528 0.31247 39938 58064 20615 601
    1.254 0.95023 83135 74899 10006 196 0.31152 39114 64805 10363 979
    1.255 0.95054 93623 15326 06166 303 0.31057 35175 47660 49664 355
    1.256 0.95085 94605 06469 92038 225 0.30962 28130 57024 22311 242
    1. 257 0.95116 86078 38232 51091 729 0.30867 17989 43600 69445 729
    1.258 0.95147 68040 01466 52726 783 0.30772 04761 58403 94485 052
    1.259 0.95178 40486 87975 83188 287 0.30676 88456 52756 68021 196
    1.260 0.95209 03415 90515 76385 682 0.30581 69083 78289 32688 634
    1.261 0.95239 56824 02793 44617 416 0.30486 46652 86939 08001 291
    1.262 0.95270 00708 19468 09200 227 0.30391 21173 30948 95158 833
    1.263 0.95300 35065 36151 31003 222 0.30295 92654 62866 81822 373
    1.264 0.95330 59892 49407 40886 709 0.30200 61106 35544 46859 693
    1.265 0.95360 75186 56753 70045 767 0.30105 26538 02136 65060 070
    1.266 0.95390 80944 56660 80258 512 0.30009 88959 16100 11818 814
    1.267 0.95420 77163 48552 94039 032 0.29914 48379 31192 67791 595
    1.268 0.95450 63840 32808 24694 963 0.29819 04808 01472 23518 675
    1.269 0.95480 40972 10759 06289 671 0.29723 58254 81295 84019 121
    1.270 0.95510 08555 84692 23509 018 0.29628 08729 25318 73355 114
    1.271 0.95539 66588 57849 41432 673 0.29532 56240 88493 39166 425
    1.272 0.95569 15067 34427 35209 944 0.29437 00799 26068 57175 182
    1.273 0.95598 53989 19578 19640 104 0.29341 42413 93588 35661 000
    1.274 0.95627 83351 19409 78657 170 0.29245 81094 46891 19906 579
    1.275 0.95657 03150 40985 94719 118 0.29150 16850 42108 96613 869
    1.276 0.95686 13383 92326 78101 497 0.29054 49691 35665 98290 890
    1.277 0.95715 14048 82408 96095 419 0.28958 79626 84278 07609 308
    1.278 0.95744 05142 21166 02109 886 0.28863 06666 44951 61732 860
    1.279 0.95772 86661 19488 64678 437 0.28767 30819 74982 56616 726
    1.280 0.95801 58602 89224 96370 075 0.28671 52096 31955 51277 939
    1.281 0.95830 20964 43180 82604 453 0.28575 70505 73742 72036 934
    1.282 0.95858 73742 95120 10371 286 0.28479 86057 58503 16730 332
    1.283 0.95887 16935 59764 96853 962 0.28383 98761 44681 58895 050
    1.284 0.95915 50539 52796 17957 320 0.28288 08626 91007 51923 831
    1.285 0.95943 74551 90853 36739 577 0.28192 15663 56494 33192 303
    1.286 0.95971 88969 91535 31748 357 0.28096 19881 00438 28157 651
    1.287 0.95999 93790 73400 25260 814 0.28000 21288 82417 54428 993
    1.288 0.96027 89011 55966 11427 805 0.27904 19896 62291 25809 577
    1.289 0.96055 74629 59710 84322 094 Oi27808 15714 00198 56310 871
    1.290 0.96083 50642 06072 65890 556 0.27712 08750 56557 64138 661
    1.291 0.96111 17046 17450 33810 354 0.27615 99015 92064 75651 234
    1.292 0.96138 73839 17203 49249 056 0.27519 86519 67693 29289 769
    1.293 0.96166 21018 29652 84528 675 3.27423 71271 44692 79480 997
    1.294 0.96193 58580 80080 50693 590 0.27327 53280 84588 00512 263
    1.295 0.96220 86523 94730 24982 339 0.27231 32557 49177 90379 053
    1.296 0.96248 04845 00807 78203 231 0.27135 09111 00534 74605 108
    1.297 0.96275 13541 26481 02013 782 0.27038 82951 01003 10035 206
    1.298 0.96302 12610 00880 36103 915 0.26942 54087 13198 88600 711
    1.299 0.96329 02048 54098 95282 920 0.26846 22529 00008 41057 992
    1.300 0.96355 81854 17192 96470 135 0.26749 88286 24587 40699 798

    [c-y1
    /
    L 1
    C-7834
    168 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    x sin 2: CO8 2

    1.300 0.96355 81854 17192 96470 135 0.26749 88286 24587 40699 798
    1.301 0.96382 52024 22181 85589 331 0.26653 51368 50360 07039 695
    1.302 0.96409 12556 02048 64366 761 0.26557 11785 41018 09469 650
    1.303 0.96435 63446 90740 17032 855 0.26460 69546 60519 70890 877
    1.304 0796462 04694 23167 36927 537 0.26364 24661 73088 71318 016
    1.305 0.96488 36295 35205 53009 126 0.26267 77140 43213 51456 761
    1.306 0.96514 58247 63694 56266 806 0.26171 26992 35646 16255 031
    1.307 0.96540 70548 46439 26036 635 0.26074 74227 15401 38427 774
    1.308 0.96566 73195 22209 56221 061 0.25978 18854 47755 61955 494
    1.309 0.96592 66185 30740 81411 924 0.25881 60883 98246 05556 626
    1.310 0.96618 49516 12734 02916 926 0.25785 00325 32669 66133 818
    1.311 0.96644 23185 09856 14689 520 0.25688 37188 17082 22194 242
    1.312 0.96669 87189 64740 29162 218 0.25591 71482 17797 37244 030
    1.313 0.96695 41527 20986 02983 276 0.25495 03217 01385 63156 911
    1.314 0.96720 86195 23159 62656 736 0.25398 32402 34673 43517 173
    1.315 0.96746 21191 16794 3gO85 794 0.25301 59047 84742 16937 022
    1.316 0.96771 46512 48390 48019 478 0.25204 83163 18927 20348 457
    1.317 0.96796 62156 65416 05402 607 0.25108 04758 04816 92269 738
    1.318 0.96821 68121 16306 62628 991 0.25011 23842 10251 76046 556
    1.319 0.96846 64403 50465 76697 879 0.24914 40425 03323 23067 996
    1.320 0.96871 51001 18265 26273 590 0.24817 54516 52372 95957 398
    1.321 0.96896 27911 71045 36648 340 0.24720 66126 25991 71738 199
    0.96920 95132 61115 04608 211 0.24623 75263 93018 44974 865
    :* 2: 0.96945 52661 41752 23202 252 0.24526 81939 22539 30889 004
    1:324 0.96970 00495 67204 06414 685 0.24429 86161 83886 68450 760
    1.325 0.96994 38632 92687 13740 188 0.24332 87941 46638 23445 582
    1.326 0.97018 67070 74387 74662 236 0.24235 87287 80615 91516 463
    1.327 0.97042 85806 69462 13034 465 0.24138 84210 55885 01181 759
    1.328 0.97066 94838 36036 71365 051 0.24041 78719 42753 16828 662
    1.329 0.97090 94163 33208 35004 060 0.23944 70824 11769 41682 448
    1.330 0.97114 83779 21044 56233 768 0.23847 60534 33723 20751 578
    1.331 0.97138 63683 60583 78261 900 0.23750 47859 79643 43748 768
    1.332 0.97162 33874 13835 59117 786 0.23653 32810 20797 47988 097
    1.333 0.97185 94348 43780 95451 405 0.23556 15395 28690 21258 288
    1.334 0.97209 45104 14372 46235 282 0.23458 95624 75063 04672 221
    1.335 0.97232 86138 90534 56369 230 0.23361 73508 31892 95492 805
    1.336 0.97256 17450 38163 80187 900 0.23264 49055 71391 49935 286
    1.337 0.97279 39036 24129 04871 129 0.23167 22276 66003 85946 099
    1.338 0.97302 50894 16271 73757 0146 0.23069 93180 88407 85958 358
    1.339 0.97325 53021 83406 09557 931 0.22972 61778 11512 99624 085
    1.340 0.97348 45416 95319 37478 787 0.22875 28078 08459 46523 264
    1.341 0.97371 28077 22772 08238 616 0.22777 92090 52617 18849 831
    1.342 0.97394 01000 37498 N994 365 0.22680 53825 17584 84074 691
    1.343 0.97416 64184 12205 46167 522 0.22583 13291 77188 87585 859
    1.344 0.97439 17626 20575 48173 349 0.22485 70500 05482 55305 819
    1.345 0.97461 61324 37264 08052 713 0.22388 25459 76744 96286 212
    1.346 0.97483 95276 37901 46006 501 0.22290 78180 65480 05279 929
    1.347 0.97506 19479 99092 43832 603 0.22193 28672 46415 65290 729
    1.348 0.97528 33932 98416 67265 423 0.22095 76944 94502 50100 463
    1.349 0.97550 38633 14428 88217 916 0.21998 23007 84913 26774 007
    1.350 0.97572 33578 26659 06926 111 0.21900 66870 93041 58142 002
    [ 1
    (-;I1 c-p3
    II 1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 169
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    x sin x cos x

    1.350 0.97572 33578 26659 06926 111 0.21900 66870 93041 58142 002
    1.351 0.97594 18766 15612 73996 110 0.21803 08543 94501 05261 504
    1.352 0.97615 94194 62771 12353 536 0.21705 48036 65124 29854 627
    1.353 0.97637 59861 50591 39095 407 0.21607 85358 80961 96725 291
    1.354 0.97659 15764 62506 87244 418 0.21510 20520 18281 76154 163

    1.355 0.97680 61901 82927 27405 609 0.21412 53530 53567 46271 899
    1.356 0.97701 98270 97238 89325 386 0.21314 84399 63517 95410 772
    1.357 0.97723 24869 91804 83352 894 0.21217 13137 25046 24434 790
    1.358 0.97744 41696 53965 21803 706 0.21119 39753 15278 49048 406
    1.359 0.97765 48748 72037 40225 805 0.21021 64257 11553 02083 908

    1.360 0.97786 46024 35316 18567 849 0.20923 86658 91419 35767 598
    1.361 0.97807 33521 34074 02249 690 0.20826 06968 32637 23964 842
    1.362 0.97828 11237 59561 23135 125 0.20728 25195 13175 64404 112
    1.363 0.97848 79171 04006 20406 864 0.20630 41349 11211 80880 089
    1.364 0.97869 37319 60615 61343 685 0.20532 55440 05130 25435 952

    1.365 0.97889 85681 23574 61999 774 0.20434 67477 73521 80524 932
    1.366 0.97910 24253 88047 07786 196 0.20336 77471 95182 61151 240
    1.367 0.97930 53035 50175 73954 516 0.20238 85432 49113 16990 457
    1.368 0.97950 72024 07082 45982 521 0.20140 91369 14517 34489 495
    1.369 0.97970 81217 56868 39862 027 0.20042 95291 70801 38946 217

    1.370 0.97990 80613 98614 22288 769 0.19944 97209 97572 96568 820
    1.371 0.98010 70211 32380 30754 328 0.19846 97133 74640 16515 079
    1.372 0.98030 50007 59206 93540 094 0.19748 95072 82010 52911 545
    1.373 0.98050 20000 81114 49613 233 0.19650 91036 99890 06852 798
    1.374 0.98069 80189 01103 68424 652 0.19552 85036 08682 28380 853

    1.375 0.98089 30570 23155 69608 920 0.19454 77079 88987 18444 822
    1.376 0.98108 71142 52232 42586 155 0.19356 67178 21600 30840 918
    1.377 0.98128 01903 94276 66065 826 0.19258 55340 87511 74132 912
    1.378 0.98147 22852 56212 27452 479 0.19160 41577 67905 13553 129
    1.379 0.98166 33986 45944 42153 343 0.19062 25898 44156 72884 094

    1.380 0.98185 35303 72359 72787 813 0.18964 08312 97834 36320 915
    1.381 0.98204 26802 45326 48298 791 0.18865 88831 10696 50314 508
    1.382 0.98223 08480 75694 82965 850 0.18767 67462 64691 25395 757
    1.383 0.98241 80336 75296 95320 221 0.18669 44217 41955 37980 715
    1.384 0.98260 42368 56947 26961 571 0.18571 19105 24813 32156 930

    1.385 0.98278 94574 34442 61276 561 0.18472 92135 95776 21451 016
    1.386 0.98297 36952 22562 42059 162 0.18374 63119 37540 90577 542
    1,387 0.98315 69500 37068 92032 708 0.18276 32665 32988 97169 360
    1.388 0.98333 92216 94707 31273 673 0.18178 00183 65185 73489 451
    1.389 0.98352 05100 13205 95537 148 0.18079 65884 17379 28124 404

    1.390 0.98370 08148 11276 54484 004 0.17981 29776 72999 47659 616
    1.391 0.98388 01359 08614 29809 722 0.17882 91871 15656 98336 311
    1.392 0.98405 84731 25898 13274 870 0.17784 52177 29142 27690 484
    1.393 0.98423 58262 84790 84637 207 0.17686 10704 97424 66173 860
    1.394 0.98441 21952 07939 29485 405 0.17587 67464 04651 28756 976

    1. 39-5 0.98458 75797 18974 56974 360 0.17489 22464 35146 16514 467
    1.396 0.98476 19796 42512 17462 083 0.17390 75715 73409 18192 681
    1.397 0.98493 53948 04152 20048 145 0.17292 27228 04115 11759 690
    1.398 0.98510 78250 30479 50013 670 0.17193 77011 12112 65937 830
    1.399 0.98527 92701 49063 86162 846 0.17095 25074 82423 41718 833

    [ (-/I11
    1.400 0.98544 97299 88460 18065 947 0.16996 71429 00240 93861 675

    II(-;j31
    170 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    1: sin z cos x

    1.400 0.98544 97299 88460 18065 947 0.16996 71429 00240 93861 675
    1.401 0.98561 92043 78208 63203 840 0.16898 16083 50929 72373 233
    1.402 0.98578 76931 48834 84013 966 0.16799 59048 20024 23971 842
    1.403 0.98595 51961 31850 04837 776 0.16701 00332 93227 93533 854
    1.404 0.98612 17131 59751 28769 609 0.16602 39947 56412 25523 303
    1.405 0.98628 72440 66021 54406 982 0.16503 77901 95615 65404 770
    1.406 0.98645 17886 85129 92502 294 0.16405 14205 97042 61039 544
    1.407 0.98661 53468 52531 82515 912 0.16306 48869 47062 64065 184
    1.408 0.98677 79184 04669 09070 631 0.16207 81902 32209 31258 571
    1.409 0.98693 95031 78970 18307 486 0.16109 13314 39179 25882 568
    1.410 0.98710 01010 13850 34142 909 0.16010 43115 54831 19016 356
    1.411 0.98725 97117 48711 74427 198 0.15911 71315 66184 90869 577
    1.412 0.98741 83352 23943 67004 304 0.15812 97924 60420 32080 359
    1.413 0.98757 59712 80922 65672 895 0.15714 22952 24876 44997 336
    1.414 0.98773 26197 62012 66048 706 0.15615 46408 47050 44945 751
    1.415 0.98788 82805 10565 21328 142 0.15516 68303 14596 61477 752
    1.416 0.98804 29533 70919 57953 120 0.15417 88646 15325 39606 967
    1.417 0.98819 66381 88402 91177 144 0.15319 07447 37202 41027 471
    1.418 0.98834 93348 09330 40532 586 0.15220 24716 68347 45317 231
    1.419 0.98850 10430 81005 45199 170 0.15121 40463 97033 51126 135
    1.420 0.98865 17628 51719 79273 627 0.15022 54699 11685 77348 698
    1.421 0.98880 14939 70753 66940 521 0.14923 67432 00880 64281 559
    1.422 0.98895 02362 88375 97544 222 Oil4824 78672 53344 74765 840
    1.423 0.98909 79896 55844 40562 021 0.14725 88430 57953 95314 499
    1.424 0.98924 47539 25405 60478 351 0.14626 96716 03732 37224 747
    1.425 0.98939 05289 50295 31560 129 0.14528 03538 79851 37675 648
    1.426 0.98953 53145 84738 52533 174 0.14429 08908 75628 60810 986
    1.427 0.98967 91106 83949 61159 714 0.14330 12835 80526 98807 514
    1.428 0.98982 19171 04132 48716 941 0.14231 15329 84153 72928 666
    1.429 0.98996 37337 02480 74376 619 0.14132 16400 76259 34563 848
    1.430 0.99010 45603 37177 79485 729 0.14033 16058 46736 66253 390
    1.431 0.99024 43968 67397 01748 121 0.13934 14312 85619 82699 275
    1.432 0.99038 32431 53301 89307 176 0.13835 11173 83083 31761 733
    1.433 0.99052 10990 56046 14729 460 0.13736 06651 29440 95441 799
    1.434 0.99065 79644 37773 88889 346 0.13637 00755 15144 90849 940
    1.435 0.99079 38391 61619 74754 605 0.13537 93495 30784 71160 849
    1.436 0.99092 87230 91709 01072 941 0.13438 84881 67086 26554 495
    1.437 0.99106 26160 93157 75959 459 0.13339 74924 14910 85143 546
    1.438 0.99119 55180 32073 00385 060 0.13240 63632 65254 13887 244
    1.439 0.99132 74287 75552 81565 735 0.13141 51017 09245 19491 852
    1.440 0.99145 83481 91686 46252 760 0.13042 37087 38145 49297 752
    1.441 0.99158 82761 49554 53923 766 0.12943 21853 43347 92153 306
    1.442 0.99171 72125 19229 09874 676 0.12844 05325 16375 79275 576
    1.443 0.99184 51571 71773 78212 505 0.12744 87512 48881 85098 002
    1.444 0.99197 21099 79243 94748 990 0.12645 68425 32647 28105 135
    1.445 0.99209 80708 14686 79795 055 0.12546 48073 59580 71654 525
    1.446 0.99222 30395 52141 50856 088 0.12447 26467 21717 24785 871
    1.447 0.99234 70160 66639 35228 024 0.12348 03616 11217 43017 513
    1.448 0.99247 00002 34203 82494 216 0.12248 79530 20366 29130 391
    1.449 0.99259 19919 31850 76923 086 0.12149 54219 41572 33939 548
    1.450 0.99271 29910 37588 49766 535 0.12050 27693 67366 57053 287

    1c-y1 [ 1
    (-92
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FTJNCTIONS 171
    CIRCULAR SINES .4ND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    X sin x cos x

    1.450 0.99271 29910 37588 49766 535 0.12050 27693 67366 57053 287
    1.451 0.99283 29974 30417 91459 118 0.11950 99962 90401 47620 080
    1.452 0.99295 20109 90332 63717 946 0.11851 71037 03450 05063 327
    1.453 0.99307 00315 98319 11543 325 0.11752 40925 99404 79804 068
    1.454 0.99318 70591 36356 75120 114 0.11653 09639 71276 73971 735
    1.455 0.99330 30934 87418 01619 777 0.11553 77188 12194 42103 061
    1.456 0.99341 81345 35468 56903 143 0.11454 43581 15402 91829 237
    1.457 0.99353 21821 65467 37123 830 0.11355 08828 74262 84551 407
    1.458 0.99364 52362 63366 80232 355 0.11255 72940 82249 36104 618
    1.459 0.99375 72967 16112 77380 893 0.11156 35927 32951 17410 313
    1.460 0.99386 83634 11644 84228 683 0.11056 97798 20069 55117 465
    1.461 0.99397 84362 38896 32148 075 0.10957 58563 37417 32232 463
    1.462 0.99408 75150 87794 39331 194 0.10858 18232 78917 88737 835
    1.463 0.99419 55998 49260 21797 223 0.10758 76816 38604 22199 915
    1.464 0.99430 26904 15209 04300 286 0.10659 34324 10617 88365 556
    1.465 0.99440 87866 78550 31137 923 0.10559 90765 89208 01747 983
    1.466 0.99451 38885 33187 76860 141 0.10460 46151 68730 36201 884
    1.467 0.99461 79958 74019 56879 043 0.10361 00491 43646 25487 846
    0.99472 11085 96938 37979 012 0.10261 53795 08521 63826 230
    : . tb6: 0.99482 32265 98831 48727 437 0.10162 06072 58026 06440 584
    1.470 0.99492 43,49777580 89785 993 0.10062 57333 86931 70090 698
    1.471 0.99502 44780 32063 44122 430 0.09963 07588 90112 33595 391
    1.472 0.99512 36112 62150 87122 898 0.09863 56847 62542 38345 147
    1.473 0.99522 17493 68709 96604 762 0.09764 05119 99295 88804 678
    1.474 0.99531 88922 53602 62729 932 OiO9664 52415 95545 53005 525
    1.475 0.99541 50398 19685 97818 664 0.09564 98745 46561 63028 806
    1.476 0.99551 01919 70812 46063 854 0.09465 44118 47711 15478 186
    1.477 0.99560 43486 11829 93145 787 0.09365 88544 94456 71943 189
    1.478 0.99569 75096 48581 75747 356 0.09266 32034 82355 59452 948
    1.479 0.99578 96749 87906 90969 720 0.09166 74598 07058 70920 484
    1.480 0.99588 08445 37640 05648 408 0.09067 16244 64309 65577 623
    1.481 0.99597 10182 06611 65569 851 0.08967 56984 49943 69400 641
    1.482 0.99606 01959 04648 04588 337 0.08867 96827 59886 75526 752
    1.483 0.99614 83775 42571 53643 374 0.08768 35783 90154 44661 519
    1.484 0.99623 55630 32200 49677 461 0.08668 73863 36851 05477 303
    1.485 0.99632 17522 86349 44454 246 0.08569 11075 96168 55002 845
    1.486 0.99640 69452 18829 13277 079 0.08469 47431 64385 59004 070
    1.487 0.99649 11417 44446 63607 933 0.08369 82940 37866 52356 240
    1.488 0.99657 43417 79005 43586 693 0.08270 17612 13060 39407 518
    1.489 0.99665 65452 39305 50450 815 0.08170 51456 86499 94334 076
    1.490 0.99673 77520 43143 38855 320 0.08070 84484 54800 61486 832
    1.491 0.99681 79621 09312 29093 143 0:0797i i6705 i4659 55729 907
    1.492 0.99689 71753 57602 15215 811 0.07871 48128 62854 62770 926
    1.493 0.99697 53917 08799 73054 448 0.07771 78764 96243 39483 234
    1.494 0.99705 26110 84688 68141 099 0.07672 08624 11762 14220 152
    1.495 0.99712 88334 08049 63530 364 0.07572 37716 06424 87121 354
    1.496 ii99720 40586 02660 27521 334 0.07472 66050 77322 30411 478
    1.497 0.99727 62865 93295 41279 821 0.07372 93638 21620 88691 060
    0.99735 15173 05727 06360 877 0.07273 20488 36561 79219 898
    :*. t;: 0.99742 37506 66724 52131 595 0.07173 46611 19459 92192 943
    1.500 0.99749 49866 04054 43094 172 0.07073 72016 67702 91008 819
    r’-,7”1
    L ’ -I [ 1
    C-7812
    172 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.6 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin x cos x

    1.500 0.99749 49866 04054 43094 172 0.07073 72016 67702 91008 819
    1.501 0.99756 52250 46480 86109 251 0.06973 96714 78750 12531 065
    1.502 0799763 44659 23765 37519 509 0.06874 20715 50131 67342 208
    1.503 0.99770 27091 66667 10173 501 0.06774 44028 79447 39990 761
    1.504 0.99776 99547 06942 80349 750 0.06674 66664 64365 89231 245
    1.505 0.99783 62024 77346 94581 063 0.06574 88633 02623 48257 343
    1.506 0.99790 14524 11631 76379 092 0.06475 09943 92023 24928 268
    1.507 0.99796 57044 44547 32859 104 0.06375 30607 30434 01988 470
    1.508 0.99802 89585 11841 61264 976 0.06275 50633 15789 37280 758
    1.509 0.99809 12145 50260 55394 397 0.06175 70031 46086 63952 953
    1.510 0.99815 24724 97548 11924 274 0.06075 88812 19385 90658 160
    1.511 0.99821 27322 92446 36636 332 0.05976 06985 33809 01748 769
    1.512 0.99827 19938 74695 50542 912 0.05876 24560 87538 57464 281
    2.513 0.99833 02571 85033 95912 947 0.05776 41548 78816 94113 053
    1.514 0.99838 75221 65198 42198 118 0.05676 57959 05945 24248 072
    1.515 0.99844 37887 57923 91859 188 0.05576 73801 67282 36836 851
    1.516 0.99849 90569 06943 86092 495 0.05476 89086 61243 97425 545
    1.517 0.99855 33265 56990 10456 612 0.05377 03823 86301 48297 399
    1.518 0.99860 65976 53793 00399 163 0.05277 18023 40981 08625 609
    1.519 0.99865 88701 44081 46683 784 0.05177 31695 23862 74620 716
    1.520 0.99871 01439 75583 00717 231 0.05077 44849 33579 19672 613
    1.521 0.99876 04190 97023 79776 634 0.04977 57495 68814 94487 284
    1.522 0.99880 96954 58128 72136 872 0.04877 69644 28305 27218 360
    1.523 0.99885 79730 09621 42098 089 0.04777 81305 10835 23593 598
    1.524 0.99890 52517 03224 34913 328 0.04677 92488 15238 67036 388
    1.525 0.99895 15314 91658 81616 285 0.04578 03203 40397 18782 371
    1.526 0.99899 68123 28645 03749 180 0.04478 13460 85239 17991 291
    1.527 0.99904 10941 68902 17990 729 0.04378 23270 48738 81854 166
    1.528 0.99908 43769 68148 40684 234 0.04278 32642 29915 05695 871
    1.529 0.99912 66606 83100 92265 762 0.04178 41586 27830 63073 262
    i.530 0.99916 79452 71476 01592 427 0.04078 50112 41591 05868 899
    1.531 0.99920 82306 91989 10170 755 0.03978 58230 70343 64380 513
    1.532 0.99924 75169 04354 76285 152 0.03878 65951 13276 47406 277
    1.533 0.99928 58038 69286 79026 436 0.03778 73283 69617 42326 008
    1.534 0.99932 30915 48498 22220 463 0.03678 80238 38633 15178 390
    1.535 0;99935 93799 04701 38256 819 0.03578 86825 19628 10734 312
    1.536 0.99939 46689 01607 91817 592 0.03478 93054 11943 52566 435
    1.537 0.99942 89585 03928 83506 202 0.03378 98935 14956 43115 073
    1.538 0.99946 22486 77374 53376 306 0.03279 04478 28078 63750 505
    1.539 0.99949 45393 88654 84360 752 0.03179 09693 50755 74831 796
    1.540 0.99952 58306 05479 05600 596 0.03079 14590 82466 15762 248
    1.541 0:99955 61222 96555 95674 180 0.02979 19180 22720 05041 568
    1.542 0.99958 54144 31593 85726 242 0.02879 23471 71058 40314 858
    1.543 0.99961 37069 81300 62497 095 0.02779 27475 27051 98418 526
    1.544 0.99964 09999 17383 71251 832 0.02679 31200 90300 35423 217
    1.545 0.99966 72932 12550 18609 586 0.02579 34658 60430 86673 867
    1.546 0.99969 25868 40506 75272 821 0.02479 37858 37097 66826 971
    1.547 0.99971 68807 75959 78656 660 0.02379 40810 19980 69885 184
    1.548 0.99974 01749 94615 35418 249 0.02279 43524 08784 69229 328
    1.549 0.99976 24694 73179 23886 150 0.02179 46010 03238 17647 934
    1.550 0.99978 37641 89356 96389 761 0.02079 48278 03092 47364 391

    [(-;)I1 [(-;I91
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 173
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.6

    .c sin x cos 2
    1.550 0.99978 37641 89356 96389 761 0.02079 48278 03092 47364 391
    1.551 0.99980 40591 21853 81488 767 0.01979 50338 08120 70061 827
    1.552 0.99982 33542 50374 86102 606 0.01879 52200 18116 76905 802
    1.553 0.99984 16495 55624 97539 966 0.01779 53874 32894 38564 929
    1.554 0.99985 89450 19308 85428 298 0.01679 55370 52286 05229 507
    1.555 0.99987 52406 24131 03543 342 0.01579 56698 76142 06628 284
    1,556 0.99989 05363 53795 91538 676 0.01479 57869 04329 52043 433
    1.557 0.99990 48321 93 07 76575 277 0.01379 58891 36731 30323 849
    1.558 0.99991 81281 279470 74851 093 0.01279 59775 73245 09896 874
    1.559 0.99993 04241 43888 93030 623 0.01179,60532 13782 38778 533
    1.560 0.99994 17202 29966 29574 517 0.01079 61170 58267 44582 392
    1.561 0.99995 20163 74406 75969 172 0.00979 61701 06636 34527 146
    1.562 0.99996 13125 66914 17856 344 0.00879 62133 58835 95443 014
    1.563 0.99996 96087 98192 36062 758 0.00779 62478 14822 93777 062
    1.564 0.99997 69050 59945 07529 731 0.00679 62744 74562 75597 546
    1.565 0.99998 32013 44876 06142 794 0.00579 62943 38028 66597 372
    1.566 0.99998 84976 46689 03461 318 0.00479 63084 05200 72096 784
    1.567 0.99999 27939 60087 69348 142 0.00379 63176 76064 77045 359
    1.568 0.99999 60902 80775 72499 201 0.00279 63231 50611 46023 436
    1.569 0.99999 83866 05456 80873 162 0.00179 63258 28835 23243 059
    1.570 0.99999 96829 31834 62021 053 +0.00079 63267 10733 32548 541
    1.571 0.99999 99792 58612 83315 895 -0.00020 36732 03695 22583 254
    1.572 0.99999 92755 85495 12082 337 -0.00120 36729 14450 59042 804
    1.573 0.99999 75719 13185 15626 285 -0.00220 36714 21533 14087 901
    1.574 0.99999 48682 43386 61164 539 -0.00320 36677 24944 45343 613
    1.575 0.99999 11645 78803 15654 423 -0.00420 36608 24688 30802 109
    1.576 0.99998 64609 23138 45523 419 -0.00520 36497 20771 68822 280
    1.577 0.99998 07572 81096 16298 798 -0.00620 36334 13205 78129 029
    1.578 0.99997 40536 58379 92137 261 -0.00720 36109 02006 97812 142
    1.579 0.99996 63500 61693 35254 568 -0.00820 35811 87197 87324 647
    1.580 0.99995 76464 98740 05255 179 -0.00920 35432 68808 26480 539
    1.581 0.99994 79429 78223 58361 895 -0.01020. 34961 46876 15451 796
    1.582 0.99993 72395 09847 46545 499 -0.01120 34388 21448 74764 568
    1.583 0.99992 55361 04315 16554 408 -0.01220 33702 92583 45294 454
    1.584 0.99991 28327 73330 08844 324 -0.01320 32895 60348 88260 743
    1.585 0.99989 91295 29595 56407 893 -0.01420 31956 24825 85219 553
    1.586 0.99988 44263 86814 83504 374 -0.01520 30874 86108 38055 737
    1.587 0.99986 87233 59691 04289 313 -0.01620 29641 44304 68973 475
    1.588 0.99985 20204 63927 21344 232 -0.01720 28245 99538 20485 440
    1.589 0.99983 43177 16226 24106 322 -0.01820 26678 51948 55400 452
    1.590 0.99981 56151 34290 87198 158 -0.01920 24929 01692 56809 503
    1.591 0.99979 59127 36823 68657 422 -0.02020 22987 48945 28070 065
    1.592 0.99977 52105 43527 08066 646 -0.02120 20843 93900 92788 583
    1.593 0.99975 35085 75103 24582 972 -0.02220 18488 36773 94801 039
    1.594 0.99973 08068 53254 14867 933 -0.02320 15910 77799 98151 502
    1.595 0.99970 71054 00681 50917 259 -0.02420 13101 17236 87068 552
    1.596 0.99968 24042 41086 77790 702 -0.02520 10049 55365 65939 492
    1.597 0.99965 67033 99171 11241 891 -0.02620 06745 92491 59282 234
    1.598 0.99963 00029 00635 35248 219 -0.02720 03180 28945 11714 764
    1.599 0.99960 23027 72179 99440 759 -0.02819 99342 65082 87922 093
    -0.02919 95223 01288 72620 577

    c(-;I11
    1.600 0.99957 36030 41505 16434 211

    For 01.6 see Example 16.


    [ 1
    C-79)3

    ;=I.57079 63267 94896 61923 132 u=3.14159 26535 89793 23846 264
    174 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.7 RADIX TABLE OF CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES

    sin .~10-a cos ,110-n


    0.00000 00001 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99999 50000
    0.00000 00002 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99998 00000
    0.00000 00003 00000 00000 00000. 0.99999 99999 99999 99995 50000
    0.00000 00004 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99992 00000
    0.00000 00005 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99987 50000
    0.00000 00006 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99982 00000
    0.00000 00007 00000 00000 00000 0;99999 99999 99999 99975 50000
    0.00000 00008 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99968 00000
    0.00000 00009 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99959 50000
    0.00000 00010 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99950 00000
    0.00000 00020 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99800 00000
    0.00000 00030 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99550 00000
    0.00000 00040 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 99200 00000
    0.00000 00050 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 98750 00000
    0.00000 00060 00000 00000 00000 0.99999 99999 99999 98200 00000
    0.00000 00069 99999 99999 99999 0.99999 99999 99999 97550 00000
    0.00000 00079 99999 99999 99999 0.99999 99999 99999 96800 00000
    0.00000 00089 99999 99999 99999 0.99999 99999 99999 95950 00000
    0.00000 00099 99999 99999 99998 0.99999 99999 99999 95000 00000
    0.00000 00199 99999 99999 99987 0.99999 99999 99999 80000 00000
    0.00000 00299 99999 99999 99955 0.99999 99999 99999 55000 00000
    0.00000 00399 99999 99999 99893 0.99999 99999 99999 20000 00000
    0.00000 00499 99999 99999 99792 0.99999 99999 99998 75000 00000
    0.00000 00599 99999 99999 99640 0.99999 99999 99998 20000 00000
    0.00000 00699 99999 99999 99428 0.99999 99999 99997 55000 00000
    o;ooooo 00799 99999 99999 99147 0.99999 99999 99996 80000 00000
    0.00000 00899 99999 99999 98785 0.99999 99999 99995 95000 00000
    0.00000 00999 99999 99999 98333 0.99999 99999 99995 00000 00000
    0.00000 01999 99999 99999 86667 0.99999 99999 99980 00000 00000
    0.00000 02999 99999 99999 55000 0.99999 99999 99955 00000 00000
    0.00000 03999 99999 99998 93333 0.99999 99999 99920 00000 00000
    0.n0n00 114999 99999 99997 91667 0.99999 99999 99875 00000 00000
    0.00000 05999 99999 99996 40000 0.99999 99999 99820 00000 00000
    0.00000 06999 99999 99994 28333 0.99999 99999 99755 00000 00000
    0.00000 07999 99999 99991 46667 0.99999 99999 99680 00000 00000
    0.00000 08999 99999 99987 85000 0.99999 99999 99595 00000 00000
    0.00000 09999 99999 99963 33333 0:99999 99999 99500 00000 00000
    0.00000 19999 99999 99866 bbbb7 0.99999 99999 98000 00000 00007
    0.00000 29999 99999 99550 00000 0.99999 99999 95500 00000 00034
    0.00000 39999 99999 98933 33333 0.99999 99999 92000 00000 00107
    0.00000 49999 99999 97916 66667 0.99999 99999 87500 00000 00260
    0.00000 59999 99999 96400 00000 0.99999 99999 82000 00000 00540
    0.00000 69999 99999 94283 33333 0.99999 99999 75500 00000 01000
    0.00000 79999 99999 91466 66667 0.99999 99999 68000 00000 01707
    0.00000 89999 99999 87850 00000 0.99999 99999 59500 00000 02734
    0.00000 99999 99999 83333 33333 0.99999 99999 50000 00000 041bl
    0.00001 99999 99998 bbbbb bbbbl 0.99999 99996 00000 00000 bbbb7
    0.00002 99999 99995 50000 00002 0.99999 99995 50000 00003 37500
    0.00003 99999 99989 33333 33342 0.99999 99992 00000 00010 66667
    0.00004 99999 99979 16666 66693 0.99999 99987 50000 00026 04167
    0.00005 99999 99964 00000 00065 0.99999 99982 00000 00054 00000
    O.OOOOb 99999 99942 83333 33473 0.99999 99975 50000 00100 04167
    0.00007 99999 99914 bbbbb bb940 0.99999 99968 00000 00170 bbbb7
    0.00008 99999 99878 50000 00492 0.99999 99959 50000 00273 37500

    0.00009 99999 99833 33333 34167 0.99999 99950 00000 0041b 66667
    0.00019 99999 98666 bbbbb 93333 0.99999 99800 00000 06666 66666
    0.00029 99999 95500 00002 02500 0.99999 99550 00000 33749 99990
    0.00039 99999 89333 33341 86667 0.99999 99200 00001 06666 66610
    0.00049 99999 79166 bbb92 70833 0.99999 98750 00002 60416 66450
    0.00059 99999 64000 00064 80000 0.99999 98200 00005 39999 99352
    0.00069 99999 42833 33473 39167 0.99999 97550 OOOlD 00416 65033
    0.00079 99999 14666 bb939 73333 0.99999 96800 00017 Obbbb 63026
    0.00089 99998 78500 00492 07499 0.99999 95950 00027 33749 92619
    0.00099 99998 33333 34166 bbbb5 0.99999 95000 00041 bb6bb 52118
    For )I >lO, sin ,110-n = .rlO-n; cos .rlO-n = 1 -i .c210-2n; to 25~.
    From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of ttie exponential function and of the circular sine and cosine to
    radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.
    Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission).
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 175
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.8
    X sin 5 cos x
    0.00000 00000 00000 00000 000 1.00000 00000 00000 00000 000
    +0.84147 09848 07896 50665 250 +0.54030 23058 68139 71740 094
    +0.90929 74268 25681 69539 602 -0.41614 68365 47142 38699 757
    +0.14112 00080 59867 22210 074 -0.98999 24966 00445 45727 157
    -0.75680 24953 07928 25137 264 -0.65364 36208 63611 91463 917
    -0.95892 42746 63138 46889 315 +0.28366 21854 63226 26446 664
    -0.27941 54981 98925 87281 156 +0.96017 02866 50366 02054 565
    +0.65698 65987 18789 09039 700 +0.75390 22543 43304 63814 120
    +0.98935 82466 23381 77780 812 -0.14550 00338 08613 52586 884
    +0.41211 84852 41756 56975 627 -0.91113 02618 84676 98836 829
    -0.54402 11108 89369 81340 475 -0.83907 15290 76452 45225 886
    :: -0I99999 02065 50703 45705 156 +0.00442 56979 88050 78574 836
    12 -0.53657 29180 00434 97166 537 +0.84385 39587 32492 10465 396
    13 +0:42016 70368 26640 92186 896 +0.90744 67814 50196 21385 269
    14 +0.99060 73556 94870 30787 535 +0.13673 72182 07833 59424 893
    +0.65028 78401 57116 86582 974 -0.75968 79128 58821 27384 815
    -0.28790 33166 65065 29478 446 -0.95765 94803 23384 64189 964
    -0.96139 74918 79556 85726 164 -0.27516 33380 51596 92222 034
    -0.75098 72467 71676 10375 016 +0.66031 67082 44080 14481 610
    +0.14987 72096 62952 32975 424 +0.98870 46181 86669 25289 835
    20 +0.91294 52507 27627 65437 610 +0.40808 20618 13391 98606 227
    +0.83665 56385 36056 03186 648 -0.54772 92602 24268 42138 427
    t: -0.00885 13092 90403 87592 169 -0I99996 08263 94637 12645 417
    23 -0.84622 04041 75170 63524 133 -0.53283 30203 33397 55521 576
    24 -0.90557 83620 06623 84513 579 +0.42417 90073 36996 97593 705
    -0.13235 17500 97773 02890 201 +0.99120 28118 63473 59808 329
    +0.76255 84504 79602 73751 582 +0.64691 93223 28640 34272 138
    +0.95637 59284 04503 01343 234 -0:29213 88087 33836 19337 140
    +0.27090 57883 07869 01998 634 -0.96260 58663 13566 60197 545
    -0.66363 38842 12967 50215 117 -0.74805 75296 89000 35176 519
    -0.98803 16240 92861 78998 775 +0.15425 14498 87584 05071 866
    310 -0.40403 76453 23065 00604 877 +0.91474 23578 04531 27896 244
    +0.55142 66812 41690 55066 156 +0.83422 33605 06510 27221 553
    ;23 +0.99991 18601 07267 14572 808 -0.01327 67472 23059 47891 522
    34 +0.52908 26861 20023 82083 249 -0.84857 02747 84605 18659 997
    -0.42818 26694 96151 00440 675 -0.90369 22050 91506 75984 730
    ;56 -0.99177 88534 43115 73683 529 -0.12796 36896 27404 68102 833
    -0.64353 81333 56999 46068 567 +0.76541 40519 45343 35649 108
    ;78 +0.29636 85787 09385 31739 230 +0.95507 36440 47294 85758 654
    39 +0.96379 53862 84087 75326 066 +0.26664 29323 59937 25152 683
    40 +0.74511 31604 79348 78698 771 -0.66693 80616 52261 84438 409
    -0.15862 26688 04708 98710 332 -0.98733 92775 23826 45822 883
    t: -0.91652 15479 15633 78589 899 -0.39998 53149 88351 29395 471
    -0.83177 47426 28598 28820 958 +0.55511 33015 20625 67704 483
    ti +0.01770 19251 05413 57780 795 +0.99984 33086 47691 22006 901
    +0.85090 35245 34118 42486 238 +0.52532 19888 17729 69604 746
    442 +0.90178 83476 48809 18503 329 -0.43217 79448 84778 29495 278
    47 +0.12357 31227 45224 00406 153 -0.99233 54691 50928 71827 975
    48 -0.76825 46613 23666 79904 497 -0.64014 43394 69199 73131 294
    49 -0.95375 26527 59471 81836 042 +0.30059 25437 43637 08368 703
    50 -0.26237 48537 03928 78591 439 +0.96496 60284 92113 27406 896
    From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine and cosine to
    radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.
    Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission) for x_<lOO.
    176 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.8 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    sin x co5 x

    -0.26237 48537 03928 78591 439 +0.96496 60284 92113 27406 896
    +0.67022 91758 43374 73449 435 +0.74215 41968 13782 53946 738
    +0.98662 75920 40485 29658 757 -0.16299 07807 95705 48100 333
    +0,39592 51501 81834 18150 339 -0.91828 27862 12.118 89119 973
    -0.55878 90488 51616 24581 787 -0.82930 98328 63150 14772 785

    -0.99975 51733 58619 83659 863 +0.02212 67562 61955 73456 356
    -0.52155 10020 86911 88018 741 +0.85322 01077 22584 11396 968
    +0.43616 47552 47824 95908 053 +0.89986 68269 69193 78650 300
    +0.99287 26480 84537 11816 509 +0.11918 01354 48819 28543 584
    +0.63673 80071 39137 88077 123 -0.77108 02229 75845 22938 744

    -0.30481 06211 02216 70562 565 -0.95241 29804 15156 29269 382
    -0.96611 77700 08392 94701 829 -0.25810 lb359 38267 44570 121
    -0.73918 06966 49222 86727 602 +0.67350 71623 23586 25288 783
    +0.16735 57003 02806 92152 784 +0.98589 65815 82549 69743 864
    +0.92002 60381 96790 68335 154 +0.39185 72304 29550 00516 171

    +0.82682 86794 90103 46771 021 -0.56245 38512 38172 03106 212
    -0.02655 11540 23966 79446 384 -0.99964 74559 66349 96483 045
    -0.85551 99789 75322 25899 683 -0.51776 97997 89505 06565 339
    -0.89792 76806 89291 26040 073 +O, 44014 30224 96040 70593 105
    -0.11478 48137 83187 22054 507 +0.99339 03797 22271 63756 155

    +0.77389 06815 57889 09778 733 +0.63331 92030 86299 83233 201
    +0.95105 46532 54374 63665 657 -0.30902 27281 66070 70291 749
    +0.25382 33627 62036 27306 903 -0.96725 05882 73882 48729 171
    -0.67677 19568 87307 62215 498 -0.73619 27182 27315 96016 815
    -0.98514 62604 68247 37085 189 +0.17171 73418 30777 55609 845

    -0.38778 lb354 09430 43773 094 +0.92175 12697 24749 31639 230
    +0.56610 76368 98180 32361 028 +0.82433 13311 07557 75991 501
    +0.99952 01585 80731 24386 610 -0.03097 50317 31216 45752 196
    +0.51397 84559 87535 21169 609 -0.85780 30932 44987 85540 835
    -0.44411 26687 07508 36850 760 -0.89597 09467 90963 14833 703

    -0.99388 86539 23375 18973 081 -0.11038 72438 39047 55811 787
    -0.62988 79942 74453 87856 521 +0.77668 59820 21631 15768 342
    +0.31322 87824 33085 15263 353 +0.94967 76978 82543 20471 326
    +0.96836 44611 00185 40435 015 +0.24954 01179 73338 12437 735
    +0.73319 03200 73292 lb636 321 -0.68002 34955 87338 79542 720

    -0.17607 56199 48587 07696 212 -0.98437 66433 94041 89491 821
    -0.92345 84470 04059 80260 163 -0.38369 84449 49741 84477 893
    -0.82181 78366 30822 54487 211 +0.56975 03342 65311 92000 851
    +0.03539 83027 33660 68362 543 +0.99937 32836 95124 65698 442
    +0.86006 94058 12453 22683 685 +0.51017 70449 41668 89902 379

    +0.89399 66636 00557 89051 827 -0.44807 36161 29170 15236 548
    +0.10598 75117 51156 85002 021 -ii99436 74609 28201 52610 672
    -0.77946 60696 15804 68855 400 -0.62644 44479 10339 06880 027
    -0.94828 21412 69947 23213 104 +0.31742 87015 19701 64974 551
    -0.24525 19854 67654 32522 044 +0.96945 93666 69987 60380 439

    +0.68326 17147 36120 98369 958 +0.73017 35609 94819 66479 352
    +0.98358 77454 34344 85760 773 -Oil8043 04492 91083 95011 850
    +0.37960 77390 27521 69648 192 -0.92514 75365 96413 89170 475
    -0.57338 18719 90422 88494 922 -Or81928 82452 91459 25267 566
    -0.99920 68341 86353 69443 272 +0.03982 08803 93138 89816 180

    -0.50636 56411 09758 79365 656 +0.86231 88722 87683 93410 194
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 177
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.8

    X sin 5 CO8x X sin z co9 2


    -0.50636 564 +0.86231 887 150 -0.71487 643 +0.69925 081
    11ooY +0.45202 579 +0.89200 487 151 +0.20214 988 +0.97935 460
    102 +0.99482 679 +0.10158 570 152 +0.93332 052 +0.35904 429
    103 -0.62298 863 -0.78223 089 153 +0.80640 058 -0.59136 968
    104 -0.32162 240 -0.94686 801 154 -0.06192 034 -0.99808 109
    105 -0.97053 528 -0.24095 905 155 -0.87331 198 -0.48716 135
    106 -0.72714 250 +0.68648 655 156 -0.88178 462 +0.47165 229
    107 +0.18478 174 +0.98277 958 157 -0.07954 854 +0.99683 099
    108 +0.92681 851 +0.37550 960 158 +0.79582 410 +0.60552 787
    109 +0.81674 261 -0.57700 218 159 +0.93951 973 -0.34249 478
    110 -0.04424 268 -0.99902 081 160 +0.21942 526 -0.97562 931
    111 -0.86455 145 -0.50254 432 161 -0.70240 779 -0.71177 476
    112 -0.88999 560 +0.45596 910 162 -0.97845 035 +0.20648 223
    113 -0.09718 191 +0.99526 664 163 -0.35491 018 +0.93490 040
    114 +0.78498 039 +0.61952 061 164 +0.59493 278 +0.80377 546
    115 +0.94543 533 -0.32580 981 165 +0.99779 728 -0.06633 694
    116 +0.23666 139 -0.97159 219 166 +0.48329 156 -0.87545 946
    117 -0.68969 794 -0.72409 720 167 -0.47555 019 -0.87968 859
    118 -0.98195 217 +0.18912 942 168 -0.99717 329 -0.07513 609
    119 -0.37140 410 +0.92847 132 169 -0.60199 987 +0.79849 619
    120 +0.58061 118 +0.81418 097 170 +0.34664 946 +0.93799 475
    121 +0.99881 522 -0.04866 361 171 +0.97659 087 +0.21510 527
    122 +0.49871 315 -0.86676 709 172 +0.70865 914 -0.70555 101
    123 -0.45990 349 -0.88796 891 173 -0.21081 053 -0.97752 694
    124 -0.99568 699 -0.09277 620 174 -0.93646 197 -0.35076 911
    125 -0.61604 046 +0.78771 451 175 -0.80113 460 +0.59848 422
    126 +0.32999 083 +0.94398 414 176 +0.07075 224 +0.99749 392
    127 +0.97263 007 +0.23235 910 177 +0.87758 979 +0.47941 231
    128 +0.72103 771 -0.69289 582 178 +0.87757 534 -0.47943 877
    129 -0.19347 339 -0.98110 552 179 +0.07072 217 -0.99749 605
    130 -0.93010 595 -0.36729 133 180 -0.80115 264 -0.59846 007
    131 -0.81160 339 +0.58420 882 181 -0.93645 140 +0.35079 734
    132 +0.05308 359 +0.99859 007 182 -0.21078 107 +0.97753 329
    133 +0.86896 576 +0.49487 222 183 +0.70868 041 +0.70552 964
    134 +0.88592 482 -0.46382 887 184 +0.97658 438 -0.21513 471
    135 +0.08836 869 -0.99608 784 185 +0.34662 118 -0.93800 520
    136 -0.79043 321 -0.61254 824 186 -0.60202 394 -0.79847 804
    137 -0.94251 445 +0.33416 538 187 -0.99717 102 +0.07516 615
    138 -0.22805 226 +0.97364 889 188 -0.47552 367 +0.87970 293
    139 +0.69608 013 +0.71796 410 189 +0.48331 795 +0.87544 489
    140 +0.98023 966 -0.19781 357 190 +0.99779 928 +0.06630 686
    141 +0.36317 137 -0.93172 236 191 +0.59490 855 -0.80379 339
    142 -0.58779 501 -0.80900 991 192 -0.35493 836 -0.93488 971
    143 -0.9.9834 536 +0.05750 253 193 -0.97845 657 -0.20645 273
    144 -0.49102 159 +0.87114 740 194 -0.70238 633 +0.71179 593
    145 +0.46774 516 +0.88386 337 195 +0.21945 467 +0.97562 270
    146 +0.99646 917 +0.08395 944 196 +0.93953 006 +0.34246 646
    147 +0.60904 402 -0.79313 642 197 +0.79580 584 -0.60555 186
    148 -0.33833 339 -0.94102 631 198 -0.07957 859 -0.99682 859
    149 -0.97464 865 -0.22374 095 199 -0.88179 884 -0.47162 571
    150 -0.71487 643 +0.69925 081 200 -0.87329 730 +0.48718 768
    178 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.8 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin x co9 x 5 sin x cos x


    200 -0.87329 730 +0.48718 768 250 -0.97052 802 +0.24098 831
    201 -0.06189 025 +0.99808 296 251 -0.32159 386 +0.94687 771
    202 +0.80641 841 +0.59134 538 252 +0.62301 221 +0.78221 211
    203 +0.93330 970 -0.35907 242 253 +0.99482 373 -0.10161 569
    204 +0.20212 036 -0.97936 069 254 +0.45199 890 -0.89201 850
    205 -0.71489 751 -0.69922 926 255 -0.50639 163 -0.86230 361
    206 -0.97464 190 +0.22377 033 256 -0.99920 803 -0.03979 076
    207 -0.33830 503 +0.94103 651 257 -0.57335 717 +0.81930 553
    208 +0.60906 793 +0.79311 806 258 +0.37963 563 +0.92513 609
    209 +0.99646 664 -0.08398 947 259 +0.98359 318 +0.18040 080
    210 +0.46771 852 -0.88387 747 260 +0.68323 970 -0.73019 416
    211 -0.49104 785 -0.87113 260 261 -0.24528 121 +X96945 197
    212 -0.99834 709 -0.05747 243 262 -0.94829 171 -0.31740 012
    213 -0.58777 062 +0.80902 763 263 -0.77944 719 +0.62646 794
    214 +0.36319 945 +0.93171 141 264 +0.10601 749 +0.99436 427
    215 +0.98024 562 +0.19778 403 265 +0.89401 017 +0.44804 667
    216 +0.69605 849 -0.71798 508 266 +0.86005 403 -0.51020 297
    217 -0.22808 161 -0.97364 202 267 +0.03536 818 -0.99937 435
    218 -0.94252 453 -0.33413 697 268 -0.82183 501 -0.56972 556
    219 -0.79041 474 +0.61257 207 269 -0.92344 688 +0.38372 628
    220 +0.08839 871 +0.99608 517 270 -0.17604 595 +0.98438 195
    221 +0.88593 880 +Q.46380 216 271 +0.73321 082 +0168000 139
    222 +0.86895 084 -0.49489 841 272 +0.96835 694 -0.24956 931
    223 +0.05305 349 -0.99859 167 273 +0.31320 015 -0194968 714
    224 -0.81162 100 -0.58418 435 274 -0.62991 141 -0.77666 699
    225 -0.93009 488 +0.36731 937 275 -0.99388 533 +0.11041 720
    226 -0.19344 382 +0.98111 135 276 -0.44408 566 +0.89598 433
    227 +0.72105 860 +0.69287 409 277 +0.51400 431 +0.85778 760
    228 +0.97262 306 -0.23238 a42 278 +0.99952 109 +0.03094 490
    229 +0.32996 237 -0.94399 409 279 +0.56608 279 -0.82434 840
    230 -0.61606 420 -0.78769 594 280 -0.38780 942 -0.92173 958
    231 -0.99568 419 +0.09280 622 281 -0.98515 144 -Oil7168 765
    232 -0.45987 672 +0.88798 277 282 -0.67674 976 +0.73621 312
    233 +0.49873 928 +0.86675 206 283 +0.25385 252 +0:96724 294
    234 +0.99881 669 +0.04863 350 284 +0.95106 397 +0.30899 406
    235 +0.58058 664 -0.81419 847 285 +0.77387 159 -0.63334 253
    236 -0.37143 209 -0.92846 012 286 -0.11481 476 -0.99338 692
    237 -0.98195 787 -0.18909 982 287 -0.89794 095 -0.44011 595
    238 -0.68967 611 +0.72411 799 288 -0.85550 437 +0.51779 559
    239 +0.23669 068 +0.97158 506 289 -0.02652 102 +0.99964 826
    240 +0.94544 515 +0.32578 131 290 +0.82684 563 +0.56242 893
    241 +0.78496 171 -0.61954 428 291 +0.92001 423 -0.39188 496
    242 -0.09721 191 -0.99526 371 292 +0.16732 598 -0.98590 163
    243 -0.89000 935 -0.45594 228 293 -0.73920 100 -0.67348 488
    244 -0.86453 630 +0.50257 038 294 -0.96610 999 +0.25813 076
    245 -0.04421 256 +0.99902 215 295 -0.30478 191 +0.95242 217
    246 +0.81676 000 +0.57697 756 296 +0.63676 125 +0.77106 103
    247 +0.92680 719 -0.37553 754 297 +0.99286 906 -0.11921 006
    248 +0.18475 212 -0.98278 515 298 +0.43613 763 -0.89987 997
    249 -0.72716 319 -0.68646 463 299 -0.52157 672 -0.85320 439
    250 -0.97052 802 +0.24098 831 300 -0.99975 584 -0.02209 662
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 179
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.8

    x sin x cos x x sin x cos x


    300 -0.99975 584 -0.02209 662 350 -0.95893 283 -0.28363 328
    301 -0.55876 405 +O. 82932 668 351 -0.75678 279 +O. 65366 643
    302 +O. 39595 283 +O. 91827 085 352 +O. 14114 985 +O. 98998 824
    303 +O. 98663 250 +O. 16296 104 353 +o. 90930 997 +O. 41611 943
    304 +O. 67020 680 -0.74217 440 354 +O. 84145 470 -0.54032 767
    305 -0.26240 394 -0.96495 812 355 -0.00003 014 -1.00000 000
    306 -0.95376 171 -0.30056 379 356 -0.84148 727 -0.54027 694
    307 -0.76823 536 +O. 64016 750 357 -0.90928 488 +O. 41617 425
    308 +O. 12360 304 +O. 99233 174 358 -0.14109 017 +O. 98999 675
    309 +O. 90180 137 +O. 43215 076 359 +O. 75682 220 +O. 65362 081
    310 +O. 85088 769 -0.52534 764 360 +O. 95891 572 -0.28369 109
    311 +O. 01767 179 -0.99984 384 361 +O. 27938 655 -0.96017 871
    312 -0.83179 148 -0.55508 823 362 -0.65700 932 -0.75388 245
    313 -0.91650 949 +O. 40001 294 363 -0.98935 386 +O. 14552 986
    314 -0.15859 291 +O. 98734 406 364 -0.41209 102 +O. 91114 268
    315 +O. 74513 326 +O. 66691 560 365 +O. 54404 640 +O. 83905 513
    316 +O. 96378 735 -0.26667 199 366 +o. 99999 007 -0.00445 584
    317 +O. 29633 979 -0.95508 258 367 +O. 53654 748 -0.84387 013
    318 -0.64356 121 -0.76539 465 368 -0.42019 439 -0.90743 412
    319 -0.99177 500 +O. 12799 359 369 -0.99061 148 -0.13670 736
    320 -0.42815 543 +o. 90370 511 370 -0.65026 494 +O. 75970 752
    +O. 52910 827 +O. 84855 433 371 +O. 28793 218 +O. 95765 080
    ;s: +O. 99991 226 +O. 01324 661 372 +O. 96140 579 +O. 27513 436
    323 +o. 55140 153 -0.83423 998 373 +O. 75096 734 -0.66033 935
    324 -0.40406 522 -0.91473 018 374 -0.14990 701 -0.98870 010

    325 -0.98803 627 -0.15422 167 375 -0.91295 755 -0.40805 454
    326 -0.66361 133 +O. 74807 753 376 -0.83663 913 +O. 54775 448
    327 +O. 27093 481 +O. 96259 770 377 +o. 00888 145 +O. 99996 056
    328 +O. 95638 473 +O. 29210 998 378 +O. 84623 647 +O. 53280 751
    329 +O. 76253 895 -0.64694 231 379 +O. 90556 557 -0.42420 631
    330 -0.13238 163 -0.99119 882 380 +O. 13232 187 -0.99120 680
    331 -0.90559 115 -0.42415 171 381 -0.76257 795 -0.64689 634
    332 -0.84620 434 +O. 53285 853 382 -0.95636 712 +O. 29216 764
    333 -0.00882 117 +O. 99996 109 383 -0.27087 677 +O. 96261 403
    334 +O. 83667 215 +o. 54770 404 384 +O. 66365 643 +O. 74803 752

    335 +O. 91293 295 -0.40810 958 385 +O. 98802 697 -0.15428 123
    336 +O. 14984 741 -0.98870 914 386 +o. 40401 007 -0.91475 454
    337 -0.75100 715 -0.66029 407 387 -0.55145 183 -0.83420 674
    338 -0.96138 920 +O. 27519 232 388 -0.99991 146 +O. 01330 689
    339 -0.28787 445 +O. 95766 816 389 -0.52905 711 +O. 84858 622

    340 +O. 65031 074 +O. 75966 831 390 +O. 42820 991 +O. 90367 930
    341 +O. 99060 323 -0.13676 708 391 +O. 99178 271 +O. 12793 379
    342 +O. 42013 968 -0.90745 945 392 +O. 64351 506 -0.76543 345
    343 -0.53659 836 -0.84383 778 393 -0.29639 737 -0.95506 471
    344 -0.99999 034 -0.00439 555 394 -0.96380 342 -0.26661 388

    345 -0.54399 582 +O. 83908 793 395 -0.74509 306 +O. 66696 052
    346 +O. 41214 595 +O. 91111 784 396 +O. 15865 243 +O. 98733 450
    347 +O. 98936 263 +o. 14547 021 397 +O. 91653 361 +O. 39995 769
    348 +O. 65696 387 -0.75392 206 398 +O. 83175 801 -0.55513 837
    349 -0.27944 444 -0.96016 186 399 -0.01773 206 -0.99984 277

    350 -0.95893 283 -0.28363 328 400 -0.85091 936 -0.52529 634
    180 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.8 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    5 sin 2 co9 x X sin x co9 x

    400 -0.85091 936 -0.52529 634 450 -0.68328 373 -0.73015 296
    401 -0.90177 532 +0.43220 513 451 -0.98358 231 +0.18046 010
    402 -0.12354 321 +0.99233 919 452 -0.37957 985 +0.92515 898
    403 +0.76827 396 +0.64012 118 453 +0.57340 657 +0.81927 096
    404 +0.95374 359 -0.30062 129 454 +0.99920 563 -0.03985 100
    405 +0.26234 577 -0.96497 394 455 +0.50633 965 -0.86233 414
    406 -0.67025 155 -0.74213 399 456 -0.45205 268 -0.89199 124
    407 -0.98662 268 +0.16302 052 457 -0.99482 985 -0.10155 572
    408 -0.39589 747 +0.91829 472 458 -0.62296 505 +0.78224 967
    409 +0.55881 405 +0.82929 299 459 +0.32165 095 +0.94685 832
    410 +0.99975 451 -0.02215 689 460 +0.97054 255 +0.24092 979
    411 +0.52152 528 -0.85323 583 461 +0.72712 181 -0.68650 847
    412 -0.43619 188 -0.89985 368 462 -0.18481 137 -0.98277 401
    413 -0.99287 624 -0Ii1915 021 463 -0.92682 982 -0.37548 166
    414 -0.63671 476 +0.77109 942 464 -0.81672 521 +0.57702 680
    415 +0.30483 933 +0.95240 379 465 +0.04427 279 +0.99901 948
    416 +0.96612 555 +0.25807 251 466 +0.86456 660 +0.50251 826
    417 +0.73916 039 -0.67352 944 467 +0.88998 186 -0.45599 593
    418 -0.16738 542 -0.98589 154 468 +0.09715 190 -0.99526 957
    419 -0.92003 785 -0.39182 950 469 -0.78499 906 -0.61949 695
    420 -0.82681 172 +0.56247 878 470 -0.94542 551 +0.32583 830
    421 +0.02658 129 +0.99964 666 471 -0.23663 211 +0.97159 932
    422 +0.85553 559 +0.51774 401 472 +0.68971 977 +0.72407 641
    423 +0.89791 441 -0.44017 009 473 +0.98194 647 -0.18915 902
    424 +0.11475 487 -0.99339 384 474 +0.37137 611 -0.92848 252
    425 -0.77390 977 -0.63329 587 475 -0.58063 573 -0.81416 347
    426 -0.95104 534 +0.30905 140 476 -0.99881 376 +0.04869 372
    427 -0.25379 421 +0.96725 824 477 -0.49868 703 +0.86678 212
    428 +0.67679 415 +0.73617 232 478 +0.45993 026 +0.88795 504
    429 +0.98514 108 -0.17174 704 479 +0.99568 978 +0.09274 619
    430 +0.38775 385 -0.92176 296 480 +0.61601 671 -0.78773 308
    431 -0.56613 249 -0.82431 427 481 -0.33001 928 -0.94397 419
    432 -0.99951 922 +0.03100 516 482 -0.97263 707 -0.23232 978
    433 -0.51395 260 +0.85781 859 483 -0.72101 682 +0:69291 756
    434 +0.44413 968 +0.89595 756 484 +0.19350 297 +0.98109 969
    . 435 +0.99389 198 +0.11035 728 485 +0.93dll 702 +0.36726 329
    436 +0.62986 458 -0.77670 497 486 +0.81158 578 -0.58423 328
    437 -0.31325 741 -0.94966 826 487 -0.05311 369 -0.99858 847
    438 -0.96837 198 -0.24951 093 488 -0.86898 067 -0.49484 603
    439 -0.73316 982 +0.68004 560 489 -0.88591 083 +0.46385 557
    440 +0.17610 529 +0.98437 134 490 -0.08833 866 +0.99609 050
    441 +0.92347 001 +0.38367 061 491 +0.79045 167 +0.61252 441
    442 +0.82180 066 -0.56977 511 492 +0.94250 438 -0.33419 379
    443 -0.03542 843 -0.99937 222 493 +0.22802 291 -0.97365 577
    444 -0.86008 478 -0.51015 112 494 -0.69610 177 -0.71794 312
    445 -0.89398 316 +0.44810 056 495 -0.98023 370 +0.19784 312
    446 -0.10595 754 +0.99437 066 496 -0.36314 328 +0.93173 331
    447 +0.77948 495 +0.62642 095 497 +0.58781 939 +0.80899 219
    448 +0.94827 257 -0.31745 729 498 +0.99834 363 -0.05753 262
    449 +0.24522 276 -0.96946 676 499 +0.49099 533 -0.87116 220
    450 -0.68328 373 -0.73015 296 500 -0.46777 181 -0.88384 927
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 181
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.8

    x sin z co9 x x sin x co9 x


    500 -0.46777 181 -0.88384 927 550 -0.21948 408 -0.97561 608
    501 -0.99647 170 -0.08392 940 551 -0.93954 038 -0.34243 814
    502 -0.60902 011 +0.79315 478 552 -0.79578 759 +0.60557 585
    503 +0.33836 176 +0.94101 611 553 +0.07960 864 +0.99682 620
    504 +0.97465 539 +0.22371 157 554 +0.88181 305 +0.47159 913
    505 +0.71485 535 -0.69927 236 555 +0.87328 261 -0.48721 400
    506 -0.20217 940 -0.97934 850 556 +0.06186 016 -0.99808 483
    507 -0.93333 135 -0.35901 615 557 -0.80643 623 -0.59132 107
    508 -0.80638 275 +0.59139 399 -0.93329 888 +0.35910 055
    509 +0.06195 042 +0.99807 923 ::98 -0.20209 084 +0.97936 678
    510 +0.87332 667 +0.48713 502 560 +0.71491 859 +0.69920 771
    511 +0.88177 040 -0.47167 887 561 +0.97463 516 -0.22379 971
    512 +0.07951 849 -0.99683 339 562 +0.33827 666 -0.94104 671
    513 -0.79584 235 -0.60550 389 563 -0.60909 184 -0.79309 970
    514 -0.93950 941 +0.34252 310 564 -0.99646 411 +0.08401 951
    515 -0.21939 585 +0.97563 593 565 -0.46769 187 +0.88389 157
    516 +0.70242 924 +0.71175 358 566 +0.49107 411 +0.87111 780
    517 +0.97844 413 -0.20651 172 567 +0.99834 883 +0.05744 234
    518 +0.35488 199 -0.93491 110 568 +0.58774 623 -0.80904 534
    519 -0.59495 701 -0.80375 753 569 -0.36322 754 -0.93170 046
    520 -0.99779 528 +0.06636 701 570 -0.98025 158 -0.19775 448
    521 -0.48326 517 +0.87547 403 571 -0.69603 684 +0.71800 607
    522 +0.47557 670 +0.87967 426 572 +0.22811 096 +0.97363 514
    523 +0.99717 555 +0.07510 603 573 +0.94253 460 +0.33410 856
    524 +0.60197 580 -0.79851 433 574 +0.79039 628 -0.61259 589
    525 -0.34667 773 -0.93798 430 575 -0.08842 874 -0.99608 251
    526 -0.97659 735 -0.21507 583 576 -0.88595 278 -0.46377 546
    527 -0.70863 787 +0.70557 237 577 -0.86893 592 +0.49492 461
    528 +0.21084 000 +0.97752 059 578 -0.05302 338 +0.99859 327
    529 +0.93647 255 +0.35074 088 579 +0.81163 861 +0.58415 989
    530 +0.80111 655 -0.59850 837 580 +0.93008 380 -0.36734 740
    531 -0.07078 230 -0.99749 179 581 +0.19341 424 -0.98111 719
    532 -0.87760 424 -0.47938 586 582 -0.72107 948 -0.69285 235
    533 -0.87756 088 +0.47946 522 583 -0.97261 606 +0.23241 774
    534 -0.07069 210 +0.99749 818 584 -0.32993 391 +0.94400 403
    535 +0.80117 068 +0.59843 592 585 +0.61608 795 +0.78767 737
    536 +0.93644 083 -0.35082 557 586 +0.99568 139 -0.09283 623
    537 +0.21075 160 -0.97753 965 587 +0.45984 996 -0.88799 663
    538 -0.70870 168 -0.70550 828 588 -0.49876 541 -0.86673 702
    539 -0.97657 790 +0.21516 415 589 -0.99881 816 -0.04860 339
    540 -0.34659 290 +0.93801 565 590 -0.58056 210 +0.81421 597
    541 +0.60204 801 +0.79845 989 591 +0.37146 008 +0.92844 893
    542 +0.99716 876 -0.07519 621 592 +0.98196 357 +0.18907 022
    543 +0.47549 715 -0.87971 726 593 +0.68965 428 -0.72413 878
    544 -0.48334 434 -0.87543 032 594 -0.23671 997 -0.97157 792
    545 -0.99780 128 -0.06627 678 595 -0.94545 497 -0.32575 281
    546 -0.59488 432 +0.80381 133 596 -0.78494 304 +0.61956 794
    547 +0.35496 654 +0.93487 901 597 +0.09724 191 +0.99526 078
    548 +0.97846 280 +0.20642 324 598 +0.89002 309 +0.45591 545
    549 +0.70236 487 -0.71181 710 599 +0.86452 115 -0.50259 644
    550 -0.21948 408 -0.97561 608 600 +0.04418 245 -0.99902 348
    182 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.8 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    x sin x cos x X sin x cos x

    600 +0.04418 245 -0.99902 348 650 +0.30475 320 -0.95243 136
    601 -0.81677 739 -0.57695 294 651 -0.63678 449 -0;77104 183
    602 -0.92679 586 +0.37556 547 652 -0.99286 546 +0.11923 999
    603 -0.18472 249 +0.98279 072 653 -0.43611 050 +0:89989 312
    604 +0.72718 389 +0.68644 271 654 +0.52160 244 +0.85318 866
    605 +0.97052 075 -0.24101 756 655 +0.99975 651 +0.02206 648
    606 iO:32156 532 -0.94688 740 656 +0.55873 905 -0.82934 352
    607 -0.62303 579 -0.78219 333 657 -0.39598 051 -0.91825 891
    608 -0i99482 067 +0.10164 568 658 -0.98663 742 -0.16293 130
    609 -0.45197 201 +0.89203 212 659 -0.67018 443 +0.74219 460
    610 +0.50641 763 +0.86228 834 660 +0.26243 303 +0.96495 021
    611 +0.99920 923 +0.03976 064 661 +0.95377 077 +0.30053 504
    612 +0.57333 248 -0.81932 281 662 +0.76821 607 -0.64019 066
    613 -0.37966 351 -0.92512 465 663 -0.12363 295 -0.99232 802
    614 -0.98359 862 -0.18037 115 664 -0.90181 440 -0.43212 358
    615 -0.68321 769 +0.73021 475 665 -0.85087 185 +0.52537 329
    616 +0.24531 043 +0.96944 458 666 -0.01764 165 +0:99984 437
    617 +0.94830 128 +0.31737 153 667 +0.83180 821 +0.55506 315
    618 +0.77942 830 -0.62649 144 668 +0.91649 743 -0.40004 057
    619 -0.10604 746 -0.99436 107 669 +0.15856 314 -0.98734 884
    620 -0.89402 368 -0.44801 972 670 -0.74515 337 -0.66689 314
    621 -0.86003 865 +0.51022 890 671 -0.96377 931 +0.26670 104
    622 -0.03533 805 +0.99937 542 672 -0.29631 100 +0.95509 151
    623 +0.82185 218 +0.56970 079 673 +0.64358 428 +0.76537 525
    624 +0.92343 531 -0.38375 412 674 +0.99177 114 -0.12802 348
    625 +0.17601 627 -0.98438 726 675 +0.42812 819 -0.90371 802
    626 -0.73323 132 -0.67997 929 676 -0.52913 384 -0.84853 838
    627 -0.96834 941 +0.24959 850 677 -0.99991 266 -0.01321 646
    628 -0.31317 153 +0.94969 658 678 -0.55137 639 +0.83425 660
    629 +0.62993 482 +0.77664 801 679 +0.40409 279 +0.91471 800
    630 +0.99388 200 -0.11044 716 680 +0.98804 092 +0.15419 188
    631 +0.44405 865 -0.89599 772 681 +0.66358 878 -0.74809 754
    632 -0.51403 017 -0.85777 210 682 -0.27096 382 -0.96258 953
    633 -0.99952 202 -0.03091 477 683 -0.95639 354 -0.29208 115
    634 -0.56605 794 +0.82436 546 684 -0.76251 945 +0.64696 529
    635 +0.38783 721 +0.92172 789 685 +0.13241 151 +0.99119 483
    636 +0.98515 661 +0.17165 795 686 +0.90560 393 +0.42412 441
    637 +0.67672 757 -0.73623 352 687 +0.84618 828 -0.53288 404
    638 -0.25388 168 -0.96723 528 688 +0.00879 102 -0.99996 136
    639 -0.95107 328 -0.30896 539 689 -0.83668 866 -0.54767 882
    640 -0.77385 250 +0.63336 586 690 -0.91292 065 +0.40813 710
    641 +0.11484 470 +0.99338 346 691 -0.14981 760 +0.98871 365
    642 +0.89795 421 +0:44008 889 692 +0.75102 706 +0.66027 143
    643 +0.85548 876 -0.51782 138 693 +0.96138 090 -0.27522 130
    644 +0.02649 089 -0.99964 905 694 +0.28784 558 -0.95767 684
    645 -0.82686 259 -0.56240 400 695 -0.65033 364 -0.75964 871
    646 -0.92000 241 +0.39191 270 696 -0I99059 911 +0.13679 694
    647 -0.16729 626 +0.98590 667 697 -0.42011 233 +0.90747 211
    648 +0.73922 130 +0.67346 260 698 +0.53662 379 +0.84382 161
    649 +0.96610 221 -0.25815 988 699 +0.99999 047 +0.00436 541
    650 +0.30475 320 -0.95243 136 700 +0.54397 052 -0.83910 433
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 183
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.8
    x sin x cos x X sin z cos x
    700 +0.54397 052 -0.83910 433 750 +0.74507 295 -0.66698 298
    701 -0.41217 342 -0.91110 541 751 -0.15868 219 -0.98732 971
    702 -0.98936 702 -0.14544 039 752 -0.91654 566 -0.39993 006
    703 -0.65694 115 +0.75394 186 753 -0.83174 127 +0.55516 345
    704 +0.27947 339 +0.96015 344 754 +0.01776 220 +0.99984 224
    705 +0.95894 137 +0.28360 437 755 +0.85093 519 +0.52527 069
    706 +0.75676 309 -0.65368 925 756 +0.90176 229 -0.43223 231
    707 -0.14117 969 -0.98998 399 757 +0.12351 330 -0.99234 292
    708 -0.90932 251 -0.41609 202 758 -0.76829 325 -0.64009 802
    709 -0.84143 841 +0.54035 304 759 -0.95373 453 +0.30065 004
    710 +O.OOOOb029 +1.00000 000 760 -0.26231 668 +0.96498 184
    711 +0.84150 356 +0.54025 157 761 +0:67027 392 +0.74211 379
    712 +0.90927 234 -0.41620 166 762 +0.98661 776 -0.16305 026
    713 +0.14106 032 -0.99000 100 763 +0.39586 979 -0.91830 665
    714 -0.75684 190 -0.65359 799 764 -0.55883 905 -0.82927 614
    715 -0.95890 717 +0.28372 000 765 -0.99975 384 +0.02218 703
    716 -0.27935 761 +0.96018 713 766 -0.52149 956 +0.85325 155
    717 +0.65703 205 +0.75386 264 767 +0.43621 901 +0.89984 053
    718 +0.98934 947 -0.14555 968 768 +0.99287 983 +0.11912 028
    719 +0.41206 355 -0.91115 511 769 +0.63669 152 -0.77111 861
    720 -0.54407 170 -0.83903 873 770 -0.30486 804 -0.95239 460
    721 -0.99998 994 +0.00448 599 771 -0.96613 333 -0.25804 339
    722 -0.53652 204 +0.84388 631 772 -0.73914 009 +0.67355 173
    723 +0.42022 174 +0.90742 145 773 +0.16741 514 +0.98588 649
    724 +0.99061 560 +0.13667 750 774 +0.92004 966 +0.39180 176
    725 +0.65024 204 -0.75972 712 775 +0.82679 477 -0.56250 370
    726 -0.28796 105 -0.95764 212 776 -0.02661 142 -0.99964 585
    727 -0.96141 408 -0.27510 538 777 -0.85555 119 -0.51771 822
    728 -0.75094 744 +0.66036 198 778 -0.89790 114 +0.44019 716
    729 +0.14993 682 +0.98869 558 779 -Oil1472 492 +0.99339 730
    730 +0.91296 985 +0.40802 702 780 +0.77392 886 +0.63327 255
    731 +0.83662 262 -0.54777 970 781 +0.95103 602 -0.30908 007
    732 -0.00891 160 -0.99996 029 782 +0.25376 505 -0.96726 589
    733 -0.84625 253 -0.53278 200 783 -0.67681 634 -0.73615 192
    734 -0.90555 279 +0.42423 360 784 -0.98513 591 +0.17177 673
    735 -0.13229 199 +0.99121 079 785 -0.38772 606 +0.92177 465
    736 +0.76259 745 +0:64687 335 786 +0.56615 733 +0.82429 720
    737 +0.95635 831 -0.29219 647 787 +0.99951 829 -0.03103 529
    738 +0.27084 775 -0.96262 220 788 +0.51392 674 -0.85783 408
    739 -0.66367 898 -0.74801 752 789 -0.44416 668 -0.89594 417
    740 -0.98802 232 +0.15431 102 790 -0.99389 531 -0.11032 732
    741 -0.40398 250 +0.91476 672 791 -0.62984 117 +0.77672 396
    742 +0.55147 697 +0.83419 011 792 +0.31328 604 +0.94965 881
    743 +0.99991 106 -0.01333 703 793 +0.96837 950 +0.24948 174
    744 +0.52903 153 -0.84860 217 794 +0.73314 932 -0.68006 770
    745 -0.42823 715 -0.90366 639 795 -0.17613 497 -0.98436 603
    746 -0.99178 657 -0.12790 390 796 -0.92348 158 -0.38364 277
    747 -0.64349 199 +0.76545 285 797 -0.82178 349 +0.56979 988
    748 +0.29642 616 +0.95505 577 798 +0.03545 855 +0.99937 115
    749 +0.96381 146 +0.26658 483 799 +0.86010 016 +0.51012 519
    750 +0.74507 295 -0.66698 298 800 +0.89396 965 -0.44812 751
    184 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.8 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    X sin 5 cos 5 X sin 2 co5 x


    800 +0.89396 965 -0.44812 751 850 +0.98022 773 -0.19787 267
    801 +0.10592 756 -0.99437 385 851 +0.36311 519 -0.93174 426
    802 -0.77950 384 -0.62639 745 852 -0.58784 378 -0.80897 447
    803 -0.94826 300 +0.31748 587 853 -0.99834 189 +0.05756 271
    804 -0.24519 354 +0.96947 415 854 -0.49096 907 +0.87117 700
    805 +0.68330 573 +0.73013 237 855 +0.46779 845 +0.88383 517
    806 .tO.98357 687 -0.18048 975 856 +0.99647 423 +0.08389 936
    807 +0.37955 196 -0.92517 042 857 +0.60899 620 -0.79317 314
    808 -0.57343 126 -0.81925 368 858 -0.33839 013 -0.94100 591
    809 -0.99920 443 +0.03988 112 859 -0.97466 214 -0.22368 219
    810 -0.50631 365 +0.86234 940 860 -0.71483 427 +0.69929 390
    811 +0.45207 956 +0.89197 762 861 +0.20220 893 +0.97934 241
    812 +0.99483 291 +0.10152 573 862 +0.93334 217 +0.35898 802
    813 +0.62294 147 -0.78226 845 863 +0.80636 493 -0.59141 830
    814 -0.32167 949 -0.94684 862 864 -0.06198 051 -0.99807 736
    815 -0.97054 981 -0.24090 054 865 -0.87334 135 -0.48710 870
    816 -0.72710 111 +0.68653 039 866 -0.88175 618 $0.47170 545
    817 +0.18484 099 +0.98276 844 867 -0.07948 845 +0.99683 579
    818 +0.92684 114 +0.37545 372 868 +0.79586 060 +0.60547 989
    819 +0.81670 782 -0.57705 142 869 +0.93949 908 -0.34255 142
    820 -0.04430 291 -0.99901 814 870 +0.21936 644 -0.97564 254
    821 -0.86458 174 -0.50249 220 871 -0.70245 070 -0.71173 241
    822 -0.88996 811 +0.45602 276 872 -0.97843 790 +0.20654 122
    823 -0.09712 190 +0:99527 249 873 -0.35485 381 +0.93492 180
    824 +0.78501 774 +0.61947 329 874 +0.59498 124 +0.80373 959
    825 +0.94541 569 -0.32586 680 875 +0.99779 328 -0.06639 709
    826 +0.23660 282 -0.97160 646 876 +0.48323 878 -0.87548 859
    827 -0.68974 159 -0.72405 561 877 -0.47560 322 -0.87965 992
    828 -0.98194 076 +0.18918 862 878 -0.99717 782 -0.07507 597
    829 -0.37134 812 +0.92849 371 879 -0.60195 173 +0.79853 248
    830 +0.58066 027 +0.81414 596 880 +0.34670 601 +0.93797 385
    831 +0.99881 229 -0.04872 383 881 +0.97660 383 +0.21504 639
    832 +0.49866 090 -0.86679 716 882 +0.70861 660 -0.70559 373
    833 -0.45995 702 -0.88794 118 883 -0.21086 947 -0.97751 423
    834 -0.99569 258 -0.09271 618 884 -0.93648 312 -0.35071 265
    835 -0.61599 297 +0.78775 165 885 -0.80109 851 +0.59853 252
    836 +0.33004 774 +0.94396 424 886 +0.07081 237 +0.99748 965
    837 +0.97264 407 +0.23230 046 887 +0.87761 869 +0.47935 940
    838 +0.72099 594 -0.69293 929 888 +0.87754 643 -0.47949 167
    839 -0.19353 254 -0.98109 386 889 +0.07066 203 -0.99750 031
    840 -0.93012 809 -0.36723 525 890 -0.80118 871 -0.59841 177
    841 -0.81156 816 +0.58425 775 891 -0.93643 025 +0.35085 380
    842 +0.05314 379 +0.99858 687 892 -0.21072 213 +0.97754 600
    843 +0.86899 559 +0.49481 983 893 +0.70872 294 +0.70548 692
    844 +0.88589 685 -0.46388 228 894 +0.97657 141 -0.21519 358
    845 +0.08830 863 -0.99609 316 895 +0.34656 463 -0.93802 610
    846 -0.79047 014 -0.61250 058 896 -0.60207 208 -0.79844 174
    847 -0.94249 431 +0.33422 221 897 -0.99716 649 +0.07522 627
    848 -0.22799 356 +0.97366 264 898 -0.47547 063 +0.87973 159
    849 +0.69612 342 +0.71792 213 899 +0.48337 073 +0.87541 575
    850 +0.98022 773 -0.19787 267 900 +0.99780 327 +0.06624 670
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 185
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS Table 4.8
    sin 5 cos 2 5 sin x cos x
    900 +0.99780 327 +0.06624 670 950 +0.94546 479 +0.32572 431
    901 +0.59486 009 -0.80382 926 951 +0.78492 436 -0.61959 160
    902 -0.35499 472 -0.93486 831 952 -0.09727 191 -0.99525 784
    903 -0.97846 902 -0.20639 374 953 -0.89003 684 -0.45588 862
    904 -0.70234 341 +0.71183 827 954 -0.86450 600 +0.50262 250
    905 +0.21951 349 +0.97560 947 955 -0.04415 233 +0.99902 481
    906 io.93955 070 +0.34240 981 956 +0.83679 478 +0.57692 832
    907 +0.79576 933 -0.60559 984 957 +0.92678 454 -0.37559 341
    908 -0.07963 869 -0.99682 380 958 +0.18469 287 -0.98279 629
    909 -0.88182 727 -0.47157 255 959 -0.72720 458 -0.68642 079
    910 -0.87326 792 +0.48724 032 960 -0.97051 349 +0.24104 682
    911 -0.06183 008 +0.99808 669 961 -0.32153 677 +0.94689 709
    912 +0.80645 406 +0.59129 676 962 +a.62305 937 +0.78217 455
    913 +0.93328 805 -0.35912 869 963 +0.99481 760 -0.10167 567
    914 +0.20206 131 -0.97937 287 964 +0.45194 512 -0.89204 574
    915 -0.71493 966 -0.69918 616 965 -0.50644 362 -0.86227 308
    916 -0.97462 841 +0.22382 909 966 -0.99921 043 -0.03973 052
    917 -0.33824 829 +0.94105 690 967 -0.57330 778 +0.81934 009
    918 +0.60911 575 +0.79308 134 968 +0.37969 140 +0.92511 320
    919 +0.99646 158 -0.08404 955 969 +0.98360 406 +0.18034 150
    920 +0.46766 523 -0.88390 567 970 +0.68319 568 -0.73023 535
    921 -0.49110 037 -0.87110 299 971 -0.24533 966 -0.96943 718
    922 -0.99835 056 -0.05741 224 972 -0.94831 084 -0.31734 294
    923 -0.58772 184 +0.80906 306 973 -0.77940 942 +0.62651 493
    924 +0.36325 562 +0.93168 952 974 +0.10607 744 +0.99435 787
    925 +0.98025 754 +0.19772 493 975 +0.89403 718 +0.44799 277
    926 +0.69601 520 -0.71802 705 976 +0.86002 327 -0.51025 482
    927 -0.22814 031 -0.97362 827 977 +0.03530 793 -0.99937 648
    928 -0.94254 467 -0.33408 015 978 -0.82186 936 -0.56967 601
    929 -0.79037 781 +0.61261 972 979 -0.92342 374 +0.38378 195
    930 +0.08845 877 +0.99607 984 980 -0.17598 660 +0.98439 256
    931 +0.88596 676 +0.46374 875 981 +0.73325 181 +0.67995 719
    932 +0.86892 100 -0.49495 080 982 +0.96834 189 -0.24962 769
    933 +0.05299 328 -0.99859 487 983 +0.31314 290 -0.94970 602
    934 -0.81165 622 -0.58413 542 984 -0.62995 823 -0.77662 902
    935 -0.93007 273 +0.36737 544 985 -0.99387 867 +0.11047 712
    936 -0.19338 467 +0.98112 302 986 -0.44403 164 +0.89601 111
    937 +0.72110 037 +0.69283 061 987 +0.51405 603 +0.85775 661
    938 +0.97260 905 -0.23244 706 988 +0.99952 296 +0.03088 464
    939 +0.32990 546 -0.94401 398 989 +0.56603 309 -0.82438 252
    940 -0.61611 169 -0.78765 880 990 -0.38786 499 -0.92171 620
    941 -0.99567 859 +0.09286 625 991 -0.98516 179 -0.17162 825
    942 -0.45982 319 +0.88801 049 992 -0.67670 538 +0.73625 392
    943 +0.49879 154 +0.86672 199 993 +0.25391 083 +0.96722 763
    944 +0.99881 962 +0.04857 328 994 +0.95108 260 +0.30893 672
    945 +0.58053 755 -0.81423 347 995 +0.77383 341 -0.63338 919
    946 -0.37148 806 -0.92843 773 996 -0.11487 465 -0.99338 000
    947 -0.98196 927 -0.18904 062 997 -0.89796 748 -0.44006 182
    948 -0.68963 246 +0.72415 957 998 -0.85547 315 +0.51784 716
    949 +0.23674 926 +0.97157 078 999 -0.02646 075 +0.99964 985
    +0.94546 479 +0.32572 431 1000 +0.82687 954 +0.56237 908
    For x>lOOOsee Example 16.
    186 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.9

    CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

    x tanx cot x set x csc x x-l-cot x csc x-x-l


    0.00 0.00000 0000 1.00000 00 0.00000 000 0.00000 000
    0.01 0.01000 0333 99.990066666 1.00005 00 100.0:166 67 0.00333 335 0.00166 668
    0.02 0.02000 2667 49.99333 32 1.00020 00 50.00333 35 0.00666 684 0.00333 349
    0.03 0.03000 9003 33.32333 27 1.00045 02 33.33833 39 0.01000 060 0.00500 053
    0.04 0.04002 1347 24.98666 52 1.00080 05 25.00666 79 0.01333 476 0.00666 791
    0.05 0.05004 1708 19.98333 06 1.00125 13 20.00833 58 0.01666 944 0.00833 576
    0.06 0.06007 2104 16.64666 19 1.00180 27 16.67667 09 0.02000 480 0.01000 420
    0.07 0.07011 4558 14.26237 33 1.00245 50 14.29738 76 0.02334 096 O.Oll.67 334
    0.08 0.08017 1105 12.47332 19 1.00320 86 12.51334 32 0.02667 805 0.01334 330
    0.09 0.09024 3790 11.08109 49 1.00406 37 11.12612 53 0.03001 621 0.01501 419
    0.10 0.10033 467 9.96664 44 1.00502 09 10.01668 61 0.03335 558 0.01668 614
    0.11 0.11044 582 9.05421 28 1.00608 07 9.10926 83 0.03669 628 0.01835 925
    0.12 0.12057 934 8.29329 49 1.00724 35 8.35336 70 0.04003 845 0.02003 365
    0.13 0.13073 732 7.64892 55 1.00850 99 7.71401 72 0.04338 223 0.02170 946
    0.14 0.14092 189 7.09612 94 1.00988 07 7.16624 39 0.04672 776 0.02338 680
    0.15 0.15113 522 6.61659 15 1.01135 64 6.69173 24 0.05007 516 0.02506 578
    0.16 0.16137 946 6.19657 54 1.01293 80 6.27674 65 0.05342 458 0.02674 653
    0.17 0.17165 682 5.82557 68 1.01462 61 5.91078 21 0.05677 615 0.02842 915
    0.18 0.18196 953 5.49542 56 1.01642 16 5.58566 93 0.06013 000 0.03011 379
    0.19 0.19231 984 5.19967 16 1.01832 55 5.29495 84 0.06348 628 0.03180 054
    0.20 0.20271 004 4.93315 49 1.02033 88 5.03348 95 0.06684 512 0.03348 955
    0.21 0.21314 244 4.69169 81 1.02246 26 4.79708 57 0.07020 667 0.03518 092
    0.22 0.22361 942 4.47188 35 1.02469 78 4.58232 93 0.07357 105 0.03687 477
    0.23 0.23414 336 4.27088 77 1.02704 58 4.38639 73 0.07693 841 0.03857 124
    0.24 0.24471 670 4.08635 78 1.02950 78 4.20693.71 0.08030 889 0.04027 044
    0.25 0.25534 192 3.91631 74 1.03208 50 4.04197 25 0.08368 264 0.04197 250
    0.26 0.26602 154 3.75909 41 1.03477 89 3.88983 14 0.08705 978 0.04367 754
    0.27 0.27675 814 3.61326 32 1.03759 10 3.74908 94 0.09044 046 0.04538 569
    0.28 0.28755 433 3.47760 37 1.04052 27 3.61852 56 0.09382 483 0.04709 707
    0.29 0.29841 279 3.35106 28 1.04357 57 3.49708 77 0.09721 302 0.04881 181
    0.30 0.30933 625 3.23272 81 1.04675 16 3.38386 34 0.10060 519 0.05053 003
    0.31 0.32032 751 3.12180 50 1.05005 22 3.27805 83 0.10400 147 0.05225 186
    0.32 0.33138 941 3.01759 80 1.05347 94 3.17897 74 0.10740 202 0.05397 744
    0.33 0.34252 487 2.91949 61 1.05703 51 3.08600 99 0.11080 697 0.05570 689
    0.34 0.35373 688 2.82696 00 1.06072 13 2.99861 68 0.11421 648 0.05744 034
    0.35 0.36502 849 2.73951 22 1.06454 02 2.91632 08 0.11763 070 0.05917 792
    0.37640 285 2.65672 80 1.06849 38 2.83869 75 0.12104 976 0.06091 976
    876 0.38786 316 2.57822 89 1.07258 47 2.76536 87 0.12447 383 0.06266 601
    0:38 0.39941 272 2.50367 59 1.07681 50 2.69599 57 0.12790 306 0.06441 678
    0.39 0.41105 492 2.43276 50 1.08118 74 2.63027 48 0.13133 759 0.06617 222
    0.40 0.42279 322 2.36522 24 1.08570 44 2.56793 25 0.13477 758 0.06793 246
    0.41 0.43463 120 2.30080 12 1.09036 89 2.50872 20 0.13822 318 0.06969 763
    0.42 0.44657 255 2.23927 78 1.09518 36 2.45242 03 0.14167 456 0.07146 789
    0.43 0.45862 102 2.18044 95 1.10015 15 2.39882 48 0.14513 185 0.07324 336
    0.44 0.47078 053 2.12413 20 1.10527 57 2.34775 15 0.14859 524 0.07502 418
    0.45 0.48305 507 2.07015 74 1.11055 94 2.29903 27 0.15206 486 0.07681 051
    0.46 0.49544 877 2.01837 22 1.11600 60 2.25251 55 0.15554 089 0.07860 247
    0.47 0.50796 590 1.96863 61 1.12161 91 2.20805 98 0.15902 348 0.08040 022
    0.48 0.52061 084 1.92082 05 1.12740 22 2.16553 72 0.16251 280 0.08220 390
    0.49 0.53338 815 1.87480 73 1.13335 91 2.12483 00 0.16600 901 0.08401 366
    0.50 0.54630 249 1.83048 77 1.13949 39 2.08582 96 0.16951 228 0.08582 964
    [ 1
    c-y
    II 1
    C-j)2 c-p9
    [hyperbolictangentsand
    1 [.C-l)8cotan-1
    Compilation of tansand cots from National Bureau of Standards, Table ofcircularand
    gents for radian arguments, 2d printing. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 187
    CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS Table 4.9
    FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS
    x tanx cot x set x csc x
    0.50 0.54630 249 1.83048 772 1.13949 39 2.08582 96
    0.51 0.55935 872 1.78776 154 1.14581 07 2.04843 63
    0.52 0.57256 183 1.74653 626 1.15231 38 2.01255 78
    0.53 0.58591 701 1.70672 634 1.15900 77 1.97810 89
    0.54 0.59942 962 1.66825 255 1.16589 70 1.94501 07
    0.55 0.61310 521 1.63104 142 1.17298 68 1.91319 00
    0.56 0.62694 954 1.59502 471 1.18028 21 1.88257 90
    0.57 0.64096 855 1.56013 894 1.18778 81 1.85311 45
    0.58 0.65516 845 1.52632 503 1.19551 06 1.82473 78
    0.59 0.66955 565 1.49352 784 1.20345 53 1.79739 41
    0.60 0.68413 681 1.46169 595 1.21162 83 1.77103 22
    0.61 0.69891 886 1.43078 125 1.22003 59 1.74560 45
    0.62 0.71390 901 1.40073 873 1.22868 47 1.72106 62
    0.63 0.72911 473 1.37152 626 1.23758 16 1.69737 57
    0.64 0.74454 382 1.34310 429 1.24673 39 1.67449 37
    0.65 0.76020 440 1.31543 569 1.25614 92 1.65238 34
    0.66 0.77610 491 1.28848 559 1.26583 52 1.63101 05
    0.67 0.79225 417 1.26222 118 1.27580 04 1.61034 23
    0.68 0.80866 138 1.23661 155 1.28605 34 1.59034 84
    0.69 0.82533 611 1.21162 759 1.29660 31 1.57100 01
    0.70 0.84228 838 1.18724 183 1.30745 93 1.55227 03
    0.71 0.85952 867 1.16342 833 1.31863 17 1.53413 35
    0.72 0.87706 790 1.14016 258 1.33013 09 1.51656 54
    0.73 0.89491 753 1.11742 140 1.34196 77 1.49954 35
    0.74 0.91308 953 1.09518 285 1.35415 38 1.48304 60
    0.75 0.93159 646 1.07342 615 1.36670 11 1.46705 27
    0.76 0.95045 146 1.05213 158 1.37962 24 1.45154 43
    0.77 0.96966 833 1.03128 046 1.39293 10 1.43650 25
    0.78 0.98926 154 1.01085 503 1.40664 08 1.42190 99
    0.79 1.00924 629 0.99083 842 1.42076 67 1.40775 03
    0.80 1.02963 857 0.97121 460 1.43532 42 1.39400 78
    0.81 1.05045 514 0.95196 830 1.45032 96 1.38066 78
    0.82 1.07171 372 0.93308 500 1.46580 02 1.36771 62
    0.83 1.09343 292 0.91455 085 1.48175 42 1.35513 96
    0.84 1.11563 235 0.89635 264 1.49821 08 1.34292 52
    0.85 1.13833 271 0.87847 778 1.51519 02 1.33106 09
    0.86 1116155 586 0.86091 426 1.53271 39 1.31953 53
    0.87 1.18532 486 0.84365 058 1.55080 46 1.30833 72
    0.88 1.20966 412 0.82667 575 1.56948 63 1.29745 63
    0.89 1.23459 946 0.80997 930 1.58878 44 1.28688 25
    0.90 1.26015 822 0.79355 115 1.60872 58 1.27660 62
    0.91 1.28636 938 0.77738 169 1.62933 92 1.26661 84
    0.92 1.31326 370 0.76146 169 1.65065 49 1.25691 05
    0.93 1.34087 383 0.74578 232 1.67270 52 1.24747 40
    0.94 1.36923 448 0.73033 510 1.69552 44 1.23830 10
    0.95 1.39838 259 0.71511 188 1.71914 92 1.22938 40
    0.96 1.42835 749 0.70010 485 1.74361 84 1.22071 57
    0.97 1.45920 113 0.68530 649 1.76897 37 1.21228 91
    0.98 1.49095 827 0.67070 959 1.79525 95 1.20409 77
    0.99 1.52367 674 0.65630 719 1.82252 32 1.19613 51
    1.00 1.55740 772 0.64209 262 1.85081 57 1.18839 51

    [ Y21 [(-$11 1 1
    c-412
    5
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.9 CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS


    FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS
    tan 2 cot .I set x csc .x
    1.00 1.55740 77 0.64209 262 1.85081 57 1.18839 51
    1.01 1.59220 60 0.62805 942 1.88019 15 1.18087 20
    1.02 1.62813 04 0.61420 141 1.91070 a9 1.17356 01
    1103 1.66524 40 0.60051 260 1.94243 08 1.16645 42
    1.04 1.70361 46 0.58698 722 1.97542 47 1.15954 90
    1.05 1.74331 53 0.57361 970 2.00976 32 1.15283 98
    1.06 1.78442 48 0.56040 467 _ 2.04552 49 1.14632 17
    1.07 1.82702 82 0.54733 693 2.08279 43 1.13999 02
    1.08 1.87121 73 0.53441 147 2.12166 31 1.13384 11
    1.09 1.91709 18 0.52162 342 2.16223 06 1.12787 01
    1.10 1.96475 97 0.50896 811 2.20460 44 1.12207 33
    1.11 2.01433 82 0.49644 096 2.24890 16 1.11644 69
    1.12 2.06595 53 0.48403 759 2.29524 97 1.11098 71
    1.13 2.11975 01 0.47175 371 2.34378 77 1.10569 05
    1.14 2.17587 51 0.45958 520 2.39466 75 1.10055 37
    1.15 2.23449 69 0.44752 802 2.44805 57 1.09557 35
    1.16 2.29579 85 0.43557 829 2.50413 48 1.09074 67
    1.17 2.35998 11 0.42373 221 2.56310 57 1.08607 04
    1.18 2.42726 64 0.41198 610 2.62518 99 1.08154 17
    1.19 2.49789 94 0.40033 638 2.69063 21 1.07715 79
    1.20 2.57215 16 0.38877 957 2.75970 36 1.07291 64
    1.21 2.65032 46 0.37731 227 2.83270 55 1.06881 46
    1.22 2.73275 42 0.36593 119 2.90997 35 1.06485 01
    1.23 2.81981 57 0.35463 310 2.99188 25 1.06102 06
    1.24 2.91192 99 0.34341 486 3.07885 30 1.05732 39
    1.25 3.00956 97 0.33227 342 3.17135 77 1.05375 79
    1.26 3.11326 91 0.32120 577 3.26993 04 1.05032 05
    1.27 3.22363 32 0.31020 899 3.37517 57 1.04700 98
    1.28 3.34135 00 0.29928 023 3.48778 15 1.04382 41
    1.29 3.46720 57 0.28841 670 3.60853 36 1.04076 14
    1.30 3.60210 24 0.27761 565 3.73833 41 1.03782 00
    1.31 3.74708 10 0.26687 440 3.87822 33 1.03499 a5
    1.32 3.90334 78 0.25619 034 4.02940 74 1.03229 53
    1.33 4.07230 98 0.24556 088 4.19329 31 1.02970 88
    1.34 4.25561 79 0.23498 350 4.37153 10 1.02723 77
    1.35 4.45522 18 0.22445 572 4.56607 06 1.02488 07
    1.36 4.67344 12 0.21397 509 4.77923 14 1.02263 65
    1.37 4.91305 a1 0.20353 922 5.01379 49 1.02050 39
    1.38 5.17743 74 0.19314 574 5.27312 60 1.01848 18
    1.39 5.47068 86 0.18279 234 5.56133 39 1.01656 93
    1.40 5.79788 37 0.17247 673 5.88349 01 1.01476 51
    i.41 6.16535 61 0.16219 663 6.24592 80 1.01306 85
    1.42 6.58111 95 0.15194 983 6.65666 08 1.01147 85
    1.43 7.05546 38 0.14173 413 7.12597 85 1.00999 43
    1.44 7.60182 61 0.13154 734 7.66731 76 1.00861 52
    1.45 8.23809 28 0.12138 732 8.29856 45 1.00734 05
    1.46 8.98860 76 0.11125 194 9.04406 25 1.00616 95
    1.47 9.88737 49 0.10113 908 9.93781 58 1.00510 15
    1.48 10.98337 93 0.09104 6660 11.02880 87 1.00413 62
    1.49 12.34985 64 0.08097 2601 12.39027 66 1.00327 29
    1.50 14.10141 99 0.07091 4844 14.13683 29 1.00251 13
    1.51 16.42809 17 0.06087 1343 16.45849 92 1.00185 09
    1.52 19.66952 78 0.05084 0061 19.69493 14 1.00129 15
    1.53 24.49841 04 0.04081 8975 24.51881 14 1.00083 27
    1.54 32.46113 89 0.03080 6066 32.47653 83 1.00047 44
    1.55 48.07848 25 0.02079 9325 48.08888 10 1.00021 63
    1.56 92.62049 63 0.01079 6746 92.62589 45 1.00005 83
    1.57 +1255.76559 15 + 0.00079 6327 +1255.76598 97 1.00000 03
    1.58 - 108.64920 36 - 0.00920 3933 - 108.65380 55 1.00004 24
    1.59 - 52.06696 96 - 0.01920 6034 - 52.07657 18 1.00018 44
    1.60 - 34.23253 27 - 0.02921 1978 - 34.24713 56 1.00042 66
    For 01.6, use 4.3.44.
    [
    (-55’2
    3 [ t--p3
    1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 189
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE Table 4.10

    sin 0 cos e 9o”-e


    0.00000 00000 00000 1.00000 00000 00000 90.0°
    0.00174 53283 65898 0.99999 84769 13288 89.9
    0.00349 06514 15224 0.99999 39076 57790 89.8
    0.00523 59638 31420 0.99998 62922 47427 89. 7
    0.00698 12602 97962 0.99997 56307 05395 89.6
    0.00872 65354 98374 0.99996 19230 64171 89.5
    0.01047 17841 16246 0.99994 51693 65512 89.4
    0.01221 70008 35247 0.99992 53696 60452 89.3
    0.01396 21803 39145 0.99990 25240 09304 89.2
    0.01570 73173 11821 0.99987 66324 81661 89.1
    0.01745 24064 37284 0.99984 76951 56391
    0.01919 74423 99690 0.99981 57121 21644 E
    0.02094 24198 83357 0.99978 06834 74845 88:8
    0.02268 73335 72781 0.99974 26093 22698 88.7
    0.02443 21781 52653 0.99970 14897 81183 88.6
    0.02617 69483 07873 0.99965 73249 75557 88.5
    0.02792 16387 23569 0.99961 01150 40354 88.4
    0.02966 62440 85111 0.99955 98601 19384 88.3
    0.03141 07590 78128 0.99950 65603 65732 88.2
    0.03315 51783 88526 C.99945 02159 41757 88.1
    0.03489 94967 02501 0.99939 08270 19096 88.0
    0.03664 37087 06556 0.99932 83937 78656 87.9
    0.03838 78090 87520 0.99926 29164 10621 87.8
    0.04013 17925 32560 0.99919 43951 14446 87. 7
    0.04187 56537 29200 0.99912 28300 98858 87.6
    0.04361 93873 65336 0.99904 82215 81858 87.5
    0.04536 29881 29254 0.99897 05697 90715 87.4
    0.04710 64507 09643 0.99888 98749 61970 87.3
    0.04884 97697 95613 0.99880 61373 41434 87.2
    0.05059 29400 76713 0.99871 93571 84186 87.1
    0.05233 59562 42944 0.99862 95347 54574 87.0
    0.05407 88129 84775 0.99853 66703 26212 86.9
    0.05582 15049 93164 0.99844 07641 81981 86.8
    0.05756 40269 59567 0.99834 18166 14028 86. 7
    0.05930 63735 75962 0.99823 98279 23765 86.6
    0.06104 85395 34857 0.99813 47984 21867 86.5
    0.06279 05195 29313 0.99802 67284 28272 86.4
    0.06453 23082 52958 0.99791 56182 72179 86.3
    0.06627 39004 00000 0.99780 14682 92050 86.2
    0.06801 52906 65248 0.99768 42788 35605 86.1
    0.06975 64737 44125 0.99756 40502 59824 86.0
    0.07149 74443 32686 0.99744 07829 30944 85.9
    0.07323 81971 27632 0.99731 44772 24458 85.8
    0.07497 87268 26328 0.99718 51335 25116 85.7
    0.07671 90281 26819 0.99705 27522 26920 85.6
    0.07845 90957 27845 0.99691 73337 33128 85.5
    0.08019 89243 28859 0.99677 88784 56247 85.4
    0.08193 85086 30041 0.99663 73868 18037 85.3
    0.08367 78433 32315 0.99649 28592 49504 85.2
    0.08541 69231 37367 0.99634 52961 90906 85.1
    0.08715 57427 47658 0.99619 46980 91746 85.0
    co.36 sin e e

    For conversionfrom radiansto degreesseeExample 14.

    ‘See page II.


    190 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.10 CIRCULAR SINES .4ND COSINES TO TENT.HS OF A DEGREE

    e sin 0 cos e 90°-e


    0
    0.08115 57427 47658 0.99619 46980 91746 85.0'
    ::1” 0.08889 42968 66442 0.99604 10654 10770 84.9
    0.09063 25801 97780 0.99588 43986 15970 84.8
    z-23 0.09237 05874 46562 0.99572 46981 84582 84.7
    5: 4 0.09410 83133 18514 0.99556 19646 03080 84.6
    5.5 0.09584 57525 20224 0.99539 b1983 67179 84.5
    5. 6 0.09758 28997 59149 0.99522 73999 81831 84.4
    0.09931 97497 43639 0.99505 55699 61226 84.3
    55'87 0.10105 62971 82946 0.99488 07088 28788 84.2
    5:9 0.10279 25367 87247 0.99470 28171 17174 84.1
    6.0 0.10452 84632 67653 0.99452 18953 68273 84.0
    0.10626 40713 36233 0.99433 79441 33205 83.9
    2: 0.10799 93557 06023 0.99415 09639 72315 83.8
    6:3 0.10973 43110 91045 0.99396 09554 55180 83.7
    6.4 0.11146 89322 06325 0.99376 79191 60596 83. b
    6. 5 0.11320 32137 67907 0.99357 18556 76587 83.5
    0.11493 71504 92867 0.99337 27656 00396 83.4
    66.76 0.11667 07370 99333 0.99317 06495 38486 83.3
    6:8 0.11840 39683 06501 0.99296 55081 06537 83.2
    6.9 0.12013 68388 34647 0.99275 73419 29446 83.1
    0.12186 93434 05147 0.99254 61516 41322 83.0
    ::: 0.12360 14767 40493 0.99233 19378 85489 82.9
    0.12533 32335 64304 0.99211 47013 14478 82.8
    ;*: 0.12706 46086 01350 0.99189 44425 90030 82.7
    714 0.12879 55965 77563 0.99167 11623 83090 82.6
    0.13052 61922 20052 0.99144 48613 73810 82.5
    77.56 0.13225 63902 57122 0.99121 55402 51542 82.4
    717 0.13398 61854 18292 0.99098 31997 14836 82.3
    0.13571 55724 34304 0.99074 78404 71444 82.2
    ::i 0.13744 45460 37147 Oi99050 94632 38309 82.1
    8. 0 0.13917 31009 bOO65 0.99026 80687 41570 82.0
    0.14090 12319 37583 0.99002 36577 lb558 81.9
    88:; 0.14262 89337 05512 0.98977 62309 07789 81.8
    0.14435 62010 00973 0.98952 57890 68969 81.7
    2: 0.14608 30285 62412 0.98927 23329 62988 81.6
    0.14780 94111 29611 0.98901 58633 61917 81.5
    $56 0.14953 53434 43710 0.98875 63810 47006 81.4
    8:l 0.15126 08202 47219 0.98849 38868 08684 81.3
    0.15298 58362 84038 0.98822 83814 46553 81.2
    29" 0.15471 03862 99468 0.98795 98657 69389 81.1
    0.15643 44650 40231 0.98768 83405 95138 81.0
    0.15815 80672 54484 0.98741 38067 50911 80.9
    0.15988 11876 91835 0.98713 62650 72988 80.8
    0.16160 38211 03361 0.98685 57164 06807 80.7
    0.16332 59622 41622 0.98657 21616 06969 80.6
    0.16504 76058 60678 0.98628 56015 37231 80.5
    T:Z 0.16676 87467 16102 0.98599 60370 70505 80.4
    0.16848 93795 65003 0.98570 34690 88854 80.3
    x 0.17020 94991 66033 0.98540 78984 83490 80.2
    9:9 0.17192 91002 79410 0.98510 93261 54774 80.1
    10. 0 0.17364 81776 66930 C.98480 77530 12208 80.0
    90°-e cos e sin 8 a

    * [t--8)75 1 t-l)4
    c 1
    *see page Il.
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 191
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE Table 4.10

    e sin 0 cos e 900-e


    lO.OO 0.17364 81776 66930 0.98480 77530 12208 80.0°
    10.1 0.17536 67260 91987 0.98450 31799 74437 79.9
    10.2 0.17708 47403 19583 0.98419 56079 69242 79.8
    10. 3 0.17880 22151 16350 0.98388 50379 33542 79.7
    10. 4 i1;18051 91452 50560 0.98357 14708 13386 79.6
    10.5 0.18223 55254 92147 0.98325 49075 63955 79.5
    10.6 0.18395 13506 12720 0.98293 53491 49554 79.4
    10.7 0.18566 66153 85577 0.98261 27965 43615 79.3
    10. 8 0.18738 13145 85725 0.98228 72507 28689 79.2
    10.9 0.18909 54429 89891 0.98195 87126 96444 79Il
    11.0 0.19080 89953 76545 0.98162 71834 47664 79.0
    11.1 0.19252 19665 25907 0.98129 26639 92245 78.9
    11.2 0.19423 43512 19972 0.98095 51553 49192 78.8
    11.3 0.19594 61442 42518 0.98061 46585 46613 78.7
    11.4 0.19765 73403 79126 0.98027 11746 21722 78.6
    11. 5 0.19936 79344 17197 0.97992 47046 20830 78.5
    11. 6 0.20107 79211 45965 0.97957 52495 99344 78.4
    11. 7 0.20278 72953 56512 0.97922 28106 21766 78.3
    11.8 0.20449 60518 41790 0.97886 73887 61685 78.2
    11.9 0.20620 41853 96630 0.97850 89851 01778 78.1
    12. 0 0.20791 16908 17759 0.97814 76007 33806 78.0
    12.1 0.20961 85629 03822 0.97778 32367 58606 77.9
    12.2 0.21132 47964 55389 0.97741 58942 86096 77.8
    12.3 0.21303 03862 74977 0.97704 55744 35264 77.7
    12.4 0.21473 53271 67063 0.97667 22783 34168 77.6
    12.5 0.21643 96139 38103 0.97629 60071 19933 77.5
    12.6 0.21814 32413 96543 0.97591 67619 38747 77.4
    12.7 0.21984 62043 52838 0.97553 45439 45857 77.3
    12.8 0.22154 84976 19467 0.97514 93543 05563 77.2
    12.9 0.22325 01160 10951 0.97476 11941 91222 77.1
    13. 0 0.22495 10543 43865 0.97437 00647 85235 77.0
    13.1 0.22665 13074 36855 0.97397 59672 79052 76.9
    13.2 0.22835 08701 10656 0.97357 89028 73160 76.8
    13.3 0.23004 97371 88104 0.97317 88727 77088 76.7
    13.4 0.23174 79034 94157 0.97277 58782 09397 76.6
    13. 5 0.23344 53638 55905 0.97236 99203 97677 76.5
    13. 6 0.23514 21131 02590 0.97196 10005 78546 76.4
    13.7 0.23683 81460 65619 0.97154 91199 97646 76.3
    13.8 0.23853 34515 78581 0.97113 42799 09636 76.2
    13.9 0.24022 80424 71264 0.97071 64815 78191 76.1
    14. 0 0.24192 18955 99668 0.97029 57262 75996 76.0
    14.1 0.24361 50117 86023 0.96987 20152 84747 75.9
    14.2 0.24530 73858 78803 0.96944 53498 95139 75.8
    14. 3 0.24699 90127 22743 0.96901 57314 06870 75.7
    14.4 0.24868 98871 64855 0.96858 31611 28631 75.6
    14. 5 0.25038 00040 54441 0.96814 76403 78108 75.5
    14. 6 0.25206 93582 43114 0.96770 91704 81971 75.4
    14.7 0.25375 79445 84806 0.96726 77527 75877 7513
    14.8 0.25544 57579 35791 0.96682 33886 04459 75.2
    14.9 0.25713 27931 54696 0.96637 60793 21329 75.1
    15.0 0.25881 90451 02521 0.96592 58262 89068 15.0
    90°-e cose sin e e
    * (--7)l
    c 1
    5 II 1
    c-y4

    *see page Il.


    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.10 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

    e sin 0 cose 90°-e


    15.0° 0.25881 90451 02521 0.96592 58262 89068 15. o”
    15.1 0.2605ti 45086 42648 0.96547 26308 79225 74.9
    15.2 0.26218 91786 40865 0.96501 64944 72311 74.8
    15. 3 Oi26387 30499 65373 0.96455 14184 5719i 74.7
    15.4 0.26555 61174 86809 0.96409 54042 34110 14.6
    15.5 0.26723 83760 78257 0.96363 04532 08623 74.5
    15. 6 0:2689i 98206 15266 0.96316 25667 97658 74.4
    15.7 0.27060 04459 75864 0.96269 17464 26479 74.3
    15.8 0:27228 02470 40574 0.96221 79935 29285 74.2
    15.9 0.27395 92186 9'2432 0.96174 13095 49211 74.1
    16.0 0.21563 73558 16999 0.96126 16959 38319 74.0
    16.1 0.27731 46533 02378 0.96011 91541 57594 73.9
    16.2 0.27899 11060 39229 0.96029 36856 16943 73.8
    16.3 0.28066 67089 20788 0.95980 52919 75187 73.7
    16.4 0.28234 14568 42816 0.95931 39745 40058 73.6
    16.5 0.28401 53447 03923 0.95881 97348 68193 73.5
    16.6 0.28568 83674 04974 0.95832 25744 65133 73.4
    16.1 0.28736 05198 49712 0.95782 24948 45315 13.3
    16.8 0.28903 17969 44472 0.95731 94975 32067 73.2
    16.9 0.29070 21935 98252 0.95681 35840 57607 73.1
    17.0 0.29237 17041 22737 0.95630 47559 63035 73.0
    17.1 0.29404 03252 32304 0.95579 30147 98330 72.9
    11.2 0.29570 80500 44047 0.95527 83621 22344 72.8
    17.3 0.29737 48740 77786 0.95476 07995 02797 72.7
    17.4 0.29904 07922 56087 0.95424 03285 16277 72.6
    17.5 0.30070 57995 04273 0.95371 69507 48227 72.5
    17.6 0.30236 98907 50445 0.95319 06677 92947 72.4
    17.7 0.30403 30609 25490 0.95266 14812 53586 12.3
    17.8 0.30569 53049 63106 0.95212 93927 42139 72.2
    17.9 0.30735 66177 99807 0.95159 44038 79438 72.1
    18.0 0.30901 69943 74947 0.95105 65162 95154 72.0
    18.1 0.31067 64296 30732 0.95051 57316 27784 71.9
    18.2 0.31233 49185 12233 0.94997 20515 24653 71.8
    18.3 0.31399 24559 67405 0.94942 54776 41904 71.7
    18.4 0.31564 90369 47102 0.94887 60116 44491 71.6
    18. 5 0.31730 46564 05092 0.94832 36552 06199 71.5
    18.6 0.31895 93092 98070 0.94776 84100 09586 71.4
    18.1 0.32061 29905 85676 0.94721 02777 46029 71.3
    18.8 0.32226 56952 30511 0.94664 92601 15696 71.2
    18.9 0.32391 74181 98149 0.94608 53588 27545 71.1
    19.0 0.32556 81544 57157 0.94551 85755 99317 71.0
    19.1 0.32721 78989 79104 0.94494 89121 57531 70.9
    19.2 0.32886 66467 38583 0.94437 63702 37481 70.8
    19.3 0.33051 43927 13223 0.94380 09515 83229 70.7
    19.4 0.33216 11318 83703 0.94322 26579 47601 70.6
    19. 5 0.33380 68592 33771 0.94264 14910 92178 70.5
    19.6 0.33545 15697 50255 0.94205 74521 87297 70.4
    19.7 0.33709 52584 23082 0.94147 05448 12038 70.3
    19.8 0.33813 79202 45291 0.94088 07689 54225 70.2
    19.9 0.34037 95502 13050 0.94028 81270 10419 70.1
    20.0 0.34202 01433 25669 0.93969 26207 85908 70.0
    90"-e cos e sin 0 e
    *
    [51
    (-7)l
    c 1c-:,4
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 193
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE Table 4.10

    0 sin t9 co5e 90°-e


    20.0° 0.34202 01433 25669 0.93969 26207 85908 70.0°
    20.1 0.34365 96945 85616 0.93909 42520 94709 69.9
    20.2 0.34529 81989 98535 0.93849 30227 59556 69.8
    20.3 0.34693 56515 73256 0.93788 89346 11898 69.7
    20.4 0.34857 20473 21815 0.93728 19894 91892 69.6
    20.5 0.35020 73812 59467 0.93667 21892 48398 69.5
    20.6 0.35184 16484 04702 0.93605 95357 38973 69.4
    20.7 0.35347 48437 79257 0.93544 40308 29867 69.3
    20.8 0.35510 69624 08137 0.93482 56763 96014 69.2
    20.9 0.35673 79993 19625 0.93420 44743 21030 69.1
    21.0 0.35836 79495 45300 0.93358 04264 97202 69.0
    21.1 0.35999 68081 20051 0.93295 35348 25489 68.9
    21.2 0.36162 45700 82092 0.93232 38012 15512 68.8
    21.3 0.36325 12304 72978 0.93169 12275 85549 68.7
    21.4 0.36487 67843 37620 0.93105 58158 62528 68.6
    21.5 0.36650 12267 24297 0.93041 75679 82025 68.5
    21.6 0.36812 45526 84678 0.92977 64858 88251 68.4
    21.7 0.36974 67572 73829 0.92913 25715 34056 68.3
    21.8 0.37136 78355 50235 0.92848 58268 80914 68.2
    21.9 0.37298 77825 75809 0.92783 62538 98920 68.1
    22.0 0.37460 65934 15912 0.92718 38545 66787 68.0
    22.1 0.37622 42631 39366 0.92652 86308 71837 67.9
    22.2 0.37784 07868 18467 0.92587 05848 09995 67.8
    22.3 0.37945 61595 29005 0.92520 97183 85782 67.7
    22.4 0.38107 03763 50274 0.92454 60336 12313 67.6
    22.5 0.38268 34323 65090 0.92387 95325 11287 67.5
    22.6 0.38429 53226 59804 0.92321 02171 12981 67.4
    22.7 0.38590 60423 24319 0.92253 80894 56246 67. 3
    22.8 0.38751 55864 52103 0.92186 31515 88501 67.2
    22.9 0.38912 39501 40206 0.92118 54055 65721 67.1
    23.0 0.39073 11284 89274 0.92050 48534 52440 67.0
    23.1 0.39233 71166 03561 0.91982 14973 21738 66.9
    23.2 0.39394 19095 90951 0.91913 53392 55234 66.8
    23.3 0.39554 55025 62965 0.91844 63813 43087 66.7
    23.4 0.39714 78906 34781 0.91775 46256 83981 66.6
    23.5 0.39874 90689 25246 0.91706 00743 85124 66.5
    23.6 0.40034 90325 56895 0.91636 27295 62240 66.4
    23.7 0.40194 77766 55960 0.91566 25933 39561 66.3
    23.8 0.40354 52963 52390 0.91495 96678 49825 66.2
    23.9 Oi40514 15867 79863 0.91425 39552 34264 66.1
    24.0 0.40673 66430 75800 0.91354 54576 42601 66.0
    24.1 0.40833 04603 81385 0.91283 41772 33043 65.9
    24.2 Oi40992 30338 41573 0.91212 01161 72273 65.8
    24.3 0.41151 43586 05109 0.91140 32766 35445 65.7
    24.4 0.41310 44298 24542 0.91068 36608 06177 65.6
    24.5 0.41469 32426 56239 0.90996 12708 76543 65.5
    24.6 0.41628 07922 60401 0.90923 61090 47069 65.4
    0.41786 70738 01077 0.90850 81775 26722
    24.7
    24.8
    24.9
    0.41945
    0;42103
    20824 46177
    58133 67491
    0.90777
    0.90704
    74785 32909
    40142 91465
    E-23
    .
    65.1
    25.0 0.42261 82617 40699 0.90630 77870 36650 65.0
    90°-e cos0 sin 0 e

    * [(-712
    5 1 cC-i)4 1
    ‘See page n.
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.10 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

    e sin 0 cos e 9o”-e

    25.0' 0.42261 82617 40699 0.90630 77870 36650 65.0'


    25.1 0.42419 94227 45390 0.90556 87990 11140 64.9
    25.2 Oi42577 92915 65073 0.90482 70524 66020 64.8
    25.3 0.42735 78633 87192 i;90408 25496 60778 64.7
    25.4 0.42893 51334 03146 0.90333 52928 63301 64.6
    25.5 0.43051 10968 08295 0.90258 52843 49861 64.5
    25.6 0.43208 57488 01982 0.90183 25264 05114 64.4
    25.7 0.43365 90845 87544 0.90107 70213 22092 64.3
    25.8 0.43523 10993 72328 0.90031 87714 02194 64.2
    25.9 0.43680 17883 67702 0.89955 77789 55180 64.1
    26.0 0.43837 11467 89077 0.89879 40462 99167 64.0
    26.1 0.43993 91698 55915 0.89802 75757 60616 63.9
    26.2 0.44150 58527 91745 0.89725 83696 74328 63.8
    26.3 0.44307 11908 24180 0.89648 64303 83441 63.7
    26.4 0.44463 51791 84927 0.89571 17602 39413 63.6
    26.5 0.44619 78131 09809 0.89493 43616 02025 63.5
    26.6 0.44775 90878 38770 0.89415 42368 39368 63.4
    26.7 0.44931 89986 15897 0.89337 13883 27838 63.3
    26.8 0.45087 75406 89431 0.89258 58184 52125 63.2
    26.9 0.45243 47093 11783 0.89179 75296 05214 63.1
    27.0 0.45399 04997 39547 0.89100 65241 88368 63.0
    27.1 0.45554 49072 33516 0.89021 28046 11127 62.9
    27.2 0.45709 79270 58694 0.88941 63732 91298 62.8
    21.3 0.45864 95544 84315 0.88861 72326 54949 62.7
    21.4 0.46019 97847 83852 0.88781 53851 36401 62.6
    27.5 0.46174 86132 35034 0.88701 08331 78222 62.5
    27.6 0.46329 60351 19862 0.88620 35792 31215 62.4
    21.7 0.46484 20457 24620 0.88539 36257 54416 62.3
    27.8 0.46638 66403 39891 0.88458 09752 15084 62.2
    27.9 0.46792 98142 60573 0.88376 56300 88693 62.1
    28.0 0.46947 15627 85891 0.88294 75928 58927 62.0
    28.1 0.47101 18812 19410 0.88212 68660 17668 61.9
    28.2 0.47255 07648 69054 0.88130 34520 64992 61.8
    28.3 0.47408 82090 47116 0.88047 13535 09162 61.7
    28.4 0.47562 42090 70275 0.87964 85728 66617 61.6
    28.5 0.47715 87602 59608 0.87881 71126 61965 61.5
    28.6 0.47869 18579 40607 0.87798 29754 27981 61.4
    28.7 0.48022 34914 43189 0.87714 61637 05589 61. 3
    28.8 0.48175 36741 01715 0.87630 66800 43864 61.2
    28.9 0.48328 23832 55002 0.87546 45270 00018 61.1
    29.0 0.48480 96202 46337 0.87461 97071 39396 61.0
    29.1 0.48633 53804 23490 0.87377 22230 35465 60.9
    29.2 0.48785 96591 38733 0.87292 20772 69810 60.8
    29.3 0.48938 24517 48846 0.87206 92724 32121 60.7
    29.4 0.49090 37536 15141 0.87121 38111 20189 60.6
    29.5 0.49242 35601 03467 0.87035 56959 39900 60.5
    29.6 0.49394 18665 84231 0.86949 49295 05219 60.4
    29.7 0.49545 86684 32408 0.86863 15144 38191 60.3
    29.8 0.49697 39610 27555 0.86776 54533 68928 60.2
    29.9 0.49848 17397 53830 Oi86689 67489 35603 60.1
    30.0 0.50000 00000 00000 0.86602 54037 84439 60.0
    9o"-s cose sin e e
    * (-7)2
    [ 5 I [C-7)4
    5 1

    *See page n.
    ELEMENTARY ZRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 195
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE Table 4.10

    sin 0 cos 0 9o”-s

    30.0° 0.50000 00000 00000 0.86602 54037 84439 60.0'


    30.1 0.50151 07371 59457 0.86515 14205 69704 59.9
    30.2 0.50301 99466 30235 Oi86427 48019 53705 59.8
    30.3 0.50452 76238 15019 0.86339 55506 06772 59.7
    30.4 0.50603 37641 21164 0.86251 36692 07257 59.6
    30.5 0.50753 83629 60704 0.86162 91604 41526 59.5
    30.6 0.50904 14157 50371 0.86074 20270 03944 59.4
    30.7 0.51054 29179 11606 0.85985 22715 96873 59.3
    30.8 0.51204 28648 70572 0.85895 98969 30664 59.2
    30.9 0.51354 12520 58170 0.85806 49057 23645 59.1
    31. 0 0.51503 80749 10054 0.85716 73007 02112 59.0
    31.1 0.51653 33288 66642 0.85626 70846 00328 58.9
    31.2 0.51802 70093 73130 0.85536 42601 60507 58.8
    31.3 0.51951 91118 79509 0.85445 88301 32807 58.7
    31.4 0.52100 96318 40576 0.85355 07972 75327 58.6
    31.5 0.52249 85647 15949 0.85264 01643 54092 58.5
    31.6 0.52398 59059 70079 0.85172 69341 43048 58.4
    31.7 0.52547 16510 72268 0.85081 11094 24051 58.3
    31.8 0.52695 57954 96678 0.84989 26929 86864 58.2
    31.9 0.52843 83347 22347 0.84897 16876 29141 58.1
    32.0 0.52991 92642 33205 0.84804 80961 56426 58.0
    32.1 0.53139 85795 18083 0.84712 19213 82137 57.9
    32.2 0.53287 62760 70730 0.84619 31661 27564 57.8
    32.3 0.53435 23493 89826 0.84526 18332 21856 51.7
    32.4 0.53582 67949 78997 0.84432 79255 02015 57.6
    32.5 0.53729 96083 46824 0.84339 14458 12886 57.5
    32.6 0.53877 07850 06863 0.84245 23970 07148 57.4
    32.7 0.54024 03204 77655 0.84151 07819 45306 57.3
    32.8 0.54170 82102 82740 0.84056 66034 95684 57.2
    32.9 0.54317 44499 50671 Oi83961 98645 34413 57.1
    33.0 0.54463 90350 15027 0.83867 05679 45424 57.0
    33.1 0.54610 19610 14429 0.83771 87166 20439 56.9
    33.2 0.54756 32234 92550 0.83676 43134 58962 56.8
    33. 3 0.54902 28179 98132 0.83580 73613 68270 56.7
    33.4 0.55048 07400 84996 0.83484 78632 63407 56.6
    33.5 0.55193 69853 12058 0.83388 58220 67168 56.5
    33.6 0.55339 15492 43344 0.83292 12407 10099 56.4
    33.7 0.55484 44274 47999 0.83195 41221 30483 56.3
    33.8 0.55629 56155 00305 0.83098 44692 74328 56.2
    33.9 0.55774 51089 79690 0:SSOOl 22850 95367 56.1
    34.0 0.55919 29034 70747 0.82903 75725 55042 56.0
    34.1 0.56063 89945 63242 0.82806 03346 22494 55.9
    34.2 0.56208 33778 52131 0.82708 05742 74562 55.8
    34.3 0.56352 60489 37571 0.82609 82944 95764 55.7
    34.4 0.56496 70034 24938 0.82511 34982 78295 55.6
    34.5 0.56640 62369 24833 0.82412 61886 22016 55.5
    34.6 0.56784 37450 53101 0.82313 63685 34442 55.4
    34.7 0.56927 95234 30844 Oi82214 40410 30737 55.3
    34.8 0.57071 35676 84432 0.82114 92091 33704 55.2
    34.9 0.57214 58734 45516 0.82015 18758 73772 55.1
    35.0 0.57357 64363 51046 0.81915 20442 88992 55. 0
    9o"- e cos e sin 0 e
    196 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.10 CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

    I9 sin e cos e 900-e

    35.0° 0.57357 64363 51046 0.81915 20442 88992 55.0°


    35.1 0.57500 52520 43279 0.81814 97174 25023 54.9
    35.2 0.57643 23161 69793 0.81714 48983 35129 54.8
    35.3 0.57785 76243 83505 0.81613 75900 80160 54.7
    35.4 0.57928 11723 42679 0.81512 77957 28554 54.6
    35.5 0.58070 29557 10940 0.81411 55183 56319 54.5
    35.6 0.58212 29701 57289 0.81310 07610 47028 54.4
    35.7 0.58354 12113 56118 0.81208 35268 91806 54.3
    35.8 0.58495 76749 87215 0.81106 38189 89327 54.2
    35.9 Oi58637 23567 35789 0.81004 16404 45796 54.1
    36.0 0.58778 52522 92473 0.80901 69943 74947 54.0
    36.1 0.58919 63573 53342 0.80798 98838 98031 53.9
    36.2 0.59060 56676 19925 0.80696 03121 43802 53.8
    36.3 0.59201 31787 99220 0.80592 82822 48516 53.7
    36.4 0.59341 88866 03701 0.80489 37973 55914 53.6
    36.5 0.59482 27867 51341 0.80385 68606 17217 E3.5
    36.6 0.59622 48749 65616 0.80281 74751 91115 53.4
    36.7 0.59762 51469 75521 0.80177 56442 43754 53.3
    36.8 0.59902 35985 15586 0.80073 13709 48733 53.2
    36.9 0.60042 02253 25884 0.79968 46584 87091 53.1
    37.0 0.60181 50231 52048 0.79863 55100 47293 53.0
    37.1 0.60320 79877 45282 0.79758 39288 25229 52.9
    37.2 0.60459 91148 62375 0.79652 99180 24196 52.8
    37.3 0.60598 84002 65711 0.79547 34808 54896 52.7
    37.4 0.60737 58397 23287 0.79441 46205 35418 52.6
    37.5 0.60876 14290 08721 0.79335 33402 91235 52.5
    37.6 0.61014 51639 01268 0.79228 96433 55191 52.4
    37.7 0.61152 70401 85831 0.79122 35329 67490
    37.8 0.61290 70536 52976 0.79015 50123 75690 z
    37.9 0.61428 52000 98943 0.78908 40848 34691 52:l
    38.0 0.61566 14753 25658 0.78801 07536 06722 52.0
    38.1 0.61703 58751 40749 0.78693 50219 61337 51.9
    38.2 0.61840 83953 57554 0.78585 68931 75402 51.8
    38.3 0.61977 90317 95140 0.78477 63705 33083 51.7
    38.4 0.62114 77802 78310 0.78369 34573 25840 51.6
    38.5 0.62251 46366 37620 0.78260 81568 52414 51.5
    38.6 0.62387 95967 09386 0.78152 04724 18819 51.4
    38. 7 0.62524 26563 35705 0.78043 04073 38330 51.3
    38.8 0.62660 38113 64461 0.77933 79649 31474 51.2
    38.9 0.62796 30576 49338 0.77824 31485 26021 51.1
    39.0 0.62932 03910 49837 0.77714 59614 56971 51. 0
    39.1 Oi63067 58074 31286 0.77604 64070 66546 50.9
    39.2 0.63202 93026 64851 0.77494 44887 04180 50.8
    39.3 Oi63338 08726 27550 0.77384 02097 26506 50.7
    39.4 0.63473 05132 02268 0.77273 35734 97351 50.6 \
    39.5 0.63607 82202 77764 0.77162 45833 87720 50.5
    39.6 0.63742 39897 48690 0.77051 32427 75789 50.4
    39.7 0.63876 78175 15598 0.76939 95550 46895 50.3
    39.8 0.64010 96994 84955 0.76828 35235 93523 50.2
    39.9 0.64144 96315 69158 0.76716 51518 15300 50.1
    40.0 0.64278 76096 86539 0.76604 44431 18978 50.0
    go"- e cose sin 9 e

    * [(-7)25 1 [IC-57131
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 197
    CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE Table 4.10

    e sin 0 cos e 90”-e

    40.0° 0.64278 76096 86539 0.76604 44431 18978 50.0°


    40.1 0.64412 36297 61387 0.76492 14009 18432 49.9
    40.2 0.64545 76877 23951 0.76379 60286 34642 49.8
    4.0.3 0.64678 97795 10460 0.76266 83296 95688 49.7
    40.4 0.64811 99010 63131 0.76153 83075 36737 49.6
    40.5 0.64944 80483 30184 0.76040 59656 00031 49.5
    40.6 0.65077 42172 65851 0.75927 13073 34881 49.4
    40.7 0.65209 84038 30392 0.75813 43361 97652 49. 3
    40.8 0.65342 06039 90105 0.75699 50556 51756 49.2
    40.9 0.65474 08137 17340 0.75585 34691 67640 49.1
    41.0 0.65605 90289 90507 0.75470 95802 22772 49.0
    41.1 0.65737 52457 94096 0.75356 33923 01638 48.9
    41.2 0.65868 94601 18680 0.75241 49088 95724 48.8
    41.3 0.66000 16679 60937 0.75126 41335 03511 48.7
    41.4 0.66131 18653 23652 0.75011 10696 30460 48.6
    41.5 0.66262 00482 15737 0.74895 57207 89002 48.5
    41.6 0.66392 62126 52242 0.74779 80904 98532 48.4
    41.7 0.66523 03546 54361 0.74663 81822 85391 48.3
    41.8 0.66653 24702 49452 0.74547 59996 82862 48.2
    41.9 Oi66783 25554 71047 0.74431 15462 31154 48.1
    42.0 0.66913 06063 58858 0.74314 48254 77394 48.0
    42.1 0.67042 66189 58799 0.74197 58409 75616 47.9
    42.2 0.67172 05893 22990 0.74080 45962 86750 47.8
    42.3 0.67301 25135 09773 0.73963 10949 78610 47.7
    42.4 0.67430 23875 83723 0.73845 53406 25884 47.6
    42.5 0.67559 02076 15660 0.73727 73368 10124 47.5
    42.6 0.67687 59696 82661 0.73609 70871 19734 47.4
    42.7 0.67815 96698 68071 0.73491 45951 49960 47.3
    42.8 0.67944 13042 61517 0.73372 98645 02876 47.2
    42.9 0.68072 08689 58918 0.73254 28987 87379 47.1
    43.0 0.68199 83600 62499 0.73135 37016 19170 47.0
    43.1 0.68327 37736 80799 0.73016 22766 20752 46.9
    43.2 0.68454 71059 28689 0.72896 86274 21412 46.8
    43.3 0.68581 83529 27376 0.72777 27576 57210 46.7
    43.4 0.68708 75108 04423 0.72657 46709 70976 46.6
    43.5 0.68835 45756 93754 0.72537 43710 12288 46.5
    43.6 0.68961 95437 35670 0.72417 18614 37468 46.4
    43.7 0.69088 24110 76858 0.72296 71459 09568 46.3
    43.8 0.69214 31738 70407 0.72176 02280 98362 46.2
    43.9 0.69340 18282 75813 0.72055 11116 80330 46.1
    44.0 0.69465 83704 58997 0.71933 98003 38651 46.0
    44.1 0.69591 27965 92314 0.71812 62977 63189 45.9
    44.2 0.69716 51028 54565 0.71691 06076 50483 45.8
    44.3 0.69841 52854 31006 0.71569 27337 03736 45.7
    44.4 0.69966 33405 13365 0.71447 26796 32803 45.6
    44.5 0.70090 92642 99851 0.71325 04491 54182 45.5
    44.6 0.70215 30529 95162 0.71202 60459 90996 45.4
    44.7 0.70339 47028 10504 0.71079 94738 72992 45.3
    44.8 0.70463 42099 63595 0.70957 07365 36521 45.2
    44.9 0.70587 15706 78681 0.70833 98377 24529 45.1
    45. 0 0.70710 67811 86548 0.70710 67811 86548 45.0
    9o"-s cose sin 0 e
    * (-7)3
    5 [ 1 [(-yj7)31
    ‘See page Il.
    198 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
    Table 4.11 CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS
    TO FIVE TENTHS OF A DEGREE
    tan 0 cot e set 9 csc9 90”-e
    0.00000 00000 00000 1.00000 000 90.0°
    0.00872 68677 90759 114.58865 07293 09608 1.00003 808 114.5;301 348 89.5
    0.01745 50649 28217 57.28996 16307 59424 1.00015 233 57.29868 850 89.0
    0.02618 59215 69187 38.18845 92970 25609 1.00034 279 38.20155 001 88.5
    0.03492 07694 91747 28.63625 32829 15603 1.00060 954 28.65370 835 88.0
    0.04366 09429 08512 22.90376 55484 31198 1.00095 269 22.92558 563 87.5
    3-Z 0.05240 77792 83041 19.08113 66877 28211 1.00137 235 19.10732 261 87.0
    3:5 0.06116 26201 50484 16.34985 54760 99672 1.00186 869 16.38040 824 86.5
    0.06992 68119 43510 14.30066 62567 11928 1.00244 190 14.33558 703 86.0
    ::: 0.07870 17068,24618 12.70620 47361 74704 1.00309 220 12.74549 484 85.5
    0.08748 86635 25924 11.43005 23027 61343 1.00381 984 11.47371 325 85.0
    E 0.09628 90481 97538 10.38539 70801 38159 1.00462 509 10.43343 052 84.5
    0.10510 42352 65676 9.51436 44542 22585 1.00550 828 9.56677 223 84.0
    t-50 0.11393 56083 01645 8.77688 73568 69956 1.00646 973 8.83367 147 83.5
    7:o 0.12278 45609 02904 8.14434 64279 74594 1.00750 983 8.20550 905 83.0
    0.13165 24975 87396 7.59575 41127 25150 1.00862 896 7.66129 758 82.5
    i:'o 0.14054 08347 02391 7.11536 97223 84209 1.00982 757 7.18529 653 82.0
    0.14945 10013 49128 6.69115 62383 17409 1.01110 613 6.76546 908 81.5
    E 0.15838 44403 24536 6.31375 15146 75043 1.01246 513 6.39245 322 81. 0
    9:5 0.16734 26090 81419 5.97576 43644 33065 1.01390 510 6.05885 796 80.5
    10. 0 0.17632 69807 08465 5.67128 18196 17709 1.01542 661 5.75877 049 80.0
    10.5 0.18533 90449 31534 5.39551 71743 19137 1.01703 027 5.48740 427 79.5
    11. 0 0.19438 03091 37718 5.14455 40159 70310 1.01871 670 5.24084 307 79.0
    11.5 0.20345 22994 23699 4.91515 70310 71205 1.02048 657 5.01585 174 78.5
    12.0 0121255 65616 70022 4.70463 01094 78454 1.02234 059 4.80973 435 78.0
    12.5 0.22169 46626 42940 4.51070 85036 62057 1.02427 951 4.62022 632 77.5
    13.0 0.23086 81911 25563 4.33147 58742 84155 1.02630 411 4.44541 148 77.0
    13.5 0.24007 87590 80116 4.16529 97700 90417 1.02841 519 4.28365 757 76.5
    14.0 0.24932 80028 43180 4.01078 09335 35844 1.03061 363 4.13356 550 76.0
    14.5 0125861 75843 55890 3.86671 30948 98738 1.03290 031 3.99392 916 75.5
    15.0 0.26794 91924 31122 3.73205 08075 68877 1.03527 618 3.86370 331 75.0
    15.5 0.27732 45440 59838 3.60588 35087 60874 1.03774 221 3.74197 754 74.5
    16. 0 0.28674 53857 58808 5.48741 44438 40408 1.04029 944 3.62795 528 74.0
    16.5 0.29621 34949 62080 3.37594 34225 91246 1.04294 891 3.52093 652
    17.0 0.30573 06814 58660 3.27085 26184 84141 1.04569 176 3.42030 362 :33-z
    .
    17.5 0.31529 87888 78983 3.17159 48023 63212 1.04852 913 3.32550 952 72.5
    18.0 0.32491 96962 32906 3.07768 35371 75253 1.05146 222 3.23606 798 72.0
    18.5 0.33459 53195 02073 2.98868 49627 42893 1.05449 231 3.15154 530 71.5
    19.0 0.34432 76132 89665 2.90421 08776 75823 1.05762 068 3.07155 349 71. 0
    19.5 0.35411 85725 30698 2.82391 28856 00801 1.06084 870 2.99574 431 70.5
    20.0 0.36397 02342 66202 2.74747 74194 54622 1.06417 777 2.92380 440 70.0
    20.5 0.37388 46794 84804 2.67462 14939 26824 1.06760 936 2.85545 095 69.5
    21.0 0.38386 40350 35416 2.60508 90646 93801 1.07114 499 2.79042 811 69.0
    21.5 0.39391 04756 14942 2.53864 78956 64307 1.07478 624 2.72850 383 68.5
    22.0 0.40402 62258 35157 2.47508 68534 16296 1.07853 474 2.66946 716 68.0
    22.5 0.41421 35623 73095 2.41421 35623 73095 1.08W0220 2.61312 593 67.5
    cot e tan 0 set 0 e

    [(-;I11
    90°-0
    [c-y1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 199
    CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS Table 4.11
    TO FIVE TENTHS OF A DEGREE
    e tan 8 cot e set H csc e 9o”-s
    22.5O 0.41421 35623 73095 2.41421 35623 73095 1.08239 220 2.61312 593 67.5'
    23.0 0.42447 48162 09604 2.35585 23658 23753 1.08636 038 2.55930 467 67.0
    23.5 0.43481 23749 60933 2.29984 25472 36257 1.09044 110 2.50784 285 66.5
    24. 0 0.44522 86853 08536 2.24603 67739 04216 1.09463 628 2.45859 334 66.0
    24.5 0.45572 62555 32584 2.19429 97311 65038 1.09894 787 2.41142 102 65.5
    25.0 0.46630 76581 54998 2.14450 69205 09558 1.10337 792 2.36620 158 65.0
    25.5 0.47697 55326 98160 2109654 35990 88174 1.10792 854 2.32282 050 64.5
    26.0 0.48773 25885 65861 2.05030 38415 79296 1.11260 194 2.28117 203 64.0
    26.5 0.49858 16080 53431 2.00568 97082 59020 1.11740 038 2.24115 845 63.5
    27.0 0.50952 54494 94429 1.96261 05055 05150 1.12232 624 2.20268 926 63.0
    27.5 0.52056 70505 51746 1.92098 21269 71166 1.12738 195 2.16568 057 62.5
    28.0 0.53170 94316 61479 1.88072 64653 46332 1.13257 005 2.13005 447 62.0
    28.5 0.54295 56996 38437 1.84177 08860 33458 1.13789 318 2.09573 853 61.5
    29. 0 0.55430 90514 52769 1.80404 77552 71424 1.14335 407 2.06266 534 61.0
    29.5 0.56577 27781 87770 1.76749 40162 42891 1.14895 554 2.03077 204 60.5
    30.0 0.57735 02691 89626 1.73205 08075 68877 1.15470 054 2.00000 000 60.0
    30.5 0.58904 50164 20551 1.69766 31193 26089 1.16059 210 1.97029 441 59.5
    31.0 0.60086 06190 27560 1.66427 94823 50518 1.16663 340 1.94160 403 59.0
    31.5 0.61280 07881 39932 1.63185 16871 28789 1.17282 770 1.91388 086 58.5
    32.0 0.62486 93519 09327 1.60033 45290 41050 1.17917 840 1.88707 991 58.0
    32.5 0.63707 02608 07493 1.56968 55771 17490 1.18568 905 1.86115 900 57.5
    33.0 0.64940 75931 97510 1.53986 49638 14583 1.19236 329 1.83607 846 57. 0
    33.5 0.66188 55611 95691 1.51083 51936 14901 1.19920 494 1.81180 103 56.5
    34.0 0.67450 85168 42426 1.48256 09685 12740 1.20621 795 1.78829 165 56.0
    34.5 0.68728 09586 01613 1.45500 90286 72445 1.21340 641 1.76551 728 55.5
    35.0 0.70020 75382 09710 1.42814 80067 42114 1.22077 459 1.74344 680 55.0
    35.5 0.71329 30678 97005 1.40194 82944 76336 1.22832 691 1.72205 082 54.5
    36.0 0.72654 25280 05361 1.37638 19204 71173 1.23606 798 1.70130 162 54.0
    36.5 0.73996 10750 ,28487 1.35142 24379 45808 1.24400 257 1.68117 299 53.5
    37.0 0.75355 40501 02794 1.32704 48216 20410 1.25213 566 1.66164 014 53.0
    37.5 0.76732 69879 78960 1.30322 53728 41206 1.26047 241 1.64267 963 52.5
    38.0 0.78128 56265 06717 1.27994 16321 93079 1.26901 822 1.62426 925 52.0
    38.5 0.79543 59166 67828 1.25717 22989 18954 1.27777 866 1.60638 793 51.5
    39.0 0.80978 40331 95007 1.23489 71565 35051 1.28675 957 1.58901 573 51. 0
    39.5 0.82433 63858 17495 1.21309 70040 92932 1.29596 700 1.57213 369 50.5
    40.0 0.83909 96311 77280 1.19175 35925 94210 1.30540 729 1.55572 383 50.0
    40.5 0.85408 06854 63466 1.17084 95661 12539 1.31508 700 1.53976 904 49.5
    41.0 0.86928 67378 16226 1.15036 84072 21009 1.32501 299 1.52425 309 49.0
    41.5 0.88472 52645 55944 1.13029 43863 61753 1.33519 242 1.50916 050 48.5
    42.0 0.90040 40442 97840 1.11061 25148 29193 1.34563 273 1.49447 655 48.0
    42.5 0.91633 11740 17423 1.09130 85010 69271 1.35634 170 1.48018 723 47.5
    43. 0 0.93251 50861 37661 1.07236 87100 24682 1.36732 746 1.46627 919 47.0
    43.5 0.94896 45667 14880 1.05378 01252 80962 1.37859 847 1.45273 967 46.5
    44.0 0.96568 87748 07074 1.03553 03137 90569 1.39016 359 1.43955 654 46. 0
    44.5 0.98269 72631 15690 1.01760 73929 72125 1.40203 206 1.42671 819 45.5
    45.0 1.00000 00000 00000 1.00000 o~ooy 00000 1.41Q&356 1.414&356 45.0
    90°-e cot tJ e

    [ 1
    C-i)4 [‘-4’31
    L -1 [ 1
    C-f!4
    [ 1
    c-:)3
    200 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.12 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS FOR THE ARGUMENT ; x

    1: sin T r, co9 T taniz l-x


    2 2"
    0.00 0.00000 00000 00000 00000 1.00000 00000 00000 00000 0.00000 00000 00000 00000 1.00
    0.01 0.01570 73173 11820 67575 0.99987 66324 81660 59864 0.01570 92553 23664 91632 0.99
    0.02 0.03141 07590 78128 29384 0.99950 65603 65731 55700 0.03142 62660 43351 14782 0.98
    0.03 0.04710 64507 09642 66090 0.99888 98749 61969 97264 0.04715 88028 77480 47448 0.97
    0.04 0.06279 05195 29313 37607 0.99802 67284 28271 56195 0.06291 46672 53649 75722 0.96
    0.05 0.07845 90957 27844 94503 0.99691 73337 33127 97620 0.07870 17068 24618 44806 0.95
    0.06 0.09410 83133 18514 31847 0.99556 19646 03080 01290 0.09452 78311 79282 04901 0.94
    0.07 0.10973 43110 91045 26802 0.99396 09554 55179 68775 0.11040 10278 15818 94497 0.93
    0.08 0.12533 32335 64304 24537 0.99211 47013 14477 83105 0.12632 93784 46108 17478 0.92
    0.09 0.14090 12319 37582 66116 0.99002 36577 16557 56725 0.14232 10757 02942 94229 0.91
    0.10 0.15643 44650 40230 86901 0.98768 83405 95137 72619 0.15838 44403 24536 29384 0.90
    0.11 0.17192 91002 79409 54661 0.98510 93261 54773 91802 0.17452 79388 94365 08461 0.89
    0.12 0.18738 13145 85724 63054 0.98228 72507 28688 68108 0.19076 02022 18566 74856 0.88
    0.13 0.20278 72953 56512 48344 0.97922 28106 21765 78086 0.20709 00444 27938 70402
    0.14 0.21814 32413 96542 55202 0.97591 67619 38747 39896 0.22352 64828 97149 10184 00%
    .
    0.15 0.23344 53638 55905 41177 0.97236 99203 97676 60183 0.24007 87590 80116 03926 0.85
    0.16 0.24868 98871 64854 78824 0.96858 31611 28631 11949 0.25675 63603 67726 78332 0. 84
    0.17 0.26387 30499 65372 89696 0.96455 74184 57798 09366 0.27356 90430 82237 23655 0.83
    0.18 0.27899 11060 39229 25185 0.96029 36856 76943 07175 0.29052 68567 31916 45432 0. 82
    0.19 0.29404 03252 32303 95777 0.95579 30147 98330 12664 0.30764 01696 59898 29067 0.81
    0.20 0.30901 69943 74947 42410 0.95105 65162 95153 57211 0.32491 96962 32906 32615 0.80
    0.21 0.32391 74181 98149 41440 0.94608 53588 27545 31853 0.34237 65257 28683 05965 0.79
    0.22 0.33873 79202 45291 38122 0.94088 07689 54225 47232 0.36002 21530 95756 62634 0.78
    0.23 0.35347 48437 79257 12472 0.93544 40308 29867 32518 0.37786 85117 75820 93670 0.77
    0.24 0.36812 45526 84677 95915 0.92977 64858 88251 40366 0.39592 80087 97721 26049 0.76
    0.25 0.38268 34323 65089 77173 0.92387 95325 11286 75613 0.41421 35623 73095 04880 0.75
    0.26 0.39714 78906 34780 61375 0.91775 46256 83981 14114 0.43273 86422 47425 93197 0.74
    0.41151 43586 05108 77405 0.91140 32766 35445 24821 0.45151 73130 86983 28945 0.73
    E; 0.42577 92915 65072 64886 0.90482 70524 66019 52771 0.47056 42812 12251 49308 0.72
    0:29 0.43993 91698 55915 14083 0.89802 75757 60615 63093 0.48989 49450 22477 05270 0.71
    0.30 0.45399 04997 39546 79156 0.89100 65241 88367 86236 0.50952 54494 94428 81051 0.70
    0.31 0.46792 98142 60573 37723 0.88376 56300 88693 42432 0.52947 27451 82014 63252 0.69
    0.32 0.48175 36741 01715 27498 0.87630 66800 43863 58731 0.54975 46521 92770 07429 0.68
    0.33 0.49545 86684 32407 53805 0.86863 15144 38191 24777 0.57038 99296 73294 88698 0.67
    0.34 0.50904 14157 50371 30028 0.86074 20270 03943 63716 0.59139 83513 99471 09817 0.66
    0.35 0.52249 85647 15948 86499 0.85264 01643 54092 22152 0.61280 07881 39931 99664 0. 65
    0.36 0.53582 67949 78996 61827 0.84432 79255 02015 07855 0.63461 92975 44148 10071 0. 64
    0.37 0.54902 28179 98131 74352 0.83580 73613 68270 25847 0.65687 72224 01279 37691 0.63
    0.56208 33778 52130 60010 0.82708 05742 74561 82492 0.67959 92982 24526 52184 0.62
    00%
    . 0.57500 52520 43278 56590 0.81814 97174 25023 43213 0.70281 17712 40357 33761 0.61
    0.40 0.58778 52522 92473 12917 0.80901 69943 74947 42410 0.72654 25280 05360 88589 0.60
    0.41 0.60042 02253 25884 04976 0.79968 46584 87090 53868 0.75082 12380 38764 68575 0.59
    0.42 0.61290 70536 52976 49336 0.79015 50123 75690 36516 0.77567 95110 49613 10378 0.58
    0.43 0.62524 26563 35705 17290 0.78043 04073 38329 73585 0.80115 10705 58751 23382 0.57
    0.44 0.63742 39897 48689 71017 0.77051 32427 75789 23080 0.82727 19459 72475 63403 0.56
    0.45 0.64944 80483 30183 65572 0.76040 59656 00030 93817 0.85408 06854 63466 63752 0.55
    0.46 0.66131 18653 23651 87657 0.75011 10696 30459 54151 0.88161 85923 63189 11465 0.54
    0.47 0.67301 25135 09773 33872 0.73963 10949 78609 69747 0.90992 99881 77737 46579 0.53
    0.48 0.68454 71059 28688 67373 0.72896 86274 21411 52314 0.93906 25058 17492 35255 0.52
    0.49 0.69591 27965 92314 32549 0.71812 62977 63188 83037 0.96906 74171 93793 27618 0.51
    0.50 0.70710 67811 86547 52440 0.70710 67811 86547 52440 1.00000 00000 00000 00000 0.50
    l-x cos ;x sin g2 cot ;x 2

    [(J4jl
    (-62
    [ ii3 1 [(-i$3 1 1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 201
    CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS FOR THE ARGUMENT f x Table 4.12

    X csc;x 1-X
    0.00 1 00000 00000 00000 00000 1.00
    0.01 63.65674 1162; 71580 99500 1'00012 33827 39761 81169 63 66459 53060:0564 58546 0.99
    0.02 31.82051 59537 73958 03934 1:00049 36832 37144 42400 31:83622 52090 97622 95566 0.98
    0.03 21.20494 87896 88751 52283 1.00111 13587 85243 76109 21.22851 50958 16816 17580 0.97
    0.04 15.89454 48438 65303 44576 1.00197 71730 71142 10978 15.92597 11099 08654 59358 0.96
    0.05 12.70620 47361 74704 64602 1.00309 21984 82825 50283 12.74549 48431 82374 28619 0.95
    0.06 10.57889 49934 05635 52417 1.00445 78193 57019 51480 10.62605 37962 83115 99865 0.94
    0.07 9.05788 66862 38928 19329 1.00607 57361 86291 90575 9.11292 00161 49841 72675 0.93
    0.08 7.91581 50883 05826 84427 1.00794 79708 09297 28943 7.97872 97555 59476 60149 0.92
    0.09 7.02636 62290 41380 19848 1.01007 68726 13784 19104 7.09717 00264 69225 38129 0.91
    0.10 6.31375 15146 75043 09898 1.01246 51257 88002 93136 6.39245 32214 99661 54704 0.90
    0.11 5.72974 16467 24314 86192 1.01511 57576 62501 87437 5.81635 10329 24944 03199 0.89
    0.12 5.24218 35811 13176 73758 1.01803 21481 91042 38259 5.33671 14122 92458 78659 0.88
    0.13 4.82881 73521 92759 97818 1.02121 80406 26567 47910 4.93127 53949 49859 96253 0.87
    0.14 4.47374 28292 11554 62415 1.02467 75534 55900 33566 4.58414 38570 27373 56913 0.86
    0.15 4.16529 97700 90417 20387 1.02841 51936 65208 54585 4.28365 75697 31185 03924 0. 85
    0.16 3789474 28549 29859 33474 1.03243 58734 17339 88710 4.02107 22333 75967 50952 0.84
    0.17 3.65538 43546 52259 73004 1.03674 49162 32016 53065 3.78970 11465 59780 81919 0. 83
    0.18 3:44202 25766 69218 62809 1.04134 80947 70681 14007 3.58434 36523 72161 57038 0.82
    0.19 3.25055 08012 99836 37634 1.04625 16303 39647 78848 3.40089 40753 61802 31848 0. 81
    0.20 3.07768 35371 75253 40257 1.05146 22242 38267 21205 3.23606 79774 99789 69641 0. 80
    0.21 2.92076 09892 98816 40048 1.05698 70790 93232 61183 3.08720 66268 08416 38088 0.79
    0.22 2.77760 68539 14974 88865 1.06283 39243 36113 96396 2.95213 47928 09339 97327 0.78
    0.23 2.64642 32102 86631 86514 1.06901 10439 98926 01199 2.82905 56388 91501 64260 0.77
    0.24 2.52571 16894 47304 99451 1.07552 73070 22247 78234 2.71647 18916 65871 74307 0.76
    0.25 2.41421 35623 73095 04880 1.08239 22002 92393 96880 2.61312 59297 52753 05571 0.75
    0.26 2.31086 36538 82410 63708 1.08961 58646 48705 30888 2.51795 36983 10349 34110 0.74
    0.27 2.21475 44978 13361 51875 1.09720 91341 29537 26252 2.43004 88648 55296 52041 0.73
    0.28 2.12510 81731 57202 76115 1.10518 35787 56399 59380 2.34863 46560 54351 86300 0.72
    0..29 2.04125 39671 21703 26026 1.11355 15511 90413 37268 2.27304 15214 61957 72361 0.71
    0.30 1.96261 05055 05150 58230 1.12232 62376 34360 80715 2.20268 92645 85266 62156 0.70
    0.31 1.88867 13416 31067 67620 1.13152 17133 97749 42882 2.13707 26325 27611 85837 0.69
    0.32 1.81899 32472 81066 27571 1.14115 30035 92241 17245 2.07574 96076 48793 05903 0.68
    0.33 1.75318 66324 72237 08332 1.15123 61494 81376 51287 2.01833 18280 89559 43676 0. 67
    0.34 1.69090 76557 85011 24674 1.16178 82810 72765 98515 1.96447 66988 67248 48330 0.66
    0.35 1.63185 16871 28789 61767 1.17282 76966 14008 94955 1.91388 08554 30942 72280 0.65
    0.36 1.57574 78599 68651 08688 1.18437 39497 36918 17500 1.86627 47167 00567 54120 0.64
    0.37 1.52235 45068 96131 24085 1.19644 79450 89806 17366 1.82141 79214 74081 38479 0.63
    0.38 1.47145 53158 19969 04283 1.20907 20434 06541 15436 1.77909 54854 79867 33350 0.62
    0.39 1.42285 60774 31870 59031 1.22227 01770 86068 14117 1.73911 45497 30640 74960 0.61
    0.40 1.37638 19204 71173 53820 1.23606 79774 99789 69641 1.70130 16167 04079 86436 0.60
    0.41 1.33187 49515 02597 59439 1.25049 29154 09784 85573 1.66550 01910 65749 08074 0.59
    0.42 1.28919 22317 85066 67042 1.26557 44560 72090 15648 1.63156 87575 13749 73007 0.58
    0.43 1.24820 40363 53049 43751 1.28134 42308 20677 31999 1.59937 90408 68062 88301 0.57
    0.44 1.20879 23504 09609 13115 1.29783 62271 84727 12712 1.56881 45035 05365 75750 0.56
    0.45 1.17084 95661 12539 22520 1.31508 69998 90784 80424 1.53976 90432 22366 30748 0.55
    0.46 1.13427 73492 55405 46422 1.33313 59054 50172 40410 1.51214 58610 31226 40092 0.54
    0.47 1.09898 56505 36301 56382 1.35202 53634 40027 12805 1.48585 64735 81717 76608 0.53
    0.48 1.06489 18403 24791 86700 1.37180 11480 64918 28453 1.46081 98491 22513 12750 0.52
    0.49 1.03191 99492 80495 57182 1.39251 27141 49012 49662 1.43696 16493 57094 20394 0.51
    0.50 1.00000 00000 00000 00000 1.41421 35623 73095 04880 1.41421 35623 73095 04880 0.50
    l-x tan;x cscTx
    2 SW;X X
    202 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.13 HARMONIC ANALYSIS


    2r7
    sin -; (30s 2-
    s
    s=3 84 s=5
    0.86602 54038 -0.50000 00000 1.00000 00000 +o.ooooo 00000 0.95105 65163 +0.30901 69944
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000 0.58778 52523 -0.80901 69944

    s=6 s=7 ~43


    0.86602 54038 +0.50000 00000 0.78183 14824 +0.62348 98019 0.70710 67812 0.70710 67012
    0.86602 54038 -0.50000 00000 0.97492 79122 -0.22252 09340 1.00000 00000 +o.ooooo 00000
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000 0.43388 37391 -0.90096 88679 0.70710 67812 -0.70710 67812
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000

    s=g s=lO s=ll


    0.64278 76097 0.76604 44431 0.58778 52523 0.80901 69944 0.54064 08174 0.84125 35328
    0.98480 77530 +0.17364 81777 0.95105 65163 to.30901 69944 0.90963 19953 +0.41541 50130
    0.86602 54038 -0.50000 00000 0.95105 65163 -0.30901 69944 0.98982 14419 -0.14231 48383
    0.34202 01433 -0.93969 26208 0.58778 52523 -0.80901 69944 0.75574 95743 -0.65486 07340
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000 0.28173 25568 -0.95949 29736

    s=12 s=14
    0.50000 00000 0.86602 54038 0.43388 37391 0.90096 88679
    0.86602 54038 0.50000 00000 0.78183 14825 0;62348 98019
    1.00000 00000 +o.ooooo 00000 0.97492 79122 +0.22252 09340
    0.86602 54038 -0.50000 00000 0.97492 79122 -0.22252 09340
    0.50000 00000 -0.86602 54038 0.78183 14825 -0.62348 98019
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000 0.43388 37391 -0.90096 88679
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000

    s=15 s=16 =17


    0.40673 66431 0.91354 54576 0.38268 34324 -6.92307 95325 0 36124 16662s= 0.93247 22294
    0.74314 48255 0.66913 06064 0.70710 67812 0.70710 67812 0:67369 56436 0.73900 89172
    0.95105 65163 +0.30901 69944 0.92387 95325 0.38268 34324 0.89516 32913 0.44573 03558
    0.99452 18954 -0.10452 a4633 1.00000 00000 +o.ooooo 00000 0.99573 41763 +0.09226 a3595
    0.86602 54038 -0.50000 00000 0.92387 95325 -0.38268 34324 0.96182 56432 -0.27366 29901
    0.58778 52523 -0.80901 69944 0.70710 67812 -0.70710 67812 0.79801 72273 -0.60263 46364
    0.20791 16908 -0.97814 76007 0.38268 34324 -0.92387 95325 0.52643 21629 -0.85021 71357
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000 0.18374 95178 -0.98297 30997

    s=18 s=20
    0.34202 01433 0.93969 26208 0 32469 94692? 94581 72417 0.30901 69944 0.95105 65163
    0.64278 76097 0.76604 44431 0:61421 27127 0:78914 05094 0.58778 52523 0.80901 69944
    0.86602 54038 0.50000 00000 0.83716 64782 0.54694 81581 0.80901 69944 0.50778 52523
    0.98480 77530 +0.17364 81777 0.96940 02659 +0.24548 54872 0.95105 65163 0.30901 69944
    0.98480 77530 -0.17364 81777 0.99658 44930 -0.08257 93455 1.00000 00000 +o.ooooo 00000
    0.86602 54038 -0.50000 00000 0.91577 33266 -0.40169 54247 0.95105 65163 -0.30901 69944
    0.64278 76097 -0.76604 44431 0.73572 39107 -0.67728 15716 0.80901 69944 -0.58778 52523
    0.34202 01433 -0.93969 26208 0.47594 73930 -0.87947 37512 0.58778 52523 -0.80901 69944
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000 0.16459 45903 -0.98636 13034 0.30901 69944 -0.95105 65163
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000

    SC -21 s=22 s==23


    0.29475 51744 0.95557 28058 0.28173 25568 0.95949 29736 0.26979 67711 0. 96291 72874
    0.56332 00580 0.82623 a7743 0.54064 08174 0.84125 35328 0.51958 39500 0. a5441 94046
    0.78183 14825 0.62348 98019 0.75574 95743 0.65486 07340 0.73083 59643 0. 68255 31432
    0.93087 37486 0.36534 10244 0.90963 19953 0.41541 50130 oiaa788 52184 0. 46006 50378
    0.99720 37972 +0.07473 00936 0.98982 14419 +0.14231 48383 0.97908 40877 + 0. 20345 60131
    0.91492 79122 -0.22252 09340 0.98982 14419 -0.14231 48383 0.99166 87692 -0. 06824 24134
    0.86602 54038 -0.50000 00000 0.90963 19953 -0.41541 50130 0.94226 09221 33487 96122
    0.68017 27378 -0.73305 18718 0.75574 95743 -0.65486 07340 0.81696 98930 10": 57668 03221
    0.43388 37391 -0.90096 88679 0.54064 08174 -0.84125 35328 0.63108 19443 77571 12907
    0.14904 22662 -0.98883 08262 0.28173 25568 -0.95949 29736 0.39840 10898 1; 91721 13015
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000 0.13616 66491 -0: 99068 59460

    =24 8 b-=25
    0.25881 9045; 0.96592 58263 0.24868 98872 0.96858 31611
    0.50000 00000 0.86602 54038 0.48175 36741 0.87630 66801
    0.70710 67812 0.70710 67812 0.68454 71059 0.72896 86274
    0.86602 54038 0.50000 00000 0.84432 79255 0.53582 67950
    0.96592 58263 0.25881 90451 0.95105 65163 0.30901 69944
    1.00000 00000 + 0.00000 00000 0.99802 67284 +0.06279 05196
    0.96592 58263 -0.25881 90451 ii98228 72507 -0.18738 13146
    0.86602 54038 -0.50000 00000 0.90482 70525 -0.42577 92916
    0.70710 67812 -0.70710 67812 0.77051 32428 -0.63742 39898
    0.50000 00000 -0.86602 54038 0.58178 52523 -0.80901 69944
    0.25881 90451 -0.96592 58263 0.36812 45527 -0.92977 64859
    0.00000 00000 -1.00000 00000 0.12533 32336 -0.99211 47013
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FWCTIONS 203
    INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS Table 4.14

    arcsin 1: arctan z arctan L


    0.o”o0 0.00000 00000 00 0.00000 00000 00 0.;50 0 OSO:i%?5:8 06 0.04995 83957 22
    0.001 0.00100 00001 67 0.00099 99996 67 0.051 0:05102 21344 17 0.05095 58518 77
    0.002 0.00200 00013 33 0.00199 99973 33 0.052 0.05202 34632 28 0.05195 32065 61
    0.003 0.00300 00045 00 0.00299 99910 00 0.053 0.05302 48442 51 0.05295 04578 05
    0.004 0.00400 00106 67 0.00399 99786 67 0.054 0.05402 62784 97 0.05394 76036 42
    0.005 0.00500 00208 34 0.00499 99583 34 0.055 0.05502 77669 81 0.05494 46421 07
    0.006 0.00600 00360 01 0.00599 99280 02 0.056 0.05602 93107 15 0.05594 15712 34
    0.007 0.00700 00571 68 0.00699 98856 70 0.057 0.05703 09107 14 0.05693 83890 60
    0.008 0.00800 00853 36 0.00799 98293 40 0.058 0.05803 25679 92 0.05793 50936 23
    0.009 0.00900 01215 04 0.00899 97570 12 0.059 0.05903 42835 64 0.05893 16829 64
    0.010 0.01000 01666 74 0.00999 96666 87 0.060 0.06003 605'84 45 0.05992 81551 21
    0.011 0.01100 02218 45 0.01099 95563 66 0.061 0.06103 789.36 52 0.06092 45081 38
    0.012 0.01200 02880 19 0.01199 94240 50 0.062 0.06203 97902 01 0.06192 07400 58
    0.013 0.01300 03661 95 0.01299 92577 41 0.063 0.06304 17491 09 0.06291 68489 26
    0.014 0.01400 04573 74 0.01399 90'954 41 0.064 0.06404 37713 94 0.06391 28327 89
    0.015 0.01500 05625 57 0.01499 88751 52 0.065 0.06504 58580 75 0.06490 86896 93
    0.016 0.01600 06827 45 0.01599 86348 76 0.066 0.06604 80101 69 0.06590 44176 90
    0.017 0.01700 08189 40 0.01699 83626 17 0.067 0.06705 02286 97 0.06690 00148 29
    0.018 0.01800 09721 42 0.01799 80!563 78 0.068 0.06805 25146 79 0.06789 54791 63
    0.019 0.01900 11433 52 0.01899 77141 62 0.069 0~06905 48691 36 0.06889 08087 46
    0.020 0.02000 13335 73 0.01999 73339 73 0.070 0.07005 72930 88 0.06988 60016 35
    0.021 0.02100 15438 06 0.02099 69113817 0.071 0.07105 97875 58 0.07088 10558 85
    0.022 0.02200 17750 53 0.02199 64516 97 0.072 0.07206 23535 68 0.07187 59695 56
    0.023 0.02300 20283 16 0.02299 59456 20 0.073 0.07306 49921 42 0.07287 07407 09
    0.024 0.02400 23045 97 OiO2399 53935 92 0.074 OiO7406 77043 03 0.07386 53674 06
    0.025 0.02500 26048 99 0.02499 47936 19 0.075 0.07507 04910 77 0.07485 98477 11
    0.026 0.02600 29302 25 0.02599 41437 08 0.076 0.07607 33534 87 0.07585 41796 89
    0.027 0.02700 32815 77 0.02699 34418 68 or 077 OiO7707 62925 62 OiO7684 83614 08
    0.028 0.02800 36599 58 0.02799 26861 07 0.078 0.07807 93093 26 0.07784 23909 37
    0.029 0.02900 40663 72 0.02899 18744 33 0.079 0.07908 24048 07 0.07883 62663 48
    0.030 0.03000 45018 23 0.02999 10048 57 0.080 0.08008 55800 34 0.07982 99857 12
    0.031 0.03100 49673 15 0.03099 00753 89 0.081 0.08108 88360 35 0.08082 35471 05
    0.032 0.03200 54638 51 0.03198 30840 39 0.082 0.08209 21738 40 0.08181 69486 04
    0.033 0.03300 59924 37 0.03298 80288 21 0.083 0.08309 55944 79 0.08281 01882 86
    0.034 0.03400 65540 77 0.03398 69077 46 0.084 0.08409 90989 83 0.08380 32642 31
    0.035 0.03500 71497 75 0.03498 57188 29 0.085 0.08510 26883 84 0.08479 61745 23
    0.036 0.03600 77805 38 0.03598 44600 82 0.08610 63637 15 0.08578 89172 45
    0.037 0.03700 84473 72 0.03698 31295 22 ii* E 0.08711 01260 09 0.08678 14904 84
    0.038 0.03800 91512 81 0.03798 17251 64 0:oss 0.08811 39763 00 0.08777 38923 27
    0.039 0.03900 98932 73 0.03898 02450 25 0.089 0.08911 79156 23 0.08876 61208 65
    0.040 0.04001 06743 54 0.03997 86871 23 0.090 0.09012 19450 15 0.08975 81741 90
    0.041 0.04101 14955 31 0.04097 70494 77 0.091 0.09112 60655 11 0.09075 00503 96
    0.042 0.04201 23578 12 0.04197 53301 05 0.092 0.09213 02781 49 0.09174 17475 79
    0.043 0.04301 32622 04 0.04297 35270 30 0.093 0.09313 45839 68 0.09273 32638 38
    0.044 0.04401 42097 16 0.04397 16382 71 0.094 0.09413 89840 07 0.09372 45972 74
    0.045 0.04501 52013 56 0.04496 96618 52 0.095 '0.09514 34793 06 0.09471 57459 88
    0.046 0.04601 62381 33 0.04596 75957 97 0.096 0.09614 80709 05 0.09570 67080 87
    0.047 0.04701 73210 57 0.04696 54381 30 0.097 0.09715 27598 48 0.09669 74816 76
    0.048 0.04801 84511 37 0.04796 31868 77 0.098 0.09815 75471 75 0.09768 80648 65
    0.049 0.04901 96293 83 0.04896 08400 65 0.099 0.09916 24339 32 0.09867 84557 66
    0.050 0.05002 08568 06 0.04995 83957 22 0.100 0.10016 74211 62 0.09966 86524 91

    [ 1
    (9’16
    For use and extension of the table see Examples 21-25. For other inverse functions see 4.4 and
    4.3.45. ;=1.57079 63267 95
    Compilation of arcsin :c from National Bureau of Standards, Table of arcsin z. Columbia Univ.
    Press, New York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).
    204 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.14 INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS


    X arcsin z arctan x X arcsin 2 arctan r
    0.100 0.10016 74211 62 0.09966 86524 91 0.150 0.15056 82727 77 0.14888 99476 09
    0.101 0.10117 25099 11 0.10065 86531 58 0.151 0.15157 97940 40 0.14986 77989 58
    0.102 0.10217 77012 25 0.10164 84558 83 0.152 0.15259 14716 20 0.15084 53616 21
    0.103 0.10318 29961 53 0.10263 80587 89 0.153 0.15360 33066 23 0.15182 26338 59
    0.104 0.10418 83957 41 0.10362 74599 97 0.154 0.15461 53001 61 0.15279 96139 37
    0.105 0.10519 39010 40 0.10461 66576 33 0.155 0.15562 74533 44 0.15377 63001 20
    0.106 0.10619 95131 00 0.10560 56498 23 0.156 0.15663 97672 86 0.15475 26906 78
    0.107 0.10720 52329 72 0.10659 44346 99 0.157 0.15765 22431 01 0.15572 87838 86
    0.108 0.10821 10617 08 0.10758 30103 93 0.158 0.15866 48819 05 0.15670 45780 19
    0.109 0.10921 70003 62 0.10857 13750 39 0.159 0.15967 76848 15 0.15768 00713 58
    0.110 0.11022 30499 88 0.10955 95267 74 0.160 0.16069 06529 52 0.15865 52621 86
    0.111 0.11122 92116 41 0.11054 74637 38 0.161 0.16170 37874 35 0.15963 01487 91
    0.112 0.11223 54863 77 0.11153 51840 74 0.162 0.16271 70893 88 0.16060 47294 61
    0.113 0.11324 18752 55 0.11252 26859 25 0.163 0.16373 05599 34 0.16157 90024 91
    0.114 0.11424 83793 32 0.11350 99674 40 0.164 0.16474 42001 99 0.16255 29661 78
    0.115 0.11525 49996 68 0.11449 70267 67 0.165 0.16575 80113 10 0.16352 66188 21
    0.116 0.11626 17373 23 0.11548 38620 60 Oiibk Oii6677 19943 96 0.16449 99587 25
    0.117 0.11726 85933 61 0.11647 04714 73 0.167 0.16778 61505 87 0.16547 29841 97
    0.118 0.11827 55688 42 0.11745 68531 63 0.168 0.16880 04810 17 0.16644 56935 49
    0.119 0.11928 26648 32 0.11844 30052 90 0.169 0.16981 49868 19 0.16741 80850 93
    0.120 0.12028 98823 95 0.11942 89260 18 0.170 0.17082 96691 29 0.16839 01571 48
    0.121 0.12129 72225 97 0.12041 46135 12 0.171 0.17184 45290 84 0.16936 19080 34
    0.122 0.12230 46865 07 0.12140 00659 40 0.172 0.17285 95678 23 0.17033 33360 78
    0.123 0.12331 22751 92 0.12238 52814 72 0.173 0.17387 47864 87 0.17130 44396 07
    0.124 0.12431 99897 22 0.12337 02582 82 0.174 0.17489 01862 19 0.17227 52169 54
    0.125 0.12532 78311 68 0.12435 49945 47 0.17590 57681 64 0.17324 56664 52
    oIi2k OIi2633 58006 02 0:125>3 94884 45 i* E 0.17692 15334 66 0.17421 57864 43
    0.127 0.12734 38990 98 0.12632 37381 58 0:177 0.17793 74832 75 0.17518 55752 68
    0.128 0.12835 21277 29 0.12730 77418 71 0.178 0.17895 36187 40 0.17615 50312 74
    0.129 0.12936 04875 72 0.12829 14977 71 0.179 0.17996 99410 13 0.17712 41528 10
    0.130 0.13036 89797 03 0.12927 50040 48 0.18098 64512 47 0.17809 29382 31
    0.131 0.13137 76052 01 0.13025 82588 96
    0.132 0.13238 63651 45 0.13124 12605 10 0:182
    ;;;; 0.18200 00402
    0.18302 31505 97
    20 0.17906 13858
    0.18002 94941 94
    59
    0.133 0.13339 52606 16 0.13222 40070 89 0.183 0.18403 71212 76 0.18099 72613 91
    0.134 0.13440 42926 95 0.13320 64968 35 0.184 0.18505 43949 25 0.18196 46859 59
    0.135 0.13541 34624 67 0.13418 87279 52 0.185 0.18607 18623 31 0.18293 17662 35
    0.136 0.13642 27710 15 0.13517 06986 49 0.186 0.18708 95246 57 0.18389 85005 94
    0.137 0.13743 22194 25 0.13615 24071 35 0.187 0.18810 73830 71 0.18486 48874 16
    0.138 0.13844 18087 85 0.13713 38516 25 0.188 0.18912 54387 40 0.18583 09250 85
    0.139 Oil3945 15401 83 0.13811 50303 34 0.189 0.19014 36928 36 0.18679 66119 87
    0.140 0.14046 14147 10 0.13909 59414 82 0.190 0.19116 21465 31 0.18776 19465 14
    0.141 0.14147 14334 56 0.14007 65832 92 0.191 0.19218 08009 99 0.18872 69270 59
    0.142 0.14248 15975 13 0.14105 69539 90 0.192 0.19319 96574 17 0.18969 15520 22
    0.143 0.14349 19079 77 0.14203 70518 03 0.193 0.19421 87169 63 0.19065 58198 05
    0.144 0.14450 23659 42 0.14301 68749 65 0.194 0.19523 79808 18 0.19161 97288 15
    0.145 0.14551 29725 04 0.14399 64217 09 0.195 0.19625 74501 64 0.19258 32774 60
    Oil46 Oil4652 37287 64 Oil4497 56902 74 0.196 0.19727 71261 85 0.19354 64641 55
    0.147 0.14753 46358 19 0.14595 46789 00 0.197 0.19829 70100 69 0.19450 92873 18
    0.148 0.14854 56947 71 0.14693 33858 33 0.198 0.19931 71030 03 0.19547 17453 71
    0.149 0.14955 69067 22 0.14791 18093 19 0.199 0.20033 74061 80 0.19643 38367 38
    0.150 0.15056 82727 77 0.14888 99476 09 0.200 0.20135 79207 90 0.19739 55598 50
    II(792 1 [c-y4 1 [ C-f)3 1 [c-j15 1
    ;=1.57079 63267 95
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL F’UNCTIONS 205
    INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS Table 4.14
    X arcsin x arctan x X arcsin x arctan x
    0.200 0.20135 79207 90 0.19739 55598 50 0.250 0.25268 02551 42 0.24497 86631 27
    0.201 0.20237 86480 31 0.19835 69131 40 0.251 0.25371 31886 28 0.24591 96179 19
    0.202 0.20339 95890 97 0.19931 78950 44 0.252 0.25474 63988 49 0.24686 01284 51
    0.203 0.20442 07451 90 0.20027 85040 06 0.253 0.25577 98871 33 0.24780 01933 77
    0.204 0.20544 21175 10 0.20123 87384 69 0.254 0.25681 36548 08 0.24873 98113 53
    0.205 0.20646 37072 61 0.20219 85968 83 0.255 0.25784 77032 07 0.24967 89810 38
    0.206 0.20748 55156 48 0.20315 80777 01 0.256 0.25888 20336 66 0.25061 77010 99
    0.207 0.20850 75438 81 0.20411 71793 81 0.257 0.25991 66475 22 0.25155 59702 05
    0.208 0.20952 97931 68 0.20507 59003 83 0.258 0.26095 15461 18 0.25249 37870 29
    0.209 0.21055 22647 22 0.20603 42391 73 0.259 0.26198 67307 97 0.25343 11502 51
    0.210 0.21157 49597 58 0.20699 21942 20 0.260 0.26302 22029 08 0.25436 80585 53
    0.211 0.21259 78794 93 0.20794 97639 97 0.261 0.26405 79638 02 0.25530 45106 23
    0.212 0.21362 10251 46 0.20890 69469 83 0.262 0.26509 40148 31 0.25624 05051 53
    0.213 0.21464 43979 39 0.20986 37416 57 0.263 0.26613 03573 53 0.25717 60408 40
    0.214 0.21566 79990 96 0.21082 01465 06 0.264 0.26716 69927 28 0.25811 11163 83
    0.215 0.21669 18298 42 0.21177 61600 20 0.265 0.26820 39223 20 0.25904 57304 89
    0.216 0.21771 58914 06 0.21273 17806 92 0.266 0.26924 11474 95 0.25997 98818 68
    0.217 0.21874 01850 19 0.21368 70070 19 0.267 0.27027 86696 22 0.26091 35692 33
    0.218 0.21976 47119 15 0.21464 18375 04 0.268 0.27131 64900 75 0.26184 67913 04
    0.219 0.22078 94733 28 0.21559 62706 53 0.269 0.27235 46102 31 0.26277 95468 05
    0.220 0.22181 44704 97 0.21655 03049 76 0.270 0.27339 30314 67 0.26371 18344 62
    0.221 0.22283 97046 62 0.21750 39389 87 0.271 0.27443 17551 69 0.26464 36530 10
    0.222 0.22386 51770 66 0.21845 71712 05 0.272 0.27547 07827 21 0.26557 50011 84
    0.223 0.22489 08889 55 0.21941 00001 53 0.273 0.27651 01155 13 0.26650 58777 27
    0.224 0.22591 68415 75 0.22036 24243 57 0.274 0.27754 97549 38 0.26743 62813 84
    0.225 0.22694 30361 79 0.22131 44423 48 0.275 0.27858 97023 92 0.26836 62109 06
    0.226 0.22796 94740 17 0.22226 60526 61 0.276 0.27962 99592 75 0.26929 56650 49
    0.227 0.22899 61563 45 0.22321 72538 37 0.277 0.28067 05269 90 0.27022 46425 71
    0.228 0.23002 30844 22 0.22416 80444 19 0.278 0.28171 14069 43 0.27115 31422 39
    0.229 0.23105 02595 07 0.22511 84229 53 0.279 0.28275 26005 45 0.27208 11628 19
    0.230 0.23207 76828 63 0.22606 83879 94 0.280 0.28379 41092 08 0.27300 87030 87
    0.231 0.23310 53557 56 0.22701 79380 96 0.281 0.28483 59343 51 0.27393 57618 19
    0.232 0.23413 32794 53 0.22796 70718 22 0.282 0.28587 80773 93 0.27486 23377 99
    0.233 0.23516 14552 26 0.22891 57877 34 0.283 0.28692 05397 58 0.27578 84298 14
    0.234 0.23618 98843 48 0.22986 40844 03 0.284 0.28796 33228 75 0.27671 40366 55
    0.235 0.23721 85680 94 0.23081 19604 03 0.285 0.28900 64281 74 0.27763 91571 20
    0.236 0.13824 75077 44 0.23175 94143 10 0.286 0.29004 98570 89 0.27856 37900 08
    0.237 0.23927 67045 78 0.23270 64447 07 0.287 0.29109 36110 61 0.27948 79341 26
    0.238 0.24030 61598 80 0.23365 30501 80 0.288 0.29213 76915 30 0.28041 15882 83
    0.239 0.24133 58749 37 0.23459 92293 19 0.289 0.29318 20999 43 0.28133 47512 95
    0.240 0.24236 58510 39 0.23554 49807 21 0.290 0.29422 68377 49 0.28225 74219 81
    0.241 0.24339 60894 77 0.23649 03029 83 0.291 Oi29527 19064 01 0.28317 95991 65
    0.242 0.24442 65915 47 0.23743 51947 10 0.292 0.29631 73073 57 0.28410 12816 76
    0.243 0.24545 73585 45 0.23837 96545 10 0.293 0.29736 30420 76 0.28502 24683 46
    0.244 0.24648 83917 73 0.23932 36809 95 0.294 0.29840 91120 25 0.28594 31580 14
    0.245 0.24751 96925 34 0.24026 72727 81 0.295 0.29945 55186 70 0.28686 33495 23
    0,246 0.24855 12621 33 0.24121 04284 90 0.296 0.30050 22634 85 0.28778 30417 18
    0.247 0.24958 31018 81 0.24215 31467 47 0.297 0.30154 93479 45 0.28870 22334 53
    0.248 0.25061 52130 88 0.24309 54261 82 Oi298 0.30259 67735 30 0.28962 09235 83
    0.249 0.25164 75970 69 0.24403 72654 29 0.299 0.30364 45417 24 0.29053 91109 69
    0.250 0.25268 02551 42 0.24497 86631 27 0.300 0.30469 26540 15 0.29145 67944 78

    [y4 1 [C-j)6 1 P2'1.57079 6326795 [F-f)4 1 [C-i)‘31


    206 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
    Table 4.14 INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

    x arcsin x nrctan x 5 arcsin x arctan x


    0.300 0.30469 26540 15 0.29145 67944 78 0.350 0.35757 11036 46 0.33667 48193 a7
    0.301 0.30574 11118 95 0.29237 39729 79 0.351 0.35863 88378 55 0.33756 54100 58
    0.302 0.30678 99168 60 0.29329 06453 47 0.352 0.35970 69995 85 0.33845 54442 85
    0.303 0.30783 90704 09 0.29420 68104 62 0.353 0.36077 55905 70 0.33934 49211 al
    0.304 0.30888 85740 46 0.29512 24672 09 0.354 0.36184 46125 51 0.34023 38398 61
    0.305 0.30993 a4292 78 0.29603 76144 75 0.355 0.36291 40672 71 0.34112 21994 49
    0.306 0.31098 a6376 19 0.29695 22511 55 0.356 0.36398 39564 82 0.34200 99990 70
    0.307 0.31203 92005 83 0.29786 63761 46 0.357 0.36505 42819 39 0.34289 72378 56
    0.308 0.31309 01196 91 0.29877 99883 52 0.358 0.36612 50454 05 0.34378 39149 42
    0.309 0.31414 13964 68 0.29969 30866 80 0.359 0.36719 62486 46 0.34467 00294 69
    0.310 0.31519 30324 41 0.30060 56700 42 0.360 0.36826 78934 37 0.34555 55805 a2
    0.311 0.31624 50291 43 0.30151 77373 55 0.361 0.36933 99815 54 0.34644 05674 30
    0.312 0.31729 73881 12 0.30242 92875 41 0.362 0.37041 25147 84 0.34732 49891 68
    0.313 0.31835 01108 aa 0.30334 03195 25 0.363 0.37148 54949 16 0.34820 a8449 54
    0.314 0.31940 31990 la 0.30425 08322 38 0.364 0.37255 89237 46 0.34909 21339 52
    0.315 0.32045 66540 50 0.30516 08246 16 0.365 0.37363 28030 75 0.34997 48553 30
    0.316 0.32151 04775 38 0.30607 02955 99 0.366 0.37470 71347 12 0.35085 70082 60
    0.317 0.32256 46710 42 0.30697 92441 31 0.367 0.37578 19204 71 0.35173 a5919 21
    0.318 0.32361 92361 24 0.30788 76691 62 0.368 0.37685 71621 69 0.35261 96054 93
    0.319 0.32467 41743 51 0.30879 55696 46 0.369 0.37793 28616 34 0.35350 00481 64
    0.320 0.32572 94872 95 0.30970 29445 42 0.370 0.37900 90206 96 0.35437 99191 23
    0.321 0.32678 51765 31 0.31060 97928 14 0.371 0.38008 56411 93 0.35525 92175 68
    0.322 0.32784 12436 42 0.31151 61134 29 0.372 0.38116 27249 69 0.35613 79426 98
    0.323 0.32889 76902 11 0.31242 19053 60 0.373 0.38224 02738 73 0.35701 60937 la
    0.324 0.32995 45178 29 0.31332 71675 a4 0.374 0.38331 82897 61 0.35789 36698 38
    0.325 0.33101 17280 a9 0.31423 la990 a4 0.375 0.38439 67744 96 0.35877 06702 71
    0.326 0.33206 93225 91 0.31513 60988 47 0.376 0.38547 57299 45 0.35964 70942 35
    0.327 0.33312 73029 38 0.31603 97658 63 0.377 0.38655 51579 a3 0.36052 29409 56
    0.328 0.33418 56707 38 0.31694 28991 30 0.378 0.38763 50604 92 0.36139 82096 58
    0.329 0.33524 44276 04 0.31784 54976 47 0.379 0.38871 54393 57 0.36227 28995 76
    0.330 0.33630 35751 54 0.31874 75604 21 0.380 0.38979 62964 74 0.36314 70099 46
    0.331 0.33736 31150 09 0.31964 90864 60 0.381 0.39087 76337 42 0.36402 05400 09
    0.332 0.33842 30487 98 0.32055 00747 al 0.382 0.39195 94530 68 0.36489 34890 12
    0.333 0.33948 33781 50 0.32145 05244 03 0.383 0.39304 17563 64 0.36576 58562 04
    0.334 0.34054 41047 05 0.32235 04343 49 0.384 0.39412 45455 51 0.36663 76408 40
    0.335 0.34160 52301 02 0.32324 98036 48 0.385 0.39520 78225 54 0.36750 88421 al
    0.336 0.34266 67559 88 0.32414 86313 34 0.386 0.39629 15893 06 0.36837 94594 90
    0.337 0.34372 86840 15 0.32504 69164 46 0.387 0.39737 58477 48 0.36924 94920 36
    0.338 0.34479 10158 39 0.32594 46580 25 0.388 0.39846 05998 24 0.37011 a9390 92
    0.339 0.34585 37531 21 0.32684 la551 19 0.389 0.39954 58474 a9 0.37098 77999 35
    0.340 0.34691 68975 27 0.32773 85067 al 0.390 0.40063 15927 01 0.37185 60738 49
    0.341 0.34798 04507 29 0.32863 46120 66 0.391 0.40171 78374 28 0.37272 37601 la
    0.342 0.34904 44144 03 0.32953 01700 37 0.392 0.40280 45836 44 0.37359 08580 36
    0.343 0.35010 87902 30 0.33042 51797 60 0.393 0.40389 la333 27 0.37445 73668 96
    0.344 0.35117 35798 98 0.33131 96403 04 0.394 0.40497 95884 67 0.37532 32860 01
    0.345 0.35223 87850 97 0.33221 35507 47 0.395 0.40606 78510 57 0.37618 a6146 53
    0.346 0.35330 44075 25 0.33310 69101 67 0.396 0.40715 66231 00 0.37705 33521 62
    0.347 0.35437 04488 a4 0.33399 97176 49 0.397 0.40824 59066 02 0.37791 74978 43
    0.348 0.35543 69108 al 0.33489 19722 a3 0.398 0.40933 57035 al 0.37878 10510 12
    0.349 0.35650 37952 29 0.33578 36731 63 Oi399 0.41042 60160 60 0.37964 40109 93
    0.350 0.35757 11036 46 0.33667 48193 a7 0.400 0.41151 68460 67 0.38050 63771 12

    cc-:)8)51 [ c-t)7 1 1C-f)6 1 [c-pa


    1
    ;=I.57079 6326795
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 207
    INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS Table 4.14

    X arcsin x arctan x X arcsin z arctan z


    0.400 0.41151 68460 67 0.38050 63771 12 0.450 0.46676 53390 47 0.42285 39261 33
    0.401 0.41260 81956 42 0.38136 81487 02 0.451 0.46788 54404 09 0.42368 52156 87
    0.402 0.41370 00668 29 0.38222 93250 97 0.452 0.46900 61761 03 0.42451 58823 89
    0.403 0.41479 24616 80 0.38308 99056 39 0.453 0.47012 75486 20 0.42534 59257 92
    0.404 0.41588 53822 54 0.38394 98896 72 0.454 Oi47124 95604 59 0.42617 53454 56
    0.405 0.41697 88306 20 0.38480 92765 46 0.455 0.47237 22141 29 0.42700 41409 43
    0.406 0.41807 28088 50 0.38566 80656 14 0.456 0.47349 55121 50 0.42783 23118 21
    0.407 0.41916 73190 29 0.38652 62562 34 0.457 0.47461 94570 53 0.42865 98576 60
    0.408 0.42026 23632 45 0.38738 38477 69 0.458 0.47574 40513 79 0.42948 67780 36
    0.409 0.42135 79435 96 0.38824 08395 85 0.459 0.47686 92976 80 0.43031 30725 28
    0.410 0.42245 40621 87 0.38909 72310 55 0.460 0.47799 51985 19 0.43113 87407 19
    0.411 0.42355 07211 31 0.38995 30215 54 0.461 0.47912 17564 68 0.43196 37821 96
    0.412 0.42464 79225 49 0.39080 82104 62 0.462 0.48024 89741 12 0.43278 81965 51
    0.413 0.42574 56685 70 0.39166 27971 64 0.463 0.48137 68540 46 0.43361 19833 80
    0.414 0.42684 39613 30 0.39251 67810 48 0.464 0.48250 53988 75 0.43443 51422 81
    0.415 0.42794 28029 74 0.39337 01615 09 0.465 0.48363 46112 18 0.43525 76728 58
    0.416 0.42904 21956 53 0.39422 29379 43 0.466 0.48476 44937 02 0.43607 95747 19
    0.417 0.43014 21415 30 0.39507 51097 52 0.467 0.48589 50489 67 0.43690 08474 74
    0.418 0.43124 26427 72 0.39592 66763 44 0.468 0.48702 62796 64 0.43772 14907 40
    0.419 0.43234 37015 57 0.39677 76371 29 0.469 0.48815 81884 55 0.43854 15041 36
    0.420 0.43344 53200 70 0.39762 79915 22 0.470 0.48929 07780 14 0.43936 08872 85
    0.421 0.43454 75005 03 0.39847 77389 43 0.471 0.49042 40510 26 0.44017 96398 14
    0.422 0.43565 02450 60 0.39932 68788 14 0.472 0.49155 80101 88 0.44099 77613 55
    0.423 0.43675 35559 49 0.40017 54105 66 0.473 0.49269 26582 08 0.44181 52515 43
    0.424 0.43785 74353 90 0.40102 33336 29 0.474 0.49382 79978 07 0.44263 21100 17
    0.425 0.43896 18856 10 0.40187 06474 40 0.475 0.49496 40317 17 0.44344 83364 20
    0.426 0.44006 69088 44 0.40271 73514 42 0.476 0.49610 07626 82 0.44426 39303 99
    0.427 0.44117 25073 36 0.40356 34450 79 0.477 0.49723 81934 59 0.44507 88916 06
    0.428 0.44227 86833 39 0.40440 89278 00 0.478 0.49837 63268 16 0.44589 32196 95
    0.429 0.44338 54391 16 0.40525 37990 60 0.479 0.49951 51655 34 0.44670 69143 24
    0.430 0.44449 27769 36 0.40609 80583 18 0.480 0.50065 47124 05 0.44751 99751 57
    0.431 0.44560 06990 78 0.40694 17050 34 0.481 0.50179 49702 34 0.44833 24018 60
    0.432 0.44670 92078 31 0.40778 47386 77 0.482 0.50293 59418 39 0.44914 41941 03
    0.433 0.44781 83054 92 0.40862 71587 18 0.483 0.50407 76300 52 0.44995 53515 61
    0.434 0.44892 79943 67 0.40946 89646 31 0.484 0.50522 00377 13 0.45076 58739 11
    0.435 0.45003 82767 71 0.41031 01558 96 0.485 0.50636 31676 79 0.45157 57608 36
    0.436 0.45114 91550 28 0.41115 07319 97 0.486 0.50750 70228 19 0.45238 50120 20
    0.437 0.45226 06314 71 0.41199 06924 22 0.487 0.50865 16060 14 0.45319 36271 55
    0.438 0.45337 27084 44 0.41283 00366 64 0.488 0.50979 69201 57 0.45400 16059 33
    0.439 0.45448 53882 99 0.41366 87642 17 0.489 0.51094 29681 57 0.45480 89480 51
    0.440 0.45559 86733 96 0.41450 68745 85 0.490 0.51208 97529 34 0.45561 56532 11
    0.441 0.45671 25661 07 0.41534 43672 70 0.491 0.51323 72774 22 0.45642 17211 17
    0.442 0.45782 70688 11 0.41618 12417 83 0.492 0.51438 55445 69 0.45722 71514 78
    0.443 0.45894 21838 99 0.41701 74976 36 0.493 0.51553 45573 34 0.45803 19440 06
    0.444 0.46005 79137 71 0.41785 31343 48 0.494 0.51668 43186 93 0.45883 60984 16
    0.445 0.46117 42608 35 0.41868 81514 38 0.495 0.51783 48316 32 0.45963 96144 30
    0.446 0.46229 12275 10 0.41952 25484 34 0.496 0.51898 60991 55 0.46044 24917 71
    0.447 0.46340 88162 25 0.42035 63248 66 0.497 0.52013 81242 77 0.46124 47301 65
    0.448 0.46452 70294 19 0.42118 94802 67 0.498 0.52129 09100 26 0.46204 63293 45
    0.449 0.46564 58695 40 0.42202 20141 75 0.499 0.52244 44594 47 0.46284 72890 44

    [c-y1 [c-y1
    0.450 0.46676 53390 47 0.42285 39261 33 0.500 0.52359 87755 98 0.46364 76090 01
    1C-J)8
    1 [c-y1 ;=1.57079
    - 6326795
    208 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.14 INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

    X arcsin x arctan 2 2 arcsin x arctan 2

    0.500 0.52359 87755 98 0.46364 76090 01 0.550 0.58236 42378 69 0.50284 32109 28
    0.501 0.52475 38615 51 0.46444 72889 58 0.551 0.58356 20792 89 0.50361 06410 37
    0.502 0.52590 97203 91 ' 0.46524 63286 62 0.552 0.58476 08688 33 0.50437 74226 73
    0.503 0.52706 63552 20 0.46604 47278 61 0.553 0.58596 06104 84 0.50514 35557 57
    0.504 0.52822 37691 54 0.46684 24863 09 0.554 0.58716 13082 43 0.50590 90402 12
    0.505 0.52938 19653 22 0.46763 96037 63 0.555 0.58836 29661 37 0.50667 38759 68
    0.506 0.53054 09468 69 0.46843 60799 83 0.556 0.58956 55882 10 0.50743 80629 53
    0.507 0.53170 07169 56 0.46923 19147 34 0.557 0.59076 91785 32 0.50820 16011 02
    0.508 0.53286 12787 56 0.47002 71077 82 0.558 0.59197 37411 92 0.50896 44903 52
    0.509 0.53402 26354 61 0.47082 16589 00 0.559 0.59317 92803 04 0.50972 67306 43
    0.510 0.53518 47902 76 0.47161 55678 62 0.560 0.59438 58000 01 0.51048 83219 17
    0.511 0.53634 77464 20 0.47240 88344 48 0.561 0.59559 33044 41 0.51124 92641 21
    0.512 0.53751 15071 30 0.47320 14584 38 0.562 0.59680 17978 05 0.51200 95572 04
    0.513 0.53867 60756 57 0.47399 34396 20 0.563 0.59801 12842 95 0.51276 92011 19
    0.514 0.53984 14552 69 0.47478 47777 82 0.564 0.59922 17681 37 0.51352 81958 22
    0.515 0.54100 76492 49 0.47557 54727 17 0.565 0.60043 32535 81 0.51428 65412 69
    0.516 0.54217 46608 96 0.47636 55242 22 0.566 0.60164 57448 99 0.51504 42374 25
    0.517 0.54334 24935 25 0.47715 49320 97 0.567 0.60285 92463 89 0.51580 12842 52
    0.518 0.54451 11504 67 0.47794 36961 45 0.568 0.60407 37623 71 0.51655 76817 18
    0.519 0.54568 06350 69 0.47873 18161 73 0.569 0.60528 92971 89 0.51731 34297 96
    0.520 0.54685 09506 96 0.47951 92919 93 0.570 0.60650 58552 13 0.51806 85284 57
    0.521 0.54802 21007 28 0.48030 61234 17 0.571 0.60772 34408 36 0.51882 29776 79
    0.522 0.54919 40885 61 0.48109 23102 64 0.572 0.60894 20584 75 0.51957 67774 41
    0.523 0.55036 69176 11 0.48187 78523 54 0.573 0.61016 17125 74 0.52032 99277 27
    0.524 0.55154 05913 07 0.48266 27495 12 0.574 0.61138 24076 01 0.52108 24285 22
    0.525 0.55271 51130 97 0.48344 70015 67 0.575 0.61260 41480 49 0.52183 42798 14
    0.526 0.55389 04864 46 0.48423 06083 50 0.576 0.61382 69384 37 0.52258 54815 96
    0.527 0.55506 67148 37 0.48501 35696 94 0.577 0.61505 07833 09 0.52333 60338 62
    0.528 0.55624 38017 69 0.48579 58854 40 0.578 0.61627 56872 37 0.52408 59366 09
    0.529 0.55742 17507 59 0.48657 75554 29 0.579 0.61750 16548 17 0.52483 51898 38
    0.530 0.55860 05653 43 0.48735 85795 05 0.580 0.61872 86906 72 0.52558 37935 52
    0.531 0.55978 02490 72 0.48813 89575 18 0.581 0.61995 67994 52 0.52633 17477 57
    0.532 0.56096 08055 18 0.48891 86893 19 0.582 0.62118 59858 34 0.52707 90524 63
    0.533 0.56214 22382 69 0.48969 77747 65 0.583 0.62241 62545 21 0.52782 57076 82
    0.534 0.56332 45509 33 0.49047 62137 12 0.584 0.62364 76102 44 0.52857 17134 28
    0.535 0.56450 77471 34 0.49125 40060 25 0.585 0.62488 00577 61 0.52931 70697 19
    0.536 0.56569 18305 17 0.49203 11515 68 0.586 0.62611 36018 60 0.53006 17765 76
    0.537 0.56687 68047 44 0.49280 76502 10 0.587 0.62734 82473 54 0.53080 58340 23
    0.538 0.56806 26734 97 0.49358 35018 23 0.588 0.62858 39990 87 0.53154 92420 86
    0.539 0.56924 94404 76 0.49435 87062 83 0.589 0.62982 08619 28 0.53229 20007 93
    0.540 0.57043 71094 00 0.49513 32634 68 0.590 0.63105 88407 78 0.53303 41101 77
    0.541 0.57162 56840 08 0.49590 71732 62 0.591 0.63229 79405 66 0.53377 55702 73
    0.542 0.57281 51680 58 0.49668 04355 48 0.592 0.63353 81bb2 50 0.53451 63811 18
    0.543 0.57400 55653 28 0.49745 30502 17 0.593 0.63477 95228 17 0.53525 65427 53
    0.544 0.57519 68796 15 0.49822 50171 59 0.594 0.63602 20152 84 0.53599 60552 20
    0.545 0.57638 91147 36 0.49899 63362 71 0.595 0.63726 56487 00 0.53673 49185 66
    0.546 0.57758 22745 29 0.49976 70074 50 0.596 0.63851 04281 42 0.53747 31328 39
    0.547 0.57877 63628 51 0.50053 70305 98 0.597 0.63975 63587 17 0.53821 06980 90
    0.548 0.57997 13835 79 0.50130 64056 22 0.598 0.64100 34455 66 0.53894 76143 74
    0.549 0.58116 73406 12 0.50207 51324 28 0.599 0.64225 16938 57 0.53968 38817 48

    [IC-l)1 c(-y 1 f=
    0.550 0.58236 42378 69 0.50284 32109 28 0.600 0.64350 11087 93 0.54041 95002 71
    1 [(-;I2 1 [c-y1
    1.570796326795
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 209
    INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS Table 4.14

    X arcsin 5 arctan x X arcsin x arctan 22


    0.600 0.64350 11087 93 0.54041 95002 71 0.650 0.70758 44367 25 0.57637 52205 91
    0.601 0.64475 16956 07 0.54115 44700 04 0.651 0.70890 10818 82 0.57707 78870 95
    0: 602 0.64600 34595 63 0.54188 87910 15 0.652 0.71021 92154 53 0.57777 99113 37
    0.603 0.64725 64059 60 0.54262 24633 69 0.653 0.71153 88447 93 0.57848 12935 07
    0.604 0.64851 05401 26 0.54335 54871 37 0.654 0.71285 99773 14 0.57918 20337 94
    0.605 0.64976 58674 24 0.54408 78623 92 0.655 0.71418 26204 76 0.57988 21323 94
    0.606 0.65102 23932 51 0.54481 95892 10 0.656 0.71550 67817 97 0.58058 15895 01
    0.607 0.65228 01230 34 0.54555 06676 70 0.657 0.71683 24688 45 0.58128 04053 13
    0.608 0.65353 90622 38 0.54628 10978 51 0.658 0.71815 96892 45 0.58197 85800 31
    0.609 0.65479 92163 58 0.54701 08798 38 0.659 0.71948 84506 75 0.58267 61138 57
    0.610 0.65606 05909 25 0.54774 00137 16 0.660 0.72081 87608 70 0.58337 30069 94
    0.611 0.65732 31915 05 0.54846 84995 75 0.661 0.72215 06276 21 0.58406 92596 49
    0.612 0.65858 70237 00 0.54919 63375 05 0.662 0.72348 40587 76 0.58476 48720 31
    0.613 0.65985 20931 44 0.54992 35276 01 0.663 0.72481 90622 40 0.58545 98443 49
    0.614 0.66111 84055 09 0.55065 00699 59 0.664 0.72615 56459 74 0.58615 41768 17
    0.615 0.66238 59665 02 0.55137 59646 79 0.665 0.72749 38180 01 0.58684 78696 50
    0.616 0.66365 47818 67 0.55210 12118 61 0.666 0.72883 35864 02 0.58754 09230 63
    0.617 0.66492 48573 84 0.55282 58116 10 0.667 0.73017 49593 16 0.58823 33372 77
    0.618 0.66619 61988 69 0.55354 97640 33 0.668 0.73151 79449 44 0.58892 51125 11
    0.619 0.66746 88121 78 0.55427 30692 38 0.669 0.73286 25515 49 0.58961 62489 89
    0.620 0.66874 27032 02 0.55499 57273 39 0.670 0.73420 87874 53 0.59030 67469 35
    0.621 0.67001 78778 71 0.55571 77384 48 0.671 0.73555 66610 44 0.59099 66065 77
    0.622 0.67129 43421 53 0.55643 91026 82 0.672 0.73690 61807 69 0.59168 58281 44
    0.623 0.67257 21020 54 0.55715 98201 62 0.673 0.73825 73551 41 0.59237 44118 66
    0.624 0.67385 11636 20 0.55787 98910 07 0.674 0.73961 01927 39 0.59306 23579 77
    0.625 0.67513 15329 37 0.55859 93153 44 0.675 0.74096 47022 03 0.59374 96667 11
    0.626 0.67641 32161 29 0.55931 80932 97 0.676 0.74232 08922 43 0.59443 63383 05
    0.627 0.67769 62193 62 0.56003 62249 97 0.677 0.74367 87716 32 0.59512 23729 99
    0.628 0.67898 05488 41 0.56075 37105 74 0.678 0.74503 83492 13 0.59580 77710 32
    0.629 0.68026 62108 12 0.56147 05501 63 0.679 0.74639 96338 96 0.59649 25326 49
    0.630 0.68155 32115 63 0.56218 67439 00 0.680 0.74776 26346 60 0.59717 66580 93
    0.631 0.68284 15574 24 0.56290 22919 24 0.681 0.74912 73605 52 0.597&6 01476 11
    0.632 0.68413 12547 66 0.56361 71943 75 0.682 0.75049 38206 91 0.59854 30014 52
    0.633 0.68542 23100 04 0.56433 14513 97 0.683 0.75186 20242 68 0.59922 52198 66
    0.634 0.68671 47295 93 0.56504 50631 37 0.684 0.75323 19805 42 0.59990 68031 06
    0.635 0.68800 85200 35 0.56575 80297 42 0.685 0.75460 36988 49 0.60058 77514 26
    0.636 0.68930 36878 74 0.56647 03513 63 0.686 0.75597 71885 95 0.60126 80650 81
    0.637 0.69060 02396 97 0.56718 20281 53 0.687 0.75735 24592 63 0.60194 77443 31
    0.638 0.69189 81821 37 0.56789 30602 67 0.688 0.75872 95204 10 0.60262 67894 35
    0.639 0.69319 75218 73 0.56860 34478 63 0.689 0.76010 83816 68 0.60330 52006 54
    0.640 0.69449 82656 27 0.56931 31911 01 0.690 0.76148 90527 48 0.60398 29782 53
    0.641 0.69580 04201 68 0.57002 22901 42 0.691 0.76287 15434 36 0.60466 01224 96
    0.642 0.69710 39923 13 0.57073 07451 52 0.692 0.76425 58636 00 0.60533 66336 52
    0.643 0.69840 89889 23 0.57143 85562 98 01693 0.76564 20231 84 0.60601 25119 88
    0.644 0.69971 54169 09 0.57214 57237 47 0.694 0.76703 00322 15 0.60668 77577 76
    0.645 0.70102 32832 27 0.57285 22476 73 0.695 0.76841 99008 00 0.60736 23712 89
    0.646 0.70233 25948 84 0.57355 81282 48 0.696 0.76981 16391 29 0.60803 63528 01
    0.647 0.70364 33589 34 0.57426 33656 48 0.697 0.77120 52574 75 0.60870 97025 88
    0.648 0.70495 55824 80 0.57496 79600 51 0.698 0.77260 07661 95 0.60938 24209 28
    0.649 0.70626 92726 76 0.57567 19116 38 0.699 0.77399 81757 30 0.61005 45081 01
    0.650 0.70758 44367 25 0.57637 52205 91 0.700 0.7753;-WY;66 11 0.61072 59643 89

    [ (-;I2
    1 (-JP
    [ I- ;=1.57079 6326795 [ 5 1 [c-y3
    1
    210 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.14 INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

    X arcsin x arctan x X arcsin z arctan x


    0.700 0.77539 74966 11 0.61072 59643 89 0.750 0.84806 20789 81 0.64350 11087 93
    0.701 0.77679 87394 52 0.61139 67900 75 0.751 0.84957 52355 56 0.64414 08016 53
    0.702 0.77820 19149 57 0.61206 69854 44 0.752 0.85109 10007 70 0.64477 98804 75
    0.703 0.77960 70339 20 0.61273 65507 83 0.753 0.85260 93916 63 0.64541 83456 20
    0.704 0.78101 41072 23 0.61340 54863 79 0.754 0.85413 04254 45 0.64605 61974 52
    0.705 0.78242 31458 43 0.61407 37925 25 0.755 0.85565 41195 04 0.64669 34363 37
    0.706 0.78383 41608 47 Or61474 14695 10 0.756 0.85718 04914 02 0.64733 00626 40
    0.707 0.78524 71633 95 0.61540 85176 29 0.757 0.85870 95588 84 0.64796 60767 30
    0.708 0.78666 21647 44 Oi61607 49371 78 0.758 0.86024 13398 74 0.64860 14789 75
    0.709 0.78807 91762 45 0.61674 07284 52 0.759 0.86177 58524 85 0.64923 62697 45
    0.710 0.78949 82093 46 0.61740 58917 52 0.760 0.86331 31150 16 0.64987 04494 12
    0.711 0.79091 92755 96 0.61807 04273 76 0.761 0.86485 31459 55 Oi65050 40183 48
    0.712 0.79234 23866 39 0.61873 43356 27 0.762 0.86639 59639 86 0.65113 69769 28
    0.713 0.79376 75542 24 0.61939 76168 09 0.763 0.86794 15879 89 0.65176 93255 25
    0.714 0.79519 47901 99 0.62006 02712 26 0.764 0.86949 00370 42 0.65240 10645 18
    0.715 0.79662 41065 16 0.62072 22991 86 0.765 0.87104 13304 26 0.65303 21942 83
    0.716 0.79805 55152 32 0.62138 37009 97 0.766 0.87259 54876 26 0.65366 27151 99
    0.717 0.79948 90285 08 0.62204 44769 70 0.767 0.87415 25283 38 0.65429 26276 46
    0.718 Oi80092 46586 13 0;62270 46274 14 0.768 0.87571 24724 65 0.65492 19320 05
    0.719 0.80236 24179 26 0.62336 41526 45 0.769 0.87727 53401 29 0.65555 06286 59
    0.720 0.80380 23189 33 0.62402 30529 77 0.770 0.87884 11516 69 0.65617 87179 91
    0.721 0.80524 43742 33 0.62468 13287 26 0.771 0.88040 99276 42 0.65680 62003 87
    0.722 0.80668 85965 35 0.62533 89802 10 0.772 0.88198 16888 33 0.65743 30762 31
    0.723 0.80813 49986 66 0.62599 60077 48 0.773 0.88355 64562 55 0.65805 93459 11
    0.724 0.80958 35935 64 0.62665 24116 63 0.774 0.88513 42511 51 0.65868 50098 15
    0.725 0.81103 43942 88 0.62730 81922 76 0.775 0.88671 50950 00 0.65931 00683 33
    0.726 0.81248 74140 11 0.62796 33499 11 0.776 0.88829 90095 19 0.65993 45218 55
    0.727 0.81394 26660 28 0.62861 78848 95 0.777 0.88988 60166 70 0.66055 83707 72
    0.728 0.81540 01637 58 0.62927 17975 54 0.778 0.89147 61386 58 0.66118 16154 79
    0.729 0.81685 99207 37 0.62992 50882 17 0.779 0.89306 93979 43 0.66180 42563 67
    0.730 0.81832 19506 32 0.63057 77572 15 0.780 0.89466 58172 34 0.66242 62938 33
    or731 0.81978 62672 31 Oi63122 98048 79 0.781 0.89626 54195 03 0.66304 77282 73
    0.732 0.82125 28844 52 0.63188 12315 41 0.782 0.89786 82279 83 0.66366 85600 83
    0.733 0.82272 18163 44 0.63253 20375 38 0.783 0.89947 42661 72 0.66428 87896 62
    0.734 0.82419 30770 85 0.63318 22232 04 0.784 0.90108 35578 41 0.66490 84174 09
    0.735 0.82566 66809 86 0.63383 17888 78 0.785 0.90269 61270 38 0.66552 74437 26
    0.736 0.82714 26424 94 0.63448 07348 99 0.786 Oi90431 19980 87 Oi66614 58690 12
    0.737 0.82862 09761 92 0.63512 90616 06 0.787 0.90593 11956 01 0.66676 36936 71
    0.738 0.83010 16968 01 0.63577 67693 42 0.788 0.90755 37444 80 0.66738 09181 07
    0.739 0.83158 48191 83 0.63642 38584 50 0.789 0.90917 96699 17 0.66799 75427 24
    0.740 0.83307 03583 42 0.63707 03292 76 0.790 0.91080 89974 07 0.66861 35679 28
    0.741 0.83455 83294 24 Oi63771 61821 64 0.791 0.91244 17527 48 Oi66922 89941 25
    0.742 0.83604 87477 24 0.63836 14174 63 0.792 0.91407 79620 46 0.66984 38217 24
    0.743 0.83754 16286 83 Oi6i900 60355 21 0.793 Oi91571 76517 23 Oi67045 80511'32
    0.744 0.83903 69878 93 0.63965 00366 89 0.794 0.91736 08485 19 0.67107 16827 61
    0.745 0.84053 48410 98 0.64029 34213 19 0.795 0.91900 75795 02 0.67168 47170 20
    0.746 Oi84203 52041 95 Oi64093 61897 63 0.796 Oi92065 78720 67 Oi67229 71543 22
    0.747 0.84353 80932 39 0.64157 83423 76 0.797 0.92231 17539 49 0.67290 89950 79
    0.748 0.84504 35244 42 0.64221 98795 14 0.798 0.92396 92532 24 0.67352 02397 05
    0.749 0.84655 15141 77 0.64286 08015 33 0.799 0.92563 03983 15 0.67413 08886 15
    0.750 0.84806 20789 81 0.64350 11087 93 0.800 0.92729 52180 02 0.67474 09422 24
    [ c-:15 1 [I(-f)8
    1
    ;=1.57079 6326795
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 211
    INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS Table 4.14

    X arcsin x arctan x X arcsin x arctan x


    0.800 0.92729 52180 02 0.67474 09422 24 0.850 1.01598 52938 15 0.70449 40642 42
    O.SOl 0.92896 37414 22 0.67535 04009 49 0.851 1.01788 65272 25 0.70507 43293 58
    0.802 0.93063 59980 83 0.67595 92652 08 0.852 1.01979 36361 62 0.70565 40219 63
    0.303 0.93231 20178 64 0.67656 75354 19 0.853 1.02170 66824 41 0.70623 31425 16
    0.804 0.93399 18310 25 0.67717 52120 01 0.854 1.02362 57289 29 0.70681 16914 73
    0.805 0.93567 54682 12 0.67778 22953 77 0.855 1.02555 08395 76 0.70738 96692 96
    0.806 0.93736 29604 66 0.67838 87859 65 0.856 1.02748 20794 40 0.70796 70764 42
    0.807 0.93905 43392 28 0.67899 46841 90 0.857 1.02941 95147 10 0.70854 39133 73
    0.808 0.94074 96363 49 0.67959 99904 74 0.858 1.03136 32127 41 0.70912 01805 50
    0.809 0.94244 88840 95 Oi68020 47052 41 0.859 1.03331 32420 77 0.70969 58784 34
    0.810 0.94415 21151 54 0.68080 88289 16 0.860 1.03526 96724 81 0.71027 10074 87
    0.811 0.94585 93626 48 0.68141 23619 25 0.861 1.03723 25749 68 0.71084 55681 72
    0.812 0.94757 06601 38 0.68201 53046 96 0.862 1.03920 20218 39 0.71141 95609 52
    0.813 0.94928 60416 29 0.68261 76576 55 0.863 1.04117 80867 05 0.71199 29862 92
    0.814 0.95100 55415 87 0.68321 94212 31 0.864 1.04316 08445 30 0.71256 58446 55
    0.815 0.95272 91949 40 0.68382 05958 54 0.865 1.04515 03716 61 0.71313 81365 07
    0.816 0.95445 70370 88 0.68442 11819 54 0.866 1.04714 67458 63 0.71370 98623 14
    0.817 0.95618 91039 18 0.68502 11799 62 0.867 1.04915 00463 62 0.71428 10225 41
    0.818 0.95792 54318 04 0.68562 05903 10 0.868 1.05116 03538 76 0.71485 16176 56
    0.819 0.95966 60576 23 0.68621 94134 31 0.869 1.05317 77506 61 0.71542 16481 25
    0.820 0.96141 10187 64 0.68681 76497 59 0.870 1.05520 23205 49 0.71599 11144 16
    0.821 0.96316 03531 36 0.68741 52997 28 0.871 1.05723 41489 91 0.71656 00169 99
    0.822 0.96491 40991 79 0.68801 23637 73 0.872 1.05927 33231 01 0.71712 83563 41
    \ 0.823 0.96667 22958 76 0.68860 88423 31 0.873 1.0613! 99317 03 0.71769 61329 12
    0.824 0.96843 49827 60 0.68920 47358 39 0.874 1.0633 40653 78 0.71826 33471 82
    0.825 0.97020 21999 29 0.68980 00447 34 0.875 1.06543 58165 11 0.71882 99996 22
    0.826 0.97197 39880 56 0.69039 47694 55 0.876 1.06750 52793 43 0.71939 60907 02
    0.827 0.97375 03884 00 0.69098 89104 41 0.877 1.06958 25500 24 0.71996 16208 94
    0.828 0.97553 14428 17 0.69158 24681 33 0.878 1.07166 77266 67 0.72052 65906 70
    0.829 0.97731 71937 77 0.69217 54429 71 0.879 1.07376 09094 07 0.72109 10005 03
    0.830 0.97910 76843 68 0.69276 78353 97 0.880 1.07586 22004 54 0.72165 48508 65
    0.831 0.98090 29583 19 0.69335 96458 54 0.881 1.07797 17041 59 0.72221 81422 30
    0.832 0.98270 30600 05 0.69395 08747 85 0.882 1.08008 95270 75 0.72278 08750 71
    0.833 0.98450 80344 64 0.69454 15226 33 Oi883 liO8221 57780 22 0.72334 30498 64
    0.834 0.98631 79274 13 0.69513 15898 44 0.884 1.08435 05681 59 0.72390 46670 83
    0.835 0.98813 27852 56 0.69572 10768 63 0.885 1.08649 40110 49 0.72446 57272 04
    0.836 0.98995 26551 06 0;69630 99841 36 OI886 1.08864 62227 36 0.72502 62307 01
    0.837 0.99177 75847 95 0.69689 83121 11 0.887 1.09080 73218 22 0.72558 61780 53
    0.838 0.99360 76228 94 0169748 60612 34 0.888 1.09297 74295 43 0.72614 55697 34
    0.839 0.99544 28187 22 0.69807 32319 55 0.889 1.09515 66698 56 0.72670 44062 23
    0.840 0.99728 32223 72 0.69865 98247 21 0.890 1.09734 51695 23 0.72726 26879 97
    0.841 0.99912 88847 18 0.69924 58399 85 0.891 1.09954 30581 99 0.72782 04155 34
    0.842 1.00097 98574 39 0.69983 12781 94 0.892 1.10175 04685 30 0.72837 75893 12
    0.843 1.00283 61930 35 0.70041 61398 02 0.893 1.10396 75362 43 0.72893 42098 11
    0.844 1.00469 79448 46 0.70100 04252 59 0.894 1.10619 44002 56 0.72949 02775 09
    0.845 1.00656 51670 67 0.70158 41350 19 0.895 1.10843 12027 75 0.73004 57928 87
    0.846 1.00843 79147 75 0;70216 72695 35 0.896 1.11067 80894 12 0.73060 07564 24
    0.847 1.01031 62439 41 0.70274 98292 60 0.897 1.11293 52092 94 0.73115 51686 02
    0.848 1.01220 02114 56 0.70333 18146 49 0.898 1.11520 27151 85 0.73170 90299 00
    Oi849 1.01408 98751 50 0.70391 32261 58 0.899 1.11748 07636 13 0.73226 23408 01
    0.850 1.01598 52938 15 0.70447~4'$42 42 0.900 1.11976 95149 99 0.73281 51017 87

    [(-[)7
    1 [ 4 1 .[ I,-6)1
    6 1 1C-l)7 1
    ;=1.57079 6326795
    212 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4,.14 INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS


    arcsin J arctan .t arcsin.t arcian z f (2)
    0.9”00 1.11976 95149 99 0.73281 51017 87 O.&O 1.25323 58975 03 0.75976 27548 76 1.00421 42513 02
    0.901 1.12206 91337 93 0.73336 73133 38 0.951 1.25645 42223 06 0.76028 81166 70 1.00412 90197 55
    0.902 1.12437 97886 21 0.73391 a9759 38 0.952 1.25970 47250 03 0.76081 29540 28 1.09404 38274 04
    0.903 1.12670 lb524 29 0.73447 00900 70 0.953 1.26298 84259 28 0.76133 72674 43 1.00395 86742 15
    0.904 1.12903 49026 45 0.73502 06562 lb 0.954 1.26630 64000 67 0.76186 10574 14 1.00387 35601 52
    0.905 1.13137 97213 73557 06748 0.955 1.26965 97812 42 0.76238 43244 37 1.00378 84851 78
    0.906
    0.907
    1.13373
    1.13610
    62953
    48166 99
    zl 73612
    73666
    01464
    90715
    0.956
    0.957
    1.27304
    1.27647
    97667
    76222
    20
    92
    0.76290
    0.76342
    70690
    92916
    08
    23
    1.00370 34492 58
    1.00361 84523 57
    0.908 1.13848 54823 73721 74506 0.958 1.27994 46878 88 0.76395 09927 81 1.00353 34944 39
    0.909 1.14087 84946 E 73776 52841 0.959 1.28345 23838 00 0.76447 21729 78 1.00344 85754 69
    0.910 1.14328 40618 73831 25725 0.960 1.28700 22175 87 0.76499 28327 11 1.00336 36954 10
    0.911 1.14570 23976 2 73885 93163 0.961 1.29059 57917 69 0.76551 29724 78 1.00327 88542 28
    0.912 1.14813 37219 91 73940 55160 0.962 1.29423 48124 14 0.76603 25927 75 1.00319 40518 88
    0.913 1.15057 82610 10 73995 11721 0.963 1.29792 10987 43 0.76655 16941 02 1.00310 92883 53
    0.914 1.15303 62474 12 74049 62850 0.964 1.30165 65939 20 0.76707 02769 55 1.00302 45635 89
    0.915 1.15550 79206 90 0.74104 08553 83 0.965 1.30544 33771 97 0.76758 83418 33 1.00293 98775 61
    0.916 1.15799 35274 19 0.74158 48835 32 0.966 1.30928 36776 35 0.76810 58892 33 1.00285 52302 33
    0.917 1.16049 33215 50 0.74212 83700 10 0.967 1.31317 98896 52 0.76862 29196 53 1.00277 06215 71
    0.918 1.16300 75647 25 0.74267 13153 04 0.968 1.31713 45907 19 0.76913 94335 92 1.00268 60515 39
    0.919 1.16553 65266 04 0.74321 37199 05 0.969 1.32115 05615 54 0.76965 54315 49 1.00260 15201 02
    0.920 1.16808 04852 14 0.74375 55842 99 0.970 1.32523 08092 80 0.77017 09140 20 1.00251 70272 25
    0.921 1.17063 97273 lb 0.74429 69089 76 0.971 1.32937 85940 93 0.77068 58815 06 1.00243 25728 74
    0.922 1.17321 45487 95 0.74483 76944 25 0.972 1.33359 74601 02 0.77120 03345 05 1.00234 81570 13
    0.923 1.17580 52550 71 0.74537 79411 35 0.973 1.33789 12711 79 0.77171 42735 14 1.00226 37796 07
    0.924 1.17841 21615 31 0.74591 76495 97 0.974 1.34226 42528 47 0.77222 76990 34 1.00217 94406 23
    0.925 1.18103 55939 97' 0.74645 68203 00 0.975 1.34672 10414 93 0.77274 06115 63 1.00209 51400 25
    0.926 1.18367 58892 09 0.74699 54537 35 0.976 1.35126 67425 45 0.77325 30116 01 1.00201 08777 78
    0.927 1.18633 33953 44 6174753 35503 92 0.977 1.35590 69996 85 0.77376 48996 45 1.00192 66538 49
    0.928 1.18900 84725 71 0.74807 11107 62 0.978 1.36064 80777 70 0.77427 62761 95 1.00184 24682 01
    0.929 1.19170 14936 35 0.74860 81353 36 0.979 1.36549 69629 42 0.77478 71417 51 1.00175 83208 02
    0.930 1.19441 28444 77 0.74914 46246 Ob 0.980 1.37046 14844 72 0.77529 74968 12 1.00167 42116 16
    0.931 1.19714 29249 00 0.74968 05790 63 0.981 1.37555 04644 29 0.77580 73418 77 1.00159 01406 08
    0.932 1.19989 21492 75 0.75021 59991 99 0.982 1.38077 39033 32 0.77631 66774 45 1.00150 61077 45
    0.933 1.20266 09472 92 0.75075 08855 06 0.983 1.38614 32129 70 0.77682 55040 17 1.00142 21129 93
    0.934 1.20544 97647 69 0.75128 52384 76 0.984 1.39167 15119 16 0.77733 38220 91 1.00133 81563 16
    0.935 1.20825 90645 07 0.75181 90586 03 0.985 1.39737 40056 99 0.77784 16321 67 1.00125 42376 80
    0.936 1.21108 93272 10 0.75235 23463 79 0.986 1.40326 84832 96 0.77834 a9347 44 1.00117 03570 52
    0.937 1.21394 10524 70 0.75288 51022 96 0.987 1.40937 59766 46 0.77885 57303 23 1.00108 65143 98
    0.938 1.21681 47598 22 0.75341 73268 49 0.988 1.41572 16538 31 0.77936 20194 04 1.00100 27096 82
    0.939 1.21971 09898 74 0.75394 90205 30 0.989 1.42233 60557 98 0.77986 78024 85 1.00091 89428 72
    0.940 1.22263 03055 22 0.75448 01838 34 0.990 1.42925 68534 70 0.78037 30800 67 1.00083 52139 33
    0.941 1.22557 32932 59 0.75501 08172 55 0.991 1.43653 14207 77 0.78087 78526 49 1.00075 15228 31
    0.942 1.22854 05645 81 0.75554 09212 86 0.992 1.44422 07408 32 0.78138 21207 32 1.00066 78695 32
    0.943 1.23153 27575 05 0.75607 04964 22 1.45240 56012 67 0.78188 58848 15 1.00058 42540 02
    0.944 1.23455 05382 02 0.75659 95431 57 1.46119 69689 63 0.78238 91453 98 1.00050 06762 08
    0.945 1.23759 46027 74 0.75712 80619 86 0.995 1.47075 46131 83 0.78289 19029 81 1.00041 71361 15 _
    0,946 1.24066 56791 62 0.75765 60534 05 0.996 1.48132 37665 90 0.78339 41580 64 1.00033 36336 91
    0.947 1.24376 45292 24 0.75818 35179 08 0.997 1.49331 72818 71 0.78389 59111 47 1.00025 01689 01
    0,948 1.24689 19509 90 0.75871 04559 90 0.998 1.50754 02279.20 0.78439 71627 31 1.00016 67417 11
    0.949 1.25004 87811 06 0.75923 68681 48 0.999 1.52607 12396 26 0.78489 79133 14 1.00008 33520 89
    0.950 1.25323 58975 03 0.75976 27548 76 1.000 1.57079 63267 95 0.78539 81633 97 1.000000000000
    (-!)5
    c 1
    (-i)4
    For arctan ,v,.~>l seeExample 22.
    [ 1
    arcsin.x=;-[2(1-:t)]tJ(x) $=1.570796326795
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Table 4.15


    sinh x cash I(: tanh x coth x
    0.00000 0000 1.00000 0000 0.00000 000 00
    0.01000 0167 1.00005 0000 0.00999 967 100.00333 33
    0.02000 1333 1.00020 0007 0.01999 733 50.00666 65
    0.03000 4500 1.00045 0034 0.02999 100 33.34333 27
    0.04001 0668 1.00080 0107 0.03997 868 25.01333 19
    0.05 0.05002 0836 1.00125 0260 0.04995 838 20.01666 39
    0.06 0.06003 6006 1.00180 0540 0.05992 810 16.68666 19
    0. 07 0.07005 7181 1.00245 1001 0.06988 589 14.30904 00
    0.08 0.08008 5361 1.00320 1707 0.07982 977 12.52665 53
    ' 0.09 0.09012 1549 1.00405 2734 0.08975 779 11.14109 49
    0.10016 6750 1.00500 4168 0.09966 800 10.03331 11
    0.11022 1968 1.00605 6103 0.10955 847 9.12754 62
    0.12028 8207 1.00720 8644 0.11942 730 8.37329 50
    0.13036 6476 1.00846 1907 0.12927 258 7.73559 23
    0.14045 7782 1.00981 6017 0.13909 245 7118946 29
    0.15 0.15056 3133 1.01127 1110 0.14888 503 6.71659 18
    0. 16 0.16068 3541 1.01282 7330 0.15864 850 6.30324 25
    0.17 0.17082 0017 1.01448 4834 0.16838 105 5.93891 07
    0.18 0.18097 3576 1.01624 3787 0.17808 087 5.61542 64
    0.19 0.19114 5232 1.01810 4366 0.18774 621 5.32633 93
    0.20 0.20133 6003 1.02006 6756 0.19737 532 5.06648 96
    0.21 0.21154 6907 1.02213 1153 0.20696 650 4.83169 98
    0.22 0.22177 8966 1.02429 7764 0.21651 806 4.61855 23
    0.23 0.23203 3204 1.02656 6806 0.22602 835 4.42422 37
    0.24 0.24231 0645 1.02893 8506 0.23549 575 4.24636 11
    0.25 0.25261 2317 1.03141 3100 0.24491 866 4.08298 82
    0.26 0.26293 9250 1.03399 0836 0.25429 553 3.93243 24
    0.27 0.27329 2478 1.03667 1973 0.26362 484 3.79326 93
    0.28 0.28367 3035 1.03945 6777 0.27290 508 3.66427 77
    0.29 0.29408 1960 1.04234 5528 0.28213 481 3.54440 49
    0.30 0.30452 0293 1.04533 8514 0.29131 261 3.43273 84
    0.31 0.31498 9079 1.04843 6035 0.30043 710 3.32848 38
    0.32 0.32548 9364 1.05163 8401 0.30950 692 3.23094 55
    0. 33 0.33602 2198 1.05494 5931 0.31852 078 3.13951 26
    0.34 0.34658 8634 1.05835 8957 0.32747 740 3.05364 59
    0.35 0.35718 9729 1.06187 7819 0.33637 554 2.97286 77
    0.36 0.36782 6544 1.06550 2870 0.34521 403 2.89675 36
    0.37 0.37850 0142 1.06923 4473 0.35399 171 2.82492 49
    0.38 0.38921 1590 1.07307 2999 0.36270 747 2.75704 28
    0.39 0.39996 1960 1.07701 8834 0.37136 023 2.69280 32
    0.40 0.41075 2326 1.08107 2372 0.37994 896 2.63193 24
    0.41 0.42158 3767 1.08523 4018 0.38847 268 2.57418 36
    0.42 0.43245 7368 1.08950 4188 0.39693 043 2.51933 32
    0.43 0.44337 4214 1.09388 3309 0.40532 131 2.46717 85
    0.44 0.45433 5399 1.09837 1820 0.41364 444 2.41753 52
    0.45 0.46534 2017 1.10297 0169 0.42189 901 2.37023 55
    0.46 0.47639 5170 1.10767 8815 0.43008 421 2.32512 60
    0.47 0.48749 5962 1.11249 8231 0.43819 932 2.28206 66
    0. 48 0.49864 5505 1.11742 8897 0.44624 361 2.24092 84
    0.49 0.50984 4913 1.12247 1307 0.45421 643 2.20159 36
    0.52109 5305 1.12762 5965 0.46211 716 2.16395 34

    For coth 2, x 2 .l use 4.5.67.


    Compilation of tanh x and coth x from National Bureau of Standards, Table
    of circular and hyperbolic tangents and cotangents for radian arguments, 2d
    printing. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).
    214 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.15 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

    2 sinh x cash x tanhx coth x


    0.50 0.52109 5305 1.12762 5965 0.46211 716 2.16395 34
    0.51 0.53239 7808 1.13289 3387 0.46994 520 2.12790 77
    0.52 0.54375 3551 1.13827 4099 0.47770 001 2.09336 40
    0.53 0.55516 3669 1.14376 8639 0.48538 109 2.06023 68
    0.54 0.56662 9305 1.14937 7557 0.49298 797 2.02844 71
    0.55 0.57815 1604 1.15510 1414 0.50052 021 1.99792 13
    0. 56 0.58973 1718 1.16094 0782 0.50797 743 1.96859 14
    0.57 0.60137 0806 1.16689 6245 0.51535 928 1.94039 39 '
    0. 58 0.61307 0032 1.17296 8399 0.52266 543 1.91326 98
    0.59 0.62483 0565 1.17915 7850 0.52989 561 1.88716 42
    0.60 0.b3665 3582 1.18546 5218 0.53704 957 1.86202 55
    0.61 0.64854 0265 1.19189 1134 0.54412 710 1.83780 59
    0.62 0.66049 1802 1.19843 6240 0.55112 803 1.81446 04
    0.63 0.67250 9389 1.20510 1190 0.55805 222 1.79194 70
    0.64 0.68459 4228 1.21188 6652 0.56489 955 1.77022 62
    0.65 0.69674 7526 1.21879 3303 0.57166 997 1.74926 10
    0.66 0.70897 0500 1.22582 1834 0.57836 341 1.72901 67
    0. 67 0.72126 4371 1.23297 2949 0.58497 988 1.70946 05
    0.68 0.73363 0370 1.24024 7362 0.59151 940 1.69056 16
    0.69 0.74606 9732 1.24764 5801 0.59798 200 1.67229 11
    0.70 0.75858 3702 1.25516 9006 0.60436 778 1.65462 lb
    0.71 0.77117 3531 1.26281 7728 0.61067 683 1.63752 73
    0.72 0.78384 0477 1.27059 2733 0.61690 930 1.62098 38
    0.73 0.79658 5809 1.27849 4799 0.62306 535 1.60496 81
    0.74 0.80941 0799 1.28652 4715 0.62914 516 1.58945 83
    0.75 0.82231 6732 1.29468 3285 0.63514 895 1.57443'38
    0.76 0.83530 4897 1.30297 1324 0.64107 696 1.55987 51
    0.77 0.84837 6593 1.31138 9661 0.64692 945 1.54576 36
    0.78 0.86153 3127 1.31993 9138 0.65270 671 1.53208 17
    0.79 0.87477 5815 1.32862 0611 0.65840 904 1.51881 27
    0.80 0.88810 5982 1.33743 4946 0.66403 677 1.50594 07
    0.81 0.90152 4960 1.34638 3026 0.66959 026 1.49345 06
    0.82 0.91503 4092 1.35546 5746 0.67506 987 1.48132 81
    0.83 0.92863 4727 1.36468 4013 0.68047 601 1.46955 95
    0.84 0.94232 8227 1.37403 8750 0.68580 906 1.45813 18
    0. 85 0.95611 5960 1.38353 0892 0.69106 947 1.44703 25
    0.86 0.96999 9306 1.39316 1388 0.69625 767 1.43624 99
    0.87 0.98397 9652 1.40293 1201 0.70137 413 1.42577 26
    0. 88 0.99805 8397 1.41284 1309 0.70641 932 1.41558 98
    0.89 1.01223 6949 1.42289 2702 0.71139 373 1.40569 13
    0.90 1.02651 6726 1.43308 6385 0.71629 787 1.39606 73
    0.91 1.04089 9155 1.44342 3379 0.72113 225 iii8670 82
    0.92 1.05538 5674 1.45390 4716 0.72589 742 1.37760 51
    0.93 1.06997 7734 1.46453 1444 0.73059 390 1.36874 95
    0.94 1.08467 6791 1.47530 4627 0.73522 225 1.36013 29
    0.95 1.09948 4318 1.48622 5341 0.73978 305 1.35174 76
    0.96 1.11440 1794 1.49729 4680 0.74427 687 1.34358 60
    0.97 1.12943 0711 1.50851 3749 0.74870 429 1.33564 08
    0. 98 I.14457 2572 1.51988 3670 0.75306 591 1.32790 50
    0.99 1.15982 8891 1.53140 5582 0.75736 232 1.32037 20
    1.00 1.17520 1194
    [c-y1
    1.54308 0635 0.76159 416 1.31303 53
    C-i’2
    [ 1 [c-y9
    1 [
    c-y
    1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 215
    HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Table 4.15

    X sinh x cash z tanhx cothx


    1.00 1.17520 1194 1.54308 0635 0.76159 416 1.31303 53
    1.01 1.19069 1018 1.55490 9997 0.76576 202 1.30588 87
    1.02 1.20629 9912 1.56689 4852 0.76986 654 1.29892 64
    1.03 1.22202 9437 1.57903 6398 0.77390 834 1.29214 27
    1.04 1.23788 1166 1.59133 5848 0.77788 807 1.28553 20
    1. 05 1.25385 6684 1.60379 4434 0.78180 636 1.27908 91
    1.06 1.26995 7589 1.61641 3400 0.78566 386 1.27280 90
    1.07 1.28618 5491 1.62919 4009 0.78946 122 1.26668 67
    1.08 1.30254 2013 1.64213 7538 0.79319 910 1.26071 75
    1. 09 1.31902 8789 1.65524 5283 0.79687 814 1.25489 70
    1.10 1.33564 7470 1.66851 8554 0.80049 902 1.24922 08
    1.11 1.35239 9717 1.68195 8678 0.80406 239 1.24368 46
    1.12 1.36928 7204 1.69556 6999 0.80756 892 1.23828 44
    1.13 1.38631 1622 1.70934 4878 0.81101 926 1.23301 63
    1.14 1.40347 4672 1.72329 3694 0.81441 409 1.22787 66
    1.15 1.42077 8070 1.73741 4840 0.81775 408 1.22286 15
    1.16 1.43822 3548 1.75170 9728 0.82103 988 1.21796 76
    1.17 1.45581 2849 1.76617 9790 0.82427 217 1.21319 15
    1.18 1.47354 7732 1.78082 6471 0.82745 161 1.20852 99
    1.19 1.49142 9972 1.79565 1236 0.83057 887 1.20397 96
    1.20 1.50946 1355 1.81065 5567 0.83365 461 1.19953 75
    1.21 1.52764 3687 1.82584 0966 0.83667 949 1.19520 08
    1.22 1.54597 8783 1.84120 8950 0.83965 418 1.19096 65
    1.23 1.56446 8479 1.85676 1057 0.84257 933 1.18683 19
    1.24 1.58311 4623 1.87249 8841 0.84545 560 1.18279 42
    1.25 1.60191 9080 1.88842 3877 0.84828 364 1.17885 10
    1.26 1.62088 3730 1.90453 7757 0.85106 411 1.17499 96
    1.27 1.64001 0470 1.92084 2092 0.85379 765 1.17123 77
    1.28 1.65930 1213 1.93733 8513 0.85648 492 1.16756 29
    1.29 1.67875 7886 1.95402 8669 0.85912 654 1.16397 29
    1.30 1.69838 2437 1.97041 4230 0.86172 316 1.16046 55
    1.31 1.71817 6828 1.98799 6884 0.86427 541 1.15703 86
    1.32 1.73814 3038 2.00527 8340 0.86678 393 1.15369 01
    1.33 1.75828 3063 2.02276 0324 0.86924 933 1.15041 79
    1.34 1.77859 8918 2.04044 4587 0.87167 225 1.14722 02
    1.35 1.79909 2635 2.05833 2896 0.87405 329 1.14409 50
    1.36 1.81976 6262 2.07642 7039 0.87639 307 1.14104 05
    1.37 1.84062 1868 2.09472 8828 0.87869 219 1.13805 50
    1.38 1.86166 1537 2.11324 0090 0.88095 127 1.13513 66
    1.39 1.88288 7374 2.13196 2679 0.88317 089 1.13228 37
    1.40 1.90430 1501 2.15089 8465 0.88535 165 1.12949 47
    1.41 1.92590 6060 2.17004 9344 0.88749 413 1.12676 80
    1.42 1.94770 3212 2.18941 7229 0.88959 892 1.12410 21
    1.43 1.96969 5135 2.20900 4057 0.89166 660 1.12149 54
    1.44 1.99188 4029 2.22881 1788 0.89369 773 1.11894 66
    1.45 2.01427 2114 2.24884 2402 0.89569 287 1.11645 41
    1.46 2.03686 1627 2.26909 7902 0.89765 260 1.11401 67
    1.47 2.05965 4828 2.28958 0313 0.89957 745 1.11163 30
    1.48 2.08265 3996 2.31029 1685 0.90146 799 1.10930 17
    1.49 2.10586 1432 2.33123 4087 0.90332 474 1.10702 16
    0.90514 825 1.10479 14
    [c-y1
    1.50 2.12927 9455 2.35240 9615

    [ C-j)3
    1 [(-[)3
    1 [C-i’2
    1
    216 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
    Table 4.15 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

    x sinh x cash x tanhx coth x


    1.50 2.12927 9455 2.35240 9615 0.90514 a25 1.10479 14
    1.51 2.15291 0408 2.37382 0386 0.90693 905 1.10260 99
    1.52 2.17675 6654 2.39546 8541 0.90869 766 1.10047 60
    1.53 2.20082 0577 2.41735 6245 0.91042 459 1.09838 86
    1.54 2.22510 4585 2.43948 5686 0.91212 037 1.09634 65
    1.55 2.24961 1104 2.46185 9078 0.91378 549 1.09434 87
    1.56 2.27434 2587 2.48447 8658 0.91542 046 1.09239 42
    1.57 2.29930 1506 2.50734 6688 0.91702 576 1.09048 19
    1.58 2.32449 0357 2.53046 5455 0.91860 189 1.08861 09
    1.59 2.34991 1658 2.55383 7270 0.92014 933 1.08678 01
    1.60 2.37556 7953 2.57746 4471 0.92166 855 1.08498 87
    1.61 2.40146 1807 2.60134 9421 0.92316 003 1.08323 58
    1. 62 2.42759 5809 2.62549 4508 0.92462 422 1.08152 04
    1. 63 2145397 2572 2.64990 2146 0.92606 158 1.07984 18
    1.64 2.48059 4735 2.67457 4777 0.92747 257 1.07819 90
    1.65 2.50746 4959 2.69951 4868 0.92885 762 1.07659 13
    1.66 2.53458 5932 2.72472 4912 0.93021 718 1.07501 78
    1.67 2.56196 0366 2.75020 7431 0.93155 168 1.07347 77
    1.68 2.58959 0998 2.77596 4974 0.93286 155 1.07197 04
    1.69 2.61748 0591 2.80200 0115 0.93414 721 1.07049 51
    1. 70 2.64563 1934 2.82831 5458 0.93540 907 1.06905 10
    1. 71 2.67404 7843 2.85491 3635 0.93664 754 1.06763 75
    1.72 2.70273 1158 2.88179 7306 0.93786 303 1.06625 38
    1. 73 2.73168 4749 2.90896 9159 0.93905 593 1.06489 93
    1.74 2.76091 1511 2.93643 1912 0.94022 664 1.06357 34
    1.75 2.79041 4366 2.96418 8310 0.94137 554 1.06227 53
    1.76 2.82019 6265 2.99224 1129 0.94250 301 1.06100 46
    1.77 2.85026 0186 3.02059 3175 0.94360 942 1.05976 05
    1.78 2.88060 9136 3.04924 7283 0.94469 516 1.05854 25
    1.79 2.91124 6148 3.07820 6318 0.94576 057 1.05735 01
    1.80 2.94217 4288 3.10747 3176 0.94680 601 1.05618 26
    1.81 2.97339 6648 3.13705 0785 0.94783 la5 1.05503 95
    1.82 3.00491 6349 3.16694 2100 0.94883 a42 1.05392 02
    1.83 3.03673 6545 3.19715 0113 0.94982 608 1.05282 43
    1.84 3.06886 0417 3.22767 7844 0.95079 514 1.05175 13
    1.85 3.10129 1178 3.25852 8344 0.95174 596 1.05070 05
    1.86 3.13403 2071 3.28970 4701 0.95267 884 1.04967 17
    1.87 3.16708 6369 3.32121 0031 0.95359 412 1.04866 42
    1.88 3.20045 7378 3.35304 7484 0.95449 211 1.04767 76
    1.89 3.23414 8436 3.38522 0245 0.95537 312 1.04671 15
    1.90 3.26816 2912 3.41773 1531 0.95623 746 1.04576 53
    1.91 3.30250 4206 3.45058 4593 0.95708 542 1.04483 88
    1. 92 3.33717 5754 3.48378 2716 0.95791 731 1.04393 14
    1.93 3.37218 1022 3.51732 9220 0.95873 341 1.04304 28
    1.94 3.40752 3510 3.55122 7460 0.95953 401 1.04217 25
    1.95 3.44320 6754 3.58548 0826 0.96031 939 1.04132 02
    1.96 3.47923 4322 3.62009 2743 0.96108 983 1.04048 55
    1.97 3.51560 9816 3.65506 6672 0.96184 561 1.03966 79
    1.98 3.55233 6874 3.69040 6111 0.96258 698 1.03886 72
    1.99 3.58941 9168 3.72611 4594 0.96331 422 1.03808 29
    2. 00 3.62686 0408 3.76219 5691 0.96402 758 1.03731 47
    [ C-55)4
    1 [ C-f)5
    1 1 1
    (-J)4
    1 1
    C-i’”
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 217
    HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Table 4.15

    2 sinh x cash x tanh x coth x


    3.62686 0408 3.76219 5691 0.96402 75801 1.03731 47207
    ;*t 4.02185 6742 4.14431 3170 0.97045 19366 1.03044 77350
    2:2 4.45710 5171 4.56790 8329 0.97574 31300 1.02485 98932
    2.3 4.93696 1806 5.03722 0649 0.98009 63963 1.02030 78022
    2.4 5.46622 9214 5.55694 7167 0.98367 48577 1.01659 60756
    2.5 6.05020 4481 6.13228 9480 0.98661 42982 I.01356 73098
    6.69473 2228 6.76900 5807 0.98902 74022 1.01109 43314
    $2 7.40626 3106 7.47346 8619 0.99100 74537 1.00907 41460
    8.19191 8354 8.25272 8417 0.99263 15202 1.00742 31773
    2; 9.05956 1075 9.11458 4295 0.99396 31674 1.00607 34973
    3. 0 10.01787 4927 10.06766 1996 0.99505 47537 1.00496 98233
    11.07645 1040 11.12150 0242 0.99594 93592 1.00406 71152
    ;=: 12.24588 3997 12.28664 6201 0.99668 23978 1.00332 86453
    3:3 13.53787 7877 13.57476 1044 0.99728 29601 1.00272 44423
    3. 4 14.96536 3389 14.99873 6659 0.99777 49279 1.00223 00341
    16.54262 7288 16.57282 4671 0.99817 78976 1.00182 54285
    E 18.28545 5361 18.31277 9083 0.99850 79423 1.00149 42872
    3:7 20.21129 0417 20.23601 3943 0.99877 82413 1.00122 32532
    22.33940 6861 22.36177 7633 0.99899 95978 1.00100 14040
    Z 24.69110 3597 24.71134 5508 0.99918 08657 1.00081 98059
    27.28991 7197 27.30823 2836 0.99932 92997 1.00067 11504
    t-10 30.16185 7461 30.17843 0136 0.99945 08437 1.00054 94581
    4: 2 33.33566 7732 33.35066 3309 0.99955 03665 1.00044 98358
    36.84311 2570 36.85668 1129 0.99963 18562 1.00036 82794
    t5 40.71929 5663 40.73157 3002 0.99969 85793 1.00030 15116
    4. 5 45.00301 1152 45.01412 0149 0.99975 32108 1.00024 68501
    4.6 49.73713 1903 49.74718 3739 0.99979 79416 1.00020 20992
    4. 7 54.96903 8588 54.97813 3865 0.99983 45656 1.00016 54618
    60.75109 3886 60.75932 3633 0.99986 45517 1.00013 54666
    44:: 67.14116 6551 67.14861 3134 0.99988 91030 1.00011 09093
    5. 0 74.20321 0578 74.20994 8525 0.99990 92043 1.00009 08040
    82.00790 5277 82.01400 2023 0.99992 56621 1.00007 43434
    ;*: 90.63336 2655 90.63887 9220 0.99993 91369 1.00006 08668
    5: 3 100.16590 9190 100.17090 0784 0.99995 01692 1.00004 98333
    5.4 110.70094 9812 110.70546 6393 0.99995 92018 1.00004 07998
    5.5 122.34392 2746 122.34800 9518 0.99996 65972 1.00003 34040
    135.21135 4781 135.21505 2645 0.99997 26520 1.00002 73488
    55-i 149.43202 7501 149.43537 3466 0.99997 76093 1.00002 23912
    5: 8 165.14826 6177 165.15129 3732 0.99998 16680 1.00001 83323
    5.9 182.51736 4210 182.52010 3655 0.99998 49910 1.00001 50092
    6. 0 201.71315 7370 201.71563 6122 0.99998 77117 1.00001 22885

    cc-y1 c 1
    c-p
    218 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.15 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS


    sinh x coshx tanhx cothx
    201.71315 7370 201.71563 6122 0.99998 77117 1.00001 22885
    222.92776 3607 222.93000 6475 0.99998 99391 1.00001 00610
    246.37350 5831 246.37553 5262 0.99999 17629 1.00000 82372
    272.28503 6911 272.28687 3215 0.99999 32560 1.00000 67441
    300.92168 8157 300.92334 9715 0.99999 44785 1.00000 55216
    332.57006 4803 332.57156 8242 0.99999 54794 1.00000 45207
    367.54691 4437 367.54827 4805 0.99999 62988 1.00000 37012
    406.20229 7128 406.20352 8040 0.99999 69697 1.00000 30303
    448.92308 8938 448.92420 2713 0.99999 75190 1.00000 24810
    496.13685 3910 496.13786 1695 0.99999 79687 1.00000 20313
    548.31612 3273 548.31703 5155 0.99999 83369 1.00000 16631
    605.98312 4694 605.98394 9799 0.99999 86384 1.00000 13616
    669.71500 8904 669.71575 5490 0.99999 88852 1.00000 11148
    740.14962 6023 740.15030 1562 0.99999 90873 1.00000 09127
    817.99190 9372 817.99252 0624 0.99999 92527 1.00000 07473
    904.02093 0686 904.02148 3770 0.99999 93882 1.00000 06118
    999.09769 7326 999.09819 7778 0.99999 94991 1.00000 05009
    1104.17376 9530 1104.17422 2357 0.99999 95899 1.00000 04101
    1220.30078 3945 1220.30119 3680 0.99999 96642 1.00000 03358
    1348.64097 8762 1348.64134 9506 0.99999 97251 1.00000 02749
    1490.47882 5790 1490.47916 1252 0.99999 97749 1.00000 02251
    1647.23388 5872 1647.23418 9411 0.99999 98157 1.00000 01843
    1820.47501 6339 1820.47529 0993 0.99999 98491 1.00000 01509
    2011.93607 2653 2011.93632 1170 0.99999 98765 1.00000 01235
    2223.53326 1416 2223.53348 6284 0.99999 98989 1.00000 01011
    2457.38431 8415 2457.38452 1884 0.99999 99172 1.00000 00828
    2715.82970 3629 2715.82988 7734 0.99999 99322 1.00000 00678
    3001.45602 5338 3001.45619 1923 0.99999 99445 1.00000 00555
    3317.12192 7772 3317.12207 8505 0.99999 99546 1.00000 00454
    3665.98670 1384 3665.98683 7772 0.99999 99628 1.00000 00372
    4051.54190 2083 4051.54202 5493 0.99999 99695 1.00000 00305
    4477.64629 5908 4477.64640 7574 0.99999 99751 1.00000 00249
    4948.56447 8852 4948.56457 9892 0.99999 99796 1.00000 00204
    5469.00955 8370 5469.00964 9795 0.99999 99833 1.00000 00167
    6044.19032 3746 6044.19040 6471 0.99999 99863 1.00000 00137
    6679.86337 7405 6679.86345 2257 0.99999 99888 1.00000 00112
    7382.39074 8924 7382.39081 6653 0.99999 99908 1.00000 00092
    8158.80356 8366 8158.80362 9649 0.99999 99925 1.00000 00075
    9016.87243 6188 9016.87249 1640 0.99999 99939 1.00000 00061
    9965.18519 4028 9965.18524 4202 0.99999 99950 1.00000 00050
    11013.23287 4703 11013.23292 0103 0.99999 99959 1.00000 00041
    (-;I7

    Forx>>O,sinhx-coshx-i ez. Forx>lO, tanhx-l-2e-22,


    [cothx-1+2e-2zto
    * (-58)5
    1 1
    10D.
    1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 219
    EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE ARGUMENT ti Table 4.16
    X erz e-“2 sinh zr cash ti tanh ti
    0. 00 1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000 0.00000 00000 1.00000 00000 0.00000 00000
    0. 01 1.03191 46153 0.96907 24263 0.03142 10945 1.00049 35208 0.03140 55952
    0.02 1.06484 77733 0.93910 13674 0.06287 32029 liOO197 45704 0.06274 93000
    0. 03 1.09883 19803 0.91005 72407 0.09438 73698 1.00444 46105 0.09396 97111
    0. 04 1.13390 07803 0.88191 13783 0.12599 47010 1.00790 60793 0.12500 63906

    0.05 1.17008 87875 0.85463 59992 0.15772 63942 1.01236 23933 0.15580 03292
    0.06 1.20743 17210 0.82820 41813 0.18961 37699 1.01781 79512 0.18629 43856
    0. 07 1.24596 64399 0.80258 98355 0.22168 83022 1.02427 81377 0.21643 36952
    0.08 1.28573 09795 0.77776 76792 0.25398 16502 1.03174 93294 0.24616 60434
    0. 09 1.32676 45892 0.75371 32120 0.28652 56886 1.04023 89006 0.27544 21974

    0.10 1.36910 77706 0.73040 26910 0.31935 25398 1.04975 52308 0.30421 61929
    0.11 1.41280 23184 0.70781 31080 0.35249 46052 1.06030 77132 0.33244 55730
    0.12 1.45789 13610 0.68592 21659 0.38598 45975 1.07190 67634 0.36009 15776
    0.13 1.50441 94029 0.66470 82576 0.41985 55727 2.08456 38303 0.38711 92833
    0.14 1.55243 23694 0.64415 04440 0.45414 09627 1.09829 14067 0.41349 76928

    0.15 1.60197 76513 0.62422 84336 0.48887 46088 1.11310 30425 0.43919 97777
    0.16 1.65310 41518 0.60492 25628 0.52409 07945 1.12901 33573 0.46420 24748
    0.17 1.70586 23348 0.58621 37756 0.55982 42796 1.14603 80552 0.48848 66406
    0.18 1.76030 42750 0.56808 36059 0.59611 03346 1.16419 39405 0.51203 69673
    0.19 1.81648 37088 0.55051 41583 0.63298 47753 1.18349 89335 0.53484 18637

    0.20 1.87445 60876 0.53348 80911 0.67048 39982 1.20397 20893 0.55689 33069
    0.21 1.93427 86325 0.51698 85988 0.70864 50169 li22563 36157 0.57818 66683
    0.22 1.99601 03910 0.50099 93958 0.74750 54976 1.24850 48934 0.59872 05188
    0.23 2.05971 22948 0.48550 47001 0.78710 37973 1.27260 84975 0.61849 64181
    0.24 2.12544 72203 0.47048 92177 0.82747 90013 1.29796 82190 0.63751 86920

    0.25 2.19328 00507 0.45593 81278 0.86867 09615 1.32460 90893 0.65579 42026
    0.26 2.26327 77398 0.44183 70677 0.91072 03361 1.35255 74038 0.67333 21140
    0. 27 2.33550 93782 0.42817 21192 0.95366 86295 1.38184 07487 0.69014 36583
    0.28 2.41004 62616 0.41492 97945 0.99755 82336 1.41248 80280 0.70624 19035
    0.29 2.48696 19609 0.40209 70227 1.04243 24691 1.44452 94918 0.72164 15276

    0.30 2.56633 23952 0.38966 11374 1.08833 56289 1.47799 67663 0.73635 85995
    0. 31 2.64823 59064 0.37760 98638 1.13531 30213 1.51292 28851 0.75041 03695
    0. 32 2.73275 33366 0.36593 13069 1.18341 10148 1.54934 23218 0.76381 50706
    0.33 2.81996 81081 0.35461 39395 1.23267 70843 1.58729 10238 0.77659 17313
    0.34 2.90996 63054 0.34364 65907 1.28315 98573 1.62680 64481 0.78876 00021

    0.35 3.00283 67606 0.33301 84355 1.33490 91626 1.66792 75980 0.80033 99933
    0.36 3.09867 11407 0.32271 89833 1.38797 60787 1.71069 50620 0.81135 21279
    0. 37 3.19756 40381 0.31273 80681 1.44241 29850 1.75515 10531 0.82181 70068
    0.38 3.29961 30643 0.30306 58385 1.49827 36129 1.80133 94514 0.83175 52873
    0. 39 3.40491 89460 0.29369 27474 1.55561 30993 1.84930 58467 0.84118 75743

    0.40 3.51358 56243 0.28460 95433 1.61448 80405 1.89909 75838 0.85013 43239
    0.41 3.62572 03579 0.27580 72607 1.67495 65486 1.95076 38093 0.85861 57589
    0.42 3.74143 38283 0.26727 72113 1.73707 83085 2.00435 55198 0.86665 17947
    0.43 3.86084 02496 0.25901 09757 1.80091 46370 2.05992 56127 0.87426 19762
    0. 44 3.98405 74810 0.25100 03946 1.86652 85432 2.11752 89378 0.88146 54241

    0. 45 4.11120 71429 0.24323 75614 1.93398 47907 2.17722 23522 0.88828 07899
    0.46 4.24241 47373 0.23571 48138 2.00334 99617 2.23906 47756 0.89472 62194
    0. 47 4.37780 97717 0.22842 47266 2.07469 25226 2.30311 72491 0.90081 93236
    0.48 4.51752 58864 0.22136 01040 2.14808 28912 2.36944 29952 0.90657 71557
    0.49 4.66170 09873 0.21451 39731 2.22359 35071 2.43810 74802 0.91201 61950

    0.50 4.81047

    c
    (-;I6
    73810

    1
    0.20787 95764
    r( -p) 11
    L 0 J
    2.30129

    [ 1
    (d’3
    89023 2.50917 84787 0.91715

    [ c-y1 23357

    Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Mathematical Tables, vol. 1. Circular and
    hyperbolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine integrals, factorial function and allied functions, Hermitian
    probability functions, 3d ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1951 (with permission). Known
    errors have been corrected.
    220 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.16 EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE ARGUMENT m


    X erz e-rz
    sinh TX cash TX tanh ~fl:
    0.50 4.81047 73810 0.20787 95764 2.30129 89023 2.50917 84787 0.91715 23357
    0.51 4.96400 19160 0.20145 03654 2.38127 57753 2.58272 61407 0.92200 08803
    0. 52 5.12242 61276 0.19521 99944 2.46360 30666 2.65882 30610 0.92657 65378
    0.53 5.28590 63869 0.18918 23136 2.54836 20366 2.73754 43503 0.93089 34251
    0. 54 5.45460 40558 0.18333 13637 2.63563 63461 2.81896 77098 0.93496 50714
    0.55 5.62868 56460 0.17766 13694 2.72551 21383 2.90317 35077 0.93880 44259
    0.56 5.80832 29831 0.17216 67343 2.81807 81244 2.99024 48587 0.94242 38675
    0.57 5.99369 33767 0.16684 20350 2.91342 56709 3.08026 77058 0.94583 52160
    0.58 6.18497 97951 0.16168 20156 3.01164 88897 3.17333 09054 0.94904 97460
    0. 59 6.38237 10460 0.15668 15832 3.11284 47314 3.26952 63146 0.95207 82009
    0.60 6.58606 19627 0.15183 58020 3.21711 30804 3.36894 88823 0.95493 08086
    0. 61 6.79625 35967 0.14713 98890 3.32455 68538 3.47169 67428 0.95761 72978
    0.62 7.01315 34158 0.14258 92093 3.43528 21032 3.57787 13125 0.96014 69151
    0. 63 7.23697 55091 0.13817 92710 3.54939 81191 3.68757 73901 0.96252 84417
    0. 64 7.46794 07985 0.13390 57214 3.66701 75386 3.80092 32600 0.96477 02118
    0.65 7.70627 72563 0.12976 43423 3.78825 64570 3.91802 07993 0.96688 01293
    0. 66 7.95222 01304 0.12575 10461 3.91323 45422 4.03898 55883 0.96886 56859
    0.67 8.20601 21768 0.12186 18713 4.04207 51527 4.16393 70240 0.97073 39783
    0. 68 8.46790 38986 0.11809 29793 4.17490 54597 4.29299 84390 0.97249 17255
    0.69 8.73815 37941 0.11444 06500 4.31185 65720 4.42629 72220 0.97414 52857
    0.70 9.01702 86109 0.11090 12784 4.45306 36663 4.56396 49447 0.97570 06726
    0.71 9.30480 36103 0.10747 13709 4.59866 61197 4.70613 74906 0.97716 35718
    0.72 9.60176 28381 0.10414 75422 4.74880 76480 4.85295 51901 0.97853 93563
    0.73 9.90819 94054 0.10092 65114 4.90363 64470 5.00456 29584 0.97983 31019
    0. 74 10.22441 57779 0.09780 50993 5.06330 53393 5.16111 04386 0.98104 96015
    0.75 10.55072 40742 0.09478 02248 5.22797 19247 5.32275 21495 0.98219 33800
    0. 76 10.88744 63743 0.09184 89025 5.39779 87359 5.48964 76384 0.98326 87071
    0.77 11.23491 50371 0.08900 82388 5.57295 33992 5.66196 16379 0.98427 96111
    0. 78 11.59347 30285 0.08625 54299 5.75360 87993 5.83986 42292 0.98522 98912
    0. 79 11.96347 42604 0.08358 77587 5.93994 32508 6.02353 10095 0.98612 31297
    0.80 12.34528 39392 0.08100 25922 6.13214 06735 6.21314 32657 0.98696 27033
    0. 81 12.73927 89270 0.07849 73785 6.33039 07743 6.40888 81528 0.98775 17946
    0. 82 13.14584 81133 0.07606 96451 6.53488 92341 6.61095 88792 0.98849 34022
    0.83 13.56539 27988 0.07371 69955 6.74583 79017 6.81955 48972 Oi98919 b3509
    0.84 13.99832 70916 0.07143 71077 6.96344 49919 7.03488 20996 0.98984 53014
    0.85 14.44507 83157 0.06922 77313 7.18792 52922 7.25715 30235 0.99046 07591
    0.86 14.90608 74333 0.06708 66855 7.41950 03739 7.48658 70594 0.99103 90830
    0.87 15.38180 94795 0.06501 18571 7.65839 88112 7.72341 06683 0.99158 24938
    0. 88 15.87271 40119 0.06300 11981 7.90485 64069 7.96785 76050 0.99209 30818
    0.89 16.37928 55735 0.06105 27239 8.15911 64248 8.22016 91487 0.99257 28142
    0.90 16.90202 41717 0.05916 45113 8.42142 98302 8.48059 43415 0.99302 35419
    0. 91 17.44144 57711 0.05733 46965 8.69205 55373 8.74939 02338 0.99344 70066
    0.92 17.99808 28034 0.05556 14735 8.97126 06650 9.02682 21384 0.99384 48468
    0.93 18.57248 46925 0.05384 30919 9.25932 08003 9.31316 38922 0.99421 86036
    0.94 19.16521 83968 0.05217 78557 9.55652 02706 9.60869 81263 0.99456 97268
    0.95 19.77686 89693 0.05056 41212 9.86315 24240 9.91371 65453 0.99489 95797
    0.96 20.40804 01345 0.04900 02956 10.17951 99195 10.22852 02151 0.99520 94443
    0.97 21.05935 48847 0.04748 48354 10.50593 50247 10.55341 98601 0.99550 05263
    0.98 21.73145 60946 0.04601 62446 10.84271 99250 10.88873 61696 0.99577 39591
    0. 99 22.42500 71560 0.04459 30738 11.19020 70411 11.23480 01149 0.99603 08084
    1. 00 23.14069 26328
    [t-t)3
    1
    0.04321 39183
    1 1
    (-;I3
    11.54873
    (-y
    [ 1
    93573
    t-y
    11.59195
    [ 1
    32755 0.99627 20762
    (-[I4
    1 1
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 221
    INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Table 4.17
    arcsinh x arctanh .E arcsinh x arctanh z
    cLxoo
    0. 01
    0.00000 0000
    0.00999 9833
    0.00000 0000
    0.01000 0333
    o.x5o 0.48121 1825 0.54930 6144
    0.51 0.49013 8161 0.56272 9769
    0.02 0.01999 8667 0.02000 2667 0.52 0.49902 8444 0.57633 9754
    0.03 0.02999 5502 0.03000 9004 0.53 0.50788 2413 0.59014 5160
    0. 04 0.03998 9341 0.04002 1353 0.54 0.51669 9824 0.60415 5603
    0. 05 0.04997 9190 0.05004 1729 0.55 0.52548 0448 0.61838 1313
    0. 06 0.05996 4058 0.06007 2156 0.56 0.53422 4074 0.63283 3186
    0. 07 0.06994 2959 0.07011 4671 0.57 0.54293 0505 0.64752 2844
    0. 08 0.07991 4912 0.08017 1325 0.58 0.55159 9562 0.66246 2707
    0.09 0.08987 8941 0.09024 4188 0.59 0.56023 1077 0.67766 6068
    0.10 0.09983 4079 0.10033 5347 0.60 0.56882 4899 0.69314 7180
    0. 11 0.10977 9366 0.11044 6915 0.61 0.57738 0892 0.70892 1359
    0. 12 0.11971 3851 0.12058 1028 0.62 0.58589 8932 0.72500 5087
    0. 13 0.12963 6590 0.13073 9850 0.63 0.59437 8911 0.74141 6144
    0.14 0.13954 6654 0.14092 5576 0.64 0.60282 0733 0.75817 3745
    0.15 0.14944 3120 0.15114 0436 0.65 0.61122 4314 0.77529 8706
    0.16 0.15932 5080 0.16138 6696 0.66 0.61958 9584 0.79281 3631
    0.17 0.16919 1636 0.17166 6663 0.67 0.62791 6485 0.81074 3125
    0.18 0.17904 1904 0.18198 2689 0.68 0.63620 4970 0.82911 4038
    0.19 0.18887 5015 0.19233 7169 0.69 0.64445 5005 0.84795 5755
    0.20 0.19869 0110 0.20273 2554 0.70 0.65266 6566 0.86730 0527
    0.21 0.20848 6350 0.21317 1346 0.71 0.66083 9641 0.88718 3863
    0.22 0.21826 2908 0.22365 6109 0.72 0.66897 4227 0.99764 4983
    0.23 0.22801 8972 0.23418 9466 0.73 0.67707 0332 0.92872 7364
    0.24 0.23775 3749 0.24477 4112 0.74 0.68512 7974 0.95047 9381
    0.25 0.24746 6462 0.25541 2812 0.75 0.69314 7181 0.97295 5074
    0.26 0.25715 6349 0.26610 8407 0.76 0.70112 7988 0.99621 5082
    0:27 0.26682 2667 0.27686 3823 0.77 0.70907 0441 1.02032 7758
    0.28 0.27646 4691 0.28768 2072 0.78 0.71697 4594 1.04537 0548
    0.29 0.28608 1715 0.29856 6264 0.79 0.72484 0509 1.07143 1684
    0.30 0.29567 3048 0.30951 9604 0.80 0.73266 8256 1.09861 2289
    0.31 0.30523 8020 0.32054 5409 0.81 0.74045 7912 1.12702 9026
    0.32 0.31477 5980 0.33164 7108 0.82 0.74820 9563 1.15681 7465
    0.33 0.32428 6295 0.34282 8254 0.83 0.75592 3300 1.18813 6404
    0.34 0.33376 8352 0.35409 2528 0.84 0.76359 9222 1.22117 3518
    0.35 0.34322 1555 0.36544 3754 0. 85 0.77123 7433 1.25615 2811
    0.36 0.35264 5330 0.37688 5901 0.86 0.77883 8046 1.29334 4672
    0.37 0.36203 9121 0.38842 3100 0.87 0.78640 1177 1.33307 9629
    0. 38 0.37140 2391 0.40005 9650 0.88 0.79392 6950 1.37576 7657
    0.39 0.38073 4624 0.41180 0034 0.89 0.80141 5491 1.42192 5871
    0. 40 0.39003 5320 0.42364 8930 0.90 0.80886 6936 1.47221 9490
    0. 41 0.39930 4001 0.43561 1223 0.91 0.81628 1421 1.52752 4425
    0.42 0.40854 0208 0.44769 2023 0.92 0.82365 9091 1.58902 6915
    0.43 0.41774 3500 0.45989 6681 0.93 0.83100 0091 1.65839 0020
    0. 44 0.42691 3454 0.47223 0804 0.94 0.83830 4575 1.73804 9345
    0.45 0.43604 9669 0.48470 0279 0.95 0.84557 2697 1.83178 0823
    0.46 0.44515 1759 0.49731 1288 0.96 0.85280 4617 1.94591 0149
    0. 47 0.45421 9359 0.51007 0337 0.97 0.86000 0498 2.09229 5720
    0. 48 0.46325 2120 0.52298 4278 0.98 0.86716 0507 2.29755 9925
    0.49 0.47224 9713 0.53606 0337 0.99 0.87428 4812 2.64665 2412
    0.50 0.48121 1825 0.54930 6144 1.00 0.88137 3587 co

    For use of the table see Examples 26-28.


    Qo(x) (Legendre Function-Second Kind)=arctanh x(/x!<l)
    =arccoth ~(1~1>1)
    Compiled from Harvard Computation Laboratory, Tables of inverse hyperbolic
    functions. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambrid@, Mass., 1949 (with permission).
    222 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.17 INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS


    arccosh x arccosh x
    X arcsinh x (227 2 arcsinh x (S--l)+
    1. 00 0.88137 3587 1.00000 000 1.50 1.19476 3217 0.86081 788
    1. 01 0.88842 7007 0.99667 995 1.51 1.20029 7449 0.85849 554
    1. 02 0.89544 5249 0.99338 621 1.52 1.20580 6263 0.85618 806
    1.03 0.90242 8496 0.99011 848 1.53 1.21128 9840 0.85389 528
    1. 04 0.90937 6928 0.98687 641 1.54 1.21674 8362 0.85161 706
    1.05 0.91629 0732 0.98365 968 1.55 1.22218 2008 0.84935 324
    1.06 0.92317 0094 0.98046 798 1.56 1.22759 0958 0.84710 368
    1.07 0.93001 5204 0.97730 099 1.57 1.23297 5390 0.84486 823
    1. 08 0.93682 6251 0.97415 841 1.58 1.23833 5478 0.84264 676
    1. 09 0.94360 3429 0.97103 994 1.59 1.24367 1400 0.84043 913
    1.10 0.95034 6930 0.96794 529 1.60 1.24898 3328 0.83824 520
    1.11 0.95705 6950 0.96487 415 1. 61 1.25427 1436 0.83606 483
    1.12 0.96373 3684 0.96182 625 1.62 1.25953 5895 0.83389 788
    1.13 0.97037 7331 0.95880 131 1.63 1.26477 6877 0.83174 424
    1.14 0.97698 8088 0.95579 904 1.64 1.26999 4549 0.82960 376
    1.15 0.98356 6154 0.95281 918 1.65 1.27518 9081 0.82747 632
    1.16 0.99011 1729 0.94986 146 1.66 1.28036 0639 0.82536 179
    1.17 0.99662 5013 0.94692 561 1.67 1.28550 9389 0.82326 005
    1.18 1.00310 6208 0.94401 139 1. 68 1.29063 5495 0.82117 097
    1.19 1.00955 5514 0.94111 853 1.69 1.29573 9120 0.81909 443
    1.20 1.01597 3134 0.93824 678 1.70 1.30082 0427 0.81703 032
    1.21 1.02235 9270 0.93539 589 1.71 1.30587 9576 0.81497 850
    1.22 1.02871 4123 0.93256 563 1. 72 1.31091 6727 0.81293 888
    1.23 1.03503 7896 0.92975 576 1.73 1.31593 2038 0.81091 132
    1.24 1.04133 0792 0.92696 604 1.74 1.32092 5666 0.80889 572
    1.25 1.04759 3013 0.92419 624 1.75 1.32589 7767 0.80689 197
    1.26 1.05382 4760 0.92144 613 1.76 1.33084 8496 0.80489 994
    1.27 1.06002 6237 0.91871 550 1.77 1.33577 8006 0.80291 954
    1.28 1.06619 7645 0.91600 411 1.78 1.34068 6450 0.80095 066
    l-29 1.07233 9185 0.91331 175 1.79 1.34557 3978 0.79899 318
    1.30 1.07845 1059 0.91063 821 1.80 1.35044 0740 0.79704 701
    1. 31 1.08453 3467 0.90798 328 1.81 1.35528 6886 0.79511 203
    1. 32 1.09058 6610 0.90534 676 1.82 1.36011 2562 0.79318 816
    1.33 1.09661 0688 0.90272 843 1.83 1.36491 7914 0.79127 527
    1. 34 1.10260 5899 0.90012 810 1.84 1.36970 3089 0.78937 328
    1.35 1.10857 2442 0.89754 557 1.85 1.37446 8228 0.78748 209
    1.36 1.11451 0515 0.89498 064 1.86 1.37921 3477 0.78560 160
    1.37 1.12042 0317 0.89243 313 1.87 1.38393 8975 0.78373 170
    1.38 1.12630 2042 0.88990 284 1.88 1.38864 4863 0.78187 231
    1.39 1.13215 5887 0.88738 959 1.89 1.39333 1280 0.78002 334
    1.40 1.13798 2046 0.88489 320 1.90 1.39799 8365 0.77818 468
    1.41 1.14378 0715 0.88241 348 1.91 1.40264 6254 0.77635 625
    1. 42 1.14955 2086 0.87995 026 1.92 1.40727 5083 0.77453 796
    1.43 1.15529 6351 0.87750 336 1.93 1.41188 4987 0.77272 971
    1.44 1.16101 3703 0.87507 261 1.94 1.41647 6099 0.77093 142
    1. 45 1.16670 4331 0.87265 784 1.95 1.42104 8552 0.76914 300
    1.46 1.17236 8425 0.87025 888 1.96 1.42560 2476 0.76736 437
    1.47 1.17800 6174 0.86787 557 1.97 1.43013 8002 0.76559 544
    1. 48 1.18361 7765 0.86550 774 1.98 1.43465 5259 0.76383 612
    1. 49 1.18920 3384 0.86315 523 1.99 1.43915 4374 0.76208 633
    1.50 1.19476 3217 0.86081 788 2.00 1.44363 5475 0.76034 600
    [ 1
    t-f)4
    c 1
    (-!)3 1 [I 1
    (-i)3
    [ 1
    y2
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 223
    IUVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Table 4.17

    t-1 arcsinh z-111 z arccosh z-ln I <Zi 2-I arcsinh z-111 z arccosh z-ln z
    0.50 0.75048 82946 0.62381 07164 0.70841 81861 0.67714 27078
    0.49 0.74839 16011 0.62685 90940 z 0. 24
    0.25 0.70724 57326 0.67842 57947
    0.48 0.74632 48341 0.62981 77884 0.70611 72820 0.67965 18411
    0.47 0.74428 85962 0.63268 90778 t 0.23
    0.22 0.70503 32895 0.68082 14660
    0.46 0.74228 34908 0.63547 51194 2 0.21 0.70399 41963 0.68193 52541
    0.45 0.74031 01215 0.63817 79566 : 0.19
    0. 20 0.70300 04288 0.68299 37571
    0.44 0.73836 90921 0.64079 95268 0.70205 23983 0.68399 74947
    0.43 0.73646 10057 0.64334 16670 t 0.18
    0.17 0.70115 05002 0.68494 69555
    0.42 0.73458 64641 0.64580 61207 0.70029 51134 0.68584 25981
    0.41 0.73274 60676 0.64819 45429 2 0.16 0.69948 66000 0.68668 48518
    0.40 0.73094 04145 0.65050 85051 3 0.15 0.69872 53043 0.68747 41175
    0.39 0.72917 01001 0.65274 95004 3; 14 0.69801 15527 0.68821 07683
    0. 38 0.72743 57167 0.65491 89477 : 0.13 0.69734 56533 0.68889 51504
    0.37 0.72573 78524 0.65701 81952 0.12 0.69672 78946 0.68952 75836
    0. 36 0.72407 70912 0.65904 85249 : 0.11 0.69615 85462 0.69010 83616
    0.35 0.72245 40117 0.66101 11555 3 0.10 0.69563 78573 0.69063 77531
    0.34 0.72086 91873 0.66290 72458 0.09 0.69516 60572 0.69111 60018
    0.33 0.71932 31846 0.66473 78974 3 0.08 0.69474 33542 0.69154 33269
    0.32 0.71781 65636 0.66650 41577 0.07 0.69436 99357 0.69191 99235
    0.31 0.71634 98766 0.66820 70226 : 0. 06 0.69404 59680 0.69224 59631
    0.30 0.71492 36678 0.66984 74382 0.05 0.69377 15954 0.69252 15938
    0.29 0.71353 84725 0.67142 63038 : 0.04 0.69354 69408 0.69274 69403
    0.28 0.71219 48165 0.67294 44732 0.03 0.69337 21047 0.69292 21046
    0.27 0.71089 32154 0.67440 27575 :: 0.02 0.69324 71656 0.69304 71656
    0.26 0.70963 41742 0.67580 19258 4 0. 01 0.69317 21796 0.69312 21796
    0.25 0.70841 81861 0.67714 27078 4 0. 00 0.69314 71806 0.69314 71806

    [
    C-56)5
    3 [
    C-65) 1
    I
    0>=nearest integer to .I’.
    [ 1
    C-56)6 *
    [ 1
    t-y

    ROOTS z,,, OF COL) r,, cash x,=1 Table 4.18

    : 4.73004
    7.85320 46
    07
    i 10.99560
    14.13716 78
    55
    5 17.27875 96
    For ~25, .J,,=; [2~+l]r

    ROOTS a.,, OF cos z,‘ eoah x,,= - 1


    II %I
    ii 4.69409
    1.87510 41
    11
    3 7.85475 74
    z 14.13716
    10.99554 84
    07

    For )!>5, .z,,=: [2/t- 11~


    224 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

    Table 4.19 ROOTS x uOF tan X )I : pt,


    -A Xl 26 27
    0.00 3.14159 6.28~19 9.4iT78 12.5?637 15.7%#96 18.84956 21.99115 25.;;274 28 ;;433
    0.05 2.99304 5.99209 9.00185 12.02503 15.06247 18.11361 21.17717 24.25156 27:33519
    0.10 2.86277 5.76056 8.70831 11.70268 14.73347 17.79083 20.86724 23.95737 27.05755
    0.15 2.75032 5.58578 8.51805 11.52018 14.56638 17.64009 20.73148 23.83468 26.94607
    0.20 2.65366 5.45435 8.39135 11.40863 14.46987 17.55621 20.65782 23.76928 26.88740
    0.25 2.57043 5.35403 8.30293 11.33482 14.40797 17.50343 20.61203 23.72894 26.85142
    0.30 2.49840 5.27587 8.23845 11.28284 14.36517 17.46732 20.58092 23.70166 26.82716
    0.35 2.43566 5.21370 8.18965 11.24440 14.33391 17.44113 20.55844 23.68201 26.80971
    0.40 2.38064 5.16331 8.15156 11.21491 14.31012 17.42129 20.54146 23.66719 26.79656
    0.45 2.33208 5.12176 8.12108 11.19159 14.29142 17.40574 20.52818 23.65561 26.78631
    0.50 2.28893 5.08698 8.09616 11.17271 14.27635 17.39324 20.51752 23.64632 26.77809
    0.55 2.25037 5.05750 8.07544 11.15712 14.26395 17.38298 20.50877 23.63871 26.77135
    0.60 2.21571 5.03222 8.05794 11.14403 14.25357 17.37439 20.50147 23.63235 26.76572
    0.65 2.18440 5.01031 8.04298 11.13289 14.24475 17.36711 20.49528 23.62697 26.76096
    0.70 2.15598 4.99116 8.03004 11.12330 14.23717 17.36086 20.48996 23.62235 26.75688
    0.75 2.13008 4.97428 8.01875 11.11496 14.23059 17.35543 20.48535 23.61834 26.75333
    0.80 2.10638 4.95930 8.00881 11.10764 14.22482 17.35068 20.48131 23.61483 26.75023
    0.85 2.08460 4.94592 7.99999 11.10116 14.21971 17.34648 20.47774 23.61173 26.74749
    0.90 2.06453 4.93389 7.99212 11.09538 14.21517 17.34274 20.47457 23.60897 26.74506
    0.95 2.04597 4.92303 7.98505 11.09021 14.21110 17.33939 20.47172 23.60651 26.74288
    1.00 2.02876 4.91318 7.97867 11.08554 14.20744 17.33638 20.46917 23.60428 26.74092

    x-1 Xl x3 <A>
    -1.00 2.02876 4.932318 7.97867 ll'r$554 14 i:744 17.37638 20 4?917 23.6?428 26 7:092
    -0.95 2.01194 4.90375 7.97258 11:08110 14:20395 17.33351 20:46673 23.60217 26:73905 1:
    -0.90 1.99465 4.89425 7.96648 11.07665 14.20046 17.33064 20.46430 23.60006 26.73718 -1
    -0.85 1.97687 4.88468 7.96036 11.07219 14.19697 17.32777 20.46187 23.59795 26.73532
    -0.80 1.95857 4.87504 7.95422 11.06773 14.19347 17.32490 20.45943 23.59584 26.73345 1:
    -0.75 1.93974 4.86534 7.94807 11.06326 14.18997 17.32203 20.45700 23.59372 26.73159
    -0.70 1.92035 4.85557 7.94189 11.05879 14.18647 17.31915 20.45456 23.59161 26.72972
    -0.65 1.90036 4.84573 7.93571 11.05431 14.18296 17.31628 20.45212 23.58949 26.72785
    -0.60 1.87976 4.83583 7.92950 11.04982 14.17946 17.31340 20.44968 23.58738 26.72598
    -0.55 1.85852 4.82587 7.92329 11.04533 14.17594 17.31052 20.44724 23.58526 26.72411
    -0.50 1.83660 4.81584 7.91705 11.04083 14.17243 17.30764 20.44480 23.58314 26.72225
    -0.45 1.81396 4.80575 7.91080 11.03633 14.16892 17.30476 20.44236 23.58102 26.72038
    -0.40 1.79058 4.79561 7.90454 11.03182 14.16540 17.30187 20.43992 23.57891 26.71851
    -0.35 1.76641 4.78540 7.89827 11.02730 14.16188 17.29899 20.43748 23.57679 26.71664
    -0.30 1.74140 4.77513 7.89198 11.02278 14.15835 17.29610 20.43503 23.57467 26.71477
    -0.25 1.71551 4.76481 7.88567 11.01826 14.15483 17.29321 20.43259 23.57255 26.71290
    -0.20 1.68868 4.75443 7.87936 11.01373 14.15130 17.29033 20.43014 23.57043 26.71102
    -0.15 1.66087 4.74400 7.87303 11.00920 14.14777 17.28744 20.42769 23.56831 26.70915
    -0.10 1.63199 4.73351 7.86669 11.00466 14.14424 17.28454 20.42525 23.56619 26.70728
    -0.05 1.60200 4.72298 7.86034 11.00012 14.14070 17.28165 20.42280 23.56407 26.70541
    0.00 1.57080 4.71239 7.85398 10.99557 14.13717 17.27875 20.42035 23.56194 26.70354
    0.05 1.53830 4.70176 7.84761 10.99102 14.13363 17.27586 20.41790 23.55982 26.70166
    0.10 1.50442 4.69108 7.84123 10.98647 14.13009 17.27297 20.41545 23.55770 26.69979
    0.15 1.46904 4.68035 7.83484 10.98192 14.12655 17.27007 20.41300 23.55558 26.69792
    0.20 1.43203 4.66958 7.82844 10.97736 14.12301 17.26718 20.41055 23.55345 26.69604
    0.25 1.39325 4.65878 7.82203 10.97279 14.11946 17.26428 20.40810 23.55133 26.69417
    0.30 1.35252 4.64793 7.81562 10.96823 14.11592 17.26138 20.40565 23.54921 26.69230
    0.35 1.30965 4.63705 7.80919 10.96366 14.11237 17.25848 20.40320 23.54708 26.69042
    0.40 1.26440 4.62614 7.80276 10.95909 14.10882 17.25558 20.40075 23.54496 26.68855
    0.45 1.21649 4.61519 7.79633 10.95452 14.10527 17.25268 20.39829 23.54283 26.68668
    0.50 1.16556 4.60422 7.78988 10.94994 14.10172 17.24978 20.39584 23.54071 26.68480
    0.55 1.11118 4.59321 7.78344 10.94537 14.09817 17.24688 20.39339 23.53858 26.68293
    0.60 1.05279 4.58219 7.77698 10.94079 14.09462 17.24398 20.39094 23.53646 26.68105
    0.65 0.98966 4.57114 7.77053 10.93621 14.09107 17.24108 20.38848 23.53433 26.67918
    0.70 0.92079 4.56007 7.76407 10.93163 14.08752 17.23817 20.38603 23.53221 26.67730
    0.75 0.84473 4.54899 7.75760 10.92704 14.08396 17.23527 20.38357 23.53008 26.67543
    0.80 0.75931 4.53789 7.75114 10.92246 14.08041 17.23237 20.38112 23.52796 26.67355
    0.85 0.66086 4.52678 7.74467 10.91788 14.07686 17.22946 20.37867 23.52583 26.67168
    0.90 0.54228 4.51566 7.73820 10.91329 14.07330 17.22656 20.37621 23.52370 26.66980 :
    0.95 0.38537 4.50454 7.73172 10.90871 14.06975 17.22366 20.37376 23.52158 26.66793 1
    1.00 0.00000 4.49341 7.72525 10.90412 14.06619 17.22075 20.37130 23.51945 26.66605
    For h-0, seejl. Sof Table 10.6. <x>=nearest integer to X.
    ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 225
    ROOTS x,, OF cot xn =Xx,, Table 4.20
    A x1 22 53 24 25 % x7 29
    0.00 1.57080 4.71239 7.85398 10.99557 14,13717 17.27876 20.42035 23.5*6194 26 70354
    0.05 1.49613 4.49148 7.49541 10.51167 13.54198 16.58639 19.64394 22.71311 25:79232
    0.10 1.42887 4.30580 7.22811 10.20026 13.21418 16.25936 19.32703 22.41085 25.50638
    0.15 1.36835 4.15504 7.04126 10.01222 13.03901 16.10053 19.18401 22.28187 25.38952
    0.20 1.31384 4.03357 6.90960 9.89275 12.93522 16.01066 19.10552 22.21256 25.32765
    0.25 1.26459 3.93516 6.81401 9.81188 12.86775 15.95363 19.05645 22.16965 25.28961
    0.30 1.21995 3.85460 6.74233 9.75407 12.82073 15.91443 19.02302 22.14058 25.26392
    0.35 1.17933 3.78784 6.68698 9.71092 12.78621 15.88591 18.99882 22.11960 25.24544
    0.40 1.14223 3.73184 6.64312 9.67758 12.75985 15.86426 18.98052 22.10377 25.23150
    0.45 1.10820 3.68433 6.60761 9.65109 12.73907 15.84728 18.96619 22.09140 25.22062
    0.50 1.07687 3.64360 6.57833 9.62956 12.72230 15.83361 18.95468 22.08147 25.21190
    0.55 1.04794 3.60834 6.55380 9.61173 12.70847 15.82237 18.94523 22.07333 25.20475
    0.60 1.02111 3.57756 6.53297 9.59673 12.69689 15.81297 18.93734 22.06653 25.19878
    0.65 0.99617 3.55048 6.51508 9.58394 12.68704 15.80500 18.93065 22.06077 25.19373
    0.70 0.97291 3.52649 6.49954 9.57292 12.67857 15.79814 18.92490 22.05583 25.18939
    0.75 0.95116 3.50509 6.48593 9.56331 12.67121 15.79219 18.91991 22.05154 25.18563
    0.80 0.93076 3.48590 6.47392 9.55486 12.66475 15.78698 18.91554 22.04778 25.18234
    0.85 0.91158 3.46859 6.46324 9.54738 12.65904 15.78237 18.91168 22.04447 25.17943
    0.90 0.89352 3.45292 6.45368 9.54072 1?.65395 15.77827 18.90825 22.04151 25.17684
    0.95 0.57647 3.43865 6.44508 9.53473 12.64939 15.77459 18.90518 22.03887 25.17453
    1.00 0.86033 3.42562 6.43730 9.52933 12.64529 15.77128 18.90241 22.03650 25.17245

    A-’ Xl 22 53 x4 X5 X6 x7 3% 59 <A>

    1.00 0.86033 3.42562 6.43730 9.52933 12.64529 15.77128 18.90241 22.03650 25.17245
    0.95 0.84426 3.41306 6.42987 9.52419 12.64138 15.76814 18.89978 22.03424 25.17047 :
    0.90 0.82740 3.40034 6.42241 9.51904 12.63747 15.76499 18.89715 22.03197 25.16848
    0.85 0.80968 3.38744 6.41492 9.51388 12.63355 15.76184 18.89451 22.02971 25.16650 :
    0.80 0.79103 3.37438 6.40740 9.50871 12.62963 15.75868 18.89188 22.02745 25.16452 1
    0.75 0.77136 3.36113 6.39984 9.50353 12.62570 15.75553 18.88924 22.02519 25.16254
    0.70 0.75056 3.34772 6.39226 9.49834 12.62177 15.75237 18.88660 22.02292 25.16055 :
    0.65 0.72851 3.33413 6.38464 9.49314 12.61784 15.74921 18.88396 22.02066 25.15857
    0.60 0.70507 3.32037 6.37700 9.48793 12.61390 15.74605 18.88132 22.01839 25.15659 H
    0.55 0.68006 3.30643 6.36932 9.48271 12.60996 15.74288 18.87868 22.01612 25.15460 2
    0.50 0.65327 3.29231 6.36162 9.47749 12.60601 15.73972 18.87604 22.01386 25.15262 2
    0.45 0.62444 3.27802 6.35389 9.47225 12.60206 15.73655 18.87339 22.01159 25.15063 2
    0.40 0.59324 3.26355 6.34613 9.46700 12.59811 15.73338 18.87075 22.00932 25.14864
    0.35 0.55922 3.24891 6.33835 9.46175 12.59415 15.73021 18.86810 22.00705 25.14666 z
    0.30 0.52179 3.23409 6.33054 9.45649 12.59019 15.72704 18.86546 22.00478 25.14467 3
    0.25 0.48009 3.21910 6.32270 9.45122 12.58623 15.72386 18.86281 22.00251 25.14268 4
    0.20 0.43284 3.20393 6.31485 9.44595 12.58226 15.72068 18.86016 22.00024 25.14070
    0.15 0.37788 3.18860 6.30696 9.44067 12.57829 15.71751 18.85751 21.99797 25.13871 G
    0.10 0.31105 3.17310 6.29906 9.43538 12.57432 15.71433 18.85486 21.99569 25.13672
    0.05 0.22176 3.15743 6.29113 9.43008 12.57035 15.71114 18.85221 21.99342 25.13473 :oo
    0.00 0.00000 3.14159 6.28319 9.42478 12.56637 15.70796 18.84956 21.99115 25.13274 Co
    * [c-y] ['-;'l] [y;"] ~[(-y'! [(-p] ['-y] ['-;"] [(-p]

    <A> =nearest integer to X.

    For h-l > .20, the maximum error in linear interpolation is (- 4)7; five-point interpolation gives 5D.

    For A-l c .20,


    I--&+&2-&3+..:
    3

    *see page n.
    5. Exponential Integral and Related Functions
    WALTER GAUTSCHI l AND WILLIAM I?. CAHILL 2

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
    5.1. Exponential Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
    5.2. Sine and Cosine Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

    Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233


    5.3. Use and Extension of the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

    Table 5.1. Sine, Cosine and Exponential Integrals (O<sl 10) . . . . 238
    x-‘Si(x), x-2[Ci(x)-ln x-r]
    cc-‘[Ei(x)-ln x-r], x-‘[E,(x)+ln x+-r], x=0(.01).5, 10s
    Si(x), Ci(x), 10D; Ei(x), El(x), 9D; x=.5(.01)2
    Si(x), Ci(x), 10D; xP Ei(x), xez El(x), 9D; x=2(.1)10

    Table 5.2. Sine, Cosine and Exponential Integrals for Large Arguments
    (101x1 a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
    qf(x), 9D; x2g(x), 7D; ze-“Ei(x), 8D; xezEl(s), 10D
    f(x)=-si(x) cos x+Ci(x) sin 2, g(x)=-si(x) sin x-C;(x) co9 x
    x-‘=.l(-.005)0

    Table 5.3. Sine and Cosine Integrals for Arguments TIZ (0 Ix 210) . . . 244
    Si(rx), Gin(m), x=0(.1)10, 7D

    Table 5.4. Exponential Integrals E,(x) (0 5x 52) . . . . . . . . . . 245


    E2(x)--2 In 2, E,(x), n=3,4, 10, 20, x=0(.01).5
    E,(x), 12=2, 3, 4, 10, 20, x=.5(.01)2, 7D

    Table 5.5. Exponential Integrals E,(x) for Large Arg,urnents (2 Ix _< 03) a 248
    (x+n)e”E,(x), n=2, 3, 4, 10, 20, x-‘=.5(-.05).1(-.01>0, 5D

    Table 5.6. Exponential Integral for Complex Arguments (jzj<29) . . 249


    zezEl(z), z=X+iy, x=-19(1)20, y=O(1)20, 6D
    Table 5.7. Exponential Integral for Small Complex Arguments (l.4 <5) . 251
    ezEl(z), z=x+iy, x=-4(.5)-2, y=O(.2)1, 6D
    E,(z)+ln z, z=x+iy, x=-2(.5)2.5, y=O(.2)1, 6D
    The authors acknowledge the assistance of David S. Liepman in the preparation and
    checking of the tables, Robert L. Durrah for the computation of Table 5.2, and Alfred E.
    Beam for the computation of Table 5.6.
    r Guest worker, National Bureau of Standards, from the American University. (Presently
    Purdue University.)
    2 National Bureau of Standards. (Presently NASA.)

    227
    5. Exponential Integral and Related Functions
    Mathematical Properties

    5.1. Exponential Integral Explicit Expressions for (Y,,(Z) and /3,,(z)

    Definitions 5.1.8 a,(z)=n!z-*-le-” (l-l-z++ 22 . . . d-5)

    5.1.9
    (larg zl<?r>
    &(z) =n!2-n-1(e” [l-z+&. . . +(-l)“$]
    f” e-’ r” edt
    5.1.2 Ei(x)=--J1 t dt=T- t (xx9
    2 m 22
    --e-z (l+~+~+ . . . +$I .

    5.1.3 (x>l)

    5.1.4
    E,(z)=jy e; at (n=O, 1,2, . . .; ~z>O)

    (D
    5.1.5

    %(4’
    s 1
    t*e-z*dt ‘(n=O, 1,2, . . .; 92>0)

    5.1.6 pn(z)=J:, t”e-“dt (n=O, 1, 2, . . . )

    In 5.1.1 it is assumed that the path of integration


    excludes the origin and does not cross the negative
    real axis.
    Anal& continuation of the functions in 5.1.1,
    5.1.2, and 5.1.4 for n>O yields multi-valued func-
    tions with branch points at z-0 and z= a.3
    They are single-valued functions in the z-plane
    cut along the negative real axis.* The function
    ii(z), the logarithmic integral, has an additional
    branch point at z=I. FIGURE 5.1. y=Ei(x) and y=&(x).

    Interrelations
    5.1.7 i

    E1(-xfiO)=-Ei(x):)ii?r,
    -Ei(x)=~[~l(-x+iO)+E1(-x--iO)] (x>O)

    * Some authors [5.14], [5.16] use the entire function


    : (I-e-g)dt/t 89 the basic function and denote it by
    I-
    Em(z). We have Ein(z)=Er(z)+ln 2+7.
    4 Various authors define the integral _“, (et/t)& in the
    s
    z-plane cut along the positive real axis and denote it also
    by Ei(z). For 2=z>O additional notations such as %%(a$
    (e.g., in [5.10], [5.25]), E*(z) (in [5.2]), Ei*(z) (in [5.6]) are
    then used to designate the principal value of the integral. FIGURE 5.2. y=&(x)
    Correspondingly, El(z) is often denoted by - Ei( -z). n=O, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 229
    Y Symmetry Relation
    4
    5 n=O n=l n.2 w3 n-4 n.5 n=6
    .-
    5.1.13 am =Ez (2)
    4
    Recurrence Relations
    3 5.1.14
    2 E.+,(z)=~[~-‘--zE.(z)] (n=1,2,3,. . .)

    5.1.15 aY,(z)=4-z+mYn-1(2) (n=1,2,3,. . .)


    1-s.
    0 .5 I.0 I.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 x
    5.1.16
    FIGURE 5.3. y=an(z) zSn(z)=(-l)ne’-e-“+n~,-,(z) (n=1,2,3,. . .)
    n=0(1)6
    Inequalities [5.8], [5.4]
    5.1.17

    n+En(x)<E.+l(x)<E,(x) (x>O;n=l, 2,3, . . .)

    5.1.18

    J%(4<J%1wL+1(4 (x>O;n=1,2,3,. . .)

    5.1.19

    $n<ezE,(x) I& (x>O;n=1,2,3,. . .)

    5.1.20
    <e%(x)<h (I+:) (x>O)
    n:l
    -151 \’ 5.1.21

    FIGURE 5.4. y=&,(x) &[&]>O (x>O;n=1,2,3,...)


    n=O, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15
    Series Expansions Continued Fraction

    5.1.22
    5.1.10 Ei(z)=r+lnz+FI n$ (XX)
    a . E,(z)=e-*
    (
    --$$-n$-&. . .) (b-g 4-G)

    Special Values

    5.1.12
    5.1.23 am =A (n>l)

    (larg 4<4 5.1.24 E,(z)=$

    $0)=--r, W=-r+~2~ 4 (n>l>


    5.1.25 d4 =$, @,,(,z)=~sinh z
    r=.57721 56649 . . *. is Euler’s constant.
    230 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Derivatives 5.1.36
    le --Otsin bt
    5 . 126 --
    dE”‘z)---E (n==1,2,3,. . .) dt=arctan k +Y&(a+ib)
    . 12- 1 (z) t
    dz S0
    (a>O, b real)
    5.1.27
    5.1.37

    S t bt)
    ~n[e”El(z)l=&l [e”E,(z)l 1 e”‘(l-cos
    +Ei(a)
    0
    +(-W-l)! (+l 2 3
    , , ,-**
    )
    2” +WE,(-a+ib) (a>O,b real)
    5.1.38
    Definite and Indefinite Integrals
    1 e-“‘(l--OS
    t bt)
    (For more
    [5.3], [5.6],
    extensive
    [5.11], [5.12],
    tables of integrals see
    [5.13]. For integrals
    S 0
    dt=$ In (1+$)-&(a)

    +%S(a+ib) (a>O, b real)


    involving Z,(x) see [5.9].)
    2l-e-’
    5.1.28
    S
    - e-“l
    o b+t dt=eubEl(ab)
    5.1.39
    S 0
    - t dt=&(z)+ln z+y

    z e’-1
    5.1.40 - dt=Ei (x)-In x--y (XX)
    5.1.29 S0 t
    5.1.41
    S op & dt=eciQbE,(--iab) (a>% b>O)

    S
    G2 dx=$ [e-“E,(-a--ix)-ee”E,(u--ix)]
    5.1.30
    +const.

    S om s2 eta~dt=eabEl(ub) (a>% b>O) 5.1.42

    a$ti dx-; [e-“I$(-a--ix)+e”E,(a--ix)]


    5.1.31 S

    S- t+ib
    o t2+b2 eI”ldt=e-““(-Ei(ub)+ir)
    5.1.43
    +const.

    (a>% b>O)
    a& dx=-; 9(ef”EI(-x+ia))+const. (a>O)

    5.1.32
    Sm0
    e-“‘-emb’
    t
    dt=h b
    a
    S

    5.1.44

    5.1.33
    S 0
    mE:(t)dt=2 ln 2 S s2 dx=-L2(ef”EI(-x+ia))+const. (a>O)

    Relation to Incomplete Gamma Function (see 6.5)

    5.1.34
    m 5.1.45 E,(z)=P-'r(l-n,
    2)
    S 0
    e+E,(t)dt= 5.1.46

    5.1.47
    q&)=2-*--lIyTL+1,

    j3,(z)=z-“-‘[r(n+l, -z)-Iyn+1,
    2)

    z)]
    q[ln (1 +a) +g: q] (a>-1) Relation to Spherical Bessel Functions (see 10.2)

    5.1.35 5.1.48 d4=


    S 0
    ’ “’ SF bt dt=?r--arctan i +A?Z,(-a+ib)

    (a>% b>O)
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED PUNG!CIONS 231
    Number-Theoretic Significance of li (z) ao= - .57721 566 a3= .05519 968
    al= .999!39 193 a4= - .00976 004
    (Assuming Riemann’s hypothesis that all non-
    az= - .249!Jl 055 as= .00107 857
    real zeros of t(z) have a real part of 3)
    5.1.54 l<z<=J
    5.1.50 li (x)-7r(x)=O(@ In 2) (x+=>
    r(x) is the number of primes less than or equal xe=J%c4=x2+b x2+a:x+T+6
    x+b (2)
    to 2.
    Y I&> 1<5x 10-6
    a,=2.334733 b1=3.330657
    a2= 250621 bz= 1.681534

    5.1.55 lOSx<w

    l&)l<lO-’
    a1=4.03640 b,=5.03637
    %=1.15198 b2=4.19160
    5.1.56 lix<w

    I I
    0Y I I I ~e(x>1<2Xlo-*
    200 400 600 000 1000 L-X

    al= 8.57332 87401 bI= 9.57332 23454


    FIGUR.E 5.5. y=li(x) and y=~(x) as= 18.05901 69730 b2=25.63295 61486
    Asymptotic Expansion a3= 8.63476 08925 b,=2 1.09965 30827
    5.1.51 a(= .26777 37343 b4= 3.95849 69228

    En(z)m e+il-n+n(n+l)
    2 2 7- n(n+l)(n+2)+
    z3 j 5.2. Sine and Cosine Integrals
    *-*
    Definitions
    (larg 4 <%d

    Representation of E,(z) for Large n


    5.2.1

    5.1.52 5.2.2 ta

    Ci(z)=r+ln zf (larg 4<4


    s 0 ‘Ydt
    +n(6x2-8nx+d)
    +Nn, 4 1 ‘sinh t
    -.36nm4<R(n,x)<
    (x+nY
    - ’
    x+n-1 >
    nT4 (x>O)
    5.2.3 ‘I

    5.2.4 7
    Shi(z)=
    S 0
    -
    t
    dt

    Polynomial and Rational Approximations 6 Chi(z)=r+ln z+ (lax 4<4


    5.1.53 s 0 z coshtt-l dt
    O<s<l
    --
    &(x)+ln x=a0+aIx+azx2+a3i+a4x4+ap6+e(x) 6 Some authors [5.14], [5.16] use the entire function
    Ie(x)~<2Xlo-’ *(l- cos t)dt/t as the basic function and denote it by
    s
    6 The approximation 5.1.53 is from E. E. Allen, Note Coin(a). We have
    169, MTAC 8, 240 (1954); approximations 5.1.54 and Gin(z)= -Ci(z)+ln 2+-r.
    5.1.56 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital
    computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955; 7 The notations Sib(z)= ‘ sinh t dt/t,
    s0
    approximation 5.1.55 is from C. Hastings, Jr., Note 143,
    Cinh(z) = O’(cosh t- l)dt/t have also been proposed (5.14.1
    MTAC 7, 68 (1953) (with permission). s
    232 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
    - (-l)%!~”
    5.2.5 si(z.)=Si(z)-5 5.2.16 W) =r+ln z+zl 2n(2n)r

    Auxiliary Functions
    5.2.17 Shi(z)=~o (2n+$L+1)!
    5.2.6 f(z)=Ci(z) sin z--i(z) co9 2

    5.2.7 g(z)= -Ci(z) cos z-si(z) sin 2 5.2.18 Chi(z)=r+ln dgl &,
    Sine and Cosine Integrals in Terms of Auxiliary Symmetry Relations
    Functions
    5.2.19 Si(--z)=-Si(z), Si(Z)=si(z)
    5.2.8 Si(z)=i--f(z) co9 z-g(z) sin 2
    5.2.20
    5.2.9 Ci(z)=f(z) sin z-g(z) co9 2 Ci(-z)=Ci(z)--.i7r (O<w z<d
    Integral Representations C;(Z)=-)
    I
    Relation to Exponential Integral
    5.2.10 si(z)=- e-2 cont cos (2 sin t)dt 5.2.21
    Si(z)=& [E,(k)-EI(--iz)l+~ (kg zl<t$
    5.2.11 Ci(z) +&(z)=l’ e-’ coB’ sin (z sin t)dt

    5.2.12 '$$dt=l-g dt (.%'z>o)


    j(z)=S,- 5.2.22 Si(iz)=E [Ei(z) +ITI(z)] (x>O)

    5.2.13
    so-cos
    g(z)= t+zt (jt= (&>O)5.2.23
    Ci(z)=-k [E,(iz)+IG(--iz)] (larg 4-C:)

    5.2.24 Ci(iz)=k [Ei(z)--E,(x)]+i: b>O)

    Value at Infinity

    5.2.25 lim Si (2) =i


    z-P-

    Integrals

    (For more extensive tables of integrals see


    15.31, [5.6], [5.11], [5.12], 15.131.)

    5.2.26 OD‘!E$ &=-si (2) (taris 4<4


    s I *

    5.2.27 my &=-Ci (2) (!urg zl<d


    s E

    FIGURE 5.6. y=Si(z) and y=Ci(z) 5.2.28 a e-Wi (t)dt= -& In (l+u*) (.@a>O)*
    s Cl
    Series Expansions

    5.2.14 5.2.!29
    S m e-=‘si (t)dt=--1
    a
    arctan a (9?a>o)

    m
    0

    5.2.15 Si(z)=a gO JZ+t (g) 5.2.30


    SOD
    0
    cos t Ci (t)dt=
    S 0
    sin t si (t)dl=-5

    *See page If.


    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 233
    5.2.37
    5.2.31
    s0
    ODCi2 (t)dt=
    S 0
    m si2 (t)dt=E l_<s<m

    5.2.32* .a Ci (t) si (t)dt= In 2


    s0
    I4~>l<lo-*
    5.2.33

    s’(1-e-a’)
    ‘OS
    bt&=i
    ln(I+$)
    +Ci
    (b) a,=7.547478 b1=12.723684 *
    a~= 1.564072 bz= 15.723606 *
    0 t
    5.2.38 l<z<m
    + %?I$ (a+ ib) (a real, b>O)
    Asymptotic Expansions
    5.2.34 le(z)1<5Xlo-’
    (larg zl<r) al= 38.027264 b1= 40.021433
    ,(z)+(l-$+$-$+. . .)
    &-265.187033 bz=322.624911
    5.2.35 a3=335A77320 b3=570.236280
    a,= 38.102495 b,=157.105423
    5.2.39 l<s<=J
    Rational Approximations *

    5.2.36 152<a

    (&):<3Xlo-’

    al = 42.242855 bl= 48.196927


    1~(z)1<2xlo-’ a,=302.757865 bz= 482.485984
    a1=7.241163 b1=9.068580 a,=352.018498 b3= 1114.978885
    &=2.463936 bz=7.157433 a*= 21.821899 br= 449.690326

    Numerical Methods

    5.3. Use and Extension of the Tables Example 3. Compute Si (20) to 5D.
    Since l/20=.05 from Table 5.2 we find
    Example 1. Compute Ci (.25) to 5D.
    j(20) = .049757, g(20) = .002464. From Table 4.8,
    From Tables 5.1 and 4.2 we have
    sin 20 = .912945, cos 20 = .408082. Using 5.2.8
    Ci (.25) - M.25) -Y= _ .24g350
    (.25)* I
    Si(20) =;-j(20) co9 20-g(20) sin 20
    Ci (.25)=(.25)2(-.249350)+(-l.38629) =1.570796-.022555=1.54824.
    +.577216= -.82466.
    Example 4. Compute E,(z), n=l(l)N, to 5S
    Example 2. Compute Ei (8) to 5s.
    for z= 1.275, N= 10.
    From Table 5.1 we have ze-‘Ei (z) =1.18185 for
    If z is less than about five, the recurrence
    s=8. From Table 4.4, e8=2.98096X103. Thus
    relation 5.1.14 can be used in increasing order of n
    Ei (8) =440.38.
    without serious loss of accuracy.
    By quadratic interpolation in Table 5.1 we get
    *see page II.
    8 From C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital & (1.275) = .1408099, and from Table 4.4, e-l.*”
    computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 =. 2794310. The recurrence formula 5.1.14 then
    (with permission). yields
    234 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    n a&(1.275) EJ1.275) n 106E,(12.3) 106E,,(12.3) n


    1 .1408099 6 .0430168 12 .191038 . 191038 12
    2 .0998984 7 .0374307 11 .199213 . 183498 13
    3 .0760303 8 .0331009 10 208098 . 176516 14
    4 .0608307 9 .0296534 9 : 217793 170042 15
    5 .0504679 10 .0268469 8 .228406 : 164015 16
    7 240073 158397 17
    Interpolating directly in Table 5.4 for n=lO 6 : 252951 : 153144 18
    we get E,,(1.275)= .0268470 as a check. 5 .267234 . 148226 19
    Example 5. Compute E,(z), n= l(l)N; to 5s 4 283155 . 143608 20
    for 2= 10, N= 10. 3 : 300998
    If, as in this example, z is appreciably larger 2 .321117
    than five and N<z, then the recurrence relation 1 .343953
    5.1.14 may be safely used in decreasing order of
    From Tables 5.2 and 5.5 we find E1(12.3) = .343953
    n([5.5]). From Table 5.5 for z-*=.1 we get
    X lo-*, E,,(12.3)=.143609X lOmeas a check.
    (s-t 10)eZElo(z)=1.02436 so that E,,(lO) =2.32529
    Example 7. Compute (~~(2) to 6s for n= 1(1)5.
    x10-6. Using this as the initial value we obtain
    The recurrence formula 5.1.15 can be used for
    column (2).
    all x>O in increasing order of n without loss of

    n YfO) lw%Yo) accuracy. From 5.1.25 we have a0(2)=f esa


    1 .41570 .41570 =.0676676, so we get
    2 .38300 .38302
    3 .355oz .35488 ffnca
    i .0676676
    4 .33ozi .33041
    1 .101501
    5 .31oG .30898
    2 .169169
    6 .28= .29005 .321421
    3
    7 .27667 .27325
    4 .710510
    8 .25333 .25822
    5 1.84394
    9 .25084 .24472
    10 .22573 .23253 Independent calculation with 5.1.8 yields the
    same result for (~~(2).
    From Table 5.2 we get zeZEl(z)= .915633 SO The functions W,(X) and q(z) can be obtained
    that E,(10)=4.15697X10-E as a check. Forward from Table 10.8 using 5.1.48, 5.1.49.
    recurrence starting with E1(10)=4.1570X10-e Example 8. Compute p,(x), n=O(l)N to 6s
    yields the values in column (1). The underlined for x=1, N=5.
    figures are in error. Use the recurrence relation 5.1.16 in increasing
    Example 6. Compute E,(z), n=l(l)N, to 5s order of n if
    for x=12.3, N=20. x>.368N+.184 In N+.821
    If N is appreciably larger than z, and x appre- and in decreasing order of n otherwise [5.5].
    ciably larger than five, then the recurrence rela- From 5.1.9 with n=5 we get /3,(l)= -.324297
    tion 5.1.14 should be used in the backward direc- correctly rounded to 6D. Using the recurrence
    tion to generate E,(x) for n<nO, and in the forward formula 5.1.16 in decreasing order of n and
    direction to generate E,(x) for n>nO, where carrying 9D we get the values in column (2).
    n,=(x).
    From 5.1.52, with n0=12, x=12.3, we have B#
    n w
    0 2.35040 2 2.35040 2382
    En,(x) =e;;(l + .02032- .00043- .OOOOl) 1 -.73575 9269 - .73575 888_0
    = 1.91038X lo-‘. 2 .87888 3849 .87888 4629
    3 -.44950 9722 - .44950 7385
    Using the recurrence relation 5.1.14, as indicated, 4 .55236 3499 .55237 28g
    we get 5 -.32434 3774 -.32429 7-
    Using forward recurrence instead, starting with
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUN(!TIONS 235
    p,(l)=2 sinh 1=2.350402 and again carrying 9D, with Az=z-zo=.2578-.1057i. Thus with 5.1.27
    we obtain column (1). The underlined figures we get
    are in error. The above shows that three signifi-
    cant figures are lost in forward recurrence, whereas k f’k)(&/k! (AZ) ff’k)(zo)/k!
    about three significant figures are gained in back-
    ward recurrence! 0 . 059898 -. 10789% . 059898 -. 1078952’
    An alternative procedure is to start with an 1 . 008174 +. 012795i . 003460 f. 0024352’
    2 -. 001859 +. 000155i -. 000094 +. 000110i
    arbitrary value for n sufficiently large (see also
    3 . 000088 -. 000212i -. 000003 -. 000004i
    15.11). To illustrate, starting with the value
    zero at n= 11 we get

    1: 0.lw) n5 a”(l)
    - .324297 f(z)==.063261 -.105354i
    e-‘==.031510 -.022075i
    10 .280560 4 552373 El(z)= --.000332 -.004716i
    9 - .2oE?z 3 - .449507
    8 .319908 2 .878885 Repeating the calculation with zo=3+6i and
    7 -.253812 1 - .735759 Az=.2578+.8943,i we get the same result.
    6 .40465 0 2.350402 An alternative ,procedure is to perform bivariate
    interpolation in t.he real and imaginary parts of
    The functions ,&(s) and &(x) can be obtained ze“El (2).
    from Table 10.8 using 5.1.48, 5.1.49.
    Example 10. Compute E,(z) for z=-4.2
    Example 9. Compute E,(z) for z=3.2578 + 12.7i.
    +6.8943i. Using the formula at the bottom of Table 5.6
    From Table 5.6 we have for z,,=z0+iy,=3+7i
    .711093
    e”E,(z) =
    z&~El (zo) = .934958+ .095598i, -3.784225+-12.7i
    .278518 .010389
    e”oE,(zo)=.059898-.107895i. -!- -1.90572+12.7i+2.0900+12.7i
    From Taylor’s formula with f(z) =ezEI (z) we have - .0184106- .0736698i
    E,(z)z--1.87133-4.7054Oi.

    f(z) =f(zo+Az> =f(zo> +‘T AZ

    +jq (A,@+. . .

    References
    Texts
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    functions for two-center integrals by means of a (Springer-Verlag, Wien and Innsbruck, Austria,
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    [5.12] F. Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur Fourier Transforma- 2 l--e*


    tion (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidel- a?, Es&, 2) = ,” F dz, Ec(a, z) =
    s- 0 u s
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    313-317 (1954) RP 2508. ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
    [ 5.161 F. G. Tricomi, Funzioni ipergeometriche confluenti 1945). --El(x), Ei(s), 2=0(.01)1(.1)5(1)15, 4-
    (Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954). 6s; Si(s), Ci(z), 2=0(.01)1(.1)5(1)15(5)100(10)
    200(100) 10s(1)7, generally 4-55; maxima and
    Tables minima of Ci(z) and si(z), O<s<16, 55.
    [5.26] K. A. Karpov and S. N. Razumovskili, Tablitsy
    [5.17] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
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    Mathematical Tables, vol. I. Circular and
    SSSR., MOSCOW, U.S.S.R., 1956). ii(z), .r=
    hyperbolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine
    integrals, etc., 3d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, O(.OOOl) 2.5 (001) 20 (.01)200 (1) 500 (1) 10000 (10)
    25000, 75; Ii(z)--In /l--2], z=.95(.0001)1.05,
    Cambridge, England, 1951). Ei(z)-ln z, -El(z)
    6D.
    --In z, Ci(z)-In 2, Si(z), z=O(.1)5, 11D; Ei(z),
    [5.27] M. Kotani, A. Amemiya, E. Ishiguro, T. Kimura,
    2=5(.1)15, 10-115; &(z),z=5(.1)15, 13-14D;
    Table of molecular integrals (Maruzen Co., Ltd.,
    Si(x), Ci(z), x=5(.1)20(.2)40, IOD.
    Tokyo, Japan, 1955). a(z), x=.25(.25)9(.5)19(1)
    [5.18] L. Fox, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder functions
    25, n=0(1)15, 11s; ,8,,(z), 2=.25(.25)8(.5)19(l)
    and other functions for large arguments, Mathe-
    25, n=0(1)8, 11s.
    matical Tables, vol. 4, National Physical Labora-
    [5.28] M. Mashiko, Tables of generalized exponential-,
    tory (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London,
    England, 1960). e-ZEi(z), e=&(z), x-1=0(.001).1, sine- and cosine-integrals, Numerical Computa-
    tion Bureau Report No. 7, Tokyo, Japan (1953).
    10D; f(z), Q(Z), z-‘=O(.OOl).l, 10D.
    E&r)+ln]z(=C&)+ln .&i&(t), z=[ee”, E=0(.05)
    [5.19] J. W. L. Glaisher, Tables of the numerical values
    of the sine-integral, cosine-integral and expo- 5, a=O”(2°)600(10)900, 6D; ze~E,(z) =A.&) exp
    nential integral, Philos. Trans. Roy. Sot. [i&(q)], z=-! eh, q=.O1(.01).2, ~=0”(2~)60~(1~)
    London 160, 367-388 (1870). Si(z), Ci(z), Ei(z),
    18D, 2=1(.1)5(1)15, 11D. 900, 5-6D?
    -l&(x), z=O(.Ol)l,
    [5.20] B. S. Gourary and M. E. Lynam, Tables of the [5.29] G. F. Miller, Tables of generalised exponential
    auxiliary molecular integrals A,(s) and the integrals, Mathematical Tables, vol. 3, National
    auxiliary functions C,,(z), The Johns Hopkins Physical Laboratory (Her Majesty’s Stationery
    Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory, CM Report Office, London, England, 1958). (z+n)e=E.(z),
    905, Baltimore, Md. (1957). a,,(z), n!e,,(z), z=O(.Ol)l, n=1(1)8, 2=0(.1)20, n=1(1)24,
    z= .05(.05) 15, n=O(l) 18, 9s. z-1=0(.001).05, n=1(1)24; 8D.
    [5.21] F. E. Harris, Tables of the exponential integral [5.30] J. Miller, J. M. Gerhauser, and F. A. Matsen,
    Ei(z), Math. Tables Aids Comp. 11, 9-16 (1957). Quantum chemistry integrals and tables (Univ. of
    El(z), eZEl(z), Ei(z), e-*Ei(z), z=1(1)4(.4)8(1)50, Texas Press, Austin, Tex., 1959). a,,(z), z=.125
    18-19s. (.125)25,n=0(1)16, 14S;&,(z),s=O(.125)24.875,
    [5.22] Harvard University, The Annals of the Computa- n=0(1)16, 12-14s.
    tion Laboratory, ~01s. 18, 19; Tables of the gen- [5.31] J. Miller and R. P. Hurst, Simplified calculation of
    eralized sine- and cosine-integral functions, parts the exponential integral, Math. Tables Aids
    I, II (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., Comp. 12, 187-193 (1958). e-“l%(z), Ei(z),
    =1-cosu etE,(x), El(x), z=.2(.05)5(.1)10(.2)20(.5)50(1)80;
    1949). 8&z)= cZ~dz,C(o,z)= c Tax, 165.
    S’ s
    [5.32] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of sine,
    6D; Ss(a, z)= s= s+ sin xdx, &(a, z) = cosine and exponential integrals, vol. I (U.S.
    s
    -zsin u Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
    co8 xdx, 6D; Cs(a, 2) = c” 7 sin z&r, 1940). Si(z), Ci(z), Ei(s), El(z), z=O(.OOO1)2,
    s-0 u s
    z=O(.l)lO; 9D.
    Cc(a,x)=Jyy (l-cos 2)&r, 6D;u=&q$ [5.33] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of sine, cosine
    0 <a<25,0 Ix 125. and exponential integrals, vol. II (U.S. Govern-
    [5.23] Harvard University, The Annals of the Computa- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1940).
    tion Laboratory, vol. 21; Tables of the generalized Si(z), a(z), Ei(z), El(z), z=O(.OO1)10, 9-10 D
    exponential-integral functions (Harvard Univ. or S; Si(z), Ci(z), 2=10(.1)40, 1OD; Ei(z),
    Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1949). E(a, z) = E,(z), z= 10(.1)15, 7-11s.
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 237
    [5.34] National Bureau of Standards, Table of sine and El (ff), 1-$exp($$) El (g); AE=.2(.2)2,
    cosine integrals for arguments from 10 to 100,
    Applied Math. Series 32 (U.S. Government T= 25(25) 1000, T= 150(10)390, 3-4s; z-1,
    Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1954). Si(r), exp ( --&:I, z exp (-z-l), El (z-l),
    e’exp (-t-l)dt,
    Ci(x), z= lO(.Ol)lOO, 10D. s
    [5.35] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of functions z-1 exp (x-1) El (z-l), I.--z-l exp (z-i) El (z-1) ; z = .Ol
    and of zeros of functions, Collected short tables (.OOOl) .l, 5-6s.
    of the Computation Laboratory, Applied Math. [5.38] .V. I. Pagurova, Tables of the exponential integral
    Series 37 (U.S. Government Printing Office, E,(z)= ;’ e-zuu-*du. Translated from the Rus-
    Washington, D.C., 1954). E,(z), n=0(1)20, s
    s=O(.O1)2(.1)10, 4-9s; E&)-z In 2, x=0(.01) sian by D. G. Fry (Pergamon Press, New York,
    .5, 75; Ea(z)+~2* In 2, z=O(.Ol).l, 75. N.Y.; Oxfford, London, England; Paris, France,
    [5.36] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the ex- 1961). E,(z), n=0(1)20, 2=0(.01)2(.1)10, 4-
    ponential integral for complex arguments, Ap- 9s; Es(z) --a In z, 2=0(.01)5, 75; E&r) +&* In z,
    plied Math. Series 51 (U.S. Government Printing s=O(.Ol).l, 75; eZEn(z), n=2(1)10, %=10(.1)20,
    Office, Washington, D.C., 1958). Ei(z)+ln z, 7D; e*E,(x), r=O(.l)l, z=.01(.01)7(.05)12(.1)20,
    6D, 2=0(.02)1, y=O(.O2)1, 2=-l(.l)O, y= 7 S or D.
    O(.l)l; E,(z), 6D, x=0(.02)4, y=O(.O2)3(.05)10, [5.39] Tablitsy integral’nogo sinusa i kosinusa (Izdat.
    2=0(1)20, y=O(1)20, x=-3.1(.1)0, y=O(.1)3.1, Akad. Na.uk SSSR., MOSCOW, U.S.S.R., 1954).
    z= -4.5(.5)0, y= 0(.1)4(.5)10, z= - 10(.5) -4.5, Si(z), Ci(;:), ~=0(.0001)2(.001)10(.005)100, 7D;
    y=O(.5)10,2= -2O(l)O, y=O(1)20; efEi(z), 6D, Ci(r) --In :G,~=0(.0001).01, 7D.
    2=4(.1) 10, y=O(.5) 10. [5.40] Tablitsy integral’nol pokasatel’nol funktsii (Izdat.
    [5.37] S. Oberliinder, Tabellen von Exponentialfunktlonen Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1954).
    und-integralen zur Anwendung auf Gebieten der Ei(s), E1(~),r=0(.0001)1.3(.001)3(.0005)10(.1)15,
    Thermodynamik, Halbleitertheorie und Gas- 7D.
    kinetik (Akademie-Verlag. Berlin, Germanv. [5.41] D. K. Trubey, A table of three exponential inte-
    grals, Oak: Ridge National Laboratory Report
    2750, Oak. Ridge, Tenn. (June 1959). E,(z),
    R(z), E&z), ~=0(.0005).1(.001)2(.01)10(.1)20,
    6s.
    238 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 5.1 SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS

    r-ISi r-z[Ci(s)-ln 2--y] I crl[Ei(z)-In s--y1 rl[E:l(z)+ln z+y]


    o.“oo 1.00000 00000 -0.25000 00000 1.00000 0000 1.00000 00000
    0. 01 0.99999 44444 -0.24999 89583 1.00250 5566 0.99750 55452
    0.02 0.99997 77781 -0.24999 58333 1.00502 2306 0.99502 21392
    0.03 0.99995 00014 -0.24999 06250 1.00755 0283 0.99254 97201
    0.04 0.99991 11154 -0.24998 33339 1.01008 9560 0.99008 82265
    0.05 0.99986 11215 -0.24997 39598 1.01264 0202 0.98763 75971
    0.06 OI99980 06216 -0.24996 25030 1.01520 2272 0.98519 77714
    0.07 0.99972 78178 -0.24994 89639 1.01777 5836 0.98276 86889
    0. 08 OI99964 45127 -0.24993 33429 1.02036 0958 0.98035 02898
    0.09 0.99955 01094 -0.24991 56402 1.02295 7705 0.97794 25142
    0.10 0.99944 46111 -0.24989 58564 1.02556 6141 0.97554 53033
    0.11 0.99932 80218 -0.24987 39923 1.02818 6335 0.97315 85980
    0.12 0.99920 03455 -0.24985 00480 1.03081 8352 0.97078 23399
    0.13 0.99906 15870 -0.24982 40244 1.03346 2259 0.96841 64710
    0.14 0.99891 17512 -0.24979 59223 1.03611 8125 0.96606 09336
    0.15 0.99875 08435 -0.24976 57422 1.03878 6018 0.96371 56702
    0.16 0.99857 88696 -0.24973 34850 1.04146 6006 0.96138 06240
    0.17 0.99839 58357 -0.24969 91516 1.04415 8158 0.95905 57383
    0.18 0.99820 17486 -0.24966 27429 1.04686 2544 0.95674 09569
    0.19 0.99799 66151 -0.24962 42598 1.04957 9234 0.95443 62237
    0.20 0.99778 04427 -0.24958 37035 1.05230 8298 0.95214 14833
    0.21 0.99755 32390 -0.24954 10749 1.05504 9807 0.94985 66804
    0.22 0.99731 50122 -0.24949 63752 1.05780 3833 0.94758 17603
    0.23 0.99706 57709 -0.24944 96056 1.06057 0446 0.94531 66684
    0.24 0.99680 55242 -0.24940 07674 1.06334 9719 0.94306 13506
    0.25 0.99653 42813 -0.24934 98618 1.06614 1726 0.94081 57528
    0.26 0.99625 20519 -0.24929 68902 1.06894 6539 0.93857 98221
    0.27 0.99595 88464 -0.24924 18540 1.07176 4232 0.93635 35046
    0.28 0.99565 46750 -0.24918 47546 1.07459 4879 0.93413 67481
    0.29 0.99533 95489 -0.24912 55938 1.07743 8555 0.93192 94997
    0.30 0.99501 34793 -0.24906 43727 1.08629 5334 0.92973 17075
    0.31 0.99467 64779 -0.24900 10933 1.08316 5293 0.92754 33196
    0.32 0.99432 85570 -0.24893 57573 1.08604 8507 0.92536 42845
    0.33 0.99396 97288 -0.24886 83662 1.08894 5053 0.92319 45510
    0.34 0.99360 00064 -0.24879 89219 1.09185 5008 0.92103 40684
    0. 35 0.99321 94028 -0.24872 74263 1.09477 8451 0.91888 27858
    0.36 OI99282 79320 -0.24865 38813 1.09771 5458 0.91674 06533
    0.37 0.99242 56078 -0.24857 82887 1.10066 6108 0.91460 76209
    0.38 0.99201 24449 -0.24850 06507 1.10363 0481 0.91248 36388
    0.39 0.99158 84579 -0.24842 09693 1.10660 8656 0.91036 86582
    0.40 0.99115 36619 -0.24833 92466 1.10960 0714 0.90826 26297
    0.41 0.99070 80728 -0.24825 54849 1.11260 6735 0.90616 55048
    0.42 0.99025 17063 -0.24816 96860 1.11562 6800 0.90407 72350
    0.43 0.98978 45790 -0.24808 18528 1.11866 0991 0.90199 77725
    0. 44 0.98930 67074 -0.24799 19870 1.12170 9391 0.89992 70693
    0.45 0.98881 81089 -0.24790 00913 1.12477 2082 0.89786 50778
    0.46 0.98831 88008 -0.24780 61685 1.12784 9147 0.89581 17511
    0.47 0.98780 88010 -0.24771 02206 1.13094 0671 0.89376 70423
    0.48 0.98728 81278 -0.24761 22500 1.13404 6738 0.89173 09048
    0.49 0.98675 67998 -0.24751 22600 1.13716 7432 0.88970 32920
    0.50 0.98621 48361 -0.24741 02526
    [c-y1
    0.88768 41584
    [c-y1
    1.14030 2841
    [ C-612
    4 1 [c-y
    1
    y=0.57721 56649
    See Examples l-2.
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 239
    SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS Table 5.1

    Si(X) Ci(x) Ei(x) El(x)


    o.;o 0.49310 74180 -0.17778 40788 0.45421 9905 0.55977 3595
    0.51 0.50268 77506 -0.16045 32390 0.48703 2167 0.54782 2352
    0.52 0.51225 15212 -0.14355 37358 0.51953 0633 0.53621 9798
    0.53 0.52179 84228 -0.12707 07938 0.55173 0445 0.52495 1510
    0.54 0.53132 al492 -0.11099 04567 0.58364 5931 0.51400 3886
    0.55 0.54084 03951 -0.09529 95274 0.61529 0657 0.50336 4081
    0.56 0.55033 48563 -0.07998 55129 0. 64667 74190 0.49301 9959
    0.57 0.55981 12298 -0.06503 65744 0.67781 8642 0.48296 0034
    0.58 0.56926 92137 -0.05044 14815 0.70872 5720 0.47317 3433
    0.59 0.57870 85069 -0.03618 95707 0.73940 9764 0.46364 9849
    0.60 0.58812 88096 -0.02227 07070 0.76988 1290 0.45437 9503
    0. 61 0.59752 98233 -0.00867 52486 0.80015 0320 0.44535 3112
    0.62 0.60691 12503 +o.O0460 59849 0.83022 6417 0.43656 1854
    0.63 0.61627 27944 0.01758 17424 0.86011 8716 0.42799 7338
    0.64 0.62561 41603 0.03026 03686 0.88983 5949 0.41965 1581
    0.65 0.63493 50541 0.04264 98293 0.91938 6468 0.41151 6976
    0.66 0.64423 51831 0.05475 77343 0.94877 a277 0.40358 6275
    0.67 0.65351 42557 0.06659 13594 0.97801 9042 0.39585 2563
    0.68 0.66277 19817 0.07815 76659 1.00711 6121 0.38830 9243
    0.69 0.67200 80721 0.08946 33195 1.03607 6576 0.38095 0010
    0.70 0.68122 22391 0.10051 47070 1.06490 7195 0.37376 8843
    0.71 0.69041 41965 0.11131 79525 1.09361 4501 0.36675 9981
    0.72 0.69958 36590 0.12187 a9322 1.12220 4777 0.35991 7914
    0.73 0.70873 03430 0.13220 32879 1.15068 40159 0.35323 7364
    0.74 0.71785 39660 0.14229 64404 1.17905 8208 0.34671 3279
    0.75 0.72695 42472 0.15216 36010 1.20733 28:16 0.34034 0813
    0.76 0.73603 09067 0.16180 97827 1.23551 33:19 0.33411 5321
    0.77 0.74508 36664 0.17123 98110 1.26360 4960 0.32803 2346
    0.78 0.75411 22494 0.18045 a3335 1.29161 2805 0.32208 7610
    0.79 Oi76311 63804 0.18946 98290 1.31954 17!j3 0.31627 7004
    0.80 0.77209 57855 0.19827 a6160 1.34739 6548 0.31059 6579
    0.81 0.78105 01921 0.20688 88610 1.37518 1783 0.30504 2539
    0.82 0.78997 93293 0.21530 45659 1.40290 19110 0.29961 1236
    0.83 0.79888 29277 0.22352 96752 1.43056 1245 0.29429 9155
    0.84 0.80776 07191 0.23156 78824 1.45816 3978 0.28910 2918
    0. a5 0.81661 24372 0.23942 28368 1.48571 4176 0.28401 9269
    0.86 0.82543 78170 0.24709 80486 1.51321 574'1 0.27904 5070
    0.87 0.83423 65953 0.25459 69153 1.54067 2664 0.27417 7301
    0.88 0.84300 a5102 0.26192 27264 1.56808 8534 0.26941 3046
    0.89 0.85175 33016 Oi26907 86687 1.59546 7036 0.26474 9496
    0.90 0.86047 07107 0.27606 78305 1.62281 1714 0.26018 3939
    0.91 0.86916 04808 0.28289 32065 1.65012 6019 0.25571 3758
    0.92 0.87782 23564 0.28955 77018 1.67741 3317 0.25133 6425
    0.93 0.88645 60839 0.29606 41358 1.70467 6891 0.24704 9501
    0.94 0.89506 14112 0.30241 52458 1.73191 994.6 0.24285 0627
    0.95 0.90363 80880 0.30861 36908 1.75914 5612 0.23873 7524
    0.96 0.91218 58656 0.31466 20547 1.78635 6947 0.23470 7988
    0. 97 0.92070 44970 0.32056 28495 1.81355 6941 0.23075 9890
    0.98 0.92919 37370 0.32631 85183 1.84074 8519 0.22689 1167
    0.99 0.93765 33420 0.33193 14382 1.86793 4543 0.22309 9826
    1.00 0.94608 30704 0.337:03;229 1.89511 7816 0.21938 3934
    c-p4
    c 1 II 6 1 [
    c-y4
    1 II 1
    C-514
    5
    240 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 5.1 SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS


    X
    Si(X) Ci(x) Ei(X) El(x)
    1.00 0.94608 30704 0.33740 39229 1.89511 7816 0.21938 3934
    1.01 Oi95448 26820 0.34273 82254 1.92230 1085 0.21574 1624
    1.02 0.96285 19387 0.34793 65405 1.94948 7042 0.21217 1083
    1.03 Oi97119 06039 0.35300 10067 1.97667 8325 0.20867 0559
    1.04 0.97949 a4431 0.35793 37091 2.00387 7525 0.20523 8352
    1.05 0.98777 52233 0.36273 66810 2.03108 7184 0.20187 2813
    1.06 0.99602 07135 0.36741 19060 2.05830 9800 0.19857 2347
    1. 07 1.00423 46846 0.37196 13201 2.08554 7825 0.19533 5403
    1.08 liO1241 69091 0.37638 68132 2.11280 3672 0.19216 0479
    1.09 1.02056 71617 0.38069 02312 2.14007 9712 0.18904 6118
    1.10 1.02868 52187 0.38487 33774 2.16737 8280 0.18599 0905
    1.11 1703677 08583 0.38893 80142 2:19470 1672 0.18299 3465
    1.12 1.04482 38608 0.39288 58645 2.22205 2152 0.18005 2467
    1.13 1.05284 40082 0.39671 86134 2.24943 1949 0.17716 6615
    1.14 1.06083 10845 0.40043 79090 2.27684 3260 0.17433 4651
    1.15 1.06878 48757 0.40404 53647 2.30428 8252 0.17155 5354
    1.16 1.07670 51696 0.40754 25593 2.33176 9062 0.16882 7535
    1. 17 1.08459 17561 0.41093 10390 2.35928 7800 0.16615 0040
    1.18 1.09244 44270 0.41421 23185 2.38684 6549 0.16352 1748
    1.19 1.10026 29760 0.41738 78816 2.41444 7367 0.16094 1567
    1.20 1.10804 71990 0.42045 91829 2.44209 2285 0.15840 8437
    1.21 1.11579 68937 0.42342 76482 2.46978 3315 0.15592 1324
    1.22 1.12351 18599 0.42629 46760 2.49752 2442 0.15347 9226
    1.23 1.13119 18994 0.42906 16379 2.52531 1634 0.15108 1164
    1.24 1.13883 68160 0.43172 98802 2.55315 2836 0.14872 6188
    1.25 1.14644 64157 0.43430 07240 2.58104 7974 0.14641 3373
    1.26 1.15402 05063 0.43677 54665 2.60899 8956 0.14414 1815
    1.27 1.16155 88978 0.43915 53815 2.63700 7673 0.14191 0639
    1.16906 14023 0.44144 17205 2.66507 5997 0.13971 8989
    :'22:
    . 1.17652 78340 0.44363 57130 2.69320 5785 0.13756 6032
    1.30 1.18395 80091 0.44573 85675 2.72139 8880 0.13545 0958
    1.31 1.19135 17459 0.44775 14723 2.74965 7110 0.13337 2975
    1.32 1.19870 88649 0.44967 55955 2.77798 2287 0.13133 1314
    1.33 1.20602 91886 0.45151 20863 2.80637 6214 0.12932 5224
    1.34 1.21331 25418 G.45326 20753 2.83484 0677 0.12735 3972
    1.35 1.22055 87513 (1.45492 66752 2.86337 7453 0.12541 6844
    1.36 1.22776 76460 0.45650 69811 2.89198 8308 0.12351 3146
    1.37 1.23493 90571 0.45800 40711 2.92067 4997 0.12164 2198
    1.38 1.24207 28180 0.45941 90071 2.94943 9263 0.11980 3337
    1.39 1.24916 87640 0.46075 28349 2.97828 2844 0.11799 5919
    1.40 1.25622 67328 0.46200 65851 3.00720 7464 0.11621 9313
    1.41 1.26324 65642 0.46318 12730 3.03621 4843 0.11447 2903
    1.42 1.27022 81004 0.46427 78995 3.06530 6691 0.11275 6090
    1.43 1.27717 11854 0.46529 74513 3.09448 4712 0.11106 8287
    1.44 1.28407 56658 0.46624 09014 3.12375 0601 0.10940 8923
    1.45 1.29094 13902 0.46710 92094 3.15310 6049 0.10777 7440
    1.46 1.29776 82094 0.46790 33219 3.18255 2741 0.10617 3291
    1.47 1.30455 59767 0.46862 41732 3.21209 2355 0.10459 5946
    1.48 1.31130 45473 0.46927 26848 3.24172 6566 0.10304 4882
    1.49 1.31801 37788 0.46984 97667 3.27145 7042 0.10151 9593
    1.50 1.32468 35312 0.47035 63172 3.30128 5449 0.10001 9582

    [ C-j)5
    1 ll 1
    c-5)2
    5
    C--5)1
    I: 15 [(-;I91
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 241
    SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS Table 5.1
    Si(X) Ci(x) Ei(x’l
    l.GO 1.32468
    1.51 1.33131
    35312
    36664
    0.47035
    0.47079
    63172
    32232
    3.30128
    3.33121
    5449
    3449 0.09854
    El(x)
    0.10001 9582
    4365
    1.52 1.33790 40489 0.47116 13608 3.36124 2701 0.09709 3466
    1.53 1.34445 45453 0.47146 15952 3.39137 4858 0.09566 6424
    1.54 1.35096 50245 0.47169 47815 3.42161 1576 0.09426 2786

    1.55 1.35743 53577 0.47186 17642 3.45195 4503 0.09288 2108


    1.56 1.36386 54183 0.47196 33785 3.48240 5289 0.09152 3960
    1.57 1.37025 50823 0.47200 04495 3.51296 5580 0.09018 7917
    1.58 1.37660 42275 0.47197 37932 3.54363 7024 0.08887 3566
    1.59 1.38291 27345 0.47188 42164 3.57442 1266 0.08758 0504

    1.60 1.38918 04859 0.47173 25169 3.60531 9949 0.08630 8334


    1.61 1.39540 73666 0.47151 94840 3.63633 4719 0.08505 6670
    1.62 1.40159 32640 0.47124 58984 3.66746 7221 0.08382 5133
    1.63 1.40773 80678 0.47091 25325 3.69871 9099 0.08261 3354
    1.64 1.41384 16698 0.47052 01507 3.73009 1999 0.08142 0970

    1.65 1.41990 39644 0.47006 95096 3.76158 7:569 0.08024 7627


    1.66 1.42592 48482 0.46956 13580 3.79320 7456 0.07909 2978
    1.67 1.43190 42202 0.46899 64372 3.82495 3.310 0.07795 6684
    1.68 1.43784 19816 0.46837 54812 3.85682 6783 0.07683 8412
    1.69 1.44373 80361 0.46769 92169 3.88882 9528 0.07573 7839
    1.70 1.44959 22897 0.46696 83642 3.92096 3201 0.07465 4644
    1.71 1.45540 46507 0.46618 36359 3.95322 9462 0.07358 8518
    1.72 1.46117 50299 0.46534 57385 3.98562 9972 0.07253 9154
    1.73 1.46690 33404 0.46445 53716 4.01816 6395 0.07150 6255
    1.74 1.47258 94974 0.46351 32286 4.05084 0400 0.07048 9527

    1.75 1.47823 34189 0.46251 99967 4.08365 3659 0.06948 8685


    1.76 1.48383 50249 0.46147 63568 4.11660 7647 0.06850 3447
    1.77 1.48939 42379 0.46038 29839 4.14970 4645 0.06753 3539
    1.78 1.49491 09830 0.45924 05471 4.18294 5736 0.06657 8691
    1.79 1.50038 51872 0.45804 97097 4.21633 2809 0.06563 8641

    1.80 1.50581 67803 0.45681 11294 4.24986 7557 0.06471 3129


    1.81 1.51120 56942 0.45552 54585 4.28355 1681 0.06380 1903
    1.82 1.51655 18633 0.45419 33436 4.31738 6883 0.06290 4715
    1.83 1.52185 52243 0.45281 54262 4.35137 4872 0.06202 1320
    1.84 1.52711 57165 0.45139 23427 4.38551 7364 0.06115 1482

    1.85 1.53233 32813 0.44992 47241 4.41981 6080 0.06029 4967


    1.86 1.53750 78626 0.44841 31966 4.45427 2746 0.05945 1545
    1.87 1.54263 94066 0.44685 83813 4.48888 9097 0.05862 0994
    1.88 1.54772 78621 0.44526 08948 4.52366 6872 0.05780 3091
    1.89 1.55277 31800 0.44362 13486 4.55860 7817 0.05699 7623

    1.90 1.55777 53137 0.44194 03497 4.59371 3687 0.05620 4378


    1.91 1.56273 42192 0.44021 85005 4.62898 62142 0.05542 3149
    1.92 1.56764 98545 0.43845 63991 4.66442 7249 0.05465 3731
    1.93 1.57252 21801 0.43665 46388 4.70003 8485 0.05389 5927
    1.94 1.57735 11591 0.43481 38088 4.73582 1734 0.05314 9540

    1.95 1.58213 67567 0.43293 44941 4.77177 8785 0.05241 4380


    1.96 1.58687 89407 0.43101 72752 4.80791 1438 0.05169 0257
    1.97 1.59157 76810 0.42906 27288 4.84422 1501 0.05097 6988
    1.98 1.59623 29502 0.42707 14273 4.88071 0791 0.05027 4392
    1.99 1.60084 47231 0.42504 39391 4.91738 1131 0.04958 2291

    1.60541 29768
    [C-j)5 cc-y1
    2.00 0.42298 08288 4.95423 4356 0.04890 0511

    1 c 1(592
    c 1 (-!I3
    242 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 5.1 SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTI.iL INTEGRALS


    Si(x) Ci(x) se-"Ei(x) sexI (x)
    1.60541 29768 0.42298 08288 1.34096 5420 0.72265 7234
    1.64869 86362 0.40051 19878 1.37148 6802 0.73079 1502
    1.68762 48272 0.37507 45990 1.39742 1992 0.73843 1132
    1.72220 74818 0.34717 56175 1.41917 1534 0.74562 2149
    1.75248 55008 0.31729 16174 1.43711 8315 0.75240 4829
    1.77852 01734 0.28587 11964 1.45162 5159 0.75881 4592
    1.80039 44505 0.25333 66161 1.46303 3397 0.76488 2722
    1.81821 20765 0.22008 48786 1.47166 2153 0.77063 6987
    1.83209 65891 0.18648 83896 1.47780 8187 0.77610 2123
    1.84219 01946 0.15289 53242 1.48174 6162 0.78130 0252
    1.84865 25280 0.11962 97860 1.48372 9204 0.78625 1221
    1.85165 93077 0.08699 18312 1.48398 9691 0.79097 2900
    1.85140 08970 0.05525 74117 1.48274 0191 0.79548 1422
    1.84808 07828 +0.02467 82846 1.48017 4491 0.79979 1408
    1:84191 39833 -0.00451 80779 1.47646 8706 0.80391 6127
    1.83312 53987 -0.03212 85485 1.47178 2389 0.80786 7661
    1.82194 81156 -0.05797 43519 1.46625 9659 0.81165 7037
    1.80862 16809 -0.08190 10013 1.46003 0313 0.81529 4342
    1.79339 03548 -0.10377 81504 1.45321 0902 0.81878 8821
    1.77650 13604 -0.12349 93492 1.44590 5765 0.82214 8967
    1.75820 31389 -0.14098 16979 1.43820 8032 0.82538 2600
    1.73874 36265 -0.15616 53918 1.43020 0557 0.82849 6926
    1.71836 85637 -0.16901 31568 1.42195 6813 0.83149 8602
    1.69731 98507 -0.17950 95725 1.41354 1719 0.83439 3794
    1.67583 39594 -0.18766 02868 1.40501 2424 0.83718 8207
    1.65414 04144 -0.19349 11221 1.39641 9030 0.83988 7144
    1.63246 03525 -0.19704 70797 1.38780 5263 0.84249 5539
    1.61100 51718 -0.19839 12468 1.37920 9093 0.84501 7971
    1.58997 52782 -0.19760 36133 1.37066 3313 0.84745 8721
    1.56955 89381 -0.19477 98060 1.36219 6054 0.84982 1778
    1.54993 12449 -0.19002 97497 1.35383 1278 0.85211 0880
    1.53125 32047 -0.18347 62632 1.34558 9212 0.85432 9519
    1.51367 09468 -0.17525 36023 1.33748 6755 0.85648 0958
    1.49731 50636 -0.16550 59586 1.32953 7845 0.85856 8275
    1.48230 00826 -0.15438 59262 1.32175 3788 0.86059 4348
    1.46872 40727 -0.14205 29476 1.31414 3566 0.86256 1885
    1.45666 83847 -0.12867 17494 1.30671 4107 0.86447 3436
    1.44619 75285 -0.11441 07808 1.29947 0536 0.86633 1399
    1.43735 91823 -0.09944 06647 1.29241 6395 0.86813 8040
    1.43018 43341 -0.08393 26741 1.28555 3849 0.86989 5494
    1.42468 75513 -0.06805 72439 1.27888 3860 0.87160 5775
    1.42086 73734 -0.05198 25290 1.27240 6357 0.87327 0793
    1.41870 68241 -0.03587 30193 1.26612 0373 0.87489 2347
    1.41817 40348 -0.01988 82206 1.26002 4184 0.87647 2150
    1.41922 29740 -0.00418 14110 1.25411 5417 0.87801 1816
    1.42179 42744 +0.01110 15195 1.24839 1155 0.87951 2881
    1.42581 61486 0.02582 31381 1.24284 8032 0.88097 6797
    1.43120 53853 0.03985 54400 1.23748 2309 0.88240 4955
    1.43786 84161 0.05308 07167 1.23228 9952 0.88379 8662
    1.44570 24427 0.06539 23140 1.22726 6684 0.88515 9176
    1.45459 66142 0.07669 52785 1.22240 8053 0.88648 7675
    r( -$"l
    c 1
    (-;)5
    1 1
    C-i’4
    L ( -I [ C-i’6
    1
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 243
    SINE, COSINE AND EXPONEN’TJAL INTEGRAL!? Table 3.1

    Si (.T) Ci (.r) .a-rEi(r) :fPlr:, (2)


    1.45459 66142 0.07669 52785 1.22240 8053 0.88648 7675
    1.46443 32441 0.08690 68881 1.21770 9472 0.88778 5294
    1.47508 90554 0.09595 70643 1.21316 6264 0.88905 3119
    1.48643 64451 0.10378 86664 1.20877 3699 0.89029 2173
    1.49834 47533 0.11035 76658 1.20452 7026 0.89150 3440
    1.51068 15309 0.11563 32032 1.20042 1500 0.89268 7854
    1.52331 37914 0.11959 75293 1.19645 2401 0.89384 6312
    1.53610 92381 0.12224 58319 1.19261 5063 0.89497 9666
    1.54893 74581 0.12358 59542 1.18890 4881 0.89608 8737
    1.56167 10702 0.12363 80071 1.18531 7334 0.89717 4302
    1.57418 68217 0.12243 38825 1.18184 7987 0.89823 7113
    1.58636 66225 0.12001 66733 1.17849 2509 0.89927 7888
    1.59809 85106 0.11644 00055 1.17524 6676 0.90029 7306
    1.60921 75419 0.11176 72931 1.17210 6376 0.90129 6033
    1.61980 65968 0.10607 09196 1.16906 7617 0.90227 4695
    1.62959 70996 0.09943 13586 1.16612 6526 0.90323 3900
    1.63856 96454 0.09193 62396 1.16327 9354 0.90417 4228
    1.64665 45309 0.08367 93696 1.16052 2476 0.90509 6235
    1.65379 21861 0.07475 97196 1.15785 2390 0.90600 0459
    1.65993 35052 0.06528 03850 1.15526 5719 0.90688 7415
    1.66504 00758 0.05534 75313 1.15275 9209 0.90775 7602
    1.66908 43056 0.04506 93325 1.15032 9724 0.90861 1483
    1.67204 94480 0.03455 49134 1.14797 4251 0.90944 9530
    1.67392 95283 0.02391 33045 1.14568 9889 0.91027 2177
    1.67412 91725 0.01325 24187 1.14347 3855 0.91107 9850
    1.67446 33423 +O. 00267 80588 1.14132 3476 0.91187 2958
    1.67315 69801 -0.00770 70361 1.13923 6185 0.91265 1897
    1.67084 45697 -0.01780 40977 1.13720 9523 0.91341 7043
    1.66756 96169 -0.02751 91811 1.13524 1130 0.91416 8766
    1.66338 40566 -0.03616 39563 1.13332 8746 0; 91490 7418
    1.65834 75942 -0.04545 64330 1.13147 0205 0.91563 3339
    (-55)2
    [ 1 [ 1
    (-46)4

    Table 5.2

    SINE, COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS FOR LARGE ARGtiMEhTS

    .c-’ .r”f (I) .J”g(.r) .~.v*Ei (.v) .NEl (.I.) <s>


    0.100 0.98191 0351 0.94885 39 1.13147 021 0. 91563 33394 10
    0.095 0.98353 4427 0.95323 18 1.12249 671 0.91925 68286
    0.090 0.98509 9171 0.95748 44 1.11389 377 0.92293 15844 ::
    0.085 0.98660 1776 0.96160 17 1.10564 739 0.92665 90998
    0.080 0.98803 9405 0.96557 23 1.09773 775 0.93044 09399 :23
    0.075 0.98940 9188 0.96938 56 1.09014 087 0.93427 87466 13
    0.070 0.99070 8244 0.97302 98 1; 08283 054 0.93817 424% 14
    0.065 0.99193 3695 0.97649 35 1.137578 038 n. 94213 924% 15
    0; 060 0; 99308 2682 0.97976 47 1.06896 548 i: 94614 56670
    0.055 0.99415 2385 0.98283 17 1.06236 365 0.95022 55126 :87
    0.050 0.99514 0052 0.98568 24 1.05595 591 0.95437 09099
    0.045 0.99604 3013 0.98830 52 1.04972 640 0.95858 41038 :;
    0.040 0. 99685 8722 0.99068 al 1.04366 194 0.96286 74711
    0.035 0.99758 4771 0.99282 12 1.03775 135 0.96722 35311 22;
    0.030 0.99821 a937 0.99469 37 I.03198 503 0.97165 49596 33
    0.025 0.99875 9204 0.99629 57 1.02635 451 0.97616 46031 40
    0.020 0.99920 3795 0.99761 a9 1.02085 228 0.98075 54965 50
    0.015 0.99955 1207 0.99865 60 1.01547 157 0.98543 08813
    0.010 0.99980 0239 0.99940 12 1.01020 625 0.99019 42287 lob07
    0.005 0.99995 0015 0.99985 01 1.00505 077 0.99504 92646 200
    1.00000 0000 1.00000 00 1.00000 000 1.00000 00000 cm
    0.000
    c (-5)l
    5
    3
    c (-Z)4
    3
    II 1
    (65)5
    [ c-y1
    Si (,I,)= ; -f (.v)cos .I.-q(.r) sin .I’ Ci (,c)=J (.Y)sin .~-y [I,) ~0s .L’
    ; =1.57079 63268 <*>=nearest integer to ,!,.
    See Exat~~ple 3.
    244 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
    Table 5.3 SINE AND COSINE INTEGRALS FOR ARGUMENTS TX

    Si(Rx) Cin(ux) a: Si(sx) Cin (*.r)


    0.00000 00 0.00000 00 1.63396 48 3.32742 23
    0.31244 la 0.02457 28 21” 1.63088 98 3.36670 50
    0.61470 01 0.09708 67 1.62211 92 3.40335 al
    0.89718 92 0.21400 75 2:: 1.60871 21 3.43582 68
    1.15147 74 0.36970 10 1.59212 99 3.46297 82
    1.37076 22 0.55679 77 55:: 1.57408 24 3.48419 47
    1.55023 35 0.76666 63 1.55635 75 3.49941 45
    1.68729 94 0.98995 93 E 1.54064 a2 3.50911 a9
    1.78166 12 1.21719 42 5: a 1.52839 53 3.51426 a9
    1.83523 65 1.43932 68 5. 9 1.52065 96 3.51619 al
    1.85193 70 1.64827 75 6. 0 1.51803 39 3.51647 44
    1.83732 28 1.83737 48 1.52060 20 3.51674 38
    1.79815 90 2.00168 51 z-: 1.52794 77 3.51857 25
    1.74191 10 2.13821 22 6: 3 1.53921 04 3.52330 06
    1.67621 68 2.24595 41 1.55318 17 3.53192 30
    1.60837 27 2.32581 a2 2: 1.56843 12 3.54500 55
    1.54487 36 2.38040 96 6: 6 1.58344 97 3.56264 55
    1.49103 51 2.41370 98 1.59679 62 3.58447 72
    1.45072 37 2.43067 75 2: 1.60723 30 3.60972 10
    1.42621 05 2.43680 30 6: 9 1.61383 a5 3.63727 15
    1.41815 16 2.43765 34 7. 0 1.61608 55 3.66581 26
    1.42569 13 2.43844 23 1.61388 08 3.69395 05
    1.44667 38 2.44365 73 ;: 1.60756 la 3.72034 97
    1.47794 03 2.45676 95 7: 3 1.59785 21 3.74385 98
    1.51568 40 2.48004 47 1.58578 13 3.76362 13
    1.55583 lo 2.51446 40 ::5" 1.57257 88 3.77914 01
    1.59441 60 2.55975 53 1.55954 96 3.79032 64
    1.62792 16 2.61452 59 ::7" 1.54794 a1 3.79749 22
    1.65355 62 2.67647 93 1.53885 a4 3.80131 21
    1.66945 05 2.74269 41 ::9" 1.53309 50 3.80274 91
    1.67476 la 2.80993 76 1.53113 13 3.80295 56
    1.66968 11 2.87498 49 1.53306 26 3.80315 a3
    1.65535 02 2.93491 77 1.53860 67 3.80453 aa
    1.63369 a2 2.98737 63 1.54713 99 3.80812 16
    1.60721 aa 3.03074 73 1.55776 52 3.81467 97
    1.57870 92 3.06427 25 1.56940 54 3.82466 68
    1.55099 62 3.08807 51 1.58091 06 3.83818 15
    1.52667 49 3.10310 38 1.59117 06 3.85496 61
    1.50788 19 3.11100 53 1.59922 11 3.87444 05
    1.49612 20 3.11393 95 1.60433 29 3.89576 52
    1.49216 12 3.11435 65 1.60607 69 3.91792 84
    1.49599 24 3.11475 a2 1.60435 a5 3.93984 77
    1.50687 40 3.11746 60 1.59942 00 3.96047 61
    1.52343 40 3.12441 61 1.59180 91 3.97890 22
    1.54382 74 3.13699 91 1.58232 00 3.99443 58
    1.56593 04 3.15595 79 1.57191 16 4.00666 94
    1.58755 15 3.18134 a4 1.56161 12 4.01551 22
    1.60664 04 3.21256 74 1.55241 46 4.02119 22
    1.62147 45 3.24843 a5 1.54519 00 4.02422 80
    1.63080 69 3.28734 92 1.54059 74 4.02537 29
    1.63396 48 3.32742 23 10.0
    1.53902 91 4.02553 78

    [ 1
    (-s3)5
    [ 1
    (-s3)6

    Ci(m)=r+ln *+ln x-Cin(rxi)


    [
    c-y
    I [
    (-;)7
    I
    r+ln r=1.72194 55508
    Si(nr) are maximum values of si(x) if 7~>0is odd, and minimum values if n>O is even.
    Ci
    K )I
    NT 2 ?r ,are maximum values of ci(.z) if n>O is even, and minimum values if n>Ois
    odd. We have si(7z7r)mi-@$[1-n+2+&-. . .] (n+~0)
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 245
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS En(z) Table 5.4

    2 &(x)-x la x E3(4 E4 (x) 1~1oCx) &o(x)


    0. 00 1.00000 00 0.50000 00 0.33333 33 0.11111 11 0.05263 16
    0.01 0.99572 22 0.49027 66 0.32838 24 0.10986 82 0.05207 90
    0. 02 0.99134 50 0.48096 83 0.32352 64 0.10863 95 0.05153 21
    0.03 0.98686 87 0.47199 77 0.31876 19 0.10742 46 0.05099 11
    0. 04 0.98229 39 0.46332 39 0.31408 55 0.10622 36 0.05045 58
    0.05 0.97762 11 0.45491 88 0.30949 45 0.10503 63 0.04992 60
    0.06 0.97285 08 0.44676 09 0.30498 63 0.10386 24 0.04940 19
    0.07 0.96798 34 0.43883 27 0.30055 85 0.10270 18 0.04888 33
    0.08 0.96301 94 0.43111 97 0.29620 89 0.10155 44 0.04837 02
    0.09 0.95795 93 0.42360 96 0.29193 54 0.10042 00 0.04786 24
    0. 10 0.95280 35 0.41629 15 0.28773 61 0.09929 84 0.04736 00
    0.11 0.94755 26 0.40915 57 0.28360 90 0.09818 96 0.04686 29
    0. 12 0.94220 71 0.40219 37 0.27955 24 0.09709 34 0.04637 10
    0.13 0.93676 72 0.39539 77 0.27556 46 0.09600 95 0.04588 43
    0. 14 0.93123 36 0.38876 07 0.27164 39 0. 09,493 80 0.04540 27
    0.15 0.92560 67 0.38227 61 0.26778 89 0.09387 86 0.04492 62
    0. 16 0.91988 70 0.37593 80 0.26399 79 0.09,283 12 0.04445 47
    0.17 0.91407 48 0.36974 08 0.26026 96 0.09179 56 0.04398 82
    0.18 0.90817 06 0.36367 95 0.25660 26 0.09077 18 0.04352 66
    0.19 0.90217 50 0.35774 91 0.25299 56 0.08975 95 0.04306 98
    0.20 0.89608 82 0.35194 53 0.24944 72 0.081375 87 0.04261 79
    0.21 0.88991 09 0.34626 38 0.24595 63 0.08'776 93 0.04217 07
    0. 22 0.88364 33 0.34070 05 0.24252 16 0.08679 10 0.04172 82
    0.23 0.87728 60 0.33525 18 0.23914 19 0. 08!582 38 0.04129 03
    0. 24 0.87083 93 0.32991 42 0.23581 62 0.08486 75 0.04085 71
    0.25 0.86430 37 0.32468 41 0.23254 32 0.08392 20 0.04042 85
    0.26 0.85767 97 0.31955 85 0.22932 21 0.08298 72 0.04000 43
    0.27 0.85096 76 0.31453 43 0.22615 17 0.08206 30 0.03958 46
    0.28 0.84416 78 0.30960 86 0.22303 11 0.08U4 92 0.03916 93
    0.29 0.83728 08 0.30477 87 0.21995 93 0.08024 57 0.03875 84
    0.30 0.83030 71 0.30004 18 0.21693 52 0.07935 24 0.03835 18
    0.82324 69 0.29539 56 0.21395 81 0.07846 93 0.03794 95
    i-33: 0.81610 07 0.29083 74 0.21102 70 0.07759 60 0.03755 15
    0: 33 0.80886 90 0.28636 52 0.20814 11 0.07673 27 0.03715 76
    0.34 0.80155 21 0.28197 65 0.20529 94 0.07587 90 0.03676 78
    0.35 0.79415 04 0.27766 93 0.20250 13 0.07503 50 0.03638 22
    0.78666 44 0.27344 16 0.19974 58 0.07420 06 0.03600 06
    8% 0.77909 43 0.26929 13 0.19703 22 0.07337 55 0.03562 31
    p; 0.77144 07 0.26521 65 0.19435 97 0 072!55 97 0.03524 95
    . 0.76370 39 0.26121 55 0.19172 76 0:071!75 31 0.03487 98
    0.40 0.75588 43 0.25728 64 0.18913 52 0.07095 57 0.03451 40
    0.41 0.74798 23 0.25342 76 0.18658 16 0.07016 71 0.03415 21
    0.42 0.73999 82 0.24963 73 0.18406 64 0.06938 75 0.03379 39
    0.43 0.73193 24 0.24591 41 0.18158 87 0.06061 67 0.03343 96
    0.44 0.72378 54 0.24225 63 0.17914 79 0. 06785 45 0.03308 89
    0.45 0.71555 75 0.23866 25 0.17674 33 0.06710 09 0.03274 20
    0. 46 0.70724 91 0.23513 13 0.17437 44 0.06635 58 0.03239 87
    0.47 0.69886 05 0.23166 12 0.17204 05 0.06561 91 0.03205 90
    0.48 0.69039 21 0.22825 08 0.16974 10 0.06489 07 0.03172 29
    0. 49 0.68184 43 0.22489 90 0.16747 53 0.064117 04 0.03139 03
    0.50 0.67321 75 0.22160 44 0.1652428 0. 06?145 83 0.03106 12
    c-y
    1. 1 II 1
    C-i)5 (-;)I
    II 1 c(-92 1 c 1
    (-;I7

    &X Examples 4-6.


    246 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 5.4 EXPONENTIAL INTEGR.4LS E,(r)

    Ed4 Edx) E4b3 EIO(X) &o(x)


    o.“so 0.32664 39 0.22160 44 0.16524 28 0.06345 83 0.03106 12
    0.51 0.32110 62 0.21836 57 0.16304 30 0.06275 42 0.03073 56
    0.52 0.31568 63 0.21518 18 0.16087 53 0.06205 80 0.03041 34
    0. 53 0.31038 07 0.21205 16 0.15873 92 0.06136 96 0.03009 46
    0. 54 0.30518 62 0.20897 39 0.15663 41 0.06068 89 0.02977 91

    0.55 0.30009 96 0.20594 75 0.15455 96 0.06001 59 0.02946 70


    0. 56 0.29511 79 0.20297 15 0.15251 50 0.05935 05 0.02915 81
    0.51 0.29023 82 0.20004 48 0.15050 00 0.05869 25 0.02885 25
    0.58 0.28545 78 0.19716 64 0.14851 39 0.05804 19 0.02855 01
    0. 59 0.28077 39 0.19433 53 0.14655 65 0.05739 86 0.02825 08

    0.60 0.27618 39 0.19155 06 0.14462 71 0.05676 26 0.02795 48


    0.61 0.27168 55 0.18881 14 0.14272 53 0.05613 36 0.02766 18
    0. 62 0.26727 61 0.18611 66 0.14085 07 0.05551 18 0.02737 19
    0. 63 0.26295 35 0.18346 56 0.13900 28 0.05489 69 0.02708 50
    0. 64 0.25871 54 0.18085 73 0.13718 13 0.05428 89 0.02680 12

    0. 65 0.25455 97 0.17829 10 0.13538 55 0.05368 77 0.02652 04


    0.66 0.25048 44 0.17576 58 0.13361 53 0.05309 33 0.02624 25
    0. 61 0.24648 74 0.17328 10 0.13187 01 0.05250 55 0.02596 75
    0. 68 0.24256 67 0.17083 58 0.13014 95 0.05192 43 0.02569 54
    0.69 0.23872 06 0.16842 94 0.12845 33 0.05134 97 0.02542 62

    0. 70 0.23494 71 0.16606 12 0.12678 08 0.05078 15 0.02515 98


    0. 71 0.23124 46 0.16373 03 0.12513 19 0.05021 96 0.02489 62
    0. 72 0.22761 14 0.16143 60 0.12350 61 0.04966 40 0.02463 53
    0. 73 0.22404 57 0.15917 78 0.12190 31 0.04911 47 0.02437 72
    0. 74 0.22054 61 0.15695 49 0.12032 24 0.04857 15 0.02412 19

    0.75 0.21711 09 0.15476 67 0.11876 38 0.04803 44 0. 02386 92


    0. 76 0.21373 88 0.15261 25 0.11722 70 0.04750 33 0.02361 91
    0. 77 0.21042 82 0.15049 17 0.11571 15 0.04697 81 0.02337 17
    0. 78 0.20717 77 0.14840 37 0.11421 70 0.04645 88 0.02312 69
    0. 79 0.20398 60 0.14634 79 0.11274 33 0.04594 53 0.02288 46

    0.80 0.20085 17 0.14432 38 0.11129 00 0.04543 76 0.02264 49


    0.81 0.19777 36 0.14233 07 0.10985 67 0.04493 56 0.02240 78
    0. 82 0.19475 04 0.14036 81 0.10844 33 0.04443 91 0.02217 31
    0. 83 0.19178 10 0.13843 55 0.10704 93 0.04394 82 0.02194 08
    0. 84 0.18886 41 0.13653 24 0.10567 44 0.04346 28 0.02171 11
    0.85 0.18599 86 0.13465 81 0.10431 85 0.04298 29 0.02148 37
    0.86 0.18318 33 0.13281 22 0.10298 12 0.04250 82 0.02125 87
    0. 87 0.18041 73 0.13099 43 0.10166 22 0.04203 89 0.02103 61
    0.88 0.17769 94 0.12920 37 0.10036 12 0.04157 49 0.02081 58
    0.89 0.17502 87 0.12744 01 0.09907 80 0.04111 60 0.02059 78

    0.90 0.17240 41 0.12570 30 0.09781 23 0.04066 22 0.02038 21


    0.91 0.16982 47 0.12399 19 0.09656 39 0.04021 35 0.02016 87
    0.92 0.16728 95 0.12230 63 0.09533 24 0.03976 98 0.01995 75
    0.93 0.16479 77 0.12064 59 0.09411 77 0.03933 11 0.01974 86
    0.94 0.16234 82 0.11901 02 0.09291 94 0.03889 73 0.01954 18
    0.95 0.15994 04 0.11739 88 0.09173 74 0.03846 83 0.01933 72
    0.96 0.15757 32 0.11581 13 0.09057 13 0.03804 41 0.01913 47
    0.97 0.15524 59 0.11424 72 0.08942 11 0.03762 46 0.01893 44
    0.98 0.15295 78 0.11270 63 0.08828 63 0.03720 98 0.01873 62
    0.99 0.15070 79 0.11118 80 0.08716 69 0.03679 96 0.01854 01
    1.00 0.10969 20 0.01834 60

    cc-y1 [ c-y1 c(-;I11


    0.14849 55 0.08606 25 0.03639 40

    [I(-P4
    1
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 247
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS E,(z) Table 5.4,
    .I: 82 (.r) &::I(J) JY4 (A) ~,~(.r) -f320 (.I.)
    1.00 0.14849 55 0.10969 20 0.08606 25 0.03639 40 0.01834 60
    1. 01 0.14631 99 0.10821 79 0.08497 30 0.03599 29 0.01815 39
    1.02 0.14418 04 0.10676 54 0.08389 81 0.03559 63 0.01796 39
    1. 03 0.14207 63 0.10533 42 0.08283 76 0.03520 41 0.01777 59
    1.04 0.14000 68 0.10392 38 0.08179 13 0.03481 63 0.01758 98
    1.05 0.13797 13 0.10253 39 0.08075 90 0.03443 28 0.01740 57
    1. 06 0.13596 91 0.10116 43 0.07974 06 0.03405 35 0.01722 35
    1. 07 0.13399 96 0.09981 45 0.07873 57 0.03367 85 0.01704 33
    1. 08 0.13206 22 0.09848 42 0.07774 42 0.03330 77 0.01686 49
    1.09 0.13015 62 0.09717 31 0.07676 59 0.03294 10 0.01668 84
    1.10 0.12828 11 0.09588 09 0.07580 07 0.03257 84 0.01651 37
    1. 11 0.12643 62 0.09460 74 0.07484 83 0.03221 98 0.01634 09
    1.12 0.12462 10 0.09335 21 0.07390 85 0.03186 52 0.01616 99
    1.13 0.12283 50 0.09211 49 0.07298 12 0.03151 45 0.01600 07
    1. 14 0.12107 75 0.09089 53 0.07206 61 0.03116 78 0.01583 33
    1.15 0.11934 81 0.08969 32 0.07116 32 0.03082 49 0.01566 76
    1. 16 0.11764 62 0.08850 83 0.07027 22 0.03048 58 0.01550 37
    1.17 0.11597 14 0.08734 02 0.06939 30 0.03015 05 0.01534 14
    1. 18 0.11432 31 0.08618 88 0.06852 53 0.02981 89 0.01518 09
    1.19 0.11270 08 0.08505 37 0.06766 91 0.02949 10 0.01502 21
    1.20 0.11110 41 0.08393 47 0.06682 42 0.02916 68 0.01486 49
    1. 21 0.10953 25 0.08283 15 0.06599 04 0.02884 61 0.01470 94
    1.22 0.10798 55 0.08174 39 0.06516 75 0.02852 90 0.01455 55
    1.23 0.10646 27 0.08067 17 0.06435 55 0.02821 55 0.01440 32
    1.24 0.10496 37 0.07961 46 0.06355 40 0.02790 54 0.01425 26
    1.25 0.10348 81 0.07857 23 0.06276 31 0.02759 88 0.01410 35
    1.26 0.10203 53 0.07754 47 0.06198 25 0.02729 55 0.01395 59
    1.27 0.10060 51 0.07653 16 0.06121 22 0.02699 57 0.01381 00
    1.28 0.09919 70 0.07553 26 0.06045 19 0.02669 91 0.01366 55
    1.29 0.09781 06 0.07454 76 0.05970 15 0.02640 59 0.01352 26
    1.30 0.09644 55 0.07357 63 0.05896 09 0.02611 59 0.01338 11
    1. 31 0.09510 15 0.07261 86 0.05822 99 0.02582 91 0.01324 12
    1.32 0.09377 80 0.07167 42 0.05750 85 0.02554 55 0.01310 27
    1.33 0.09247 47 0.07074 29 0.05679 64 0.02526 51 0.01296 57
    1.34 0.09119 13 0.06982 46 0.05609 36 0.02498 78 0.01283 01
    1.35 0.08992 75 0.06891 91 0.05539 98 0.02471 35 0.01269 59
    1. 36 0.08868 29 0.06802 60 0.05471 51 0.02444 23 0.01256 31
    1. 37 0.08745 71 0.06714 53 0.05403 93 0.02417 41 0.01243 17
    1. 38 0.08624 99 0.06627 68 0.05337 22 0.02390 88 0.01230 17
    1. 39 0.08506 10 0.06542 03 0.05271 37 0.02364 65 0.01217 31
    1. 40 0.08388 99 0.06457 55 0.05206 37 0.02338 72 0.01204 58
    1.41 0.08273 65 0.06374 24 0.05142 22 0.02313 06 0.01191 98
    1.42 0.08160 04 0.06292 07 0.05078 89 0.02287 70 0.01179 52
    1.43 0.08048 13 0.06211 04 0.05016 37 0.02262 61 0.01167 19
    1.44 0.07937 89 0.06131 11 0.04954 66 0.02237 80 0.01154 99
    1.45 0.07829 30 0.06052 27 0.04893 74 0.02213 27 0.01142 91
    1.46 0.07722 33 0.05974 52 0.04833 61 0.02189 01 0.01130 96
    1.47 0.07616 94 0.05897 82 0.04774 25 0.02165 01 0.01119 14
    1. 48 0.07513 13 0.05822 17 0.04715 65 0.02141 28 0.01107 44
    1.49 0.07410 85 0.05747 55 0.04657 80 0.02117 82 0.01095 86
    1.50 0.07310 08 0.05673 95 0.04600 70 0.02094 61 0.01084 40
    1.51 0.07210 80 0.05601 35 0.04544 32 0.02071 67 0;01073 07
    1.52 0.07112 98 0.05529 73 0.04488 67 0.02048 97 0.01061 85
    1.53 0.07016 60 0.05459 08 0.04433 72 0.02026 53 0.01050 75
    1.54 0.06921 64 0.05389 39 0.04379 48 0.02004 33 0.01039 77
    1.55 0.06828 07 0.05320 64 0.04325 93 0.01982 38 0.01028 90
    1.56 0.06735 87 0.05252 83 0.04273 07 0.01960 67 0.01018 15
    1. 57 0.06645 02 0.05185 92 0.04220 87 0.01939 21 0.01007 50
    1.58 0.06555 49 0.05119 92 0.04169 35 0.01917 98 0.00996 97
    1.59 0.06467 26 0.05054 81 0.04118 47 0.01896 98 0.00986 56
    1.60 0.06380 32 0.04990 57 0.04068 25 0.01876 22 0.00976 24

    [ 1 [ 1
    C-3615 C-i)3
    [
    c-y
    I [
    (-;I6
    I [ 1
    C-l)3
    248 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 5.4 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS E,,(z)

    I& (.r) Id:< (.r) E14(T) J%o(.r) Go (J)


    l.iO
    1. 61
    0.06380
    0.06294
    32
    64
    0.04990
    0.04927
    57
    20
    0.04068
    0.04018
    25
    66
    0.01876
    0.01855
    22
    68
    0.00976
    0.00966
    24
    04
    1. 62 0.06210 20 0.04864 67 0.03969 70 0.01835 38 0.00955 95
    1.63 0.06126 98 0.04802 99 0.03921 36 0.01815 30 0.00945 96
    1. 64 0.06044 97 0.04742 13 0.03873 64 0.01795 43 0.00936 07

    1. 65 0.05964 13 0.04682 09 0.03826 52 0.01775 79 0.00926 29


    1.66 0.05884 46 0.04622 84 0.03779 99 0.01756 37 0.00916 61
    1. 61 0.05805 94 0.04564 39 0.03734 06 0.01737 16 0.00907 03
    1.68 0.05728 54 0.04506 72 0.03688 70 0.01718 16 0.00897 56
    1. 69 0.05652 26 0.04449 82 0.03643 92 0.01699 37 0.00888 18
    1. 70 0.05577 06 0.04393 67 0.03599 70 0.01680 79 0.00878 90
    1.71 0.05502 94 0.04338 27 0.03556 04 0.01662 42 0.00869 72
    1. 72 0.05429 88 0.04283 61 0.03512 93 0.01644 24 0.00860 63
    1.73 0.05357 86 0.04229 67 0.03470 37 0.01626 27 0.00851 64
    1.74 0.05286 86 0.04176 45 0.03428 34 0.01608 50 0.00842 74
    1.75 0.05216 87 0.04123 93 0.03386 84 0.01590 92 0.00833 94
    1.76 0.05147 88 0.04072 11 0.03345 86 0.01573 54 0.00825 22
    1.77 0.05079 86 0.04020 97 0.03305 39 0.01556 34 0.00816 60
    1.78 0.05012 81 0.03970 51 0.03265 44 0.01539 34 0.00808 07
    1.79 0.04946 70 0.03920 71 0.03225 98 0.01522 53 0.00799 63

    1.80 0.04881 53 0.03871 57 0.03187 02 0.01505 90 0.00791 28


    1.81 0.04817 27 0.03823 08 0.03148 55 0.01489 45 0.00783 02
    1. 82 0.04753 92 0.03775 22 0.03110 56 0.01473 18 0.00774 84
    1. 83 0.04691 46 0.03728 00 0.03073 04 0.01457 10 0.00766 74
    1. 84 0.04629 87 0.03681 39 0.03035 99 0.01441 19 0.00758 74

    1. 85 0.04569 15 0.03635 40 0.02999 41 0.01425 46 0.00750 81


    1. 86 0.04509 28 0.03590 01 0.02963 28 0.01409 90 0.00742 97
    1.87 0.04450 24 0.03545 21 0.02927 61 0.01394 51 0.00735 21
    1. 88 0.04392 03 0.03501 00 0.02892 38 0.01379 29 0.00727 53
    1. 89 0.04334 63 0.03457 37 0.02857 59 0.01364 24 0.00719 93
    1.90 0.04278 03 0.03414 30 0.02823 23 0.01349 35 0.00712 42
    1.91 0.04222 22 0.03371 80 0.02789 30 0.01334 63 0.00704 98
    1.92 0.04167 18 0.03329 86 0.02755 79 0.01320 07 0.00697 62
    1.93 0.04112 91 0.03288 46 0.02722 70 0.01305 67 0.00690 33
    1.94 0.04059 38 0.03247 59 0.02690 02 0.01291 43 0.00683 12

    1.95 0.04006 60 0.03207 27 0.02657 75 0.01277 34 0.00675 99


    1. 96 0.03954 55 0.03167 46 0.02625 87 0.01263 41 0.00668 93
    1.97 0.03903 22 0.03128 17 0.02594 40 0.01249 64 0.00661 95
    1.98 0.03852 59 0.03089 39 0.02563 31 0.01236 01 0.00655 04
    1. 99 0.03802 67 0.03051 12 0.02532 61 0.01222 54 0.00648 20

    0.03013 34 0.02502 28 0.01209 21 0.00641 43


    [(-p1
    2. 00 0.03753 43
    c-y
    1 1 [ 1
    (-l)3

    Table 5.5 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS E,,(x) FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

    T-1 (.r+2)@&(“.) (.c+3)eZE&) (r+4)e”E,(s) (z+lO)e=E,o(z) (a+20)e~E~o(.c)


    0. 50 1.10937 1.11329 1.10937 1.07219 1.04270
    0.45 1.09750 1.10285 1.10071 1.06926 1.04179
    0.40 1.08533 1.09185 1.09136 1.06586 1.04067
    0.35 1.07292 1.08026 1.08125 1.06187
    0.30 1.06034 1.06808 1.07031 1.05712 t 00:;::
    0.25 1.04770 1.05536 1.05850 1.05138 1:03543
    0.20 1.03522 1.04222 1.04584 1.04432 1.03249
    0.15 1.02325 1.02895 1.03247 1.03550 1.02837
    0.10 1.01240 1.01617 1.01889 1.02436 1.02222
    0.09 1.01045 1.01377 1.01624 1.02182 1.02060
    0.08 1.00861 1.01147 1.01366 1.01917 1.01883
    0. 07 1.00688 1.00927 1.01116 1.01642 1.01688
    0.06 1.00528 1.00721 1.00878 1.01472
    0.05 1.00384 1.00531 1.00654 :* %!8 1.01234
    0.04 1.00258 1.00361 1.00451 1:00790
    0. 03 1.00152 1.00217 1.00275 1.00516 :* ~0096;;
    0.02 1.00071 1.00103 1.00133 1.00271 1:00401
    0.01 1.00019 1.00027 1.00036 1.00081 1.00137
    0.00

    <.r>=nearest integer to .I’.


    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 249
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 5.6
    zeZEl(2)
    St? .f R 9 $3 .Y- ?z 4 & Jf
    Y\X -19 -18 -17 -16 -15
    1.063087 0.000001 1.067394 0.000002 1.072345 0.000006 1.078103 0.000014
    f 1.059090
    1.059305 0.003539
    0.000000 1.062827 0.004010 1.067073 0.004584 1.071942 0.005296 1.077584 0.006195
    1.062061 0.007918 1.066135 0.009032 1.070774 0.010403 1.076102 0.012118
    : 1.058456
    1.057431 0.007000
    0.010310 1.060829 0.011633 1.064636 0.013226 1.068925 0.015172 1.073783 0.017579
    4 1.056058 0.013410 1.059190 0.015079 1.062657 0.017075 1.066508 0.019486 1.070793 0.022432
    5 1.054391 0.016252 1.057215 0.018202 1.060297 0.020512 1.063659 0.023272 1.067318 0.026598
    6 1.052490 0.018806 1.054981 0.020969 1.057655 0.023505 1.060510 0.026499 1.063538 0.030055
    ; 1.050413
    1.048217 0.021055
    0.022996 1.052565 0.023364 1.054829 0.026044 1.057187 0.029167 1.059610 0.032823
    1.050037 0.025391 1.051905 0.028141 1.053795 0.031306 1.055664 0.034957
    9 1.045956 0.024637 1.047458 0.027066 1.048958 0.029824 1.050421 0.032960 1.051797 0.036527
    10 1.043672 0.025993 1.044880 0.028412 1.046045 0.031130 1.047129 0.034183 1.048081 0.037609
    1.042345 0.029461 1.043212 0.032102 1.043967 0.035034 1.044559 0.038282
    :: 1.039177
    1.041402 0.027940
    0.027086 1.039882 0.030245 1.040490 0.032781 1.040965 0.035567 1.041259 0.038616
    1.037515 0.030796 1.037901 0.033211 1.038140 0.035836 1.038192 0.038677
    :i 1.034942
    1.037018 0.028581
    0.029034 1.035259 0.031148 1.035456 0.033431 1.035501 0.035888 1.035359 0.038520
    1.033123 0.031330 1.033162 0.033476 1.033049 0.035765 1.032754 0.038193
    :z 1.032959
    1.031076 0.029477
    0.029326 1.031110 0.031368 1.031019 0.033377 1.030780 0.035502 1.030365 0.037735
    1.029222 0.031288 1.029025 0.033162 1.028685 0.035129 1.028180 0.037179
    :'8 1.029296
    1.027620 0.029511
    0.029445 1.027456 0.031110 1.027174 0.032855 1.026756 0.034672 1.026183 0.036552
    19 1.026046 0.029296 1.025809 0.030854 1.025459 0.032474 1.024981 0.034150 1.024360 0.035873
    20 1.024570 0.029080 1.024275 0.030534 1.023872 0.032037 1.023349 0.033582 1.022695 0.035160

    Y\X -14 -13 -12 -11 -10


    1.084892 0.000037 1.093027 0.000092 1.102975 0.000232 1.115431 0.000577 1.131470 0.001426
    1.084200 0.007359 1.092067 0.008913 1.101566 0.011063 1.113230 0.014169 1.127796 0.018879
    1.082276 0.014306 1.089498 0.017161 1.098025 0.020981 1.108170 0.026241 1.120286 0.033700
    1.079313 0.020604 1.085635 0.024471 1.092873 0.029507 1.101137 0.036189 1.110462 0.045218
    1.075560 0.026075 1.080853 0.030637 1.086686 0.036422 1.093013 0.043843 1.099666 0.053451
    1.071279 0.030642 1.075522 0.035599 1.079985 0.041724 1.084526 0.049336 1.088877 0.058817
    1.066708 0.034303 1.069960 0.039405 1.073185 0.045552 1.076197 0.052967 1.078701 0.061886
    1.062046 0.037117 1.064412 0.042169 1.066578 0.048115 1.068350 0.055093 1.069450 0.063225
    1.057448 0.039174 1.059054 0.044041 1.060352 0.049644 1.061159 0.056057 1.061235 0.063322
    1.053021 0.040580 1.053997 0.045176 1.054606 0.050359 1.054687 0.056158 1.054046 0.062566
    1.048834 0.041444 1.049303 0.045719 1.049380 0.050452 1.048933 0.055640 1.047807 0.061249
    1.044928 0.041867 1.044997 0.045801 1.044674 0.050084 1.043853 0.054695 1.042417 0.059584
    1.041320 0.041938 1.041080 0.045531 1.040464 0.049384 1.039389 0.053465 1.037766 0.057719
    1.038010 0.041734 1.037537 0.044999 1.036713 0.048452 1.035473 0.052056 1.033752 0.055758
    1.034989 0.041321 1.034344 0.044277 1.033378 0.047365 1.032040 0.050547 1.030282 0.053773
    1.032241 0.040751 1.031474 0.043422 1.030414 0.046180 1.029026 0.048991 1.027274 0.051808
    1.029747 0.040066 1.028895 0.042477 1.027781 0.044941 1.026377 0.047428 1.024658 0.049894
    1.027486 0.039301 1.026579 0.041475 1.025438 0.043679 1.024043 0.045883 1.022375 0.048049
    1.025437 0.038481 1.024499 0.040444 1.023352 0.042417 1.021981 0.044374 1.020375 0.046282
    1.023580 0.037629 1.022628 0.039401 1.021489 0.041170 1.020155 0.042912 1.018617 0.044599

    1.021896 0.036759 1.020942 0.038361 1.019824 0.039950 1.018533 0.041505 1.017066 0.043001

    -8 -7 -6 -5
    1.152759 0.003489 1.181848 0.008431 1.222408 0.020053 1.278884 0.046723 1.353831 0.105839
    1.146232 0.026376 1.169677 0.038841 1.199049 0.060219 1.233798 0.097331 1.268723 0.160826
    1.134679 0.044579 1.151385 0.060814 1.169639 0.085335 1.186778 0.122162 1.196351 0.175646
    1.120694 0.057595 1.131255 0.074701 1.140733 0.098259 1.146266 0.130005 1.142853 0.170672
    1.106249 0.065948 1.111968 0.082156 1.115404 0.102861 1.114273 0.128440 1.105376 0.158134

    1.092564 0.070592 1.094818 0.085055 1.094475 0.102411 1.089952 0.122397 1.079407 0.143879
    1.080246 0.072520 1.080188 0.084987 1.077672 0.099188 1.071684 0.114638 1.061236 0.130280
    1.069494 0.072580 1.067987 0.083120 1.064339 0.094618 1.057935 0.106568 1.048279 0.118116
    1.060276 0.071425 1.057920 0.080250 1.053778 0.089537 1.047493 0.098840 1.038838 0.107508
    1.052450 0.069523 1.049645 0.076885 1.045382 0.084405 1.039464 0.091717 1.031806 0.098337

    1.045832 0.067197 1.042834 0.073340 1.038659 0.079462 1.033205 0.085271 1.026459 0.090413
    :i 1.040241 0.064664 1.037210 0.069803 1.033231 0.074821 1.028260 0.079488 1.022317 0.083544
    1.035508 0.062063 1.032539 0.066381 1.028808 0.070524 1.024300 0.074315 1.019052 0.077561
    :: 1.031490 0.059482 1.028638 0.063128 1.025171 0.066576 1.021090 0.069688 1.016439 0.072320
    14 1.028065 0.056975 1.025359 0.060070 1.022152 0.062962 1.018458 0.065542 1.014319 0.067702

    1.025132 0.054573 1.022583 0.057215 1.019626 0.059658 1.016277 0.061817 1.012577 0.063610
    :'b 1.022608 0.052291 1.020219 0.054559 1.017494 0.056638 1.014452 0.058460 1.011130 0.059962
    1.020426 0.050135 1.018192 0.052094 1.015681 0.053874 1.012912 0.055424 1.009915 0.056694
    :; 1.018530 0.048106 1.016444 0.049806 1.014129 0.051341 1.011600 0.052670 1.008887 0.053752
    19 1.016874 0.046201 1.014929 0.047684 1.012790 0.049015 1.010476 0.050161 1.008009 0.051092

    20 1.015422 0.044413 1.013607 0.045714 1.011629 0.046875 1.009505 0.047870 1.007254 0.048675

    For [21>4, linear interpolation will yield about four decimals, eight-point interpolation will
    yield about six decimals.
    See Example39 -10.
    250 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 5.6 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS


    .zeZEl (2)
    .?A P 9f .f .% ./ 92 9 & 9
    Y\X -4 -3 -2 -1 0
    0 1.438208 0.230161 1.483729 0.469232 1.340965 0.850337 0.697175 1.155727 0.577216 0.000000
    1.287244 0.263705 1.251069 0.410413 1.098808 0.561916 0.813486 0.570697 0.621450 0.343378
    : 1.185758 0.247356 1.136171 0.328439 1.032990 0.388428 0.896419 0.378838 0.798042 0.289091
    3 1.123282 0.217835 1.080316 0.262814 1.013205 0.289366 0.936283 0.280906 0.875873 0.237665
    4 1.085153 0.189003 1.051401 0.215118 1.006122 0.228399 0.957446 0.222612 0.916770 0.198713
    1.061263 0.164466 1.035185 0.180487 1.003172 0.187857 0.969809 0.183963 0.940714 0.169481
    2 1.045719 0.144391 1.025396 0.154746 1.001788 0.159189 0.977582 0.156511 0.955833 0.147129
    7 1.035205 0.128073 1.019109 0.135079 1.001077 0.137939 0.982756 0.136042 0.965937 0.129646
    1.027834 0.114732 1.014861 0.119660 1.000684 0.121599 0.986356 0.120218 0.972994 0.115678
    9" 1.022501 0.103711 1.011869 0.107294 1.000454 0.108665 0.988955 0.107634 0.978103 0.104303
    1.018534 0.094502 1.009688 0.097181 1.000312 0.098184 0.990887 0.097396 0.981910 0.094885
    :; 1.015513 0.086718 1.008052 0.088770 1.000221 0.089525 0.992361 0.088911 0.984819 0.086975
    1.013163 0.080069 1.006795 0.081673 1.000161 0.082255 0.993508 0.081769 0.987088 0.080245
    :: 1.011303 0.074333 1.005809 0.075609 1.000119 0.076067 0.994418 0.075676 0.988891 0.074457
    14 1.009806 0.069340 1.005022 0.070371 1.000090 0.070738 0.995151 0.070419 0.990345 0.069429
    1.008585 0.064959 1.004384 0.065803 1.000070 0.066102 0.995751 0.065838 0.991534 0.065024
    :2 1.007577 0.061086 1.003859 0.061786 1.000055 0.062032 0.996246 0.061812 0.992518 0.061135
    1.006735 0.057640 1.003423 0.058227 1.000043 0.058432 0.996661 0.058246 0.993342 0.057677
    :8' 1.006025 0.054555 1.003057 0.055052 1.000035 0.055224 0;997011 0.055066 0.994038 0.054583
    19 1.005420 0.051779 1.002747 0.052202 1.000028 0.052349 0.997309 0.052214 0.994631 0.051801
    20 1.004902 0.049267 1.002481 0.049631 1.000023 0.049757 0.997565 0.049640 0.995140 0.049284

    Y\X 1 2 3 4 5
    0 0.596347 0.000000 0.722657 0.000000 0.786251 0.000000 0.825383 0.000000 0.852111 0.000000
    : 0.777514
    0.673321 0.147864
    0.1865.70 0.747012
    0.796965 0.075661
    0.118228 0.797036 0.045686 0.831126 0.030619 0.855544 0.021985
    0.823055 0.078753 0.846097 0.055494 0.864880 0.040999
    0.853176 0.096659 0.865521 0.072180 0.877860 0.055341
    : 0.847468
    0.891460 0.165207
    0.181226 0.844361
    0.881036 0.131686
    0.132252 0.880584 0.103403 0.885308 0.081408 0.892143 0.064825
    0.919826 0.148271 0.907873 0.125136 0.903152 0.103577 0.903231 0.085187 0.906058 0.070209
    2 0.938827 0.132986 0.927384 0.116656 0.921.006 0.100357 0.918527 0.085460 0.918708 0.072544
    0.952032 0.119807 0.941722 0.107990 0.934958 0.095598 0.931209 0.083666 0.929765 0.072792
    i 0.961512 0.108589 0.952435 0.099830 0.945868 0.090303 0.941594 0.080755 0.939221 0.071700
    9 0.968512 0.099045 0.960582 0.092408 0.954457 0.084986 0.950072 0.077313 0.947219 0.069799
    10 0.973810 0.090888 0.966885 0.085758 0.961283 0.079898 0.957007 0.073688 0.953955 0.067447
    0.977904 0.083871 0.971842 0.079836 0.966766 0.075147 0.962708 0.070080 0.959626 0.064878
    :: 0.981127 0.077790 0.975799 0.074567 0.971216 0.070769 0.967423 0.066599 0.964412 0.062242
    13 0.983706 0.072484 0.979000 0.069873 0.974865 0.066762 0.971351 0.063300 0.968464 0.059630
    14 0.985799 0.067822 0.981621 0.065679 0.977888 0.063104 0.974646 0.060206 0.971911 0.057096
    15 0.987519 0.063698 0.983791 0.061921 0.980414 0.059767 0.977430 0.057322 0.974858 0.054671
    0.985606 0.058539 0.982544 0.056723 0.979799 0.054644 0.977391 0.052371
    :; 0.988949
    0.990149 0.060029
    0.056745 0.987138 0.055485 0.984353 0.053941 0.981827 0.052162 0.979579 0.050200
    18 0.991167 0.053792 0.988442 0.052717 0.985902 0.051394 0.983574 0.049861 0.981478 0.048160
    19 0.992036 0.051122 0.989561 0.050199 0.987237 0.049057 0.985089 0.047728 0.983135 0.046245
    20 0.992784 0.048699 0.990527 0.047900 0.988395 0.046909 0.986410 0.045749 0.984587 0.044449

    Y\X 6 7 8 9 10
    0 0.871606 0.000000 0.886488 0.000000 0.898237 0.000000 0.907758 0.000000 0.915633 0.000000
    0.873827 0.016570 0.888009 0.012947 0.899327 0.010401 0.908565 0.008543 0.916249 0.007143
    : 0.880023 0.031454 0.892327 0.024866 0.902453 0.020140 0.910901 0.016639 0.918040 0.013975
    3 0.889029 0.043517 0.898793 0.034995 0.907236 0.028693 0.914531 0.023921 0.920856 0.020230
    4 0.899484 0.052380 0.906591 0.042967 0.913167 0.035755 0.919127 0.030145 0.924479 0.025717
    5 0.910242 0.058259 0.914952 0.048780 0.919729 0.041242 0.924336 0.035208 0.928664 0.030334
    0.920534 0.061676 0.923283 0.052667 0.926481 0.045242 0.929836 0.039123 0.933175 0.034063
    ; 0.929945 0.063220 0.931193 0.054971 0.933096 0.047942 0.935365 0.041986 0.937807 0.036944
    0.938313 0.063425 0.938469 0.056047 0.939359 0.049570 0.940731 0.043936 0.942398 0.039060
    i 0.945629 0.062714 0.945023 0.056211 0.945154 0.050349 0.945812 0.045128 0.946833 0.040514
    10 0.951965 0.061408 0.950850 0.055725 0.950427 0.050481 0.950535 0.045711 0.951035 0.041413
    0.957427 0.059735 0.955987 0.054790 0.955176 0.050135 0.954870 0.045818 0.954959 0.041861
    :: 0.962128 0.057855 0.960495 0.053560 0.959421 0.049444 0.958814 0.045563 0.958586 0.041948
    13 0.966178 0.055877 0.964444 0.052146 0.963201 0.048514 0.962379 0.045038 0.961913 0.041755
    14 0.969673 0.053874 0.967903 0.050627 0.966559 0.047425 0.965591 0.044319 0.964949 0.041347
    15 0.972699 0.051894 0.970935 0.049062 0.969539 0.046236 0.968477 0.043463 0.967710 0.040780
    0.975326 0.049966 0.973551 0.047489 0.972185 0.044992 0.971067 0.042516 0.970214 0.040095
    :7" 0.977617 0.048109 0.975940 0.045935 0.974538 0.043724 0.973393 0.041512 0.972484 0.039329
    0.979622 0.046332 0.978009 0.044419 0.976632 0.042456 0.975481 0.040477 0.974540 0.038508
    :9" 0.981384 0.044641 0.979839 0.042951 0.978500 0.041205 0.977357 0.039431 0.976402 0.037653

    20 0.982938 0.043036 0.981465 0.041538 0.980169 0.039980 0.979047 0.038388 0.978090 0.036781
    * If ~~10 or y>lO then (see [5.15])
    eZEl(z)x 0.711093 +------+--------+e,161<3~10-6.
    0.278518 0.010389
    2+0.415775 z+2.29428 z+6.2900

    El(iy)=-Ci(y)+i si(y) (y real)


    l S8e page Ix.
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 251
    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 5.6
    zezE1 (2)
    9 .P ‘J .f 9 Y x 9 .A4 4
    y\x 11 12 13 14 15
    0 0.922260 0.000000 0.927914 0.000000 0.932796 0.000000 0.937055 0.000000 0.940804 0.000000
    0.922740 0.006063 0.928295 0.005212 0.933105 0.004528 0.937308 0.003972 0.941014 0.003512
    : 0.924143 0.011902 0.929416 0.010258 0.934013 0.008932 0.938055 0.007847 0.941636 0.006949
    0.926370 0.017321 0.931205 0.014991 0.935473 0.013098 0.939261 0.011540 0.942643 0.010242
    i 0.929270 0.022171 0.933560 0.019295 0.937408 0.016934 0.940870 0.014974 0.943994 0.013331

    0.932672 0.026361 0.936356 0.023091 0.939729 0.020373 0.942816 0.018095 0.945640 0.016169
    0.936400 0.029857 0.939462 0.026339 0.942338 0.023378 0.945024 0.020867 0.947522 0.018725
    0.940297 0.032670 0.942757 0.029036 0.945140 0.025934 0.947419 0.023273 0.949582 0.020980
    0.944229 0.034847 0.946132 0.031205 0.948047 0.028052 0.949933 0.025315 0.951765 0.022931
    0.948093 0.036453 0.949500 0.032887 0.950985 0.029756 0.952502 0.027004 0.954018 0.024582

    10 0.951816 0.037566 0.952792 0.034134 0.953895 0.031081 0.955075 0.028365 0.956296 0.025949
    11 0.955347 0.038261 0.955958 0.035004 0.956729 0.032068 0.957610 0.029426 0.958563 0.027052
    12 0.958659 0.038612 0.958968 0.035552 0.959454 0.032761 0.960073 0.030221 0.960787 0.027915
    13 0.961739 0.038684 0.961800 0.035833 0.962049 0.033201 0.962443 0.030781 0.962947 0.028564
    14 0.964583 0.038534 0.964447 0.035893 0.964499 0.033428 0.964702 0.031140 0.965026 0.029024

    0.967199 0.038211 0.966907 0.035775 0.966799 0.033479 0.966843 0.031327 0.967011 0.029320
    El 0.969597 0.037756 0.969184 0.035515 0.968947 0.033384 0.968860 0.031370 0.968897 0.029476
    17 0.971789 0.037200 0.971285 0.035144 0.970946 0.033172 0.970752 0.031293 0.970680 0.029512
    18 0.973792 0.036572 0.973220 0.034687 0.972802 0.032865 0.972521 0.031117 0.972359 0.029448
    19 0.975621 0.035893 0.974999 0.034166 0.974521 0.032485 0.974172 0.030862 0.973936 0.029301

    20 0.977290 0.035179 0.976634 0.033597 0.976112 0.032049 0.975709 0.030542 0.975414 0.029086

    y\x 16 17 18 19 20
    0 0.944130 0.000000 0.947100 0.000000 0.949769 0.000000 0.952181 0.000000 0.954371 0.000000
    0.944306 0.003128 0.947250 0.002804 0.949897 0.002527 0.952291 0.002290 0.954467 0.002085
    : 0.944829 0.006196 0.947693 0.005560 0.950277 0.005016 0.952619 0.004549 0.954752 0.004144
    0.945678 0.009150 0.948416 0.008223 0.950898 0.007430 0.953156 0.006745 0.955219 0.006151
    4' 0.946824 0.011940 0.949395 0.010754 0.951741 0.009735 0.953887 0.008853 0.955856 0.008084

    0.948226 0.014529 0.950600 0.013121 0.952782 0.011904 0.954793 0.010847 0.956650 0.009922
    2 0.949842 0.016886 0.951995 0.015296 0.953995 0.013916 0.955853 0.012709 0.957581 0.011649
    7 0.951624 0.018994 0.953545 0.017265 0.955349 0.015753 0.957043 0.014425 0.958631 0.013253
    0.953527 0.020847 0.955212 0.019019 0.956815 0.017409 0.958337 0.015986 0.959779 0.014723
    9" 0.955509 0.022445 0.956960 0.020555 0.958363 0.018878 0.959712 0.017387 0.961004 0.016056

    0.957530 0.023797 0.958758 0.021878 0.959966 0.020163 0.961144 0.018628 0.962288 0.017250
    :1" 0.959559 0.024917 0.960576 0.022998 0.961598 0.021270 0.962612 0.019712 0.963611 0.018305
    0.961568 0.025823 0.962391 0.023927 0.963238 0.022207 0.964097 0.020645 0.964956 0.019227
    :: 0.963534 0.026534 0.964181 0.024679 0.964868 0.022984 0.965582 0.021436 0.966310 0.020021
    14 0.965443 0.027070 0.965931 0.025271 0.966472 0.023616 0.967052 0.022094 0.967658 0.020694

    15 0.967280 0.027453 0.967628 0.025720 0.968039 .~~__


    0.024114 0.968496 0.022629 0.968990 0.021255
    16 0.969038 0.027700 0.969264 0.026041 i;9695i8 0.024493 0.969906 0.023052 0.970297 0.021712
    0.970712 0.027831 0.970832 0.026249 0.971023 0.024765 0.971273 0.023375 0.971571 0.022075
    :i 0.972300 0.027862 0.972328 0.526361 0.972430 0.024943 0.972594 0.023607 0.972808 0.022352
    19 0.973800 0.027809 0.973751 0.026388 01973775 0;0i503s 0.973863 0.023760 0.974004 0.022552

    20 0.975215 0.027685 0.975099 0.026343 0.975057 0.025062 0.975079 0.023842 0.975155 0.022684

    EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR SMALL COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 5.7

    .9? I .?f .f .B? .f .@ 4


    y\r -4.0 -2.5
    -.- -2.5 -2.0
    -0.359552 -0.057540 -0.420509 -0.094868 -0.494576 -0.156411 -0.580650 -0.257878 -0.670483 -0.425168
    -0.347179 -0.078283 -0.400596 -0.119927 -0.462493 -0.185573 -0.528987 -0.289009 -0.587558 -0.451225
    -0.333373 -0.096648 -0.379278 -0.141221 -0.429554 -0.208800 -0.478303 -0.310884 -0.510543 -0.463193
    2: -0.318556
    -0.303109
    -0.112633
    -0.126301
    -0.357202
    -0.334923
    -0.158890
    -0.173169
    -0.396730
    -0.364785
    -0.226575
    -0.239500
    -0.429978
    -0.384941
    -0.324774
    -0.332047
    -0.441128
    -0.380013
    -0.464163
    -0.457088
    -0.287369 -0.137768 -0.312894 -0.184355 -0.334280 -0.248231 -0.343719 -0.334043 -0.327140 -0.444528

    El(z)+ln z
    Y\" -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0
    -2.895820 0.000000 -1.895118 0.000000 -1.147367 0.000000 -0.577216 0.000000
    FE -4.219228
    -4.261087 0.636779
    0.000000 -2.867070 0.462804 -1.875155 0.342700 -1.133341 0.258840 -0.567232 0.199556
    -2.781497 0.917127 -1.815717 0.679691 -1.091560 0.513806 -0.537482 0.396461
    2 -4.094686
    -3.890531 1.260867
    1.859922 -2.641121 1.354712 -1.718135 1.005410 -1.022911 0.761122 -0.488555 0.588128
    0:8 -3.611783 2.422284 -2.449241 1.767748 -1.584591 1.314586 -0.928842 0.997200 -0.421423 0.772095
    1.0 -3.265262 2.937296 -2.210344 2.149077 -1.418052 1.602372 -0.811327 1.218731 -0.337404 0.946083

    Y\X 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5


    0.0 -0.133374 0.000000 0.219384 0.000000 0.505485 0.000000 0.742048 0.000000 0.941206 0.000000
    0.2 -0.126168 0.157081 0.224661 0.126210 0.509410 0.103432 0.745014 0.086359 0.943484 0.073355
    0.4 -0.104687 0.312331 0.240402 0.251143 0.521123 0.205962 0.753871 0.172075 0.950289 0.146246
    0.6 -0.069328 0.463961 0.266336 0.373547 0.540441 0.306707 0.768490 0.256515 0.961532 0.218215
    0.8 -0.020743 0.610264 0.302022 0.492229 0.567061 0.404823 0.788664 0.339075 0.977068 0.288822
    1.0 +0.040177 0.749655 0.346856 0.606074 0.600568 0.499516 0.814107 0.419185 0.996699 0.357653
    6. Gamma Function and Related Functions

    PHILIP J. DAVIS 1

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
    6.1. Gamma Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
    6.2. Beta Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
    6.3. Psi (Digamma) Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
    6.4. Polygamma Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
    6.5. Incomplete Gamma Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
    6.6. Incomplete Beta Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
    Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
    6.7. Use and Extension of the Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
    6.8. Summation of Rational Series by Means of Polygamma Func-
    tions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
    References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
    Table 6.1. Gamma, Digamma and Trigamma Functions (1 Is_< 2) . . 267
    r(x), In I’(z), #(z), +‘(x)), x=1(.005)2, 10D
    Table 6.2. Tetragamma and Pentagamma Functions (15 ~12) . . . 271
    $“(s), $b3’(x), x=1(.01)2, 10D
    Table 6.3. Gamma and Digamma Functions for Integer and Half-
    Integer Values (1 In< 101) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

    r(n), 11s ddn), 1011

    uw, 9s n!/[(27r)%P++]e?, 8D

    r(n+3), 8s In n+(n), 8D

    n=l(l.>lOl
    Table 6.4. Logarithms of the Gamma Function (1 In < 101). . . . . . 274

    loglo r(n), 8s log,tl r(n+i), 8s

    loglo r(n+*), 8s In r(n) - (n- +) In nfn, 8D

    klo r(n+$>, 8s
    n=l(l)lOl

    1 National Bureau of Standards.

    253
    254 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Page
    Table 6.5. Auxiliary Functions for Gamma and Digamma Func-
    tions (66I:ZIm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

    2!/[(2~)%P+k-~], In r(z)-((2-i) In X+X, In z++(2)

    z-l=.015 (-.OOl)O, 8D

    Table 6.6. Factorials for Large Arguments (lOO<nI 1000) . . . . . 276


    n!, ??I=100(100) 1000, 20s

    Table 6.7. Gamma Function for Complex Arguments . . . . . . . . 277


    In I’(z+iy), x=1(.1)2, y=O(.l)lO, 12D

    Table 6.8. Digamma Function for Complex Arguments . . . . . . . 288


    #(r+iy), x=1(.1)2, y=O(.l)lO, 5D
    %‘W+iy), 10D
    S?$(l+iy)-ln y, y-l=.11 (-.Ol)O, 8D
    The author acknowledges the assistance of Mary 01-r in the preparation and checking of
    the tables; and the assistance of Patricia Farrant in checking the formulas.
    6. Gamma Function and Related Functions
    Mathematical Properties

    6.2. Gamma (Factorial) Function


    Euler’s Integral

    6.1.1 r(z)= - t’-‘e-’ 0% W’z>O)


    s0

    =k omt’-‘em”’ dt (9?2>0, 9’k>O)


    s
    Euler’s Formula
    6.1.2
    n!n'
    r(z)=lim (z#O,-1,-2, . . .)
    n+os z&+1) . . . (z+n)
    Euler’s Infinite Product

    -3

    r= lim l+k+j!j+a+. . . +;-ln 7)X-j n


    m+-
    /r
    =.57721 56649. . . -5
    Y is known as Euler’s constant and is given to 25 FIGURE 6.1. Gamma junction. *
    decimal places in chapter 1. I’(Z) is single valued
    and analytic over the entire complex plane, save -, y=r(z), - - - -, y=l/l-(z)
    for the points z=-n(n=O, 1, 2, . . . ) where it
    possesses simple poles with residue (- l)“/n!. Its
    reciprocal i/r (2) is an entire function possessing
    simple zeros at the points z=-n(n=O, 1, 2, . . .). 6.1.9 r(3/2)=#=.88622 69254. . . c(3)!

    Hankel’s Contour Integral


    6.1.10 r(,t+)=1’5’9’13 k;l’ (4n-3) r(t)
    6.1.4 &=&Jo (-t)-‘es’&
    3’ n l-(+)=3.62560 99082. , .
    i,’ The path of integration C starts at + a~ on the
    PA ,‘\ ” real axis, circles the origin in the counterclockwise 6.1.11 r(n+#)=1a4e7’10 ‘3’“’ (3n-2) r(+)
    ‘L” direction and returns to the starting point.
    \-’
    Factorial and II Notations r(+)=2.67893 85347. . .
    6.1.5 II(Z) =2!= r(2+ 1)
    6.1.12 r(n+$) =1*3*5*7 * ;; (2n-1) r(3)
    Integer Values

    6.1.6 r(n+i)=i.2.3 . . . (7+i)n=d


    6.1.13 r(n+#)=2’5’8’11 ‘3; (3n-1) r(g)
    6.1.7
    lb ----L-E o= l (n=O, 1, 2) . . .) r(#)=i.3541179394.. .
    2-ln u-4 (-n-l)!
    Fractional Values 6.1.14 r(n+f) =3’7’11’15 h;’ (4n-1) r(j)

    w =2J e-,‘&=&=1.77245 38509 . . . =(-$)!


    0
    -- r&)=1.22541 67024 . . .
    *see page II. 255
    256 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Recurrence Formulas
    i.1.29 r(i~)r(-iy)=lr(iy)[2=ysi~ny
    6.1.15 r(z+1)=zr(z)=z!=z(z-l)!

    6.1.16 il.30 r(d-+iy)r(t--iy)=lr(~+i21)12=~y


    r(n+z)=(n-l+z)(n-2+2) . . . (l+z)r(l+z)
    =(n-l+z)! il.31 r(l+iy)r(l-iy)=lr(l+iy)l2=~
    =(n-l+z)(n-2+2) . . . (l+z)z!
    Reflection Formula

    6.1.17 r(2)r(i--2)=-2r(--2)rQ)=t csc TZ Power Series


    5.1.33
    III r(l+2)=-h(l+z)+z(i--y)

    Duplication Formula +-g2 (-w-(+ll~“/~ ew>


    6.1.18 r(22)=(2?r)-*22z-* r(2) r(2++) c(m) is the Riemann Zeta Function (see chapter
    Triplication Formula
    23).
    Series Expansion * for 1 /r(z)
    6.1.19 r(32)=(2d-138*-* r(z)r(2++)r(2++)
    Gauss’ Multiplication Formula 6.1.34

    k
    6.1.20 r(nz)=(2rr)t"-"'~~'-l~~r(~+~) '1 l.oooooc~oooo 000000
    a
    2 0.57721 56649 015329 I- *-,
    Binomial Coefficient 3 -0.65587 80715 202538 \ I
    ’ s--z uz+l) 4 -0.04200 26350 340952'
    6.1.21
    0?V w!(z--w)! r(w+i)r+-w+i) 5
    6
    0.16653 86113
    -0.04219 77345
    822915'5
    555443Lit
    Pochhammer’s Symbol 7 -0.00962 19715 278770 '
    6.1.22 8 0.00721 89432 466630 -
    (z>c= 1, 9 -0.00116 51675 918591
    10 -0.00021 52416 741149
    (z).=z(z+l)(z+2) . . . @+?I-l)=W 0.00012 80502 823882
    11
    12 -0.00002 01348 547807 0
    Gamma Function in the Complex Plane -0.00000 12504 934831 1
    13
    14 0.00000 11330 272320 2,
    6.1.23 r(z)=r(2); In r(B)=ln rl.2)
    15 -0.00000 02056 338417 3
    16 0.00000 00061 160950 '-f
    6.1.24 arg r(z+i)=arg r(z)+arhnf 17 0.00000 00050 020075 3
    18 -0.00000 00011 812746 b
    19 0.00000 00001 0434271
    20 0.00000 00000 0778234
    21 -0.00000 00000 036968 A
    6.1.26
    22 0.00000 00000 005100 I'
    6.1.27 23 -0.00000 00000 000206k,
    24 -0.00000 00000 000054b
    mgr b+id =8m +n$o(--&-arctan&-) 25 0.00000 00000 000014 i;
    26 0.00000 00000 000001 (5
    (z+iy#0,-1,-2, .. .)
    2 The coeffhxents ck are from H. T. Davis, Tables of
    where ~W=rWr(2) higher mathematical functions, 2 vols., Principia Press,
    Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935 (with permission); with
    6.1.28 r(i+iy)=iy r(iy) corrections due to H. E. Salzer.
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 257
    Polynomial Approximationsa Error Term for Asymptotic Expansion

    6.1.35 Olxll 6.1.42


    r(z+1)=2!=1+a,z+u~Z+u,23+a,~~+a,zbf~(~)
    If
    . ~e(z))115XlW~
    R,(z)= In r (z)-(z-+) In Z+z--4 In (2~)
    al=-. 57486 46 al= .42455 49
    aa= .95123 63 a5=-. 10106 78
    -2 2n(iL)z an-1
    aa=-. 69985 88
    then
    6.1.36 O<x<l

    r(x+1)=2!=1+~,z+b,22+ . . . +b,xa+,(x)

    (&)(~3XlO-7 where

    bl=-. 57719 1652 K(z) =uppe;,~oundlzz/(3+24) 1


    bs= -. 75670 4078
    bz= .98820 5891 b,,= .48219 9394
    ba=-. 89705 6937 b,=-. 19352 7818 For z real and positive, R, is less in absolute value
    b4= . 91820 6857 bs= .03586 8343 than the first term neglected and has the same
    sign.
    Stirling’s Formula
    6.1.43
    6.1.37
    S?ln r(iy)=Sln r(--iy)

    4 ln (%I -+7y-*ln v, cy--++ a>


    6.1.44

    x1=&rxz+&p(-x+&J (x>O,O<O<l) 3% r(iy)=arg r(iy)=-mg r(-@)


    =-An q--iy)
    Asymptotic Formulas
    6.1.39
    r(az+b) $iiie-ae(uz)‘u+b-~ (lw 4<*, C-0) (y++ -1
    6.1.40 6.1.45 ~~21r)-“lr(z+iy)le~~1u11y11-“=1
    m
    In r(2) ~(z-+) In Z--Z++ In (274

    +& 2m(2mB>)z”-1 (2-m in Jarg z/<T)

    For B, see chapter 23


    6.1.41
    Zt,-a r(z+a)-,+(a-b)(a+b-1)
    In r(2) ‘v(2-*) In z-z+& In (2~)+&&: w+b) 22

    +&pi”) (3(a+b--1)2-a+b-l);+ ...


    (z+w in larg zl<~)

    * Prom C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital as Z+W along any curve joining z=O and z= m,
    computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 providingzf --a, --a-l, . . . ; z# -b, -b-l,
    (with permission). . . . .
    258 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Continued Fraction

    6.1.48

    In r(z)+z-(z-*) In z-+ln (27r)

    =- a0 _-al a2 ---a3 a4 a5
    (92 > 0)
    z+ z+ z+ z+ z+ z+ . . .
    \
    i &:/’
    1
    1 1 53 695
    I / &=---, al=-9 a2=-) a3=-,
    12 30 210 371
    22999 29944523 10953534lOO9
    a4=ii%%’ “=19733142’ “= 48264275462

    Wallis’ Formula 4
    6.1.49

    -4

    -6

    FIGURE 6.2. Psi junction.


    y=$+)=dln rkr)/dx

    r
    Some Definite Integrals

    6.1.50 nteger Values

    I n-1
    In r(z)= o- (z-l) e-Qy-$J f (g z > 0) 6.3.2 : lw)= 7, It(n)=--+ p-l (n22>
    S[
    2+
    x_. . ..’
    =(z-&) In z-z+& In 2s
    Fractional Values
    (s?~>O)
    6.3.3
    6.2. Beta Function
    6.2.1 9G) =-y-2ln 2=-1.96351 00260 21423 . . .

    1
    B(z,w) =
    S 0
    4
    p-1 (l--t)“-’ dt=
    s
    om(l;;;z+w at 6.3.4

    =2
    S o (sin t)2E-1 (cos t)2w-1 dt
    (92~>0,~‘>00)
    #(n, +$)=--r--2ln2+2
    (
    l+i+... +A) -

    (nil)

    6.2.2 f&Y ,w)2(2)r(wLB(w 2)


    Recurrence Formulas
    r(z+w) ’
    6.3. Psi (Digamma) Function 5
    6.3.5
    6.3.1 +(z) =d[ln r (2)1/h= r’(2)p (2)

    4 Some authors employ the special double factorial nota- 6.3.6


    tion as follows:
    (27~) ! ! =2*4-f? . . . (2n)=2”n i Hn+
    (2n-1) ! ! =1*3*5. . (27&--1)=*-f 2” r(n++)
    6Some authors write $(z) =-$ In I’(z+ 1) and similarly for
    the polygamma functions. + &+&+w+4
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 259
    Reflection Formula 6.3.19
    Td
    6.3.7 ~(1--2)=~(2)+7r cot ?Tz

    Duplication Formula

    b.3.8 ~@~)=W(z)++h (zS9) Sin 2 =ln y+&+i+l+. . .


    12oy4 252y6
    Psi Function in the Complex Plane (y+w)
    6.3.9 bm =1Lo Extremae of r(z) - Zeros of +(r)

    6.3.10
    - -
    s?~(iy)=sz~(-iy)=%?‘1L(l+iy)=5z’9(1--iy)
    n 2% r (x?J
    6.3.11 Y-$(iy)=+y-‘+; ?r coth ny __ _
    >
    6.3.12 Y+(i+&) =+T tanh 7~ $1.462 +o.sss
    -0.504 -3.545
    - 1.573 +2.302
    6.3.13 j$(l+iy)=-+y++ rcoth my -2.611 -0.888
    -3.635 $0.245
    =Yn~l(n’+Y2~ -1 -4.653 -XL053
    -5.667 +o. 009
    Series Expansions -6.678 -0.001
    - -
    6.3.14 #(l+~)=--r+~~(-l)~{(n)~-~ (lzl<l)
    . -- x0=1.46163 21449 68362 gi I+&
    6.3.15 \3
    I’(x,)= .88560 31944 10889
    ~(l+z)=+z-‘-+ cot ?fz-(l--22)-1+1--y
    6.3.20 xd=-n+(ln n>-‘+o[(ln n>-‘1
    -~~Ik(2n+~wn Ma Definite Integrals -

    6.3.16 6.3.21

    $(l+~)=-r+~$~& @f--1,-2,-3,. . . > +j-y[;-‘-g&q dt W’z>O)


    .
    .m
    6.3.17 =
    e-’
    --
    &)z
    1$

    =lnz--- S tat
    I[ 0

    ~~(l+iy)=l--Y-&
    l2-
    22 0 (t”+z”)(P-1)
    +gl (-l)“+‘[r(2n+l)--lly2”
    (I&E 4< ;)
    (lYl<2)
    6.3.22
    =-r+y2 n$l n-‘(n2Sy2) -l
    (--~<Y<~)
    Asymptotic Formulas

    6.3.18

    #(z> --In 2 -L&-~$~ &”

    =ln -&-&+&4-&o+. . . 6 From W. Sibagaki, Theory and applications of the


    gamma function, Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952
    (z+ m in larg zI<7r) (with permission).
    0
    260 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    6.4. Polygamma Functions’ Series Expansions


    6.4.9 0
    6.4.1
    $‘“‘(l+z)=(-l)“+’ [n![(n+i)

    (n+l)!
    (n=1,2,3, . . . ) -Tl(n+2)z+@i,*{(n+3)9-...
    . 1
    Tifl<l)
    6.4.10
    +‘“‘(z)=(-l)n+Ln!~O (z+k)-“-1
    )L(“)(2),(?%=0,1, . . .), is a single valued analytic
    function over the cnt,irc complex plane save at, (z#O,-1,-2,. . .)
    the points z=-m(m=0,1,2, . . . ) where it pos-
    sesses poles of order (n + 1). Asymptotic Formulas

    0 6.4.11
    Integer Values
    6.4.2'
    #‘“‘(l)=(- l)“+‘n!{(n+ 1) (n=l,2,3, . .) (2 + 02 in 1arg 2 1<T)
    6.4.3 6.4.12
    $(m)(n+l)=(-lpm!
    1
    i+
    +2m+’ -
    - - * +nm+l 1 (z+- in 1arg 21-&j
    . 6.4.13
    Fractional Values
    6.4.4 ' '-'
    p”‘(*) = (- l)“+‘n!(2”+‘- l)l(n+ 1) (z--,-in I arg 2 I<*)
    (12=1,2, . .
    6.4.14
    6.4.5 #‘(n++) =*nJ-4 PI (2k- 1) -*

    Recurrence Formuh
    (z+- in I arg 2 I<T)

    6.4.6 IL(“)(2+i)=~(n)(zj+(-i)112!2--.-1 6.5. Incomplete Gamma Function


    (see also 26.4)
    Reflection Formula
    6.5.1
    6.4.7
    P(u, s) = & * e-W1 dt
    ~(“‘(l-z)+(-l).+lll’.‘(z)=(-l)n~~ cot *z s0
    6.5.2
    Multiplication Formula
    6.4.8 r(a, x) =P(a, 2) r(u) = oze-fte-l dt (s&z>Ol
    s
    * P(mz)=bln m+ & 6.5.3
    gv) (z+&) 0
    b=l, n=O
    r (a, T) = r(u) +a, T) =
    S I
    e-W1 dt

    b=O, n>O 6.5.4


    .
    y*(u, r) =x-=qz, r) = &$ (a, 4
    7 $’ is known as the trigamma function. $‘I, $(a), $tr) nre
    the t&a-, penta-, and hesagamma functions respectively.
    Some authors write $(z) =d[ln I’(z+ l)]/dz, and similnrly y* is a single valued analytic function of a and
    for the polygamma functions. z possessing no finite singularities.
    *See page II.
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 261
    a
    t

    I 2 3 4
    -3 -2 -I 0
    -4

    FIGURE 6.3. Incomplete gamma function.


    y*(a += * e-V-W
    r(a) s 0
    From F. G. Tricomi, Sulla funeione gamma incompleta, Annali di Matematica, IV, 33, 1950 (with permission).

    *see page Il.


    262 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    6.5.5 6.5.16 y (3, x2)=2


    S oze-t2dt=J;; erfx
    Probability Integral of the +Distribution
    m
    6.5.17 r(+,z2)=2
    S 2
    e-f2dt=J;; erfc x

    6.5.6
    6.5.18 G x7*(+,-x2)=
    S 0
    ‘ef2dt

    (Pearson’s Form of the Incomplete Gamma Function)


    6.5.19 r(--n,x)=T [El(x)-e-<g w]

    164
    P> sume-v&
    =r(pl+l) 0 6.5.20 r(a,ix)=e*rf” [C(z,a)--iiS(
    =Np+l, dp+l)
    Recurrence Formulas

    6.5.7 C(x,u)=
    Sz-ta-1 co5t dt Wu<l) 6.5.21 P(a+l, x>=P(u, x)-&

    6.5.8 S(X,U)=~P-~ sin t dt W’a<l)


    6.5.22 ~(u+l,x)=uy(u,x)-xsae-z

    6.5.9 6.5.23 r’(a-l,x)=xr*(u,x)+~


    E, (x)=~-~-~~~-“df=x”-Lr(l--n,x)
    Derivatives and Differential Equations

    a,(d=sm
    6.5.10
    6.5.24
    e-=‘t”dt=x-“-lr(1+7,x)
    1 (?j$)mmo =-lmeT-ln x=-&(x)--In 2

    6.5.11
    6.5.25 ar (w)
    -= ar(a2)
    ------1-=y-le-z
    ax ax
    Incomplete Gamma Function as a Confluent
    Hypergeometric Function (see chapter 13) 6.5.26

    6.5.12 y(u,x)=u-lxae-zM(l, l+a,x) f$ [2-ar(a,x)]=(-l)n2-a-“r(a+n,x)


    =u-lx= M(a, 1+a,-x) (n=O, 1,2, . . .)
    6.5.27
    Special Values
    g [e%.?y*
    (u,x>]=e”x-r*(u-n, 2)
    6.5.13 (T&=0,1,2,. . .>

    P(n,X)=l- 1+X+$+. . . +& emz


    ( .> 6.5.28 x~+(u+l+x)~+u-y*=O
    =l-e,-l(x)e-Z
    Series Developments
    For relation to the Poisson distribution, see
    26.4.
    6.5.29
    6.5.14 r*(--n, x)=x” 2’ _ 1 2 C-2)"
    ~*(u,z)=e+
    n-o r(a+n+l) r(d n-~ b+dn!
    (IzI<=>
    6.5.15 r (0, x>=
    S2me-fl-ldt=El
    (2)
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 263
    6.5.30 Definite Integrals

    r(a, x+Y)-r(a, 5)
    m
    6.5.36

    ,e-zxa-l cm
    n=o
    (a-1)(a-2).
    _____
    Xn
    . . (4[l-e-Ye
    ?I
    (y)J
    S 0
    e -“‘r(b,ct) ha
    y
    l-
    &]

    (lYl<l4) (c%%+c)>O,9b>-1)
    6.5.37

    Smp-lr(b,t)
    trt=!%!.k!i
    Continued Fraction

    6.5.31
    0 a
    1 1-a 1 2-u 2 (9 (a+ b) >O, Bu>O>
    r(u,x)=e-‘.P
    ( &1+icp 1+ s+“’ >
    (x>O,bl<m> 6.6. Incomplete Beta Function

    6.5.32
    Asymptotic Expansions 6.6.1 B,(a,b)=
    S 0
    = ta-‘(l--2)b-‘dt

    6.6.2 I,(a,b)=B,(u,b)lB(u,b)
    r(a, Z)-p-le-r ,+!!$+(a-y-2)+. . .]
    [ For statistical applications, see 26.5.

    ( 2-m in jarg zI<F


    >
    6.6.3 I&b)=
    Symmetry

    1--I,-,(b,a)
    SUppOW R,(u,z)=u,+,(u,z)+ . . . is t,lie re-
    mainder after R terms in this scrics. Then if a,2 Relation to Binomial Expansion
    arc real, WC have for n>u-2
    6.6.4 I,(a,n-a+l)=I$ ()$(1--p)‘-
    !nn(w)! _<lu,+,b,z)l

    and sign I?,(a,z)=sign zr,z+,(u,z). For binomial distribution, see 26.1.


    Recurrence Formulas
    6 .5 .33 r@ 2)--&!?2a+n __- (a-+ a)
    n=o (u+n)n! 6.6.5 r,(a,b)=~:l,(a--l,b)+(l--s)r,(cl;,b-1)
    0 for a>1 *
    lim !l?LkTEJz 4 for a=1 6.6.6 (a+ b-m)l&,b>
    6.5.34 p
    ,1--f- 1 for O<a<l =u(l-x)l,(u+l,b-l)+bl,(u,b+l)

    6.5.35 6.6.7 (a+b>Iz(a,b) =alz(a+ l,b)+bIz(a,b+ 1)


    Relation to Hypergeometric Function

    (z-03 in 1arg zl<+f) ,


    6.6.8 B,(a,b)=a-‘x”F(u,l-bb; a+l; x)

    Numerical Methods
    6.7. Use and Extension of the Tables
    The error of linear interpolation in the table of
    Example Compute r(6.88) to 8s. Using
    1. the function.fi is smaller tlian lo-’ in this region.
    the rccurrcIicc relation 6.1.16 nntl Table 6.1 WC Hence, f,(56.38)=.92041 67 and In r(56.38)=
    11nvr, 169.85497 42.
    r(6.R8)=[(5.38)(4.:~8)(:~.R8)(2.38)(1..78)]r(1.38) Direct interpolation in Table 6.4 of log,, I’(n)
    =232.43671. eliminates tlir necessity of employing logarithms.
    However, the error of linear interpolation is .002 so
    Example 2. Compute ln r(56.38), using Table that log,0 r(n) is obtained wit11 a relative error
    6.4 and linear illtcrpolntion ill.f,. \\-c have of lo-“.
    In I’(56.38) = (56.38---a) In (56.38) - (56.38)
    Wee page 11.
    +J2(56.38)
    264 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Example 3. Compute lt(6.38) to 8s. Using the 6.8. Summation of Rational Series by Means
    recurrence relation 6.3.6 and Table 6.1. of Polygamma Functions

    An infinite series whose general term is a ra-


    $(6.38)=1+1+1+1+1+$(1.38)
    5.38 4.38 3.38 2.38 3.38 tional function of the index may always be reduced
    =1.77275 59. to a finite series of psi and polygamma functions.
    The method will be illustrated by writing the ex-
    Example 4. Compute #(56.38). Using Table plicit formula when the denominator contains a
    6.3 we have J/(56.38) =ln 56.38-ja(56.38). triple root.
    The error of linear interpolation in the table of Let the general term of an infinite series have
    the function f3 is smaller than 8X10-’ in this the form
    region. Hence&56.38) = .00889 53 and#(56.38) =
    4.023219. 2-W
    U”=&(n)d2(nMn)
    Example 5. Compute In I’(l-i). From the
    where
    reflection principle 6.1.23 and Table 6.7,
    In I’(l--i)=lnI’(l+i)=---.6509+.3016i. dl(n)=(n+arl)(n+az) . . . (n + 4
    Example 6. Compute In I’(+++$. Taking Un)=(n+W(n+W . . . (n+i%Y
    the logarithm of the recurrence relation 6.1.15 we
    have, ~dn)=(n+~d3(n+rd3 . . . (n+-d3
    In r (++*i) =ln r (g+g;)-In (4+&Q
    where p(n) is a polynomial of degree m + 2r + 3s - 2
    -.23419+.03467i
    =- (+ In *+i arctan 1) at most and where the constants ai, pi, and yc are
    =.11239-.75073i distinct. Expand u, in partial fractions as follows

    The logarithms of complex numbers are found


    from 4.1.2.
    Example 7. Compute In I’(3+7i) using the
    duplication formula 6.1.18. Taking the logarithm
    of 6.1.18, we have

    -+ In 27r= - .91894
    (;+7i) In 2= 1.73287+ 4.85203i
    In r(++Ji)=-3.31598+ 2.32553i Then, we may express 2 u, in terms of the
    75-l
    In r(Z+$i) = -2.66047+ 293869i constants appearing in this partial fraction expan-
    In I’(3+7i)=-5.16252+10.11625i sion as follows

    Example 8. Compute In I’(3+7i) to 5D using


    the asymptotic formula 6.1.41. We have

    ln (3+7i)=2.03022 15+1.16590 45i.

    Then,
    (2.5$7i) In (3+7i) =-3. 0857779+ 17.1263119i
    -(3+7i)=-3. ooooooo- 7. oooooooi
    + In (2~r)= . 9189385
    [12(3+7i)]-‘= .0043103- .0100575i
    -[360(3+7i)3]-1= .0000059- .0000022i
    ---------_-__ Higher order repetitions in the denominator are
    ln I’(3+7i)=-5. 16252 +lO. 11625i handled similarly. If the denominator contains
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 265

    only simple or double roots, omit the correspond- Therefore


    ing lines.
    s=16~(1)-16~(1~)+~‘(1)+~‘(1~)=.013499.
    Example 9. Find
    Example 11.
    1
    S=%
    nsl (%+1)(2n+l)(4n+l)

    i 1 1
    we have 72 ( nii-n--2i >*

    i --i --i i
    Hence, al=-t a2=--, as=-) ad=--’
    6 6 12 12
    cY1=i, az=---i, (Y3=2i, (yq=-2i,

    and therefore
    Example 10.

    F-y [$(l+i)-P(l-i)l+; [#(142i)--$(l-2i)].


    Find s= 2 ’
    .)&=In2p3n+ 1)“’

    1 16 16 1 1 By 6.3.9, this reduces to


    Since +-
    n2(8n+1)2=-x m+++;li+m
    sf &(l+i)-; 99(1f2i).
    we have,

    From Table 6.8, s= .13876.

    References
    Texts Tables

    [6.1] E. Artin, Einfiihrung in die Theorie der Gamma- [6.9] A. Abramov, Tables of In r(z) for complex argu-
    funktion (Leipzig, Germany, 1931). ment. Translated from the Russian by D. G.
    Fry (Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 1960).
    [6.2] P. E. Bohmer, Differenzengleichungen und be- In r(z+iy), 2=0(.01)10, y=O(.O1)4, 6D.
    stimmte Integrale, chs. 3, 4, 5 (K. F. Koehler,
    Leipzig, Germany, 1939). [6.10] Ballistic Research Laboratory, A table of the facto-
    rial numbers and their reciprocals from l! through
    [6.3] G. Doetsch, Handbuoh der Laplace-Transforma-
    lOOO! to 20 significant digits. Technical Note No.
    tion, vol. II, pp. 52-61 (Birkhauser, Basel,
    351, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1951.
    Switzerland, 1955).
    [6.4] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions, [6.1 I] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
    vol. 1, ch. 1, ch. 2, sec. 5; vol. 2, ch. 9 (McGraw- Mathematical tables, vol. 1, 3d ed., pp. 40-59
    Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953). (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
    1951). The gamma and polygamma functions.
    [6.5] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital com-
    puters (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., Also lf = loglo (t)!dt, z=o(.Ol)l, 10D.
    s0
    1955).
    [6.12] H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical
    [6.61-F. L6soh and F. Schoblik, Die. Fakultiit und ver- functions, 2 ~01s. (Principia Press, Bloomington,
    wandte Funktionen (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, Extensive, many place tables
    Ind., 1933, 1935).
    Germany, 1951). of the gamma and polygamma functions up to
    [6.7] W. Sibagaki, Theory and applications of the gamma @o(x) and of their logarithms.
    function (Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952). [6.13] F. J. Duarte, Nouvelles tables de log10 n! 2133 d&i-
    16.81 E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of males depuis n= 1 jusqu’il n=3000 (Kundig,
    modern analysis, ch. 12, 4th ed. (Cambridge Geneva, Switzerland; Index Generalis, Paris,
    Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952). France, 1927).
    266 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    [6.14] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of nl and (6.181 E. S. Pearson, Table of the logarithms of the com-
    P(n++) for the first thousand values of n, Ap- plete P-function, arguments 2 to 1200, Tracts for
    plied Math. Series 16 (U.S. Government Printing Computers No. VIII (Cambridge Univ. Press,
    Office, Washington, D.C., 1951). n!, lGS;P(n+&), Cambridge, England, 1922). Loglo P(p), p=2(.1)
    85. 5(.2)70(1)1200, 10D.
    [6.15] National Bureau of Standards, Table of Coulomb
    wave functions, vol. I, pp. 114-135, Applied [6.19] J. Peters, Ten-place logarithm tables, vol. I, Ap-
    Math. Series 17 (U.S. Government Printing
    pendix, pp. 58-68 (Frederick Ungar Publ. Co.,
    Office, Washington, D.C., 1952).
    New York, N.Y., 1957). nl, n=1(1)60, exact;
    &‘[F’(l+i~)/F(l +iq],rl=O(.OO5)2 (.01)6 (.02)10(.1) (n!)-I, n=1(1)43, 54D; Logto( n=1(1)1200,
    2O(.2)60(.5)110,10D;a~gF(l+i~),~=0(.01)1(.02) 18D.
    3 (.05)10(.2)20(.4)30(.5)85, 8D.
    [6.20] J. P. Stanley and M. V. Wilkes, Table of the recip-
    [6.16] National Bureau of Standards, Table of the gamma rocal of the gamma function for complex argu-
    function for complex arguments, Applied Math.
    ment (Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada,
    Series 34 (U.S. Government Printing Office,
    Washington, D.C., 1954). 1950). x=-.5(.01).5, y=O(.Ol)l, 6D.

    In F(z+iy), z=9(.1)10, y=O(.l)lO, 12D.


    [6.21] M. Zyczkowski, Tablice funkcyj eulera i pokrewnych
    Contains an extensive bibliography. (Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw,
    (6.171 National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber Poland, 1954). Extensive tables of integrals
    parabolic cylinder functions, pp. 226-233 (Her involving gamma and beta functions.
    Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, England,
    1955).
    RealandimaginarypartsoflnF($c+$a),k=0(1)3, For references to tabular material on the incomplete
    a=O(.1)5(.2)20, 8D; (Ir(4+aia)/r(t+~ia)I)-“1 gamma and incomplete beta functions, see the references
    a=0(.02)1(.1)5(.2)20, 8D. in chapter 26.
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 267
    GAMMA, DIGAMMA AND TRIGAMMA FUNCTIONS Table 6.1

    r(3’) In r(x) 3 (.r) ti’ (x)


    1.000 1.00000 00000 0.00000 00000 -0.57721 56649 1.6449340668 0.000
    1.005 0.99713 85354 -0.00286 55666 -0.56902 09113 1.6329941567 0.005
    1.010 0.99432 58512 -0.00569 03079 -0.56088 54579 1.6212135283 0.010
    1.015 0.99156 12888 -0.00847 45187 -0.55280 85156 1.6095891824 0.015
    1.020 0.98884 42033 -0.01121 84893 -0.54478 93105 1.5981181919 0.020
    1.025 0.98617 39633 -0.01392 25067 -0.53682 70828 1.5867976993 0.025
    1.030 0.98354 99506 -0.01658 68539 -0.52892 10873 1.5756249154 0.030
    1.035 0.98097 15606 -0.01921 18101 -0.52107 05921 1.5645971163 0.035
    1.040 0.97843 82009 -0.02179 76511 -0.51327 48789 1.55371 16426 0.040
    1.045 0.97594 92919 -0.02434 46490 -0.50553 32428 1.5429658968 0.045
    1.050 0.97350 42656 -0.02685 30725 -0.49784 49913 1.5323573421 0.050
    1.055 0.97110 25663 -0.02932 31868 -0.49020 94448 1.5218835001 0.055
    1.060 0.96874 36495 -0.03175 52537 -0.48262 59358 1.51154 19500 0.060
    1.065 0.96642 69823 -0.03414 95318 -0.47509 38088 1.5013303259 0.065
    1.070 0.96415 20425 -0.03650 62763 -0.46761 24199 1.4912463164 0.070
    1.075 0.96191 83189 -0.03882 57395 -0.46018 11367 1.4812876622 0.075
    1.080 0.95972 53107 -0.04110 81702 -0.45279 93380 1.4714521556 0.080
    1.085 0.95757 25273 -0.04335 38143 -0.44546 64135 1.4617376377 0.085
    1.090 0.95545 94882 -0.04556 29148 -0.43818 17635 1.4521419988 0.090
    1.095 0.95338 57227 -0.04773 57114 -0.43094 47988 1.4426631755 0.095
    1.100 0.95135 07699 -0.04987 24413 -0.42375 49404 1.4332991508 0.100
    1.105 0.94935 41778 -0.05197 33384 -0.41661 16193 1.4240479514 0.105
    1.110 0.94739 55040 -0.05403 86341 -0.40951 42761 1.4149076482 0.110
    1.115 0.94547 43149 -0.05606 85568 -0.40246 23611 1.4058763535 0.115
    1.120 0.94359 01856 -0.05806 33325 -0.39545 53339 1.3969522213 0.120
    1.125 0.94174 26997 -0.06002 31841 -0.38849 26633 1.3881334449 0.125
    1.130 0.93993 14497 -0.06194 83322 -0.38157 38268 1.3794182573 0.130
    1.135 0.93815 60356 -0.06383 89946 -0.37469 83110 1.3708049288 0.135
    1.140 0.93641 60657 -0.06569 53867 -0.36786 56106 1.3622917670 0.140
    1.145 0.93471 11562 -0.06751 77212 -0.36107 52291 1.3538771152 0.145
    1.150 0.93304 09311 -0.06930 62087 -0.35432 66780 1.3455593520 0.150
    1.155 0,93140 50217 -0.07106 10569 -0.34761 94768 1.3373368900 0.155
    1.160 0.92980 30666 -0.07278 24716 -0.34095 31528 1.3292081752 0.160
    1.165 0.92823 47120 -0.07447 06558 -0.33432 72413 1.3211716859 0.165
    1.170 0.92669 96106 -0.07612 58106 -0.32774 12847 1.3132259322 0.170
    1.175 0.92519 74225 -0.07774 81345 -0.32119 48332 1.3053694548 0.175
    1.180 0.92372 78143 -0.07933 78240 -0.31468 74438 1.2976008248 0.180
    1.185 0.92229 04591 -0.08089 50733 -0.30821 86809 1.2899186421 0.185
    1.190 0.92088 50371 -0.08242 00745 -0.30178 81156 1.2823215358 0.190
    1.195 0.91951 12341 -0.08391 30174 -0.29539 53259 1.2748081622 0.195
    1.200 0.91816 87424 -0.08537 40900 -0.28903 98966 1.2673772054 0.200
    1.205 0.91685 72606 -0.08680 34780 -0.28272 14187 1.2600273755 0.205
    1.210 0.91557 64930 -0.08820 13651 -0.27643 94897 1.2527574090 0.210
    1.215 0.91432 61500 -0.08956 79331 -0.27019 37135 1.2455660671 0.215
    1.220 0.91310 59475 -0.09090 33619 -0.26398 37000 1.2384521360 0.220
    1.225 0.91191 56071 -0.09220 78291 -0.25780 90652 1.2314144258 0.225
    1.230 0.91075 48564 -0.09348 15108 -0.25166 94307 1.2244517702 0.230
    1.235 0.90962 34274 -0.09472 45811 -0.24556 44243 1.2175630254 0.235
    1.240 0.90852 10583 -0.09593 72122 -0.23949 36791 1.2107470707 0.240
    1.245 0.90744 74922 -0.09711 95744 -0.23345 68341 1.2040028063 0.245
    1.250 0.90640 24771 -0.09827 18364 -0.22745 35334 1.1973291545 0.250
    Y! lny! f lny! f$ In y! Y

    [C-56161 [i-56)51 [(-56)71 [C-55)21


    log,, e=0.43429 44819
    For a>2 see Examples l-4.
    Compiled from H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 ~01s. (Principia
    Press,Bloomington,Ind., 1933,1935)(with permission). Known error hasbeencorrected.
    208 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.1 GAMMA, DIGAMMA AND TRIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

    r(x) In r(x) e> +’(4


    $50
    1.255
    0.90640
    0.90538
    24771
    57663
    -0.09827
    -0.09939
    18364
    41651
    -0.22745
    -0.22148
    35334
    34266
    1.19732
    1.19072
    91545
    50579
    0.250
    0.255
    1.260 0.90439 71178 -0.10048 67254 -0.21554 61686 1.18418 94799 0.260
    1.265 0.90343 62946 -0.10154 96809 -0.20964 14193 1.17772 14030 0.265
    1.270 0.90250 30645 -0.10258 31932 -0.20376 88437 1.17131 98301 0.270
    1.275 0.90159 71994 -0.10358 74224 -0.19792 81118 1.16498 37821 0.275
    1.280 0.90071 84765 -0.10456 25269 -0.19211 88983 1.15871 22990 0.280
    1.285 0.89986 66769 -0.10550 86634 -0.18634 08828 1.15250 44385 0.285
    1.290 0.89904 15863 -0.10642 59872 -0.18059 37494 1.14635 92764 0.290
    1.295 0.89824 29947 -0.10731 46519 -0.17487 71870 1.14027 59053 0.295
    1.300 0.89747 06963 -0.10817 48095 -0.16919 08889 1.13425 34350 0.300
    1.305 0.89672 44895 -0.10900 66107 -0.16353 45526 1.12829 09915 0.305
    1.310 0.89600 41767 -0.10981 02045 -0.15790 78803 1.12238 77175 0.310
    1.315 0.89530 95644 -0.11058 57384 -Oil5231 05782 1.11654 27706 0.315
    1.320 0.89464 04630 -0.11133 33587 -0.14674 23568 1.11075 53246 0.320
    1.325 0.89399 66866 -0.11205 32100 -0.14120 29305 1.10502 45678 0.325
    1.330 0.89337 80535 -0.11274 54356 -0.13569 20180 1.09934 97037
    1.335 0.89278 43850 -0.11341 01772 -0.13020 93416 1.09372 99497 "0%
    1.340 0.89221 55072 -0.11404 75756 -0.12475 46279 1.08816 45379 0:340
    1.345 0.89167 12485 -0.11465 77697 -0.11932 76069 1.08265 27136 0.345
    0.89115 14420 -0.11524 08974 -0.11392 80127 1.07719 37361 0.350
    :*;:: 0.89065 59235 -0.11579 70951 -0.10855 55827 1.07178 68773 0.355
    1:360 0.89018 45324 -0.11632 64980 -0.10321 00582 1.06643 14226
    1.365 0.88973 71116 -0.11682 92401 -0.09789 11840 1.06112 66696 Ez
    1.370 0.88931 35074 -0.11730 54539 -0.09259 87082 1.05587 19286 0:370
    1.375 0.88891 35692 -0.11775 52707 -0.08733 23825 1.05066 65216 0.375
    1.380 0.88853 71494 -0.11817 88209 -0.08209 19619 1.04550 97829 0.380
    1.385 0.88818 41041 -0.11857 62331 -0.07687 72046 1.04040 10578 0.385
    1.390 0.88785 42918 -0.11894 '76353 -0.07168 78723 1.03533 97036
    1.395 0.88754 75748 -0.11929 31538 -0.06652 37297 1.03032 50881 K%5"
    .
    1.400 0.88726 38175 -0.11961 29142 -0.06138 45446 1.02535 65905 0.400
    1.405 0.88700 28884 -0.11990 70405 -0.05627 00879 1.02043 36002 0.405
    1.410 0.88676 46576 -0.12017 56559 -0.05118 01337 1.01555 55173 0.410
    1.415 0.88654 89993 -0.12041 88823 -0.04611 44589 1.01072 17518 0.415
    1.420 0.88635 57896 -0.12063 68406 -0.04107 28433 1.00593 17241 0.420
    1.425 0.88618 49081 -0.12082 96505 -0.03605 50697 1.00118 48640 0.425
    1.430 0.88603 62361 -0.12099 74307 -0.03106 09237 0.99648 06113 0.430
    1.435 0.88590 96587 -0.12114 02987 -0.02609 01935 0.99181 84147 0.435
    1.440 0188580 50635 -0.12125 83713 -0.02114 26703 0.98719 77326 0.440
    1.445 0.88572 23397 -0.12135 17638 -0.01621 81479 0.98261 80318 0.445
    1.450 0.88566 13803 -0.12142 05907 -0.01131 64226 0.97807 87886 0.450
    1.455 0.88562 20800 -0.12146 49657 -0.00643 72934 0.97357 94874 0.455
    1.460 0.88560 43364 -0.12148 50010 -0.00158 05620 0.96911 96215 0.460
    1.465 0.88560 80495 -0.12148 08083 +0.00325 39677 0.96469 86921 0.465
    1.470 0.88563 31217 -0.12145 24980 0.00806 64890 0.96031 62091 0.470
    1.475 0.88567 94575 -0.12140 01797 0.01285 71930 0.95597 16896 0.475
    1.480 0.88574 69646 -0.12132 39621 0.01762 62684 0.95166 46592 0.480
    1.485 0.88583 55520 -0.12122 39528 0.02237 39013 0.94739 46509 0.485
    1.490 0.88594 51316 -0.12110 02585 0.02710 02758 0.94316 12052 0.490
    1.495 0.88607 56174 -0.12095 29852 0.03180 55736 0.93896 38700 0.495
    1.500 0.88622 69255 -0.12078 22376 0.03648 99740 0.93480 22005 0.500
    2/! * dy
    d lny!
    lng! * $$ lny! !/

    [C-56)4I [
    (-i)4
    I
    log,, e=O.43429 44819
    [c-y1 ” (-;)9
    [ 1
    *See page II.
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 269
    GAMMA, DIGAMMA AND TRIGAMMA FUNCTIONS Table 6.1

    t r(z) In r(r) +w ti’ (z)


    1.500 0.88622 69255 -0.12078 22376 0.03648 99740 0.93480 22005 0.500
    1.505 0.88639 89744 -0.12058 81200 0.04115 36543 0.93067 57588 0.505
    1.510 0.88659 16850 -0.12037 07353 0.04579 67896 0.92658 41142 0.510
    1.515 0.88680 49797 -0i12Oi3 01860 0.05041 95527 0.92252 68425 0.515
    1.520 0.88703 87833 -0.11986 65735 0.05502 21146 0.91850 35265 0.520
    1.525 0.88729 30231 -0.11957 99983 0.05960 46439 0.91451 37552 0.525
    1.530 0.88756 76278 -0.11927 05601 0.06416 73074 0.91055 71245 0.530
    1.535 0.88786 25287 -0.11893 83580 0.06871 02697 0.90663 32361 0.535
    1.540 0.88817 76586 -0.11858 34900 0.07323 36936 0.90274 16984 0.540
    1.545 0.88851 29527 -0.11820 60534 0.07773 77400 0.89888 21253 0.545
    1.550 0.88886 83478 -0.11780 61446 0.08222 25675 0.89505 41371 0.550
    1.555 0.88924 37830 -0.11738 38595 0.08668 83334 0.89125 73596 0.555
    1.560 0.88963 91990 -0.11693 92928 0.09113 51925 0.88749 14249 0.560
    1.565 0.89005 45387 -0.11647 25388 0.09556 32984 0.88375 59699 0.565
    1.570 0.89048 97463 -0.11598 36908 0.09997 28024 0.88005 06378 0.570
    1.575 0.89094 47686 -0.11547 28415 0.10436 38544 0.87637 50766 0.575
    1.580 0.89141 95537 -0.11494 00828 0.10873 66023 0.87272 89402 0.580
    1.585 0.89191 40515 -0.11438 55058 0.11309 11923 0.86911 18871 0.585
    1.590 0.89242 82141 -0.11380 92009 0.11742 77690 0.86552 35815 0.590
    1.595 0.89296 19949 -0.11321 12579 0.12174 64754 0.86196 36921 0.595
    1.600 0.89351 53493 -0.11259 17657 0.12604 74528 0.85843 18931 0.600
    1.605 0.89408 82342 -0.11195 08127 0.13033 08407 0.85492 78630 0.605
    1.610 0.89468 06085 -0.11128 84864 0.13459 67772 0.85145 12856 0.610
    1.615 0.89529 24327 -0.11060 48737 0.13884 53988 0.84800 18488 0.615
    1.620 0.89592 36685 -0.10990 00610 0.14307 68404 0.84457 92455 0.620
    1.625 0.89657 42800 -0.10917 41338 0.14729 12354 0.84118 31730 0.625
    1.630 0.89724 42326 -0.10842 71769 0.15148 87158 0.83781 33330 0.630
    1.635 0.89793 34930 -0.10765 92746 0.15566 94120 0.83446 94315 0.635
    1.640 0.89864 20302 -0.10687 05105 0.15983 34529 0.83115 11790 0.640
    1.645 0.89936 98138 -0.10606 09676 0.16398 09660 0.82785 82897 0.645
    1.650 0.90011 68163 -0.10523 07282 0.16811 20776 0.82459 04826 0.650
    1.655 0.90088 30104 -0.10437 98739 0.17222 69122 0.82134 74802 0.655
    1.660 0.90166 83712 -0.10350 84860 Oil7632 55933 Oi818i2 90092 0.660
    1.665 0.90247 28748 -0.10261 66447 0.18040 82427 0.81493 48001 0.665
    1.670 0.90329 64995 -0.10170 44301 0.18447 49813 0.81176 45875 0.670
    1.675 0.90413 92243 -0.10077 19212 0.18852 59282 0.80861 81094 0.675
    1.680 0.90500 10302 -0.09981 91969 0.19256 12015 0.80549 51079 0.680
    1.685 0.90588 18996 -0.09884 63351 0.19658 09180 0.80239 53282 0.685
    1.690 0.90678 18160 -0.09785 34135 0.20058 51931 0.79931 85198 0.690
    1.695 0.90770 07650 -0.09684 05088 0.20457 41410 0.79626 44350 0.695
    1.700 0.90863 87329 -0.09580 76974 0.20854 78749 0.79323 28302 0.700
    1.705 0.90959 57079 -0.09475 50552 0.21250 65064 0.79022 34645 0.705
    1.710 0.91057 16796 -0.09368 26573 0.21645 01462 0.78723 61012 0.710
    1.715 0.91156 66390 -0iO9259 05785 0.22037 89037 0:78427 05060 0.715
    1.720 0.91258 05779 -0.09147 88929 0.22429 28871 0.78132 64486 0.720
    1.725 0.91361 34904 -0.09034 76741 0.22819 22037 0.77840 37011 0.725
    1.730 0.91466 53712 -0.08919 69951 0.23207 69593 0.77550 20396 0.730
    1.735 0.91573 62171 -0.08802 69286 0.23594 72589 0.77262 12424 0.735
    1.740 0.91682 60252 -0.08683 75466 0.23980 32061 0.76976 10915 0.740
    1.745 0.91793 47950 -0.08562 89203 0.24364 49038 0.76692 13714 0.745
    1.750 0.91906 25268 -0.08440 11210 0.24747 24535 0.76410 18699 0.750
    Y! lny! f lny! d$2 lny! Y

    [ 1
    (El)3
    [ 1
    (-46)3

    log,, e=0.43429
    [ 1
    44819
    (-f)3
    [ 1
    (-56)4
    270 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.1 GAMMA, DIGAMMA AND TRIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

    2 r(x) In r(r) d+) +’(2)


    1.750 0.91906 25268 -0.08440 11210 0.24747 24535 0.76410 18699 0.750
    1.755 0.92020 92224 -0.08315 42192 0.25128 59559 0.76130 23773 0.755
    1.760 0.92137 48846 -0.08188 82847 0.25508 55103 0.75852 26870 0.760
    1.765 0192255 95178 -0.08060 33871 0.25887 12154 0.75576 25950 0.765
    1.770 0.92376 31277 -0.07929 95955 0.26264 31686 0.75302 19003 0.770
    1.775 0.92498 57211 -0.07797 69782 0.26640 14664 0.75030 04040 0.775
    1.780 0.92622 73062 -0.07663 56034 0.27014 62043 0.74759 79107 0.780
    1.785 O-92748 78926 -0.07527 55386 0.27387 74769 0.74491 42268 0.785
    1.790 0:92876 74904 -0.07389 68509 0.27759 53776 0.74224 91617 0.790
    1.795 0.93006 61123 -0.07249 96070 0.28129 99992 0.73960 25271 0.795
    1.800 0.93138 37710 -0.07108 38729 0.28499 14333 0.73697 41375 0.800
    1.805 0.93272 04811 -0.06964 97145 0.28866 97707 0.73436 38093 0.805
    1.810 0.93407 62585 -0.06819 71969 0.29233 51012 0.73177 13620 0.810
    1.815 0.93545 11198 -0.06672 63850 0.29598 75138 0.72919 66166 0.815
    1.820 0.93684 50832 -0.06523 73431 0.29962 70966 0.72663 93972 0.820
    1.825 0.93825 81682 -0.06373 01353 0.30325 39367 0.72409 95297 0.825
    1.830 0.93969 03951 -0.06220 48248 0.30686 81205 0.72157 68426 0.830
    1.835 0.94114 17859 -0.06066 14750 0.31046 97335 0.71907 11662 0.835
    1.840 0.94261 23634 -0.05910 01483 0.31405 88602 0.71658 23333 0.840
    1.845 0.94410 21519 -0.05752 09071 0.31763 55846 0.71411 01788 0.845
    1.850 0.94561 11764 -0.05592 38130 0.32119 99895 0.71165 45396 0.850
    1.855 0.94713 94637 -0.05430 89276 0.32475 21572 0.70921 52546 0.855
    1.860 0.94868 70417 -0.05267 63117 0.32829 21691 0.70679 21650 0.860
    1.865 0.95025 39389 -0.05102 60260 0.33182 01056 0.70438 51138 0.865
    1.870 0.95184 01855 -0.04935 81307 0.33533 60467 0.70199 39461 0.870
    1.875 0.95344 58127 -0.04767 26854 0.33884 00713 0.69961 85089 0.875
    1.880 0.95507 08530 -0.04596 97497 0.34233 22577 0.69725 86512 0.880
    1.885 0.95671 53398 -0.04424 93824 0.34581 26835 0.69491 42236 0.885
    1.890 0.95837 93077 -0.04251 16423 0.34928 14255 0.69258 50790 0.890
    1.895 0.96006 27927 -0.04075 65875 0.35273 85596 0.69027 10717 0.895
    1.900 0.96176 58319 -0.03898 42759 0.35618 41612 0.68797 20582 0.900
    1.905 0.96348 84632 -0.03719 47650 0.35961 83049 0.68568 78965 0.905
    1.910 0.96523 07261 -0.03538 81118 0.36304 10646 0.68341 84465 0.910
    1.915 0.96699 26608 -0.03356 43732 0.36645 25136 0.68116 35696 0.915
    1.920 0.96877 43090 -0.03172 36054 0.36985 27244 0.67892 31293 0.920
    1.925 0.97057 57134 -0.02986 58646 0.37324 17688 0.67669 69903 0.925
    1.930 0.97239 69178 -0.02799 12062 0.37661 97179 0.67448 50194 0.930
    1.935 0.97423 79672 -0.02609 96858 Oij7998 66424 0.67228 70846 0.935
    1.940 0.97609 89075 -0.02419 13581 0.38334 26119 0.67010 30559 0.940
    1.945 0.97797 97861 -0.02226 62778 0.38668 76959 0.66793 28044 0.945
    1.950 0.97988 06513 -0.02032 44991 0.39002 19627 0.66577 62034 0.950
    1.955 0.98180 15524 -0.01836 60761 0.39334 54805 0.66363 31270 0.955
    1.960 0.98374 25404 -0.01639 10621 0.39665 83163 0.66150 34514 0.960
    1.965 0.98570 36664 -0.01439 95106 0.39996 05371 0.65938 70538 0.965
    1.970 0.98768 49838 -0.01239 14744 0.40325 22088 0.65728 38134 0.970
    1.975 0.98968 65462 -0.01036 70060 0.40653 33970 0.65519 36104 0.975
    1.980 0.99170 84087 -0.00832 61578 0.40980 41664 0.65311 63266 0.980
    1.985 0.99375 06274 -0.00626 89816 0.41306 45816 0.65105 18450 0.985
    1.990 0.99581 32598 -0.00419 55291 0.41631 47060 0.64900 00505 0.990
    1.995 0.99789 63643 -0.00210 58516 0.41955 46030 0.64696 08286 0.995
    2.000 1.00000 00000 0.00000 00000 0.42278 43351 0.64493 40668 1.000
    Y! lny! $ In y! Y

    II 3
    c-y
    [ 1
    (512

    log,o e=0.43429
    [
    c-y

    44819
    I
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 271
    TETRAGAMMA AND PENTAGAMMA FUNCTIONS Tal,le 6.2

    ., #” (.I,) +m) (.r) .I’ V(T) $(:I) (x)


    1.00 -2.40411 38063 6.49393 94023 0. 00 1.50 -0.82879 66442 1.40909 10340 0.50
    1.01 -2.34039 86771 6.25106 18729 0. 01 1.51 -0.81487 76121 1.37489 70527 0.51
    1.02 -2.27905 42052 6.01969 49890 0.02 1.52 -0.80129 51399 1.34177 21104 0.52
    1.03 -2.21996 85963 5.79918 38573 0.03 1.53 -0.78803 87419 1.30967 56244 0.53
    1.04 -2.16303 63855 5.58891 68399 0.04 1.54 -0.77509 83287 1.27856 88154 0.54
    1.05 -2.10815 80219 5.38832 23132 0. 05 1.55 -0.76246 41904 1.24841 46160 0.55
    1.06 -2.05523 94833 5.19686 56970 0.06 1.56 -0.75012 69793 1.21917 75841 0.56
    1.07 -2.00419 19194 5.01404 67303 0.07 1.57 -0.73807 76946 1.19082 38216 0.57
    1.08 -1.95493 13213 4.83939 69702 0.08 1.58 -0.72630 76669 1.16332 08979 0.58
    1.09 -1.90737 82154 4.67247 74947 0.09 1.59 -0.71480 85441 1.13663 77770 0.59
    1.10 -1.86145 73783 4.51287 67903 0.10 1.60 -0.70357 22779 1.11074 47490 0.60
    1.11 -1.81709 75731 4.36020 88083 0. 11 1.61 -0.69259 11105 1.08561 33658 0.61
    1.12 -1.77423 13035 4.21411 11755 0.12 1.62 -0.68185 75627 1.06121 63792 0.62
    1.13 -1.73279 45852 4.07424 35447 0.13 1.63 -0.67136 44220 1.03752 76835 0.63
    1.14 -1.69272 67342 3.94028 60717 0.14 1.64 -0.66110 47316 1.01452 22608 0.64
    1.15 -1.65397 01677 3.81193 80220 0.15 1.65 -0.65107 17793 0.99217 61290 0.65
    1.16 -1.61647 02206 3.68891 64540 0. 16 1.66 -0.64125 90881 0.97046 62927 0.66
    1.17 -1.58017 49731 3.57095 50416 0. 17 1.67 -0.63166 04061 0.94937 06973 0.67
    1.18 -1.54503 50903 3.45780 29554 0.18 1.68 -0.62226 96973 0.92886 81843 0.68
    1.19 -1.51100 36723 3.34922 38402 0.19 1.69 -0.61308 11332 0.90893 84502 0.69
    1.20 -1.47803 61144 3.24499 48647 0.20 1.70 -0.60408 90841 0.88956 20066 0.70
    1.21 -1.44608 99765 3.14490 58422 0. 21 1.71 -0.59528 81112 0.87072 01433 0.71
    1.22 -1.41512 48602 3.04875 84139 0.22 1.72 -0.58667 29593 0.85239 48922 0.72
    1.23 -1.38510 22950 2.95636 52925 0.23 1.73 -0.57823 85490 0.83456 89940 0.73
    1.24 -1.35598 56308 2.86754 95589 0.24 1.74 -0.56997 99702 0.81722 58660 0.74
    1.25 -1.32773 99375 2.78214 40092 0.25 1.75 -0.56189 24756 0.80034 95719 0.75
    1.26 -1.30033 19112 2.69999 05478 0. 26 1.76 -0.55397 14738 0.78392 47929 0.76
    1.27 -1.27372 97857 2.62093 96227 0.27 1.77 -0.54621 25238 0.76793 68005 0.77
    1.28 -1.24790 32496 2.54484 97000 0.28 1.78 -0.53861 13291 0.75237 14300 0.78
    1.29 -1.22282 33691 2.47158 67746 0.29 1.79 -0.53116 37320 0.73721 50564 0.79
    1.30 -1.19846 25147 2.40102 39143 0. 30 1.80 -0.52386 57084 0.72245 45705 0.80
    1.31 -1.17479 42923 2.33304 08348 0. 31 1.81 -0.51671 33630 0.70807 73565 0.81
    1432 -1.15179 34794 2.26752 35032 0.32 1.82 -0.50970 29242 0.69407 12710 0.82
    1.33 -1.12943 59642 2.20436 37678 0.33 1.83 -0.50283 07396 0.68042 46226 0.83
    1.34 -1.10769 86881 2.14345 90132 0.34 1.84 -0.49609 32712 0.66712 61527 0.84
    1.35 -1.08655 95925 2.08471 18367 0.35 1.85 -0.48948 70921 0.65416 50169 0.85
    1.36 -1.06599 75682 2.02802 97472 1.86 -0.48300 88813 0.64153 07680 0.86
    1.37 -1.04599 24073 1;97332 48830 E 1.87 -0.47665 54207 0.62921 33389 0.87
    1.38 -1.02652 47586 1.92051 37473 0:38 1.88 -0.47042 35909 0.61720 30270 0.88
    1.39 -1.00757 60850 1.86951 69616 0.39 1.89 -0.46431 03677 0.60549 04793 0.89
    1.40 -0.98912 86236 1.82025 90339 0.40 1.90 -0.45831 28188 0.59406 66772 0.90
    1.41 -0.97116 53479 1.77266 81419 0. 41 1.91 -0.45242 81007 0.58292 29238 0.91
    1.42 -0.95366 99322 1.72667 59295 0. 42 1.92 -0.44665 34549 0.57205 08299 0.92
    1.43 -0.93662 67177 1.68221 73161 0.43 1.93 -0.44098 62055 0.56144 23020 0.93
    1.44 -0.92002 06808 1.63923 03178 0.44 1.94 -0.43542 37563 0.55108 95304 0.94
    1.45 -0.90383 74031 1.59765 58792 0.45 1.95 -0.42996 35876 0.54098 49774 0.95
    1.46 -0.88806 30426 1.55743 77157 0. 46 1.96 -0.42460 32537 0.53112 13668 0.96
    1.47 -0.87268 43070 1.51852 21649 0.47 1.97 -0.41934 03805 0.52149 16733 0.97
    1.48 -0.85768 84281 1.48085 80478 0.48 1.98 -0.41417 26631 0.51208 91127 0.98
    1.49 -0.84306 31376 1.44439 65370 0.49 1.99 -0.40909 78630 0.50290 71324 0.99
    1.50 -0.82879 66442 1.40909 10340 0.50 2.00 -0.40411 38063 0.49393 94023 1.00
    * *
    Lf- In 2/! cln y! Y $ln g! 5 In 2/! Y
    dy* W
    rc-4)11
    [ 1
    (-74)3
    [ (-65)4
    1 L 6 J
    Compiled from H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 ~01s. (Principia Press,
    Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935) (with permission).
    *‘See page II.
    272 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    ‘l-al ,Ic 6.3 GAMMA AND DICAMMA Fl’NC’lM)NS FOR lh’l’IS(;l3R /III) II.\I,F-I;\‘I’FXER Vi\I,c’E:s

    r(u) l/r00 r(u+i) +Oc) ,I’1 (1,) ,1’.;01)

    ( 0)1.00000 00000 0)1.00000 000 -1)8.86226 93 -0.57721 56649 1.08443 755 0.57721 566

    1.00000 00000
    i 0i 2.00000
    6.00000 I- 1
    0)11.00000
    5.00000 000
    1.66666 667 I 0
    10)1.32934
    13.32335
    1.16317 10 1.25611 43351
    04 +0.42278
    28 0.92278 76684 1.02806 452
    1.02100
    1.04220 830 0.27036
    712 0.17582 795
    0.13017 669
    285
    ( 1)2.40000 00000 (- 2)4.16666 667 ( 1)5.23427 78 1.50611 76684 1.01678 399 0.10332 024
    (- 3)8.33333 333 ( 2)2.87885 28 1.70611 76684 1.01397 285 0.08564 180
    3)1.87125 43 1.87278 43351 1.01196 776 0.07312 581
    4)1.40344 07 2.01564 14780 1.01046 565 0.06380 006
    2.14064 14780 1.00929 843 0.05658 310
    (- 6)2.75573 192 I 2.25175 25891 1.00836 536 0.05083 250
    11 (- 7)2.75573 192 ( 7)1.18994 23 2.35175 25891 1.00760 243 0.04614 268
    3.99168 00000 I 8)1.36843 37 2.44266 16800 1.00696 700 0.04224 497
    :3 9 1.71054 21 2.52599 50133 1.00642 958 0.03895 434
    10 2.30923 18 2.60291 80902 1.00596 911 0.03613 924
    :54 (-11)1.14707 456 11)3.34838 61 2.67434 66617 1.00557 019 0.03370 354

    :76
    I1312)1.30767
    2.09227 89888
    43680 I -13
    -14 17.64716
    4.77947 733
    373 13 8.56349 74
    (12)5.18999 85 2.80351
    2.74101 33283 1.00491 124
    1.00522 0.02970 002
    343 0.03157 539
    18
    19 I 14 6.40237 42810
    15i 3.55687 37057 -15)2.81145 725 I 15I 1.49861 21 2.86233 24133
    2.91789 68577 1.00463 988
    1.00439 519 0.02654
    0.02803 490
    657
    20 (17)1.21645 10041 2.97052 39922 1.00417 501 0.02520 828
    21 (-19)4.11031 762 (19)1.10827 98 3.02052 39922 1.00397 584 0.02399 845
    22 5.1OYO942172 3.06814 30399 1.00379 480 0.02289 941
    23 3.11359 75853 1.00362 953 0.02189 663
    24 3.15707 58462 1.00347 806 0.02097 798
    0.02013 331

    I
    25 3.19874 25129 1.00333 872
    26 (25)1.55112 10043 (-26)6.44695 029 (25)7.87126 49 3.23874 25129 1.00321 011 0.01935 403
    (-27)2.47959 626 2712.08588 52 3.27720 40513 1.00309 105 0.01863 281
    El
    29 3.04888 34461
    (-29 9.18368 986
    i-30 3.27988 924
    28 5.73618 43 3.31424 10884
    3.34995 53741
    1.00298 050
    1.00287 758
    0.01796 342
    0.01734 046
    30 1-31I 1.13099 629 3.38443 81327 1.00278 154 0.01675 925
    (3212.65252 85981 -33)3.76998 763 (33)1.47092 26 3.41777 14660 1.00269 170 0.01621 574
    86542 -34)1.21612 504 3.45002 95305 1.00260 748 0.01570 637
    83693 3.48127 95305 1.00252 837 0.01522 803
    76188 3.51158 25608 1.00245 392 0.01477 796
    79904 (39)1.74039 42 3.54099 43255 1.00238 372 0.01435 374
    47966 (-4:)9.67759 296 40)6.17839 94 3.56956 57541 1.00231 744 0.01395 318
    32679 42)2.25511 58 3.59734 35319 1.00225 474 0.01357 438
    53091 43)8.45668 42 3.62437 05589 1.00219 534 0.01321 560
    61747 45)3.25582 34 3.65068 63484 1.00213 899 0.01287 530
    82081 (-47)4.90246 976 47)1.28605 02 3.67632 73740 1.00208 546 0.01255 208
    (47)8.15915 28325 (-48)1.22561 744 48 5.20850 35 3.70132 73740 1.00203 455 0.01224 469
    42 i 49
    52i 6.04152
    51 3.34525 26613
    1.40500 63063
    61178 I(-53)1.65521
    -52 12.98931
    -50 7.11740 087
    083
    673 3.99612 90
    5112.16152
    50
    53 9.18649 67
    81 3.72571 29557
    3.77278
    3.74952 71417
    76179 1.00193 570
    1.00189
    1.00198 983 0.01195 668
    606 0.01167
    0.01140 297
    200
    43
    (54)2.65827 15748 (+5)3.76184 288 55)1.77827 64 3.79551 02284 1.00185 354 0.01115 226
    46

    I
    47
    48
    ;; I -60
    -63
    -58I13.86662
    -57
    -62 1.64397 471
    1.81731
    8.35965
    8.05547 607
    540
    851
    084 (63 1.78713 74
    58I 4.29046
    61
    60
    56 3.76238
    8.66760
    8.09115 18
    44
    82
    29 3.83947 81768
    3.81773
    3.90198
    3.88158
    3.86074 96734
    15102
    15811
    24506 1.00181 460
    1.00166
    1.00170
    1.00173
    1.00177 759
    803
    210
    321 0.01003
    0.01090 879
    0.01023
    0.01045
    0.01067 333
    283
    602
    895
    51 (64)3.04140 93202 (-65)3.28794 942 (65)2.16668 38 3.92198 96734 1.00163 530 0.00983 596
    (11-l)! l/(,1-1)! ()I -a)! 2 Zn(tc-l)! *
    p,!= (2,)1,,4,4 fl(II) r(tr)=(2r)~,r"-~,,-)~f, (.)I)
    +(u)=ln ~/-f:~(~~) (2#=2.50662 82746 31001
    $0)) compiled from I-I. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 ~01s. (Principia Press,
    Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935) (with permission).
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 273
    GAMMA AND DICAMMA IWiXc'I'IOIvS FOR IKTE(;ER AND IIALF-Ih.rE(;ER VALl!& 'I‘;,],!,. (,.:s
    tl rot) l/rot) r(tt+3) JOI) ./I 00 .f:;(l,)

    I - 70)2.33924
    65)3.28794
    68
    67 1.23979 942
    6.44695 515
    993
    964 ( 65)2.16668 38
    16
    12
    21 3.96082
    3.94159
    33.92198
    97969 96734
    75166
    62103
    82858 1.00160 530
    100154
    1.00157
    1.00163 383
    438
    355 0.00983
    0 00928 596
    0.00946
    0.00964 784
    363
    620
    (1 72)4.33193 547 63 3:99821 47288 1:OOlSl 628 0:OOSll 846
    73)1.26964 03354 ( 73)9.47993 44 4.01639 65470 1.00148 919 0.00895 514
    5.35616 29 4.03425 36899 1.00146 304 0.00879 758
    3.07979 37 4.05179 75495 1.00143 780 0.00864 546
    1.80167 93 4.06903 89288 1.00141 341 0.00849 852
    ( 81)1.07199 92 4.08598 80814 1.00138 984 0.00835 648
    ( 82)6.48559 51 4.10265 47481 1.00136 704 0.00821 912
    ( 84)3.98864 10 4.11904 81907 1.00134 498 0.00808 619
    2.49290 06 4.13517 72229 1.00132 362 0.00795 750
    1.58299 19 4.15105 02388 1.00130 292 0.00783 284
    ( 90)1.02102 98 4.16667 52388 1.00128 286 0.00771 203
    ( 91)6.68774 50 4.18205 98542 1.00126 341 0.00759 489
    4.44735 04 4.19721 13693 1.00124 455 0.00748 125
    3.00196 15 4.21213 67425 1.00122 623 0.00737 096
    2.05634 36 4.22684 26248 1.00120 845 0.00726 388
    1.42915 88 4.24133 53785 1.00119 118 0.00715 986
    71 (100 1.19785 71670 (-101 8.34824 074 1.00755 70 4.25562 10927 1.00117 439 0.00705 878
    72 i 101I 8.50478 58857 i -102 I 1.17580 856 7.20403 24 4.26970 55998 1.00115 807 0.00696 052
    :i 105 4.47011
    103 6.12344 54615
    58377 -104 2.23707
    -106 1.63306 744
    868 3.83884 87
    5.22292 35 4.28359 31188
    44887 1.00114 675 0.00686 495
    220
    4.29729 1.00112 0.00677 197
    75 (107)3.30788 54415 (-108)3.02307 930 (108)2.85994 23 4.31080 66323 1.00111 172 0.00668 148

    :; 109)2.48091 40811 (110)2.15925


    1.65183 12
    64 4.32413
    4.33729 99657
    78604 1.00108
    1.00109 283
    709 0.00659
    0.00650 337
    756
    78 1.28016 92 4.35028 48734 1.00106 894 0.00642 395
    2 21308 526 7.98921 28
    1.00493 57 4.37576
    4.36310 36140
    53862 1.00105 220
    540 0.00634 247
    116)8.94618 -117)1.11779 1.00104 0.00626 302
    81 6.43131 87 4.38826 36140 1.00102 933 0.80618 554
    E 4.32425 47
    5.24152 79 4.40060
    4.41280 92931
    44150 1.00100 677
    1.00101 452 0.00603 995
    0.00610 619
    84 3.61075 53 4.42485 26078 1.00099 255 0.00596 419
    85 126)3.31424 01346 127)3.05108 83 4.43675 73697 1.00098 087 0.00589 389
    128)2.81710 41144 '129)2.60868 05 4.44852 20756 1.00096 946 0.00582 522
    2.25650 86 4.46014 99825 1.00095 831 0.00575 814
    it 1.74738 38
    1.97444 50 4.48300
    4.47164 42354
    78718 1.00094 676
    1.00093 741 0.00562
    0.00569 850
    258
    90 1.56390 85 4.49424 38268 1.00092 635 0.00556 584
    72 4.50535 49379 1.00091 617 0.00550 457
    36 4.51634 39489 1.00090 620 0.00544 463
    60 4.52721 35142 1.00089 646 0.00538 598
    22 4.53796 62023 1.00088 691 0.00532 858
    98 4.54860 45002 1.00087 757 0.00527 239

    101 (157)9.33262 15444 (-158)1.07151 029 (158)9.36756 79 4.61016 18527 1.00082 542 0.00495 866
    (II-l) ! l/(+1)! (1/-i)! *-& Zn(tr-l)! [C-37)2] ['Ff'l]

    ,I != (2T)fd’+~~-~~fl (ttj r (t,) = (2r) f,,J~--,>-,y, (1,) +()I) =ln ef:~(~l) (2+2.50662 82746 31001

    *see p*ge II.


    274 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.4 LOGARITHMS OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION

    log,,r (11) log,, r (,l&) log,, r ()I+;) log,, r (n-t+) f,N


    0.00000000 -0.04915 851 -0.05245 506 -0.04443 477 1.00000 000
    0.00000000 +0.07578 023 +0.12363 620 +0.17741 398 0.96027 923
    0.30103 000 0.44375 702 0.52157 621 0.60338 271 0.94661 646
    0.77815 125 0.96663 576 1.06564 43 1:167&S 41 0.93972 921
    1.38021 12 1.60345 79 1.71885 68 1.83666 09 0.93558 323
    2.07918 12 2.33045 66 2.45921 95 2.58998 86 0.93281 466
    2.85733 25 3.13208 89 3.27213 28 3.41389 73 ' 0.93083 524
    3.70243 05 3.99739 04 4.14719 41 4.29850 39 0.92934 980
    4.60552 05 4.91820 91 5.07661 30 5.23635 60 0.92819 400
    5.55976 30 5.88824 59 6.05433 66 6.22163 27 0.92726 910
    11 6.55976 30 6.90248 63 7.07552 59 7.24966 15 0.92651 221
    12 7.60115 57 7.95684 40 8.13622 37 8.31660 83 0.92588 137
    13 8.68033 70 9.04792 45 9.23313 38 9.41927 06 0.92534 753
    14 9.79428 03 10.17286 3 10.36346 8 lOI 3 0.92488 990
    15 10.94040 8 11.32921 0 11.52483 6 11.72126 5 Oi92444 327
    12.116500 12.514847 12.715167 12.916241 0.92414 619
    13.320620 13.727922 13.932651 14.138090 0.92383 993
    14.551069 14.966804 15.175689 15.385245 0.92356 769
    15.806341 16.230045 16.442861 16.656311 0.92332 409
    17.085095 17.516352 17.732896 17.950042 0.92310 485
    18.386125 18.824561 19.044649 19.265313 0.92290 649
    19.708344 20.153619 20.377088 20.601105 0.92272 615
    21.050767 21.502573 21.729270 21.956492 0.92256 149
    227412494 22.870550 23.100338 23.330629 0792241 055
    23.792706 24.256751 24.489504 24.722740 0.92227 169
    25.190646 25.660444 25.896045 26.132109 0.92214 350
    26.605619 27.080949 27.319290 27.558078 0.92202 481
    28.036983 28.517642 28.758623 29.000035 0.92191 460
    29.484141 29.969940 30.213468 30.457412 Oi92181 198
    30.946539 31.437301 31.683290 31.929681 0.92171 621
    32.423660 32.919221 33.167590 33.416347 0.92162 661
    3: 33.915022 34.415228 34.665900 34.916950 0.92154 262
    33 35.420172 35.924878 36.177784 36.431055 0.92146 371
    36.938686 37;447757 37.702829 37.958255 0.92138 944
    3354 38.470165 38.983473 39.240648 39.498167 0.92131 942
    40.014233 40.531658 40.790876 41.050429 0.92125 329
    41.570535 42.091963 42.353169 42.614701 0.92119 073
    43.138737 43.664060 43.927200 44.190658 0.92113 146
    44.718520 45.247636 45.512661 45.777995 0.92107 524
    46.309585 46.842397 47.109258 47.376420 0.92102 182
    41 47.911645 48.448061 48.716713 48.985659 0.92097 101
    42 49.524429 50.064362 50.334761 50.605448 0.92092 262
    51.147678 51.691044 51.963150 52.235536 0.92087 648
    t43 52.781147 53.327866 53.601639 53.875686 0.92083 244
    45 54.424599 54.974597 55.249999 55.525670 0.92079 035
    46 56.077812 56.631014 56.908011 57.185269 0.92075 010
    57.740570 58.296908 58.575464 58.854276 0.92071 156
    4487 i9:412668 59.972075 60.252157 60.532491 Oi92067 462
    49 61.093909 61.656322 61.937899 62.219723 0.92063 919
    50 62.784105 63.349462 63.632504 631915788 0.92060 518
    51 64.483075 65.051318 65.335796 65.620510 0.92057 250
    log,, (n-l) ! log,, (n-+) ! log,, (+f) ! log,, (n-fj !

    In r(n)=ln (n-l)!=(+) In n+l+fi(?t) In 10=2.30258 509299


    log,, r(n) compiled from E. S. Pearson, Table of the logarithms of the complete r-function, arguments
    2 to 1200. Tracts for Computers No. VIII (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1922) (with
    permission).
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 275
    LOGARITHMS OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION Table 6.4

    log,, r (11) log,, r (?I++) log,, r (n+t) log,, r (n++) .f&)


    64.483075 65.051318 65.335796 65.620510 0.92057 250
    66.190645 66.761717 67.047603 67.333720 0.92054 108
    67.906648 68.480496 68.767762 69.055256 0.92051 084
    69.630924 70.207494 70.496116 70.784961 0.92048 173
    71.363318 71.942561 72.232512 72.522683 0.92045 367
    73.103681 73.685548 73.976805 74.268279 0.92042 661
    74.851869 75.436313 75.728854 76.021606 0.92040 051
    76.607744 77.194720 77.488522 77.782531 0.92037 530
    78.371172 70.960637 79.255677 79.550922 0.92035 095
    80.142024 80.733936 81.030194 81.326654 0.92032 741
    81.920175 82.514493 82.811950 83.109604 0.92030 464
    83.705505 84.302190 84.600825 84.899655 0.92028 261
    85.497896 86.096910 86.396705 86.696691 0.92026 127
    87.297237 87.898542 88.199479 88.500604 0.92024 061
    89.103417 89.706978 90.009038 90.311284 0.92022 057
    90.916330 91.522113 91.825280 92.128629 0.92020 115
    92.735874 93.343845 93.648101 93.952538 0.92018 231
    94.561949 95.172075 95.477405 95.782913 0.92016 401
    96.394458 97.006708 97.313096 97.619659 0.92014 625
    98.233307 98.847650 99.155080 99.462684 0.92012 900
    100.07841 100.69481 101.00327 101.31190 0.92011 223
    101.92966 102.54810 102.85758 103.16722 \ 0.92009 593 /
    103.78700 104.40744 104.71791 105.02855 0.92008 008
    105.65032 106.27274 106.58420 106.89582 0.92006 465
    107.51955 108.14393 108.45636 108.76895 0.92004 964
    109.39461 110.02091 110.33430 110.64785 0.92003 502
    111.27543 111.90363 112.21797 112.53246 0.92002 078
    113.16192 113.79200 114.10727 114.42269 0.92000 690
    115.05401 115.68594 116.00214 116.31848 0.91999 338
    116.95164 117.58540 117.90250 118.21976 0.91998 019
    118.85473 119.49029 119.80830 120.12646 0.91996 733
    120.76321 121.40056 121.71946 122.03850 0.91995 479
    122.67703 123.31614 123.63591 123.95583 0.91994 254
    124.59610 125.23696 125.55760 125.87838 0.91993 059
    126.52038 127.16296 127.48445 127.80610 0.91991 892
    128.44980 129.09407 129.41642 129.73891 0.91990 752
    130.38430 131.03025 131.35344 131.67676 0.91989 638
    132.32382 132.97143 133.29545 133.61959 0.91988 550
    134.26830 134.91756 135.24239 135.56735 0.91987 486
    136.21769 136.86857 137.19421 137.51999 0.91986 446

    138.17194 138.82442 139.15086 139.47743 0.91985 428


    140.13098 140.78505 141.11228 141.43964 0.91984 433
    142.09477 142.75041 143.07842 143.40657 0.91983 459
    144.06325 144.72044 145.04923 145.37815 0.91982 505
    146.03638 146.69511 147.02467 147.35435 0.91981 572

    148.01410 148.67435 149.00467 149.33511 0.91980 659


    149.99637 150.65813 150.98920 151.32039 0.91979 764
    151.98314 152.64639 152.97820 153.31013 0.91978 887
    153.97437 154.63909 154.97164 155.30430 0.91978 028
    155.97000 156.63619 156.96946 157.30285 0.91977 186

    157.97000 158.63763 158.97163 159.30574 0.91976 361


    log,, (n-l) ! log,, (n-f) ! log,, (14) ! log,, (n- 8 !
    ln r(n)=ln (n-l)!=(n-+) In n-?L+.fz(n) In 10=2.30258 509299
    276 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.5 AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR GAMMA AND DIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

    1 fl (x> f2 (xl f3 (xl <X>


    o.xoi15 1.00125 077 0.92018 852 0.00751 875
    0.014 1.00116 735 0.92010 519 0.00701 633 7”;
    0.013 1.00108 391 0.92002 186 0.00651 408
    0.012 1.00100 050 0.91993 853 0.00601 200 ;;
    0.011 1.00091 708 0.91985 520 0.00551 008 91
    0.010 1.00083 368 0.91977 186 0.00500 833 100
    0.009 1.00075 028 0.91968 853 0.00450 675 111
    0.008 1.00066 689 0.91960 520 0.00400 533 125
    0.007 1.00058 350 0.91952 187 0.00350 408 143
    0.006 1.00050 012 0.91943 853 0.00300 300 167
    0.005 1.00041 675 0.91935 52C 0.00250 208 200
    0.004 1.00033 339 0.91927 187 0.00200 133 250
    0.003 1.00025 003 0.91918 853 0.00150 075 333
    0.002 1.00016 668 0.91910 520 0.00100 033 500
    0.001 1.00008 334 0.91902 187 0.00050 008 1000

    c(-;)l1
    0.000 1.00000 000 0.91893 853 0.00000 000 00

    c 1
    i-y

    In r(x)=ln (x-l)!-(x-3) In x- -z+f2(2)

    +(x) =h x-f3f3(x) .

    (2r)*=2.50662 82746 31001

    <x>=nearest integer to x.

    Table 6.6 FACTORIALS FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

    n n! n!
    100 9.3326 21544 39441 52682 6;10 1408 1.2655 72316 22543 07425
    200 7.8865 78673 64790 50355 700 1689 2.4220 40124 75027 21799
    300 3.0605 75122 16440 63604 800 1976 7.7105 30113 35386 00414
    400 6.4034 52284 66238 95262 900 2269 6.7526 80220 96458 41584
    500 1.2201 36825 99111 00687 1000 i 2567 I 4.0238 72600 77093 77354
    l?(n+l) Un+l>
    Compiled from Ballistic Research Laboratory, A tame of the factorial numbers and their reciprocals
    from l! to lOOO! to 20significant digits, Technical Note No. 381, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.(1951)
    (with permission).
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 277
    GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 6.7

    z=l.O
    Jln r(z) !I &Tln r(z) Yin r(z)
    0.00000 00000 00 5.0 - 6.13032 41445 53 3.81589 85746 15
    ~~~ - 0.00819
    0.00000 00000
    77805 00
    65 - 0.05732 2940417 - 6.27750 24635 84 3.97816 38691 88
    0:2 - 0.03247 62923 18 - 0.11230 22226 44 :*: - 6.42487 30533 35 4.14237 74050 86
    - 0.16282 0672168 5:3 - 6.57242 85885 29 4.30850 21885 83
    00:: - 0.12528
    0.07194 93748
    62509 00
    21 - 0.20715 58263 16 5.4 - 6.72016 21547 03 4.47650 25956 68
    o"*z - 0.19094
    0.26729 5499187
    00682 14 - 0.24405
    0.27274 82989
    38104 91
    05 - 6.86806 72180 48 4.64634 42978 70
    - 7.01613 75979 76 4.81799 41933 05
    0:7 - 0.35276 86908 60 - 0.29282 6351187 - 7.16436 7442106 4.99142 03424 89
    - 0.44597 87835 49 - 0.30422 56029 76 Pi - 7.31275 12034 30 5.16659 19085 37
    - 0.54570 51286 05 - 0.30707 43756 42 5:9 - 7.46128 36194 29 5.34347 91013 53
    - 0.65092 31993 02 - 0.30164 03204 68 - 7.60995 96929 51 5.52205 31255 15
    - 0.76078 39588 41 - 0.28826 66142 39 - 7.75877 46746 55 5.70228 61315 35
    - 0.87459 04638 95 - 0.26733 05805 81 - 7.90772 40468 98 5.88415 11702 39
    - - 0.23921 67844 65 - 8.05680 35089 04 6.06762 21500 13
    :*:
    1:4 - 1.11186 45664
    0.99177 27669 59
    26 - 0.20430 0724149 - 8.20600 89631 00 6.25267 37967 05
    1.5 - 1.23448 30515 47 - 0.16293 97694 80 - 8.35533 65025 11 6.43928 16159 76
    - 0.11546 87935 89 - 8.50478 2399125 6.62742 18579 12
    ::: - 1.3593122484
    1.48608 96127 6557 - 0.06219 86983 29 - 8.65434 30931 23 6.81707 14837 44
    ::g" - 1.61459
    1.74464 53960
    427617400 - 0.0034166314 77 - 8.8040151829 10 7.00820 81345 02
    + 0.0606128742 95 - 8.95379 54158 79 7.20081 01014 93
    0.12964 63163 10 - 9.10368 06798 32 7.39485 62984 36
    21" - 2.00876
    1.87607 41504
    87864 31
    71 0.20345 94738 33 - 9.25366 79950 15 7.59032 6235184
    0.28184 56584 26 - 9.40375 45067 08 7.78719 99928 77
    2'2 - 2.27743
    2.14258 42092
    81922 96
    04 0.3646140489 50 - 9.55393 74783 21 7.98545 82004 68
    214 - 2.41323 81411 84 0.45158 81524 41 - 9.7042142849 72 8.18508 20125 03
    0.54260 44058 52 - 9.85458 24074 86 8.38605 30880 89
    22:; - 2.54990
    2.68737 61537
    68424 95
    50 0.6375109190 46 -10.00503 94267 90 8.58835 35709 62
    0.73616 63516 79 -10.15558 30186 86 8.79196 60705 87
    22'87 - 2.96448
    2.82558 5641191
    14617 89 0.83843 89130 96 -10.3062109489 48 8.99687 36442 29
    2:9 - 3.1040154399 01 0.94420 54730 39 -10.45692 10687 39 9.20305 97799 25
    1.05335 07710 69 -10.6077113103 15 9.41050 83803 12
    33:; - 3.24414
    3.38482 90223
    42995 90
    77 1.16576 67132 86 -10.75857 96829 95 9.61920 37472 42
    1.28135 17459 32 -10.90952 42693 78 9.82913 05671 62
    :*: - 3.52603
    3.66772 81104
    43067 09
    88 1.4000102965 76 -11.06054 32217 92 10.04027 38971 80
    314 - 3.80988 12618 23 1.52165 22746 73 -11.21163 47589 48 10.2526191518 09
    1.64619 26242 69 -11.36279 71628 04 10.46615 20903 24
    ::: - 3.95246
    4.09546 7126189
    13204 51 1.77355 09225 91 -11.51402 87756 02 10.68085 88047 12
    1.903651019019 -11.66532 79970 81 10.89672 5708177
    zl - 4.38258
    4.23884 69752
    14660 71
    28 2.03642 0709693 -11.81669 32818 48 11.11373 9524157
    3:9 - 4.52667 88647 16 2.17179 14436 05 -11.96812 31369 01 11.33188 72758 53
    21" - 4.67109
    4.81583 95934
    29197 96
    09 2.30969 80565 73 -12.1196161192 81 11.55115 62762 02
    2.45007 85299 47 -12.27117 08338 67 11.77153 41183 09
    2.59287 37713 19 -12.42278 59312 81 11.99300 86662 85
    i-3' - 4.96086
    5.10617 37766
    81606 87
    63 2.73802 74148 20 -12.57446 01059 08 12.21556 80464 79
    414 - 5.25176 30342 30 2.88548 56389 27 -12.72619 20940 29 12.43920 06390 90
    3.03519 69999 22 -12.87798 06720 44 12.66389 5070128
    44:; - 5.54369
    5.39760 64183
    62389 84
    04 3.1871122793 89 -13.02982 46547 89 12.88964 02037 08
    4;i - 5;69002 29483 73 3.34118 43443 27 -1ji18172 28939 51 13.11642 51346 66
    3.49736 80186 15 -13.33367 42765 47 13.34423 91814 77
    i:; - 5.83657
    5.98334 58655
    58764 54
    32 3.6556199647 12 -13.48567 77234 95 13.57307 18794 55
    5.0 - 6.13032 41445 53 3.81589 85746 15 10.0 -13.63773 21882 47 13.80291 29742 30

    Linear interpolation will yield about three figures;eight-point interpolation will yield about eight figures.
    For z outsidethe range of the table, seeExamples 5-8.

    S?ln r(z)=ln Ir(z) / .P In r (2)=arg r (2)


    278 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.7 GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

    .r=l.l
    gin r(z) Jln r(z) Y Vln r(z) 4 In r(z)
    - 0.04987 24412 60 0.00000 00000 00 - 5.96893 91493 52 3.96198 63258 60
    00~~
    0:2
    -
    -
    0.05702 02290
    0.07824 35801
    38
    68
    -
    -
    0.04206
    0.08230
    65443
    97383
    76
    98
    E -
    -
    6.11415
    6.25959
    43840
    93585
    05
    61
    4.12446 68364
    4.28888 73284
    90
    80
    0.3 - 0.1129143470 17 - 0.11905 06275 18 :-; - 6.40526 53566 40 4i4552112743 47
    0.4 - 0.16008 21257 99 - 0.15086 79240 09 514 - 6.55114 41480 20 4.62340 34819 04
    - 0.21858 96764 09 - 0.1766611398 43 - 6.69722 7953189 4.79343 00232 04
    - 0.28718 99839 43 - 0.19566 16788 64 55'2 - 6.84350 94110 69 4.96525 81683 67
    - 0.36464 38731 53 - 0.20740 35526 60 517 - 6.98998 15495 70 5.13885 63238 91
    - 0144978 83131 87 - 0.21167 10325 55 5.8 - 7.13663 77586 96 5.31419 39750 77
    - 0.54157 54093 11 - 0.20843 91333 00 5.9 - 7.28347 17659 19 5.49124 16322 40
    - 0.63908 78153 48 - 0.1978178257 67 - 7.43047 76136 25 5.66997 07803 94
    :G! - 0.74153 80620 74 - 0.18000 55175 74 - 7.57764 96383 95 5i85035 3832146
    1:2 - 0.84825 85646 26 - 0.15525 33222 12 - 7.72498 24519 72 6.03236 40835 50
    1.3 - 0.95868 73364 97 - 0.12383 93047 38 - 7.87247 09237 38 6.21597 56726 90
    1.4 - 1.07235 26519 67 - 0.08605 08957 00 - 8.02011 01645 61 6.40116 35407 92
    - 1.18885 84815 22 - 0.04217 34907 11 6.5 - 8.16789 55118 88 6.58790 33956 67
    :-z - 1.30787 15575 95 + 0.00751 65191 79 - 8.31582 25159 69 6.77617 16773 32
    1:7 - 1.4291103402 04 0.06275 56777 30 - 8.46388 6927117 6.96594 55256 30
    - 1.55233 58336 11 0.12329 53847 15 - 8.61208 46838 95 7.15720 27497 24
    ::: - 1.67734 40572 49 0.18890 25358 69 - 8.760411902172 7.34992 17993 20
    - 1.80395 99248 63 0.25935 93780 23 - 8.90886 48649 60 7.54408 17375 09
    2:: - 1.93203 22878 13 0.33446 29085 79 - 9.05744 00129 63 7173966 2215113
    - 2.06142 99239 46 0.41402 4032150 - 9.20613 39357 92 7.93664 34464 25
    z - 2.19203 82866 29 0.49786 66085 82 - 9.35494 33637 73 8i13500 61862 70
    214 - 2.32375 68617 01 0758582 64745 04 - 9.50386 51603 25 8.33473 17082 71
    2.5 - 2.45649 70097 26 0.67775 04868 09 7.5 - 9.65289 63148 29 8.53580 17842 76
    - 2.59018 01959 43 0.77349 56148 91 - 9.80203 39359 83 8.73819 86648 33
    Z -
    -
    2.72473
    2.86010
    65306
    35591
    67
    81
    0.87292 80949
    0.97592 26515
    66
    07
    E - 9.95127 52455
    -10.100617572694
    81 8.94190
    9.14690
    50606
    41251
    84
    84
    29" - 2.99622 52529 98 1.0823617859 08 E -10.25005 83482 21 9.35317 94376 01
    3.0 - 3.13305 11644 50 1.19213 51297 05 8.0 -10.39959 50997 80 9.56071 49872 49
    - 3.27053 57144 30 1.30513 8858177 -10.54922 54469 17 9.76949 51583 85
    ;:: - 3.40863 75892 32 1.42127 51595 43 t:: -10.69894 70966 06 9.97950 47158 43
    - 3.5473192273 03 1.54045 17547 76 -10.84875 78390 24 10.19072 87913 49
    ;:: - 3.68654 63804 17 1.66258 1463194 2: -10.99865 55435 72 10.40315 28704 84
    3.5 - 3.82628 77368 25 1.78758 18092 68 8.5 -11.14863 8155138 10.61676 27802 52
    3.6 - 3.9665145962 20 1.91537 46664 26 8.6 -11.29870 36905 72 10.83154 46772 22
    3.7 - 4.10720 05882 64 2.04588 59340 24 8.7 -11.44885 02353 71 11.04748 50362 14
    - 4.24832 14278 81 2.17904 52440 32 8.8 -11.59907 59405 42 11.26457 06394 86
    E - 4.38985 47017 40 2.31478 56943 26 8.9 -11.74937 90196 53 11.48278 85664 18
    4.0 - 4.53177 96812 84 2.45304 36058 25 -11.89975 77460 43 11.70212 61836 32
    2:
    -
    -
    4.67407 71584
    4.81672 93009
    70
    83
    2.59375
    2.73687
    83010
    19016
    13
    54
    E!
    9:2
    -12.050210450183
    -12.20073 5517188
    11.92257
    12.14411
    11355
    13354
    62
    15
    413 - 4.9597195242 44 2.88232 91437 48 9.3 -12.35133 13844 58 12.36673 49565 33
    4.4 - 5.10303 23779 21 3.03007 72080 09 9.4 -12.50199 65394 43 12.59043 04241 06

    44:;--- 5.24665 34450 28


    5.3905692519 72
    5.53476 7188164
    3.18006
    3.33224
    3.48657
    55643
    58288
    16324
    29
    43
    07
    Xi
    -12.65272 95175 33
    -12.80352 89000 52
    12.81518
    13.04099
    64072
    18113
    43
    65
    t-i
    4:9
    -
    -
    5.67923 54339 89
    5.82396 2896129
    3.64299
    3.80148
    84993
    37357
    84
    79
    Lx
    9:9
    -12.95439 33123 60
    -13.10532 14220 44
    -13.25631 19372 14
    13.26783
    13.49570
    57709
    76423
    12
    49
    13.72459 69974 44
    5.0 - 5.96893 91493 52 3.96198 63258 60 10.0 -13.40736 36048 74 13.95449 36168 27
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 279
    GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 6.7
    1=1.2

    ?I tiln r(z) Y In T(z) Y x In r (2) 9 In r(z)


    0.0 - 0.08537 40900 03 0.00000 00000 00 5.0 - 5.8073152672 85 4.10609 64053 70
    - 0.02865 84973 21 5.1 - 5.95057 66519 39 4.26883 00575 53
    8:: - 0.09169
    0.11050 75124
    89067 13
    86 - 0.05586 39903 67 - 6.09410 4721191 4.43349 40204 01
    - 0.08025 91592 09 55'; - 6.23788 94064 81 4.60005 23089 91
    8:: - 0.18352
    0.14135 09532
    07443 62
    57 - 0.10066 05658 03 5:4 - 6.38192 11972 10 4.76847 02,339 50
    0.5 - 0.23614 32688 51 - 0.11610 77219 87 5.5 - 6.52619 11003 82 4.9387143339 56
    - 0.12588 00935 13 5.6 - 6.67069 06038 24 5.11075 23127 64
    0":; - 0.36884
    0.29824 98509
    83560 35
    49 - 0.12948 68069 28 5.7 - 6.8154116425 98 5.28455 29803 68
    0.8 - 0.44697 73864 90 - 0.12663 80564 16 5.8 - 6.96034 65682 97 5.46008 61980 02
    0.9 - 0.53174 22756 96 - 0.11720 77278 71 5.9 - 7.10548 81209 15 5.63732 28266 55
    - 0.10119 48344 90 - 7.25082 94030 54 5.81623 46788 41
    1'::
    :*:
    - 0.71803
    0.62233 46814
    - 0.81823
    95313 87
    0.92237 79303
    44
    34133 78
    20
    -
    -
    0.07868 85726
    0.04983 92764
    52
    14
    E!
    6:2
    -
    -
    7.39636
    7.54208
    38562
    52390
    29
    70
    5.99679
    6.17897
    44733
    57929
    73
    16
    - 0.01483 57562 65 6.3 - 7.68798 76072 47 6.36275 30441 11
    1:4 - 1.0300106294 86 + 0.026111520147 6.4 - 7.83406 52949 57 6.54810 14200 83
    1.5 - 1.14073 5234162 0.07278 23932 61 6.5 - 7.9803128978 26 6.73499 68651 55
    II*! - 1.25421
    1.37015 22047
    01536 37
    39 0.12495 51937 38 6.6 - 8.12672 52570 99 6.92341 60416 24
    0.1824121090 01 - 8.27329 74450 10 7.11333 62984 34
    1:8 - 1.48829 83245 09 0.24494 25273 48 fx - 8.42002 47512 17 7.30473 56416 32
    1.9 - 1.60844 01578 57 0.31234 49712 35 6:9 - 8.56690 26702 20 7.49759 27064 69
    0.38442 80719 73 7.0 - 8.71392 68896 74 7.69188 67310 43
    z - 1.85397
    1.73038 79144
    78680 93
    87 0.46101 09100 87 - 8.86109 32795 24 7188759 75313 86
    - 1.97906 72374 32 0.54192 29484 31 ;:: - 9.00839 78818 89 8.08470 54778 77
    - 0.62700 37140 16 - 9.15583 69016 37 8728319 14724 22
    x-32
    214 - 2.23325
    2.10553 56848
    013711733 0.71610 23338 39 - 9.30340 66975 98 8.48303 69297 94
    2.5 - 2.36214 55727 43 0.80907 69945 69 - 9.45110 37743 60 8.68422 37525 82
    2.6 - 2.4921123232 46 0.90579 43715 71 - 9.59892 47746 01 8.88673 4317155
    1.00612 9056143 - 9.74686 64719 23 9.09055 14530 96
    El - 2.75497
    2.62307 77928
    19177 95
    39 1.10996 29987 33 - 9.89492 5764138 9.29565 84265 39
    2:9 - 2.88773 16568 77 1.21718 49784 62 -10.04309 96669 84 9.50203 89238 50
    1.32769 01044 18 -10.19138 53082 31 9.70967 70361 08
    Z:! - 3.15562
    3.02130 00992
    57049 07
    65 1.44137 93510 29 -lo:33977 9922146 9.91855 72443 36
    1.55815 91278 68 -10.48828 08443 04 10.12866 44054 34
    E - 3.42636
    3.29066 53170
    16590 00
    56 1.67794 08829 56 -iO:63688 55067 01 10.33998 37387 77
    314 - 3.56269 77297 54 1.80064 07379 67 -10.78559 1433166 10.55250 08134 40
    1.92617 91533 49 -10.93439 62350 38 10.76620 15360 05
    3:: - 3.69962
    3.83710 90860
    32317 85
    24 2.05448 0621184 -11108329 76070 93 10.98107 21389 38
    2.18547 33836 08 -11.23229 33237 11 11.19709 91694 76
    5-i - 4.11364
    3.97512 5174107
    37264 61 2.31908 91746 67 8.8 -11.38138 12352 53 11.41426 94790 19
    3:9 - 4.25263 90859 57 2.45526 29835 70 8.9 -11.53055 92646 46 11.63257 02129 90
    4.0 - 4.39208 75003 42 2.59393 28374 55 -11.67982 54041 57 11.85198 88011 32
    2.73503 96019 03 -11.82917 77123 44 12.07251 29482 35
    44:: - 4.67225
    4.53196 69393
    69332 70
    23 2.87852 67976 01 -11.978614311170 12.29413 06252 48
    4.3 - 4.81293 84293 30 3.02434 04316 86 -12.12813 33832 78 12.51683 00607 77
    4.4 - 4.95399 36651 50 3.17242 88424 26 -12.27773 31694 04 12.74059 97329 36
    4.5 - 5.09540 60548 36 3.32274 25560 43 -12.42741 19659 29 12.96542 83615 35
    - 5.23716 00880 20 3.47523 41545 72 -12i57716 81225 64 13.19130 49005 92
    - 3.62985 81537 79 -12.72700 0040142 13.41821 85311 47
    :-;
    4:8 - 5.37924
    5.52163 1239193
    58863 97 3.78657 08902 31 -12187690 61685 35 13.64615 86543 64
    4.9 - 5.66433 12381 00 3.94533 04167 32 -13.02688 50046 68 13.87511 48849 16
    5.0 - 5.80731 52672 85 4.10609 64053 70 10.0 -13.17693 50906 38 14.10507 70446 23
    280 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.7 GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

    .x=1.3
    Y :1 In r(z) 4ln r(z) Y din r(z) 4 In r(z)
    E - 0.10817
    0.11383 61080
    48095 85
    08 0.00000 00000 00 5.0 - 5.645414138133 4.24823 90621 27
    - 0.0167199199 34 - 5.78673 23355 37 4.41126 31957 95
    0:2 - 0.13070 20636 90 - 0.03225 84033 35 - 5.92835 35606 66 4.57620 66023 67
    - 0.04549 95427 81 - 6.07026 64370 51 4.74303 39118 17
    0":; - 0.19649
    0.15843 1008149
    12771 78 - 0.05544 82296 06 - 6.21246 02140 03 4.9117110050 12
    0.5 - 0.24420 93680 45 - 0.06126 78750 55 5.5 - 6.35492 47217 66 5.08220 49501 77
    - 0.30082 34434 02 - 0.06229 79103 48 - 6ii9765 03105 97 5.25448 39434 72
    0:8
    E - 0.36553
    0.43754 39002
    53407 19
    27 - 0.05805 28252 04 55': - 6.64062 79133 72 5.4285172533 50
    - 0.04820 73993 35 5:s - 617838488113 55 5.60427 51684 12
    0.9 - 0.51609 74046 40 - 0.03257 37450 94 5.9 - 6.92730 48028 21 5.78172 89485 09
    - 0.01107 52190 48 6.0 - 7.07098 80742 52 5.96085 07788 45
    ::; - 0.69006
    0.60048 45154
    62005 05
    12 + 010162790894 04 6.1 - 7.21489 11938 62 6.1416137268 52
    0.04941 70710 23 - 7.35900 70872 13 6.32399 1701649
    :*: - 0.88259
    0.78427 03001
    13601 02
    03 0.08822 25250 96 z*: - 7.50332 90147 58 6.50795 94158 99
    1:4 - 0.98458 61322 90 0.13255 01649 50 6:4 - 7.64785 0551098 6.69349 23498 81
    1.5 - 1.08986 76158 16 0.18223 70479 17 6.5 - 7.79256 55658 27 6.88056 67176 38
    :*; - 1.30898
    1.19809 86148
    54162 82
    04 Oi2371109920 47 - 7.93746 82058 02 7.06915 94350 45
    0.29699 65855 44 - 8.08255 28787 24 7.25924 80896 76
    1:s - 1.42227 1923714 Oi3617193463 93 - 8.2278142379 13 7.45081 09123 38
    1.9 - 1.53773 44011 63 0.43110 85022 51 - 8.37324 7168176 7.64382 67501 64
    2.0 - 1.65517 68709 10 0.50499 87656 67 7.0 - 8.51884 67726 68 7.83827 50411 67
    2Il - 1.77442 7143191 0.58323 13926 09 7.1 - 8.66460 83606 78 8.03413 57901 50
    s-23 - 2.01776
    1.89533 34239
    14331 34
    28 0.66565 47394 67 7.2 - 8.81052 74362 48 8.23138 95458 91
    0.75212 4475930 7.3 - 8.95659 96875 66 8.4300173795 19
    2:4 - 2.14159 19646 87 0.84250 35670 42 7.4 - 9.10282 09770 73 8.63000 08640 04
    2.5 - 2.2667188222 04 0.93666 21049 03 7.5 - 9.24918 73322 19 8.83132 20546 97
    - 2.39304 70725 18 1.03447 70464 53 - 9.39569 49368 29 9.03396 34708 43
    - 2.52049 15659 37 1.13583 18965 15 :*; - 9.54234 01230 14 9.23790 80780 23
    2.8 - 2.64897 56799 18 1.2406163628 56 7:8 - 9.68911 93636 11 9.44313 92714 58
    2.9 - 2.77843 02497 03 1.34872 60013 87 7.9 - 9.83602 92650 88 9.64964 08601 22
    3-f - 2.90879
    3.04000 60402
    26554 26
    06 1.46006 18633 96 - 9.98306 65608 89 9.85739 70516 25
    1.57453 01525 07 -10.13022 8105196 10.06639 24378 12
    312 - 3.1720186387 60 1.69204 18960 57 -10.27751 08670 60 10.2766119810 47
    1.81251 26335 69 -10.4249119248 88 10.48804 10011 24
    ;:: - 3.43825
    3.30478 31979
    64765 94
    05 1.93586 21235 97 -10.57242 84612 54 10.70066 51627 91
    - 3.57239 88099 07 2.0620140693 37 -10.72005 77580 15 10.91447 04638 39
    - 3.70717 37325 19 2.19089 58627 45 -10.86779 71917 09 11.12944 32237 30
    ;*87 - 3.84254
    3.97848 9534695
    76469 59 2.32243 83465 44 -11.01564 42292 16 11.34557 00727 24
    2.45657 55932 86 -11.16359 64236 64 11.56283 79415 00
    3:9 - 4.11497 07016 98 2.59324 47004 59 -11.31165 14105 63 11.78123 40512 20
    2: - 4.38944
    4.25196 64012
    45543 12
    38 2.73238 56006 34 -11.45980 6904159 12.00074 59040 23
    2.87394 08855 80 -11.60806 06939 74 12.22136 12739 31
    3.01785 56433 48 -11.75641 06415 49 12.44306 8198138
    t:: - 4.52739
    4.66578 32778
    37904 30
    84 3.16407 73073 22 -11.90485 46773 52 12.66585 49686 64
    4.4 - 4.80459 79774 65 3.31255 55163 23 9.4 -12.05339 0797849 12.88971 01243 51
    4.5 - 4.9438171850 33 3.46324 19848 78 9.5 -12.20201 7062734 13.11462 2443199
    t:: - 5.22340
    5.08342 39564
    19323 42
    94 3.61609 03828 59 -12.35073 15923 02 13.34058 09350 03
    3.77105 62237 32 99*! -12.49953 2564949 13.56757 48342 95
    3.92809 67607 19 9:8 -12.64841 82148 10 13.79559 35935 62
    t:," - 5.36373
    5.5044110199
    57615 52
    31 4.08717 08902 55 9.9 -12779738 68295 12 14.02462 68767 33
    5.0 - 5.64541 41381 33 4.24823 90621 27 10.0 -12.94643 6748034 14.25466 45529 28
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 281
    GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ilRGUMENTS Table 6.7

    Y din r(z) Pin r(z) Y Xln r(z) Xln r(z)


    0.00000 00000 00 5.0 - 5.48319 80511 50 4.38842 59888 87
    i:: - 0.119612914172
    0.12473 21357 76 - 0.00597 40017 43 5.1 - 5.62258 51037 75 4.55177 72808 10
    E - 0.14000
    0.16515 01552
    595518988 - 0.01097 08056 66 - 5.76231 08530 59 4.71703 54898 14
    - 0.01405 93840 03 2: - 5.90236 26637 68 4.88416 59286 80
    0:4 - 0.19978 93616 12 - 0.01439 47989 49 5:4 - 6.04272 85898 90 5.05313 51119 86
    - 0.01124 72025 18 5.5 - 6.18339 73257 62 5.2239106968 84
    22 - 0.24337
    0.29530 34438
    16779 09
    62 - 0.0040177865 38 5.6 - 6.32435 81614 11 5.3964614275 35
    + 0.00775 78473 84 - 6.46560 09417 01 5.57075 70829 41
    8G - 0.35492
    0.42158 4616110
    20669 55 0.02441 65124 32 :*zI - 6.60711 60288 99 5.74676 84279 33
    0:9 - 0.49462 85345 46 0.04618 11610 42 5:9 - 6.74889 42683 24 5.92446 71670 92
    1.0 - 0.57345 1292103 0.07317 82199 73 6.0 - 6.89092 69567 80 6.10382 59013 94
    1.1 - 0.65748 16506 41 0.10545 58409 92 - 7.03320 58135 18 6.2848180874 01
    -
    -
    0.74620 06322 98 0.14300
    0.18575
    11986
    57618
    37
    52
    2: -
    -
    7.17572
    7.31847
    29534
    08625
    78
    98
    6.46741 79988 09
    6.65160 0690196
    :2
    1:4 - 0.93588
    0.83914 32199
    04638 04
    21 0.23362 80933 40 - 7.46144 23750 25 6.83734 19628 28
    1.5 - 1.03605 77156 27 0.28650 41540 26
    ::; - 1.13933
    1.24542 54742
    63479 88
    49
    0.34425
    0.40674
    53337
    45404
    92
    87
    22 --- 7.60463
    7.74802
    7.89163
    06520
    91624
    16647
    25
    64
    23
    7.0246183323
    7.21340 69984
    7.40368 58155
    73
    03
    67
    1.8
    1.9
    - 1.35407 41615 64
    - 1.46505 2600714
    0.47383
    0.54537
    07041
    20299
    21
    26
    i-87
    6:9
    -
    -
    8.03543
    8.17942
    21899
    50262
    02
    34
    7.59543 32663
    7.78862 84351
    20
    12
    0.62122 82885 81 7.0 - 8.32360 47045 82 7.98325 09839 40
    3:: - 1.57816
    1.69322 32702
    14562 85
    19 0.70126 23803 49 7.1 - 8.46796 59849 44 8.17928 11291 83
    0.78534 13608 50 7.2 - 8.61250 38438 82 8.37669 96196 29
    f-32 - 1.81008
    1.92859 03838
    23663 54
    09 0.87333 70735 61 7.3 - 8.7572134627 90 8.57548 77156 28
    2:4 - 2.04863 37884 08 0.96512 6499100 7.4 - 8.90209 02169 54 8.77562 71692 98
    2.5 - 2.17009 23032 73 1.06059 19035 92 7.5 - 9.04712 96653 17 8.97710 02057 23
    22:; - 2.29286
    2.41686 69570
    69947 58
    17 1.15962 08468 95 7.6 - 9.19232 75409 21 9.17988 95050 80
    1.26210 60952 18 - 9.33767 97419 53 9.38397 81856 34
    2.8 - 2.5420100734 84 li36794 54704 02 3-i - 9.48318 23233 58 9.58934 97875 68
    2.9 - 2.66822 19640 86 1.47704 16591 47 7:9 - 9.62883 14889 78 9.79598 82575 76
    1.58930 19987 43 8.0 - 9.77462 35841 76 10.00387 7934191
    33:: - 2.79543
    2.92358 50784
    79116 95
    75 1.70463 82510 60 - 9.92055 50889 05 10.21300 35337 97
    1.82296 63729 35 2: -10.06662 26112 05 10.42335 01372 94
    E - 3.05262
    3.18249 43245
    29542 92
    71 1.94420 62885 89 -10.21282 28810 76 10.63490 31773 72
    314 - 3.31314 67001 61 2.06828 16678 10 ::i -10.35915 27447 20 10.84764 84263 58
    - 3.44454 22757 38 2.1951197123 13 -10.50560 9159110 11.06157 19846 19
    - 2.32465 09517 70 -10.65218 91868 81 11.27666 02694 74
    E
    3:7 - 3.70940 25331
    3.57663 98160 21
    00 2.45680 90502 77 -10.79888 99915 05 11.49290 00045 92
    - 3.84279 64130 02 2.59153 06235 98 -10.94570 88327 39 11.71027 82098 57
    - 3.97678 99482 49 2.72875 5067188 -11.09264 30623 27 11.92878 21916 70
    44'10 - 4.24646
    4.11135 39012
    10946 69
    79 2.86842 43947 56 9.0 -11.23969 01199 39 12.14839 95336 59
    3.01048 30870 18 9.1 -11.38684 75293 27 12.3691180877 89
    4: 2 - 4.38208 62246 51 3.15487 7950177 -11.53411 28946 97 12.59092 59658 40
    3.30155 79836 24 ;*: -11.68148 38972 65 12.81381 15312 39
    44:: - 4.65479
    4.51820 74683
    56949 47
    75 3.45047 42563 18 9:4 -11.82895 82920 01 13.03776 33912 29
    3.60157 97913 33 -11.97653 39045 38 13.26277 03893 53
    22 - 4.9293167880
    4.79184 09340 18
    70 3.75482 94580 13 ~~~ -12.12420 86282 47 13.48882 15982 45
    4:7 - 5.06720 69267 30 3.91017 98712 52 9:7 -12.27198 04214 52 13.71590 63127 03
    29" - 5.20549
    5.34416 30732
    43497 23
    30 4.06758 92973 81 -12.41984 73048 02 13.94401 40430 46
    4.22701 75662 27 Z -12.56780 73587 55 14.17313 45087 16
    5.0 - 5.48319 8051150 4.38842 59888 87 10.0 -12.71585 87212 03 14.40325 7632142
    282 GAMMA FUNCTION AND BELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.7 GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

    Y 3 111r(z) .f In r(z) 9 In r(z) 9 In r(z)


    0.0 - 0.12078 22376 35 0.00000 00000 00 - 5.32063 00229 09 4.52667 02683 19
    0.1 - 0.12545 0392811 0.00378 68415 10 - 5.45809 92990 12 4.69038 4659451
    - 0.13938 53175 79 0.00839 39012 17 - 5.59594 21987 69 4.85599 23475 89
    3 - 0.16238 37050 76 0.01460 80536 11 - 5.73414 48816 77 5.02345 93914 30
    0:4 - 0.19412 35254 45 0.02315 34211 15 - 5.87269 42552 05 5.19275 29984 42
    - 0.23418 6347470 0.03466 89612 75 - 6.01157 79223 61 5.36384 14702 24
    0":: - 0.28208 36136 63 0.04969 46638 36 - 6.15078 41337 33 5.53669 41510 65
    - 0.33728 34790 33 0.06866 64150 66 - 6.2903017435 55 5.71128 1379495
    x*e7 - 0.39923 5430120 0.09191 83319 43 - 6.43012 0169396 5.88757 44426 18
    0:9 - 0.46739 0870408 0.11969 06415 60 - 6.57022 9355139 6.06554 55330 63
    - 0.5412188685 47 0.15214 09934 52 - 6.7106197369 14 6.24516 77083 65
    1':: - 0.6202170896 71 0.18935 7309101 - 6.85128 22117 36 6.42641 48526 40
    - 0.7039184698 97 0.23137 07067 73 - 6.99220 81085 67 6.6092616403 83
    :*; - 0.79189 44573 28 0.27816 75270 32 - 7.13338 91616 09 6.79368 35022 65
    1:4 - 0.88375 56946 74 0.32969 99180 52 - 7.27481 7485607 6.97965 65928 01
    1.5 - 0.97915 0939181 0.38589 47712 67 - 7.41648 55529 97 7.16715 77597 60
    - 1.07776 48736 47 0.44666 1020149 - 7.55838 61727 29 7.35616 45152 22
    :*; - 1.179315306181 0.51189 54441 75 - 7.7005124706 26 7.54665 50081 65
    1:8 - 1.28355 01134 19 0.58148 71805 09 - 7.84285 7871149 7.73860 79984 87
    1.9 - 1.39024 41643 92 0.65532 1161093 - 7.9854160804 40 7.93200 28323 86
    2.0 - 1.49919 6372585 0.73328 0681691 - 8.12818 10705 51 8.1268194190 02
    2.1 - 1.61022 69592 23 0.81524 92850 60 - 8.27114 70647 52 8.32303 82082 45
    2.2 - 1.72317 49667 28 0.90111 2111692 7.2 - 8.41430 85238 40 8.52064 01697 48
    - 1.83789 60327 96 0.99075 68430 94 7.3 - 8.55766 01333 52 8.71960 67728 67
    22:: - 1.95426 04180 71 1.08407 4337092 7.4 - 8.70119 67916 34 8.9199199676 60
    - 2.0721512706 83 1.18095 90329 08 7.5 - 8.84491 3598681 9.12156 21668 12
    E - 2.19146 3106138 1.28130 91860 05 7.6 - 8.98880 5845698 9.3245162284 17
    217 - 2.31210 04795 77 1.38502 69784 97 7.7 - 9.13286 90053 22 9.52876 54395 97
    - 2.43397 68277 27 1.4920185397 98 7.8 - 9.27709 87224 65 9.73429 35008 92
    ::t - 2.55701 34593 17 1.60219 39035 70 7.9 - 9.42149 08057 13 9.94108 45113 82
    - 2.68113 86746 74 1.71546 69204 67 8.0 - 9.56604 12192 67 10.14912 29545 01
    ;:: - 2.80628 69972 89 1.83175 5141118 - 9.71074 60753 60 10.35839 36845 06
    - 2.93239 85022 62 1.95097 96800 61 2: - 9.85560 1627136 10.56888 19135 53
    3-c - 3.05941 82284 63 2.07306 50684 28 -10.00060 42619 46 10.78057 31993 69
    314 - 3.18729 56630 57 2.19793 9101106 24' -10.14575 04950 41 10.99345 34334 60
    3.5 - 3.31598 42885 64 2.32553 26824 38 8.5 -10.29103 69636 22 11.20750 88298 51
    - 3.44544 11840 65 2.45577 96733 92 -10.43646 04212 40 llii2272 59143 12
    ;:; - 3.57562 66733 10 2.588616742182 2: -10.5820177325 09 11.63909 15140 53
    - 3.70650 40135 44 2.72398 32197 35 -10.72770 5868109 11.85659 27478 60
    - 3.83803 91197 27 2.86182 0960836 29" -10.87352 19000 77 12.0752170166 56
    - 3.97020 03195 93 3.00207 42115 08 9.0 -11.01946 29973 44 12.29495 19944 46
    - 4.10295 81356 26 3.14468 94828 47 9.1 -11.16552 64215 28 12.51578 56196 58
    - 4.23628 50905 75 3.2896154314 23 -11.31170 95229 33 12.73770 60868 20
    - 4.37015 55336 09 3.43680 2746151 z*: -11.45800 97367 84 12.96070 18385 99
    - 4.50454 54845 89 3.58620 40415 07 9:4 -11.60442 45796 38 13.18476 1558147
    - 4.63943 24943 00 3.73777 37568 62 9.5 -11.75095 16459 94 13.40987 41617 61
    - 4.77479 55187 51 3.89146 80616 79 -11.89758 86050 76 13.63602 87918 31
    - 4.9106148059 11 4.04724 47663 05 Z -12.04433 31977 78 13.86321 48100 75
    - 5.04687 17934 63 4.20506 32380 55 -12.19118 32337 59 14.09142 1791027
    - 5i18354 90163 32 4.36488 43223 09 E -12.33813 65886 95 14.32063 95157 82
    - 5.32063 00229 09 4.52667 02683 19 10.0 -12.48519 12016 51 14.55085 79659 84
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 283
    GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 6.7
    .r=1.6
    Y tiln I?(z) S In r(z) %ln r(z) xln r(z)
    0.00000 00000 00 - 5.15767 38696 89 4.66298 63139 40
    o":! - 0.11687
    0.11259 93076
    17656 97
    07 0.01272 17953 11 - 5.29324 00046 70 4.82709 8942123
    0.02614 08547 67 - 5.4292138858 50 4.99309 00410 26
    8.: - 0.12968
    0.15085 38452
    70233 13
    14 0.04092 98346 69 - 5.56558 05247 67 5.16092 64732 77
    0:4 - 0.18012 29875 82 0.0577147266 93 - 5.70232 57347 10 5.33057 61938 29
    - 0.21715 7659172 0.07705 74009 90 - 5.83943 60752 49 5.50200 8200133
    Go*:
    0:7 - 0.26155
    0.31289 07142
    99560 69
    50 0.09944 39491 75 - 5.97689 88014 04 5.67519 24850 30
    0.12527 90746 90 - 6.11470 18170 24 5.85009 99922 08
    0.15488 59553 99 - 6.25283 36319 59 6.02670 25740 71
    0":: - 0.43448
    0.37068 83847
    55339 40
    80 0.1885104588 87 - 6.39128 33226 66 6.20497 29518 79
    0.22632 8363144 - 6.53004 04959 33 6.38488 46780 37
    1':: - 0.50382
    0.57825 21960
    58588 58
    66 0.26845 42738 89 - 6.66909 52554 28 6.56641 21003 90
    0.31495 11405 00 - 6.80843 81708 20 6.74953 03284 11
    :s - 0.65736
    0.74076 95833
    82809 44
    61 0.36583 95580 78 - 6.94806 02492 33 6.934215201179
    1:4 - 0.82810 01661 20 0.42110 63293 75 - 7.08795 29088 41 7.12044 32570 25
    ::'b - 0.91903
    1.01326 27864
    10002 52
    05 0.48071 2003131 - 7.22810 79544 00 7.30819 17047 52
    0.54459 72874 22 - 7.3685175545 64 7.49743 83963 44
    - 1.11052 43845 66 0.61268 83586 73 - 7.50917 42208 19 7.68816 18010 64
    - 0.68490 11588 51 - 7.65007 07879 17 7.88034 09808 67
    119
    :*i - 1.21057
    1.3131811150
    08228 70
    50 0.76114 48080 60 - 7.79120 03956 68 8.07395 55670 43
    22': - 1.41815
    1.525315986147
    60399 85 0.84132 42695 09 - 7.93255 64719 90 8.26898 57380 27
    0.92534 23984 61 - 8.07413 27171 08 8.46541 21983 05
    2:2 - 1.63449 89215 98 1.01310 14934 56 - 8.21592 30888 20 8.66321 61583 45
    1.10450 44515 88 - 8.35792 17887 32 8.86237 93155 10
    24' - 1.74555
    1.85836 85219
    24696 99
    22 1.19945 56127 07 - 8.50012 32493 99 9.06288 38358 78
    2.5 - 1.97279 09238 15 1.29786 13618 36 - 8.64252 21222 97 9.26471 23369 30
    1.39963 05453 39 - 8.7851132665 62 9.46784 78710 61
    22:; - 2.20609
    2.08873 63358
    51557 24
    10 1.50467 47448 81 - 8.92789 17384 38 9.67227 39098 48
    1.61290 84436 93 - 9.07085 27813 87 9.87797 43290 61
    f:! - 2.32478
    2.44471 44606
    74052 95
    94 1.72424 91120 48 - 9.21399 18168 02 10.08493 33943 44
    1.8386172327 21 - 9.35730 44352 92 10.29313 57475 61
    33:; - 2.68802
    2.56582 37258
    00865 46
    40 1.95593 62824 65 - 9.50078 63884 89 10.50256 63937 51
    - 2.81126 51983 53 2.07613 26817 55 - 9.64443 35813 39 10.71321 06886 60
    c:
    3:4 - 3.06063
    2.93548 64586
    403316959 2.19913 5722155 - 9.78824 20648 48 10.92505 43268 31
    2.32487 74784 17 - 9.93220 80292 58 11.13808 33302 08
    3.5 - 3.18665 85710 48 2.45329 27106 82 -10.07632 77975 98 11.35228 40372 42
    - 3.31351 44463 00 2.5843187608 00 -10.22059 78196 20 11.56764 30924 55
    - 2.71789 54457 96 -10.3650146660 67 11.78414 74364 58
    3.;
    3:8 - 3.44115
    3.56955 94046
    42495 31
    22 2.85396 49506 80 -10.50957 50232 55 12.00178 42963 80
    3.9 - 3.69866 25626 62 2.9924717222 46 -10.65427 56879 66 12.22054 11767 06
    4.0 - 3.82845 04545 47 3.13336 23649 89 -10.79911 35626 11 12.44040 58504 89
    3.27658 55399 89 -10.94408 56506 53 12.66136 63509 22
    2: - 3.95888
    4.08994 63415
    07464 67
    23 3.42209 18672 73 -11.08918 90522 76 12.88341 09632 56
    3.56983 38320 36 -11.23442 09602 86 13.10652 8217040
    t:: - 4.35379
    4.22158 66759
    61190 90
    32 3.71976 56948 92 -11.37977 86562 21 13.33070 68786 75
    4.5 - 4.48654 82548 65 3.87184 34062 62 9.5 -11.52525 95066 64 13.55593 59442 57
    44'7b - 4.75358
    4.6198181847
    51673 33
    38 4.02602 45248 92 -11.67086 09597 45 13.78220 46327 06
    4.18226 81404 46 E -11.81658 05418 21 14.00950 23791 60
    4:8 - 4.88782 91705 81 4.34053 48000 81 -11.9624158543 24 14.23781 88286 23
    4.9 - 5.02253 13317 74 4.50078 64388 72 E -12.10836 45707 60 14.46714 38298 57
    5.0 - 5.15767 38696 89 4.66298 63139 40 10.0 -12.25442 44338 60 14.69746 74295 03
    284 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.7 GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS


    .x=1.7
    Y x In r(z) J In I'(z) Y %ln r(z) 9 In r(z)
    0.0 - 0.09580 76974 07 0.00000 00000 00 5.0 - 4.99429 42740 24 4.79738 98064 85
    Oil - 0.09977 01624 55 0.02095 5310147 - 5.12797 31077 01 4.96193 49448 28
    0.2 - 0.1116135203 43 0.04250 9978199 52 - 5.26209 29486 79 5.12834 25830 88
    - 0.13120 82417 20 0.06524 48506 20 5:3 - 5.39663 77210 79 5.29658 04404 97
    - 0.15834 67099 43 0.08970 54480 34 5.4 - 5.53159 21994 12 5.46661 72692 91
    0.5 - 0.19275 44989 43 0.11638 82473 83 - 5.66694 19505 53 5.63842 28098 55
    0.6 - 0.23410 41754 11 0.14573 09476 06 - 5.80267 32805 14 5.81196 7748103
    0.7 - 0.28203 01468 30 0.17810 70108 82 - 5.93877 31855 28 5.98722 36749 88
    0.8 - 0.33614 32007 35 0.21382 42284 85 - 6.07522 93070 61 6.16416 30480 45
    0.9 - 0.39604 36829 33 0.25312 66649 29 - 6.21202 98903 76 6.34275 91548 66
    1.0 - 0.46133 2644119 0.29619 91243 57 - 6.34916 37463 25 6.52298 60784 05
    0.34317 32455 42 - 6.48662 02160 75 6.70481 86640 24
    2: - 0.53162
    0.60653 06562
    43029 78
    30 0.39413 44205 39 - 6.62438 91385 04 6.88823 24881 89
    0.44912 88915 80 - 6.76246 08200 42 7.07320 38287 20
    ::: - 0.68572
    0.76884 93610
    05552 37
    19 0.50817 05624 82 - 6.90082 60067 27 7.25970 96365 25
    1.5 - 0.8556148134 32 0.57124 72307 84 - 7.03947 58582 98 7.44772 75087 22
    1.6 - 0.94573 52538 42 0.63832 60866 03 - 7.17840 1924147 7.63723 56630 84
    1.7 - 1.03895 26210 76 0.70935 84280 02 - 7.31759 61209 77 7.82821 29137 39
    1.8 - 1.13503 13039 83 0.78428 36123 89 - 7.45705 07120 18 8.02063 86480 35
    1.9 - 1.23375 66975 90 0.86303 23052 04 6.9 - 7.59675 82876 82 8.21449 28045 37
    2.6 - 1.3?493 36116 09 0.94552 91079 51 - 7.7367117475 34 8.40975 58520 62
    2.1 - 1.43838 46369 05 1.03169 46541 37 :*: - 7.87690 42834 81 8.60640 87697 25
    2.2 - 1.54394 8541153 1.12144 7259194 7:2 - 8.01732 93640 69 8.80443 30279 13
    2.3 - 1.65147 87389 10 1.21470 42030 73 7.3 - 8.15798 07198 22 9.00381 05701 63
    2.4 - 1.76084 18623 15 1.31138 27144 41 - 8.29885 23295 23 9.20452 37958 73
    2.5 - 1.8719164452 44 1.41140 07152 26 - 8.43993 84073 80 9.40655 55438 14
    2.6 - 1.98459 17246 80 1.51467 73744 45 - 8.58123 33910 02 9.60988 90763 93
    2.7 - 2.09876 6557199 1.62113 35114 76 - 8.72273 1930122 9.81450 80646 38
    1.73069 18813 34 - 8.86442 88760 30 10.02039 65738 46
    ;:t - 2.21434
    2.33125 84448
    26629 82
    53 1.84327 73680 71 - 9.0063192716 38 10.22753 90498 84
    3.0 - 2.44940 14805 61 1.95881 7107134 - 9.14839 8342151 10.43592 03060 85
    3.1 - 2.56872 34658 89 2:07724 0553198 - 9.29066 14862 98 10.64552 55107 28
    3.2 - 2.68915 28670 03 2.19847 95064 74 - 9.43310 42680 75 10.85634 01750 59
    3.3 - 2.81062 90603 59 2.32246 81077 41 - 9.57572 24089 73 11.06835 01418 23
    3.4 - 2.93309 60594 79 2.44914 28100 87 - 9.71851 17806 54 11.28154 15743 00
    3.5 - 3.05650 20770 24 2.57844 23336 16 - 9.86146 83980 47 11.49590 09457 89
    3.6 - 3.18079 9134133 2171030 76079 67 -10.00458 84128 32 11.7114150295 52
    3.7 - 3.30594 27115 93 2.84468 17064 22 -10.14786 81072 85 11.92807 0889158
    3.8 - 3.43189 14379 84 2i98150 97744 80 -10.29130 38884 74 12.14585 58692 46
    3.9 - 3.55860 68105 24 3.12073 8955142 -10.43489 22827 58 12.36475 75866 47
    4.0 - 3.68605 29448 47 3.2623183125 99 -10.57862 99305 96 12.58476 39218 81
    4.1 - 3.81419 63503 82 3.40619 87555 93 -10.72251 35816 27 12.80586 30109 93
    f-G - 4.07245
    3.94300 57284
    17902 59
    13 3.55233 29614 33 ta: -10.86654 00900 14 13.02804 32377 08
    3.70067 53013 46 9:3 -11.01070 64100 32 13.25129 32259 06
    414 - 4.20250 70933 22 3.8511817677 02 9.4 -11.15500 95918 83 13.47560 18323 86
    4.5 - 4.33314 58930 01 4.00380 99034 45 9.5 -11.29944 67777 28 13.70095 81399 16
    4.6 - 4.46434 40087 52 4.1585187339 90 -11.44401 51979 25 13.92735 14505 47
    4.31526 87017 23 99:; -11.5887121674 47 14.15477 1279190
    :*s7 - 4.72832
    4.59607 87027
    85697 47
    79 4.47402 1603194 -11.73353 50824 91 14.38320 73474 23
    4:9 - 4.86107 34372 26 4.63474 05290 18 E -11.87848 14J72 43 14.61264 95775 51
    5.0 - 4.99429 42740 24 4.79738 98064 85 10.0 -12.02354 j?f208 09 14.84308 80868 68
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 285
    GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 6.7

    .r=1.8
    Y .#!‘I r(z) .f In r(z) tiln r(z) ./In r(z)
    0":: - 0.07108
    0.07476 38729
    57386 86
    14 0.00000 00000 00 - 4.83045 6845113 4.92989 76263 84
    0.02858 6333136 - 4.96226 53555 54 5.09490 86275 80
    0.05769 29209 31 - 5.09454 72216 70 5.26176 50781 04
    t: - 0.10400
    0.08577 55297
    76857 09
    32 0.08782 58538 91 - 5.22728 53433 89 5.43043 56009 62
    0:4 - 0.12929 22486 30 0.11946 40495 57 - 5.36046 35143 73 5.60088 97905 12
    265 - 0.20006
    0.16140 82029
    31015 53
    52 0.15304 83729 82
    0.18897 35429
    0.22758 31014
    70
    17
    ??I --- 5.49406
    5.62807
    5.76248
    63619
    92920
    84380
    68
    13
    56
    5.77309 81726
    5.94703 21669
    6.12266 40498
    78
    16
    86
    Kl
    0:9
    - 0.24498
    0.29581 08149
    07721 71
    - 0.3522150054 25
    51 0.2691673612
    0.31396 39650
    58
    50
    5’78
    5:9
    - 5.89728
    - 6.03244
    06145
    32737
    63
    64
    6.29996 69207
    6.478914668158
    68

    0.36216 05120 09 6.0 - 6.16796 44658 02 6.65948 19384 99


    ::i! - 0.41384
    0.48036 67690
    32669 74
    52 0.41389 86472 00 6.1 - 6.30383 28019 05 6.84164 41059 65
    1.2 - 0.55143 15880 74 0.46927 90315 88 - 6.44003 74202 92 7.02537 72437 42
    1.3
    lI4
    -
    -
    0.62673
    0.70596
    30272
    59713
    43
    03
    0.52836
    0.59119
    66950
    63857
    54
    23
    2:
    6.4
    -
    -
    6.57656 79546
    6.7134145046
    04
    23
    7.21065
    7.39746
    80966
    40550
    53
    43
    0.65777 76436 6fi - 6.85056 76090 92 7.58577 31298 85
    ::z - 0.8751145440
    0.78884 75850 8057 0.72809 94297 11 - 6.9880182204 65 7.77556 39290 39
    :*7a - 0.96452
    1.05684 30468
    831118026 0.80213 42229 48 - 7.12575 76814 17 7.9668156346 11
    0.87984 15616 08 - 7.26377 77029 87 8.15950 79813 46
    1:9 - 1.15188 37223 02 0.96117 10434 30 - 7.40207 0344198 8.35362 12360 30
    1.04606 48267 65 - 7.54062 79930 63 8.54913 61778 15
    f-01 - 1.34934
    1.24943 97659
    28469 29
    99 1.13445 96865 98 - 7.67944 33488 49 8.74603 40794 54
    2:2 - 1.45143 40669 35 1.22628 8684172 - 7.81850 94055 06 8.94429 66893 74
    ;:i - 1.55556
    1.661611576122
    80105 11 1.32148 25078 65 - 7.9578194361 78 9.14390 62145 64
    1.41997 05387 49 - 8.09736 69787 03 9.34484 53042 25
    2.5 - 1.76944 28703 84 1.52168 16884 90 - 8.23714 58220 35 9.54709 7034142
    2;6 - li87895 01786 38 li62654 50508 69 - 8.37714 99935 16 9.75064 48917 54
    2.7 - 1.9900310163 61 1.73449 04020 35 - 8.51737 37469 39 9.95547 27618 74
    1.84544 85788 28 7.8 - 8.6578115513 42 10.16156 49130 30
    22:: - 2.10259
    2.21654 43688
    12619 12
    95 1.95935 17594 45 7.9 - 8.79845 80804 75 10.36890 59844 02
    3.0 - 2.3318106516 27 2.07613 36663 29 8.0 - 8.93930 82029 08 10.57748 09733 12
    Z - 2.56599
    2.4483166432
    45147 78
    13 2.19572 97074 49 - 9.08035 69727 14 10.78727 52232 56
    2.31807 70690 52 i:: - 9.22159 96207 08 10.99827 44124 32
    2.4431147704 17 8.3 - 9.36303 1546181 11.21046 45427 62
    ;:'4 - 2.8046197009
    2.68478 15548 41
    53 2.57078 36890 62 8.4 - 9.50464 8309120 11.42383 19293 59
    2.70102 65631 50 8.5 - 9.64644 56228 63 11.63836 31904 38
    ;*56 - 2.92545
    3.04723 78253
    51190 19
    42 2.83378 79764 90 - 9.788419347163 11.85404 52376 37
    3:7 - 3.16992 13469 31 2.9690143304
    3.10665 38058
    05
    79
    27” - 9.93056 54816
    -10.07288 01596
    43
    06
    12.07086
    12.28881
    52667
    07487
    34
    37
    E - 3.29346
    3.41782 06949
    24159 39
    89 3.24665 63186 51 29” -10.21535 96421 85 12.50786 94213 31
    4.0 - 3.54295 85286 89 3.38897 34693 93 -10.35800 03128 01 12.72802 92806 69
    4.1 - 3.66884 07212 13 3.53355 84906 21 -10.50079 86719 24 12.94927 85734 79
    3.68036 61916 47 -10.64375 13321 05 13.17160 57894 90
    5.; - 3.92270
    3.79543 43338
    85028 26
    21 3.82935 29025 75 -10.78685 50132 67 13.39499 9654143
    4:4 - 4.05063 42744 24 3.98047 6418131 -10.93010 65382 43 13.61944 91215 87
    4.5 - 4.17918 44552 05 4.13369 59419 14 -11.07350 28285 39 13.84494 33679 42
    4.28897 20315 17 -11.21704 09003 12 14.07147 17848 17
    44'76 - 4.30833
    4.43805 34763
    72703 48
    06 4.44626 65448 66 -11.3607178605 47 14.29902 39730 75
    4:8 - 4.56833 31585 96 4.60554 25879 92 -11.50453 09034 33 14.52758 97368 21
    4.9 - 4.69913 97495 61 4.76676 44644 38 -11.64847 73069 06 14.75715 90776 29
    5.0 - 4.83045 6845113 4.92989 76263 84 10.0 -11.79255 44293 69 14.98772 21889 61
    286 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.7 GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

    .r=1.9
    Y tiln I‘(z) 9 In r(z) %ln r(z) X In r(z)
    0.00000 00000 00 - 4.66612 81728 77 5.06052 77830 38
    ::"I - 0.03898
    0.04242 42759
    16648 23
    18 0.03569 47077 36 - 4.79608 44074 24 5.22603 70297 75
    0.07184 49288 73 - 4.92654 53878 64 5.39337 36626 27
    ia; - 0.05270
    0.06974 4359613
    5307116 0.10889 51730 33 - 5.05749 30552 47 5.56250 72499 47
    0:4 - 0.09340 38158 25 0.14726 87453 39 - 5.1889102823 51 5.73340 82679 93
    0.5 - 0.12349 16727 26 0.18735 90383 60 - 5.32078 0812105 5.90604 80662 49
    ::"7 - 0.15978
    0.20201 20244
    08372 82
    30 0.22952 28050 02 - 5.45308 92008 98 6.08039 88340 38
    0.27407 56544 06 - 5.58582 07663 21 6.25643 35684 02
    0.32128 97690 64 - 5.71896 15389 41 6.43412 60432 49
    ::9" - 0.24990
    0.30315 35004
    95035 09
    34 0.37139 36389 55 - 5.85249 82177 50 6.61345 07797 49
    1.0 - 0.36147 78527 10 0.42457 34706 81 - 5.9864181289 78 6.79438 30179 35
    0.48097 58618 37 - 6.12070 91879 56 6.97689 86894 96
    ::: - 0.42455
    0.49209 86372
    6462111
    39 0.5407113247 70 - 6.25535 98637 85 7.16097 43917 16
    ::: - 0.5638171504
    0.63943 71834 98
    20 0.60385 82827 52 - 6.39035 91465 66 7.34658 73625 14
    0.67046 72268 81 - 6.52569 65169 71 7.53371 54565 59
    :2 - 0.71869
    0.80135 54698
    82795 30
    42 0.74056 4797147 - 6.66136 19179 75 7.72233 71224 13
    0.81415 76239 52 - 6.79734 57285 54 7:9124j 13866 57
    1:7 - 0.88717 97447 03 0.89123 58296 55 - 6.93363 87392 01 8.10397 78029 64
    1.8 - 0.97595 80247 42 0.97177 6140147 - 7.07023 2129112 8129695 64920 80
    1.9 - 1.06749 27687 53 1.05574 45936 43 - 7.20711 74449 04 8.49134 80626 65
    2.0 - 1.16160 13318 68 1.14309 88592 34 - 7.34428 65807 56 8.68713 36229 72
    2.1 - 1.25811 51641 83 1.23379 01934 57 - 7.48173 17598 49 8.88429 47573 07
    1.32776 50714 39 - 7.61944 55170 18 9.08281 35092 45
    z-z - 1.45774
    1.35687 89195
    95259 14
    72 1.42496 65323 75 - 7.75742 06825 11 9.28267 23655 74
    2: 4 - 1.56059 52554 63 1.52533 52787 28 - 7.89565 03667 87 9.48385 42409 11
    2.5 - 1.66529 48176 11 1.6288105662 06 - 8.d3412 79462 62 9.68634 24629 88
    1.73533 09179 80 - 8.17284 70499 43 9.89012 07585 45
    ;:; - 1.77173
    1.8798173280
    64947 51
    00 1.84483 46926 69 - 8.31180 15468 79 10.09517 32398 33
    1.95726 05315 67 - 8.45098 55343 75 10.30148 43916 76
    ;:: - 2.10052
    1.98944 39332
    23595 80
    16 2.07254 77068 08 - 8.59039 33269 14 10.50903 90590 64
    3.0 - 2.21298 10520 42 2.19063 63887 13 - 8.7300194457 32 10.71782 24352 78
    3.1 - 2.32673 87919 77 2.31146 78475 36 - 8.86985 86090 10 lo:92782 00504 91
    2.43498 46022 00 - 9.00990 57226 31 11.1390177608 39
    ;:; - 2.55788
    2.44172 77675
    36468 72
    15 2.56113 05263 98 - 9.15015 58714 69 11.35140 17379 39
    3.4 - 2.67514 6711148 2.68985 09205 60 - 9.29060 43111 75 11.56495 84588 29
    3.5 - 2.79346 14569 24 2.82109 25566 19 - 9.43124 64604 23 11.77967 46963 13
    3.6 - 2.91277 62346 38 2.95480 37012 40 - 9.57207 78935 85 11.99553 75096 87
    3.7 - 3.03304 29224 14 3.09093 41220 91 - 9.71309 43338 13 12.21253 42358 42
    ;:9" - 3.27625
    3.15421 54337
    66305 96
    10 3.22943 50808 91 - 9.85429 16464 97 12.43065 24807 06
    3.37025 93162 16 - 9.99566 58330 75 12.64988 01110 27
    4.0 - 3.39912 01294 42 3.51336 10185 24 -10.137213025172 12.87020 52464 75
    4.1 - 3.52277 40173 08 3.65869 57993 21 -10.27892 94790 52 13.09161 62520 42
    4.2 - 3.64718 27007 49 3.80622 06560 50 -10.4208115703 58 13.31410 17307 41
    - 3.77231 39057 84 3.95589 39339 63 -10.56285 5789126 13.53765 05165 78
    - 3.89813 73167 71 4.10767 52859 66 -10.70505 87350 54 13.76225 16677 85
    4.5 - 4.02462 44269 53 4.26152 56312 41 -10.8474171130 08 13.98789 44603 16
    416 - 4115174 84023 59 4.41740 71132 72 -10.98992 77287 64 14.21456 83815 73
    4.7 - 4.27948 39577 56 4.57528 30577 67 -11.13258 74849 48 14.44226 31243 75
    4:8 - 4.40780 72434 44 4.73511 79308 60 -11.27539 33771 93 14.67096 85811 36
    4.9 - 4.53669 57418 38 4.89687 72979 01 -11.41834 24904 66 14.90067 48382 65
    5.0 - 4.66612 81728 77 5.06052 77830 38 -11.56143 19955 88 15.13137 21707 60
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 287
    GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 6.7

    .,-=2.0
    Y %ln r(z) 9 In r(z) 9 In r(z) X In r(z)
    0.0 0.00000 00000 00 0.00000 00000 00 - 4.50127 50755 42 5.18929 93415 60
    - 0.00322 26151 39 0.04234 57120 74 - 4.62939 88796 82 5.35533 82031 27
    - 0.01286 59357 41 0.08509 33372 06 - 4.75805 7022252 5.52318 54439 62
    - 0.02885 74027 79 0.12863 61223 10 - 4.88723 13522 76 5.69281 16137 11
    - 0.05107 93722 62 0.17335 05507 97 - 5.01690 38831 33 5.86418 81052 00

    0.21958 93100 95 5.5 - 5.14705 75299 57 6.03728 71248 73


    Ei - 0.07937
    0.11354 37235
    77183 30
    40 0.26767 56897 80 5.6 - 5.27767 60518 81 6.21208 16640 30
    :c!i - 0.19863
    0.15338 06626
    06308 81
    31 0.31789 96132 02 5.7 - 5.40874 39987 03 6.38854 54709 43
    0.37051 53392 47 - 5.54024 66615 82 6.56665 30238 56
    0:9 - 0.24904 17059 66 0.42574 0726144 2:: - 5.67217 00274 24 6.74637 95048 97

    ::!l - 0.36428
    0.30434 96090
    77010 22
    76 0.48375 78429 30 6.0 - 5.80450 07366 29 6.92770 07748 95
    0.5447146524 35 6.1 - 5.93722 60439 25 7.11059 33491 13

    :*:
    1:4
    -
    -
    0.49700
    0.42859
    0.56926
    21701
    14442
    99322
    42
    52
    58
    0.60872
    0.67588
    0.74624
    74700
    39160
    61166
    17
    88
    63
    66’;
    6:4
    -
    -
    -
    6.07033
    6.20381
    6.33765
    37820
    23278
    05713
    31
    98
    36
    7.29503
    7.48100
    7.66847
    43738
    16040
    33815
    76
    81
    76

    1.5 - 0.64515 55533 76 0.81985 39537 67 6.5 - 6.47183 78858 22 7.85742 86143 76
    1.6 -
    -
    -
    0.72443
    0.80688
    19760
    50339
    33
    42
    0.89672
    0.97687
    1.06028
    82178
    35612
    11909
    63
    07
    26
    i-76
    6:8
    -
    -
    -
    6.60636
    6.7412194789
    6.87639
    41013

    46872
    16
    19
    45
    8.04784
    8.23970
    8.43299
    67567
    77898
    22035
    00
    07
    86
    :*:
    119 - 0.98053
    0.89231 03476
    37613 69
    78 1.14693 12720 53 6.9 - 7.01188 07803 50 8.62768 09788 99

    2.0 - 1.07135 98302 14 1.23679 5034104 7.0 - 7.14766 9177118 8.82375 55706 27
    1.32983 65907 26 - 7.28375 16419 82 9.02119 78914 05
    2: - 1.2602188108
    1.16463 96040 76
    42 1.4260144920 94 - 7.42012 02668 81 9.21999 02960 14
    22:: - 1.45772
    1.35795 76568
    6696157 48 1.52528 30352 04 - 7.55676 74543 62 9.42011 55664 09
    1.62759 33595 36 - 7.69368 59017 46 9.62155 68973 45

    2.5 - 1.55940 61080 61 1.73289 43555 35 - 7.83086 85862 69 9.82429 78825 87


    2.6 - 1.66288 49866 52 1.84113 34120 22 - 7.96830 87511 38 10.02832 25016 83
    c87 -- 1.76806
    1.87483 06566
    80234 65
    17 1.95225 70264 63 - 8.10599 98924 36 10.2336151072 54
    2.0662112994 71 - 8.24393 57468 08 10.44016 04128 09
    2:9 - 1.98312 8963102 2.18294 23322 91 - 8.38211 02798 83 10.64794 34810 35

    - 2.09285 17530 93 2.30239 65434 67 - 8.5205176753 67 10.85694 97125 60


    - 2.42452 09185 18 - 8.65915 23247 82 11.06716 48351 59
    3:2
    33-i! - 2.31629
    2.20393 05460
    48844 64
    77 2.54926 32043 52 - 8.79800 88177 87 11.27857 48933 86
    ::'4 -- 2.54462
    2.42987 26813
    92551 37
    03 2.67657 20582 60 - 8.93708 19330 47 11.49116 62386 10
    2.80639 71597 50 - 9.07636 66296 28 11.70492 55194 45

    2.93868 92920 59 - 9.21585 80388 55 11.9i983 96725 52


    ;:2 - 2.66046
    2.77736 32717
    83499 73
    84 3.07340 03990 47 - 9.35555 14566 37 12.13589 59137 86
    2; - 3.01410
    2.89525 62029
    79709 30
    78 3.21048 3622188 - 9.49544 23361 92 12.35308 17297 01
    3.34989 33215 16 - 9.63552 6281184 12.57138 48693 62
    3.9 - 3.13386 46968 42 3.49158 50837 57 - 9.77579 90392 11 12.79079 33364 76

    44:! - 3.25449
    3.37595 2871145 81
    29213 3.63551 57202 41 - 9.91625 64956 49 13.01129 53818 23
    3.78164 32567 78 -10.05689 46678 12 13.23287 94959 63
    2: -- 3.62122
    3.49820 74039
    88720 59
    03 3.92992 69172 45 -10.19770 96994 20 13.45553 44022 19
    4.08032 71023 23 -10.33869 78553 49 13.67924 90499 21
    4:4 - 3.74497 69383 89 4.23280 53645 81 -10.47985 55166 49 13.90401 26078 95

    -
    -
    3.86942
    3.99455
    77912
    19873
    99
    65
    4.38732
    4.54384
    43808
    79226
    43
    20 ;:‘6 -10.62117
    -10.76266
    91758
    54322
    12
    81
    14.12981
    14.35664
    4458193
    41900 46

    t:;
    4.9
    -
    -
    -
    4.12032
    4.2467163216
    4.37370
    31366

    79930
    90
    20
    a7
    4.70234
    4.86276
    5.02509
    08252
    89562
    91831
    48
    20
    32
    x
    9:9
    -10.904310988175
    -11: 04611
    -11.18806
    26442
    72959
    29
    27
    14.58449
    14.81334
    15.04319
    15940
    66565
    95540
    42
    09
    92

    5.0 - 4.50127 58755 42 5.18929 93415 60 10.0 -11.33017 19298 27 15.27404 06485 34
    288 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.8 DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS


    x-1.0
    -A(z) .“*(z) s .lti(z) <f*(z)
    -0.57121 56649 0.00000 1.61278 48446 1.47080
    -0.56529 77902 0.16342 ::i 1.63245 b9889 1.47276
    -0.53073 04055 0.32064 1.65175 20861 1.47464
    -0.47675 48934 0.46653 :-: 1.67068 42228 1.47646
    -0.40786 79442 0.59770 5:4 1.68926 67162 1.47820

    -0.32888 b3572 0.71269 1.70751 21681 1.47989


    -0.24419 65809 0.81160 :*z 1.72543 25175 1.48151
    -0.15733 61258 0.89563 517 1.74303 90807 1.48308
    -0.07088 34022 0.96655 5.8 1.76034 25988 1.48459
    +0.01345 20154 1.02628 5.9 1.77735 32133 1.48605

    0.09465 03206 1.07667 b.0 1.79408 08018 1.48746


    0.17219 05426 1.11938 6.1 1.81053 44105 1.48883
    0.24588 65515 1.15580 1.82672 28842 1.49015
    0.31576 20906 1.187@7 t-G 1.84265 45939 1.49143
    0.38196 28134 1.21413 6:4 1.85833 75219 1.49267

    0.44469 79402 1.23772 6.5 1.81377 92858 1.49387


    0.50420 34618 1.25843 1.88898 71602 1.49504
    0.56072 00645 1.27675 2 1.90396 80964 1.49617
    0.61448 06554 1.29306 6:8 1.91872 87422 1.49727
    0.66570 39172 1.30766 6.9 1.93327 54582 1.49833

    0.71459 15154 1.32081 1.94761 43346 1.49937


    0.76132 14328 1.33271 :*i 1.96175 12062 1.50037
    0.80607 84807 1.34353 712 1.97569 16663 1.50135
    0.84899 54079 1.35341 7.3 1.98944 10799 1.50230
    0.89021 42662 1.36246 7.4 2.00300 45959 1.50323

    0.92985 78387 1.37080 2.01638 71585 1.50413


    0;96803 70243 1.37849 ::2 2.02959 35171 1.50501
    1.00485 21252 1.38561 2.04262 82397 1.50586
    1.04039 40175 1.39222 x 2.05549 57159 1.50669
    1.07474 51976 1.39838 719 2.06820 01717 1.50751

    1.10798 07107 1.40413 2.08074 56749 1.50830


    1.1401b 89703 1.40951 X:! 2.09313 61434 1.50907
    1.17137 24783 1.41455 2.10537 53524 1.50982
    1.20164 84581 1.41928 is 2.11746 69410 1.51056
    1.23104 94107 1.42374 814 2.12941 44191 1.51127

    1.25962 36033 1.42794 2.14122 11731 1.51197


    1.28741 54995 1.43191 88:; 2.15289 04718 1.51266
    1.31446 61381 1.43566 2.16442 54716 1.51332
    1.34081 34679 1.43922 287 2.17582 92217 1.51398
    1.36649 26435 1.44259 8:9 2.18710 46687 1.51462

    1.39153 62879 1.44580 2.19825 46616 1.51524


    1.41597 41255 1.44885 x 2.20928 19555 1.51585
    1.43983 61892 1.45175 9:2 2.22018 92160 1.51645
    1.46314 70060 1.45452 2.23097 90229 1.51703
    1.48593 17620 1.45716 ;:i 2.24165 38740 1.51760

    1.50821 34505 1.45969 2.25221 61882 1.51816


    1.53001 36052 1.46210 8:: 2.26266 83093 1.51871
    1.55135 24197 1.46441 2.27301 25085 1.51925
    1.57224 88550 1.46663 99.87 2.28325 09877 1.51978
    1.59272 07370 1.46876 9:9 2.29338 58823 1.52029

    1.61278 48446 1.47080 10.0 2.30341 92637 1.52080

    +(z) to 5D, computed by M. Goldstein, Los Alainos Scientific Laboratory.


    AUXILIARY FUNCTION FOR :&(l+iy)

    .54(Y) <Y> J;(Y) CY>


    0.00100 956 9 0.00020 839
    0.00083 417 0.00013 335 :so
    0.09 0.00067 555 1110 0.03 0.00007 501
    0.08 0.00053 368 :: 0.02 0.00003 333 53:
    0.07 0.00040 853 0.01 0.00000 833 100
    0.06 0.00030 011 0.00000 000

    <y>=nearest integer to y.
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 289
    DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR C( IMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 6.8
    x=1.1 x=1.2
    H m(z) .fGZ) !I %qz) .feC(Z) ?/ .W(z) .eJ(z)
    -0 42ji5 0.00000 5.0 1.61498 1.45097 0.0 -0.28964 o.ooodo 5.0 1.61756 1.43125
    -0.41451 0.14258 5.1 1.63457 1.45332 0.1 -0.28169 0.12620 5.1 1.63705 1.43396
    -0.38753 0.28082 1.65617 1.43658
    -0.34490 0.41099 :-: 1.65378 1.45557 0.3 -0.26014
    0.2 -0.22578 0.24926
    0.36640 5.2
    5.3 1.67494 1.43910
    -0.28961 0.53042 5:s ;.p;
    . 1.45774
    1.45983 0.4 -0.18064 0.47552 5.4 1.69336 1.44152
    0.63764 ::2
    -0.22498 1.70933 1.46184
    1.72718 0.5 -0.12710 0.57530 5.5 1.71146 1.44386
    -0.15426
    0.73229 :*I: ;.;z;;;
    * 1.46565
    1.46378 ;; -0.06753 0.66517 5.6 1.72924 1.44612
    0.81484
    -0.08023 -0.00412 0.74519 5.7 1.74672 1.44829
    -0.00509
    0.88630 +0.06130 0.81589 5.8 1.76390 1.45039
    0.94792 5:9
    +0.06954 1.77893 1.46921
    1.46746 4;. 0.12730 0.87806 5.9 1.78079 1.45243
    1.0 0.14255 1.00102 1.79561 1.47090 0.19280 0.93260 6.0 1.79740 1.45439
    0.21327 1.04687 1.81375 1.45629
    2: 0.28131 1.08660 6:2
    2-7 1.81201 1.47253
    1.82815 1.47411 11.1"
    . 0.31960
    0.25707 0.98046
    1.02252 6.1
    6.2 1.82983 1.45813
    1.12119 1.84404 1.47565 ::: 0.38012 1.05960 6.3 1.84567 1.45991
    ::i F%%
    . 1.15146 1.85968 1.47713 1.4 0.43846 1.09240 6.4 1.86126 1.46164
    0.46829 1.17810 0.49459 1.12153 6.5 1.87661 1.46331
    ::2 0.52507 1.20169 22
    0.57930 1.22269
    1.89025 1.47857
    1.87508 1.47996 ::i 0.54851
    0.60028
    1.14752
    1.17082
    6.6
    6.7
    1.89173
    1.90663
    1.46493
    1.46651
    2 0.63111 1;24148 2
    1:9 0.68067 1.25839 6:9
    1.91992
    1.90519 1.48132 zi 0.64999
    0.69774
    1.19179
    1.21074
    6.8
    6.9
    1.92132
    1.93579
    1.46803
    1.46952
    1.93443 1.48263
    1.48391 1:9
    0.72813 1.27368 7.0 ;-;z;;; :-i 0.74362 1.22794 7.0 1.95006 1.47096
    Z:! 0.77363 1.28755 7.1
    0.81730 1.30021 7.2
    1.48515
    1.48635
    1197675 1.48752
    0.78775
    212 0.83022
    1.24362
    1.25796
    7.1
    7.2
    1.96413 1.47236
    %E 1.47372
    1.47505
    $2 0.85928 1.31179 7.3
    214 0.89967 1.32243 7.4
    1.99047 1.48866
    2.00401 1.48977
    5:: 0.87114
    0.91060
    1.27112
    1.28323
    7.3
    7.4 2:00519 1.47634
    2.5 0.93858 1.33224 1.49085 0.94868 1.29442 7.5 2.01852 1.47760
    0.97610 1.34131 7.5
    ::; 2.01736
    2.04356 1.49190
    2.03054 22 0.98546 1.30478 7.b 2.03167 1.47882
    ::76 1.01234 1.34972 1.49292 1.02103 1.31441 7.7 2.04465 1.48001
    1.04736 1.35753 1.05546 1.32337 7.8 2.05746 1.48117
    ::98 1.08124 1.36482 ::: 2.05640 1.49489
    2.06908 1.49392 219 1.08881
    z-i 1.33173 7.9 2.07012 1.48230
    3.0 1.11405 1.37162 1.12113 1.33955 8.0 2.08262 1.48341
    1.14586 1.37800 i-1" 2.08160 1.49584
    2.09397 ::1" 1.15250 1.34688 8.1 2.09496 1.48448
    ::: 1.17671 1.38398 812 2.10619 1.49767
    1.49676 3.2 1.18295 1.35377 8.2 2.10716 1.48553
    1.20667 1.38960 1.21254 1.36024 8.3 2.11921 1.48656
    ;:: 1.23578 1.39489 88:: 2.13019 1.49855
    2.11826 1.49940 ::4' 1.24132 1.36635 8.4 2.13111 1.48756
    1.26409 1.39989 1.50024 1.26932 1.37211 8.5 2.14288 1.48853
    ::: 1.29164 1.40461 8.5 2.14198 1.50106 ;:2
    2.15363 1.29659 1.37756 8.6 2.15451 1.48949
    1.31847 1.40907 1.32315 1.38272 8.7 2.16601 ii44042
    :::, 1.34461 1.41331 8:8
    it; 2.17654 1.50186
    2.16515 1.50265 ::; 1.34905 1.38761 8.8 2.17738 1.49133
    3.9 1.37010 1.41732 8.9 2.18780 1.50341 3.9 1.37432 1.39226 8.9 2.18862 1.49222
    1.39496 1.42114 1.39898 1.39667 9.0 2.19973 1.49310
    i-t 1.41924 1.42478 Z:! 2.20995 1.50416
    2.19893 1.50489 2: 1.42306 1.40088 9.1 2.21073 1.49395
    4:2 1.44294 1.42824 1.44659 1.40489 9.2 2.22160 1.49478
    1.46611 1.43154 z-3 2.22084 1.50631
    2.23161 1.50561 2'3 1.46959 1.40871 9.3 2.23236 1.49560
    ::: 1.48876 1.43469 9:4 2.24228 1.50699 4.4 1.49209 1.41236 9.4 2.24301 1.49640
    4.5 1.51092 1.43771
    1.53261 1.44059 ;:z 2.25283 1.50832
    2.26326 1.50766 22 1.53565 1.41586
    1.51410 1.41920 9.5
    9.6 2.26397
    2.25354 1.49718
    1.49794
    t-t 1.55384 1.44335 Z-I: 2.28382 yw&
    2.27360 2; 1.57743 1.42240
    1.55676 1.42547 9.8
    9.7 2.28450 1.49943
    2.27429 1.49869
    418 1.57463 1.44600
    4.9 1.59501 1.44854 9:9 2.29395 1:51021 4.9 1.59769 1.42842 9.9 2.29461 1.50015
    5.0 1.61498 1.45097 10.0 2.30397 1.51082 5.O 1.61756 1.43125 10.0 2.30462 1.50085
    [c-y] [‘-;)5] [‘-;)I] [(-p] [c-y] [‘-;)“I [f-2”“]
    290 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.8 DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS


    x=1.3 x-1.4
    Y m(z) A(z) Y W(Z) 9e4 ?J 9@(z) Y*(z) Y m(z) 4e4
    0.0 -0.16919 0.00000 5.0 1.62052 1.41163 0.0 -0.06138 0.00000 5.0 1.62386 1.39213
    -0.16323 0.11303 3 1.63990 1.41472 0.1 -0.05646 0.10223 5.1 1.64311 1.39559
    :*: -0.14567 0.22372 1.65891 1.41769 0.2 -0.04192 0.20269 5.2 1.66200 1.39891
    013 -0.11748 0.32997 ;a'4
    . 1.67758 1.42055 0.3 -0.01844 0.29974 5.3 1.68055 1:4021i
    0.4 -0.08009 0.43011 1.69591 1.42331 0.4 +0.01295 0.39204 5.4 1.69878 1.40519
    -0.03520 0.52298 5.5 1.71392 1.42597 0.5 0.05100 0.47862 5.5 1.71668 1.40817
    22 +0.01541 0.60796 ;$ 1.73161 1.42853 0.6 0.09436 0.55886 5.6 1.73428 1.41103
    0.07003 0.68491 5:8 174900 1743101 0.7 0.14171 0.63250 5.7 1.75158 1.41380
    E 0.12718 0.75404 1'76611 1.43340 0.8 0.19183 0.69957 5.8 1.76860 1.41648
    0:9 0.18561 0.81582 5.9 1:78292 1.43571 0.9 0.24367 0.76033 5.9 1.78533 1.41907
    0.24434 0.87085 1.43794 1.0 0.81517 6.0 1.80180 1.42157
    :*!?
    1:2
    0.30262
    0.35994
    0.91983
    0196341 6:2
    g
    1.79947
    ;*;;;;+
    1.44011
    1.44220 ::2'
    0.29635
    0.34918
    0.40163
    0.86457
    0.90903
    6.1
    6.2
    1.81800
    1.83395
    1.42399
    1.42634
    1.3 0.41593 1.00227 6.3 1:84754 1.44423 0.45331 0.94907 6.3 1.84966
    1.4 0.47035 1.03698 6.4 1.86308 1.44619 1':: 0.50395 0.98517 6.4 1.86513 ?%:
    .

    1.5 0.52310 1.06809 6.5 1.87837 1.44810 1.5 0.55336 1.01778 6.5 1.88036 1.43294
    1.6 0.57409 1.09605 6.6 1.89344 1.44995 1.6 0.60144 1.04730 6.6 1.89537 1.43502
    1.7 0.62333 1.12126 6.7 1.90829 1.45174 1.7 0.64811 1.07409 6.7 1.91017 1.43702
    0.67084 1.14409 6.8 1.92293 1.45348 1.8 0.69337 1.09849 6.8 1.92475 1.43898
    ::: 0.71667 1.16483 6.9 1.93735 1.45517 1.9 0.73722 1.12075 6.9 1.93912 1.44087

    2.0 0.76087 1.18373 7.0 1.95158 1.45681 2.0 0.77968 1.14113 7.0 1.95330 1.44271
    2.1 0.80353 1.20102 7.1 1.96560 1.45841 2.1 0182078 1.15984 7.1 1.96727 1.44450
    225 0.88447
    0.84470 1.23148
    1.21688 7.3
    7.2 1.97944 ;.;fJy;; f-3 0.86058 1.17707 7.2 1.98106 1.44625
    1.19296 7.3 1.99467 1.44794
    2:4 0.92290 1.24495 7.4 2.00655
    1.99309 i46294 2:4 0.89913
    0.93647 1.20768 7.4 2.00809 1.44959
    2.5 0.96007 1.25743 7.5 2.01984 1.46438 2.5 0.97265 1.22133 7.5 2.02134 1.45119
    2.6 0.99604 1.26900 7.6 2.03296 1.46577 2.6 1.00775 1.23402 7.6 2.03442 1.45276
    2.7 1.04179 li24585 7.7 2.04733 1.45428
    z-i 1.06464
    1.03088 1.28980
    1.27976 7.7
    7.8 2.04591 1.46713
    1.46845 2.8 1.07484 1.25689 7.8 2.06008 1.45576
    2:9 1.09739 1.29918 7.9 2.07131
    2.05869 I.46974 2.9 1.10693 1.26723 7.9 2:07267 1.45721
    3.0 1.12917 1.30797 8.0 2.08378 1.47100 3.0 1.13813 1.27693 8.0 2.08510 1.45862
    1.16004 1.31621 8.1 2.09610 1.47223 3.1 1.16846 1.28604 8.1 2.09739 1.46000
    ;:: 1.19005 1.32396 8.2 2.10827 1.47342 3.2 1.19797 1.29461 8.2 2.10952 1.46134
    1.21923 1.33126 8.3 2.12029 1.47459 3.3 1.22670 1.30269 8.3 2.12151 1.46266
    3:: 1.24763 1.33814 8.4 2.13217 1.47573 3.4 1.25469 1.31032 8.4 2.13337 1.46394
    3.5 1.27529 1.34464 8.5 2.14391 1.47685 3.5 1.28196 1.31753 8.5 2.14508 1.46519
    3.6 1.30223 1.35080 8.6 2.15552 1.47794 1.30855 1.32436 8.6 2.15666 1.46641
    1.32851 1.35663 8.7 2.16700 1.47900 E 1.33450 1.33084 8.7 2.16811 1.46760
    33'87 1.35413 1.36216 8.8 2.17834 1.48004 3:s 1.35983 1.33699 8.8 2.17943 1.46877
    319 1.37915 1.36742 8.9 2.18956 1.48106 3.9 1.38456 1.34283 8.9 2.19063 1.46991
    4.0 1.40357 1.37242 9.0 2.20066 1.48205 4.0 1.40873 1.34840 9.0 2.20170 1.47103
    4.1 1.42744 1.37718 9.1 2.21163 1.48302 4.1 1.43235 1.35370 9.1 2.21265 1.47212
    4.2 1.45077 1.38172 9.2 2.22249 1.48397 4.2 1.45546 1.35876 9.2 2.22349 1.47319
    4.3 1.47358 1.38606 9.3 2.23323 1.48490 4.3 1.47806 1136359 9.3 2.23421 1.47423
    4.4 1.49590 1.39020 9.4 2.24386 1.48582 4.4 1.50019 1.36821 9.4 2.24481 1.47525
    4.5 1.51775 1.39416 9.5 2.25437 1.48671 4.5 1.52185 1.37263 9.5 2.25531 1.47626
    4.6 1.53914 1.39795 9.6 2.26478 1.48758 4.6 1.54307 1.37686 9.6 2.26570 1.47724
    1.56010 1.40258 9.7 2.27508 1.48844 4.7 1.56387 1.38092 9.7 2.27598 1.47820
    f-i 1.58064 1.40507 9.8 2.28528 1.48927 4.8 1.58425 1.38481 9.8 2.28616 1.47914
    4:9 1.60078 1.40841 9.9 2.29537 1.49010 4.9 1.60425 1.38854 9.9 2.29623 1.48006
    5.0 1.62052 1.41163 10.0 2.30537 1.49090 5.0 1.62386 1.39213 10.0 2.30621 1.48096
    [C-,,2] [(-$W] [(-y-j [‘-p”] [C-y] ['-;'"I ['-;'"I ['-['"I
    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 291
    DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 6.8
    x=1.5 x= 1.6

    3$(Z) ye.4 Y %ti(z) -@tic4 Y .%$(Z) -e+(z) Y ad44 Y+(z)


    0.03649 0.00000 5.0 1.62756 1.37278 nn
    “.”
    n i3m5
    I.&b”“_
    0.00000 5.0 1.63162 1.35357
    0.04062 0.09325 5.1 1.64667 1.37658 0.1 -,,5
    0.1395’ 0.08566 5.1 1.65057 1.35773
    0.05284 0.18511 5.2 1.66543 1.38025 0.2 3995
    O.l-..- 0.17023 5.2 1.66919 1.36173
    0.07266 0.27432 5.3 1.68386 1.38378 0.3 0.15687 0.25268 5.3 1.68748 1.36558
    0.09932 0.35978 5.4 1.70196 1.38719 0.4 0.17976 0.33214 5.4 1.70546 1.36930

    0.13189 0.44066 5.5 1.71976 1.39047 0.5 0.20790 0.40789 5.5 1.72313 1.37289
    0.16935 0.51640 5.6 1.73725 1.39364 0.6 0.24050 0.47942 5.6 1.74051 1.37635
    0.21064 0.58668 5.7 1.75445 1.39670 0.7 0.27674 0.54642 5.7 1.75760 1.37969
    0.25479 0.65144 5.8 1.77137 1.39965 0.8 0.31581 0.60875 5.8 1.77441 1.38293
    0.30091 0.71078 5.9 1.78801 1.40251 0.9 0.35697 0.66642 5.9 1.79095 1.38605

    0.34824 0.76494 6.0 1.80439 1.40528 1.0 0.39957 0.71957 6.0 1.80724 1.38908
    0.39614 0.81424 6.1 1.82051 1.40796 1.1 0.44305 1.82327 1.39200
    0.44411 0.85907 6.2 1.83638 1.41055 :.g yyw& o*7684o
    0.81319 22 1.83906 1.39484
    0.49175 0.89980 6.3 1.85201 1.41306 0.85423 "6:: 1.85460 1.39759
    1.4 0.53878 0.93684 6.4 1.86741 1.41549 114 0157445 0.89183 . 1.86992 1.40025

    1.5 0.58497 0.97054 6.5 1.88258 1.41786 1.5 0.61757 0.92629 6.5 1.88501 1.40284
    1.6 0.63018 1.00127 t-7" 1.89752 1.42015 1.6 0.66001 0.95790 6.6 1.89989 1.40534
    1.7 0.67432 1.02932 . 1.91225 1.42237 1.7 0.70167 0.98693 6.7 1.91455 1.40778
    1.8 0.71732 1.05500 1.92677 1.42453 1.8 0.74244 1.01363 6.8 1.92900 1.41014
    1.9 0.75916 1.07855 66:: 1.94109 1.42663 1.9 0.78228 1.03824 6.9 1.94326 1.41244

    2.0
    3::
    “o*ZE
    0:87772
    1.10020
    li12015
    1.13857
    7.0
    34
    1.95521
    1.96914
    1.98287
    1.42866
    1.43065
    ii43257
    2.0

    22.:
    0.82115
    0.85905
    0.89597
    1.06096
    1.08197
    1.10144
    7.0
    7.1
    7.2
    1.95731
    1.97118
    1.98487
    1.41467
    1.41684
    1.41895
    0.91499 1.15563 7:3 1.99643 1.43445 2:3 0.93193 1.11953 7.3 1.99837 1.42101
    5:: 0.95118 1.17146 7.4 2.00981 1.43628 2.4 0.96694 1.13635 7.4 2.01169 1.42301
    1.18618
    92
    2:7
    0.98634
    1.02050
    1.05370
    1.19990
    1.21271
    ;.;
    7:7
    2.02301
    2.03604
    1.43805
    1.43978
    1.44147
    2.5
    2.6
    1.00102
    1.03421
    1.15204
    1.16668
    7.5
    7.6
    2.02485
    2.03784
    2.05066
    1.42496
    1.42686
    1.42871
    2.04891 2.7 1.06653 1.18039 7.7
    2.8 1.08598 1.22469 ;a;. 2.06162 1.44312 2.8 1.09801 1.19324 7.8 2.06332 1.43051
    2.9 1.11738 1.23592 2.07417 1.44472 2.9 1.12867 1.20530 7.9 2.07583 1.43227
    1.14794 1.24647 8.0 2.08657 1.44628 3.0 1.15856 1.21664 8.0 2.08819 1.43398
    3:: 1.17769 1.25639 z.; 2.09882 1.44781 3.1 1.18770 1.22733 8.1 2.10040 1.43565
    1.20667 1.26574 1.44930 3.2 1.21611 1.23741 8.2 2.11246 1.43728
    z*; 1.27457 8:3 ;-;;;;; 1.45075 1.24383 1.24693 2.12439 1.43888
    3:4 x:51
    . 1.28290 8.4 2:13470 1.45217 33:: 1.27089 1.25594 2.13617 1.44043
    1.28931 1.29080 8.5 2.14638 1.45355 3.5 1.29731 1.26448 2.14782 1.44195
    ;*: 131552 1.29828 8.6 2.15794 1.45491 3.6 1.32311 1.27257 2.15934 1.44344
    3:7 1:34112 1.30537 8.7 2.16936 1.45623 3.7 1.34833 1.28026 2.17073 1.44489
    3i8 1.36612 1.31212 8.8 2.18065 1.45753 3.8 li37297 1.28757 2.18199 1.44631
    3.9 1.39055 1.31853 8.9 2.19182 1.45879 3.9 1.39707 1.29454 2.19313 1.44770
    4.0 1.41443 1.32464 9.0 2.20286 1.42065 1.30117 2.20415 1.44905
    4.1 1.43779 1.33047 9.1 2.21379 2:: 1.44373 1.30750 2.21504 1.45038
    4.2 1.46065 1.33603 9.2 2.22460 1146242 1.4b632 1.31354 2.22583 1.45168
    4.3 1.48302 1.34134 9.3 2.23530 1.46358 2; 1.48844 1.31932 2.23650 1.45295
    4.4 1.50493 1.34642 9.4 2.24588 1.46471 414 li51012 1.32485 2.24706 1.45420
    4.5 1.52639 1.35128 9.5 2.25635 1.46582 4.5 1.53136 1.33014 2.25751 1.45542
    4.6 1.54742 1.35594 9.6 2.26672 1.46691 1:552i9 1.33522 2.26785 1.45661
    1.56804 1.36041 9.7 2.27698 1.46798 i-76 1.57262 1.34009 2.27809 1.45778
    :*s7 1.58826 1.36470 9.8 2.28714 1.46902 418 1.59265 1.34476 2.28822 1.45892
    4:9 1.60810 1.36882 9.9 2.29720 1.47004 4.9 1.61232 1.34925 2.29826 1.46005
    5.0 1.62756 1.37278 lo.0 2.30716 1.47105
    [i-y] ['-:I']
    [ C-i)4
    1[ (-;I2
    1
    .f$(1.5+iy) =$ tanh KY-~- 4Y
    4&l
    292 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 6.8 DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS


    x=1.7 2=1.8
    0'0 0 se>
    20855 0"G>
    00000 5: 163603
    9 * (2) 133453
    YG> w W(z) w4 Y a+) ‘e(z)
    0.0 0.28499 0.00000 5.0 1.64078 1.31566
    0:l 0:21156 0:07918 5:1 1:65482 1:33902 0.1 0.28760 0.07358 5.1 1.65939 1.32048
    0.2 0.22050 0.15747 5.2 1.67328 1.34335 0.2 0.29537 0.14644 5.2 1.67769 1.32513
    0.3 0.23511 0.23407 5.3 1.69142 1.34752 0.3 0.30809 0.21792 5.3 1.69567 1.32961
    0.4 0.25494 0.30824 5.4 1.70926 1.35154 0.4 0.32541 0.28740 5.4 1.71336 1.33393
    0.5 0.27945 0.37937 5.5 1.72680 1.35543 0.5 0.34693 0.35437 5.5 1.73076 1.33810
    0.6 0.30803 0.44701 5.6 1.74405 1.35918 0.6 0.37215 0.41842 5.6 1.74787 1.34213
    0.7 0.34001 0.51086 5.7 1.76102 1.36280 0.40053 0.47928 5.7 1.76472 1.34603
    0.8 0.37474 0.57074 5.8 1.77772 1.36630 8:'8 0.43155 0.53675 5.8 1.78130 1.34979
    0.9 0.41161 0.62661 5.9 1.79416 1.36969 019 0.46469 0.59076 5.9 1.79762 1.35344
    1.0 0.45005 0.67852 6.0 1.81034 1.37297 0.49947 0.64131 6.0 1.81369 1.35697
    1.1 0.48957 0.72661 6.1 1.82627 1.37614 0.53546 1.82952 1.36038
    1.2 0.52973 0.77107 6.2 1.84196 1.37922 0.57226 o*68847
    0.73237 2 1.84511 1.36369
    1.3 0.57018 0.81211 6.3 1.85742 1.38220 0.60955 0.77316 6:3 1.86047 1.36690
    1.4 0.61063 0.84996 6.4 1.87266 1.38509 0.64706 0.81103 6.4 1.87561 1.37001
    1.5 0.65085 0.88488 6.5 1.88767 1.38789 0.68455 0.84617 6.5 1.89053 1.37303
    1.6 0.69065 0.91710 6.6 1.90246 1.39061 0.72184 0.87877 6.6 1.90525 1.37596
    1.7 0.72990 0.94685 6.7 1.91705 1.39326 0.75879 0.90903 6.7 1.91975 1.37881
    1.8 0.76849 0.97436 6.8 1.93143 1.39582 0.79528 1.93406 1.38158
    1.9 0.80636 0.99982 6.9 1.94561 1.39832 0.83122 :*z:2
    . 2: 1.94817 1.38426
    2.0 0.84345 1.02342 7.0 1.95961 2.0 0.86655 0.98757 7.0 1.96210 1.38688
    2.1 0.87973 1.04533 7.1 1.97342 Il*to051: 2.1 0.90123 1.01022 7.1 1.97583 1.38942
    2.2 0.91519 1.06570 7.2 1.98704 1:40539 2.2 0.93523 1.03136 7.2 1.39189
    2.3 0.94981 1.08468 7.3 2.00048 1.40762
    2.4 0.98362 1.10238 7.4 2.01375 1.40980 2.3
    2.4 1.00111
    0.96853 1.05110
    1.06957 7.4
    7.3 ;.lf;;;;
    2:01598 ;:;;:;:
    2.5 1.01661 1.11893 7.5 2.02685 1.41191 2.5 1.03299 1.08687 7.5 2.02903 1.39892
    2.6 1.04879 1.13441 7.6 2.03979 1.41398 2.6 1.06416 1.10310 7.6 2.04191 1.40115
    2.7 1.08020 1.14893 7.7 2.05256 1.41599 2.7 1.09463 1.11836 7.7 2.05463 1.40332
    2.8 1.11084 1.16257 7.8 2.06518 1.41794 2.8 1.12442 1.13270 7.8 2.06719 1.40543
    2.9 1.14075 1.17539 7.9 2.07764 1.41986 2.9 1.15353 1.14622 7.9 2.07960 1.40749
    3.0 1.16993 1.18747 8.0 2.08996 1.42172 3.0 1.18200 1.15898 2.09187 1.40950
    3.1 1.19842 1.19886 8.1 2.10212 1.42354 1.20982 1.17103 2.10399 1.41146
    3.2 1.22625 1.20962 8.2 2.11415 1.42531 ;:2' li23703 1.18243 2.11597 1.41338
    3.3 1.25342 1.21981 8.3 2.12603 1.42704 1.26363 1.19322 2.12781 1.41525
    3.4 1.27997 1.22945 8.4 2.13778 1.42874 33:: 1.28965 1.20345 2.13952 1.41708
    3.5 1.30592 1.23859 8.5 2.14939 1.43039 3.5 1.31511 1.21317 2.15109 1.41886
    3.6 1.33129 1.24727 8.6 2.16087 1.43200 1.34003 1.22241 2.16253 1.42061
    3.7
    3.8
    1.35610
    1.38037
    1.25553
    1.26338
    8.7
    8.8
    2.17222
    2.18345
    1.43358
    1.43513
    E
    3:8
    1.36441
    1.38829
    1.23119
    1.23956
    2.17385
    2.18504
    1.42231
    1;42398
    3.9 1.40413 1.27087 8.9 2.19456 1.43664 3.9 1.41168 1.24754 2.19611 1.42561
    4.0 1.42738 1.27800 9.0 2.20555 1.43811 1.43459 1.25516 2.20707 1.42720
    4.1 1.45015 1.28481 9.1 2.21642 1.43956 44:: 1.45704 1.26243 2.21790 1.42876
    4.2 1.47246 1.29132 9.2 2.22717 1.44097 1.47904 1.26939 2.22862 1.43029
    4.3 1.49432 1.29755 9.3 2.23781 1.44235 2; 1.50062 1.27605 2;23423 1.43178
    4.4 1.51574 1.30351 9.4 2.24834 1.44371 414 1.52178 1.28242 2.24974 1.43324
    4.5 1.53675 1.30922 9.5 2.25877 1.44503 4.5 1.54254 1.28854 2.26013 1.43468
    4.6 1.55736 1.31470 9.6 2.26908 1.44633 1.56292 1.29440 2.27042 1.43608
    4.7 1.57758 1.31996 9.7 2.27930 1.44760 i:; 1.58291 1;30004 2.28061 1.43745
    4.8 1.59742 1.32501 9.8 2.28941 1.44885 1.60255 1.30545 2.29069 1.43880
    4.9 1.61690 1.32986 9.9 2.29942 1.45007 t:: 1.62183 1.31065 2.30068 1.44012
    5.0 1.63603 1.33453 10.0 2.30933 1.45127 5.0 1.64078 1.31566 10.0 2.31057 1.44142
    [C-i"] [I'-;'"] * ['-y-j ['-['"I ['-;'"I ['-;I"] [5’4] ['-;'"I

    *see page II.


    GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 293
    DIGAMMA FUNCTION FO IR COMPLEX ARG IUMENTS Table 6.8

    s=1.9
    :!t*(z) ./tic4 z*(z) 1 tic4 v X!b(z) -@ti(z) Y
    010
    0.35618
    0.35847
    0.00000
    0;06870
    5yo
    5:1 1.66428
    1.64585 1.30212
    1.29698 0.1
    0.4i2i8
    0.42480
    0.00000
    0.06441 ::y 1.65125
    1.66948
    1.27849
    1.28394
    0.36528
    0.37644
    0.39169
    0.13681
    0.20377 2.:
    5:4
    1.68240
    1.70022
    1.71775
    1.30707
    1.31185
    0.43081
    0.44068
    0.45420
    0.12833
    0.19130
    0.25288
    2-G
    514
    1.68742
    1.70506
    1.28919
    1.29426
    0.26908 1.31647 1.72242 1.29916
    0.41071 0.33229 ::6' 1.75197
    1.73500 1.32522
    1.32092 0.5 0.47111
    0.49110 0.31269
    0.37042 5.5 1.73951 1.30389
    0.39306 1.75633 1.30846
    0:7
    i-2 0.43309
    0.45842 0.45110 1.76868 1.32938 i:; 0.51380 0.42583 z.7" 1.77290 1.31288
    0.48625 0.50624 ihi
    5:9 1.78513
    1.80133 1.33730
    1.33341 2: 0.56594
    0.53887 0.47874
    0.52904 5:8 1.78921 1.31715
    0.51614 0.55838 5.9 1.80528 1.32129
    0.54770 0.60749 1.81728 1.34107 1.0 0.59465 0.57667 6.0 1.82111 1.32530
    :?i 0.58053 0.65359 21" 1.83300 1.34473 0.62468 0.62165 1.83671 1.32918
    1:2 0.61431 0.69677 1.84848 ::: 0.65572 0.66400 t-t. 1.85208 1.33295
    0.64872 0.73714 1.86374 Z% 0.68751 0.70380 1.86723 1.33660
    ::: 0.68351 0.77483 1.87878 1:35503 2: 0.71980 0.74116 2:: 1.88217 1.34015
    6.5
    22 0.71846
    0.75338
    0.78814
    0.80999
    0.84278 22
    1.89361
    1.90824
    1.92266
    1.35826
    1.36140
    1.36445
    ::2
    0.75239
    0.78510
    0.81779
    0.77618
    0.80899
    0.83973
    6.6
    1.89690
    1.91143
    1.92576
    1.34358
    1.34692
    1’2
    1:9
    0.82261
    0.85669
    0.87335
    0.90188
    0.92851
    2:
    6:9
    1.93688
    1.95092
    1.36741
    1.37029
    zl
    1:9
    0.85033
    0.88262
    0.86853
    0.89551
    2;
    6:9
    1.93990
    1.95385
    :*E::
    1:35639

    z-10
    2:2
    0.89031
    0.92342
    0.95598
    0.95338
    0.97664
    0.99840
    x
    712
    1.97843
    1.96476
    1.99192
    :-::::1"
    1137846
    ?1"
    2:2
    0.91459
    0.94617
    0.97731
    0.920E:
    0.94454
    0.96681
    7'*1"
    712
    1.96761
    1.98120
    1.99462
    1.35937
    1.36227
    1.36509
    0.98795 1.01879 0.98775 2.00786 1.36784
    ::i 1.01932 1.03792 2: 2.01838
    2.00523 1.38355
    1.38104 ;:: 1.03814
    1.00798 1.00743 ::: 2.02094 1.37052
    2.5 1.05008 1.05588 7.5 ;.;;I:; 1.38599 2.5 1.06779 1.02597 7.5 2.03385 1.37313
    2.6 1.08022 1.07278 1.04344 7.6 2.04661 1.37567
    1.10975 1.08868 ::; 2:05684 1.39070
    1.38838 ::; 1.12548
    1.09690 1.05992 7.7 2.05921 1.37815
    z3 1.13867 1.10367 1.07548 2.07167 1.38056
    2:9 1.16698 1.11782 ::; 2.08171
    2.06935 1.39518
    1.39297 29" 1.18102
    1.15352 1.09020 ::: 2.08397 1.38292
    3.0 1.19470 1.13119 2.09393 1.39734 3.0 1.20798 1.10413 8.0 2.09613 1.38522
    3.1
    3.2
    1.22184
    1.24841
    1;14384
    1.15583
    21"
    8;2
    2.10600
    2.11793
    1.39944
    1.40149 ::: 1.23442
    1.26034
    1.11733
    1.12985 2: 2.10815
    2.12003
    1.38746
    1.38966
    ::4'
    1.27442
    1.29990
    1.16719
    1.17798 i:: 2.14139
    2.12973 1.40546
    1.40350
    ::: 1.31067
    1.28575
    :%:
    . 88:: 2.13178
    2.14339
    1.39180
    1.39389
    1.32485
    ::2 1.34929 1.18823
    1.19798 2:
    2.15292
    2.16432
    1.40738
    1.40925 z-2
    317
    1.33510
    1.35905
    1.38254 1.18379
    88’22.15487
    2.16623
    817 2.17746
    1.39593
    :%z
    1.37324 1.20727 817 2.17560 1.41108
    :-‘B
    3:9
    1.39670
    1.41970 :*::::i 88::
    2.18675
    2.19778
    1.41286
    1.41461 ::i 1.42818
    1.40558
    1.19310
    1.20200 88::
    2.18858
    2.19957
    1:40179
    1.40366
    .
    4.0 1.44226 1.23265 4.0 1.45036 1.21050 2.21045 1.40548
    1.46437 1.24037 Z:i 2.21950
    2.20870 1.41800
    1.41632 2.22121 1.40727
    :*: 1.48606 ii24775 t:: 1.49348
    1.47212 1.21864
    1.22643 2.23187 1.40902
    4:3 1.25482 2'3 2.23019
    2.24077 1.41964
    1.42124 44:: 1.53505
    1.51446 1.24105
    1.23389 2.24241 1.41074
    4.4 :*:z
    . 1.26160 9:4 2.25124 1.42281 2.25284 1.41241
    1.54872 1.26810 1.24792 2.26318 1.41406
    t:: 1.56885 1.27434 2 2.26160
    2.27186 1.42435
    1.42586 2: 1.55527
    1.57514 1.25452 2.27340 1.41566
    1.58861 1;28033 z-i 2.29207
    2.28202 1.42878
    1.42733 2; 1.59466
    1.61385 1.26086 2.28353 1.41724
    f-i 1.60803 1.28610 1.26696 2.29356 1.41879
    4:9 1.62710 1.29164 9:9 2.30203 1.43020 4:9 1.63270 1.27283 2.30349 1.42030
    5.0 1.64585 1.29698 10.0 2.31190 1.43159 5.0 1.65125 1.27849 2.31332 1.42179

    [ 1
    C-t)6 [ (-;)“I [ (-,121 [(-951 [ (-:)“I [ (-35)4] [ (635)3]

    coth 1r,/--1+3!!?
    ’ Wl+!f2)
    7. Error Function and Fresnel Integrals
    WALTER GAUTSCHI l

    Contents

    Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297


    7.1. Error Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 297
    7.2.. Repeated Integrals of the Error Function . . . . . . . . . . 299
    7.3. Fresnel Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
    7.4. Definite and Indefinite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
    Numerical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    Methods 304
    7.5. Use and Extension of the Tables . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

    Table 7.1. Error Function and its Derivative (O_<z<2) . . . . . . 310

    (2/-l;;) cz2, erf x=(2/&) 1 ecf2dt, 2=0(.01)2, 10D

    Table 7.2. Derivative of the Error Function (2 5x5 10) . . . . . . 312

    (2/J;;) esz2, 2=2(.01)10, ss

    Table 7.3. Complementary Error Function (2 Iz< w). . . . . . . '316


    m
    xez2erfc x= (2/J;;) xez2 e-f2dt, x-2=.25(-.005)0, 7D
    s2
    erfc&, n=l(l)lO, l5D
    Table 7.4. Repeated Integrals of the Error Function (0 Ix 15) 317

    - (t-XP e-12dt
    2*r :+I in erfc x=~~+T ~fl)iJ
    ( > z n.I

    x=0(.1)5,n=1(1)6, 10, 11, 6s

    Table 7.5. Dawson’s Integral (O<x< a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

    p2
    S 0
    ‘ef2cZt, x=0(.02) 2, 10D

    * 2
    xeez2 ef dt, xm2=.25(-.005)0, 9D
    S0

    1 Guest worker, National Bureau of Standards, from The American University. (Presently
    Purdye University.)

    295
    296 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Page
    Table 7.6. (3/I’(1/3))Jzemt3dt (0<&2.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
    0

    z=O(.O2)1.7(.04)2.3, 7D

    Table 7.7. Fresnel Integrals (O<r<5). . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 321

    C(z)=l cos (i P) dt, S(r)=lsin(g t2)dt, x=0(.02)5, 7D

    Table 7.8. Auxiliary Functions (O<X< m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

    f(z) =[l- f?(r)] cos G x2)-[&C(x)] sin (i x2)

    g(x)=[&C(z)] cos (i r2)+[-+S(d]sin@j x2)

    2=0(.02)1,2-‘=1(-.02)0, 15D

    Table 7.9. Error Function for Complex Arguments (O<zi3.9,O<y13) . 325

    ft.u(~)=e-~~ erfc (-iz), z=z+iy, 2=0(.1)3.9,y=O(.1)3, 6D

    Table 7.10. Complex Zeros of the Error Function (l<n< 10) . . . . 329

    z,,erf z,=O,n=l(l)lO, 8D

    T&l~,7.11. Complex Zeros of Fresnel Integrals (057~15) . . . . . 329

    z,, z:, C(z,)=O, S(z:)=O,n=0(1)5, 4D

    Table 7.12. Maxima and Minima of Fresnel Integrals (0 5n55) . . . 329

    CC&?%, C(J4n+3), S(d4n+2), S(J4%+4), n=O(1)5, 6D

    The author acknowledges the assistance of Alfred E. Beam, Ruth E. Capuano, Lois K.
    Cherwinski, Elizabeth F. Godefroy, David S. Liepman, Mary Orr, Bertha H. Walter, and
    Ruth Zucker in the preparation and checking of the tables.
    7. Error Function and Fresnel Integrals
    Mathematical Properties

    7.1. Error Function Series Expansions

    7.1.5 erf z=L 2 C-1) 792n+1


    Definitions

    * & a=0 n!@n+l)


    7.1.1 erf z=Z eet2dt
    4 lr s 0 7.1.6 =2 e-z2 5 2” 22n+1
    & n=o 1.3 . . . (2n+l)
    7.1.2 erfc z=- -“dt=l-erf 2
    ; s zme 7.1.7 =Jz ILo (-1>“[12n+l/2(22)-12n+3,2(22)1

    7.1.3 w(z) =e-“’ (l+$J’e’adt)=e-z’erfc (42)


    7.1.8

    In 7.1.2 the path of integration is subject to the

    restriction arg t-+a with lal<z as t-+= along the For 1,-t(x), see chapter 10.

    path. (cx=: is permissible if L%Q2remains bounded Symmetry Relations

    to the left.) 7.1.9 erf (--z)=-erf 2

    Integral Representation 7.1.10 erf Y=erf 2


    7.l.4
    7.1.11 w(-.z)=2e-z2-w(z)
    ’ m emt2dt 2iz m eet2dt
    w (z)=%
    S -m z--t’ s 0 Z2-t2
    V~>O)
    7.1.12 w(Z)=w(-2)

    z t'
    FIQUBE 7.1. y=e”’ m e-“dt. FIQURE 7.2. y=e-” e dt.
    s ..I s 0
    P=w)6 p=2(1)6

    297
    298 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    7.1.15
    Y $Jy e-'2d~-~~~~$. ..
    m z-t
    (f.. # 0)

    xp) and El:“) are the zeros and weight factors of


    the Hermite polynomials. For numerical values
    see chapter 25.
    Value at Infinity

    7.1.16 erf z-+1 (~-+a in jarg z/<:)

    M aximum and Inflection Points for Dawson’s


    Integral [7.31]

    F(x) =e-* ’ e”dt


    s0
    7.1.17 Ft.92413 88730. . . )=.54104 42246. . .
    7.1.18 F(1.50197 52682 . . . )=.42768 66160 . . .
    Derivatives
    7.1.19
    dn+’
    p erf 2=(-l) *

    7.1.20
    u1("+2)(z)+2zw("t1) (z)+2(n+l)?P(z)=O
    (n=O, 1,2, . . .)

    FIQURE 7.3. Altitude Chart of w(z). w’“‘(z)=w(z), o'(z)=-2zw(z)+~

    (For the Hermite polynomials H,(z) see chapter


    22.)
    Inequalities (7.111, [7.17]
    Relation to Coniluent Hypergeometric Function (see
    chapter 13)
    7.1.21

    The Normal Distribution Function With Mean m and


    (For other inequalities see [7.2].) Standard Deviation IJ (see chapter 26)
    --(t-v&p
    7-1-22 ----&~~, e %* dt=a (l+erf (s))
    Continued Fractions

    7.1.14

    2ez2
    s(D
    *
    e-z2dt- 1 ‘I2 ’ -3/2 -.2 . .
    7.1.23
    &zeJ erfc zml+m$I
    Asymptotic

    (-1)”
    Expansion

    ’ *3 * (222)"
    *’
    (27n-1)

    (z-t-, larg zl<$)


    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 299
    If R,(z) is the remainder after n terms then Infinite Series Approximation for Complex Error
    Function [7.19]
    7.1.24 7.1.29
    2

    &(2)=(-l)” l-3 .(2$:-l) 8, erf (x+iy)=erf x+& [(l-cos 2xy)+i sin 2xy]

    B=re-’ (l+$)-‘+ dt (larg z]<i) +i emz2gl --- [fn(x,YY)+ig,(x,Y)l+~(x,y)

    PI<1 where

    fn(x,y)=2x---2 x cash ny cos 2xy+n sinh ny sin 2xy


    For x real, R,(x) is less in absolute value than
    gn(x, y) =2x cash ny sin Bxy+n sinh ny cos 2xy
    the first neglected term and of the same sign.
    le(x,y)[ -lo-l61 erf (x+;y)[

    7.2. Repeated Integrals of the Error Function


    Rational Approximations 2 (0 <z< 0~ )
    7.1.25 Definition

    erf x=1- (ult+azt2+a3t3) eVzz+e (x), t=1


    7.2.1
    m
    1+px i” erfc z=
    S P
    in-l erfc t dt (n=O,1,2,...)

    p = .47047 aI = .34802 42 a~= - .09587 98 eez2, io erfc z=erfc 2


    a3= .74785 56
    7.1.26 Differential Equation

    erf x=1- (alt+azt2+a3t3+a4t4+ast5)e-.Z1+E(x),


    7.2.2 ‘&+2z $-2ny=O
    t-L
    1+px
    ]e(x))1<1.5X10-7 y=Ai” erfc z+Bi” erfc (-2)
    p= .32759 11 al= .25482 9592 (A and B are constants.)
    a2= - .28449 6736 a,=1.42141 3741
    a,=-1.45315 2027 as= 1.06140 5429 Expression as a Single Integral

    7.2.3
    7.1.27
    Power Series a

    7.2.4

    al= .278393 a2= .230389


    a3= .000972 u4= .078108 Recurrence Relations
    7.1.28 7.2.5
    *
    ...+ag26]16+~(x)
    erfx=1-[l+alz+a2& i” erfc z=-; 21
    ‘n-l erfc z ++n inm2erfc z

    le(z)(~3XlO-' (n=1,2,3,. . .)

    al= .07052 30784 a2= .04228 20123 7.2.6


    a3= .00927 05272 a4= .00015 20143
    2(n+l) (n+2)i”+2 erfc 2
    aa= .00027 65672 aa= .00004 30638
    = (2n+1+2z2)in erfc z-f inW2erfc 2
    2 Approximations7.1.25-7.1.28 are from C. Hastings,Jr., (n=1,2,3, . . .>
    Approximations for digital computers. Princeton Univ.
    Press, Princeton, N. J., 1955 (with permission). 8 The terms in this series corresponding to k=ni-2,
    n+4, n+6, . . . are understood to be zero.
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS
    300
    Value at Zero lelation to the Confluent Hypergeometric Function
    7.2.7 (see chapter 13)
    ‘.2.12
    1
    in erfc 0= (n=-1,0,1,2,. . .)
    n erfc z=e-@

    Relation to Parabolic Cylinder Functions (see


    chapter 19)

    Asymptotic Expansion

    .6 (-1)“(27+n)!
    n!m!(22y”

    (~+a, largA<?)
    7.3. Fresnel Integrals
    Definition

    7.3.1 C(z)=l cos 6 ta) dt

    7.3;2 S(z)=1 sin 6 P) dt


    FIGURE 7.4. Repeated Integrals of the Error Function.
    The following functions are also in use:
    y=2T(++l) inerfcz

    n=o, 1, 2. 4, 8, 14, 22 7.3.3


    zett

    Derivatives
    Cl (x)=4; l cos Pdt, G(x)=-&
    S o 4

    7.3.4
    7.2.8 -$ in erfc z=--in-l erfc z (n=O, 1,2, . . .)
    S,(+$~ sin Pdt, &(x)=&l ‘@$ dt
    7.2.9
    Auxiliary Functions
    7.3.5
    g (era erfc 2) = (- 1) n2nn! erzin erfc 2

    (n=O, 1,2, . . .)
    .f(z)s[i-S(Z)] COS 6 Z2)-[k-C(Z)] sin 6 22)

    Relation to Hh,(a) (see 19.14) 7.3.6

    7.2.10 in erfc z= @A-$ f&(dW s(z)+-C(Z)] COS 6 Z2)+[+S(z)]sin 6 z2)

    Interrelations
    Relation to Hermite Polynomials (see chapter 22:

    7.2.11 (-1)“i”erfc z+i” erfc (-z)=&J *-* H,(iz: 7.3.7 C(x>=C1 (x&)4?2 6 x2)
    ERROR F’UNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS
    301
    7.3.14
    7.3.8
    S(z)=-cos 522 go 1 ynT2"+'
    ( > * . . . (4n+3) 24r+3
    7.3.9 c(z)=;+f(z)sin (a 2)-g(z) cos G 9)

    7.3.15 c&)=Jl,2(2)+&,2(2)+&,2(2)+ ...


    7.3.10 S(Z)=:-j(z)cos G z2)-g(z)& G z2)
    7.3~6 s2~z>=~3,2~Z~+~,,2~~~+~11,2(~~+ ...
    For Bessel functions J,+I,2(z) see chapter 10.
    Series Expansions

    Symmetry Relations
    7.3.11 C(z)=$ ~~;~;~;~~)l; CPfl
    7.3.17 C(-2)=--c(z), S(-2)=--s(z)
    7.3.12 7.3.18 C(iz)=iC(z), S(S)=--is(z)

    C(z) =cos (5 2) go y& 24n+l 7.3.19 C(Z)=C(z), S(Z)=S(z)


    l . ...

    Value at Infinity
    fi +sin/.- 6 z2) SO 1 S-l”& 24n+3
    1 1
    7.3.20 C(x) -+-7 S(s)+ (-00)
    .i 2 2
    - Derivatives
    7.3.13 '(')=go (2n+1)!(4n+3)
    (-1,7+/2)2nf Z4n+3

    V
    A
    l-
    Relation to Error Function (see 7.1.1, 7.1.3)

    7.3.22

    C(z)+iS(z)=~ erf [$ (I--&]

    =A${ l-e+aW [$ (l+i)z]}

    7.3.23 g(z)=$? {J&q ,l,ih]}

    7.3.24 f(x)=9 {qL[f (l+i)%l)

    Relation to Confluent Hypergeometric Function (see


    chapter 13)
    7.3.25

    X
    .6 1.2 I.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 Relation to Spherical Bessel Functions (see chapter 10)

    FIGURE 7.5. Fresnel Integrals. 7.3.26 C2(+f


    u=C(z), r=w
    302 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Asymptotic Expansions 7.4.2


    7.3.27 -
    me-(at2+2bt+e)dt
    (4m-1) =I P
    2J a
    e+ f:rfc&
    ’ (9?a>O)
    nzf(+l+g (-1)“l *3 . . *
    (az2)2n S0

    7.4.3
    m
    7.3.28
    (4m+l)
    az$(z)- Sri0(--lP l *3($,+i- S0
    e (ga>o, LB>01

    mt2?le-atz&
    7.4.4

    If Rh’) (z), RAC)(z) are the remainders after n terms


    S =
    0
    1.3...(2n-1)
    plan d
    E
    a

    in 7.3.27, 7.3.28, respectively, then r(n+3>


    (S?k>O;n=O, 1,2, . . .)
    =2a"ff
    7.3.29 7.4.5

    Smt*TS+le-d2&=&
    1 * 3 . . . (4n-1) e(,’
    Ri”(z)=(-1)” ,
    (7rZ*)2n L?Za>O;n=O, 1,2,. . .)
    0
    1 - e-rt2n-t
    p =
    rW+3) o 1+ 2 S
    ( uz2>
    ,dl(Isrg 4<:) 7.4.6
    12
    7.3.30
    f$‘(z)=(-1)“l * 3 .(;;;:+l) p, S 0
    me-d’ cos (2zt)dt=i
    d- %e-: (9a>O)

    7.4.7 .*
    1 m e-lt2n+*

    e(g)=r (2n+$) S o 1+ 2t
    ( rz2>
    ,dt (lwz zl<z)
    S 0
    me-d’ sin (2st)dt =i e-I’/a
    Sxl vs
    o e%!t

    Wa>O)
    7.3.31 /8”‘[<1, pP’l<l 7.4.8
    t,
    For z real, R:“(z) and RLg)(x) are less in absolute
    value than the first neglected term and of the
    same sign.
    Rational Approximations ’ (0 <Z 5 m)
    mema’&
    7.3.32
    1+.92&x
    f(x~=2+l.792x+3.1042 +4x1 la(z)l52X10-3
    S -=L
    0 &t+z) &
    ear erfc &

    K@a>o, zfO,larg A<*)


    7.4.10
    7.3.33
    1 *
    g(“)=2+4.142x+3.492~~+6.6702+ e(Z)
    S t+x0
    - e-D’2dtse+2

    [Is
    J;;

    0
    4ar,12dt
    -k Ei(ax2)
    1
    (a>% s>O)
    (For more accurate approximations see [i’.l].)
    7.4.11

    S0-e-a12dLJ!.
    t2+2eaI2
    erfc
    6X (a>%
    7.4. Definite and Indefinite Integrals

    For a more extensive list of integrals see [7.5], x>O) 2x


    1781, L7.151. .

    o- I-
    e-t$-jts -“t2dtu e’[l-
    7.4.1
    S 2
    7.4.12
    S o1 tZS1=4
    e (erf -\lZ)‘] (a>01

    4 Approximations7.3.32, 7.3.33 are based on those given


    in C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for calculating Fresnel m
    7.4.13

    integrals, Approximation
    [Seealso MTAC 10,
    Newsletter, April 1956, Note 10.
    173, 1956.1 S yemt2dt
    -0 (X-t)*+yZ
    =u 9w(x+iy) (x real, y>O)

    *See page II.


    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 303
    7.4.24
    m --(lf sin (t”>
    e ~ dt=; [+(;$)]
    s0 t

    7.4.15
    +; [i-s (;$)1 (a%>O)
    ?r
    * [P-(x2-y2)]e-tZdt (g4”+iY)
    s0 t"-z(~-y*)t*+(z*+y*)*=2 y-ix 7.4.25

    (5 real, y>O)
    ‘om$$dt=,rg { [;-C(,/T)]coi (ab)
    7.4.16 s
    m 2xye-“*dt j-[&S (@)I sin (ab) } (Si’a>O, Wb>O)
    S0 t4-2($-y2)t*+(22+y*)*=Z
    n-j w(z+;Y>
    y--ix
    7.4.26
    (x red y>O)
    m ewaldt
    7.4.17 =‘$ {[$S(dF)]cos (ab)
    s o &t2+b2) b b
    0 1”’
    e-a’ erf bt dt=- e4@erfc $
    s 0 a -[&CT(@)] sin (ab)} (9%>0, L%?b>O)

    (la>O, lw bl<i) 7.4.27


    7.4.18 m

    s0
    0
    sin (2at)erfc bt dt=& [l-e-‘“‘“‘*](a>O,~b>O) S 0
    e-“la(t)dt=i {[:-A @] cos (f)

    7.4.19 -[&C(z)] sin (g)} (%z>O)

    (D 7.4.28

    S0
    e -ar erfd%dt=i Wb+b)>o)

    s0
    m
    e+S(t)dt =i { [$C’(~)] cos (f)
    7.4.20
    +[& S @] sin @} @?a>O)
    Jm eeat erfc .$ dt=a e -2fi (Wa>O, ab>O)
    7.4.29
    7.4.21
    s,- e-“‘C(~~)dt=ze(~~la)r~~

    (9u>O)
    (Wb>o, ac>o) 7.4.30
    7.4.22
    m
    S 0
    e --(II cos (t*)dt =&{ [;-S(&/~)]cos@
    Jim e-“‘S(~~)dt=2~~~:a)t~~
    (S?a>O)
    -[&C(i #)]sing)} (9a>O) 7.4.31 lm{ [;-C(t)]‘+[;4(t)]*}dt=;
    7.4.23
    m 7.4.32

    S 0
    e --atsin (t*)dt= &{ [&?(q)] cos @

    S e erf (&z+$)+const.
    +[+B (Ed:)] sin (:)} (&%>O) (a+3
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS
    304
    7.4.33 7.4.38

    e-&Lb’
    S .*dx=g [em” erf (ox+:)
    S
    cos (ax2+2bx+c)dx

    +e- 2oberf
    ( ax-- i I +const. (a+01
    =Jg { co9 (p)C[Jz (ax+b)]
    7.4.34
    -.~~+gjx=
    -22 emazz2+S
    [w(i+iax)
    Se +sin(~)S[JZ(ax+b)]}+const.

    +w (-$+iax)]+const. (a#O) 7.4.39

    7.4.35
    Serf xdx=x erf x+’ e-z2+const. sin(ax2+2bx+c)dx
    fi S
    7.4.36

    Seaz erf bxdx=k [em erf bx-ee$ erf (bx-$)I

    +const . (a#O) -sin(e) C[g (ax+b)]}+const.


    7.4.37

    Sea erf $dx=a(e- erf .$ 7.4.40


    SC(x)dx=xC(x)-isin +const.

    +$ e+[w(&%+i -&)+w (-Jiiz+i -Jk)]}


    +const.
    +const. (a#@
    7.4.41
    Ss(x)dz=xs(x)+~ co9

    Numerical Methods

    7.5. Use and Extension of the Tables erf.745=.70467 80779+(.5)(.00652 58247)X


    [l-(.005)(.74)+(.00000 83333)(.0952)]
    Example 1. Compute erf .745 and e-(.‘4a)”
    using Taylor’s series. = .70792 8920
    With the aid of Taylor’s theorem and 7.1.19 -
    it can be shown that e--(.,w,~; (.65258 24665) [l-.0074

    erf (x,+ph) =erf x0 +(.000025)(.0952)+(.00000 00833)(.74) (1.9048) 1


    =.57405 7910.
    +-$ e-4$ 1--phz,+$ p2h2(2$- l)]+e
    [ As a check the computation was repeated with
    xQ=.75,p=-.5.
    Example 2. Compute erfc x to 5s for x=4.8.
    1-2phx0+p%‘(2~--1)
    We have l/22=.0434028. With Table 7.2 and
    linear interpolation in Table 7.3, we obtain
    -;p3h3q(2+3)
    1+v &
    erfc 4.8=$8 (1.11253)(10-10)(.552669) -2-
    where (e(<l.2~10-~~, Iql<3.2X10-10 if h=10m2,
    IpI4 3. With ~=.74, p=.5 and using Table 7.1 =(1.1352)10-“.
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 305

    z
    Example 3. Compute e+’ e%t to 5s for From Table 7.1 we have $ e-(1.72)2=.058565.
    s 0

    x=6.5. Thus,
    i erfc 1.72 = (.058565)(6.0064X 101*)/1.0087X 1013
    With
    l/22=.0236686 and linear interpolation
    =3.4873X 10-S
    in Table 7.5

    6.6
    e-WJ’
    i2 erfc 1.72 = (.O58565)(1.292OX1O11)/1.OO87X1O13
    =7.5013x 10-4

    S 0
    e%t= (.506143)/(6.5) ==.077868.
    i3 erfc 1.72 = (.058565) (2.6031 X 1O1o)/1.OO87X 1013
    =1.5114x10-4.
    Example 4.Compute i2 erfc 1.72 using the
    recurrence relation and Table 7.1. Example 6. Compute C(8.65) using Table 7.8.
    With x=8.65, l/x= .115607 we have from Table
    7.8 by linear interpolation
    By 7.2.1, using Table 7.1,
    j(8.65) = .036797, g(8.65) = .000159.
    i-‘erfc 1.72 = .05856 50.
    From Table 4.6

    Using the recurrence relation 7.2.5 and Table 7.1


    sin .9613827

    i erfc 1.72= - (1.72)(.01499 72)f (.5)(.05856 50)


    Using 7.3.9
    = .0034873
    C(8.65)=.5+(.036797)(--961382)
    i2 erfc 1.72= - (.86) (.0034873) f (.25) (.01499 72) -(.000159)(-.275218)=.46467.
    = .0007502.
    Example 7. Compute &(l.l) to 10D.
    Using 7.3.8 and 7.3.10 we obtain by 6-pt inter-
    Note the loss of two significant digits. polation in Table 7.8

    Example 5. Compute i” erfc 1.72 for k=l, 2, 3 &(l.l)=S 1.1


    by backward recurrence. ( J3
    Let the sequence w~(x)(~=m, m-l, . . ., 1, 0, =s(.87767 30169)=.31865 57172.
    - 1) be generated by backward use of the recur-
    rence relation 7.2.5 starting with u$+~.=O, w:+~= 1. Example 8. Compute s2(5.24) to 6D.
    Then, for any fixed k, (see [7.7]), Enter Table 7.7 in the column headed by u.
    Using Aitken’s scheme of interpolation

    lim -=-
    w”x) J;; eZ2ik erfc x (x>O) . u S:(u)
    m+w w!%(x) 2
    5.20310 58 .4329l 04 .03689 42
    5.31898 80 .41673 97 -. 07803 89 .42732 63
    6.0893801 .45993&3 .16061 99 691 63 .42718 63
    With x= 1.72, m= 15 we obtain 6.43432 70 .39999 44 -. 19432 70 756 60 6 52 .42717 71
    4.97691 11 .4699094 .2830889 674 79 9 39 61 .42717 67

    &(5.24)=.427177

    - - - - Example 9. Compute 5,(5.24) using Taylor’s


    17 0 12 (3) 2.1011 L I$ ::iE :: (11) 1.2920 series and Table 7.8.
    16 i.44 :i (4) 1.3831
    :: 4.3834 9 (4) 9.8096
    6.4143 i (8) 8.9787
    4.9570 -1 0
    (11) 6.0064 Using 7.3.21 we can write Taylor’s series forf, (u)
    (1) (6) (9)
    13 (2) 2.6399 8 (6) 4.1866 3 (10) 2.6031 =
    306 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    By numerical integration, using Table 9.1,


    f2(u)=c0++u0)+~ (u-uo)2+$(u-uo>“+*-*,

    g2(u)=-[c~+c2(u-zc,) sYe(t)
    1
    lo $=.41826 00.

    Using the fact that the remainder terms of the


    +g (u-uo)2+$ (u-Q+ . . .], asymptotic expansion are less in absolute value
    where than the first neglected terms, we can estimate

    co=f2c7d, c1=--g2(u3,
    1 * 3 . . . (2&l)
    clr+2= -cr+ t--v
    J%zo(2uo)k

    (k=O, 1, 2, . . .).
    Finally,
    +32 ’ 215.
    52*72
    1
    5! ’ g2t-13’2 dt=7,33XlO-‘.

    Consulting Table 7.8 we chose ~=1/.185638


    =5.386819, thus having u-u,=5.24-5.386819
    =--* 146819. From Table 7.8
    5953819 co8 lo-sin 10
    f2(u,,) = .168270, gz(u,) = .014483.
    -2688ooo m
    Hence, applying the series above, 23107 coslO+sinlO
    =-.02298 78,
    f,(5.24) = .170436, g2(5.24) =.015030. -21504oo qb

    Using the 4th formula at the bottom of Table 7.8 using Tables 7.8 and 4.8. Hence

    s2(5.24) = .5- (.170436) (.503471)


    -(.015030)(-.864012)=.42718. sYe(t)
    I
    OD $=.41826 00- .02298 78= .39527 22.

    The answer correct to 8D is .39527 290 (Table


    Example Compute S,(2) using 7.3.16.
    10.
    Generating the values of J,,++(2) as described 11.2).
    in chapter 10 we find Example 12. Compute w(.44$.67i) using bi-
    variate linear interpolation.
    52(2) =&/2(2) +&2w +&2.(2) +e7,5,2ca + . - -
    By linear interpolation in Table 7.9 along the
    =.49129+.06852+.00297+.00006=.56284.
    x-direction at y=.6 and y=.7
    Example 11. Compute - 7Yo(t> dt by numerical
    w(.44+.6i) -.6(.522246+.16788Oi)+.4(.498591
    s 1
    integration using Tables 9.1 and 7.8. [Y,,(t) is the +.2026663)=.512784+.1817943
    Bessel function of thesecond kinddetkedin9.1.16.1
    w(.44+.7i) =.6(.487556+.147975i)+.4(.467521
    We decompose the integral into three parts
    +.179123i)=.479542+.160434i.
    J- YOW ,=jy” Yo(t> $+J,’ [Yo@> -To(t)1 f By linear interpolation along the y-direction at
    x= .44
    +Jy PO(t)
    $ w(.44+.67i) =.3(.512784+.181794i)+.7(.479542
    where +.160434i)= .489515+.166842i.
    The correct answer is .489557+ .166889i.
    Example 13. Compute ~w(z) for z=.44+.61i.
    Bivariate linear interpolation, as described in
    Example 12, is most accurate if z lies near the
    center or along a diagonal of one of the squares
    of the tabular grid [7.6]. It is not as accurate for
    represents the first two terms of the asymptotic z near the midpoint of a side of a square, as in this
    expansion 9.2.2. example. However, we may introduce an auxil-
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 307
    iary square (see diagram) which contains z close Example 16. Compute w(7+2i).
    to its center. Bivariate linear interpolation can Using the second formula at the end of Table 7.9
    then be applied within this auxiliary square.
    The values of w(z) needed at z=cl, and z=tz w(7+2i)=(-2f7i) 44 f;;;;y28i
    are easily approximated by the average of the four ( *
    neighboring tabular values. Furthermore the .05176536
    parts to be used are given by + =.021853+.075OlOi.
    42.27525+28i >
    Izo- &I-
    (Zo-tl(-Pl+Pz’ H=P,-P2 Example 17. Compute erf (2+i).
    From 7.1.3, 7.1.12 we have

    erf z= 1 -e-Z2w(iz) = 1 -ey2-z2(cos 2xy


    4 sin 2zy)w(y+iz) (z=x+iy>.
    Using Tables 7.9, 4.4, 4.6

    erf (2-l-i)=1-e-3 (cos 4--i sin 4)w(l+2i)

    =1.003606-.011259Oi.
    where z=zO+ .l (p,+ipJ. Thus, with zo=.4+ .6i,
    tI=.45+.65i, S;=.45+.55i, p,k.4, pz=.l, we get Example S, ((a+;)
    18. Compute 4).
    from Table 7.9
    From 7.3.22, 7.3.8, 7.3.18 we have
    S%‘w(~~)=$(.522246 +.498591+.487556+.467521)
    = .493979 2’ 9
    &(z)=-- e@w [(l+i) $1
    &!w(s;) =2(.522246 +.498591+.561252+.533157)
    = .528812
    -!$! e-fz2w[(i-l) $1.
    gw(z)=[l-(.4+.1)]{[1-(.4-.1)].522246
    +(.4-.1).528812)+(.4+.1)X Jz and making use of 7.1.11,
    {[l-(.4-.1)] .493979+(.4-.1).498591}=.509789. 7.1.12, and Table 7.9

    The correct answer is .509756. Straightforward


    bivariate interpolation gives .509460.
    Example 14. Compute Yw(.39+.61i) to 6D ----i l---i e --2
    cos&-isini)w(l+ii)
    using Taylor’s series. 2 4 (
    Let z=.39+.61i, zo=.4+.6i. From 7.1.20,
    and using Table 7.9, we have +!$ie2( cosi+ising)w(i+$i)
    w(z,)=.522246+.167880i =-.990734-.681619i.
    w’(z,)=-.21634+.367383, z-zo=(~-l+i)10-2 m
    #w”(zo)=-.215--.185i, (z--~~)~=-2iXlO-~ Example 19. Compute e--(1’4)L2-31cos (2t)dt
    s0
    ~w(z)=.167880-.0021634--0036738 using Table 7.9.
    + .0000430= .162086. Setting b=y+ix, c=O in 7.4.2 and using 7.1.3,
    7.1.12 we find
    Example 15. Compute w(.4-1.3i). m
    From 7.1.11, 7.1.12
    S 0
    e -at-w cos (2xt)(j& 2&L2w(y)

    (a>O, 2, y real).
    Hence from Table 7.9
    Using Tables 7.9, 4.4 and 4.6 m
    w(.4-1.3i)=4.33342+8.042013. e-(1’4)tP-3r cos (2t)dt= &$?w(2+3i) = .231761.
    s 0
    308 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

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    1949-50).
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    [7.9] D. R. Hartree, Some properties and applications of
    the repeated integrals of the error function, Mem. for complex argument. Translated from the
    Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Sot. 80, 85-102 Russian by D. G. Fry (Pergamon Press, New
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    [7.10] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital com- 2=3(.1)5, y=O(.1)3; 2=0(.1)5, y=3(.1)5; 6D.
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    1955). function (Academic Press, New York, N.Y. and
    17.111 Y. Komatu, Elementary inequalities for Mills’ London, England, 1961). i&(z), iJGd(z),
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    [7.12] E. Kreyssig, On the zeros of the Fresnel integrals,
    [7.28] K. A. Karpov, Tablitsy funktsii w(z) =e+ ’ &fx v
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    [7.13] Th. Laible, Hohenkarte des Fehlerintegrals, Z. kompleksnoi oblasti (Izdat. Akad. NaukO SSSR.,
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    [7.14] F. Losch and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultiit (B. G. z=x; 2=0(.001)2(.01) 10; 5D;
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    [7.15] F. Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur Fourier Transforma- p=ps(.OOl)p; (.Ol)p;’ (.0002)5, 0 Ipe<p; <p;l 15,
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    [7.17] H. 0. Pollak, A remark on “Elementary inequalities


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    Statist. Appl. Res. Un. Jap. Sci. Engrs. 4, 110 8=45o(.3125o)48.75o(.625o)55o(1.25o)65o(2.5o)9Oo,
    (1955-57). p=pe(.OOl)pi(.Ol)p;‘, 0 <pb<,$ &’ 15, 5D;
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    Aids Comp. 5, 67-70 (1951). y=e-23 I
    ,” eta&?, Kungl. Fysiogr. Slillsk. i Lund
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    J. Franklin Inst. 266, 209-211 (1955). x-1=0(.005).2, 10D; x=.5(.5)10, 20D.
    [7.21] F. G. Tricomi, Funzioni ipergeometriche confluenti Contains also 20D values for maximum and in-
    (Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954). flection points.
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 309
    [7.32] W. Lash Miller and A. R. Gordon, Numerical [7.34] T. Pearcey, Table of the Fresnel integral (Cem-
    evaluation of infinite series and integrals which bridge Univ. Press, London, England, 1956).
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    electrochemical diffusion, etc., J. Phys. Chem. 35, c(g), S (E), 2=0(.01)50, 6-7D.
    2785-2884 (1931).
    [7.35] Tablitsy integralov Frenelya (Izdat. Akad. Nauk
    F(z) =e-z’ ( eL2dt; s=O(.O1)1.99, 6D; SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1953). C(z), S(Z), Z=
    0(.001)25, 7D; S(z), r=O(.OOl) .58, 7s; C(z),
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    C(z), S(Z), 2=0(.01)20, 5D. (Also contains
    (2/Jr)e-z*, erf 2, s=0(.0001)1(.001)5.6, 15D; numerical values of the coefficients in Taylor and
    (2/Jr)e-z2, erfc 2, 2=4(.01)10, 85. asymptotic expansions.)
    310 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Table 7.1 ERROR FUNCTION AND ITS DERIVATIVE

    ~2 p-12 2 (d-2
    .I’ erf 2 .I erf .I:
    \R
    0. 00 1.12837 91671 0.00000 00000 0.50 0.87\8758 25789 0.52049 98778
    0. 01 1.12826 63348 0.01128 34156 0. 51 0.86995 15467 0.52924 36198
    0. 02 1.12792 79057 0.02256 45747 0. 52 0.86103 70343 0.53789 86305
    0.03 1.12736 40827 0.03384 12223 0. 53 0.85204 34444 0.54646 40969
    0.04 1.12657 52040 0.04511 11061 0.54 0.84297 51813 0.55493 92505
    0.05 1.12556 17424 0.05637 19778 0.55 0.83383 66473 0.56332 33663
    0. 06 1.12432 43052 0.06762 15944 0. 56 0.82463 22395 0.57161 57638
    0.07 1.12286 36333 0.07885 77198 0.57 0.81536 63461 0.57981 58062
    0. 08 1.12118 06004 0.09007 81258 0. 58 0.80604 33431 0.58792 29004
    0. 09 1.11927 62126 0.10128 05939 0. 59 0.79666 75911 0.59593 64972
    0.10 1.11715 16068 0.11246 29160 0. 60 0.78724 34317 0.60385 60908
    0. 11 1.11480 80500 0.12362 28962 0. 61 0.77777 51846 0.61168 12189
    0. 12 1.11224 69379 0.13475 83518 0. 62 0.76826 71442 0.61941 14619
    0. 13 1.10946 97934 0.14586 71148 0. 63 0.75872 35764 0.62704 64433
    0.14 1.10647 82654 0.15694 70331 0.64 0.74914 87161 0.63458 58291
    0. 15 1.10327 41267 0.16799 59714 0. 65 0.73954 67634 0.64202 93274
    0.16 1.09985 92726 0.17901 18132 0.66 0.72992 18814 0.64937 66880
    0.17 1.09623 57192 0.18999 24612 0.67 0.72027 81930 0.65662 77023
    0.18 1.09240 56008 0.20093 58390 0.68 0.71061 97784 0.66378 22027
    0.19 1.08837 11683 0.21183 98922 0. 69 0.70095 06721 0.67084 00622
    0.20 1.08413 47871 0.22270 25892 0.70 0.69127 48604 0.67780 11938
    0.21 1.07969 89342 0.23352 19230 0.71 0.68159 62792 0.68466 55502
    0.22 1.07506 61963 0.24429 59116 0.72 0.67191 88112 0.69143 31231
    0.23 1.07023 92672 0.25502 25996 0. 73 0.66224 62838 0.69810 39429
    0.24 1.06522 09449 0.26570 00590 0.74 0.65258 24665 0.70467 80779
    0.25 1.06001 41294 0.27632 63902 0.75 0.64293 10692 0.71115 56337
    0.26 1.05462 18194 0.28689 97232 0.76 0.63329 57399 0.71753 67528
    0. 27 1.04904 71098 0.29741 82185 0.77 0.62368 00626 0.72382 16140
    0.28 1.04329 31885 0.30788 00680 0.78 0.61408 75556 0.73001 04313
    0.29 1.03736 33334 0.31828 34959 0. 79 0.60452 16696 0.73610 34538
    0.30 1.03126 09096 0.32862 67595 0. 80 0.59498 57863 0.74210 09647
    0.31 1.02498 93657 0.33890 81503 0. 81 0.58548 32161 0.74800 32806
    0.32 1.01855 22310 0.34912 59948 0.82 0.57601 71973 0.75381 07509
    0. 33 1.01195 31119 0.35927 86550 0.83 0.56659 08944 0.75952 37569
    0. 34 1.00519 56887 0.36936 45293 0.84 3.55720 73967 0.76514 27115
    0.35 0.99828 37121 0.37938 20536 0. 85 0.54786 97173 0.77066 80576
    0. 36 0.99122 10001 0.38932 97011 0.86 0.53858 07918 0.77610 02683
    0. 37 0.98401 14337 0.39920 59840 0.87 0.52934 34773 0.78143 98455
    0. 38 0.97665 89542 0.40900 94534 0. 88 0.52016 05514 0.78668 73192
    0. 39 0.96916 75592 0.41873 87001 0. 89 0.51103 47116 0.79184 32468
    0.40 0.96154 12988 0.42839 23550 0. 90 0.50196 85742 0.79690 82124
    0.41 0.95378 42727 0.43796 90902 0. 91 0.49296 46742 0.80188 28258
    0.42 0.94590 06256 0.44746 76184 0.92 0.48402 54639 0.80676 77215
    0. 43 0.93789 45443 0.45688 66945 0.93 0.47515 33132 0.81156 35586
    0.44 0.92977 02537 0.46622 51153 0.94 0.46635 05090 0.81627 10190
    0.45 0.92153 20130 0.47548 17198 0.95 0.45761 92546 0.82089 08073
    0.46 0.91318 41122 0.48465 53900 0.96 0.44896 16700 0.82542 36496
    0. 47 0.90473 08685 0.49374 50509 0.97 0.44037 97913 0.82987 02930
    0.48 0.89617 66223 0.50274 96707 0. 98 0.43187 55710 0.83423 15043
    0.49 0.88752 57337 0.51166 82612 0.99 0.42345 08779 0.83850 80696
    0.50 0.87878 25789 0.52049 98778

    [(-y1
    1.00 0.41510 74974 0.84270 07929

    [ 1
    C-5513
    c(-y1
    See Exa~nple 1.
    $= 0.88622 69255
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 311
    ERROR FUNCTION AND ITS DERIVATIVE Table 7.1

    G2 c--r2 erf 7 d -2 p-2 erf .T


    ,G
    .l.OO 0.41510 74974 0.84270 07929 1.50 0.11893 02892 0.96610 51465
    1. 01 0.40684 71315 0.84681 04962 1.51 0.11540 38270 0.96727 67481
    1.02 0.39867 13992 0.85083 80177 1.52 0.11195 95356 0.96841 34969
    1.03 0.39058 18368 0.85478 42115 1.53 0.10859 63195 0196951 62041
    1. 04 0.38257 98986 0.85864 99465 1. 54 0.10531 30683 0.97058 56899
    1. 05 0.37466 69570 0.86243 61061 1.55 0.10210 86576 0.97162 27333
    1. 06 0.36684 43034 0.86614 35866 1. 56 0.09898 19506 0.97262 81220
    1.07 0.35911 31488 0.86977 32972 1.57 0.09593 17995 0.97360 26275
    1.08 0.35147 46245 0.87332 61584 1.58 0.09295 70461 0.97454 70093
    1. 09 0.34392 97827 0.87680 31019 1.59 0.09005 65239 0.97546 20158
    1.10 0.33647 95978 0.88020 50696 1.60 0.08722 90586 0.97634 83833
    1.11 0.32912 49667 0.88353 30124 1.61 0.08447 34697 0.97720 68366
    1.12 0.32186 67103 0.88678 78902 1.62 0.08178 85711 0.97803 80884
    1.13 0.31470 55742 0.88997 06704 1.63 0.07917 31730 0.97884 28397
    1.14 0.30764 22299 0.89308 23276 1.64 0.07662 60821 0.97962 17795
    1. 15 0.30067 72759 0.89612 38429 1.65 0.07414 61034 0.98037 55850
    1.16 0.29381 12389 0.89909 62029 1. 66 0.07173 20405 0.98110 49213
    1.17 0.28704 45748 0.90200 03990 1.67 0.06938 26972 0.98181 04416
    1. 18 0.28037 76702 0.90483 74269 1.68 0.06709 68781 0.98249 27870
    1.19 0.27381 08437 0.90760 82860 1.69 0.06487 33895 0.98315 25869
    1.20 0.26734 43470 0.91031 39782 1.70 0.06271 10405 0.98379 04586
    1.21 0.26097 83664 0.91295 55080 1.71 0.06060 86436 0.98440 70075
    1.22 0.25471 30243 0.91553 38810 1.72 0.05856 50157 0.98500 28274
    1.23 0.24854 83805 0.91805 01041 1.73 0.05657 89788 0.98557 84998
    1.24 0.24248 44335 0.92050 51843 1.74 0.05464 93607 0.98613 45950
    1.25 0.23652 11224 0.92290 01283 1.75 0.05277 49959 0.98667 16712
    1.26 0.23065 83281 0.92523 59418 1.76 0.05095 47262 0.98719 02752
    1.27 0.22489 58748 0.92751 36293 1.77 0.04918 74012 0.98769 09422
    1.28 Oi21923 35317 0.92973 41930 1.78 0.04747 18791 0198817 41959
    1.29 0.21367 10145 0.93189 86327 1.79 0:04580 70274 0.98864 05487
    1. 30 0.20820 79868 0.93400 79449 1.80 0.04419 17233 0.98909 05016
    1. 31 0.20284 40621 0.93606 31228 1.81 0.04262 48543 0.98952 45446
    1.32 0.19757 88048 0.93806 51551 1. 82 0.04110 53185 0.98994 31565
    1. 33 0.19241 17326 0.94001 50262 1.83 0.03963 20255 0.99034 68051
    1.34 0.18734 23172 0.94191 37153 1. 84 0.03820 38966 0.99073 59476
    1. 35 0.18236 99865 0.94376 21961 1.85 0.03681 98653 0.99111 10301
    1.36 0.17749 41262 0.94556 14366 1. 86 0.03547 88774 0.99147 24883
    1.37 0.17271 40811 0.94731 23980 1.87 0.03417 98920 0.99182 07476
    1.38 0.16802 91568 0.94901 60353 1. 88 0.03292 18811 0.99215 62228
    1. 39 0.16343 86216 0.95067 32958 1.89 0.03170 38307 0.99247 93184
    1.40 0.15894 17077 0.95228 51198 1.90 0.03052 47404 0.99279 04292
    1. 41 0.15453 76130 0.95385 24394 1.91 0.02938 36241 0.99308 99398
    1. 42 0.15022 55027 0.95537 61786 1.92 0.02827 95101 0.99337 82251
    1.43 0.14600 45107 0.95685 72531 1.93 0.02721 14412 0.99365 56502
    1.44 0.14187 37413 0.95829 65696 1.94 0.02617 84752 0.99392 25709
    1.45 0.13783 22708 0.95969 50256 1.95 0.02517 96849 0.99417 93336
    1.46 0.13387 91486 0.96105 35095 1. 96 0.02421 41583 0.99442 62755
    1.47 0.13001 33993 0.96237 28999 1.97 0.02328 09986 0.99466 37246
    1.48 0.12623 40239 Oi96365 40654 1.98 0.02237 93244 0:99489 20004
    1.49 Oil2254 00011 0.96489 78648 1.99 0.02150 82701 0.99511 14132
    0.96610 51465 0.99532 22650

    [(-;)l1
    1.50 0.11893 02892 2.00 0.02066 69854
    c-y
    [ I I-
    c 1
    C-5614

    s = 0.88622 69255
    312 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Table 7.2 DERIVATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION


    0
    2
    F- P-J2 4 r-i
    z X X
    +f Y=
    2.00 - 2)2.0666 985 2.50 3.00 3.50
    2.01 2.51 3.01 3.51
    2.02 2.52 3.02 I- 411.2345 698 3.52
    2.03 2.53 3.03 3.53
    2.04 2.54 3.04 3.54
    2.05 2.55 - 3 1.6922 136 3.05 3.55
    2.06 2.56 - 3 1.6079 137 3.06 3.56
    2;07 2.57 - 3 1.5275 078 3.07 3.57
    2.08 2.58 I- 3I 1.4508 325 3.08 3.58
    2.09 2.59 - 3 1.3777 304 3.09 3.59

    2;13
    2.14
    2.15
    2.60
    2.61
    2.62
    2.63
    2.64
    2.65
    II - 3 1.2416
    1.1783
    1.3080 455
    1.0607
    1.1181 075
    500
    090
    764
    3.10
    3.11
    3.12
    3.13
    3.14
    3.15
    3.60
    3.61
    3.62
    3.63
    3.64
    3.65
    2.16 2.66 3.16 3.66
    2.67 3.17 3.67
    2.68 3.18 3.68
    2769 3.19 3.69
    2.20 2.70 3.20
    2.21 2.71 3.21
    2.22 2.72 3.22 3:72 (- 6)1.1028 445
    2.23 2.73 3.23 3.73
    2.24 2.74 3.24 3.74
    2.25 2.75 3.25
    2.26 2.76 3.25 3.76
    2.27 (- 3)6.5249 776 2.77 3.27 3.77
    2.28 2.78 3.28 3.78
    2.29 2.79 3.29 3.79
    2.30 2.80 3.30 3.80
    2.31 2.81 3.31 3.81
    2.32 2.82 3.32 - 5)X8428 397 3.82
    2.33 2.83 3.33 I - 5)1.7242 768 3.83
    2.34 2.84 3.34 (- 5)1.6130 192 3.84
    2.35 - 3)4.5088 292 2.85 3.85
    2.36
    2.37
    2.38
    2.39

    $4; (- -
    - 3)3.7301

    3 3.5556
    3.3886
    092

    487
    700
    2.86
    2.87
    2.88
    2.89
    2.90
    2.91
    3.37
    3.38
    3.39
    3.86
    3.87
    3.88
    3.89
    3.90
    3.91
    II
    - 77)4.1221
    (-
    3.0245
    3.2689 624
    3.5324
    3.8162
    7)2.7979
    971
    796
    013
    867
    245
    2:42 - 3 3.2288 871 2.92 3.92
    2.43 - 3 3.0760 230 2.93 3;93
    2.44 I- 3 I 2.9298 098 2.94 3.94
    3.45 3.95 (- 7 1.8896 240

    I
    3.46 3.96
    3.47 3.97
    3.48 3.98
    3.49 3.99 - 7 I 1.6128
    1.3754
    1.4895
    1.7459 557
    458
    098
    135
    2.50 (- 3)2.1782 842 3.00 (- 4)1.3925 305 3.50 (- 6)5.3994 268 4.00 (- 7)1.2698 235

    F~O.88622 692%
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 313
    DERIVATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION Table 7.2
    0

    X ‘5 Q--f .t: ;=2 e--Z x -2 e--z2


    & J;
    4.50 5.00 -11 :;670 866 5.50
    4.51 5.01 I -11 I 1:4178 169 5.51
    4.52 5.02 -11 1.2825 089 5.52
    4.53 5.03 -11 1.1598 820 5.53 I -14)8.2233
    -14 I 7.3659
    5.2876
    6.5967 160
    5.9066 480
    265
    906
    187
    4.54 5.04 -11 1.0487 702 5.54
    4.55
    4.56
    4.57
    4.58
    4.59
    4.60 -10)7.2909 450
    5.05
    5.06
    5.07
    5.08
    5.09
    5.10
    5.55
    5.56
    5.57
    5.58
    5.59
    5.60
    I-14 I 4.7325
    4.2349
    3.3891 917
    3.0309
    3.7888 943
    422
    310
    585

    4.61 -10)6.6494 435 5.11 5.61


    4.62 5.12 5.62
    4.63 5.13 5.63
    4.64 I 5.14 5.64
    4.15 (- 8)3.7395 414 5.15 5.65
    4.16 5.16 5.66
    4.17 5.17 5767
    4.18 5.18 5.68
    4.19 5.19 5.69
    4.20 (- 8 2.4632 041 4.70 (-lOj2.8766 694 5.70
    4.21 4I71 5.71
    4.22 4.72 5.72
    4.23 I - 8 I 2.0814
    1.9127 484
    1.7574
    2.2645 901
    463
    204 4.73 5.73
    4724 4.74 5.74
    4.25 4.75 t-lOj1.7934 357 5.25 5.75
    4.26 4176 5.26 5.76
    4.27 4.77 5.27 5.77
    4.28 4.78 5:28 5.78
    4.29 I - 8I 1.6143
    1.1472 994
    1.2498
    1.3614
    1.4826 445
    673
    993
    974 4.79 5.29 5.79
    4.30 I - 98 I 9.6595
    7.4517 598
    8.1266
    1.0528
    8.8608 977
    102
    438
    442 4.80 -10 1.1125 261 5.30 I -13 I 7.1305 505 5.80
    4.31 4.81 -10 1.0105 888 5.31 -13 6.4127 516 5.81
    4.32 4.82 I -11 I 9.1780 821 5.32 -13 5.7660 568 5.82
    4.33 4.83 -11 8.3337 894 5.33 -13 5.1835 412 5.83
    4.34 4.84 -11 7.5656 500 5.34 -13 4.6589 423 5.84
    4.35 4.85 I -11 I 6.8669 377 5.35 (-13 I 4.1865 979 5.85 t-1511.5481 468
    4.36 4.86 -11 6.2315 074 5.36 -13 3.7613 895 5.86
    4.37 4.87 -11 5.6537 456 5.37 -13 3.3786 913 5.87
    4.38 4.88 -11 5.1285 259 5.38 I -13 3.0343 233 5.88 -i5 liO888 898
    4.39 4.89 -11 4.6511 675 5.39 -13 2.7245 096 5.89 i -16 \ 9.6798 241
    4.40 4.90 5.40 t-1312.4458 396 5.90
    4.41 4.91 5.41 -13 2.1952 336 5.91
    4.42 4.92 5.42 I -13 1.9699 112 5.92
    4.43 4.93 5.43 -13 1.7673 627 5.93
    4.44 4.94 5.44 -13 I 1.5853 234 5.94
    4.45 4.95 5.45 5.95
    4.46 4.96 5.46 5.96
    4.47 4.97 5.47 5.97
    4.48 4.98 5.48 5.98
    4.49 4.99 5.49 5.99
    4.50 (- 9)1.8113 059 5.00 (-11)1.5670 866 5.50 (-14)8.2233 160 6.00 (-16)2.6173 012
    I-
    T-O.88622 69255
    314 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Table 7.2 DERIVATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION


    2 p-2 4 e-z’ 2 AL2
    2 x L
    q?r
    6.00 -16)2%73 012 6.50 -19)5.0525 800 7.00
    6.01 -16 2.3211 058 6.51 -19 4.4362 038 7.01
    6.02 -16 1 2.0580 187 6.52 -19 3.8942 418 7.02
    6.03 -16)1.8243 864 6.53 -19 I 3.4178 066 7103

    II
    6.04 -16)1.6169 533 6.54 -19)2.9990 603 7.04

    6.05 -16)1.4328 188 6.55 -19)2.6310 921 7.05 t-22)2.9304 450 7.55 t-25)1.9796 292
    6.06 -16 1.2693 992 6.56 -19 2.3078 100 7.06 -22 1.9179
    1.6645
    2.2094
    2.5448 736
    491
    450
    057 7.56
    6.07 -16 1 1.1243 934 6.57 -19 2.0238 447 7.07 7.57
    6.08 -17)9.9575 277 6.58 -19 1.7744 651 7.08 7i58 -251112573 541
    6.09 -17)8.8165 340 6.59 -19 I 1.5555 031 7.09 7.59 -25)1.0803 765

    6.10 -17)7.8047 211 6.60 7.10 7.60


    6.11 -17 6.9076 453 6.61 7.11 7.61
    6.12 -17 1 6.1124 570 6.62 7.12 7.62
    6.13 6.63 7.13 7.63
    6.14 6.64 7.64

    6.15 6.65 7.15 7.65


    6.16 6.66 7.16 7.66
    6.17 6.67 7.17 7.67
    6.18 6.68 7.18 7.68
    6.19 6.69 7.19 l-23)3.9913 893 7.69
    6.20 6.70 7.20 7.70 t-26)2.0097 185
    6.21 6.71 7.21
    6.22 6.72 7.22
    6.23 6.73 7.23
    6.24 6.74 7.24

    iI
    6.25 -17 1.2241 281 6.75 7.25 7.75
    6.26 -17 1.0801 812 6.76 7.26 7.76
    6.27 -18 9.5297 064 6.77 7.27 7.77
    6.28 -18 8.4057 325 6.78 7.28 7.78
    6.29 -18 7.4128 421 6.79 7.29 7.79

    6.30 6.80 7.30


    6.31 6.81 7.31
    6.32 6.82 7.32
    6.33 6.83 7.33
    6.34 6.84 7.34

    6.35 6.85 7.35 7.85


    6.36 6.86 7.36 7.86
    6.37 6.87 7.37 7.87
    6.38 6.88 7.38 7.88
    6.39 6.89 7.39 7.89
    6.40 6.90 t-21)2.3751 704 7.40 7.90
    6.41 6.91 7.41 7.91
    6.42 6.92 7.42 7.92
    6.43 6.93 7.43 7.93
    6.44 (-18)1.0982 455 6.94 7.44 7.94
    6.45 (-19)9.6542 574 6.95 (-21)1.1883 540 7.45 7.95 (-28)4.0175 202
    6.46 6.96 7.46 7.96 -28 3.4265 874
    6.47 6.97 7.47 7.97 -28 2.9219 899
    6.48 6.98 (-22 7:8244 565 7.48 7.98 -28 2.4912 008
    6.49 (-19)5.7534 461 6.99 (-22 6.8042 967 7.49 7.99 I -28 I 2.1234 982
    6.50 (-19)5.0525 800 7.00 (-22)5.9159 630 7.50 (-25)4.2013 654 8.00 (-28)1.8097 068
    T-O.88622 69255
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 315
    DERIVATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION Table 7.2

    z
    8.00 8.50 9.00 I -36)7.4920 734 9.50
    8.01 8.51 9.01 -36 I 6.2572 800 9.51
    8.02 9.02 -36 5.2249 519 9.52
    8.03 9.03 -36 4.3620 651 9.53
    8.04 9.04 -36 3.6409 535 9.54
    8.05 t-29)8.1112 334 8.55 (-32)2.0157 780 9.05 -36)3.0384 441 9.55
    8.06 9.06 -36j2.5351 317 9.56
    8.07 9.07 -36j2.1147 690 9.57
    8.08 8i58 -32 1.2057 541 9108 -36j1.7637 559 9.58
    8.09 (-29)4.2531 077 8.59 -32 1.0155 245 9.09 -36)1.4707 105 9.59 -40)1.2918 638
    8.10 (-29j3.6173 797 9.10 -36)1.2261 088 9.60 -40)1.0662 907
    8.11 9.11 -36 1.0219 837 9.61
    8.12 9.12 -37 1 8.5167 148 9.62
    8.13 8:63 -33)510997 438 9.13 -37)7.0959 960 9.63
    8.14 (-29j1.8891 933 8.64 -33)4.2908 734 9.14 -37)5.9110 925 9.64
    8.15 8.65 -33)3.6095 760 9.15 -37 4.9230 619 9.65 (-41)4.0725 570
    8.16 8.66 -33 3.0358 465 9.16 -37 14.0993 592 9.66
    8.17 8.67 -33 2.5527 988 9.17 -37)3.4127 918 9.67
    8.18 8.68 -33 2.1461 817 9.18 -37)2.8406 437 9.68
    8.19 8.69 -33 I 1.8039 709 9.19 -37)2.3639 423 9.69 i-41)1.8788 710
    8.20 8.70 -33)1.5160 228 9.20 -37)1.9668 449 9.70 -41)1.5477 017
    8.21 8.71 -3311.2737 818 9.21 -37)1.6361 251 9.71
    8.22 8.72 -33'1.0700 339 9.22 -37 1.3607 427 9.72
    8.23 8.73 -34 8.9869 668 9.23 -37 1.1314 847 9.73
    8.24 8.74 ( -34 i 7.5464 360 9.24 -38 I 9.4066 395 9.74
    8.25 8.75 -34)6.3355 422 9.25 -38)7.8186 802 9.75 -42)5.8524 252
    8.26 8.76 -34j5.3178 836 9.26 -38 6.4974 888 9.76 -42 4.8150 968
    8.27 8.77 -34j4.4627 957 9.27 -38 1 5.3984 710 9.77 -42 3.9608 401
    8.28 8.78 -34)3.7444 525 9.28 9.78 I -42 I 3.2574 873
    8.29 8.79 -34)3.1411 074 9.29 9.79 (-42)2.6784 979
    8.30 8.80 9.30 9.80
    8.31 8.81 9.31 9.81
    8.32 8.82 9.32 9.82
    8.33 8.83 -38j1.7684 718 9.83
    8.34 8.84 -38)1.4672 880 9.84
    8.35 9.35 -38 1.2171 545 9.85 (-43)8.2436 338
    8.36 9.36 -38 1.0094 602 9.86
    8.37 9I37 -39 8.3703 932 9.87
    8.38 9.38 -39 I 6.9392 997 9.88
    8.39 9.39 -39)5.7517 311 9.89 (-43)3.7428 271
    8.40 -31)2.5623 380 8.90 -35)4.4873 418 9.40 -39 4.7664 456 9.90 -43)3.0708 096
    8.41
    8.42
    8.43
    8.44
    I(
    -31 2.1658
    -31 1.8303
    -31 I 1.5465
    -31)1.3064
    657
    736
    399
    586
    8.91
    8.92
    8.93
    8.94
    -35 3.7552
    -35 3.1420
    -35 2.6283
    -35 I 2.1982
    711
    030
    611
    476
    9.41
    9.42
    9.43
    9.44
    -39 3.9491
    -39 3.2713
    -39 I 2.7093
    -39)2.2434
    520
    439
    286
    186
    9.91
    9.92
    9.93
    9.94
    -43 2.5189
    -43 2.0658
    -43 1.6939
    -43 I 1.3886
    477
    489
    130
    628
    8.45 8.95 -3511.8381 516 9.45 (-39)1.8572 574 9.95 -43)1.1381 922
    8.46 9.46 9.96
    8.47
    8.48
    8.49
    8.50
    I
    (-32)4.7280 139
    8;98
    8.99
    9.00
    -3511.0734
    -36)8.9687
    (-36)7.4920
    315
    435
    734
    9.47
    9:48
    9.49
    9.50 (-40)7.2007 555
    9.97
    9.98
    9.99
    10.00 (-44)4.1976 562

    $f=O.88622 69255
    316 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Table 7.3 COMPLEMENTARY ERROR FUNCTION

    x-2 xez’ erfc x <x> 2 xez2erfc x <x>


    0.250 0.51079 14 0";25 0.53406 72
    0.245 0.51.163 07 22 0.53511 47 33
    0.240 0.51247 67 2 0.53617 29
    0.235 0.51332 94 0.53724 20 33
    0.230 0.51418 90 : 0.53832 23 3
    0.51505 55 0.53941 41
    0.225
    0.220
    0.215
    0.51592
    0.51681
    92
    01
    22 0.100
    0.095
    0.090
    0.54051
    0.54163
    76
    32
    0.210 0.51769 83 t 0.085 0.54276 11
    0.205 0.51859 40 2 0.080 0.54390 16
    0.200 0.51949 74 0.075 0.54505 51
    0.195 0.52040 85 0.070 0.54622 19
    0.190 0.52132 75 0.065 0.54740 24
    0.185 0.52225 45 0.060 0.54859 69
    0.180 0.52318 98 0.055 0.54980 58
    0.175 0.52413 33 2 0.050 0.55102 95
    0.170 0.52508 55 0.045 0.55226 85
    0.165 0.52604 63 : 0.040 0.55352 32
    0.160 0.52701 59 3 0.035 0.55479 41
    0.155 0.52799 46 3 0.030 0.55608 17
    0.150 0.52898 25 0.025 0.55738 65 6
    0.145 0.52997 98 ; 0.020 0.55870 90 7
    0.140 0.53098 67 3 0.015 0.56005 00
    0.135 0.53200 35 3 0.010 0.56140 99 1:
    0.130 0.53303 02 3 0.005 0.56278 96 14
    0.125 0.53406 72 3 0.000 0.56418 96 m

    See Example 2.
    [ 1
    C-i)1
    II
    C-i)3
    1

    <x> =nearest integer to x.

    n erfc &G n erfc Jn?r


    6 0.00000 00008 25422
    : 0.00039 88821
    0.01218 27505 84803
    88282 0.00000 00000 33136
    i 0.00000
    0.00001 41444
    05351 64662
    02689 87 0.00000 00000 01343
    9 0.00000 00000 00055
    5 0.00000 00208 26552 10 0.00000 00000 00002
    erfc x =72 me-tzdt =1 -erf x
    dr Sz
    erfc 4% compiled from 0. Emersleben, Numerische Werte des Fehlerintegrals fiir &,
    Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 31,393-394, 1951 (with permissi&).
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 317
    REPEATED INTEGRALS OF THE ERROR FUNCTION Table 7.4

    2°F l+l i” erfc .t*


    ( )
    n=l n=2 71=3 n=4
    o.“o
    0.1
    1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
    I - 1I 4.28565
    7.62409
    3.15756
    5.74882
    1.00000
    0.2
    0. 3 - 1)5.56938
    0.4 I - 1)4.46884
    (- 1 2.29846
    (- 1 1.65244

    (- 2)5:68138
    1. 0
    :-:
    1:3
    1.4
    1. 5 (- 3j8.02626
    :*;
    1: 8
    1. 9 (- 3j1.26566

    ;:1"
    9;
    2: 4 (- 4j2.22250
    - 6)9.52500
    92
    2: 7
    2. 8
    2.9

    22
    33.87
    3:9 I- 9
    8I 4.58945
    8)5.10148
    1.98190
    1.04329
    2.32831

    4. 0
    4.1
    i-f
    4: 4

    t-6'
    4: 7
    4.8
    II
    -13
    -14 4.02809
    -12 2.35705
    8.76348
    1.14567
    3.19826

    4.9
    5. 0 (-13)2.62561 (-14)5.61169 (-14)1.38998 (-15)3.83592
    pr (;+I)]-’
    (-1)5.64189 58355 (-1)2.50000 00000 (-2)9.40315 97258 (-2)3.12500
    See Examples 4 and 5.
    318 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Table 7.4 REPEATED INTEGRALS OF THE ERROR FUYCTION

    237 ;+I i" erfc 5


    ( 1
    2

    1.00000
    n=5 n=6
    1.00000
    11 =I0
    1.00000
    0”::
    I I
    - 1 6.28971
    - 1 3.91490
    i*%
    0:4 I I-
    - lj2:41089
    1)1.46861
    I- 111.65569 - 2)7.95749
    if:
    0: 7
    i:!
    I-
    -
    (-
    - 2)4.64127
    2)2.67626
    2)1.52533
    3)8.59126
    1. 0
    1'::.
    2:
    1.5 (- 3)1.19278 (- 4)2.89186
    ::;
    1':: I-
    - 5j4;04407
    5)2.04244

    22'10
    2: 2
    $1'4

    f:'6
    ;*i
    2: 9

    ;:1"
    E
    3:4
    - 9)2.47236
    3::
    2; -~0)1.84200 (-11)7.30331
    3:9 -11)7.48503 (-11)2.91245
    4. 0
    4.1
    -13)3.82601
    -13)1.37691
    -14j4: 87328
    I-13)1.78294
    -1416.31544
    -14j2.20038
    2.3'
    4: 4

    22
    4:7
    4. a
    4. 9
    5. 0 (-15)1.15173 (-16)3.70336
    I-15 16.71719
    -17
    -16 2.11065
    6.46126
    2.10125
    1.95316
    (-18)6.51829 (-18)2.61062
    pr (;+1)]-l

    t-3)9.40315 97258 (-3)2.60416 66667 (-6)8.13802 08333 (-6) 1.69609 66316


    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 319
    DAWSON’S INTEGRAL Table 7.5

    2: e-2.2
    s0=rt;lt
    ’ x-2 xe-=
    s zet2c/t <x>
    0.00 0.00000 00000 1.00 0.53807 95069 0.250 0.6026080777
    0.02 0.01999 46675 1. 02 0.53637 44359 0.245 0.60046 6027 ;
    0.04 0.03995 73606 1.04 0.53431 71471 0.240 0.59819 8606
    0.06 0.05985 62071 1.06 0.53192 50787 0.235 0.59588 1008 ;
    0.08 0.07965 95389 1.08 0.52921 57454 0.230 0.59351 6018 2
    0.10 0.09933 59924 1.10 0.52620 66800 0.225 0.59110 6724
    0.12 fl.11885 46083 1.12 0.52291 53777 0.220 0.58865 6517
    0.14 0.13818 49287 1.14 0.51935 92435 0.215 0.58616 9107
    0.16 0.15729 70920 1.16 0.51555 55409 0.210 0.58364 8516
    0.18 0.17616 19254 1.18 0.51152 13448 0.205 0.58109 9080
    0.20 0.19475 10334 1.20 0.50727 34964 0.200 0.57852 5444
    0.22 0.21303 68833 1.22 0.50282 85611 0.195 0.57593 2550
    0.24 0.23099 28865 1.24 0.49820 27897 0.190 0.57332 5618
    0.26 0.24859 34747 1.26 0.49341 20827 0.185 0.57071 0126
    0.28 0.26581 41727 1.28 0.48847 19572 0.180 0.56809 1778
    0.30 0.28263 16650 1.30 0.48339 75174 0.175 0.56547 6462
    0.32 0.29902 38575 1.32 0.47820 34278 0.170 0.56287 0205
    0.34 0.31496 99336 1.34 0.47290 38898 0.165 0.56027 9114
    0.36 0.33045 04051 1.36 0.46751 26208 0.160 0.55770 9305
    0.38 0.34544 71562 1.38 0.46204 28368 0.155 0.55516 6829
    0.40 0.35994 34819 1.40 0.45650 72375 0.150 0.55265 7582
    0.42 Oii~739241210 1.42 0.45091 79943 0.145 0.55018 7208
    0.44 0.38737 52812 1.44 0.44528 67410 0.140 0.54776 0994
    0.46 0.40028 46599 1.46 0.43962 45670 0.135 0.54538 3766
    0.48 0.41264 14572 1.48 0.43394 20135 0.130 0.54305 9774
    0.50 0.42443 63835 1.50 0.42824 90711 0.125 0.54079 2591
    0.52 0.43566 16609 1.52 0.42255 51804 0.120 0.53858 5013
    0.54 0.44631 10184 1.54 0.41686 92347 0.115 0.53643 8983
    0. 56 0.45637 96813 1.56 0.41119 95842 0.110 0.53435 5529
    0.58 0.46586 43551 1.58 0.40555 40424 0.105 0.53233 4747
    0. 60 0.47476 32037 1.60 0.39993 98943 0.100 0.53037 5810
    0.62 0.48307 58219 1.62 0.39436 39058 0.095 0.52847 7031
    0.64 0.49080 32040 1.64 0.38883 23346 0.090 0.52663 5967
    0.66 0.49794 77064 1.66 0.38335 09429 0.085 0.52484 9575
    0.68 0.50451 30066 1.68 0.37792 50103 0.080 0.52311 4393
    0.70 0.51050 40576 1.70 0.37255 93490 0.075 0.52142 6749
    0.72 0.51592 70382 1.72 Oi36725 83182 0.070 0.51978 2972
    0.74 0.52078 93010 1.74 0.36202 58410 0.065 0.51817 9571
    0.76 0.52509 93152 1.76 0.35686 54206 0.060 0.51661 3369
    0.78 0.52886 66089 1.78 0.35178 01580 0.055 0.51508 1573
    0.80 0.53210 17071 1.80 0.34677 27691 0.050 0.51358 1788
    0.82 0.53481 60684 1.82 0.34184 56029 0.045 0.51211 1971
    0.84 0.53702 20202 1.84 0.33700 06597 0.040 0.51067 0372
    0.86 0.53873 26921 1.86 0.33223 96091 0.035 0.50925 5466
    0.88 0.53996 19480 1.88 0.32756 38080 0.030 0.50786 5903
    0.90 0.54072 43187 1.90 0.32297 43193 0.025 0.50650 0473 6
    0.92 0.54103 49328 1.92 0.31847 19293 0.020 0.50515 8078
    0.94 0.54090 94485 1.94 0.31405 71655 0.015 0.50383 7717 T:
    0.96 0.54036 39857 1.96 0.30973 03141 0.010 0.50253 8471
    0.98 0.53941 50580 1.98 0.30549 14372 0.005 0.50125 9494 ::
    0.53807 95069 2.00 0.30134 03889 0.000 0.50000 0000 m

    See Example 3.
    [ 1
    C-l)4
    <x> =nearest integer to 2.
    [c-p1
    Compiled from J. B. Rosw, Theory and application of Jo” rp2dx and so2 e-@@dy so” c~‘t/.t~.
    Mapleton House, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1948; and B. Lohmander and S. Rittsten, Table of the
    function y=ePzz so2rt*dt,Kungl. Fysiogr. Stillsk. i Lund Forh. 28,45-52, 1958 (with permission).
    320 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    3
    Table 7.6 -J” e-t3at
    r! 0
    03

    - 3 JZe-Qt
    3
    2
    _ J” e-Pdt __3 J” eddt
    X
    r1 0 r! 0 X r! 0
    0 0 0
    0. 00 0.8000000 0.70 0.‘72276 69 1.40 0.398973 54
    0. 02 0.02239 69 0.72 0.73842 49 1.42 0.99109 36
    0. 04 0.04479 31 0.74 0.75360 34 1.44 0.99229 70
    0. 06 0.06718 72 0.76 0.76829 12 1.46 0.99335 97
    0.08 0.08957 63 0.78 0.78247 88 1.48 0.99429 49
    0.10 0.11195 67 0.80 0.79615 78 1.50 0.99511 49
    0.12 0.13432 36 0.82 0.80932 16 1.52 0.99583 14
    0.14 0.15667 11 0.84 0.82196 48 1.54 0.99645 52
    0.16 0.17899 22 0.86 0.83408 41 1.56 0.99699 62
    0.18 0.20127 90 0. 88 0.84567 73 1.58 0.99746 38
    0.20 0.22352 24 0,90 0.85674 42 1.60 0.99786 63
    0. 22 0.24571 24 0.92 0.86728 62 1.62 0.99821 16
    0.24 0.26783 80 0.94 0.87730 62 1.64 0.99850 65
    0.26 0.28988 71 0.96 0.88680 89 1.66 0.99875 75
    0. 28 0.31184 70 0.98 0.89580 05 1.68 0.99897 03

    0. 30 0.33370 37 1.00 0.90428 86 1.70 0.99914 99


    0. 32 0.35544 26 1.02 0.91228 25
    0. 34 0.37704 82 1.04 0.91979 27
    0. 36 0.39850 45 1.06 0.92683 11
    0. 38 0.41979 45 1.08 0.93341 06

    0.40 0.4poso 07 1.10 0.93954 56 1.70 0.99914 99


    0. 42 0.46180 52 1.12 0.94525 09 1.74 0.99942 75
    0. 44 0.48248 96 1.14 0.95054 27 1.78 0.99962 05
    0. 46 0.50293 51 1.16 0.95543 76 1.82 0.99975 26
    0.48 0.52312 25 1.18 0.95995 30 1.86 0.99984 14
    0.50 0.54303 28 1.20 0.96410 64 1.90 0.99990 01
    0. 52 0.56264 66 1.22 0.96791 62 1.94 0.99993 82
    0.54 0.58194 46 1.24 0.97140 05 1.98 0.99996 24
    0. 56 0.60090 80 1.26 0.97457 79 2.02 0.99997 76
    0. 58 0.61951 78 1.28 0.97746 66 2.06 0.99998 69
    0. 60 0.63775 57 1.30 0.98008 48 2.10 0.99999 25
    0. 62 0.65560 39 1.32 0.98245 07 2.14 0.99999 57
    0.64 0.67304 52 1.34 0.98458 18 2.18 0.99999 77
    0. 66 0.69006 30 1.36 0.98649 52 2.22 0.99999 87
    0. 68 0.70664 18 1.38 0.98820 77 2.26 0.99999 93
    0.70 0.72276 69 1.40 0.98973 54 2.30 0.99999 97

    [ 1
    55)‘3
    [ 1
    c-:,5)7
    [Ic-y1
    95116

    Compiled from M. Abramowitz,


    (with permission).
    Table of the integral
    Sozewu3du,J. Math. Phys. 30,162-163,195l
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 321
    FRESNEL INTEGRALS Table 7.7

    0.00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00 1.00 1.57079 63 0.77989 34 0.43825 91


    0.02 0.00062 83 0.02000 00 0.00000 42 1.02 1.63425 65 0.77926 11 0.45824 58
    0.04 0.00251 33 0.04000 00 0.00003 35 1.04 1.69897 33 0.77735 01 0.47815 08
    0. 06 0.00565 49 0.05999 98 0.00011 31 1.06 1.76494 68 0.77414 34 0.49788 a4
    0.08 0.01005 31 0.07999 92 0.00026 81 1.08 1.83217 68 0.76963 03 0.51736 86
    0. 10 0.01570 80 0.09999 75 0.00052 36 1.10 1.90066 36 0.76380 67 0.53649 79
    0.12 0.02261 95 0.11999 39 0.00090 47 1.12 1.97040 69 0.75667 60 0.55517 92
    0.14 0.03078 76 0.13998 67 0.00143 67 1.14 2.04140 69 0.74824 94 0.57331 28
    0. lb 0.04021 24 0.15997 41 0.00214 44 1.16 2.11366 35 0.73854 68 0.59079 66
    0. 18 0.05089 38 0.17995 34 0.00305 31 1.18 2.18717 68 0.72759 68 0.60752 74

    0.20 0.06283 19 0.19992 11 0.00418 76 1.20 2.26194 67 0.71543 77 0.62340 09


    0.22 0.07602 65 0.21987 29 0.00557 30 1.22 2.33797 33 0.70211 76 0.63831 34
    0.24 0.09047 79 0.23980 36 0.00723 40 1.24 2.41525 64 0.68769 47 0.65216 19
    0.26 0.10618 58 0.25970 70 0.00919 54 1.26 2.49379 62 0.67223 78 0.66484 56
    0.28 0.12315 04 0.27957 56 0.01148 lb 1.28 2.57359 27 0.65582 63 0.67626 72

    0.30 0.14137 17 0.29940 10 0.01411 70 1.30 2.65464 58 0.63855 05 0.68633 33


    0.32 0.16084 95 0.31917 31 0.01712 56 1.32 2.73695 55 0.62051 11 0.69495 62
    0. 34 0.18158 41 0.33888 06 0.02053 11 1.34 2.82052 19 0.60181 95 0.70205 50
    0.36 0.20357 52 0.35851 09 0.02435 68 1.36 2.90534 49 0.58259 73 0.70755 67
    0. 38 0.22682 30 0.37804 96 0.02862 55 1.38 2.99142 45 0.56297 59 0.71139 77
    0.40 0.25132 74 0.39748 08 0.03335 94 1.40 3.07876 08 0.54309 58 0.71352 51
    0.42 0.27708 85 0.41678 68 0.03858 02 1.42 3.16735 37 0.52310 58 0.71389 77
    0.44 0.30410 62 0.43594 a2 0.04430 85 1.44 3.25720 33 0.50316 23 0.71248 78
    0.46 0.33238 05 0.45494 40 0.05056 42 1.46 3.3483'0 95 0.48342 80 0.70928 lb
    0.48 0.36191 15 0.47375 10 0.05736 63 1.48 3.44067 23 0.46407 05 0.70428 12
    0.50 0.39269 91 0.49234 42 0.06473 24 1.50 3.53429 17 0.44526 12 0.69750 50
    0.52 0.42474 33 0.51069 69 0.07267 89 1.52 3.62916 78 0.42717 32 0.68898 88
    0.54 0.45804 42 0.52878 01 0.08122 06 1.54 3.72530 06 0.40997 99 0.67878 67
    0.56 0.49260 17 0.54656 30 0.09037 08 1.56 3.82268 99 0.39385 29 0.66697 13
    0.58 0.52841 59 0.56401 31 0.10014 09 1.58 3.92133 60 0.37895 96 0.65363 46

    0.60 0.56548 67 0.58109 54 0.11054 02 1.60 4.02123 86 0.36546 17 0.63888 77


    0.62 0.60381 41 0.59777 37 0.12157 59 1.62 4.12239 79 0.35351 20 0.62286 07
    0.64 0.64339 82 0.61400 94 0.13325 28 1. b4 4.22481 38 0.34325 29 0.60570 26
    0.66 0.68423 a9 0.62976 25 0.14557 29 1.66 4.32848 64 0.33481 32 0.58758 04
    0.68 0.72633 62 0.64499 12 0.15853 54 1.68 4.43341 56 0.32830 61 0.56867 83

    0. 70 0.76969 02 0.65965 24 0.17213 65 1.70 4.53960 14 0.32382 69 0.54919 60


    0.72 0.81430 08 0.67370 12 0.18636 89 1.72 4.64704 39 0.32145 02 0.52934 73
    0. 74 0.86016 81 0.68709 20 0.20122 21 1.74 4.75574 30 0.32122 83 0.50935 84
    0.76 0.90729 20 0.69977 79 0.21668 lb 1.76 4.86569 87 0.32318 87 0.48946 49
    0.78 0.95567 25 0.71171 13 0.23272 88 1.78 4.97691 11 0.32733 25 0.46990 94
    0.80 1.00530 96 0.72284 42 0.24934 14 :%i 5.08938
    5.20310 01
    58 0.33363
    0.34203 29
    39 0.45093 88
    0.82 1.05620 35 0.73312 83 0.26649 22 0.43280 06
    0.84 1.10835 39 0.74251 54 0.28414 98 1:04 5.31808 80 0.35244 96 0.41573 97
    0.86 1.16176 10 0.75095 79 0.30227 80 1.86 5.43432 70 0.36476 35 0.39999 44
    0.88 1.21642 47 0.75840 90 0.32083 55 1.88 5.55182 25 0.37882 93 0.38579 25
    0.90 1.27234 50 0.76482 30 0.33977 63 1.90 5.67057 47 0.39447 05 0.37334 73
    0.92 1.32952 20 0.77015 63 0.35904 93 1.92 5.79058 36 0.41148 24 0.36285 37
    0.94 1.38795 56 0.77436 72 0.37859 a1 1.94 5.91184 91 0.42963 33 0.35448 37
    0.96 1.44764 59 0.77741 68 0.39836 12 1.96 6.03437 12 0.44866 69 0.34838 30
    0.98 1.50859 28 0.77926 95 0.41827 21 1.98 6.15814 99 0.46830 56 0.34466 65

    1.00 1.57079 63 0.77989 34 0.43825 91 2.00 6.28318 53 0.48825 34 0.34341 57

    h Example 8.
    [ 1 [ 1
    C-54)2 C-i)8
    [. 1
    C-f3
    322 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Table 7.7 FRESNEL INTIKRALS


    C(.r)=jl" cos (;13) t/l

    %-I s f.1.) C(T) S(T) C(r) N (.I.)


    2.:0 0.48825 34 0.34i4i 57 3.00 0.60572 08 0.49631 30 0.49842 60 0.42051 58
    2.02 0.50820 04 0.34467 48 3.02 0.60383 73 0.51619 42 0.51821 54 0.42301 99
    2. 04 0.52782 73 0.34844 87 3.04 0.59823 78 0.53536 29 4. 04 0.53675 05 0.43039 00
    2. 06 0.54681 06 0.35470 04 3.06 0.58910 11 0.55311 95 4. 06 0.55284 04 0.44217 81
    2.08 0.56482 79 0.36334 98 3.08 0.57674 01 0.56880 28 4.08 0.56543 47 0.45764 45
    2.10 0.58156 41 0.37421 34 3.10 0.56159 39 0.58181 59 4.10 0.57369 56 0.47579 83
    2.12 0.59671 75 0.38730 37 3.12 0.54421 58 0.59165 11 4.12 0.57705 88 0.49545 71
    2.14 0.61000 60 0.40223 09 3; 14 0.52525 53 0.59791 29 4.14 0.57527 76 0.51532 14
    2.16 0.62117 32 0.41880 45 3.16 0.50543 56 0.60033 66 4.16 0.56844 74 0.53405 87
    2.18 0.62999 53 0.43673 63 3.18 0.48552 76 0.59880 34 4.18 0.55700 75 0.55039 41
    2.20 0.63628 60 0.45570 46 3.20 0.46632 03 0.59334 95 4.20 0.54171 92 0.56319 89
    2.22 0.63990 31 0.41535 85 3.22 0.44858 96 0.58416 97 4.22 0.52362 06 0.57157 23
    2.24 0.64075 25 0.49532 41 3.24 0.43306 55 0.57161 47 4.24 0.50396 08 0.57491 03
    2.26 0.63879 28 0.51521 11 3.26 0.42040 05 0.55618 06 4.26 0.48411 63 0.57295 47
    2.28 0.63403 83 0.53462 03 3.28 0.41113 97 0.53849 35 4.28 0.46549 61 0.56582 05
    2.30 0.62656 17 0.55315 16 3.30 0.40569 44 0.51928 61 4.30 0.44944 12 0.55399 59
    2.32 0.61649 45 0.57041 28 3.32 0.40431 99 0.49936 95 4. 32 0.43712 50 0.53831 55
    2.34 0.60402 69 0.58602 84 3. 34 0.40709 96 0.47960 04 4. 34 0.42946 40 0.51990 77
    2.36 0.58940 65 0.59964 89 3.36 0.41393 66 0.46084 46 4.36 0.42704 39 0.50011 73
    2.38 0.57293 44 0.61095 96 3.38 0.42455 18 0.44393 82 4. 38 0.43006 79 0.48041 08
    2.40 0.55496 14 0.61969 00 3.40 0.43849 17 0.42964 95 4. 40 0.43833 29 0.46226 80
    2.42 0.53588 11 0.62562 11 3. 42 0.45514 37 0.41864 11 4.42 0.45123 59 0.44707 06
    2.44 0.51612 29 0.62859 38 3.44 0.41375 96 0.41143 69 4.44 0.46781 05 0143599 33
    2.46 0.49614 28 0.62851 43 3.46 0.49348 70 0.40839 28 4.46 0.48679 41 0.42990 86
    2.48 0.47641 35 0.62535 98 3.48 0.51340 62 0.40967 54 4.48 0.50671 95 0.42931 16
    2.50 0.45741 30 0.61918 18 3.50 0.53257 24 0.41524 80 4.50 0.52602 59 0.43427 30
    2.52 0.43961 32 0.61010 76 3.52 0.55006 11 0.42486 72 4.52 0.54318 11 0.44442 34
    2.54 0.42346 72 0.59834 06 3.54 0.56501 32 0.43808 83 4.54 0.55680 46 0.45897 36
    2.56 0.40939 65 0.58415 75 3.56 0.57668 02 0.45428 17 4. 56 0.56578 27 0.47676 89
    2.58 0.39777 93. 0.56790 42 3.58 0.58446 43 0.47265 92 4.58 0.56936 57 0.49637 56
    2.60 0.38893 75 0.54998 93 3.60 0.58795 33 0.49230 95 4. 60 0.56723 67 0.51619 23
    2.62 0.38312 73 0.53087 53 3. 62 0.58694 64 0.51224 12 4. 62 0.55954 81 0.53451 97
    2.64 0.38052 80 0.51106 79 3.64 0.58147 10 0.53143 21 4.64 0.54691 86 0.54999 67
    2.66 0.38123 50 0.49110 35 3.66 0.57178 75 0.54888 15 4.66 0.53039 13 0.56113 28
    2.68 0.38525 32 0.47153 52 3.68 0.55838 18 0.56366 38 4.68 0.51135 38 0.56702 44
    2.70 0.39249 40 0.45291 75 3.70 0.54194 57 0.57498 04 4.70 0.49142 65 0.56714 55
    2.72 0.40277 39 0.43518 98 3.72 0.52334 49 0.58220 56 4.72 0.47232 71 0.56146 19
    2.74 0.41581 68 0.42066 03 3.74 0.50357 70 0.58492 61 4. 74 0.45572 30 0.55044 52
    2.76 0.43125 85 0.40798 90 3. 76 0.48371 94 0.58296 92 4.16 0.44308 30 0.53504 16
    2.78 0.44865 46 0.39817 24 3.78 0.46487 19 0.57641 91 4.78 0.43554 28 0.51659 82
    2.80 0.46749 17 0.39152 84 3.80 0.44809 49 0.56561 87 4.80 0.43319 66 0.49675 02
    2.82 0.48720 04 0.38828 41 3.82 0.43434 86 0.55115 74 4. 82 0.43802 47 0.47728 00
    2.84 0.50717 21 0.38856 43 3.84 0.42443 43 0.53384 32 4. 84 0.44786 69 0.45995 75
    2.86 0.52671 66 0.39238 50 3.86 0.41894 43 0.51466 22 4.86 0.46244 40 0.44637 74
    2.88 0.54538 21 0.39964 80 3.88 0.41822 16 0.49472 45 4.88 0.48042 90 0.43780 82
    2.90 0.56237 64 0.41014 06 3.90 0.42233 27 0.47520 24 4.90 0.50016 10 0.43506 74
    2.92 0.57718 78 0.42353 87 3.92 0.43105 68 0.45726 13 4.92 0.51979 51 0.43843 48
    2.94 0.58930 60 0.43941 39 3.94 0.44389 17 0.44198 92 4.94 0.53747 34 0.44761 56
    2.96 0.59830 19 0.45124 45 3. 96 0.46007 70 0.43032 79 4.96 0.55150 25 0.46175 67
    2.98 0.60384 56 0.47643 06 3.98 0.41863 51 0.42301 17 4. 98 0.56051 94 0.47951 78
    3.00 0.60572 08 0.49631 30 4.00 0.49842 60 0.42051 58 5.00 0.56363 12 0.49919 14
    [C-64)5] [(-y]
    [ 1 [ 1
    (-;I6 (-;I6 [ ‘-;)‘I [C-$)8]

    For .1>5 iri = 0.5i ( O.3183O99-T +c(2) t@)1c3 x10-7


    3

    For u>39 $#= 0.51


    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 323
    AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS Table 7.8
    * n
    2(sL ,y
    X
    2 f(x)= h(20
    0. 00 0.00000 00000 00000 0.50000 00000 00000 0.50000 00000 00000
    0. 02 &00062 83185 30718 0.49969 41196 39303 0.48031 40626 54163
    0.04 0.00251 32741 22872 0.49880 88057 20520 0.46125 51239 79101
    0.06 0.00565 48667 76462 0.49739 07811 66949 0.44281 99356 00196
    0. 08 0.01005 30964 91487 0.49548 44294 00553 0.42500 33536 38036
    0.10 0.01570 79632 67949 0.49313 18256 06624 0.40779 85545 29930
    0.12 0.02261 94671 05847 0.49037 27777 82254 0.39119 72364 96391
    0. 14 0.03078 76080 05180 0.48724 48761 11561 0.37518 98069 99885
    0.16 0.04021 23859 65949 0.48378 35493 31728 0.35976 55566 09573
    0.18 0.05089 38009 88155 0.48002 21268 70713 0.34491 28197 39391
    0.20 0.06283 18530 71796 0.47599 19056 49140 0.33061 91227 69034
    0.22 0.07602 65422 16873 0.47172 22205 45221 0.31687 13200 89318
    0.24 0.09047 78684 23386 0.46724 05176 22164 0.30365 57186 36191
    0.26 0:10618 58316 91335 0.46257 24293 12303 0.29095 81914 92531
    0.28 0.12315 04320 20720 0.45774 la508 40978 0.27876 42811 44593
    0.30 0.14137 16694 11541 0.45277 10172 56087 0.26705 92929 81728
    0. 32 0.16084 95438 63797 0.44768 05805 06203 0.25582 83796 24420
    0.34 0.18158 40553 77490 0.44248 96860 81319 0.24505 66166 57772
    0. 36 0.20357 52039 52619 0.43721 60487 95888 0.23472 9OiO3 35799
    0. 38 0.22682 29895 89183 0.43187 60273 53913 0.22483 08578 07150
    0.40 0.25132 74122 87183 0.42648 46973 90789 0.21534 72003 95520
    0.42 0.27708 84720 46620 0.42105 59227 36507 0.20626 34704 48744
    0.44 0.30410 61688 67492 0.41560 24246 90070 0.19756 52322 49727
    0.46 0.33238 05027 49800 0.41013 58491 35691 0.18923 82774 60398
    0. 48 0.36191 14736 93544 0.40466 68313 67950 0.18126 86555 47172
    0.50 0.39269 90816 98724 0.39920 50585 25702 0.17364 26996 13238
    0.52 0.42474 33267 65340 0.39375 93295 63563 0.16634 70480 39628
    0.54 0.45804 42088 93392 0.38833 76127 15400 0.15936 86623 13733
    0.56 0.49260 17280 82880 0.38294 71004 26771 0.15269 48414 00876
    0.58 0.52841 58843 33803 0.37759 42617 52882 0.14631 32329 91905
    0.60 0.56548 66776 46163 0.37228 48922 35620 0.14021 la419 37684
    0.62 0.60381 41080 19958 0.36702 41612 87842 0.13437 90361 59907
    0.64 0.64339 81754 55190 0.36181 66571 25476 0.12880 35503 06985
    0.66 0.68423 88799 51857 0.35666 64292 98472 0.12347 44874 03863
    0. 68 0.72633 62215 09960 0.35157 70288 80259 0.11838 13187 25611
    0.70 0.76969 02001 29499 0.34655 15463 82434 0.11351 38821 06517
    0.72 0.81430 08158 10474 0.34159 26474 67053 0.10886 23788 79214
    0.74 0.86016 80685 52885 0.33670 26065 33192 0.10441 73696 22082
    0.76 0.90729 19583 56732 0.33188 33382 57734 0.10016 97688 77848
    0.78 0.95S67 24852 22015 0.32713 64271 72503 0.09611 08389 91866
    0. 80 1.00530 96491 48734 0.32246 31553 61284 0.09223 21832 05037
    0.82 1.05620 34501 36888 0.31786 45283 60796 0.08852 57381 23702
    0.84 1.10835 38881 86479 0.31334 12993 49704 0.08498 37656 77045
    0. 86 1.16176 09632 97506 0.30889 39917 09068 0.08159 88446 61614
    0.88 1.21642 46754 69968 0.30452 29200 36579 0.07836 38619 62362
    0. 90 1.27234 50247 03866 0.30022 82096 95385 0.07527 20035 30280
    0.92 1.32952 20109 99200 0.29600 98149 76518 0.07231 67451 87932
    0.94 1.38795 56343 55971 0.29186 75359 51781 0.06949 la433 26312
    0.96 1.44764 58947 74177 0.28780 10340 91658 0.06679 13255 49021
    0.98 1.50859 21922 53819 0.28380 98467 20271 0.06420 94813 13093
    1.00 1.57079 63267 94897 0.27989 34003 76823 0.06174 08526 09645
    c-g
    See Exm~ple~ 6, 7, and
    Lm1 c-y

    9.
    [ I
    1
    Cc,)=-+f(x) sin ix2 -8(r) cos 2TTZ C&(U)=! +fi(u) sin uyz(u) cos u
    2 ( ) t 1 2

    1
    S(X)=--fG) cos (5”)-g(x) sin (ixz) s~(~)=A-~~(u)
    2 cos u-g2(u) sin II
    2
    324 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Table 7.8 AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS


    x-1 f(1.)=h(U) g(4= k?(u) <.r> <U>
    1.00 0.63661 97723 67581 0.27989 34003 76823 0.06174 08526 09645 1 2
    0.98 0.61140 96293 ala25 0.27597 33733 36442 0.05933 31378 64174
    0.96 0.58670 87822 13963 0.27197 11505 76851 0.05693 89827 01255 : ;
    0.94 0.56251 72308 63995 0.26788 56989 47656 0.05456 06112 91100
    0.92 0.53883 49753 31921 0.26371 60682 37287 0.05220 03510 52931 ; I
    0.90 0.51566 20156 17741 0.25946 14023 65674 0.04986 06317 93636
    0.88 0.49299 a3517 21455 0.25512 09512 a0091 0.04754 39838 94725 :
    0.86 0.47084 39836 43063 0.25069 40835 25766 0.04525 30354 03048 1
    0. a4 0.44919 a9113 a2565 0.24618 02994 44393 0.04299 05078 69390
    0.82 0.42806 31349 39962 0.24157 92449 31459 0.04075 92107 68723 :
    0.80 0.40743 66543 15252 0.23689 07256 57089 0.03856 20343 27312 1
    0. 78 0.38731 94695 08436 0.23211 47216 24632 0.03640 19405 75704
    0.76 0.36771 15805 19515 0.22725 14019 06110 0.03428 19524 44132 :
    0.74 0.34861 29873 48488 0.22230 11393 53995 0.03220 51407 19129
    0.72 0.33002 36899 95354 0.21726 45250 44609 0.03017 46086 88637 :
    0.70 0.31194 36884 60115 0.21214 23821 60229 0.02819 34743 19381
    0. 68 0.29437 29827 42770 0.20693 57789 65521 0.02626 48498 36510 :
    0. 66 0.27731 15728 43318 0.20164 60404 80635 0.02439 18186 13588 2
    0. 64 0.26075 94587 61761 0.19627 47584 00004 0.02257 74093 32978
    0.62 0.24471 66404 98098 0.19082 37987 55563 0.02082 45674 44482 :
    0.60 0.22918 31180 52329 0.18529 53067 79209 0.01913 61240 35536
    0.58 0.21415 88914 24454 0.17969 17083 a6674 0.01751 47623 30357 :
    0.56 0.19964 39606 14474 0.17401 57076 a9207 0.01596 29821 58470
    0.54 0.18563 a3256 22387 0.16827 02799 47273 0.01448 30628 73722 :
    0.52 0.17214 19864 48194 0.16245 86594 19322 0.01307 70253 60097 2
    0.50 0.15915 49430 91895 0.15658 43216 36302 0.01174 65939 24659
    0.48 0.14667 71955 53491 0.15065 09597 56320 0.01049 31590 42015 z
    0.46 0.13470 87438 32980 0.14466 24548 29603 -_ __.__ 77420
    0.00931 .-~ . ..~
    66589 2
    0.44 0.12324 95879 30364 0.13862 28400 34552 0.00822 09631 52815
    0.42 0.11229 97278 45641 0.13253 62592 29647 0.00720 30137 00215 I
    0.40 0.10185 91635 78813 0.12640 69204 94864 0.00626 36346 49122
    0.38 0.09192 78951 29879 0.12023 90456 93806 0.00540 21018 72942 : :i
    0.36 0.08250 59224 98839 0.11403 68174 47880 0.00461 72197 27002
    0.34 0.07359 32456 85692 0.10780 43252 41741 0.00390 73235 12822 : ::
    0.32 0.06518 98646 90440 0.10154 55126 32988 0.00327 02912 03254 3 15
    0.30 0.05729 57795 13082 0.09526 41276 74844 0.00270 35642 68526
    0.28 0.04991 09901 53618 0.08896 36786 39974 0.00220 41768 84885 i
    0.26 0.04303 54966 12048 0.08264 73969 33180 0.00176 a7922 53708 4
    0.24 0.03666 92988 a8373 0.07631 82087 00913 0.00139 37442 77909 4
    0.22 0.03081 23969 a2591 0.06997 a7161 16730 0.00107 50825 02743 5
    0.20 0.02546 47908 94703 0.06363 11887 04012 o.oooao a6180 a2883
    0.18 0.02062 64806 24710 0.05727 75644 30652 0.00058 99686 10701 2 :'8
    0.16 0.01629 74661 72610 0.05091 94597 59575 0.00041 45999 la234
    0.14 0.01247 77475 38405 0.04455 ala74 32960 0.00027 78633 97799 76 2
    0.12 0.00916 73247 22093 0.03819 47805 44642 0.00017 50279 00844 a 109
    0.10 0.00636 61977 23676 0.03183 00214 15118 o.oooio 13057 94484 10 157
    0. 08 0.00407 43665 43153 0.02546 44738 95252 0.00005 18732 17470 245
    0.06 0.00229 la311 a0523 0.01909 a5179 38105 0.00002 la849 44630 1'; 436
    0.04 o.ooioi a5916 35788 0.01273 23855 39770 0.00000 64845 30524 982
    0.02 O.QO025 46479 08947 0.00636 61974 14061 0.00000 08105 69272 :'o 3927
    0.00 0.00000 00000 00000 0.00000 00000 00000 0.00000 00000 00000 m 03

    J t-i)6 1
    1
    [k--1
    1 1
    C(r)=-2 +f(x) sin ;22 -g(,r) cos $9 Cz(tr)=-+fz(u) sin u-gz(u) cosu
    ( > ( ) 2
    1
    s(X)=--f(x) COS 5.9 -g(r) sin Fz19 sz(u,=&/z(u) co.5u-g2(u) sin u
    2 (2 > (2 )
    <o=nearest integer to 2.
    .
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 325
    ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 7.9
    w(t)=e-2’ erfc (-iz) z=x+iy
    “w(.z~z~(z) %w(z) .fW(Z) .oAw(z) Iw(z)
    x=0.3 x-o.4
    1.000000 0.000000 0.990050 0.112089 0.960789 0.219753 0.913931 0.318916 0.852144 0.406153
    0.896457 0.000000 0.888479 0.094332 0.864983 0.185252 0.827246 0.269600 0.777267 0.344688
    0.809020 0.000000 0.802567 0.080029 0.783538 0.157403 0.752895 0.229653 0.712146 0.294653
    0.734599 0.000000 0.129331 0.068410 0.713801 0.134739 0.688720 0.197037 0.655244 0.253613
    0.670788 0.000000 0.666463 0.058897 0.653680 0.116147 0.632996 0.170203 0.605295 0.219706
    0.615690 0.000000 0.612109 0.051048 0.601513 0.100782 0.584333 0.147965 0.561252 0.191500
    0.567805 0.000000 0.564818 0.044524 0.555974 0.087993 0.541605 0.129408 0.522246 0.167880
    0.525930 0.000000 0.523423 0.039064 0.515991 0.077275 0.503896 0.113821 0.487556 0.147975
    0.489101 0.000000 0.486982 0.034465 0.480697 0.068235 0.470452 0.100647 0.456579 0.131101
    0.456532 0.000000 0.454731 0.030566 0.449383 0.060563 0.440655 0.089444 0.428808 0.116714
    0.427584 0.000000 0.426044 0.027242 0.421468 0.054014 0.413989 0.079864 0.403818 0.104380
    0.401730 0.000000 0.400406 0.024392 0.396470 0.048393 0.390028 0.071628 0.381250 0.093752
    0.378537 0.000000 0.377393 0.021934 0.373989 0.043542 0.368412 0.064510 0.360799 0.084547
    0.351643 0.000000 0.356649 0.019805 0.353691 0.039336 0.348839 0.058329 0.342206 0.076538
    0.338744 0.000000 0.337876 0.017951 0.335294 0.035671 0.331054 0.052936 0.325248 0.069538

    0.321585 0.000000 0.320825 0.016329 0.318561 0.032463 0.314839 0.048210 0.309736 0.063393
    0.305953 0.000000 0.305284 0.014905 0.303290 0.029643 0.300009 0.044051 0.295506 0.057978
    0.291663 0.000000 0.291072 0.013648 0.289309 0.027154 0.286406 0.040377 0.282417 0.053186
    0.278560 0.000000 0.278035 0.012536 0.276470 0.024948 0.273892 0.037118 0.270346 0.048931
    0.266509 0.000000 0.266042 0.011547 0.264648 0.022987 0.262350 0.034217 0.259186 0.045139
    0.255396 0.000000 0.254978 0.010664 0.253732 0.021236 0.251677 0.031626 0.248844 0.041748
    0.245119 0.000000 0.244745 0.009874 0.243628 0.019669 0.241783 0.029304 0.239239 0.038706
    0.235593 0.000000 0.235256 0.009165 0.234251 0.018260 0.232592 0.027217 0.230300 0.035968
    0.226742 0.000000 0.226438 0.008526 0.225531 0.016991 0.224033 0.025335 0.221963 0.033498
    0.218499 0.000000 0.218224 0.007949 0.217404 0.015845 0.216047 0.023633 0.214172 0.031263
    0.210806 0.000000 0.210557 0.007427 0.209813 0.014806 0.208582 0.022090 0.206879 0.029234
    0.203613 0.000000 0.203387 0.006952 0.202710 0.013862 0.201589 0.020687 0.200039 0.027389
    0.196874 0.000000 0.196668.0.006520 0.196050 0.013002 0.195028 0.019409 0.193613 0.025706
    0.190549 0.000000 0.190360 0.006125 0.189796 0.012216 0.188861 0.018241 0.187566 0.024168
    0.184602 0.000000 0.184429 0.005764 0.183912 0.011498 0.183056 0.017172 0.181868 0.022759
    0.179001 0.000000 0.178842 0.005433 0.178368 0.010839 0.177581 0.016192 0.176491 0.021466

    x=0.5 x=0.6 x=0.7 x=0.8 x10.9


    0.778801 0.478925 0.691676 0.535713 0.612626 0.576042 0.527292 0.600412 0.444858 0.610142
    0.717588 0.408474 0.651076 0.459665 0.580698 0.497744 0.509299 0.522932 0.439421 0.536087
    0.663223 0.350751 0.608322 0.396852 0.549739 0.432442 0.489710 0.457569 0.430271 0.472773
    0.614852 0.303124 0.569238 0.344645 0.520192 0.377688 0.469480 0.402194 0.418736 0.418491
    0.571717 0.263563 0.533581 0.300989 0.492289 0.331535 0.449244 0.355082 0.405763 0.371813
    0.533157 0.230488 0.501079 0.264268 0.466127 0.292432 0.429418 0.314828 0.392021 0.331544
    0.498591 0.202666 0.471453 0.233206 0.441712 0.259136 0.410264 0.280290 0.377977 0.296692
    0.467521 0.179123 0.444434 0.206787 0.418998 0.230646 0.391936 0.250532 0.363957 0.266427
    0.439512 0.159087 0.419766 0.184200 0.397906 0.206155 0.374518 0.224789 0.350182 0.240057
    0.414191 0.141945 0.397216 0.164793 0.378341 0.185005 0.358043 0.202429 0.336799 0.217004
    0.391234 0.127202 0.376571 0.148036 0.360200 0.166660 0.342511 0.182932 0.323899 0.196783
    0.370363 0.114460 0.357637 0.133501 0.343375 0.150681 0.327900 0.165868 0.311537 0.178990
    0.351335 0.103395 0.340241 0.120838 0.327166 0.136706 0.314176 0.150877 0.299741 0.163281
    0.333942 0.093744 0.324229 0.109759 0.313273 0.124435 0.301294 0.137661 0.288519 0.149370
    0.318001 0.085288 0.309463 0.100026 0.299804 0.113620 0.289208 0.125971 0.277865 0.137012
    0.303355 0.077851 0.295820 0.091443 0.281214 0.104054 0.271869 0.115594 0.267166 0.126002
    0.289866 0.071283 0.283192 0.083845 0.275602 0.095563 0.267228 0.106355 0.258203 0.116164
    0.277412 0.065461 0.271479 0.077096 0.264718 0.088001 0.251237 0.098103 0.249151 0.107348
    0.265890 0.060283 0.260598 0.071081 0.254554 0.081245 0.247851 0.090710 0.240586 0.099427
    0.255205 0.055661 0.250469 0.065701 0.245050 0.075190 0.239027 0.084068 0.232482 0.092291
    0.245276 0,051521 0.241025 0.060876 0.236152 0.069748 0.230724 0.078085 0.224813 0.085845
    0.236031 0.047804 0.232204 0.056534 0.227810 0.064842 0.222905 0.072680 0.217552 0.080009
    0.227407 0.044454 0.223952 0.052617 0.219978 0.060409 0.215535 0.067785 0.210676 0.074712
    0.219347 0.041428 0.216219 0.049073 0.212616 0.056391 0.208581 0.063342 0.204160 0.069894
    0.211800 0.038686 0.208961 0.045859 0.205686 0.052741 0.202013 0.059298 0.197982 0.065500
    0.204723 0.036196 0.202139 0.042936 0.199155 0.049417 0.195804 0.055610 0.192120 0.061486
    0.198074 0.033929 0.195717 0.040271 0.192992 0.046384 0.189928 0.052238 0.186554 0.057811
    0.191818 0.031859 0.189664 0.037836 0.187170 0.043608 0.184362 0.04915(. 0.181265 0.054439
    0.185924 0.029966 0.183950 0.035607 0.181662 0.041064 0.179084 0.046315 0.176237 0.051339
    0.180361 0.028231 0.178549 0.033561 0.176447 0.038728 0.174074 0.043708 0.171452 0.048485
    0.175105 0.026636 0.173437 0.031680 0.171502 0.036577 0.169315 0.041306 0.166895 0.0.45851

    SeeExamples 12-19. w(x)=e-z2+g e-22Ste@dt


    Jr
    Ur(-x+iy)-w(x+iy) w(x-iy)=2eY2-z2 (cos 2xy+i sin Bxy)+$+j

    w(iy)=ey2 erfc y w[(l+i)u]=e-2ia2{ l+(i-l)[C(&J)+iS(%)]}


    l

    326 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Table 7.9 ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS


    w(z)=e- z2 erfc (-it) z= x+iy
    .uRw(z) .fw(z) Xw(z) A4l(z) %w(z) Jw(z) %.u(z) .Iw(z)
    x=1.0 x=1.1 x=1.2 x=1.3
    0.367879 U.607158 0.298197 0.593761 0.236928 0.572397 0.184520 0.545456 0.140858 0.515113
    0.373170 0.538555 0.312136 0.532009 0.257374 0.518283 0.209431 0.499216 0.168407 0.476535
    0.373153 0.478991 0.319717 0.477439 0.270928 0.469488 0.227362 0.456555 0.189247 0.440005
    0.369386 0.427225 0.322586 0.429275 0.279199 0.425667 0.239793 0.417491 0.204662 0.405823
    0.363020 0.382166 0.321993 0.386777 0.283443 0.386412 0.247908 0.381908 0.215711 0.374110

    0.5 0.354900 0.342872 0.318884 0.349266 0.284638 0.351299 0.252654 0.349611 0.223262 0.344868
    0.6 0.345649 0.308530 0.313978 0.316128 0.283540 0.319910 0.254784 0.320368 0.228026 0.318022
    0.335721 0.278445 0.307816 0.286815 0.280740 0.291851 0.254895 0.293927 0.230578 0.293453
    it: 0.325446 0.252024 0.300807 0.260847 0.276693 0.266757 0.253461 0.270040 0.231385 0.271015
    0:9 0.315064 0.228759 0.293259 0.237800 0.271752 0.244295 0.250858 0.248462 0.230826 0.250549

    0.304744 0.208219 0.285402 0.217306 0.266189 0.224168 0.247381 0.228967 0.229205 0.231897
    ::: 0.294606 0.190036 0.277407 0.199046 0.260213 0.206108 0.243266 0.211343 0.226767 0.214902
    0.284731 0.173896 0.269401 0.182742 0.253985 0.189878 0.238695 0.195398 0.223710 0.199416
    :.'3 0.275174 0.159531 0.261476 0.168151 0.247628 0.175271 0.233813 0.180957 0.220192 0.185299
    1:4 0.265967 0.146712 0.253697 0.155066 0.241233 0.162100 0.228733 0.167863 0.216340 0.172423

    1.5 0.257128 0.135242 0.246112 0.143305 0.234870 0.150205 0.223542 0.155975 0.212253 0.160668
    0.248665 0.124954 0.238752 0.132711 0.228592 0.139441 0.218309 0.145167 0.208014 0.149927
    ::; 0.240578 0.115702 0.231635 0.123147 0.222436 0.129684 0.213086 0.135326 0.203684 0.140103
    0.232861 0.107361 0.224775 0.114495 0.216428 0.120822 0.207912 0.126353 0.199315 0.131106
    ::: 0.225503 0.099824 0.218176 0.106650 0.210587 0.112760 0.202818 0.118158 0.194947 0.122858

    0.218493 0.092998 0.211839 0.099523 0.204926 0.105411 0.197827 0.110662 0.190608 0.115286
    ::i 0.211816 0.086801 0.205760 0.093035 0.199452 0.098700 0.192953 0.103795 0.186324 0.108325
    0.205457 0.081162 0.199935 0.087116 0.194166 0.092562 0.188208 0.097495 0.182112 0.101919
    :*: 0.199402 0.076021 0.194356 0.081706 0.189072 0.086936 0.183599 0.091706 0.177985 0.096015
    2:4 0.193634 0.071324 0.189014 0.076753 0.184165 0.081773 0.179131 0.086378 0.173954 0.090567

    2.5 0.188139 0.067024 0.183901 0.072208 0.179444 0.077024 0.174805 0.081467 0.170024 0.0'35532
    2.6 0.182903 0.063080 0.179008 0.068031 0.174903 0.072651 0.170623 0.076933 0.166201 0.080873
    0.177910 0.059456 0.174324 0.064186 0.170538 0.068617 0.166582 0.072742 0.162487 0.076557
    :*; 0.173147 0.056118 0.169840 0.060639 0.166342 0.064890 0.162681 0.068863 0.158883 0.072553
    2:9 0.168602 0.053041 0.165546 0.057363 0.162310 0.061440 0.158916 0.065266 0.155389 0.068834

    3.0 0.164261 0.050197 0.161434 0.054331 0.158435 0.058243 0.155285 0.061926 0.152005 0.065375

    Y x-1.5 x=1.6 x=1.7 x=1.8 x-1.9


    0.0 0.105399 0.483227 0.077305 0.451284 0.055576 0.420388 0.039164 0.391291 0.027052 0.364437
    0.1 0.134049 0.451763 0.105843 0.426168 0.083112 0.400743 0.065099 0.376214 0.051038 0.353066
    0.156521 0.421076 0.128895 0.400837 0.105929 0.380161 0.087090 0.359721 0.071811 0.340004
    i-: 0.173865 0.391665 0.147272 0.375911 0.124612 0.359313 0.105522 0.342479 0.089592 0.325873
    0:4 0.186984 0.363828 0.161702 0.351803 0.139717 0.338676 0.120793 0.324985 0.104641 0.311161

    0.5 0.196636 0.337720 0.172820 0.328777 0.151751 0.318584 0.133288 0.307609 0.117233 0.296240
    0.203461 0.313397 0.181177 0.306990 0.161171 0.299261 0.143369 0.290613 0.127644 0.281392
    E 0.207990 0.290847 0.187245 0.286517 0.168379 0.280846 0.151366 0.274180 0.136134 0.266823
    0:s 0.210664 0.270016 0.191423 0.267378 0.173725 0.263418 0.157578 0.258431 0.142949 0.252681
    0.9 0.211846 0.250823 0.194049 0.249556 0.177513 0.247012 0.162268 0.243439 0.148310 0.239067

    0.211837 0.233171 0.195407 0.233009 0.180002 0.231630 0.165667 0.229244 0.152418 0.226046
    ::i 0.210881 0.216954 0.195734 0.217678 0.181414 0.217253 0.167977 0.215857 0.155452 0.213656
    0.209182 0.202067 0.195228 0.203494 0.181938 0.203847 0.169373 0.203272 0.157569 0.201914
    :*: 0.206902 0.1'38403 0.194053 0.190384 0.181733 0.191366 0.170003 0.191471 0.158906 0.190821
    1:4 0.204177 0.175862 0.192347 0.178275 0.180933 0.179762 0.169997 0.180425 0.159585 0.180367

    1.5 0.201115 0.164349 0.190222 0.167092 0.179651 0.168980 0.169465 0.170099 0.159709 0.170534
    0.197806 0.153773 0.187772 0.156765 0.177983 0.158969 0.168500 0.160457 0.159369 0.161300
    :*; 0.194320 0.144054 0.185073 0.147226 0.176008 0.149674 0.167183 0.151458 0.158641 0.152637
    1:8 0.190717 0.135113 0.182189 0.138412 0.173792 0.141045 0.165579 0.143063 0.157593 0.144516
    1.9 0.187043 0.126883 0.179172 0.130262 0.171390 0.133033 0.163746 0.135234 0.156282 0.136908

    0.183335 0.119298 0.176064 0.122723 0.168849 0.125590 0.161733 0.127931 0.154757 0.129781
    2; 0.179623 0.112302 0.172901 0.115744 0.166206 0.118674 0.159580 0.121118 0.153059 0.123108
    0.175930 0.105842 0.169710 0.109277 0.163493 0.112243 0.157320 0.114761 0.151224 0.116858
    :-: 0.172276 0.099870 0.166513 0.103280 0.160737 0.106260 0.154982 0.108827 0.149281 0.111003
    2:4 0.168674 0.094343 0.163330 0.097713 0.157958 0.100689 0.152591 0.103285 0.147256 0.105519

    0.165136 0.089222 0.160175 0.092541 0.155175 0.095499 0.150165 0.098107 0.145172 0.100378
    $2 0.161669 0.084472 0.157060 0.087732 0.152402 0.090660 0.147722 0.093265 0.143045 0.095558
    0.158281 0.080061 0.153993 0.083254 0.149649 0.086143 0.145274 0.088735 0.140892 0.091037
    :*;: 0.154975 0.075960 0.150981 0.079082 0.146927 0.081925 0.142834 0.084493 0.138725 0.086794
    2:9 0.151753 0.072142 0.148030 0.075191 0.144243 0.077982 0.140411 0.080519 0.136555 0.082809

    3.0 0.148618 0.068585 0.145144 0.071558 0.141602-. 0.074293 0.138012 0.076794 0.134391 0.079065
    ‘

    See Examples 12-19. w(x)=&+ 4 e-22 SD”,@ dt


    Jr
    w(-x+iy)-qq w(xpiy)=2eu2-z2 (cos 2xy+i sin Bxy)-w(x+iy)

    w(iy)=eY2 erfc y w[(l+i)u]=e-2iu2{ l+(i-l)[C($)+iS(~$)]}


    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 327
    ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS Table 7.9
    w(t)=e-z*erfc (-iii) z=x+iy
    %w(z) Y-w(z) Ww(z) .Uw(z) stw(z) -@w(z) dw(z) .Yw(z) .uRw(z) Yw(z)
    x-2.0 x=2.1 x=2.2 x=2.3 x=2.4
    0.018316 0.340026 0.012155 0.318073 0.007907 0.298468 0.005042 0.281026 0.003151 0.265522
    0.040201 0.331583 0.031936 0.311886 0.025678 0.293982 0.020958 0.277795 0.017397 0.263201
    0.059531 0.321332 0.049726 0.303894 0.041927 0.287771 0.035728 0.272968 0.030792 0.259435
    0.076396 0.309831 0.065521 0.294574 0.056586 0.280232 0.049248 0.266865 0.043211 0.254478
    0.090944 0.297529 0.079385 0.284327 0.069655 0.271710 0.061473 0.259775 0.054585 0.248566
    0.103359 0.284786 0.091422 0.273482 0.081182 0.262499 0.072408 0.251953 0.064890 0.241914
    E 0.113836 0.271881 0.101765 0.262308 0.091245 0.252844 0.082092 0.243617 0.074132 0.234714
    0:7 0.122574 0.259031 0.110558 0.251016 0.099943 0.242947 0.090585 0.234952 0.082345 0.227129
    0.129768 0.246396 0.117948 0.239772 0.107383 0.232968 0.097963 0.226111 0.089576 0.219302
    0":: 0.135600 0.234096 0.124081 0.228703 0.113679 0.223037 0.104309 0.217219 0.095884 0.211349
    0.140240 0.222213 0.129097 0.217904 0.118941 0.213253 0.109709 0.208376 0.101336 0.203368
    i-1" 0.143840 0.210805 0.133125 0.207442 0.123277 0.203692 0.114251 0.199660 0.105999 0.195438
    1:2 0.146541 0.199904 0.136286 0.197366 0.126788 0.194410 0.118019 0.191133 0.109942 0.187620
    0.148466 0.189529 0.138689 0.187705 0.129570 0.185446 0.121092 0.182840 0.113232 0.179965
    ::: 0.149725 0.179687 0.140432 0.178478 0.131709 0.176827 0.123548 0.174814 0.115935 0.172510
    1.5 0.150415 0.170371 0.141604 0.169691 0.133284 0.168569 0.125454 0.167078 0.118109 0.165281
    1.6 0.150622 0.161572 0.142283 0.161343 0.134367 0.160680 0.126877 0.159646 0.119812 0.158299
    0.150418 0.153274 0.142540 0.153429 0.135021 0.153161 0.127873 0.152526 0.121096 0.151576
    :?3 0.149870 0.145457 0.142434 0.145938 0.135305 0.146009 0.128495 0.145721 0.122010 0.145120
    1:9 0.149032 0.138100 0.142021 0.138855 0.135269 0.139217 0.128792 0.139229 0.122597 0.138933
    0.147953 0.131180 0.141347 0.132164 0.134959 0.132773 0.128805 0.133045 0.122897 0.133015
    ::: 0.146675 0.124674 0.140453 0.125849 0.134414 0.126667 0.128574 0.127161 0.122945 0.127363
    0.145234 0.118558 0.139375 0.119891 0.133669 0.120885 0.128130 0.121569 0.122773 0.121972
    :*: 0.143660 0.112810 0.138145 0.114272 0.132755 0.115413 0.127506 0.116258 0.122411 0.116834
    2:4 0.141982 0.107408 0.136789 0.108973 0.131699 0.110236 0.126726 0.111218 0.121884 0.111942
    2.5 0.140220 0.102329 0.135331 0.103977 0.130524 0.105339 0.125814 0.106436 0.121215 0.107286
    0.138395 0.097554 0.133791 0.099265 0.129252 0.100709 0.124792 0.101901 0.120424 0.102858
    ::; 0.136523 0.093062 0.132187 0.094822 0.127900 0.096330 0.123676 0.097601 0.119530 0.098648
    0.134619 0.088837 0.130533 0.090631 0.126483 0.092189 0.122484 0.093523 0.118548 0.094646
    29" 0.132693 0.084859 0.128842 0.086677 0.125016 0.088273 0.121229 0.089658 0.117492 0.090842
    3.0 0.130757 0.081113 0.127125 0.082944 0.123510 0.084568 0.119922 0.085992 0.116375 0.087227

    x-2.5 x-2.6 x=2.7 x=2.8 x=2.9


    0.001930 0.251723 0.001159 0.239403 0.000682 0.228355 0.000394 0.218399 0.000223 0.209377
    0.014698 0.250050 I'.012635 0.238187 0.011037 0.227458 0.009778 0.217722 0.008769 0.208854
    0.026841 0.247092 0.023653 0.235838 0.021057 0.225569 0.018918 0.216181 0.017134 0.207577
    0.038226 0.243042 0.034087 0.232504 0.030626 0.222800 0.027707 0.213858 0.025225 0.205607
    0.048773 0.238092 0.043849 0.228337 0.039656 0.219268 0.036064 0.210843 0.032967 0.203014
    0.058437 0.232420 0.052885 0.223482 0.048090 0.215093 0.043930 0.207232 0.040304 0.199873
    0.067205 0.226190 0.061167 0.218077 0.055890 0.210387 0.051264 0.203119 0.047194 0.196262
    0.075088 0.219546 0.068691 0.212247 0.063043 0.205258 0.058046 0.198594 0.053611 0.192256
    0.082112 0.212614 0.075467 0.206103 0.069548 0.199804 0.064266 0.193741 0.059543 0.187927
    0.088317 0.205504 0.081521 0.199744 0.075416 0.194111 0.069927 0.188638 0.064986 0.183344
    0.093751 0.198307 0.086885 0.193255 0.080670 0.188258 0.075043 0.183354 0.069944 0.178568
    ::1" 0.098466 0.191099 0.091598 0.186707 0.085338 0.182311 0.079632 0.177950 0.074431 0.173654
    0.102518 0.183943 0.095702 0.180163 0.089451 0.176328 0.083718 0.172480 0.078462 0.168651
    :*: 0.105960 0.176889 0.099243 0.173670 0.093044 0.170357 0.087328 0.166990 0.082059 0.163603
    1:4 0.108848 0.169977 0.102264 0.167270 0.096155 0.164438 0.090492 0.161519 0.085245 0.158547
    0.111233 0.163237 0.104811 0.160996 0.098820 0.158604 0.093239 0.156099 0.088044 0.153515
    22 0.113165 0.156692 0.106925 0.154872 0.101076 0.152882 0.095601 0.150758 0.090482 0.148534
    0.114690 0.150359 0.108647 0.148918 0.102957 0.147292 0.097608 0.145518 0.092584 0.143625
    z 0.115851 0.144249 0.110016 0.143147 0.104498 0.141851 0.099288 0.140395 0.094376 0.138807
    1:9 0.116689 0.138368 0.111067 0.137569 0.105730 0.136571 0.100671 0.135403 0.095882 0.134094
    0.117239 0.132720 0.111834 0.132191 0.106683 0.131459 0.101783 0.130553 0.097127 0.129498
    ::: 0.117534 0.127305 0.112347 0.127015 0.107386 0.126522 0.102649 0.125851 0.098133 0.125027
    0.117606 0.122121 0.112635 0.122042 0.107864 0.121762 0.103293 0.121303 0.098922 0.120688
    :: 0.117481 0.117164 0.112723 0.117271 O.lOM140 0.117180 0.103737 0.116911 0.099513 0.116484
    214 0.117184 0.112428 0.112633 0.112699 0.108238 0.112775 0.104002 0.112676 0.099925 0.112419
    0.116737 0.107909 0.112389 0.108322 0.108177 0.108546 0.104105 0.108597 0.100177 0.108493
    ::2 0.116160 0.103597 0.112008 0.104136 0.107975 0.104489 0.104066 0.104674 0.100284 0.104707
    0.115471 0.099487 0.111508 0.100133 0.107648 0.100601 0.103898 0.100905 0.100261 0.101058
    :*: 0.114685 0.095570 0.110904 0.096309 0.107213 0.096876 0.103617 0.097284 0.100122 0.097546
    2:9 0.113816 0.091838 0.110210 0.092657 0.106682 0.093310 0.103236 0.093810 0.099879 0.094168

    3.0 0.112878 0.088283 0.109439 0.089170 0.106067 0.089898 0.102767 0.090479 0.099544 0.090921
    -.
    see Examples 12-19. w(x)=&+ zt e-22 Jo=et2 dt
    4”
    w(-x+iy)=-$i$J w(x-iy)=2e+z2 (cos2xy+i sin Sxy)-w(xtiy)

    w(iy)=e+! erfc y w[(l+i)u]=e-zR2{ l+(i-l)[C(~$)+iS(2$]}


    328 ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

    Table 7.9 ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS


    zu(z)=e-;2 erfc (-iz) z=x+iy
    9&u(z) Au(z) au(z) Au(z) %u(z) &(z) &(z) ‘A4J(Z) Li%n(z) A4l(z)
    x-3.0 x -3.1 x- 3.2 x-=3.3 x=3.4
    0.000123 0.201157 0.000067 0.193630 0.000036 0.186704 0.000019 0.180302 0.000010 0.174362
    0.007943 0.200742 0.007254 0.193292 0.006670 0.186421 0.006167 0.180061 0.005728 0.174152
    0.015627 0.199669 0.014338 0.192376 0.013225 0.185630 0.012252 0.179369 0.011394 0.173542
    0.023095 0.197980 0.021250 0.190915 0.019639 0.184354 0.018222 0.178245 0.016966 0.172545
    0.030279 0.195732 0.027929 0.188951 0.025862 0.182626 0.024032 0.176715 0.022403 0.171181
    0.037126 0.192984 0.034328 0.186532 0.031849 0.180484 0.029643 0.174808 0.027670 0.169475
    0.043598 0.189798 0.040407 0.183709 0.037565 0.177970 0.035022 0.172560 0.032738 0.167455
    0.049665 0.186239 0.046141 0.180534 0.042983 0.175128 0.040144 0.170006 0.037582 0.165151
    0.055311 0.182368 0.051509 0.177061 0.048083 0.172003 0.044989 0.167184 0.042185 0.162596
    0.060529 0.178243 0.056501 0.173340 0.052854 0.168637 0.049544 0.164132 0.046532 0.159821
    1.0 0.065318 0.173918 0.061114 0.169418 0.057289 0.165072 0.053801 0.160886 0.050615 0.156858
    0.069685 0.169445 0.065350 0.165339 0.061387 0.161349 0.057757 0.157480 0.054428 0.153738
    ::: 0.073641 0.164866 0.069216 0.161145 0.065151 0.157502 0.061413 0.153948 0.057971 0.150490
    0.077202 0.160223 0.072722 0.156872 0.068589 0.153567 0.064773 0.150320 0.061246 0.147141
    ::: 0.080385 0.155551 0.075883 0.152553 0.071711 0.149572 0.067844 0.146623 0.064258 0.143717
    0.083210 0.150880 0.078712 0.148217 0.074529 0.145545 0.070636 0.142882 0.067012 0.140239
    :-z 0.085697 0.146236 0.081229 0.143888 0.077055 0.141510 0.073158 0.139120 0.069518 0.136731
    1:7 0.087870 0.141640 0.083450 0.139588 0.079306 0.137488 0.075423 0.135357 0.071785 0.133209
    0.089749 0.137113 0.085394 0.135335 0.081297 0.133495 0.077445 0.131609 0.073823 0.129691
    ::i 0.091355 0.132667 0.087080 0.131146 0.083044 0.129548 0.079236 0.127892 0.075646 0.126192
    2.0 0.092711'0.128317 0.088525 0.127031 0.084562 0.125660 0.080811 0.124219 0.077263 0.122723
    0.093835 0.124071 0.089749 0.123003 0.085867 0.121840 0.082182 0.120600 0.078687 0.119296
    22:: 0.094748 0.119936 0.090767 0.119068 0.086974 0.118099 0.083364 0.117045 0.079930 0.115919
    0.095467 0.115919 0.091597 0.115233 0.087900 0.114442 0.084370 0.113560 0.081004 0.112602
    ::'4 0.096010 0.112023 0.092255 0.111503 0.088657 0.110875 0.085213 0.110153 0.081921 0.109349
    0.096393 0.108249 0.092754 0.107881 0.089259 0.107403 0.085905 0.106827 0.082690 0.106166
    :-z 0.096632 0.104600 0.093110 0;104370 0.089719 0.104027 0.086458 0.103586 0.083324 0.103057
    217 0.096739 0.101076 0.093336 0.100969 0.090050 0.100751 0.086883 0.100433 0.083832 0.100026
    0.096729 0.097674 0.093442 0.097680 0.090263 0.097575 0.087190 0.097369 0.084225 0.097073
    ::t 0.096613 0.094395 0.093442 0.094502 0.090368 0.094499 0.087391 0.094396 0.084511 0.094202
    3.0 0.096402 0.091236 0.093345 0.091434 0.090375 0.091523 0.087493 0.091513 0.084700 0.091413

    Y x=3.5 x=3.6 x=3.7 x=3.8 x=:3.9


    0.0 0.000005 0.168830 0.000002 0.163662 0.000001 0.158821 0.000001 0.154273 0.000000 0.149992
    0.005340 0.168645 0.004995 0.163498 0.004685 0.158673 0.004406 0.154140 0.004153 0.149871
    2: 0.010633 0.168102 0.009952 0.163011 0.009339 0.158235 0.008786 0.153743 0.008282 0.149510
    0.015846 0.167212 0.014841 0.162211 0.013935 0.157513 0.013115 0.153088 0.012368 0.148913
    2: 0.020944 0.165990 0.019632 0.161111 0.018446 0.156516 0.017370 0.152183 0.016389 0.148088
    0.025897 0.164456 0.024297 0.159725 0.022847 0.155260 0.021529 0.151040 0.020326 0.147044
    i-2 0.030677 0.162633 0.028812 0.158075 0.027118 0.153760 0.025574 0.149672 0.024162 0.145792
    0:7 0.035263 0.160548 0.033158 0.156181 0.031239 0.152034 0.029486 0.148094 0.027880 0.144346
    0.039637 0.158227 0.037316 0.154066 0.035195 0.150102 0.033253 0.146324 0.031469 0.142721
    E 0.043785 0.155698 0.041274 0.151755 0.038974 0.147985 0.036861 0.144380 0.034916 0.140931
    0.047698 0.152988 0.045023 0.149271 0.042565 0.145703 0.040301 0.142279 0.038212 0.138993
    :*: 0.051370 0.150124 0.048556 0.146637 0.045962 0.143277 0.043567 0.140039 0.041352 0.136922
    1:2 0.054798 0.147132 0.051869 0.143878 0.049161 0.140727 0.046653 0.137680 0.044328 0.134735
    1.3 0.057984 0.144038 0.054962 0.141014 0.052159 0.138074 0.049558 0.135218 0.047139 0.132448
    1.4 0.060928 0.140862 0.057835 0.138067 0.054958 0.135336 0.052279 0.132671 0.049783 0.130076
    0.063637 0.137628 0.060491 0.135056 0.057557 0.132530 0.054819 0.130054 0.052260 0.127633
    ::2 0.066116 0.134354 0.062936 0.131999 0.059962 0.129674 0.057179 0.127384 0.054572 0.125133
    0.068374 0.131058 0.065176 0.128913 0.062177 0.126782 0.059362 0.124673 0.056720 0.122591
    :*i 0.070419 0.127755 0.067217 0.125812 0.064206 0.123869 0.061374 0.121935 0.058708 0.120016
    1:9 0.072260 0.124460 0.069068 0.122709 0.066058 0.120947 0.063219 0.119182 0.060540 0.117422
    0.073908 0.121185 0.070736 0.119617 0.067738 0.118027 0.064903 0.116425 0.062222 0.114817
    22:: 0.075373 0.117940 0.072232 0.116545 0.069254 0.115120 0.066433 0.113673 0.063759 0.112212
    0.076666 0.114735 0.073563 0.113503 0.070615 0.112234 0.067815 0.110935 0.065156 0.109614
    :*: 0.077796 0.111578 0.074739 0.110500 0.071829 0.109377 0.069058 0.108218 0.066420 0.107031
    214 0.078774 0.108474 0.075770 0.107540 0.072902 0.106556 0.070166 0.105530 0.067556 0.104469
    0.079611 0.105431 0.076664 0.104631 0.073845 0.103777 0.071149 0.102875 0.068572 0.101935
    :s 0.080316 0.102451 0.077430 0.101777 0.074663 0.101044 0.072013 0.100260 0.069474 0.099433
    217 0.080898 0.099538 0.078076 0.098981 0.075366 0.098362 0.0727'64 0.097688 0.070267 0.096968
    0.081366 0.096696 0.078612 0.096247 0.075961 0.095734 0.073411 0.095163 0.070959 0.094543
    22:: 0.081730 0.093927 0.079044 0.093577 0.076455 0.093162 0.073959 0.092688 0.071555 0.092162
    3.0 0.081996 0.091230 0.079381 0.090973 0.076855 0.090649 0.074415 0.090265 0.072061 0.089826
    0.4613135 0.09999216 0.002883894
    If x>3.9 or y>3 w(z)=iz z2-
    ( 0 . 19016 35+z2-1.7844g27+z2-5.5253437 ) +r(z) +)I<2 xlo-6
    If x>6ory>6 w(~)=iz(~~~.~~~~l+~~~.~~~~)f”(z) 1v(z)/<lO-6 * *See page II.
    ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS 329
    COMPLEXZEROSOFTHEERRORFUNCTION Table 7.10

    erf z,=O z*=xn+iyn


    n xn Yn 11 X7l ?/11

    ; 2.24465 616
    1.45061 928 1.88094 514
    2.61657 300 : 4.15899 840
    4.51631 940 4.43557
    4.78044 144
    764
    : 2.83974 105
    3.33546 074 3.17562
    3.64617 810
    438 98 5.15876
    4.84797 791
    031 5.10158 264
    5.40333 804
    5 3.76900 557 4.06069 723 10 5.45219 220 5.68883 744
    erf z,=erf (-z,)=erf zn=erf (--in)=0

    From H. E. Salzer, Complex zeros of the error function, J. Franklin Inst. 260,209-211,
    1955 (with permission).

    COMPLEX ZEROS OF FRESNEL INTEGRALS Table 7.11


    C(zn) =o zn=.re+iyn
    S(zA) =o z;=x;+iy;I
    l
    .m Yn .r:, Y7L

    0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    1.7437 0.3057 2.0093 0.2886


    2.6515 0.2529 2.8335
    3.3208 0.2239 3.4675
    3.8759 0.2047 4.0026
    5 4.3611 0.1909 4.4742 0.1877

    MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF FRESNEL INTEGRALS Table 7.12

    &= C(J4n +l) mn=C(J411in+3) M;=s(@Tz) 74 = S( J4n + 4)


    n Jfn Inn MA d
    0 0.779893 0.321056 0.713972 0.343415
    0.628940 0.387969
    ; 0.605721
    0.640807 0.404260
    0.380389 0.600361 0.408301
    0.584942 0.420516
    z 0.577121
    0.588128 0.427036
    0.417922 0.574957 0.428877
    5 0.569413 0.433666 0.567822 0.435059
    M !++4n+1)2-3 n+- 1
    -- r2(4,+3)2-3
    n- 2 ,3(4n+1)5/2 2 *3(4n+3)5/2
    (n-1
    Me !+~2(4n+2)2-3 m;-~-16++1)2-3
    “-2 fi(4n+2)@ 2 32*3(n+1)5/2
    From G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Besselfunctions, 2d ed. CambridgeUniv.
    Press,Cambridge, England, 1958(with permission).
    8. Legendre Functions
    IRENE A. STEGUN 1

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties. ................... 332
    Notation .......................... 332
    8.1. Differential Equation ................. 332
    8.2.Relations Between Legendre Functions .......... 333
    8.3.Values on the Cut ................... 333
    8.4.Explicit Expressions .................. 333
    8.5.Recurrence Relations ................. 333
    8.6.Special Values .................... 334
    8.7.Trigonometric Expansions ............... 335
    8.8.Integral Representations ................ 335
    8.9.Summation Formulas ................. 335
    8.10. Asymptotic Expansions ................ 335
    8.11. Toroidal Functions .................. 336
    8.12. Conical Functions ................... 337
    8.13. Relation to Elliptic Integrals .............. 337
    8.14. Integrals ....................... 337
    Numerical Methods ...................... 339
    8.15. Use and Extension of the Tables ............ 339
    References ........................... 340
    Table 8.1. Legendre Function-First Kind P,(z) (z(1) ....... 342
    z=o(.ol)l, n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 5-8D
    Table 8.2. Derivative of the Legendre Function-First Kind P;(z)
    (251). ........................... 344
    z=o(.ol)l, n=1(1)4, 9, lo, 5-7D
    Table 8.3. Legendre Function-Second Kind &(s) (XI 1) ...... 346
    ~=o(.ol)l, n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 8D
    Table 8.4. Derivative of the Legendre Function-Second Kind &i(z)
    (x51). ........................... 348
    2=0(.01)1, n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 6-SD
    Table 8.5. Legendre Function-First Kind Pn(z) (z 2 1) ....... 350
    z-1(.2)10, n=0(1)5, 9, 10, exact or 6s
    Ttible 8.6. Derivative of the Legendre Function-First Kind P:(z)
    (z>l). ........................... 351
    x=1(.2)10, n=1(1)5, 9, 10, 6s
    Table 8.7. Legendre Function-Second Kind &(z) (z> 1) ...... 352
    2=1(.2)10, n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 6s
    Table 8.8. Derivative of the Legendre Function-Second Kind Q:(Z)
    (x21). ........................... 353
    2=1(.2)10, n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 6s
    The author acknowledges the assistance of Ruth E. C:apuano, Elizabeth F. Godefroy,
    David S. Liepman, and Bertha II. Walter in the preparation and checking of the tables
    and examples.
    1 National Bureau of Standards.

    331
    8. Legendre Functions
    Mathematical Properties

    Notation 8.1. Differential Equation


    8.1.1
    The conventions used are z=r+iy, Z, 7~ real, d2w dw
    and in particular, z always means a real number (l--22) G-22 -g+[Yb+‘) -&21w=o
    in the interval - 1 Ix 5 + 1 with cos 0=x where
    B is likewise a real number; n and m are positive Solutions
    integers or zero; v and .u are unrestricted except
    (Degree v and order cc with singularities at
    where otherwise indicated.
    z=fl, 00 as ordinary branch points-p, v arbi-
    Other notations are:
    trary complex constants.)

    P:(z), a(z) -Associated Legendre Functions (Spher-


    ical Harmonics) of the First and Second Kinds *
    P&x)for(--1)“PW
    larg (zk l)l<r, larg 4<*
    c(x) for (-l)“E(z)
    (z”- 1p= (z-lp(Z+ 1)”

    E(x) for (-l)R (2n+l)b--m)! e(x) (For P:(z), p=O, Legendre polynomials, see
    J z(n+?n)! chapter 22.)
    p:(z) for P:(z), XX(s) for Q:(z) Mz>l) 8.1.2
    Q;(z) for e@4%) PC(z)= & [srF(-v, v+1; 1-p; 2)

    Q:(z)forsinsj!+ @(z) (II-4<2)


    (For F(a, b; c; z) see chapter 15.)
    Various other definitions of the functions occur
    as well as mixing of definitions.

    8.1.3 &:(a)=&*2--*-Srt r(v+g)


    r(v+r+l) ~-~-‘L-‘(~Ll)tr$3 l+;+z 2 2v 2P. v+g>
    Pl, -+-+-7 3. 21 (I4>1)
    Alternate F-s

    (Additional forms may be obtained by means of the transformation formulas of the hyper-
    geometric function, see [S.11.)
    (12”1<1)
    8.1.4 P:(z)=%f(z2-1)-b

    8.1.5 P:(z) - 2-*-‘*-tr(-f-,)Z-v+r-l


    F a+;-;, I+;-;; ,+;; z-2)
    (22-l)fi’T(--v--p) ,d
    2T()+v)z”+~ v p 1 v p.l
    +(+~)r’qy~fy-p) F ----9
    2 2 -----
    2 2 CT-‘;
    d 2-2 (1~-21<1)

    8.1.6 emr@“Qf(z)= r(i+~+~)r(-~or)(~-i)‘v(~+i)-t~ l-2


    -v, l+v; l+p; 2
    2w+v-d >
    +; r(p)(Z+l)yz-l)-~~F -v, 1+v; l-/i T) (ll-4<2) *
    (
    * The functions Y:@, ~)-~~~ R(cos 0) called surface harmonics of the first kind, tesseral for m<n and sectors1
    for m=n. With 0 $9 I*, 0 5 +J<2*, they are everywhere one valued and continuous functions on the surface of the
    unitspherea++y*+e*=l wherez==sin@coscp,y=sin@sinqand .Z=COSB.
    l SecpsgeIL
    332
    LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS 333

    8.1.7 e-‘rrQ:(z)=*12r(z*-1)--tp

    (12*1<1)

    Wronskian (Upper and lower signs according as Yzl,O.)

    8.3.2
    PrI (x)=e*lifi=P:(xfiO) *
    8.3.3
    =i*-‘e,-i~ff”[e-1”‘6):(s+iO) *
    8.1.9 W{P,(z), Q&z)} =-(2*-l)--’ -e~f~rQ:(s-iO) ] *
    8.3.4
    8.2. Relations Between Legendre Functions
    &:(x)=~e~f~‘[e~~fc~&:(x+iO)+e~*~”&:(x-iO)]
    Negative Degree
    (Formulas for P:(z) and &y’(z) are obtained with
    8.2.1 P!y-l(z) =Pf(z) the replacement of z-1 by (l--z)e*‘“, (~‘-1) by
    (l-~*)e*~~, z-/-l by zf 1 for z=zfiO.)
    8.2.2
    Q’-.-l(z)= {-7refp’cos wrP~(z) 8.4. Explicit Expressions

    +&l’(z) sin ~~(~+dll/sin [*b--cc)1 (x=cos e)

    Negative Argument (92 SO) 8.4.1 P&z) = 1 P,(x)=1


    8.2.3
    P$(--z)=eFf~‘Pf(z)-~ e-Q-sin [7r(u-tp)]Q:(z> 8.4.2
    &o(z)=i In (s) Q&)=f In (z)
    8.2.4 Q:(-z)=-e*f~‘&:(z)
    =sF(+, 1; Q; cc*)
    Negative Order
    8.2.5 P,(s) =2=cos 8
    8.4.3 PI(Z) =z
    Pip(z) =
    8.4.4
    Q1(i)=% In (2)-l Ql(x)=; In (E)-1
    8.2.6

    *
    8.4.5
    Degree h + ) and Order v+ )
    p&) =)(a+ 1) P*(Z) =i(h+- 1)
    az>o
    =i(3 cos 2e+ 1)
    8.4.6
    Q*(z) =9*(z) In (2) Q&J) =
    8.2.8
    -- 32
    2

    8.5. Recurrence Relations

    8.3. Values on the Cut (Both P: and &: satisfy the same recurrence
    relations.)
    (--1<2<1) Varying Order
    8.3.1 8.5.1
    P~(x)=~[e~f~“P~(x+iO)+e-~f~“P~(x--iO)] P:+‘(z) = (z’- 1)-‘{ (v-c()zPW -(v+LoPL(4 I
    *see pa23 xl.
    334 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

    8.5.2 8.6.9
    (z’-l) c!!y= (v+/.L) (v-/.tc(sl) (z’-l)P:-‘(~) p;J(+ 2 I’* (z;-;“4 {[z+(z”-l)““]~++
    0?r V
    --Pex4
    Varying Degree -[z+(z”-l)y--v--f}
    8.5.3
    8.6.10
    (Y-/.L+l)P~+I(Z)=(2~+l)@!(~)-(~+P)R!-*(~)
    ~~(~)=~(~~)*~*(~*-1)--1~4[~+(~*-1)*~*]-~--t
    8.5.4 (~“-1) ~~=,,P:(,)-(,+,)p:_I(,)
    8.6.11
    Varying Order and Degree
    &,‘(4=-~(2~)~13 kk&1’4[2+(2-~)1/2]-V-+ *
    8.5.5 P~+,(~)=P:-~(2)+(2~+1)(~~-1)~~~-~(~)

    8.6. Special Values 8.6.12


    x=0 P!(cos 0)=(*7r)-+ (sin 19)-t cos [(v+$)e]
    8.6.1
    p: (0) 8.6.13
    =2%-t cos [4n(v+~)]r(aY+t~+t)/r(~~-~~+l) Qt(cos0)=-(+x)4 (sin 8)-+ 411 [(v+$)e]
    8.6.2 .
    8.6.14
    Q:(O)=
    --2fi-‘7d sin [3a(~+~)]r(3~+3~+3,lr(3Y-tCl+l) P;+(cos e>=(+~)-+(v+f)-l(sil~ e>-* sin [(v++>e]
    8.6.3 8.6.15

    Q;f(cose))=(2~) 1(2v+l)-‘(sin e>-* cos [(v++>e] *

    2e+%-t sin [j~(v+p)] r(3Y+~~+i)/r(3Y--3E1+3) /A=-v


    8.6.4
    8.6.16

    8.6.17

    WIWx),&:(x) lz=o= 2*rr(3v+all+l)r(3v+-2r+~)


    r(+fp+i)r(+-+p+$) b=O, v=n

    /.L=m=l, 2,3, . . . (Rodrigues’ Formula)


    8.6.6
    p,(z)- 1 d%*---lP
    Pp(z)=(z*-l)fm dy$), 8.6.18
    2%! dz”

    fyx)=(-l)yl-x*)@ dq) 8.6.19 Q,,(X)=: P,(x) In E-w,+~(x)


    8.6.7
    where
    Q~(z)=(&l)l)” w,
    Iv,-‘(X,==~ P,-I(x)+2n-5
    3(7&-l) Pn--3(x)

    &~(2)=(-1)yl-q~m ‘9
    =P&(x)+ ...
    II-ztt +5(n-2)
    8.6.8
    P!(z)=(z*-1)-“4(2a)-~~*{[Z+(~Ll)u*]v+t

    +[z+(22-l)1’2]--v-~} W-*(z)=0
    *See page II.
    LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS 335
    v=o, 1

    8.6.20 [IDP.!;’ e)]v;o=2 In (cos $0)

    bP;‘(cos e)
    8.6.21
    dV 1 v=o
    =-tan 46-2 cot 40 In (cos $0)

    dP;‘(cos e>
    8.6.22
    C bV “3,
    =-3
    1 tan 50 sin* +f?+sin

    8.7. Trigonometric
    e In (cos se)

    Expansions (O<e<a)

    8.7.1 P,‘(cos 0)=r1/22r+*(sin r(vfP+l)


    0)p-___ 2 b+S)k(V+II+l)k sin [(v+p+2k+1)e]
    r(v+g) k=O k! (vf$),

    r(v+Pi-l) 2 (P+3Mv+P+l)k
    8.7.2 Q:(COSe) =7r1’*2r(siti ep ____- cos [(v+p+2k+W4
    r(v+g) I;=0 Wv+2h

    8.7.3 P,(cos O)=


    22n+2(n!)2
    a(2nSl)!
    nfl
    sin (7~+1)0+~~
    .
    sm (n+s)e+- 1’3 (n+1)(n+2)
    2! (2n+3)(2n+5)
    si,l (n+5)e+ ..
    1
    8.7.4 Qn(cose)=
    22”f’(n!)2
    (2n+l)! cos (ni-l)ei-2~~3cos
    1.3 (n+l)(n+q
    (n+3)e+2!(2n+3)(2n+5)COS (n+5)e+
    1
    ..

    8.8. Integral Representations


    *
    (z not on the real axis between -1 and - =)

    8’8sL p~~z)=r(-v-p)r(v+~) om(z-tcosh S t)@-v-l (sinh t)*‘+‘dt eP(--Id>%>-1)

    e*‘“th2-@ r(vfp+i) (22--l) +fl cash t]-‘-‘-‘(sinh t)*dt (~(v&P+-l)>O) *


    8’8’2 @(‘)= r(p+$) r(v--c(+l)
    1 ’
    8.8.3 Q.(z;=2
    S-1 (z-t)-*P,(t)dt=(--l)“+‘Qn(-2)

    (For other integral representations see [8.2].)


    8.9. Summation Formulas

    8.10. Asymptotic Expansions

    For fixed z and v and L%I.L-+CO,8.10.1-8.10.3 are asymptotic expansions if z is not on the real
    axis between --03 and -1 and +a and + 1. (Upper or lower signs according as YzZO.)

    8.10.1 P;(z)=

    -- e

    8.10.2 Q:(z)=fe”“”

    ‘See page I,.


    336 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

    z-1 -tr
    --
    ( z+1 >
    F(--Y, v+1; 1+/J; ++32>
    1
    With ccreplaced by -F, 8.1.2 is an asymptotic expansion for P;+‘(z) for fixed z and Y and 9 ~+OD
    if z is not on the real axis between --a~ and - 1.
    For fixed z and p and L%?v+w, 8.10.4 and 8.10.6 are asymptotic expansions if z is not on the real
    axis between - 0~ and - 1 and +a and + 1; 8.10.5 if z is not on the real axis between - 0~ and + 1.

    r(v+P+l) 2+(22--l)+
    8.10.4 ~:(2)=(27r)-~(~~--l)-~‘~ [z+ (z’-l)qy+*F(3+c(, 3--/J; g+v;
    r(v+#) 2(22-l), )
    +~e-r~‘[z-(22-l)~]V+~F(~+Lc, &P;*+v;

    r(v+P+l) --2+(22-l))
    8.10.5 &:(z)=ef~“(&r)~(z2-1)-1’4 [z--(ZZ-l)q”+*F(~+~, 3--c(;$+v; 2(22--l)+ >
    rb+g>

    e(~~($7r)+(22-1)-1’4 r(p+v)cos ~[2+(22-l)fl”-fF(3+11,3-~; 3+v;


    zf(22-1)
    2(z2--l)*
    4
    8’10’6 &t”(‘)= sin [?r(~-v)] ~
    M-d 1 )

    +iefv” cos ct?r[z-(z2-1))lY-tF(3+~, 3-P; 3fv; -$$:‘*I}

    The related asymptotic expansion for P!+(z) may be derived from 8.10.4 together with 8.2.1.

    8.10.7 P:(cos 6’)=r;;;;;) (-&f sin Q-1 cos [(v+*) fl-i+T]+O(v-‘)

    r(v+p+l) T
    8.10.8 &$(cos e>= r(v+S) ’ cos [(v++)e+%+~l+O(v-l)
    (2 >

    For other asymptotic expansions, see [8.7] and [8.9].

    8.11. Toroidal Functions (or Ring Functions)

    (Only special properties are given; other properties and representations follow from the earlier
    sections.)

    8.11.1 I’:-+(cosh ?)=[r(l-~)]-‘22~(l-ee-21)-‘e-(‘+t’lF[4-~, $+v-ll; 1-2,~; l--e-+)

    8.1~2 C-+(cosh
    ~)=r(n-m++pm~r(m+t)
    S
    r(n+m+t>(sinh drn * (sin CPR&J
    0 (cash q+cos cpsinh v)~+~+*

    8.11.3 &;-_t(cosh ~)=[r(l+v)]-1~ef~*r(~+v+~)(l-e-2~)’e-(’f~’~F(~+~, ++v+r; l-i-v; e-‘v) *

    @et (cash 7) = (-i>*r(n+4> - cash mt dt * (n>m>


    8.11.4
    r(n-m+3> S,, (cash v+cosh t sinh n)‘+
    *See page II.
    LEGEBDRE FUNCTIONS 337
    8.12. Conical Functions
    8.13.2 P-,(cosh s) =[+h ;I-‘K (tanh ;)

    (Only specinl properties nre given RS other Q&)=,/-& K (,/&)


    8.13.3
    properties atid representrltions follow from earlier
    sections with v= -3+& (A, n real pnmmeter) and 8.13.4 Q-i(cosh ~)=2e-~‘2K(e-~)
    z=cos e.>
    8.13.5
    8.12.1
    P*(z) =‘, (z+ &q&T (JlZ2)
    P-i+l~ (cos 19)= 1+4* sin2 i

    +(4x2+12) (4A2+32) si,,a f+ 8.13.6 PI(cosh q) =i e?12E(41 -ee2q)


    ... (0 se<+
    2242 2
    8.13.7
    8.12.2 P-t+rx(COS e)=P+,A(COS e>
    2 0 cash Mdt Qd@=~&+(&&)
    8012.3 P-~+iA(cos e)=;
    s Q ,‘2(cos-GGT)
    8.12.4
    (D cos Atdf
    -P(z+l)W (J&J
    (---l<x<l)
    *

    Q-~WA(COS 0) = f i sinh XT
    S /--
    0 1 ~(COSII t+c05i e) 8.13.8

    8.13.9 P-,(c0s e) =i K
    8.12.5
    ~-t+,A(-~~~ e)
    8.13.10 Q-,(x)=K (@) *
    =c [Q-t+a(~~~ e>+Q+&os e)]
    * 8.13. Relation to Elliptic Integrals 8.13.11 ~~~~)=~[2~(J~)-K(~~)]
    (see chapter 17) (S&>O)

    8.13.1 P-,(r)=; Jg K (QEf) 8.13.12 Q,(z) =K

    8.14. Integrals
    8.14.1 ,= P~(~>Q,(~)dz=[(p-v)(p+v+l)l-’ (aP>9v>o)
    J

    8.14.2 s ,- ~~(~)Q,(~)d~=[(p--v)(p+v+l)l-'[~(p+l)-~(v+1)1 (S?(P+v)>-l, p+v+1 #O;


    v, p#-1, -2, -3, . . .)
    8.14.3 ,- [Q4$12dz= (2v+ 1)-jv(v+ 1) (WV>--31
    s

    8.14.4
    S -I’ f’.W’,(x)dx=; [(P-v)(p+v+l)]-’ {2 sinrvsinrp[#(v+l)-$(p+l)]+*sin (rp-TV)}

    r2-2(sin #‘(v+l) +
    8.14.5
    S ;l [PAz)12dz=
    *v)~

    r2b-t 3)

    8.14.6
    S -,’ Q~(2>Q~(~>d~=[(p-v)(p+v+l)]-‘{[~Mv+ I)-+(p+ I>][1 +cos pr cos ml-
    (p+v+l#o; v, pf-1,
    $r sin (vr-
    -2, -3,
    pi)} *
    . . .>
    8.14.1 _,(Q”(z)l’d~=(2v+l)-‘{
    ’ Ed--c’(v+I)[I+(cosv+]} (vz-1. -2, -3,. . .)
    s
    338 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

    8.14.8 s lP,(~)Q,(z)dr=[(~--p)(p+~+l)]-l l-cm (p7r-tm)-tsin m cos 7n+b(~+l)+(p+l)]


    -1 {

    M’v>O, g’p>o, P#V>

    8.14.9 lP&)Qv(z)dz=-~ (2v+l)-’ sin 2~71$‘(v+l) (9v>O)


    s -1

    (m, n, 1 positive integers)

    8.14.10
    1
    -‘Q(s)py(z)(&(-l)” l-(-l)‘+“(n+m)!
    8.14.13
    S ’ [Pg(z)]Yz=(n+~)-‘(n+m)!/(n-m)!
    -1

    (z--n)(z+n+1)(?%-7n)! 8.14.14

    Is
    s
    1 (l-~~)-‘[~(2)]%2=(n+m)!/m(n--m)!
    8.14.11
    S 1 ~(2)Py(2)d2=0
    -1
    (I #n>
    8.14.15
    -1

    8.14.12
    r
    .
    1e(z)P:(z)
    -1
    (1-22)-‘&x=0 Wm)
    S 0
    l P,(x)x~dx=
    **2-P-T(l+p)
    ro+~P-3v)~(lP+3v+~)

    8.14.16
    2-CI?rr(3CY+&I)r(3a-3~)
    S o* (sin t)a-lP;M(cos t)dt=
    r<a+a~+~v>r!3~-3v)r(~~+4v+l)r(3~-3v+~) (ab~P)>o)

    8.14.17

    P;qz)=(22-1)-fm I* * * zP,(z)(dz)”
    s1 s1
    P 0
    8.14.18
    Q;“(z)=(-l)m(22-l)-tm . . . smQ.(z)C-W”
    s/ s 2.0

    For other integrals, see [8.2], [8.4] and chapter


    22. I.5

    P”( COSB)
    I .o

    .5

    0 X
    .2 .4 .6 .6 1.0
    /

    :5

    -I .o

    -1.5

    Fmum 8.1. P.(cob 0). n=0(1)3. FIQTJRE 8.2. P,!(z). n=1(1)3, $51.
    LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS 339

    P,(X) /

    16'

    - \ ‘\\,\
    ‘\ ‘\\
    10-3
    - ‘\ ‘Y,
    ‘\ ‘L,
    ii/I
    I 2
    I
    3
    I
    4
    I
    5
    I
    6
    I
    7
    I
    8
    I
    9
    I
    IO
    DX ‘\ ” ‘.
    ‘\
    *\ .
    PO \ I\ . ‘. Q2
    -.
    FIQURE 8.3. P,(z). n=0(1)3, z 11. IO-4
    = ‘\ \
    \\
    P”(X)
    \ \
    A 1. 0,
    I I I I I I I‘\” ) I Y
    lO-5
    I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO ‘.

    FIQURE 8.5. Qn(z). n=0(1)3, ~>l.

    Numerical Methods
    8.15. Use and Extension of the Tables
    Computation of P,(z)

    For all values of 2 there is very little loss of


    significant figures (except at zeros) in using the
    recurrence relation 8.5.3 for increasing values of n.
    Example 1. Comput,eP,(x) forz=.31415 92654
    FIQIJRE 8.4. Q,,(z). n=0(1)3, z<L and ~=2.6 for n=2(1)8.
    340 LEGENDRE rUNC’l?IONS

    P,(.31415 92654) P,GW Example 3. Compute Q6(z) for x=2.6.


    0” 1 1 v+2 v+1
    Ten terms in the seriesfor F 292; v+$ $)
    1 . 31415 92654 2. 6
    2 -. 35195 59340 9. 64 of 8.1.3 are necessary to obtain nine significant
    3 -. 39372 32064 40.04 figures giving Q5(2.6) =4.8182 4468 X 10V5. Using
    4 . 04750 63 122 174.952 8.5.3 with increasing values of n carrying ten
    5 . 34184 27517 786.74336 significant figures we obtain
    6 . 15729 86975 3604.350016
    7 -. 20123 39354 16729.51005 Qm(2.6)
    0” .40546 51081
    8 -. 25617 29328 78402.55522
    1 05420 928
    Computing P&) using Table 22.9 carrying ten 2 : 00868 364
    significant figures, P,(.31415 92654)=-.256f7 2933 3 00148 95
    and P,(2.6)=78402.55526. 4 : 00026 49
    Computation of Q,,(z) 5 a00004 81
    For x<l, use of 8.5.3 for increasing values of n
    where Q. and Q1are obtained using 8.4.2 and 8.4.4.
    leads to very little loss of significant figures.
    However, for x>l, the recurrence relation 8.5.3 Computation of P&t(z), Q++(s)
    should be used only for decrea.sing values of n,
    after having first obtained Qn using the formulas For all values of z, P,i(x) and Q**(z) are most
    in terms of hypergeometric functions. easily computed by means of 8.13.
    Example 2. Compute Qn(z) for z= .31415 92654 Example 4. Compute Q-+(z) for x=2.6.
    and n=O(l)4. Using 8.13.3 and interpolating in Table 17.1 for
    With the aid of 8.4.2 and 8.4.4 we obtai7, K(.C$, we find
    Q.(.31415 92654)
    ;4 .32515 34813
    1 -. 89785 00212
    2 -. 58567 85953
    = (.74535 59925) (1.90424 1417)
    3 .29190 60854
    4 .59974 26989 = 1.41933 7751.
    Using the results of Example 1 together with
    On the other hand, at least nine terms in the
    8.6.19. we find Q4(z) = +P4(r)ln 2 -W,(x) v+2 v+1. 3. 1
    ( > expansion of F 2, 2, V-I-~, 2 of 8.1.3 are
    where W3=f P&i P,, giving Q4(.31415 92&X)=
    necessary to obtain comparable accuracy.
    .59974 26989.
    References
    Texts [8.7] L. Robin, Fonctions spheriques de Legendre e
    [8.1] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions, fonctions spheroidales. Tome I, II, III (Gauthier-
    vol. 1, ch. 3 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New Villars, Paris, France, 1957).
    York, N.Y., 1953). [8.8] C. Snow, Hypergeometric and Legendre functions
    [8.2] E. W. Hobson, The theory of spherical and ellip- with applications to integral equations of poten-
    soidal harmonics (Chelsea Publishing CO., New tial theory, NBS Applied Math. Series 19 (U.S.
    York, N.Y., 1955). Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
    [8.3] J. Lense, Kugelfunktionen (Akademische Verlags- 1952).
    gesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany, 1950).
    [8.9] R. C. Thorne, The asymptotic expansion of Legendre
    [8.4] T. M. MacRobert, Spherical harmonics, 2d rev. ed.
    functions of large degree and order, Philos. Trans.
    (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1948).
    Roy. Sot. London 249, 597-620 (1957).
    [8.5] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formulas and
    theorems for the special functions of mathe-
    Tables
    matical physics (Chelsea Publishing Co., New
    York, N.Y., 1949). [S.lO] H. Bateman, Some problems in potential theory,
    La.61 G. Prasad, A treatise on spherical harmonics and Mess. of Math., 617,52,73-75 (1922). P,(cosh u),
    the functions of Bessel and Lame, Part II (Ad- Q,(cosh o), P:.(cosh u), Q.(cosh u); cash m=l.l,
    vanced) (Mahamandal Press, Benares City, n=0(1)20, 1OD; cash u=1.2, 2, 3; n=O(l)lO,
    India, 1932). exact or 10D.
    LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS 341
    [8.11] Centre National d’fithdes des Telecommunications,
    Tables des fonctions de Legendre associ&es. P?(x), $ e?(x), n=l(l)lO, (- l)mQ:(x),
    Fonction associee de premiere espece P:(COS 0)
    (Editions de La Revue d’optique, Paris, France, C-1) m+l%Q~(x), n=O(l)lO, m( <n)=O(l)4, x=1(.1)10,
    1952). n= -+(.l)lO, W&=0(1)5, e=o”(l”)90”
    6s or exact; +P:(ti), i-n & P:(ix), n=l(l)lO,
    (variable number of figures).
    [8.12] Centre National d’fitudes des .TelBcommunications, in+2m+lQYiz), i”+lm--l & Q:(k), n=o(l)lo, m( In)
    Tables numerique des fonctions associees de
    Legendre. Fonctions associees de premiere =0(1)4, r=O(.l)lO, 6s; P,“+)(z), & P,“-&(z),
    espece P:(cos I?) (Editions de La Revue d’Optique9
    Paris, France, 1959). n= -$(.l)lO, m=0(1)2, (-l)mQ:-*(x), (-l)m+l 2 Qz+t, n= -1(1)4,
    0=0”(1”) 180’ (variable number of figures).
    m=0(1)4, z=l(.l)lO, 4-6s.
    [8.13] G. C. Clark and S. W. Churchill, Table of Legendre [8.17] G. Prevost, Tables des fonctions spheriques et de
    polynomials P.(cos 0) for n=0(1)80 and O=O”
    leurs intAerales (Gauthier-Villars, Bordeaux and
    (l”)lSO”, Engineering Research Institute Publica-
    tions (Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich., Paris, France, 1933). P,(x), zP,(t)dt,n=l(l)lO;
    .J-0
    1957).
    [8.14] R. 0. Gumprecht and G. M. Sliepcevich, Tables of Pi (xl, s 0z Pi(t)& n=0(1)8, j=O(l)n, x=0(.01)1,
    functions of the first and second partial deriva- 5s.
    tives of Legendre polynomials (Univ. of Michigan [8.18] H. Tallqvist, Sechsstellige Tafeln der 32 ersten
    Press, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1951). Values of [XT,, Kugelfunktionen P,(cos e), Acta Sot. Sci. Fenn.,
    -(l--22)*:]. 1W and r,lO’ for ~y=O”(100)1700 Nova Series A, II, 11 (1938). P,(cos e),
    (1“)180’, n=1(1)420, 55. n=1(1)32, O”(10’)900; 6D.
    [8.15] M. E. Lynam, Table of Legendre functions for [8.19] H. Tallqvist, Acta Sot. Sci. Fenn., Nova Series A,
    complex arguments TG-323, The Johns Hopkins II, 4(1937). P,(x), n=1(1)16, z=O(.OOl)l, 6D.
    Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory, Baltimore, [8.20] H. Tallqvist, Tafeln der Kugelfunktionen P,(cos 0)
    bis P&cos 8), Sot. Sci. Fenn. Comment. Phys-
    Md. (1958).
    Math., VI, lO(1932). P,(cos e), n=25(1)32,
    [8.16] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated e=o”(lo)900, 5D.
    Legendre functions (Columbia Univ. Press, New [8.21] H. Tallqvist, Tafeln der 24 ersten Kugelfunktionen
    P,(cos e), Sot. Sci. Fenn. Comment. Phys-Math.,
    York, N.Y., 1945). P:(cos e), $ P,D(cos .9),
    VI, 3(1932). P,(cos o), n=1(1)24, 0=O”(l”)90”,
    n= l(1) 10, m( sn)=0(1)4, ~=0”(1°)900, 6s; 5D.
    342 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

    Table 8.1 LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND P,(x)


    PO(Z) = 1 PI(Z) =z

    arcco.55 Pdx) Pdd PlO(4


    050
    0. 01
    90.00000 00
    89.42703 26
    -0.50000
    -0.49985
    0.00000
    -0.01499
    00
    75
    0.00000
    0.02457
    P9(4
    000
    330
    -0.24609
    -0.24474
    37
    14
    0. 02 88.85400 80 -0.49940 -0.02998 00 0.04893 045 -0.24069 84
    0.03 88.28086 87 -0.49865 -0.04493 25 0.07285 701 -0.23400 69
    0.04 87.70755 72 -0.49760 -0.05984 00 0.09614 188 -0.22473 64
    0.05 87.13401 60 -0.49625 -0.07468 75 0.11857 899 -0.21298 35
    0.06 86.56018 72 -0.49460 -0.08946 00 0.13996 890 -0.19887 11
    0.07 85.98601 28 -0.49265 -0.10414 25 0.16012 040 -0.18254 68
    0.08 85.41143 43 -0.49040 -0.11872 00 0.17885 206 -0.16418 20
    0.09 84.83639 29 -0.48785 -0.13317 75 0.19599 366 -0.14397 02
    0.10 84.26082 95 -0.48500 -0.14750 00 0.21138 764 -0.12212 50
    0.11 83.68468 44 -0.48185 -0.16167 25 0.22489 042 -0.09887 86
    0.12 83.10789 74 -0.47840 -0.17568 00 0.23637 363 -0.07447 93
    0.13 82.53040 77 -0.47465 -0.18950 75 0.24572 526 -0.04918 90
    0.14 81.95215 37 -0.47060 -0.20314 00 0.25285 070 -0.02328 12
    0.15 81.37307 34 -0.46625 -0.21656 25 0.25767 367 +0.00296 18
    0.16 80.79310 38 -0.46160 -0.22976 00 0.26013 706 0.02925 20
    0.17 80.21218 10 -0.45665 -0.24271 75 0.26020 358 0.05529 81
    0.18 79.63024 02 -0.45140 -0.25542 00 0.25785 632 0.08080 85
    0.19 79.04721 58 -0.44585 -0.26785 25 0.25309 918 0.10549 42
    0.20 78.46304 10 -0.44000 -0.28000 00 0.24595 712 0.12907 20
    0.21 77.87764 77 -0.43385 -0.29184 75 0.23647 631 0.15126 74
    0.22 77.29096 70 -0.42740 -0.30338 00 0.22472 407 0.17181 75
    0. 23 76.70292 82 -0.42065 -0.31458 25 0.21078 870 0.19047 36
    0.24 76.11345 96 -0.41360 -0.32544 00 0.19477 914 0.20700 49
    0.25 75.52248 78 -0.40625 -0.33593 75 0.17682 442 0.22120 02
    0.26 74.92993 79 -0.34606 00 0.15707 305 0.23287 14
    0.27 74.33573 31 100':gg -0.35579 25 0.13569 215 0.24185 52
    0.28 73.73979 53 -0:38240 -0.36512 00 0.11286 642 0.24801 62
    0.29 73.14204 40 -0.37385 -0.37402 75 0.08879 707 0.25124 81
    0.30 72.54239 69 -0.36500 -0.38250 00 0.06370 038 0.25147 63
    0.31 71.94076 95 -0.35585 -0.39052 25 0.03780 634 0.24865 91
    0.32 71.33707 51 -0.34640 -0.39808 00 +0.01135 691 0.24278 89
    0.33 70.73122 45 -0.33665 -0.40515 75 -0.01539 566 0.23389 37
    0.34 70.12312 59 -0.32660 -0.41174 00 -0.04219 085 0.22203 73
    0.35 69.51268 49 -0.31625 -0.41781 25 -0.06876 185 0.20732 00
    0.36 68.89980 39 -0.30560 -0.42336 00 -0.09483 780 0.18987 83
    0.37 68.28438 27 -0.29465 -0.42836 75 -0.12014 608 0.16988 48
    67.66631 73 -0.28340 -0.43282 00 -0.14441 472 0.14754 72
    E9"
    . 67.04550 06 -0.27185 -0.43670 25 -0.16737 489 0.12310 73
    0.40 66.42182 15 -0.26000 -0.44000 00 -0.18876 356 0.09683 91
    0.41 65.79516 52 -0.24785 -0.44269 75 -0.20832 609 0.06904 71
    0.42 65.16541 25 -0.23540 -0.44478 00 -0.22581 900 0.04006 39
    0.43 64.53243 99 -0.22265 -0.44623 25 -0.24101 269 +0.01024 69
    0.44 63.89611 88 -0.20960 -0.44704 00 -0.25369 426 -0.02002 45
    0.45 63.25631 61 -0.19625 -0.44718 75 -0.26367 022 -0.05035 30
    0.46 62.61289 25 -0.18260 -0.44666 00 -0.27076 932 -0.08072 72
    0.47 61.96570 35 -0.16865 -0.44544 25 -0.27484 521 -0.10952 64
    0.48 61.31459 80 -0.15440 -0.44352 00 -0.27577 908 -0.13752 51
    0.49 60.65941 84 -0.13985 -0.44087 75 -0.27348 225 -0.16389 87
    0.50 60.00000 00 -0.12500 -0.43750 00 -0.26789 856 -0.18822 86
    [
    (-;)5
    1 (-l)4
    [ 1 [y9 1 [ 1
    (-i)4
    [ (-;)4
    1
    PZQ) =+(-1+&2) P3(z) =E (-3+5x2)
    2
    pg(z)=&(1260-18480$+72072&102960s6+48620z8)

    Plo(x) =&4(-252+1386Ox2-12Ol2Oz*+36O36OxE-4375SOzs+l84756z1")
    (n+l)P,+1(~)=(2n+l)xPn(x) -nP,-l(X)
    For coefficientsof other polynomials,see chapter 22.
    LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS 343
    LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND P,(r) Table 8.1
    Po(z)=l PI(X) =2

    o.to
    0.51
    arccos z
    60.00000 00
    59.33617 03
    pzw
    -0.12500
    -0.10985
    P3(4
    -0.43750
    -0.43337
    00
    25
    P9@)
    -0.26789
    -0.25900
    856
    667
    PI,(Z)
    -0.18822 86
    -0.21010 83
    0.52 58.66774 85 -0.09440 -0.42848 00 -0.24682 215 -0.22914 92
    0.53 57.99454 51 -0.07865 -0.42280 75 -0.23139 939 -0.24498 73
    0.54 57.31636 11 -0.06260 -0.41634 00 -0.21283 321 -0.25728 92
    56.63298 70 -0.04625 -0.40906 25 -0.19126 025 -0.26575 85
    55.94420 22 -0.02960 -0.40096 00 -0.16686 000 -0.27014 28
    55.24977 42 -0.01265 -0.39201 75 -0.13985 552 -0.27023 97
    54.54945 74 +0.00460 -0.38222 00 -0.11051 366 -0.26590 30
    53.84299 18 0.02215 -0.37155 25 -0.07914 497 -0.25704 92
    0.60 53.13010 24 0.04000 -0.36000 00 -0.04610 304 -0.24366 27
    0.61 52.41049 70 0.05815 -0.34754 75 -0.01178 332 -0.22580 16
    0.62 51.68386 55 0.07660 -0.33418 00 +0.02337 862 -0.20360 19
    0.63 50.94987 75 0.09535 -0.31988 25 0.05890 951 -0.17728 16
    0.64 50.20818 05 0.11440 -0.30464 00 0.09430 141 -0.14714 41
    0.65 49.45839 81 0.13375 -0.28843 75 0.12901 554 -0.11358 05
    0.66 48.70012 72 0.15340 -0.27126 00 0.16248 693 -0.07707 01
    0.67 47.93293 52 0.17335 -0.25309 25 0.19412 981 -0.03818 08
    47.15635 69 0.19360 -0.23392 00 0.22334 410 +0.00243 30
    %. 46.36989 11 0.21415 -0.21372 75 0.24952 270 0.04403 37
    0.70 45.57299 60 -0.19250 00 0.27205 993 0.08580 58
    0. 71 44.76508 47 t ::z -0.17022 25 0.29036 111 0.12686 31
    0.72 43.94551 96 0:27760 -0.14688 00 0.30385 323 0.16625 89
    0.73 43.11360 59 0. 29935 -0.12245 75 0.31199 698 0.20299 76
    0. 74 42.26858 44 0.32140 -0.09694 00 0.31430 004 0.23605 08
    0.75 41.40962 21 0.34375 -0.07031 25 0.31033 185 0.26437 45
    0.76 40.53580 21 -0.04256 00 0.29973 981 0.28693 19
    0.77 39.64611 11 it ;8696;50 -0.01366 75 0.28226 712 0..3027179
    0.78 38.73942 46 0:41260 +0.01638 00 0.25777 224 0.31078 93
    0.79 37.81448 85 0.43615 0.04759 75 0.22625 012 0.31029 79
    0.80 36.86989 76 0.46000 0.08000 00 0.18785 528 0.30052 98
    0. 81 35.90406 86 0.48415 0.11360 25 0.14292 678 0.28094 87
    0.82 34.91520 62 0.50860 0.14842 00 0.09201 529 0.25124 52
    0.83 33.90126 20 0.53335 0.18446 75 +0.03591 226 0.21139 19
    0.84 32.85988 04 0.55840 0.22176 00 -0.02431 874 0.16170 50
    0. 85 31.78833 06 0.26031 25 -0.08730 820 0.10291 23
    0.86 30.68341 71 0.30014 00 -0.15134 456 +0.0362291
    0.87 29.54136 05 0.34125 75 -0.21433 544 -0.03655 86
    0.88 28.35763 66 0.38368 00 -0.27376 627 -0.11300 29
    0. 89 27.12675 31 0.42742 25 -0.32665 610 -0.18989 29
    0.90 25.84193 28 0.47250 00 -0.36951 049 -0.26314 56
    0. 91 24.49464 85 0.51892 75 -0.39827 146 -0.32768 58
    0.92 23.07391 81 0.56672 00 -0.40826 421 -0.37731 58
    0.93 21.56518 50 0.61589 25 -0.39414 060 -0.40457 43
    0.94 19.94844 36 0.66646 00 -0.34981 919 -0.40058 29
    18.19487 23 0.85375 0.71843 75 -0.26842 182 -0.35488 03
    16.26020 47 0.77184 00 -0.14220 642 -0.25524 34
    14.06986 77 : %i 0.82668 25 +0.03750 397 -0.08749 40
    11.47834 09 Of94060 0.88298 00 0.28039 609 +0.16470 81
    8.10961 44 0.97015 0.94074 75 0.59724 553 0.52008 90
    0.00000 00 1.00000 1.00000 00 1.00000 000 1.00000 00
    (-Z)4
    II 1 [ C-32
    1 II 1
    c-y

    1'29)=4(-1+322) Pz(z)=F(-3+5~2)
    2
    Pg(x)=& (1260-18480x2+7207224-10296Ch++486202*)

    PI&Z) =~4(-252+1386~2-12O12~~+36036O.xs-43758W+l8475fW')
    (n+l)Pn+1@) = (2n+l)zP&) -nPn-l(2)
    For coefficients
    of otherpolynomials,
    seechapter22.
    344 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

    Table 8.2 DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND P:(x)

    P',(x)=1 P;(x)=32
    2 I%(x) Pi(x) Pi(x) Piob)
    0.00 -1.50000 0.00000 00 2.46093 75 0.00000 00
    0.01 -1.49925 -0.07498 25 2.45011 64 0.27023 41
    0.02 -1.49700 -0.14986 00 2.41773 75 0.53765 93
    0.03 -1.49325 -0.22452 75 2.36405 34 0.79949 17
    0. 04 -1.48800 -0.29888 00 2.28948 35 1.05299 82
    0. 05 -1.48125 -0.37281 25 2.19461 13 1.29552 05
    0.06 -1.47300 -0.44622 00 2.08018 11 1.52449 98
    0.07 -1.46325 -0.51899 75 1.94709 32 1.73750 05
    0. 08 -1.45200 -0.59104 00 1.79639 87 1.93223 25
    0.09 -1.43925 -0.66224 25 1.62929 31 2.10657 29
    0.10 -1.42500 -0.73250 00 1.44710 87 2.25858 73
    0.11 -0.80170 75 1.25130 64 2.38654 80
    0.12 1: ;g; -0.86976 00 1.04346 68 2.48895 24
    0.13 -1:37325 -0.93655 25 0.82528 00 2.56453 90
    0.14 -1.35300 -1.00198 00 0.59853 47 2.61230 18
    0.15 -1.33125 -1.06593 75 0.36510 73 2.63150 28
    0.16 -1.30800 -1.12832 00 +0.12694 88 2.62168 25
    0.17 -1.28325 -1.18902 25 -0.11392 76 2.58266 81
    -1.25700 -1.24794 00 -0.35546 01 2.51458 04
    E. -1.22925 -1.30496 75 -0.59555 27 2.41783 68
    0.20 -1.20000 -1.36000 00 -0.83208 96 2.29315 33
    -1.41293 25 -1.06295 03 2.14154 35
    E 1;. :;;g -1.46366 00 -1.28602 54 1.96431 51
    0:23 -1:10325 -1.51207 75 -1.49923 18 1.76306 37
    0.24 -1.06800 -1.55808 00 -1.70052 94 1.53966 43
    0.25 -1.03125 -1.60156 25 -1.88793 72 1.29625 99
    -0.99300 -1.64242 00 -2.05954 92 1.03524 77
    it:; -0.95325 -1.68054 75 -2.21355 15 0.75926 26
    0:28 -0.91200 -1.71584 00 -2.34823 78 0.47115 77
    0.29 -0.86925 -1.74819 25 -2.46202 63 +0.17398 30
    0.30 -0.82500 -1.77750 00 -2.55347 51 -0.12903 87
    -0.77925 -1.80365 75 -2.62129 80 -0.43453 90
    -0.73200 -1.82656 00 -2.66437 95 -0.73903 23
    0.33 -0.68325 -1.84610 25 -2.68178 96 -1.03894 72
    0.34 -0.63300 -1.86218 00 ~2.67279 74 -1.33065 96
    0.35 -0.58125 -1.87468 75 -2.63688 47 -1.61052 81
    0.36 -1.88352 00 -2.57375 82 -1.87493 10
    p;. I:* ::;;; -1.88857 25 -2.48336 07 -2.12030 43
    -0:41700 -1.88974 00 -2.36588 14 -2.34318 21
    0:39 -0.35925 -1.88691 75 -2.22176 52 -2.54023 74
    0.40 -0.30000 -1.88000 00 -2.05172 01 -2.70832 36
    0.41 -0.23925 -1.86888 25 -1.85672 35 -2.84451 75
    0.42 -0.17700 -1.85346 00 -1.63802 69 -2.94616 13
    0.43 -0.11325 -1.83362 75 -1.39715 86 -3.01090 51
    0.44 -0.04800 -1.80928 00 -1.13592 50 -3.03674 96
    0.45 +0.01875 -1.78031 25 -0.85640 91 -3.02208 63
    0.46 0.08700 -1.74662 00 -0.56096 76 -2.96573 83
    0.47 0.15675 -1.70809 75 -0.25222 53 -2.86699 80
    0.48 0.22800 -1.66464 00 +0.06693 30 -2.72566 30
    0.49 0.30075 -1.61614 25 0.39337 29 -2.54206 98
    0.50 0.37500 -1.56250 00 0.72372 44 -2.31712 34
    qw
    [ 1 [ 159‘3
    [ (-f)3
    1 [ 1
    (-!)5

    P&=+(-3+1w)

    PI,(z)=~2(126O-5544o22+36O36Ch?-72O'72Ox~+43758Oa+)
    P~o(~)=&4(277~O-48O48Ch~+216216&t?-35OO64W'+184756W)
    n+l [zP&) -Pn+1(41
    Pi%(z)= 1-22
    LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS 345
    DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND P:(x) Table 8.2

    Pi(x)=1 P;(x)=32
    x Pi(x) P;(x) P;(x) Pie(x)
    0.50 0.37500 - 1.56250 00 0.72372 44 - 2.31712 34
    0.51 0.45075 - 1.50360 75 1.05439 75 - 2.05232 40
    0.52 0.52800 - 1.43936 00 1.38160 24 - 1.74978 82
    0.53 0.60675 - 1.36965 25 1.70137 21 - 1.41226 67
    0.54 0.68700 - 1.29438 00 2.00958 86 - 1.04315 43
    0.55 0.76875 - 1.21343 75 2.30201 29 - 0.64649 54
    0.56 0.85200 - 1.12672 00 2.57431 87 - 0.22698 16
    0.57 0.93675 - 1.03412 25 2.82213 05 + 0.21005 92
    0. 58 1.02300 - 0.93554 00 3.04106 49 0.65868 10
    0.59 1.11075 - 0.83086 75 3.22677 77 1.11234 92
    0.60 1.20000 - 0.72000 00 3.37501 44 1.56397 82
    0. 61 1.29075 - 0.60283 25 3.48166 60 2.00598 31
    0.62 1.38300 - 0.47926 00 3.54283 00 2.43034 08
    0.63 1.47675 - 0.34917 75 3.55487 57 2.82866 68
    0.64 1.57200 - 0.21248 00 3.51451 63 3.19230 45
    0.65 1.66875 - 0.06906 25 3.41888 50 3.51243 07
    0.66 1.76700 + 0.08118 00 3.26561 84 3.78017 74
    0.61 1.86675 0.23835 25 3.05294 51 3.98677 13
    0.68 1.96800 0.40256 00 2.77978 03 4.12369 16
    0.69 2.07075 0.57390 75 2.44582 82 4.18284 84
    0.70 2.17500 0.75250 00 2.05168 93 4.15678 18
    0.71 2.28075 0.93844 25 1.59891 66 4.03888 45
    0.72 2.38800 1.13184 00 1.09043 73 3.82364 72
    0.73 2.49675 1.33279 75 + 0.53008 28 3.50693 03
    0.14 2.60700 1.54142 00 - 0.07667 36 3.08626 20
    0.15 2.71875 1.75781 25 - 0.72287 14 2.56116 49
    0.76 2.83200 1.98208 00 - 1.39984 93 1.93351 26
    0.77 2.94675 2.21432 75 - 2.09708 32 1.20791 71
    0.78 3.06300 2.45466 00 - 2.80201 52 + 0.39215 05
    0.79 3.18075 2.70318 25 - 3149987 45 - 0.50239 96
    0.80 2.96000 00 =. 4.17348 81 - 1.46023 77
    0.81 :* Ei 3.22521 75 - 4.80308 26 - 2.46122 91
    0.82 3:54300 3.49894 00 - 5.36607 64 - 3.48002 97
    0.83 3.66615 3.78127 25 - 5.83686 10 - 4.48547 21
    0.84 3.79200 4.07232 00 - 6.18657 35 - 5.43990 91
    0.85 3.91875 4.37218 75 - 6.38285 68 - 6.29851 03
    0.86 4.04700 4.68098 00 - 6.38961 06 - 7.00851 07
    0.81 4.17675 4.99880 25 - 6.16612 97 - 1.50840 93
    0.88 4.30800 5.32576 00 - 5.66983 23 - 7.72711 51
    0.89 4.44075 5.66195 75 - 4.84997 54 - 7.58303 90
    0.90 4.57500 6.00750 00 - 3.65335 89 - 6.98312 79
    0.91 4.71075 6.36249 25 - 2.02101 73 - 5.82184 03
    0.92 4.84800 6.72704 00 + 0.11150 20 - 3.98006 04
    0.93 4.98675 7.10124 75 2.81447 18 - 1.32394 73
    0.94 5.12700 7.48522 00 6.16433 35 + 2.29628 14
    0.95 5.26875 1.87906 25 10.24405 70 1.04163 58
    0.96 5.41200 8.28288 00 15.14351 59 13.11571 11
    0.97 5.55675 8.69677 75 20.95987 66 20.70612 01
    9.12086 00 27.79800 16 30.04600 25
    "0*9'9"
    . 2. E5" 9.55523 25 35.77086 77 41.38561 43
    1.00 6.00000 45.00000 00 55.00000 00
    (-;)3
    c-y
    [ 1 (-y
    [I [I
    P;(z)=; (- 60+140s2)
    P;(z)=& (1260-554&0s2+360360z4-720'720s~+437580z8)

    P’lo(~)=&~ (27720-48048022+2162160~4-350064@.c~+184756'h*)

    P:(x)=g2 [xPn(x)
    -P,+,(x)]
    346 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

    Table 8.3 LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND t&x(%)

    Qo(4 &I (4 Qd4 Q&3 Qdx) 910(x)


    0.00 0.00000 000 -1.00000 000 0.00000 000 0.66666 667 -0.40634 921 0.00000 000
    0. 01 0.01000 033 -0.99990 000 -0.01999 867 0.66626 669 -0.40452 191 -0.04056 181
    0.02 0.02000 267 -0.99959 995 -0.03998 933 0.66506 699 -0.39905 538 -0.08068 584
    0. 03 0.03000 900 -0.99909 973 -0.05996 399 0.66306 829 -0.38999 553 -0.11993 860
    0. 04 0.04002 135 -0.99839 915 -0.07991 463 0.66027 179 -0.37741 852 -0.15789 513
    0.05004 173 -0.99749 791 -0.09983 321 0.65667 917 -0.36143 026 -0.19414 321
    E2
    0:07
    0.06007
    0.07011
    216
    467
    -0.99639
    -0.99509
    567
    197
    -0.11971
    -0.13954
    169
    199
    0.65229
    0.64711
    261
    475
    -0.34216
    -0.31978
    562
    750
    -0.22828
    -0.25995
    745
    321
    0.08 0.08017 133 -0.99358 629 -0.15931 602 0.64114 873 -0.29448 565 -0.28879 038
    0.09 0.09024 419 -0.99187 802 -0.17902 563 0.63439 817 -0.26647 538 -0.31447 701
    0.10 0.10033 535 -0.98996 647 -0.19866 264 0.62686 720 -0.23599 595 -0.33672 259
    0.11 0.11044 692 -0.98785 084 -0.21821 885 0.61856 044 -0.20330 891 -0.35527 122
    0.12 0.12058 103 -0.98553 028 -0.23768 596 0.60948 299 -0.16869 616 -0.36990 435
    0.13 0.13073 985 -0.98300 382 -0.25705 567 0.59964 048 -0.13245 792 -0.38044 330
    0.14 0.14092 558 -0.98027 042 -0.27631 958 0.58903 905 -0.09491 050 -0.38675 142
    0.15 0.15114 044 -0.97732 893 -0.29546 923 0.57768 532 -0.05638 395 -0.38873 587
    0.16 0.16138 670 -0.97417 813 -0.31449 610 0.56558 646 -0.01721 959 -0.38634 905
    0.17 0.17166 666 -0.97081 667 -0.33339 158 0.55275 016 +0.02223 260 -0.37958 962
    0.18 0.18198 269 -0.96724 312 -0.35214 699 0.53918 465 0.06161 670 -0.36850 308
    0.19 0.19233 717 -0.96345 594 -0.37075 353 0.52489 868 0.10057 361 -0.35318 198
    0.20 0.20273 255 -0.95945 349 -0.38920 232 0.50990 155 0.13874 395 -0.33376 565
    0. 21 0.21317 135 -0.95523 402 -0.40748 439 0.49420 314 0.17577 093 -0.31043 947
    0.22 0.22365 611 -0.95079 566 -0.42559 062 0.47781 388 0.21130 336 -0.28343 378
    0. 23 0.23418 947 -0.94613 642 -0.44351 180 0.46074 476 0.24499 861 -0.25302 221
    0.24 0.24477 411 -0.94125 421 -0.46123 857 0.44300 738 0.27652 557 -0.21951 969
    0.25 0.25541 281 -0.93614 680 -0.47876 145 0.42461 393 0.30556 765 -0.18327 994
    0.26 0.26610 841 -0.93081 181 -0.49607 081 0.40557 719 0.33182 571 -0.14469 251
    0.27 0.27686 382 -0.92524 677 -0.51315 685 0.38591 059 0.35502 089 -0.10417 949
    0.28 0.28768 207 -0.91944 902 -0.53000 962 0.36562 819 0.37489 746 -0.06219 173
    0.29 0.29856 626 -0.91341 578 -0.54661 900 0.34474 467 0.39122 551 -0.01920 468
    0.30 0.30951 960 -0.90714 412 -0.56297 466 0.32327 542 0.40380 351 +0.02428 610
    0.31 0.32054 541 -0.90063 092 -0.57906 608 0.30123 647 0.41246 080 0.06776 975
    0.32 0.33164 711 -0.89387 293 -0.59488 256 0.27864 459 0.41705 981 0.11072 534
    0.33 0.34282 825 -0.88686 668 -0.61041 313 0.25551 723 0.41749 822 0.15262 723
    0.34 0.35409 253 -0.87960 854 -0.62564 662 0.23187 261 0.41371 084 0.19295 076
    0.35 0.36544 375 -0.87209 469 -0.64057 159 0.211772 970 0.40567 128 0.23117 811
    0.36 0.37688 590 -0.86432 108 -0.65517 633 0.18310 825 0.39339 336 0.26680 432
    0.37 0.38842 310 -0.85628 345 -0.66944 887 0.15802 883 0.37693 227 0.29934 337
    0.40005 965 -0.84797 733 -0.68337 690 0.13251 285 0.35638 546 0.32833 437
    i%. 0.41180 003 -0.83939 799 -0.69694 784 0.10658 256 0.33189 317 0.35334 774
    0.40 0.42364 893 -0.83054 043 -0.71014 872 0.08026 114 0.30363 867 0.37399 123
    0.41 0.43561 122 -0.82139 940 -0.72296 624 0.05357 267 0.27184 811 0.38991 596
    0.42 0.44769 202 -0.81196 935 -0.73538 670 +0.02654 221 0.23679 006 0.40082 218
    0.43 0.45989 668 -0.80224 443 -0.74739 600 -0.00080 418 0.19877 461 0.40646 477
    0.44 0.47223 080 -0.79221 845 -0.75897 958 -0.02843 939 0.15815 208 0.40665 845
    0.45 0.48470 028 -0.78188 487 -0.77012 243 -0.05633 524 0.11531 136 0.40128 259
    0.46 0.49731 129 -0.77123 681 -0.78080 904 -0.08446 239 0.07067 773 0.39028 551
    0.47 0.51007 034 -0.76026 694 -0.79102 336 -0.11279 034 +0.02471 030 0.37368 827
    0.48 0.52298 428 -0.74896 755 -0.80074 877 -0.14128 732 -0.02210 100 0.35158 779
    0.49 0.53606 034 -0.73733 044 -0.80996 804 -0.16992 027 -0.06923 897 0.32415 933
    0.50 0.54930 614 -0.72534 693 -0.81866 327 -0.\19865 477 -0.11616 303 0.29165 814
    [(-y3 [(-;)"I ['-y] ['-y-j ['-;)"I [(-;)'I

    Qo(x)=t In (2)

    &z(x)= 3pn Qs(~)=f(5~~-3)1n(~)-~+$

    (~+1)&~+~(~)=(2~+1)xQn(x)-nQn-1(x)
    Qo(4 =:arctanhx (Tab 11e 4.17) is included here for completeness.
    LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS 347
    LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND Table 8.3

    Q&4 QloW
    0.250 QoC4
    0 54930 614 -0.72534Ql(x)693 -0.81866Qdx)
    327 -0.19865Q3W477 -0.11616 303 +0.29165 814
    0.51 0:56272 977 -0.71300 782 -0.82681 587 -0.22745 494 -0.16231 372 0.25442 027
    0.52 0.57633 975 -0.70030 333 -0.83440 647 -0.25628 339 -0.20711 759 0.21286 243
    0.53 0.59014 516 -0.68722 307 -0.84141 492 -0.28510 113 -0.24999 263 0.16748 08i7
    0.54 0.60415 560 -0.67375 597 -0.84782 014 -0.31386 748 -0.29035 406 0.11884 913
    0.55 0.61838 131 -0.65989 028 -0.85360 014 -0.34253 994 -0.32762 069 0.06761 47'0
    0.56 0.63283 319 -0.64561 342 -0.85873 186 -0.37107 413 -0.36122 172 +0.01449 441
    0.57 0.64752 284 -0.63091 198 -0.86319 116 -0.39942 362 -0.39060 386 -0.03973 1414
    Oi58 0.66246 271 -0.61577 163 -0.86695 267 -0.42753 983 -0;41523 901 -0.09422 6310
    0.59 0.67766 607 -0.60017 702 -0.86998 970 -0.45537 186 -0.43463 218 -0.14810 594
    0.60 0.69314 718 -0.58411 169 -0.87227 411 -0.48286 632 -0.44832 986 -0.20044 847
    0.61 0.70892 136 -0.56755 797 -0.87377 622 -0.50996 718 -0.45592 864 -0.25030 577
    0.62 0.72500 509 -0.55049 685 -0.87446 461 -0.53661 553 -0.45708 410 -0.29671 648
    0: 63 0.74141 614 -0.53290 783 -0.87430 597 -0.56274 938 -0.45151 989 -0;33872 031
    0. 64 0.75817 374 -0.51476 880 -0.87326 492 -0.58830 338 -0.43903 693 -0.37537 391
    0.65 0.77529 871 -0.49605 584 -0.87130 380 -0.61320 855 -0.41952 271 -0.40576 815
    0.66 0.79281 363 -0.47674 300 -0.86838 239 -0.63739 196 -0.39296 048 -0.42904 673
    0.67 0.81074 313 -0.45680 211 -0.86445 768 -0.66077 634 -0.35943 834 -0.44442 606
    0.68 0.82911 404 -0.43620 245 -0.85948 352 -0.68327 969 -0.31915 810 -0.45121 636
    0.69 0.84795 576 -0.41491 053 -0.85341 027 -0.70481 480 -0.27244 363 -0.44884 377
    0.70 0.86730 053 -0.39288 963 -0.84618 438 -0.72528 868 -0.21974 878 -0.43687 329
    0; 71 0.88718 386 -0.37009 946 -0.83774 785 -0.74460 199 -0.16166 443 -0.41503 236
    0. 72 0.90764 498 -0.34649 561 -0.82803 775 -0.76264 823 -0.09892 467 -0.38323 471
    0.73 0.92872 736 -0.32202 902 -0.81698 546 -0.77931 296 -0.03241 178 -0.34160 431
    0.74 0.95047 938 -0.29664 526 -0.80451 593 -0.79447 280 +0.03684 038 -0.29049 884
    0.75 0.97295 507 -0.27028 369 -0.79054 669 -0.80799 424 0.10764 474 -0.23053 218
    0.76 0.99621 508 -0.24287 654 -0.77498 679 -0.81973 225 0.17866 149 -0.26259 54$
    0.77 1.02032 776 -0.21434 763 -0.75773 539 -0.82952 866 0.24840 151 -0.08787 565
    1.04537 055 -0.18461 097 -0.73868 011 -0.83721 016 0.31523 275 -0.00787 146
    E98
    . 1.07143 168 -0.15356 897 -0.71769 507 -0.84258 586 0.37739 063 +0.07559 560
    0.80 1.09861 229 -0.12111 017 -0.69463 835 -0.84544 435 0.43299 312 0.16037 522
    0.81 1.12702 903 -0.08710 649 -0.66934 890 -0.84555 002 0.48006 146 0.24398 96
    0.82 1.15681 746 -0.05140 968 -0.64164 264 -0.84263 849 0.51654 781 0.32364 35 17
    0.83 1.18813 640 -0.01384 678 -0.61130 745 -0.83641 078 0.54037 123 0.39624 661
    0.84 1.22117 352 +0.02578 575 -0.57809 671 -0.82652 589 0.54946 418 0.45844 913
    0.85 1.25615 281 0.06772 989 -0.54172 080 -0.81259 105 0.54183 191 0.50669 726
    0. 86 1.29334 467 0.11227 642 -0.50183 576 -0.79414 886 0.51562 828 0.53731 190
    0; 87 1.33307 963 0.15977 928 -0.45802 786 -0.77065 991 0.46925 273 0.54659 757
    0.88 1.37576 766 0.21067 554 -0.40979 212 -0.74147 880 0.40147 508 0.53099 253
    0.89 1.42192 587 0.26551 403 -0.35650 171 -0.70582 022 0.31159 776 0.48727 156
    0.90 1.47221 949 0.32499 754 -0.29736 306 -0.66270 962 0.19967 037 0.41282 291
    0.91 1.52752 443 0.39004 723 -0.23134 775 -0.61090 890 +0.06677 934 0.30602 901
    0.92 1.58902 692 0.46190 476 -Oil5708 489 -0i54880 000 -0.08454 828 +0.16680 029
    0.93 1.65839 002 0.54230 272 -0.07268 272 -0.47419 336 -0.24975 925 -0.00265 4215
    0.94 1.73804 934 0.63376 638 +0.02458 593 -0.38399 297 -0.42137 701 -0.19666 273
    0.95 1.83178 082 0.74019 178 0.13888 288 -0.27356 330 -0.58752 240 -0.40421 502
    0.96 1.94591 015 0.86807 374 0.27707 112 -0.13540 204 -0.72921 201 -0.60564 435
    0.97 2.09229 572 1.02952 685 0.45181 370 +0.04408 092 -0.81464 729 -0.76587 179
    0.98 2.29755 993 1.25160 873 0.69108 487 0.29436 613 -0.78406 452 -0.81720 734
    0.99 2.64665 241 1.62018 589 1.08264 984 0.70624 831 -0.48875 677 -0.59305 105
    1.00 m co

    Qo(x) =+ In rz) Ql(x)=f In ($!$-I

    &2(x) = %J&!ln Q~(z)=$ (5x2-3) In

    f:n+l)Qn+l(x) = (2%+1)x&n(x)-nn&n-I(X)
    348 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

    Table 8.4 DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND Q:(s)

    X Q;lCd Qi (x) Q;(x) Qj (4 &k(x) Q’,,(x)


    0.00 1.00000 000 0.00000 000 -2.00000 000 0.00000 000 0.00000 00 -4.06349 21
    0. 01 1.00010 001 0.02000 133 -1.99959 998 -0.07999 200 0.36520 25 -4.04156 71
    0.02 1.00040 016 0.04001 067 -1.99839 968 -0.15993 599 0.72733 83 -3.97600 70
    0.03 1.00090 081 0.06003 603 -1.99639 838 -0.23978 392 1.08336 24 -3.86745 44
    0.04 1.00160 256 0.08008 546 -1.99359 487 -0.31948 767 1.43027 23 -3.71697 43
    0.05 1.00250 627 0.10016 704 -1.98998 747 -0.39899 900 1.76512 98 -3.52604 61
    0.06 1.00361 301 0:12028 894 -1.98557 401 -0.47826 951 2.08508 14 -3.29655 13
    0.07 1.00492 413 0.14045 936 -1.98035 179 -0.55725 060 2.38737 90 -3.03075 84
    0.08 1.00644 122 0.16068 662 -1.97431 766 -0.63589 347 2.66939 94 -2.73130 45
    0.09 1.00816 615 0.18097 914 -1.96746 792 -0.71414 899 2.92866 44 -2.40117 40
    0.10 1.01010 101 0.20134 545 -1.95979 839 -0.79196 777 3.16285 86 -2.04367 37
    0.11 1.01224 820 0.22179 422 -1.95130 431 -0.86930 001 3.36984 76 -1.66240 59
    0.12 1.01461 039 0.24233 428 -1.94198 044 -0.94609 554 3.54769 49 -1.26123 82
    0.13 1.01719 052 0.26297 462 -1.93182 094 -1.02230 373 3.69467 78 -0.84427 11
    0.14 liO1999 184 0128372 443 -1.92081 942 -1.09787 345 3.80930 18 -0.41580 27
    0.15 1.02301 790 0.30459 312 -1.90896 890 -1.17275 302 3.89031 48 +0.01970 77
    0.16 1.02627 258 0.32559 031 -1.89626 181 -1.24689 019 3.93671 92 0.45767 92
    0.17 1.02976 007 0.34672 587 -1.88268 994 -1.32023 203 3.94778 25 0.89344 90
    0.18 1.03348 491 0.36800 997 -1.86824 444 -1.39272 496 3.92304 76 1.32231 56
    0.19 1.03745 202 0.38945 305 -1.85291 580 -1.46431 458 3.86234 02 1.73958 08
    0.20 1.04166 667 0.41106 589 -1.83669 380 -1.53494 573 3.76577 54 2.14059 45
    0. 21 1.04613 453 0.43285 960 -1.81956 752 -1.60456 234 3.63376 26 2.52079 94
    0.22 1.05086 171 0.45484 568 -1.80152 526 -1.67310 742 3.46700 84 2.87577 54
    0.23 1.05585 471 0.47703 605 -1.78255 455 -1.74052 294 3.26651 77 3.20128 51
    0.24 1.06112 054 0.49944 304 -1.76264 210 -1.80674 982 3.03359 33 3.49331 81
    0.25 1.06666 667 0.52207 948 -1.74177 372 -1.87172 780 2.76983 31 3.74813 48
    0.26 1.07250 107 0.54495 869 -1.71993 437 -1.93539 537 2.47712 56 3.96230 97
    0.27 1.07863 229 0.56809 454 -1.69710 801 -1.99768 972 2.15764 35 4.13277 26
    0.28 1.08506 944 0.59150 152 -1.67327 761 -2.05854 661 1.81383 48 4.25684 84
    0.29 1.09182 225 0.61519 472 -1.64842 510 -2.11790 027 1.44841 22 4.33229 46
    0.30 1.09890 110 0.63918 993 -1.62253 126 -2.17568 334 1.06434 02 4.35733 72
    0.31 1.10631 707 0.66350 370 -1.59557 570 -2.23182 672 0.66482 02 4.33070 22
    0.32 1.11408 200 0.68815 335 -1.56753 678 -2.28625 944 +0.25327 32 4.25164 55
    0.33 1.12220 851 0.71315 706 -1.53839 152 -2.33890 860 -0.16667 95 4.11997 79
    0.34 1.13071 009 0.73853 396 -1.50811 553 -2.38969 914 -0.59123 78 3.93608 76
    1.13960 114 0.76430 415 -1.47668 292 -2.43855 378 -1.01644 63 3.70095 66
    FE: 1.14889 706 0.79048 884 -1.44406 617 -2.48539 281 -1.43822 04 3.41617 42
    0:37 1.15861 430 0.81711 039 -1.41023 606 -2.53013 394 -1.85237 43 3.08394 42
    0.38 1.16877 045 0.84419 242 -1.37516 155 -2.57269 210 -2.25465 05 2.70708 74
    0.39 1.17938 436 0.87175 994 -1.33880 960 -2.61297 926 -2.64075 25 2.28903 82
    0.40 1.19047 619 0.89983 941 -1.30114 509 -2.65090 420 -3.00637 81 1.83383 54
    0.41 1720206 756 0.92845 892 -1.26213 064 -2.68637 229 -3.34725 61 1.34610 61
    0.42 1.21418 164 0.95764 831 -1.22172 641 -2.71928 520 -3.65918 35 0.83104 35
    0.43 1.22684 333 0.98743 931 -1.17988 995 -2.74954 067 -3.93806 51 +0.29437 81
    0.44 1.24007 937 1.01786 572 -1.13657 597 -2.77703 216 -4.17995 45 -0.25765 92
    0.45 1.25391 850 1.04896 360 -1.09173 613 -2.80164 855 -4.38109 69 -0.81838 00
    0.46 1.26839 168 1.08077 146 -1.04531 874 -2.82327 375 -4.53797 26 -1.38069 01
    0.47 1.28353 228 1.11333 051 -0.99726 854 -2.84178 630 -4.64734 21 -1.93714 78
    0.48 1.29937 630 1.14668 490 -0.94752 634 -2.85705 896 -4.70629 25 -2.48003 04
    0.49 1.31596 263 1.18088 202 -0.89602 868 -2.86895 817 -4.71228 35 -3.00140 86
    0.50 1.33333 333 1.21597 281 -0.84270 745 -2.87734 353 -4.66319 54 -3.49322 79
    [C-y [(-$l]
    II 1
    ‘-;I2
    [t-t14
    1 I: 1
    5316
    LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS 349
    DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION--SECOND KIND Q;(x) Table 8.4

    X Qh(x) Q;(x) &6(x) Qi (4 Q6(4 Qio@)


    0.50 1.33333 333 1.21597 281 - 0.84270 74 - 2.87734 35 - 4.66319 54 - 3.493228
    0.51 1.35153 399 1.25201 210 - 0.78748 95 - 2.88206 72 - 4155737 62 - 3.947399
    0.52 1.37061 403 1.28905 905 - 0.73029 59 - 2.88297 33 - 4.39368 94 - 4.355894
    0.53 1.39062 717 1.32717 756 - 0.67104 20 - 2.87989 70 - 4.17156 11 - 4.710854
    0.54 1.41163 185 1.36643 680 - 0.60963 61 - 2.87266 39 - 3.89102 65 - 5.004695
    0.55 1.43369 176 1.40691 178 - 0.54597 91 - 2.86108 89 - 3.55277 54 - 5.230233
    0.56 1.45687 646 1.44868 400 - 0.47996 38 - 2.84497 53 - 3.15819 61 - 5.380807
    0.57 1.48126 204 1.49184 220 - 0.41147 39 - 2.82411 36 - 2.70941 73 - 5.450406
    0.58 1.50693 189 1.53648 320 - 0.34038 30 - 2.79828 02 - 2.20934 79 - 5.433812
    0.59 1.53397 760 1.58271 285 - 0.26655 35 - 2.76723 56 - 1.66171 26 - 5.326732
    0.60 1.56250 000 1.63064 718 - 0.18983 51 - 2.73072 34 - 1.07108 51 - 5.125950
    0. 61 1.59261 029 1.68041 364 - 0.11006 36 - 2.68846 75 - 0.44291 60 - 4.829465
    0.62 1.62443 145 1.73215 259 - 0.02705 91 - 2.64017 05 + 0.21644 47 - 4.436645
    0.63 1.65809 982 1.78601 903 + 0.05937 63 - 2.58551 08 0.89973 10 - 3.948368
    0.64 1.69376 694 1.84218 458 0.14946 05 - 2.52414 00 1159875 12 - 3.367169
    0.65 1.73160 173 1.90083 983 0.24343 42 - 2.45567 92 2.30438 77 - 2.697375
    0.66 1.77179 305 1.96219 705 0.34156 40 - 2.37971 49 3.00660 55 - 1.945245
    0.67 1.81455 271 2.02649 344 0.44414 64 - 2.29579 49 3.69447 22 - 1.119087
    0.68 1.86011 905 2.09399 499 0.55151 17 - 2.20342 26 4.35619 14 - 0.229371
    0.69 1.90876 121 2.16500 099 0.66402 96 - 2.10205 04 4.97914 99 + 0.711177
    0.70 1.96078 431 2.23984 955 0.78211 54 - 1.99107 23 5.54998 34 1.687501
    0.71 2.01653 559 2.31892 413 0.90623 72 - 1.86981 51 6.05466 05 2.682165
    0.72 2.07641 196 2.40266 159 1.03692 51 - 1.73752 72 6:47859 09 3.675339
    0.73 2.14086 919 2.49156 187 1.17478 21 - 1.59336 54 6.80675 90 4.644816
    0. 74 2.21043 324 2.58619 998 1.32049 75 - 1.43637 96 7.02388 88 5.566082
    0.75 2.28571 429 2.68724 079 1.47486 32 - 1.26549 27 7.11464 51 6.412431
    0.76 2.36742 424 2.79545 751 1.63879 46 - 1.07947 65 7.06387 68 7.155161
    0.77 2.45639 892 2.91175 493 1.81335 60 - 0.87692 20 6.85691 02 7.763836
    0.78 2.55362 615 3.03719 894 1.99979 32 - 0.65620 16 6.47990 33 8.206652
    0.79 2.66028 199 3.17305 446 2.19957 51 - 0.41542 09 5.92027 14 8.450921
    0. 80 2.77777 778 3.32083 451 2.41444 73 - 0.15235 72 5.16720 18 8.463693
    0. 81 2.90782 204 3.48236 488 2.64650 26 + 0.13562 04 4121227 67 8.212559
    0.82 3.05250 305 3.65986 997 2.89827 40 0.45165 68 3.05023 28 7.666669
    0.83 3.21440 051 3.85608 883 3.17286 02 0.79955 16 1.67989 36 6.798024
    0. 84 3.39673 913 4.07443 439 3.47409 64 1.18395 08 + 0.10532 57 5.583115
    0.85 3.60360 360 4.31921 588 3.80679 33 1.61061 19 - 1.66270 85 4.005017
    0.86 3.84024 578 4.59595 604 4.17707 50 2.08677 72 - 3.60489 91 + 2.056070
    0.87 4.11353 352 4.91185 380 4.59287 14 2.62171 45 - 5.69098 02 - 0.258625
    0.88 4.43262 411 5.27647 688 5.06465 07 3.22751 63 - 7.87652 81 - 2.916594
    0.89 4.81000 481 5.70283 015 5.60654 69 3.92032 16 -10.09858 18 - 5.871760
    0.90 5.26315 789 6.20906 159 6.23815 05 4.72224 63 -12.26944 98 - 9.045801
    0. 91 5.81733 566 6.82129 988 6.98747 73 5.66456 11 -14.26758 89 -12.315713
    0.92 6.51041 667 7.57861 025 7.89613 09 6.79318 58 -15.92348 54 -15.495090
    0.93 7.40192 450 8.54217 980 9.02883 27 8.17876 62 -16.99643 22 -18.304274
    0.94 8.59106 529 9.81365 072 10.49236 44 9.93658 04 -17113329 84 -20.319071

    0.95 10.25641 026 11.57537 057 12.47698 56 12.26978 50 -15.78782 62 -20.873659


    0.96 12.75510 204 14.19080 811 15.35932 33 15.57616 37 -12.04072 38 -18.851215
    0.97 16.92047 377 18.50515 528 20.00905 43 20.76422 38 - 4.11777 87 -12.140718
    0.98 25.25252 525 27.04503 467 29.00735 14 30.50045 90 +12.32933 89 + 4.242107
    0.99 50.25125 628 52.39539 613 55.11181 39 57.80864 53 54.86521 05 49.428990
    m co 00 00 m
    350 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

    Table 8.5 LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND P,(x)

    PO(X) = 1 P1(x)=x
    pm p3w P4W p5w p9w PlO(X)
    1.00 1.00 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
    1.66 2.52 4.04700 6.72552
    2.44 4.76 9.83200
    3.34 7. a4
    4.36 il.88 I 234 I 1.06544
    1.13789
    2.alllo
    6.65436
    5.50 17.00 1 5.53750
    22:20 23.32 1 8.47120
    % 30.96 2 1.23927
    %*Z 9:64 40.04 2 1.74952
    2:a 11.26 50.68 II 2 2.39887
    3.0 13.00 63.00
    14.86 77.12
    3-g 16.84 93.16
    3:6 la.94 111.24 II 67 1.59814
    3.01437
    5.46578
    9.57313
    8.09745
    3. a 21.16 131.48

    ::2"
    z!
    4: a
    23.50
    25.96
    28.54
    31.24
    34.06
    37.00
    154.00
    178.92
    206.36
    236.44
    269.28
    305.00
    3
    3
    4
    4
    II 4
    4
    7.51150
    9.65154
    1.22500
    1.53765
    1.91071
    2.35250
    II II78 3.41632
    7.90944
    5.25060
    2.17406
    1.16994 8a9 4.33189
    1.05524
    2.68690
    6.82993
    1.62597

    II
    5. 0
    40.06 343.72 4 2.87205
    55:: 43.24 385.56 4 3.47916
    46.54 430.64 4 4.18440
    2:: 49.96 479.08 II 4 4.99917 9 2.38657
    1.60047
    3.50362
    7.23884
    5.06985
    53.50 531.00

    t/
    6. 0
    57.16 586.52
    2:: 60.94 645.76
    64.84 708.84
    2:: 68.86 775.88 a9 9.01781
    2.81890
    2.14858
    1.62372
    1.21596
    73.00 847.00 5 1.29367
    ;:2" 77.26 922.32 5 1.49122
    81.64 1001.96 5 1.71215
    764 86.14 1086.04 5 1.95846
    7: a 90.76 1174.68 II 5 2.23227
    a. 0
    a. 2
    i-2
    a: a
    9.0
    95.50
    100.36
    105.34
    110.44
    115.66
    121.00
    1268.00
    1366.12
    1469.16
    1577.24
    1690.48
    lao9.00
    5
    5
    5
    5
    II5
    5
    2.53583
    2.87149
    3.24171
    3.64912
    4.09643
    4.58649
    II II
    10 1.23283
    2.92387
    1.91848
    2.37430
    1.54212

    11 1.16898
    12 6.10897
    7.62030
    1.43817
    9.45994
    126.46 1932.92 5 5.12230
    z:: 132.04 2062.36 5 5.70699
    137.74 2197.44 5 6.34383
    9':; 143.56 2338.28 II5 7.03621
    10. 0 149.50 2485.00 (4)4.33754 (5)7.78769 (10)9.29640 (12)1.76laa
    From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated Legendre functions. Columbia Univ. Press, New
    York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).
    LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS 351
    DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST KIND Pk(z) Table 8.6

    P;(z)=1 P&)=32

    Pi(x) Pi (2) P.i (xl P6 (2) Pie(x)


    6.000 1 1.50000 4.50000 1 5.50000
    9.300 1 4.57230 3 1.53586
    t ;70::; 4 I 1.13477

    I II
    2 1.01688
    2 1.92723 1174282 4 5.24824
    II2 3.30168 5.33445 5)1.85808
    5 1.39531
    5 3.25362

    I
    5 6.94480
    6 1.38132 6 5.50068
    7
    5 7.29317
    1.42939
    1.48267
    3.36028
    6 2.59296
    3 2.95500 6 4.63721

    II 3
    3
    3
    3
    3.86184

    I
    4.96025
    6.27516
    7.83305
    6
    7
    7
    7
    7.95819
    1.31805
    2.11632
    3.30652

    II 78 7.52431
    1.10110
    5.04229
    2.23988
    1.58313
    8
    8
    9
    9
    9
    4.19097
    6.57653
    1.00955
    1.51918
    2.24508
    4 2.39550

    II 4
    4
    4
    4
    2.80816
    3.27172
    3.79020
    4.36775

    II
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    I
    5.00869
    5.71746
    6.49870
    7.35714
    8.29772
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    1.72421
    2.32397
    3.10217
    4.10354
    5.38214

    5 1.59602

    tl 5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    1.76260
    1.94187
    2.13445
    2.34099
    2.56215

    (2)7.485
    II II
    4 1.35580
    1.63974
    1.54109
    1.44647
    1.26900
    (4)1.74250
    5
    5
    5
    5
    (5)3.91127
    2.79860
    3.05102
    3.32013
    3.60663
    (10)8.40642 (12)1.77028
    From National Bureauof Standards,Tablesof associated
    Legendrefunctions. ColumbiaUniv. Press,
    New York,N.Y., 1945(with permission).
    352 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

    Table 8.7 LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND Q&Z)

    33'20
    3:4
    it:",

    5.0
    z-24
    II
    (-1 2.02733
    -1 1.94732
    1.87347
    II -5 9.56532
    -5 8.14823
    6.98500
    5: 6 -1 1.80507 -5 6.02278
    5.8 -1 1.74153 -5 5.22117

    7. 0 II -1
    -1
    -1
    1.43841
    1.39792
    1.35967
    II
    -3
    -3
    -3
    6.88725
    6.50550
    6.15475
    Ii
    -5
    -5
    -5
    2.43500
    2.17277
    1.94497
    ;:fI (-1

    8.0
    i::
    -1 11:28915
    32346

    II
    -3 5.83171
    5.53353

    -3 5.25771
    -3 4.76469
    5.00208
    -5 1.57242
    1.74631

    II -5 1.41968
    -5 1.28507
    1.16606
    II
    -13 5.37876
    -13 4.19350
    3.28941
    i::
    9.0
    E
    9:6
    -3 4.54386
    4.33807 -6 1.06054
    -5 9.66707
    I
    -13 2.59524
    2.05891
    -13 I 1.64205
    -13 1.06011
    1.31620
    -14 8.57794
    9. 8 -14 6.97159
    10.0 (-1)1.00335 (-3)3.35348 (-4)1.34486 (-6)5.77839 (-14)5.69010 (-15)2.71639
    From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associatedLegendre functions. Columbia Univ. Press, New
    York,N.Y., 1945 (with permission).
    LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

    DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION-SECOND KIND Q;(z) Table 8.8

    X - QhCd -Q;(x) -&i(x) - Qi (x) -&h(x) -Qhdx)


    1.0
    1.2
    ?Z
    1: 8

    I
    - 8 4.51200
    - 8 1 2.11821

    220
    4: 4

    II
    4.6

    II-5 7.82792
    5.27543
    3.66172
    4.38019
    6.40058 I -10
    -11 I 1.28985
    5.43056
    2.43819
    3.61188
    8.29696
    -12 1.36497
    -11 3.40566
    5.31340
    2.21848
    8.43598

    t-20
    6: 4
    ::t
    II
    -13 3.19817
    -12 4.59703
    9.83782
    1.46703
    6.68395

    II
    -4
    -4
    -4
    1.71573
    1.53040
    1.36949
    I-13
    -13
    -13
    2.24909
    1.59779
    1.14602

    II
    7:
    Pi! 8 -4 1.10651
    1.22923 -14 I 6.05494
    8.29452

    Ei
    8:4
    II
    -3
    -3
    -3
    1.32691
    1.23104
    1.14421
    1.06538
    -5
    -5
    -5
    9.98765
    9.03846
    8.19960
    7.45601
    -4 9.93646 -5 6.79498

    10.0 (-2)1.01010 (-4)6.74753 (-5)4.05782 (-6)2.32430 (-14)5.72014 (-15)3.00374


    From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated Jxgendre functions. Columbia Univ. Press, New
    York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).
    9. Bessel Functions of Integer Order
    F. w. J. OLVER 1

    Contents

    Page
    Mathematical Properties .................... 358
    Notation. .......................... 358
    Bessel Functions J and Y. .................. 358
    9.1. Definitions and Elementary Properties ......... 358
    9.2. AsymptoCc Expansions for Large Arguments ...... 364
    9.3. Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders ........ 365
    9.4. Polynomial Approximations. ............. 369
    9.5. Zeros. ....................... 370
    Modified Bessel Functions I and K. .............. 374
    9.6. Definitions and Properties .............. 374
    9.7. Asymptotic Expansions. ............... 377
    9.8. Polynomial Approximations. ............. 378
    Kelvin Functions. ...................... 379
    9.9. Definitions and Properties .............. 379
    9.10. Asymptotic Expansions ............... 381
    9.11. Polynomial Approximations ............. 384
    Numerical Methods ...................... 385
    9.12. Use and Extension of the Tables. .......... 385
    References. .......................... 388
    Table 9.1. Bessel Functions-Orders 0, 1, and 2 (0 5x5 17.5) .... 390
    Jo@), 15D, JIW, JzP), Y&3, YIW, 1011
    Y&J>, 8D
    x=0(.1)17.5
    Bessel Functions-Modulus and Phase of Orders 0, 1, 2
    (lO<zI a). ................... 396
    z*M&), e,(z) -2, 8D
    n=0(1)2, s-‘=.l(-.Ol)O
    Bessel Functions-Auxiliary Table for Small Arguments
    (05212). .................... 397
    Yo(cc)-i Jo(z) In z, 2[Yl(z)--f JI(z) In 21
    x=0(.1)2, 8D

    Table 9.2. Bessel Functions-Orders 3-9 (0 52_<20) ........ 398


    J&t ynw, n=3(1)9
    x=0(.2)20, 5D or 5s

    1 National Bureau of Standards, on leave from the National Physical Laboratory.


    355
    356 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Page
    Table 9.3. Bessel Functions-Orders 10, 11, 20, and 21 (0 1x_<20) . . 402
    x-‘“J~o(x), x-llJIT,,(z), Z’“Y~O(Z>
    x=0(.1)10, 8s or 9s
    JlOb), Jll@), YlO(X>
    x= 10(.1)20, 8D
    x-‘“J*&), lc-21J21(.x)) 2mY20(4

    x=0(.1)20, 6s or 7s
    Bessel Functions-Modulus and Phase of Orders 10,11,20,
    and21 (2O<x<a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
    zfM&(z), &k4 --z
    n=lO, 11, 8D
    n=20,21, 6D
    x-‘=.05(-.002)0
    Table 9.4. Bessel Functions-Various Orders (0 <n<lOO). , . . . . 407
    J*(x), YJx), n=0(1)20(10)50, 100
    x=1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 10s
    Table 9.5. Zeros and Associated Values of Bessel Functions and Their
    Derivatives (OIn18, 1 <s<20) . . . . . . . . . . . 409
    j?w J?x.L.A ; L, J&b,,), 5D (10D for n=O)
    YY,,, YXYw); Yyb,7 Y,(yk,,), 5D (8D for n=O)
    s=1(1)20, n=0(1)8

    Table 9.6. Bessel Functions Jo(&x), s= l(l)5 . . . . . . . . . . . 413


    x=0(.02)1, 5D
    Table 9.7. Bessel Functions-Miscellaneous Zeros (s= 1(1)5) . . . . . 414
    sth zero of 5 J1 (2) - xJo(x)
    x, x-‘=0(.02) .l, .2(.2)1, 4D
    sth zero of &(x) - We(x)
    x=.5(.1)1, X+=1(-.2).2, .l(-.02)0, 4D
    sth zero of Jo(x) Yo(hx) - Yo(x)Jo(Ax)
    X-‘=.8(-.2) .2, .l(-.02)0, 5D (8D for s=l)
    sth zero of J,(x) Yl (AZ)- Yl (x)J1(Xx)
    X-l=.8(-.2) .2, .l(-.02)0, 5D (8D for s=l)
    sth zero of J1(z) Yo(Xx)- Yl(x) Jo(~)
    X-l=.8(-.2) .2, .l(-.02)0, 5D (8D for s=l)
    Table 9.8. Modified Bessel Functions of Orders 0, 1, and 2 (0 Ix 120) . 416
    e-zIo(x), e”Ko(x), e-“II(x), e%(x)
    x=0(.1)10 (.2)20, 10D or 10s
    x-212 (4, 39K2 (4
    x=0(.1)5, lOD, 9D
    e-z12(x), e”K2 (2)
    x=5(.1)10 (.2)20, 9D, 8D
    Modified Bessel Functions-Auxiliary Table for Large
    Arguments (202x< a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
    x+emzl,(x), 7r-‘x*e”K,(x), n= 0, 1, 2
    x-l= .05(- .002)0, 8-9D
    Modified Bessel Functions-Auxiliary Table for Small
    Arguments (Oix12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
    K,(x) + lo(x) Inx, x{ K (5) -II(x) lnx}
    x=0(.1)2, 8D
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 357
    Page
    Table 9.9. Modified Bessel Functions-Orders 3-9 (0 <x120) . . . 423
    emZIn(x), eZKn(x), n=3(1)9
    x=0(.2)10(.5)20, 5s

    Table 9.10. Modified Bessel Functions-Orders 10, 11, 20 and 21


    (O<z<20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
    x-‘“l*,(x), x-“I,, (2) , z’°K,o(s)
    s=O(.2)10, 8s or 9s
    e-zllo(x>, em2111 (21, e”Kl0(x)
    2=10(.2)20, lOD, 10D, 7D
    3J-2°120(~>, cr2112, (2)) z20K20(z)

    2=0(.2)20, 5s to 7s
    Modified Bessel Functions-Auxiliary Tabie for Large
    Arguments (205x5 ~0). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
    In { x+e-~IIo(x) } , In { x+e-‘II1 (x) } , In {a-‘x~e”KIo(x) }
    ln{xie-“Izo(x)}, In{ x~e-z121(x)}, In{7r-1xfe”K20(x)}
    s-‘=.05(-.001)0, 8D, 6D

    Table 9.11. Modified Bessel Functions-Various Orders (0 In 5 100) . 428


    In(x), K,(x), n=0(1)20(10)50, 100
    z=l, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 9s or 10s

    Table 9.12. Kelvin Functions-Orders 0 and 1 (0 1215) . . . . . . 430


    ber x, bei x, beq x, beil x
    ker x, kei x, ker, x, kei, x
    x=0(.1)5, iOD, 9D
    Kelvin Functions-Auxiliary Table for Small Arguments
    (O<x<l). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
    ker x+ber x In x, kei x+bei x In x
    x(ker,x+berl x In x), x(kei, x+bei, x In x)
    x=0(.1)1, 9D
    Kelvin Functions-Modulus and Phase (0 1x17) . . . . 432
    Mob), cob-3, M(x), 4(x>

    No(4, 40(x>, N(x), h(x)


    z=O(.2)7, 6D
    Kelvin Functions-Modulus and Phase for Large Argu-
    ments (6.6 5x5 a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
    x+e-“‘~Zi140(x),O,(x) - (x/G), x*e-z’dM~ (51, 4 (2) - (x/@>
    xWJzNO(x), 40(x> + (x/-\/z>, xte”‘dZN~(x), 91(x>+ (x/43
    x-‘=.15(-.Ol)O, 5D

    The author acknowledges the assistance of Alfred E. Beam, Ruth E. Capuano, Lois K.
    Cherwinski, Elizabeth F. Godefroy, David S. Liepman, Mary Orr, Bertha H. Walter, and
    Ruth Zucker of the National Bureau of Standards, and N. F. Bird, C. W. Clenshaw, and
    Joan M. Felton of the National Physical Laboratory in the preparation and checking of the
    tables and graphs.
    9. Bessel Functions of Integer Order
    Mathematical Properties

    Notation Bessel Functions J and Y


    The tables in this chapter are for Bessel func- 9.1. Definitions and Elementary Properties
    tions of integer order ; the text treats general
    orders. The conventions used are: Differential Equation

    z=z+iy; 5, y real. CPW clw


    n is a positive integer or zero. 9.1.1 22=+2 ~+(22-v2)w=o
    Y, p are unrestricted except where otherwise
    indicated; Yis supposed real in the sections devoted Solutions are the Bessel functions of the first kind
    to Kelvin functions 9.9, 9.10, and 9.11. J&z), of the second kind Y”(z) (also called
    The notation used for the Bessel functions is Weber’sfunction) and of the third kindH$,“(z), Hb2)(z)
    that of Watson [9.15] and the British Association (also called the Hankel functions). Each is a
    and Royal Society Mathematical Tables. The regular (holomorphic) function of z throughout
    function Y”(z) is often denoted NV(z) by physicists the z-plane cut along the negative real axis, and
    and European workers. for fixed z( #O) each is an entire (integral) func-
    Other notations are those of: tion of v. When v= &n, J”(z) has no branch point
    Aldis, Airey: and is an entire (integral) function of z.
    Important features of the various solutions are
    Gn(z) for -+rYn(z),K,(z) for (-)nK,(z). as follows: J”(z) (g v 2 0) is bounded as z-0 in
    Clifford: any bounded range of arg z. J”(z) and J-,(z)
    are linearly independent except when v is an
    C,(x) for z+Jn(2&). integer. J”(z) and Y”(z) are linearly independent
    for all values of v.
    Gray, Mathews and MacRobert [9.9]: W!l)(z) tends to zero as Jz/-+co in the sector
    O<arg z<?r; Hi2’(z) tends to zero as Izl-+a, in the
    Y&9 for 37rY&)+ (ln ~--TV&), sector -r<arg z<O. For all values of v, H!“(z)
    F”(z) for ?revri sec(v?r)Y,(z), and H!“(z) are linearly independent.

    G,(z) for +tiH!l) (2).


    Jahnke, Emde and Losch [9.32]: Relations Between Solutions

    A,(z) for l?(~+l)(~z)-vJV(z).


    Jeffreys:
    The right of this equation is replaced by its
    Hsy(2) for HP(z), Hi”(z) for Hi2)(z), limiting value if v is an integer or zero.
    Kh,(z) for (2/a)&(z). 9.1.3
    Heine: H:“(z)=Jv(z)+iY,(z)
    K,(z) for--&Y,(z). =i csc(m) {e-Y”tJv(z) - J--Y(z)]
    9.1.4
    Neumann:
    HS2’(z)=J&)-iYv(z)
    Y"(z) for +sY,(z)+ (ln 2--y)Jn(z). =i CSC(VT){J--Y(~)-eYTtJp(z)}
    Whittaker and Watson 19.181: 9.1.5 J-,(z)= (-)nJn(z) y-m= (-->“Yn (4
    EG(z) for cos(vr)&(z). 9.1.6 iY$~(z)=ev”*H~“(z) ~?,!(z)=e-v”f~i2’(z)
    358
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER
    359
    t

    ,I’
    ,‘l,,lXl
    I’
    I
    :
    /

    FIGURE 9.2. Jlo(z), Ydz), and


    M1cl(x)=JJ?&+ Edx).
    FIGURE 9.1. Jo(x), Y&i), J,(x), Yl(z).
    t

    ” FIGURE 9.3. Jv(lO) and Y,(lO).

    -DX

    FIGURE 9.4. Contour lines of the modulus and phase of the Hankel Function HA” (x+iy)=M&Q. From
    E. Jahnke, F. Emde, and F. L&h, Tables of higher functions, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
    York, N.Y., 1960 (with permission).
    360 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER,

    Limiting Forms for Small Arguments Integral Representations


    9.1.18
    When v is fixed and z-0
    cos (2 sin s)de=i T cos (2 co9 0)&J
    9.1.7 s0
    Jr(z) - &>“Ir(v+ 1) (vz-1, -2, -3, . . .) 9.1.19

    9.1.8 Ye(z) --iHAl) -~iH$~‘(z) -(2/r) In z Y&> =f J’ cos (2 cos 0) {r+ln (22 sin2 0) } a%
    0

    9.1.9 9.1.20

    Y&) --iH:l)(z) -iH:2’(z) -- (l/~)r(v)(~z)-


    Wv>O)
    =**;y&Jy (1-t2F cos (zt)dt @?v>--4)
    Ascending Series

    9.1.21
    9.1.10 JY(z)=(w” 2 &$;;1)
    9.1.11
    *-?a T
    Y,(&+ ,(3W n-1(n-k--l)! (fz”>” =- a dr ~080 cos (ne)de
    -a k3 k! r s0

    2 9.1.22
    +- a In (3z)Jn (2)
    J.,z,=~J COS(Z sin e-ve)de

    -- sin(m) -
    e-zslDh r-vcdt (la-g .zl<&r)
    ?r s 0
    where #(n) is given by 6.3.2.
    Y,(z) =; J S~II(Z sin e--ve)de
    9.1.12 J,,(z) = 1
    9.1.13 -~~m(e~‘+e-.’ cos (v7r)}e-*s**tdt (jarg2/<$7r)
    2 2 $2”
    Yo(z>=- ?r Iln (3z>+rVo(z)+- I-(1!)2 9.1.23
    *

    41-t-4) F+(l+i+t) fg- * * *I


    J,(I)=:lrnsin(z cash t)dt (s>O)

    9.1.14 cos(s cash t)dt (s>O)


    J,(W,(4 = 9.1.24

    (-)“uv+P+2k+l) (iz”)”
    k=Or(V+k+l)r(C(+k+l)r(V+CC+k+l) k!

    9.1.15
    9.1.25
    W(J”(Z), J-,(z) 1 =J”+l(z)J-,(z)+J”(~)J-~,+l,(~) -+*i
    HI”(z)=$ _ ezslnht--r~dt (jargzl<$r)
    = -2 sin (wr)/(?rz) s (D
    9.1.16 m-r:
    H:)(z)=-: _ ezsl*+-vtdt (largzl<+r)
    mu& Y”c4 1=J”+lM y&9 -J&9 Yv+1(d s OD
    =2/(m) 9.1.26
    9.1.17
    W{Hj”(z), H~2’(z)}=H~~~(z)H~2~(~)-H~1~(z)H~,2!~(~) In the last integral the path of integration must
    = -4i/(rz) lie to the left of the points t=O, 1, 2, . . . .
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 361
    and
    9.1.27
    4
    9.1.34 pySY-pJY=- u2ab

    Analytic Continuation

    In 9.1.35 to 9.1.38, m is an integer.


    u:(z,=-Y”+&,+~ W”(4 9.1.35 Jv(ze”f)=em”r* J”(z)
    $T denotes J, Y, WI’, ZF2’ or any linear combina- 9.1.36
    tion of these functions, the coefficients in which
    are independent of z and Y. Yv(zem*f)=e-m’“* Y,(z)+2i sin(mva) cot(v?r) J,(z)

    9.1.28 J;(z)=-Jl(z) Y;(z)=-Yy,(z) 9.1.37

    If fi(z) = zP%~(W) where p, p, X are independent sin(~?r)H!~)(ze”“~) = -sin { (m- l)~?r}H!~)(z)


    of Y, then
    --e-v”* sin(mv7r)HP)(z)
    9.1.29 9.1.38
    fY-l(Z) +fY+1@) = WWYf,(~)
    sin(vr)HP)(ze”*f)=sin{ (m+1)v~}H~2)(z)
    (p+q)fv-l(z) + (P--?2)fv+&) = cw~)cfl(~)
    +ev** sin(mv7r)H”)(z)
    Y
    Z,fl(~> =Mz*fv-l(z) + (P- df4z> 9.1.39
    zf:(z>=-xaz”fY+l(z>+ (P+vdfY(Z) H~‘)(ze~f)=-e-~~fH$)(z)
    Formulas for Derivatives H!2)(ze-“f)=-e’“LH~1’(z)
    9.1.30
    9.1.40

    J&9 =m Y,(B) = Yl(z)


    f$ k{z-‘$f”(z)}=(-)kz-‘-k%v+k(~> (Y real)
    ( > H!“(Z)=H:‘(z) H:Q(Z) =H!“(z)
    (k=O, 1,2, . . .)
    9.1.31 Generating Function and Associated Series
    g:“) (2) =; { sf”-k(Z) -(f) UV-k,2(4

    9.1.41 eW-l/t)= 5 tk Jk(z) @*O)


    kx-.m
    q”-k+,(z)- . . . +(-)k~v+r(~) 1
    +G>
    (k=O, 1,2, . . .) 9.1.42 cos (z sin O)=J,,(z)+2 g J&Z) cos (2M)
    Recurrence Relations for Cross-Products
    If 9.1.43 sin (z sin 0)=2 ‘& Jsn+I(z) sin { (2k+l)B}
    9.1.32
    p,= J&)Yv(b) - Jv(b)Yh) 9.1.44
    qv=J,(@Y:(b) - J:@)Y&)
    rv= J:(Wv(b) - Jv(bP’:W cos (z cos e)=J&)+2 k$ (-)kJ&) cos (2ke)
    ev= J:(a)Y:(b) - J:(b)Yl(a)
    then 9.1.45
    9.1.33 sin (z cos 0)=2 g (-)‘J:Jnn+I(z) cos { (2k+l)O}

    9.1.46 1=Jo(z)+2J&)+2J&)+2J&)+ . . .

    9.1.47

    cos z=J,,(z)-2J&)+2J&)-2J&)+ . . .
    1
    a,=- 2 p.+,+; p.-1-; P, 9.1.48 sin z=2J,(z)-2J&)+2J&)- . . .
    362 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Other Differential Equations


    9.1.63
    9.1.49 tuff+(XZ-y)W=o, w=z~w"(xz)
    Derivatives With Respect to Order
    9.1.64
    9.1.50 w~~+(~-!$)w=o, w=z%T"(x2*)
    $ J,(z)=J, (2) In ($2)
    9.X.51 w”+A22v-2w=o, w=dWR,,,(2XdP/p) OD
    A! +b+k+l) caz”)”
    9.1.52 -(32)” gl (---I r(v+k+l) k!
    9.1.65
    WI'-- 2v-1 w~+x2w=o, w=z"w~(xz)
    2
    $ y. (2) =cot (ml {; J, (z) -‘IFY, (z) 1
    9.1.53
    ~~w”+(1-2p)zW’+(x’q%2~+p’-v2q2)20=0, -csc (VT) $ J-v(z)---rJ, (z)
    w= zpw~(xz~) (VZO, 51, 62, . . . >
    9.1.54 9.1.66
    w”+(X2ezr-v’)w=O, w= %Yv(Ae*>
    9.1.55
    zyz2-v2)w"+z(z2-3v2)w' 9.1.67
    + { (2-vy- (22+v2)}w=o, w=Vl(z)
    9.1.56
    w(23= (-)fppW, w=z%f,(2xad) 9.1.68
    where (Y is any of the 2n roots of unity.
    Differential Equations for Products

    In the following 8= z& and V,(z), g,(z) are any Expressions in Terms of Hypergeometric Functions

    cylinder functions of orders v, P respectively. 9.1.69


    = ,F,(v+l; -&!‘)
    9.1.57 JP(z)=r(v+l)
    { 64--2(va+$)82+ (v2-/2)2}w =&Ye-“* Aqv++, 2v+l,2iz)
    w+u
    +422(6+1)(9+2)w=o, w=~v(z)~p(z)
    9.1.70
    9.1.58 (k4”
    --limF X,p; v+l; -&)
    J’(Z)-r(v+l)
    ~(t?2-4vz)w+4zz(~+l)w=o, w=W,(z>L9v(~> (

    9.1.59 as X, P+=J through real or complex values; z, v


    being fixed.
    23W”‘+2(4Z2+1-44y2)W’+(4+-1)W=0, (,F1 is the generalized hypergeometric function.
    For M(a, b, z) and F(a, b; c; z) see chapters 13 and
    w=&?“(2)~“(2) 15.)
    Upper Bounds
    Connection With Legendre Functions
    9.1.60 jJ”(2)jll (v20), IJY(~)111/@ (v11)
    If cc and x are fixed and Y+Q) through real
    9.1.61 2* positive values
    o<J,(v)<3*Iy+)vt (v>O)
    9.1.71
    9.1.62 IJ,(z)l<lf~/~e~A1
    - r (v+l) (v2--3) * (x>O)

    *see page II.


    BESSEL FUNC!l’IONS OF INTEGER ORDER 363
    9.1.72 In 9.1.79 and 9.1.80,
    w=~(?.4~+&--2uv cos CY),
    lim (#Q;” (cos f)} =-$rY,(r) (2>0) u-v cos a=w cos X, v sincr=w sin x
    the branches being chosen so that W-W and x+0
    For P;’ and Q;‘, see chapter 8.
    as z-0. 0;’ (cos CX)is Gegenbauer’s polynomial
    Continued Fractions (see chapter 22).
    9.1.73
    J&4 1 1
    x
    -=A 2(V+l)z-‘- 2(v+2)z-‘- *’ ’
    ”A

    9.1.74
    Multiplication Theorem LdYY
    Gegenbaue?‘s addition theorem
    ~v(AZ)=Afv 2 (v(A2-1)k(w $f?“*,n(z)
    ka0 k! If u, v are real and positive and 0 +Y 5 r, then w, x
    (IA”-ll<l> are real and non-negative, and the geometrical
    relationship of the variables is shown in the dia-
    If %‘= J and the upper signs are taken, the restric- gram.
    tion on X is unnecessary. The restrictions Ive*‘al< 1~1 are unnecessary in
    This theorem will furnish expansions of %?,(rete) 9.1.79 when %= J and v is an integer or zero, and
    in terms of 5ZVflll(r). in 9.1.80 when %Z= J.
    Addition Theorems Degenerate Form (u= m):
    Neumann’s
    9.1.81
    eir “““~=I’(~)($v)-~ ‘& (u+k)inJ,+r(v)C~“(c~s a)
    (YZO, -1, . . .)
    The restriction Ivj<lu] is unnecessary when Neumann’s Expansion of an Arbitrary Function in a
    %?= J and v is an integer or zero. Special cases are Series of Bessel Functions

    9.1.76 1= JiC4+2k$ Jib) 9.1.82 f(~)=~~~(2)+2 & U&(Z) (IK4

    9.1.77 where c is the distance of the nearest singularity


    off(z) from z=O, l

    o=E= (-YJd4 Jad4 +2 2 J&> J2n+d4 b2 1)


    9.1.83 ak=L2az fwkwt @<c’<c)
    s Irl=e’
    9.1.78
    and On(t) is Neumann’s polynomial. The latter
    J,(24=$o J&> Jn-n(z)+2 $ (--YJd4 Jn+nk) is defined by the generating function
    9.1.84
    &=JoW&)+~ kg J&)0&) w4tl>
    O,(t) is a polynomial of degree n+ 1 in l/t; 00(t) * l/t,
    9.1.85
    Gegenbauer’s
    +--k-l)! 2 n-2k+1
    9.1.80 o&)=; g kf (T) (n=1,2,. . .)

    GC?”
    (4 -&(y+k)
    -=2q7(4
    WY
    %$dv a
    C’;’ (cos a)
    The more general form of expansion
    9.1.86 f(z>=hJ.(z>+2 g1 %Jv+&)
    (Y#O,-1, . . ., lveif~l<luI>
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER
    364
    also called a Neumann expansion, is investigated 9.2.6
    in [9.7] and [9.15] together with further generaliza- Y,(z) =42/(7rz) {P(v, 2) sin X+ Q(v, 2) cos X}
    tions. Examples of Neumann expansions are
    9.1.41 to 9.1.48 and the Addition Theorems. Other Wg zl<r)
    examples are 9.2.7
    9.1.87 ~~lyz)=~~j{~(v, z)+~&(v, 2)}efx

    &)“=g (v+2Qr(v+k) J,+2n(z) (- r<arg z<2?r)


    k=O k!
    (VfO, -1,-q. . .> 9.2.8

    9.1.88 H;yz)=Jqz){P(v, z)-iQ(v, z)}e-*x


    (--2*<arg z<r)
    where X=Z-(+v+$)uand, with4v2 denoted byp,
    +z{ln(32)~$(n+l>
    lJ&> 9.2.9

    -3 g (-I”
    (n+2k)J,+&)
    k(n+k)
    Pb, (II-1)(P-99)
    ego(-1”~g$i=l- 2!(&)2

    where G(n) is given by 6.3.2. +G-l)(p--9)(~--25)(p-49)_. ..


    4! (82)4
    9.2.10

    4-got-1”(v,
    2k+1)
    9.1.89
    Q(v, (2z)2x+1

    -r--l (P-l)(P-9h-25)+
    82 3!(8~)~ ’ ’ ’
    9.2. Asymptotic Expansions for Large
    Arguments If v is real and non-negative and z is positive, the
    remainder after k terms in the expansion of P(v, z)
    Principal Asymptotic Forms
    does not exceed the (k+l)th term in absolute
    When v is fixed and [z]+o, value and is of the same sign, provided that
    k>tv-a. The same is true of Q(v,z) provided
    9.2.1 that k>!p---f.
    Jy(z)=~q(Fg {cos (z-)~-~~)+e’~“O(lzl-‘)} Asymptotic Expansions of Derivatives
    (larg zl<r) With the conditions and notation of the pre-
    .
    9.2.2 ceding subsection
    YY(z)=Jm{sin (z-)v,-t~)+e’~“O(IZI-‘)} 9.2.11
    (Ias 4<4 J:(z)=J2/(*2){ -R(v, 2) sinx--S(v, 2) co9 x.}
    9.2.3
    H~l)(z)‘VJ~e”‘-t~~-t~) (--*<a% 2<27r)
    (kg 4<r)
    9.2.12
    9.2.4 Y:(z) =JG) { R(v, 2) cos x- S(V, 2) sin x}
    H~z)(Z),J~)e-“‘-1’“-1”’ (-2n<arg z<7r) (be 4-C~)
    9.2.13
    Hankel’s Asymptotic Expansions
    H!‘)‘(z)=J2/(?rz){iR(v, z)-S(V, z)}efx
    When v is fixed and Iz]-+ao (--?r<arg z<27r)
    9.2.5 9.2.14

    JY(z)=~2/(m){P(v, z) COSX-Q(v, z) sinx} H$2)‘(z)=J2/(az){ --iR(v, z)--S(v, z)}ebfX


    (larg Kr> (--2?r<arg .~<a>
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 365
    9.2.15 9.2.29

    b--2- (fv+$)~+~ P-1


    =I-(P-1)(P+15)+
    2!(82)2 **- +i’l-~~~~)~25)+(ii--l)(r2-114p+1073)
    5(4x)”
    9.2.16
    + (p-1) (5cr3- 1535pz+54703p-375733) +
    s(v,z,-go(-)”4~~+4(2k+l)~-l dv2- (4,7+1)2
    (v, 2kfl)
    (22yk+’ 14(4x)’
    . ..

    -PLf3 b-1) G-9) (rfW+ . . .


    9.2.30
    82 3!(82)3
    2 1 p-3
    ~-- 1.1 (p-l)(p-45)
    Nf”z{1-2 (2x)2 2.4 (zx)4 - *’ .1
    Modulus and Phase

    For real v and positive x The general term in the last expansion is given by

    9.2.1’7 - 1 . 1 .3 . . . (2k-3)
    2.4 - 6 . . . (2k)
    MY=IH~l)(x))=~{J~(x)+Y~(x)}
    &=arg Hi’)(z) =arctan { YV(z)/Jy(z)} x,(P-1)b9). . . w-3;~l b-@k+1)@k--1)21 *
    9.2.18
    N”=py(x)I=~{J:2(x)+y:2(x)} 9.2.31
    Ip,=arg Hz’)‘(z)=arctan { Yi(z)/Ji(z)}
    p+3 p2+46p--63
    9.2.19 Jy(z)=My cos &, Yp(x)=A4v sin B,, 4Px-(+t) “+2(4x)+ 6(4~)~
    9.2.20 J:(x)=Nv cos (p,, Y:(x) = NV sin cpV. p3+185p2-2053p+1899
    + + . . .
    5(4x)5
    In the following relations, primes denote differ-
    entiations with respect to x. If v 2.0, the remainder after k terms in 9.2.28 does
    9.2.21 M39:=2/(?rx) A$p~=2(~-v”)/(7rx3) not exceed the (k+ 1) th term in absolute value
    and is of the same sign, provided that k>v-3.
    9.2.22 Nf=M;2+A4;fI:2=M:2+4/(~xM,)2
    9.2.23 ($-v2)M~M:+x2N,N;+xN;=o
    9.3. Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders
    9.2.24
    Principal Asymptotic Forms
    tan ((py-ey)=M,BI/M:=2/(*xM,M:)
    M,N,sin ((py-ev)=2/(1rx) In the following equations it is supposed that
    V-+m through real positive values, the other vari-
    9.2.25 ZM;‘+xM:+ (x2-S)M,--4/(fM;)=O ables being fixed.
    9.2.26
    9.3.1
    i7?w”‘+x(45c2+ 1-422)w’+ (4v2- l)w=O, w=xw

    9.2.27

    Asymptotic Expansions of Modulus and Phase

    When v is fixed, x is large and positive, and p=4v2 9.3.2


    9.2.28
    b>O)
    Jy(v sech ff) md2~~ tanh (Y

    1.3.5 (/.l-1)(/L-9)(p-25)+ (a>@


    Yv (v se& 4 - -J3?Tv tanh a!
    +2.4.6 (2x)6 * * *I
    *see page II.
    366 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    9.3.3 9.3.9
    J, (v set 13)= q(t)=1
    v,(t)= (3t-5ta;/24
    J2/(7rv tan p) {cos (vtanp-v/3-&r)+O (v-l)} uz(t)=(81t2-462t4+385te)/1152
    KKP<3*) u3(t)= (30375t3-3 69603ts+7 65765t’
    Yy(v set @)= -4 25425t9)/4 14720
    1/2/ (7rv t,an p) {sin (v tan /3-v/3--in) +O(v-‘) 1 u4(t)=(44 65125t4-941 21676te+3499 22430P
    -4461 85740t1°+1859 10725t12)/398 13120
    (O<P<h>
    9.3.4 For I and u,(t) see [9.4] or [9.21].

    J,(v+zvH)=2%-H Ai(--2%)+O(v-l) 9.3.10


    Y”(v+zvfs~= --2%-B Bi( -2%) + O(V-‘) ~~+~(t)=:t”(1-t’)zl;(t)+~~~ (1--5P)uJt)dt
    0
    (k=O, 1, . . .)
    9.3.5 Also

    9.3.11
    JL (v sech a) -
    9.3.6

    9.3.12
    YL(v sech CX)

    where

    9.3.13
    vo(t)= 1
    q(t‘l=(-9t+7tS)/24
    v,(t)=(-l35t2+594t4--455t~)/1152
    In the last two equations { is given by 9.3.38 and v3(t) = (-42525t3+4 51737P--8 835752’
    9.3.39 below. $4 75475t9)/4 14720
    9.3.14
    vh(t)=u,(t)+t(t2-1){ ~uM(t)+tu;-,(t)}
    Debye’s Asymptotic Expansions (k=l, 2, . . .)
    (ii) If /3 is fixed, O<p<$r and v is large and
    (i) If LY:is fixed and positive and v is large and positive
    positive
    9.3.15
    9.3.7 Jy(v set fij= 42/(7rv tan p){L(v, P) cos \k
    +Mb, P) sin *I
    9.3.16
    Y”(v set p)=J2/(7rv tan /3){L(v, 8) sin +
    --M(v, a> cos *}
    9.3.8 where \k=v(t#an p-/3)--&r

    Y,(v sech CY)- 9.3.17


    L(v, p> ‘u 2 u=yt 0)
    k=O

    =l-81 cot2 p+462 cot4 fit385 cot’ S+


    .. .
    where 1152~~.
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 367
    9.3.18 9.3.26

    =3 cot 8-l-5 cot3 /3


    -... 17 1
    24v g1(2)=-- z3+-
    Also 70 70

    9.3.19
    &(v set fl)=J(sin 2/3)/(m){ -N(v, P) sin \k
    -O(v, a> cos \E}

    9.3.20
    The corresponding expansions for HJ’) (V + ZV)
    Y:(v set P)=J(sin 2@)/(m){N(v, /3) cos * and IP(v+zv~‘~) are obtained by use of 9.1.3
    -O(V, p) sin \E} and 9.1.4; they are valid for -+3n<arg v<#?T and
    where -#?r<arg v<&r, respectively.
    9.3.21 9.3.27
    N(v, /I) 'v 2 v2ky? l-9
    Ji(v+d3) --$ Ai’ (-21132) {1+x - h&+
    -
    k=l vZki3
    135 cot2 /3+594 cot4 b-j-455 cot6 /3
    =1+ 11529 -...
    +g Ai (-21/32) 5 In(z)
    kc0 vZkJ3
    9.3.22
    O(,,, ,,j)+ vzk+d.h;t 8)=g cot b-t-1 Cot3 8-. .. 9.3.28

    Y~(v+zv”~) - ‘$ Bi’ (-21j32) {1+x - h&))


    -
    kc1 vZkf3
    Asymptotic Expansions in the Transition Regions

    -$ Bi (-21132) g0 $$
    When z is fixed, Iv/ is large and jarg VI<+

    9.3.23 where
    Jv(v+d~3)-~ Ai (-21132) {l+eja} 9.3.29
    k-1 Vs’3

    +f Ai’ (-2%) g $$ h,(z)=--; z

    h&)=-&o 2+; 2

    h,(z)=% A2g z3+go

    1159
    h,(z)=& SO-+0 z7+z z4-- z
    115500
    where

    9.3.25 9.3.30

    3 1
    x++ lo(z) =- z3--
    5 5

    f3(.2) =- 957 28
    .x$3-- 1
    7000 3150 225
    368 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    9.3.37
    Ai (e2rt/3y2/3~)

    v1/3

    e2*1/3& r (e2~1/3y2/3t)

    + v5/3

    When v++ m, these expansions hold uniformly


    with respect to z in the sector larg zls?r--~, where
    e is an arbitrary positive number. The corre-
    sponding expansion for HZ2) (vz) is obtained by
    where changing the sign of i in 9.3.37.
    Here
    p/3
    a=----=.44730 73184, 3ia=.77475 90021 9.3.38
    3"3r(g)
    22/3
    b= ----=.41085 01939, $b= .71161 34101
    3'W(Q)
    1 ’ equivalently,
    cxo=l, a~=--=-.004,
    225
    9.3.39
    a2=.00069 3735 . . ., ff,=--00035 38 . * *
    5 (-a3/2=l*F &=~-arccos ($)
    j30=j$=.01428 57143 . . .,

    p,=- I213 -.00118 48596..., the branches being chosen so that { is real when
    10 23750= z is positive. The coefficients are given by
    /92=.00043 78 . . ., f13=-.00038 . . .
    9.3.40
    Yo"1, r,=~o=.00730 15873 . . .,
    ak(l)=g C(8f-3a’2U2k-8{ (1-z2)-tj

    y2=-.00093 7300 . . .) y3=.00044 40 . . .


    2k+l
    60+ (&=--.-- 947 =- .00273 30447 . . ., b(c)=- r-‘Z XJ1-38’2U2k-1+*I(1-22)-tj
    3 46500
    &=.OOO6O 47 . . ., 63=-.00038 . . . where uk is given by 9.3.9 and 9.3.19, A,,=&=1
    Uniform Asymptotic Expansions
    and
    These are more powerful than the previous ex- 9.3.41
    pansions of this section, save for 9.3.31 and 9.3.32,
    x =(2~+1)(2~+3)...(6s-1) 6sfl x
    but their coefficients are more complicated. They 8 ' I&=--gq I
    s!(144)"
    reduce to 9.3.31 and 9.3.32 when the argument
    equals the order. Thus a&) = 1,
    9.3.35
    9.3.42

    b,(c)= -~+~{24(15~2)3,2-s(1181)lj
    +*i’(v”“s) g+ a,(s))
    v5/3
    k=O v
    =-- 5 +’
    5
    4852 (-~)~~24(za-l)312+8(~2-l)~
    9.3.36
    Y&z)ti- ( E2 >1’4{Bi$y3r)
    goty Tables of the early coefficients are given below.
    For more extensive tables of the coefficients and
    +Bi’(v2/31) 2 a,(r)) for bounds on the remainder terms in 9.3.35 and
    v5/3
    k=O 3k 9.3.36 see [9.38].
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 369
    Uniform Expansions of the Derivatives For f>lO use
    With the conditions of the preceding subsection
    a,(+; p-.104p-2, a,(3-)=.003,
    9.3.43

    p+.146{- 1
    , d,(l)=.OOs.
    +Ai’ (3’“~) 5 dx(p))
    $13 VXk
    For {<-lo use
    k=O

    bo(S‘)-~r2, a1(~)=.000,

    +Bi’ (v213[) .& a&&), co(r)--$ l-l-1.33(-[)-5’2, d,(f)=.OOO.


    g/3 3’”
    k=O
    9.3.4s Maximum values of higher coefficients:
    &pi/3 t Ai (e2*U3&3{)
    Hp’(Vz)-- { #I3
    Mr)l=.003, l&31=.0008, ld,Wl=.~ol
    z

    h(~)l=.OO8 (r<lO), cl(t):)-.0035-i as f-++m.

    9.4. Polynomial Approximations 2


    where
    9.4.1 -35x13
    9.3.46
    2k+l &(x)=1-2.24999 97(x/3)‘+1.26562 08(~/3)~
    c&-)=--p 2 ~,~-3s’2uZk-~+~~(1---z)-*~
    -.31638 66(~/3)~+.04444 79(x/3)”
    -.00394 44(x/3)‘0f.00021 OO(x/3)‘2fE

    lt]<5X10-8
    and & is given by 9.3.13 and 9.3.14. For bounds
    on the remainder terms in 9.3.43 and 9.3.44 see 9.4.2 o<x53
    [9.38].
    = = = Yo(x)=(2/r) h(jx)Jo(x)+.36746 691
    r boW COG-1 di W +.60559 366(~/3)~-.74350 384(x/3)4
    -~ -- -- .- --- +.25300 117(x/3)‘-.04261 214(x/3)’
    0 0.0180 -0.004 0. 1587 0.007
    -. 004 . 1785 . 009 +.00427 916(x/3)1o-.OOO24 846(x/3)12+e
    B : 0278
    0351 -. 001 . 1862 .007
    +. 002 . 1927 . 005 lel<1.4X10-B
    : : 0366
    0352 .003 . 2031 . 004
    : : 0311
    0331 . 004 . 2155 . 003
    . 004 . 2284 . 003 9.4.3 3<x<a
    ii : 0278
    0294 . 004 . 2413 . 003
    . 004 . 2539 . 003 Jo(x) =x-y0 cos e, Yo(x)=x-*f, sin 0,
    .004 . 2662 . 003
    1: : 0265
    0253 . 004 . 2781 .003
    f,=.79788 456-.OOOOO 077(3/x)-.00552 740(3/x)”
    = = =
    -.00009 512(3/~)~+.00137 237(3/x):)’
    -I ho(r) al(r) cow d,(r)
    -- -- _---
    --l--0 0.0180 -0. 004 0. 1587 0. 007
    -.00072 805(3/~)~+.00014 476(3/x)6+e

    1 .0109 -. 003 . 1323 . 004 (r(<1.6XlO-a


    E : 0044
    0067 -. 002 . 1087 . 002
    -. 001 .0903 . 001 2 Equations 9.4.1 to 9.4.6 and 9.8.1 to 9.8.8 are taken
    4 .0031 -. 001 . 0764 . 001 from E. E. Allen, Analytical approximations, Math. Tables
    -. 000 . 0658 . 000
    Aids Comp. 8, 240-241 (1954), and Polynomial approxi-
    6” : 0022
    0017 -. 000 . 0576 . 000
    7 .0013 -. 000 .0511 . 000 mations to some modified Bessel functions, Math. Tables
    s8 : 0009
    0011 -. 000 . 0459 . 000 Aids Comp. 10, 162-164 (1956)(with permission). They
    -. 000 . 0415 . 000 were checked at the National Physical Laboratory by
    10 .0007 -. 000 .0379 . 000
    systematic tabulation; new bounds for the errors, C, given
    I - - - here were obtained as a result.
    370 . BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    8,=x-.78539 816-.04166 397(3/x) yy,s,3, s, Y, YY:, J respectively,


    s and except that z=O
    is counted as the first zero of J;(z). Since
    -. 00003 954(3/x)2+.OO262 573(3/x)3
    J;(z)=-Jl(z), it follows that
    - .00054 125(3/x)*- .00029 333(3/x)5
    + .00013 558(3/~$~+ e 9.5.1 j&,=0, j:,,=j1,+1 (s=2, 3, . . .)

    The zeros interlace according to the inequalities


    le1<7X 10-s
    9.5.2
    9.4.4 -35x53
    j.,*<jY+l.l<jY,2<jr+1.2<j".3< * * '

    x-l J,(x)=+.56249 985(x/3)2+.21O93 573(x/3)’


    Yv,1<Yr+1,1<Yv. 2<Ylv+1*2<Yv,3< * - *
    -. 03954 289(2/3)~f.00443 319(x/3)8
    vij~,~<yv.~<y~.~<jv.~<j~,2
    -. 00031 761(x/3)1o+.OOOO1 109(x/3)12+e
    <yy,2<y:,2<jv.2<jI,3< . . .
    lej<1.3X 10-S
    The positive zeros of any two real distinct cylinder
    9.4.5 o<x13 functions of the same order are interlaced, as are
    xY~(x)=(2/s)xIn($x)J1(x)-.63661 98 the positive zeros of any real cylinder function
    Q?‘“(z), defined as in 9.1.27, and the contiguous
    +.22120 91(x/3)2+2.16827 09(x/3)* function %?V+l(~).
    -1.31648 27(x/3)6+.31239 51(x/3)* If pu is a zero of the cylinder function
    - .04009 76(~/3)‘~+.00278 73(x/3)12+e 9.5.3 %‘v(z)= J”(z) cos(d)+ Y”(z) sin(d)
    lel<l.lX lo-’ where t is a parameter, then
    9.4.6 35x<= 9.5.4 %K(P.> = VP-1 (P,) = - v"+l(P">

    J~(x)=x-+$ cos 01, Yl(x) =x-*jl sin e1 If uVis a zero of %‘i (z) then
    f,= .79788 456+ .OOOOO156(3/x)+ .01659 667(3/x)’
    9.5.5 U,(u,,=~ %c,(u.)=~ Vv+l(G)
    + .00017 105(3/x)3- .00249 511(3/x)*
    +.00113 653(3/x):)“-.00020 033(3/~)~+a The parameter t may be regarded as a continuous
    Itl<4X 10-B variable and pr, u, as functions dt), u,(t) of t. If
    these functions are fixed by
    8,=x-2.35619 449+.12499 612(3/x)
    9.5.6 P"(O) =o, 40) =jL, 1
    + .00005 650(3/~)~- .00637 879(3/x)3
    then
    +.00074 348(3/x)*+.00079 824(3/x)5
    -.00029 166(3/~)~+e 9.5.7
    jv,8=ds), Yv,1=PAS-% (s=l,2, . . .)
    lel<9X 10-B
    9.5.8
    For expansions of Jo(x), Ye(x), Jl(x), and Y1(x)
    in series of Chebyshev polynomials for the ranges ji,s=uv(s-l>, y:,s=QY(s-~) (s=l, 2, * . .)
    O<x<8 and O<S/x<l, see 19.371.

    9.5. Zeros
    9.5.9 u:(,J=($ $)-+, w7,,=($$ $)-*
    Real Zeros Infinite Products
    When v is real, the functions JP(z), J:(z), Y,(z) z2
    9.5.10 &I” -
    and Y;(z) each have an infinite number of real J’(“)‘r(vfl) ,!I ( l-x >
    zeros, all of which are simple with the possible
    exception of z=O. For non-negative v the sth
    9.5.11 J;(z)=% ii (1-g) (v>O)
    positive zeros of these functions are denoted by r-1
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 371
    McMahon’s Expansions for Large Zeros

    When Y is fixed, s>>v and p=4v2


    9.5.12
    p-1 4(P-l)(7w”-31) -- 32(/J-l) (83p2-9fi2p+377g)
    3”. s, Y”. 8-fl --_
    &3 3(8N3 15(8/3)’
    -64(cr- 1) (6949p3- 1 53855p2+15 85743p--62 77237)
    -. . .
    105(fq)’

    where P=(s++$)~ forj,,,, /3=(s+&-$)a for Y”,~. With P=(t++v-i)?r, the right of 9.5.12 is the
    asymptotic expansion of p"(t) for large t.
    9.5.13
    ‘, s, yy,
    J,,, I ~-~‘-~8~,3-4(7~2+82a--9)_32(83r3+2075~2-3o39~+353~~
    3 (8P’)3 15(8~?)~
    64(6949r4+2 96492p3-12 48002p2f74 1438Op-58 53627)
    105(8@‘)’ -. ..

    where P’=(s+%v--f)s forjl,,, P’=(s++-2)~ for Y:,~, P’=(t+$v+t)s for u,,(t). For higher terms in
    9.5.12 and 9.5.13 see [9.4] or [9.40].
    Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros
    and Associated Values for Large Orders Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros and
    Associated Values for Large Orders
    9.5.14
    jv,l~v+1.85575 71~“~+1.03315 Ov-“3 m fkW
    9.5.22 j.,S-vz([)+z ,zrc-l with {=v-2i3a8
    - .00397v-‘- .0908v-5/3+ .043v-7’3f . . .
    9.5.15 9.5.23
    yp,l-v+ .93157 68vlt3+ .26035 l~-“~
    +.01198v-‘-.0060v-5’3-.001v-“3+ . . . Jxj”.J---$~ {1+2 Y}
    k=l

    9.5.16
    with c=vq2f3aa
    j:, l -v+ .80861 65~“~$ .07249 OV-"~
    - .05097v-‘+.oo94v-5’s+ . . .
    9.5.24 jl,,-vz(l)+zI - ,zr-l
    gk(i-) with r=v+J3a:
    9.5.17
    y:,1~+1.82109 80~“~+.94000 7~-“~ 9.5.25
    -.05808v-‘-.0540v-5’3+ . . .
    J Y(j’ “, J)-& (a’) , ho { l+e T}
    Gk(r) with l=vS2J3a:
    9.5.18 +3
    k=l
    J:(j,,)--1.11310 28~-~‘~/(1+1.48460 6vT2j3
    + .43294v-4f3- .1943v-2+ .019v-s’s+ . . . ) where a,, a.: are the sth negative zeros of Ai(
    Ai’ (see 10.4), z=z({) is the inverse function
    9.5.19 defined implicitly by 9.3.39, and
    y:(y,, I>w.95554 86~-~‘~/(1+ .74526 l~-~‘~
    +.10910v-4’3-.0185v-2- .003v-8’3+ . . .) 9.5.26
    Mf)=14u(1--2)I~
    9.5.20
    Jy(j:, I) m-67488 51v-1’3(1-.16172 3~-~‘~ fi(r)=32(r>Ih(~)j2b,(r)
    + .02918v-4’3-.0068v-2+ . . .) mw =%--‘4l){W) 12COW
    9.5.21 where b,(l), co([) appear in 9.3.42 and 9.3.46.
    Y,(y:, 1)w-.57319 40~-“~(1- .36422 OV-~‘~ Tables of the leading coefficients follow. More ex-
    + .09077v-4’s+ .0237v-2-c . . . ) tensive tables are given in [9.40].
    Corresponding expansions for s=2, 3 are given The expansions of yy, S, YV(yy,J, y:, Sand Y,(y:, 3
    in [9.40]. These expansions become progressively corresponding to 9.5.22 to 9.5.25 are obtained by
    weaker as s increases; those which follow do not changing the symbols j, J, Ai, Ai’, a, and a: to
    suffer from this defect. y, Y, -Bi, -Bi’, 6, and b: respectively.
    372 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    =
    f,W FI(I) (-ShllW (-SMS)
    --
    0. 0143 -0.007 -0. 1260 -0.010
    1.000000
    1. 166284
    1.347557
    1. 25992
    1.22070
    1. 18337
    .0142
    .0139
    -. 005 -.
    -.
    1335
    1399
    -. 010
    -. 009
    “:88:.004
    1. 14780 .0135 2-E: -. 1453 -. 009 .005
    :. E% 1. 11409 -. 003 -. 1498 -. 008
    1: 978963 1.08220 0: E -0.002 -0. 1533 -0.008 0: 8:x
    =
    z(S) h(S) flW PI W s1w Q-J
    w G,(I)
    --
    1. 978963 0.0126 -0. 1533 0.006
    : EG -.. g22 -l-o:8;:
    2.217607
    2. 469770
    2.735103
    1: 02367
    0.99687
    :E
    . 0110
    -.
    -.
    001
    001
    -.
    -.
    -.
    1301
    1130
    0998 -:E
    :ii$
    3. 013256 .97159 .0105 -. 001 -. 0893 -. 001 .002

    0.94775 -0.001 -0.0807 -0.001 0.001


    92524 -0.001 . 001
    . 90397 I: Kg . 001
    -. 0619 . 001
    : E1 -. 0573 0. 001

    BXi%!?
    5: 661780
    0. 84681
    .82972
    . 81348
    0.0078
    .0075 -I
    -.
    ;g;
    0464
    6.041525 . 79806 : FE% -. 0436
    6.431269 .78338 .0065 -. 0410

    0.0062
    2X
    4.4
    0. 76939

    . Ei:
    - 0.0386
    -. 0365

    4. 6 .73115 r: ;;;g
    4.8 .71951 -. 0311

    8.968548 0.70836
    -I-“: ;;g
    9. 422900
    9.885820
    10.357162
    .2E
    . 67758
    -.
    -.
    0270
    0258
    5. 8 10. 836791 .66811 -. 0246

    11.324575 0. 65901
    11. 820388 . 65024
    12.324111
    iti 12. 835627
    6: 8 13.354826

    7. 0 13.881601 0.61821
    - - - -
    Complex Zeros of J,(s)
    c-r)-+ z(r)-8(-r): (--r)+W fl(S) Sl(S)
    -I I 1 I- When u> - 1 the zeros of J”(z) are all real. If
    O. 40 1.528915 1. 62026 0.0040 -2 w; Y< - 1 and Y is not an integer the number of com-
    :% 1. 541532
    1.551741 1.65351 ..0029 plex zeros of J”(z) is twice the integer part of
    3 k . KfEr: 1:
    ; y3;
    71607 : y;
    0006 -. 0033
    1: ym;
    t-v) ; if the integer part of (-v) is odd two of
    these zeros lie on the imaginary axis.
    0. 15 1.568285 1.72523 0.0003 -0.0014 If ~20, all zeros of J:(z) are real.
    .E 1. 570703
    1.570048 1. 73002 . 0001
    0000 I: g;‘:
    . 00 1.570796 :. . %ii . 0000 -* 0000

    Maximum Values of Higher Coefficients Complex Zeros of Y”(a)

    lf*(!3I=.OOl, I~2(!31=.0~4 (Oh-<4 When Yis real the pattern of the complex zeros of
    lga(r)l=.ool, IG2(s)I=.ooo7 Cl<---r<a) Y”(z) and Y:(z) depends on the non-integer part
    I(-~)5gd~)I=.002, I(-~)4G&-)l=.ooo7 of Y. Attention is confined here to the case v=n,
    (OS-ls‘<l) a positive integer or zero.
    T..--m-- -----
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS C”
    ,I UYI’J!iti&kc unlJr;n

    1i(na+b) are given by the right of 9.5.22 with v=n and


    {=n-2/3& or n-2i3&, where 8,, pS are the complex
    zeros of Bi(z) (see 10.4).
    Figure 9.5 is also applicable to the zeros of
    Y;(z). There are again an infinite number near
    the infinite curves, and n near each of the finite
    '\ /'. curves. Asymptotic expansions of the latter for
    '. -__ _*- .' large n are given by the right of 9.5.24 with
    -i(no+b)
    t v=n and {=n+l”PL or r~-~‘~&; where @j and &! are
    the complex zeros of Bi’(z).
    FICWRE 9.5. Zeros of Y,(z) and Yh(z) . . . Numerical values of the three smallest com-
    plex zeros of Y,(z), Yllz) and Y;(z) in the region
    1arg 215x.
    0< arg Z<T are given below.
    Figure 9.5 shows the approximate distribution For further details see [9.36] and [9.13]. The
    of the complex zeros of Y,(z) in the region latter reference includes tables to facilitate
    larg zj<x. The figure is symmetrical about the computation,
    real axis. The two curves on the left extend to Complex Zeros of the Hankel Functions
    infinity, having the asymptotes The approximate distribution of the zeros of
    Az=f$ln3=&.54931 . . . H:)(z) and its derivative in the region larg zll?r
    is indicated in a similar manner on Figure 9.6.
    There are an infinite number of zeros near each of
    these curves. CUT -n ,..a n
    The two curves extending from z=--12 to z=n -e--q. -+ilnz r/n 7
    \
    and bounding an eye-shaped domain intersect \
    . 1’

    the imaginary axis at the points fi(na+b),


    where
    a;=-=.66274 . . . FIGURE 9.6.
    rino
    Zeros of HA’)(z) and IQ)‘(z) . . .
    b=$,/m In 2=.19146 . . . (arg 21Ix.
    and 4=1.19968 . . . is the positive root of coth t The asymptote of the solitary infinite curve is
    =t. There are n zeros near-each of these curves. given by
    Asymptotic expansions of these zeros for large n ys=--)ln2=-.34657 . . .

    Zeros of Ye(z) and Valufs of YI (2) at the Zeros 3


    Zero Yl

    Real Imag. Real Imag.


    -2.40301 6632 +. 53988 2313 +. 10074 7689 -. 88196 7710
    -5.51987 6702 +. 54718 0011 -. 02924 6418 f. 58716 9503
    -8.65367 2403 +. 54841 2067 ’ +. 01490 8063 -. 46945 8752
    Zeros of Yl(z) um! Values of YO(z) at the Zeros
    Zero yo
    Real Imag. Real Imag.
    -0.50274 3273 +. 78624 3714 -. 45952 7684 +l. 31710 1937
    -3.83353 5193 +. 56235 6538 f. 04830 1909 -0.69251 2884
    -7.01590 3683 +. 55339 3046 -. 02012 6949 +O. 51864 2833
    Zeros of Y:(z) und Vuhes of Yl (2) at the Zeros
    ZWO Yl
    Real Imag. Real Zmag.
    +O. 57678 5129 +. 90398 4792 -. 76349 7088 f .58924 4865
    -1.94047 7342 +. 72118 5919 +. 16206 4006 -. 95202 7886
    -5.33347 8617 +. 56721 9637 -. 03179 4008 +. 59685 3673
    * From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel functions Ye(a) and Y1(z) for complex arguments,
    Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1950 (with permission).
    374 BESSEL FITNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    There are n zeros of each function near the Modified Bessel Functions I and K
    finite curve extending from z=-n to z=n; the 9.6. Definitions and Properties
    asymptotic expansions of these zeros for large n
    are given by the right side of 9.522 or 9.5.24 Differential Equation
    with p=n and f=e-2rg/k-2/aa8 or pe-2+*&-2&:. dzw dw
    9.6.1 22p+Z --(z2+v2)w=o
    d2
    Zeros of Cross-Products
    Solutions are I&z) and K(z). Each is a regular
    If Y is real and X is positive, the zeros of the
    function of z throughout the z-plane cut along the
    function
    negative real axis, and for fixed z( #O) each is an
    9.5.27 J”(Z) Y”(XZ)---J”(XZ) Y”(Z) entire function of v. When v= f n, I,(z) is an
    entire function of 2.
    are real and simple. If X>l, the asymptotic Iv(z) ($3’~ 2 0) is bounded as 2+0 in any bounded
    expansion of the sth zero is range of arg 2. Iv(z) and I-42) are linearly inde-
    pendent except when v is an integer. K(z) tends
    9.5.28 P n-PyQPd-2P3
    fl+s+ /33 06 +*-* to zero as jzj-+ao in the sector jarg 21<337,
    and for all values of v, I"(2) and KY(z) arelinearly
    where with 4v2 denoted by cc, independent. I"(z), K(2) are real and positive
    9.5.29 when Y>-1 and z>O.
    jT3=sr/(X- 1)

    --?L-1 ,=(lr-l)(~--25~(x3-l)
    ‘- 8X 6(4X)3(X-1)
    T,(p-1)(p2-l14/l+1073)(x6-l)
    211
    5(4X)yh- 1)

    The asymptotic expansion of the large positive


    zeros (not necessarily the sth) of the function
    LO
    9.5.30 J:(z) Yp(Xz) --J:(xz) Y;(z) (A>l)
    is given by 9.5.28 with the same value of & but
    instead of 9.5.29 we have
    16
    9.5.31
    k4+3 g&2+46~--63)(~3-1)
    P=x’ 6(4X)3(X-l)
    r=(p3+185~2-2053p+1899)(X”-l)
    5(4X)6(X- 1) 1.2

    The asymptotic expansion of the large positive


    zeros of the function
    A
    9.5.32 Jl(z)Y”(xz)-Y:(z)J,(xz)
    is given by 9.5.28 with
    9.5.33
    B= b--%)7+--l) .4

    ,&+3)X-w)
    8X(X-- 1)
    ,=(~~+46~-63)~~-(p-1)(~-25)
    (
    6(4X)3(X-l)
    5(4X)s(X-l)r=(p3+185~2-2053p+1899)X6
    -(/b-l) (/.&-114c(+1073)
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 375
    9.6.5
    Yv(zet*f)=e*(Y+l)rfl,(z)- (2/7r)e-fv”tK,(z)
    (--a<arg zIh>
    9.6.6 I-n(z>=In(z>, K-,(z)=K,(z)
    Most of the properties of modified Bessel
    functions can be deduced immediately from those
    of ordinary Bessel functions by application of
    these relations.

    Limiting Forms for Small Arguments

    When v is fixed and z+O

    FIGURE 9.8. e-Zlb(2),e-ZI~(2),e"Ko(~) and e"&(x). 9.6.7


    ~“(~)~(3~)“/~(v+l) (v# -1, -2, . . .)
    9.6.8 Ko(z)m-In 2
    9.6.9 K(z)-J~r(v)(42)-” Wv>O)

    Ascending Series

    9.6.10 odd=" go
    s k(r;;;;l)
    .
    9.6.11
    K,(z)+($z)-" ns (n-;yl)! (-iz">"
    k-0 *
    + (-->"+I ln WI&)

    where #(n) is given by 6.3.2.


    FIGURE 9.9. 1,(5) and KJ5).
    (;z2)2 (;z2)3
    9.6.12 Ldz)=1+;$+ --- c2!J2+ c3!12+. . .
    Relations Between Solutions 9.6.13
    I4(4--lr(Z) 42"
    9.6.2 K”(z)=3* sin (~) Kohl=- Ih (3z)+r)Io(z>+- (1!)2

    The right of this equation is replaced by its +(l+i)~+(l+a+3)$$+...


    limiting value if v is an integer or zero.

    9.6.3
    I,(~)=e-fvr~J,(zet*~) (-r<arg 253~) Wronskians

    ~,r(~)=e~~*~~~J,(~-~~*‘~) 9.6.14
    &<mz z<d
    W{ I"(Z), I+(z)) =I"(z)I~(,+l)(z)--I"+l(z)l-,(z)
    9.6.4
    =-2 sin (vT)/(~z)
    K,(~)=3?rieC”~H~‘(ief”%) (---<al-g zi3d 9.6.15
    K,(z)=-$A? -I,*tH!a)(ze-t”f)(--<arg 25~) W{K"(Z), I"(Z)}=I"(Z)K"+I(Z)+l"+~(Z)K"(Z)=l/Z
    376 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Integral Representations 3, denotes Iv, e”**K, or any linear combination of


    9.6.16 these functions, the coefficients in which are
    independent of z and v.
    9.6.27 I;(z)=l~(z), K;(z)=-K,(z)
    9.6.17 Koiz)=-~sor e*2cone {r+ln (2zsid e)ja%

    9.6.18

    Set2
    Formulas for Derivatives
    (32)” = COI 0 sin2V 0 &

    l’(Z)=?rv(Y+f) 0 9.6.28

    ca2)”
    l (1-P) v-fe*rr& <av>-+
    =Ayv+g -1

    (>
    s

    5 -g *{ 2-“~(2)} =z-“-k%o”+k(z) (k=0,1,2,. * .)


    9.6.19 I.(z)ll e’ Eoaecos (n@7!8
    9.6.a

    I”(z)=:
    s, e’ cone cos (vO)d49 %“!E’
    (2)
    =fi~,-kc4
    9.6.29
    +(;)z”-k+2cz,
    -- sin (VT) ODe-2 oontll-v’&
    ‘1F 0 S (b-g 4<+4
    9--v-,+4(4
    +**’+s”+kk)
    1 (k=O,1,2,. . .)
    9.6.21

    cos (x sinh t)dt=- cos*


    Ko(x)=s- & Analytic Continuation
    0 s 0 JP+1
    (x>O) 9.6.30 Iv(zemwf) ==emvrfIv(z) (m an integer)
    9.6.22
    9.6.31
    Kh)=sec Om) s,- cos (x sinh t) cash (A)&
    Ky(ze”LrO=e-mylfKI(z)--?ri sin (WI) csc (v?~)I,.(z)
    =csc (&J?f)
    S 0
    Q sin (x sinh t) (vt)dtsinh
    9.6.32 I,(;) =Ir(Z), K,(H) =Kx
    (m an integer)

    (Y real)
    (I~‘yI<L XX)
    9.6.23
    ?d(~z)” o=e-rco*r sinh2? dt Generating Function and Associated Series
    K&)=r(v+t)
    s
    d(&2)”
    ‘r<YSa)l S -
    emrr(t2-1)‘+ dt 9.6.33 e~‘(‘+“‘)= 5 tkIk(z)
    kas-oa
    O#O)

    WV>--4, law 4<44 9.6.34 e’ cOse=Io(~) +2 2 In(z) cos(ke)


    k=l
    9.6.24 Kv(,z)=~me-‘coa’ cash (vt)dt ((arg 21<$T)
    9.6.35
    9.6.25
    K”(xz)=r(V+~)(22)” - cos txtjdt e2a1ne=IO(z)+2 g (-)k12k+l(z) sin{ (2k+i)e}
    4X" s* (t2+z2)"+'
    +2 & (-)%(2) c0sWe)
    (SV>--3, x>O, kg 4<&)” I

    Recurrence Relations 9.6.36 l=I,(z) -212(2) +214(z) -2&(2) + . . .


    9.6.26
    ~“~lo-~“+l~z)=~~“(Z) 9.6.37 e2=Io(z)+211(z)+212(z)+212(2)+ ...
    \ 9.6.38 e-2=lo(z)-211(z)+212(z)-21,(z)+ .. .
    s@;(z)= a,&-; 2i?@“(Z)
    9.6.39
    ~“--1(2)+~“+1(z)=2~:(2)
    cash 2=lo(2) +212(2) +21,(2) +21,(z) + . . .

    9.6.40 sinh 2=211(2)+21,(2) +21,(2)+ .. .


    *See page 11
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 377
    Other Differential Equations
    9.6.50 lim { v-rem@&: (cash f)} =K,,(z)
    The quantity X2 in equations 9.1.49 to 9.1.54
    and 9.1.56 can be replaced by --X2 if at the same For the definition of P;’ and Q:, see chapter 8.
    time the symbol ‘% in the given solutions is
    replaced by Iz”. Multiplication Theorems
    9.6.51
    9.6.41
    zW’+2(1f2z)w’+(fz--~)w=o, w=eT2%ry(z)
    Differential equations for products may be If %“=I and the upper signs are taken, the re-
    obtained from 9.1.57 to 9.1.59 by replacing z by striction on X is unnecessary.
    iz.
    Derivatives With Respect to Order 9.6.52
    9.6.42

    Neumann Series for K.(s)


    9.6.53
    9.6.43
    K,(z)=(--)a-l{ln ($2)~$(n+l)]I,(z)
    $ K,(z)=3 u csc(vu) {$ r-.(z)-; I”(Z)}

    -u cot(vu)K”(z~ (v#O,fl,f2, * * .>


    9.6.44 +(-)” 5 (7JSWIn*2r(z)

    k-l kb+k)

    C--P [g/w] =
    p-1 9.6.54 Ko(z)=- (In (~z)+~)Io(2)+2 8 ‘q
    m
    Zeros

    9.6.45 Properties of the zeros of II(z) and K,(z) may


    be deduced from those of J”(z) and W)(z) respec-
    tively, by application of the transformations
    9.6.3 and 9.6.4.
    9.6.46 For example, if v is real the zeros of IV(z) are all
    complex unless -2k<v<- (2k- 1) for some posi-
    tive integer k, in which event I,,(z) has two real
    zeros.
    Expressions in Terms of Hypergeometric Functions The approximate distribution of the zeros of
    9.6.47 K,(z) in the region -+<arg z<&r is obtainedon
    rotating Figure 9.6 through an angle -$7r so that
    -.i!@- 1) OF, (V+l; $2”) the cut lies along the positive imaginary axis.
    lv(z)=r(v+
    The zeros in the region -&r <arg z 1<$r are their
    conjugates. K,(z) has no zeros in the region
    Iarg z] 5 ir; this result remains true when 12 is
    replaced by any real number v.
    9.6.48 K~(z)=($vo,.(22)
    9.7. Asymptotic Expansions
    (oFI is the generalized hypergeometric function. Asymptotic Expansions for Large Arguments
    For Ma, b, z), MO,.(z) and Wo.y(z) see chapter 13.) When v is fixed, (21is large and I.LCC=~V~
    Connection With Legendre Functions
    9.7.1
    If /1 and z are fixed, &‘z>O, and v--m through cc-1 (w-l>G---9)
    x+ 2f(&,)2
    real positive values
    9.6.49 ~(rc--l)wocP--25)+ .I (lawl<W
    3!(82)3 * *
    378 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    9.7.10

    J-c(vz)--J 72; (1+22)"4


    2 e--(l+$+)ky}

    9.7.3
    When v++ 03, these expansions hold uniformly
    rf3 GL- 1) 01+15) with respect to z in the sector (arg 21 <&r-e,
    m)“&11- 82 + 2! (82) ’ where e is an arbitrary positive number. Here
    JP-l)oc--9)Gc+w
    + ..4 Wg4<b)
    3!(8~)~ 9.7.11 t=l/&p, ~=~+ln L-
    9.7.4 1+4+9

    1+x+cc+3 01-l) (rfl5) and z&), vk(t) are given by 9.3.9, 9.3.10, 9.3.13
    K:(z) -- &e-y
    J 2! (82) 2 and 9.3.14. See [9.38] for tables of II, uk(t),
    vk(t), and also for bounds on the remainder
    +(p-1)Gc-g)b+35)+ * - .) (larg zl<#~) terms in 9.7.7 to 9.7.10.
    3!(8~)~
    The general terms in the last two expansions
    can be written down by inspection of 9.2.15 and 9.8. Polynomial Approximations *
    9.2.16. In equations 9.8.1 to 9.8.4, t=x/3.75.
    If Y is real and non-negative and z is positive
    the remainder after k terms in the expansion 9.8.1 -3.75 5xs3.75
    9.7.2 does not exceed the (k+ 1)th term in absolute &,(z)=1+3.51562 29t2+3.0899424t4+1.20674 92te
    value and is of the same sign, provided that + .26597 32t8+ SO360768t’O+ .00458 13P2+ t
    k_>v-3.
    lt\<1.6XlO-’
    9.7.5
    9.8.2 3.75 5x<-
    xhPIo(x) = .39894 228 + .01328 592 t-l
    +.00225 315t-2-.00157 565t-a
    ; l-3 b-w-9)~ . . *)
    2.4 t .00916 281t-4-.02057 706t-s
    &I4
    +.02635 537t-6-.01647 633t-1
    (la%?4<+7d
    +.00392 377t-8fc
    9.7.6
    \e~<L9XlO-’
    9.8.3 -3.75 sx 53.75
    -- 1.- 1 b-1) (r-45) + . . *
    ) x-‘I,(x) =$+ .87890 594t2+.51498 869t4
    2.4 (22)4 + .15084 934te + .02658 733t8
    +.00301 532Pf.00032 411t’*+a
    The general terms can be written down by (e)<8XlO-’
    inspection of 9.2.28 and 9.2.30. 9.8.4 3.75 <x<cQ
    xk=I,(x) = .39894 228- .03988 024t-’
    Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders - .00362 018t-2+.00163 801 t-a
    - .01031 555t-4+ .02282 967t-b
    9.7.7 I.(vzg- ey’ jl+gl Y} -.02895 312t-0+.01787 654t-’
    j!G (1+22)1’4
    - .00420 059 t-++ e
    9.7.8 le(<2.2XlO-7

    4 See footnote 2, section 9.4.


    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 379
    9.8.5 o<x<2 Differential Equations
    9.9.3
    Ir,(x)=-In (x/2)1&)-.57721 566
    E2W’~-+2W’-+x2+v2)w=0,
    +.42278 420(x/2)2f.23069 756(~/2)~
    +.03488 59O(x/2)6+ .00262 698(x/2)* w=ber, xfi bei, x, her-, x+i bei-, x,
    +.OOOlO. 75O(x/2)1o+.OOOOO 740(x/2)12+e ker, x+i kei, x, ker-, x+i kei-, x
    ]cl<lxlo-8 3.9.4
    9.8.6 25x<crJ &+~$253w’!- (1+2v2) (22w”-xw’)
    x*eZKo(x)=1.25331 414-.07832 358(2/x) +(v4-4v2+x4)w=o,

    +.02189 568(2/x)*-.01062 446(2/~)~ w=ber*, x, bei+, x, ker,, x, ke& x


    +.00587 872(2/~)~--00251 540(2/~)~
    +.00053 208(2/x)e+e
    Relations Between Solutions
    ]t]<1.9X 10-7 9.9.5
    9.8.7 o<x52 ber-V x=cos(m) berY x+sin(va) bei, x
    x&(x)=x In (x/2)1,(x)+1 +.15443 144(~/2)~ + (2/7r) sin(vr) kerY x
    -.67278 579(x/2)4-.18156 897(x/2)0
    bei+ x=-sin(m) berY X+COS(V?T) bei, x
    -.01919 4O2(x/2)8-.OO11O 404(x/2)‘O
    -.00004 686(~/2)‘~+s + (2/7r) sin(m) kei, x
    ]e]<8XlO+ 9.9.6
    9.8.8 2<x<m ker-V x=cos(v?r) ker, x-sin(v?r) kei, r
    x*e%,(x)=1.25331 414+.23498 619(2/x) kei-, x=sin(m) ker, z+cos(va) kei, x
    -.03655 620(2/~)~+.01504 268(2/x):)” 9.9.7 her-, z= (-)” ber, 2, bei-, r= (-)” bei, x
    - .00780 353 (2/~)~+ .00325 614(2/x)6
    - .00068 245(2/@+ e 9.9.8 ker-, a= (-)” ker, 2, kei-, x= (-)” kei, x
    ]a]<2.2x10-7
    Ascending Series
    For expansions of 1o(x), Ko(x), II(x), and K,(x)
    9.9.9
    in series of Chebyshev polynomials for the ranges
    Osx18 and OSSjxSl, see [9.37]. l-m x=(W~~-E 0x3
    .
    {(sv+3bl (tx2”>”
    krr(v+k+l)
    - sin{ (+++k)r}
    Kelvin Functions b& ~=(tx)“~~ k,r(v+k+l) (ix2Y
    9.9. Definitions and Properties
    9.9.10

    herx=1 (tx”)”
    In this and the following section v is real, x is (ix”)” --*
    real and non-negative, and n is again a positive (2!)2 +m--
    integer or zero.
    (+xy (+xy”- * * *
    bei x=ax* -- (3!)2 +m
    Definitions
    9.9.1 9.9.11
    n-1
    berY xfi bei, x=Jy(xe3*f’4) =ey**JV(xe-*f’4) ker, x=$($x)-” 2 cos { (~wl-$k)~j
    =etv”i~v(xe”‘“) ,e3v*i/21v(xe-3W4)

    x(7L-k-1)! (tx2)k-ln (ix) ber, x++n bei, x


    9.9.2 k!
    ker, x+i kei, x=e+nfKy(xeri’4) +3(3x>” F. ~0s I (9n+#>*l
    =$.&$;I) (xe3ri/4) = -$~,-v*iH;2, (xe-*i/4)
    x Mk+;,;“:“k,‘“+” 1 +z)”
    4
    When v=O, su&es are usually suppressed. .n !
    380 BESSEL FUNCTIONS SF INTEGER ORDER

    9.9.16
    kei, x=-$(3x)-” ngia sin { ($n+t&}
    B ab er’ x=ber, x+bei, x
    x(n-k-l)! 112 bei’ x=-berl x+be& x
    ($8)k-ln (3x) bei, x-5 her, x
    k! 9.9.17
    l/z ker’ x=ker, x+keil x
    +MY go sin { (Sn+34*1
    @ kei’ x=-kerl x+kei, x
    x I+(k+lk)r;~ktk+l) 1 oti>”
    ! Recurrence Relations for Cross-Producta
    If
    where #(n> is given by 6.3.2.
    9.9.18
    9.9.12 p,=bee x+beif x
    ker x=-ln (3x) ber x+$t bei x q,=ber, x bei: x-her: x bei, x
    rV=berr x her: x+bei, x bei: x
    +go t-1” :rk;j2 (t’)”
    .s,=be$ x+beiia x
    kei x=--In (3x) bei x+r ber x then
    .a)
    +g l-1” {$y-$ w)“+’ 9.9.19
    P.+l=P”-1-T rr
    Functions of Negative Argument
    qv+1= -; P”+r,=--q,4+2r,
    In general Kelvin functions have a branch
    point at x=0 and individual functions with argu- (v+l)
    ments xe*‘: are complex. The branch point is T”+l= ----z&I- P”+l+qv
    absent however in the case of berY and bei, when Y
    is an integer, and sv=; p.+,+; a.&$ p,

    9.9.13 and

    ber,(-x) = (-)” her, x, be&,(-x) = (-) * bei, x 9.9.20 pd.= 19i- d


    The same relations hold with ber, bei replaced
    Recurrence Relations throughout by ker, kei, respectively.
    9.9.14 Indefinite Integrals

    j”+l+j”-l=-@ x (.frgv~ In the following jy, gV are any one of the pairs
    given by equations 9.9.15 and jf, g: are either the
    same pair or any other pair.
    fi=& cf”+1+g”+1T~“-1-!7J”-1)
    9.9.21
    j+=+ U”+l+g”+1)
    S xl+“j~~=2c”
    Jz (j
    “+l--g”+J=--~ I+” (5 S.-d)

    jI+;f” =-’ Jz (f”-l+g”-l) 9.9.22

    where
    9.9.15
    Sx*-"@x,x~
    @(j"-l-g"-l)=xl-'
    (;9.+g:>
    9.9.23
    f,=ber, x j,=bei, x
    g,=bei, x1 g.= -berV x 1 S x(j”g:-g”fl)dx=~ 2Jgq vxf”+l+s”+l)

    -s:(j”+l- g”+1)-j”(~+l+gF+1)+g”(j~+~-g~+l) 1

    =; x(flft-j”~‘+g:gf-g”s:‘)
    BESSEL FUNC’I’IONS OF INTEGER ORDER 381
    9.9.24 Zeros of Functions of Order Zero 6
    = = =
    z(j”g:+gvjz)dz=; ~‘(2j”s~-j47~+1 ber x bei x ker x kei x
    s -- .- _-
    -j”+lg2-1+2g”fr-g~-lff+l-g,+l~-l~ 1st zero 2.84892 5. 02622 1. 71854 3, 91467
    9.9.25 2nd zero 7. 23883 9.45541 6. 12728 8. 34422
    3rd zero 11. 67396 13. 89349 10.56294 12, 78256

    Sx(f".+gay)dx=x(j"g:-f:gl)
    4th zero 16. 11356 18.33398 15. 00269 17. 22314
    5th zero 20. 55463 22. 77544 19.44381 21. 66464

    =-(x/:/1I2)(frf~+l+g"g"+l--f,g~+l+f,+lg~) ber’ x
    =
    bei’ z
    =
    ker’ x
    =
    kei’ x
    9.9.26 -- .- --

    Sxj"gdx=;
    ~2(2j~g"-j~-lg~+,-j"+lg,_l) 1st zero 6.03871 3. 77320 4.93181
    2nd zero 10. 51364 8.28099 f %i 9.40405
    3rd zero 14.96844 12. 74215 11: 63218 13.85827
    19.41758 17. 19343 16. 08312 18. 30717
    9.9.27 sl::r: 23. 86430 21. 64114 20. 53068 22. 75379
    - - -

    Sx(-E-g:)dx=;
    ~(~-j"-lj~+l-g3+g"-lg"+l) 9.10. Asymptotic
    Asymptotic Expansions for
    Expansions
    Large Arguments
    Ascending Series for Cross-Producta
    9.9.28 When v is fixed and x is large
    berf, x+beit x= 9.10.1
    0
    1 WS>“”
    (ix)2’ 3 r (v+k+l) r (v+2k+ 1) k! ber, x=zx{ j,(x) cos a+gv(x) sin a}

    9.9.29 -k {sin(2~74 km. x+cos (24 kei, x)


    her, x bei: x-b& x bei, x 9.10.2
    1 WYk bei, x==~e/d (j.(x) sin cr-g”(x) co8 CX}
    =(*x)2*+1 2 r (v+k+l) r (v+2k+2) k!
    1
    9.9.30 +; { cos (24 ker, x-sin (24 kei, x)
    her, x her: x+bei, x bei: x 9.10.3
    ker, x=dme-*/d2{j,(-x) cos S-gl(-x) sin PI
    9.10.4
    her? x+bei? x kei, x=~~e-z~~3a(-j,(-x) sin 8-g.(-x) cos S}
    OD
    (2k2+2vk+fv2) W”>‘” where
    =(4xP-2 3 r(v+k+l)r(v+2k+l) k!
    9.10.5
    Expansions in Series of Bessel Fuxwtions
    ~=bMa++-~>~, a=(x/m+(3v+H~=~+tn
    9.9.32
    0 e(8r+kw4~Jv+k(x) and, with 49 denoted by p,
    her, x+i bei, x=E
    w 2*k k! 9.10.6
    jv(* 4
    -,+&+-l%--9) * *.b4k-v~cos h
    k-l k! (8x)” 04
    6 From British Association for the Advancement of
    Science, Annual Report (J. R. Airey), 254 (1927) with
    permission. This reference ah30 gives 5-decimal values Of
    the next five zeros of each function.
    382 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER
    9.10.16
    M;=M, cos te,-e,-+)
    e;=(M,/M,) sin (&-&,-$w)
    -$, (Wn (cc--l)h-9) . . .{P--(2k-l)“]
    k! (8x)n
    sin kr
    0 T- 9.10.17
    The terms” in ker. x and kei, x in equations 9.10.1 &(rM2le:)/&=dC, x~M~‘+~M:--~M,=~~~~?
    and 9.10.2 are asymptotically negligible compared
    with the other terms, but their inclusion in numeri- 9.10.18
    cal calculations yields improved accuracy. N,=d(ke83.+kei?x), +.= arctan (kei, x/ker, x)
    The corresponding series for her: x, b ei: x, ker: x
    and kei: x can be derived from 9.2.11 and 9.2.13 9.10.19 ker,x=N, cos &, kei, x=N, sin 4”
    with z=xe3ri14; the extra terms in the expansions
    of her: x and bei: x are respectively
    -(I/W) {sin(%vr)ker: x+cos@v?r)kei: x}
    and
    6
    (l/r){cos(2u?r)ker: x-sin(2vr)kei: x}.
    4 I 1.04
    Modulus and Phase
    - .02
    9.10.8
    MV=d(bee x+beil, s), ey= arctan (bei, x/her, r)
    9.10.9 ber, x=M, cos 8,, bei, x=Mv sin 0,
    9.10.10 M-,= M,,, e-,=e,--nq
    9.10.11
    -6-
    her: jc= 3 MP+* cos (o,+1-&)-4 MP-1 cos (e,-,-+)
    = (Y/X)M, co9 e,+ M,+l cos (e,+l- 47r) -10 L \

    = - (v/x)M, cos e,-M,-, cos (e,-l-$d


    FIGURE 9.10. ber x, bei x, ker x and kei x.
    9.10.12
    bei: x= $M,+, sin (8,+1-+n) - $M,-, sin (&-I - $r)
    = (V/S)M,sin e,+ M,+, sin (&+,-$a)
    = - (u/x) M, sin &-- Mvml sin (e,-,- ia)

    9.10.13
    ber’ x=M, cos (o~--~T), bei’ 2 = Ml sin (e,- tr)

    9.10.14
    2M:=(v/x)M,+M,+~cos (e,,-e,-$T)
    = - (v/~)M,- M,-, cos (e,-,--e,-tT)
    9.10.15
    FIGURE 9.11. In MO(x), b(x), In NO(~) and 40(x).
    e;= (M,+,IM,) sin (fI,+I-&-$?r)
    = - (MJM,) sin (e,-,-e,-)lr)
    Equations 9.10.11 to 9.10.17 hold with the symbols
    b, M, e replaced throughout by k, N, 4, respectively.
    In place of 9.10.10
    6 The coefficients of these terms given in [9.17] are in-
    correct. The present results are due to Mr. G. F. Miller. 9.10.20 N-p= Ny, 4-Y=&+ wr
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER
    383
    Asymptotic Expansions of Modulus and Phase 9.10.29
    When Y is fixed, x is large and r=49 ber x ber’ x+bei x bei’ x-e L-3 !.
    212 42 8x
    9.10.21
    15 1 45 1 315 1
    -- 6442 x2
    --- 512 ?+819242 p+ ’ - *

    _ G- 1)w+ 14/J-399)
    614442
    9.10.22
    75 1 2475 1
    In My=?-+ In (27rx)-- r-l --1 (p-1)(/?-25) 1 +25642 --+. x4
    i?+S192 . .
    42 842 5 38442 ?i?
    9.10.31
    JrW-13)
    128 k&x+kei2 x-&e--r42 l--!-!. ’ ’
    442 x+64 2
    9.10.23
    ?f+jj-$-;+
    p-l 1 --p-l 1
    16 Z
    + 25642
    - 33 2---
    1 8192 x4
    1797 -+
    1 . . .>
    9.10.32
    -G-w--25) 1
    38442 >+o ($5) ker x kei’ x-ker’ x kei x--g e-zd2 L-!. i
    42 8x
    9.10.24
    +- 9 ---
    1 39 s+slaaJa
    1 --L+.
    75 . .
    N,= ,-WT{I+% ;+&I&? 2 6442 x2 512 x4

    9.10.33
    +(P-w2+14P-399)
    614442 ker x ker’ x+ kei x kei’ x m -Fx e -zd2 $+ik
    (
    9.10.25
    h N,=-g+f ln 0& +-cc-1 ;+
    1 (cc-1)(/e-25)
    384,i2
    1
    i?
    JP-l)(P--13) 9.10.34
    128 ker’2 x+kei’2 x-g em242 1 +&t +& f
    9.10.26

    +k-l)kW
    38442 Asymptotic Expansions of Large Zeros

    Asymptotic Expansions of Cross-Products Let


    If 5 is large 9.10.35
    9.10.27 f@)-‘-1 I cc-1 ; b--l)(5P+lg) I 3(rU2 ; .. .
    166 3262 153663 51264
    ber2 x+bei2 xm2g If&
    where ~=43. Then if .s is a large positive integer
    33 1 1797 1
    -m s-8192 p+ * * *>
    9.10.36
    9.10.28 Zeros of her, z*&{G-f(8)}, 6= (s-*Y-~),
    ber x bei’ x-ber’ x bei 2-c Zeros of bei, xw &{ S-~(S) }, s=(s--)Y+$)*
    Zeros of ker, x-&{~+f(-s)}, s=(S-+--Q)7r
    Zeros of kei, x-@{~+f(-Qj, s=(s-&-*)*
    384 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    For v=O these expressions give the 6th zero of 9.11.3 O<x58
    each function; for other values of v the zeros ker x=-In (h) ber x-&r bei x-.57721 566
    represented may not be the sth.
    -59.05819 744(x/8)4+171.36272 133(x/8)8
    Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders
    -60.60977 451(x/8)12+5.65539 121(x/8)”
    When v is large and positive - .19636 347 (x/S)‘O+ .00309 699 [x/8)24
    9.10.37 -.00002 458(x/8)2*+a

    ber,(vx) +i bei, - 161<1 x 10-n

    9.11.4 0<218
    9.10.38
    kei x---ln($x)bei x-&r ber s-j-6.76454 936(x/8)2
    ker, (~x)++i kei, (vx)
    -142.91827 687(x;/8)‘+124.23569 650(x/8)l”
    -21.30060 904(x/8)“+1.17509 064(r/8)‘8
    -.02695 875(x/8)22+.OOO29 532(~/8)‘~+c
    9.10.39
    (tj<3x10-9
    her: (vx)+si bei: (vx)

    9.11.5 -8<x<8
    a-
    9.10.40 her’ ~=~[-4(x/8)~+14.22222 222(x/8)’
    ker: (vx)+i kt:iI (vx) -6.06814 810(~/8)‘~+.66047 849(x/8)”
    -.02609 253(~/8)‘~+.00045 957(x/8)22
    -.OOOOO 394(x/8)20]+c
    where
    ~e~<2.1x10-*
    9.10.41 [=&FT?
    and u,(t), c*(l) are given by 9.3.9 and 9.3.13. All
    fractional powers take their principal values. 9.11.6 -812_<8
    bei’ z=z[$- 10.66666 SS~(X/S)~
    9.11. Polynomial Approximations
    +11.37777 772(~/8)~-2.31167 514(x/8)12
    9.11.1 -85x18 +.14677 204(x/8)“--00379 386(x/8)”
    ber x=1-64(2/8)‘+113.77777 774(x/8)* +.00004 609(x/8)24]+c
    -32.36345 652(x/8)12+2.64191 397(x/8)“’
    IcI<7xlO-*
    -.08349 609(x/8)“+.00122 552(x/8)“’
    - .OOOOO 901 (x/S)“+t
    (cl<lXlO”Q 9.11.7 O<x<8
    9.11.2 -8Sx_<8 ker’ x=--In (4%) ber’ z--2+ ber s+t~ bei’ x
    bei x= 16(~/8)~- 113.77777 774(x/8)e +x[-3.69113 734(~/8)~.+21.42034 017(x/8)’
    +72.81777 742(s/8)*O-10.56765 779(x/8)” -11.36433 272(~/8)‘~+1.41384 780(x/8)‘”
    +.52185 615(x/8)‘*.-.01103 667(~/8)~~ -.06136 358(~/8)~~+.00116 137(~/8)~’
    +.OOOll 346(x/8)2e+c -.OOOOl 075(x/S)““]+b
    ~c~<SX~O-~ Icl<SXlO-*
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 385
    9.11.8 O<x<8 where
    kei’ x=--In (ix) bei’ x-x-l bei x-tr ber’ x 9.11.11

    +x[.21139 217-13.39858 846(a/8)4 19(x)=(.00000 00-.39269 91;)


    +(.01104 86-.01104 85$(8/x)
    +19.41182 758(x/8)‘-4.65950 823(x/8)12
    +(.OOOOO 00-.00097 6%)(8/~)~
    +.33049 424(x/8)"--00926 707(~/8)'~
    +.00011 997(z/8)*4]+e +(-.00009 06-.00009 Oli)(8/~)~
    +(-.00002 52+.00000 OOi)(8/x)'
    +(-.ooooo 34+.00000 51i)(8/x)'
    +(.OOOOO OS+.00000 19i)(8/x)'
    9.11.12 85x<m
    8<x<= ker’ x+i kei’ x=-f&)$(-x) (1 +ta)
    9.11.9
    l~al<2XlO-’
    ker x+i kei x=f(x) (1 +eJ
    9.11.13 81x<m
    j(x)=Gx exp [-$ x+0(-x)] ber’ x+i bei’ x-i ’ (ker’x+ikei’r)=g(+$(x)(l+ti)

    (e4~<3x10-'
    where
    9.11.14
    t#~(x)=(.70710 68+.70710 68;)
    9.11.10 81x< = +(-.06250 Ol-.OOOOO Oli)(8/x)
    +(-.00138 13+.00138 1li)(8/x)2
    her x+i bei x-z (ker xfi kei x)=g(x)(l+cJ
    +(.OOOOO 05+.00024 52i)(8/~)~

    9(x>=kx exp 19 * x+e(x) 1 +(.00003 46+.00003 38i)(8/~)~


    +(.OOOOl 17-.OOOOO 24i)(8/x)"
    Icl<3XlO--7 +(.OOOOO 16-.OOOOO 32i)(8/~)~

    Numerical Methods
    9.12. Use and Extension of the Tables n Trial valuea 541.66)
    9 0 .ooooo
    Example 1. To evaluate J&.55), n=O, 1, 2, 8 1 .oooOO
    . ., each to 5 decimals. 7 10 .00003
    The recurrence relation 6 89 .00028
    6 679 .00211
    4 4292 .01331
    Jn-l(4 +Jn+1(4 = (W4J,(4 3 21473 .06661
    can be used to compute Jo(x), 51(z):), J&c), . . ., 2 78829 .24453
    1 181957 .56442
    successively provided that n<x, otherwise severe 0 166954 .48376
    accumulation of rounding errors will occur.
    Since, however, J,,(x) is a decreasing function of n
    when n>x, recurrence can always be carried out We normalize the results by use of the equation
    in the direction of decreasing n. 9.1.46, namely
    Inspection of Table 9.2 shows that J,,(l.55)
    JO(X)+~J~(X)+~J~(X)+ . . . =I
    vanishes to 5 decimals when n>7. Taking arbi-
    trary values zero for Jo and unity for Ja, we compute
    by recurrence the entries in the second column of This yields the normalization factor
    the following table, rounding off to the nearest
    integer at each step. l/322376=.00000 31019 7
    386 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    and multiplying the trial values by this factor we Remarks. (i) An alternative way of computing
    obtain the required results, given in the third YO(x), should J,,(x), Jz(r), J&c), . . ., be avail-
    column. As a check we may verify the value of tble (see Example l), is to use formula 9.1.89.
    J,(1.55) by interpolation in Table 9.1. The other starting value for the recurrence,
    Remarks. (i) In this example it was possible Y1(z), can then be found from the Wronskian
    to estimate immediately the value of n=N, say, :elation Jl(z) Y,,(x) - J,,(x) Y1(x) =2/(7rx). This is a
    at which to begin the recurrence. This may not :onvenient procedure for use with an automatic
    always be the case and an arbitrary value of Nmay :omputer.
    have to be taken. The number of correct signifi- (ii) Similar methods can be used to compute the
    cant figures in the final values is the same as the modified Bessel function K,(x) by means of the
    number of digits in the respective trial values. recurrence relation 9.6.26 and the relation 9.6.54,
    If the chosen N is too small the trial values will except that if z is large severe cancellation will
    have too few digits and insufficient accuracy is occur in the use of 9.6.54 and other methods for
    obtained in the results. The calculation must evaluating K,,(Z) may be preferable, for example,
    then be repeated taking a higher value. On the use of the asymptotic expansion 9.7.2 or the poly-
    other hand if N were too large unnecessary effort nomial approximation 9.8.6.
    would be expended. This could be offset to some Example 3. To evaluate J,(.36) and Y,(.36)
    extent by discarding significant figures in the trial each to 5 decimals, using the multiplication
    values which are in excess of the number of theorem.
    decimals required in J,,. From 9.1.74 we have
    (ii) If we had required, say, Jo(1.55), J1(1.55), m
    . . ., Jlo(l.55), each to 5 significant figures, we go (X z) =x ak%Yk(z) , where aR = WW~l)‘(W.
    would have found the values of J,,(l.55) and k-0

    J11(1.55) to 5 significant figures by interpolation


    We take z= .4. Then X= .9, (X2- 1) (32) = -.038,
    in Table 9.3 and t,hen computed by recurrence and extracting the necessary values of Jk(.4) and
    Jet Je . . ., Jo, no normalization being required. Yn(.4) from Tables 9.1 and 9.2, we compute the
    Alternatively, we could begin the recurrence at
    required results as follows:
    a higher value of N and retain only 5 significant
    k ak akJ k(d) akyk(..b)
    figures in the trial values for n<lO. 0 $1.0 + .96040 - .60602
    (iii) Exactly similar methods can be used to 1 +0.038 + .00745 - .06767
    compute the modified Bessel function I,(Z) by 2 +0.7220X lo-” + .00001 - .00599
    means of the relations 9.6.26 and 9.6.36. If z is 3 +0.914x 10-S - .00074
    large, however, considerable cancellation will 4 +0.87X lo-’ - .OOOll
    5 +0.7x10-0 - .00002
    take place in using the latter equation, and it is
    preferable to normalize by means of 9.6.37. J,(.36) = + .96786 Y&36) = -.68055
    Example 2. To evaluate Y,(1.55), n=O, 1, 2,
    . . .) 10, each to 5 significant figures. Remark. This procedure is equivalent to inter-
    The recurrence relation polating by means of the Taylor series
    Yn-1 (4 + yn+* (4 = cw4 y?&w
    can be used to compute Y,,(Z) in the direction of Gfo(z+h) =Foa ; . go’*(z)
    increasing n both for n<x and n>x, because in
    the latter event Y,,(z) is a numerically increasing at z=.4, and expressing the derivatives %?e’(z) in
    function of n. terms of qk(z) by means of the recurrence rela-
    We therefore compute Y,(1.55) and Y1(1.55) by tions and differential equation for the Bessel
    interpolation in Table 9.1, generate YZ(l .55), functions.
    Ya(1.55), . . .) Y,,(1.55) by recurrence and check Example 4. To evaluate J”(x), J:(z), Y,(z)
    YlO(l .55) by interpolation in Table 9.3. and Y:(x) for v=50, x=75, each to 6 decimals.
    n Y,(f 56) n Y,(l.M) We use the asymptotic expansions 9.3.35, 9.3.36,
    0 +O. 40225 6 - 1.9917x loa 9.3.43, and 9.3.44. Here z=x/v=3/2. From 9.3.39
    1 -0. 37970 7 - 1. 5100x 103
    2 -0.89218 8 - 1. 3440 x 10’ we find
    3 - 1.9227 9 - 1.3722X lob
    4 -6. 5505 10 - 1.5801 x 10’ arccos i= + .2769653.
    5 - 31.886
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 387
    Hence we find
    4{ li4
    {=-.5567724 and -l-22 =+1.155332. as= -7.944134, Ai’( + .947336.
    ( >
    Hence
    Next,
    ~“~=3.684031, ~~‘~[=-7.556562.

    Interpolating in Table 10.11, we find that


    Interpolating in the table following 9.5.26 we
    Ai = + .299953, Ai’(v213{) = + .451441, obtain
    Bi(v2/3{)= -.160565, Bi’(v2/3[)= +.819542. z(c)= +2.888631, h(l) = + .98259,
    .fiw=+.0107, F,(l)=-.OOl.
    As a check on the interpolation, we may verify
    that Ai Bi’-Ai’Bi=l/?r. The bounds given at the foot of the table show
    Interpolating in the table following 9.3.46 we
    that the contributions of higher terms to the
    obtain
    asymptotic series are negligible. Hence
    b,(l) = + .0136, c&)=+.1442.
    jlo,s=28.88631+.00107+ . . . =28.88738,
    The contributions of the terms involving a,({)
    and d,(r) are negligible, and substituting in the
    asymptotic expansions we find that
    x(1-.00001+ . . .)=-.14381.
    r&(75) = + 1.155332(5o-‘fix .299953
    +50-6”X.451441X.0136)=+.094077, Example 6. To evaluate the first root of
    Jo(x)Y&x)-Yo(x)Jo(Ax)=O for X=Q to 4 signifi- .
    &(75j = - (4/3)(1.155332)-1(5O-4/3X .299953 cant figures.
    X.1442+5O-2/3X.451441)=-.O38658, Let CX~’denote the root. Direct interpolation
    in Table 9.7 is impracticable owing to the
    divergence of the differences. Inspection of
    9.5.28 suggests that a smoother function is
    (X-l)@. Using Table 9.7 we compute the fol-
    lowing values

    l/X (A- l)cQ(1) 6 62

    0. 4 3.110
    As a check we may verify that +21
    0. 6 3.131 -12
    JY’- J’Y=2/(75s). +9
    0. 8 3.140 -7
    Remarks. This example may also be computed +2
    using the Debye expansions 9.3.15, 9.3.16, 9.3.19, 1. 0 3.142(x)
    and 9.3.20. Four terms of each of these series are
    required, compared with two in the computations Interpolating for l/X=.667, we obtain
    above. The closer the argument-order ratio is to (x-l)a:“=3.134 and thence the required root
    unity, the less effective the Debye expansions @b=6.268.
    become. In the neighborhood of unity the expan- Example 7. To evaluate ber, 1.55, bei, 1.55,
    sions 9.3.23, 9.3.24, 9.3.27, and 9.3.28 will furnish n=o, 1, 2, . * ., each to 5 decimals.
    results of moderate accuracy; for high-accuracy We use the recurrence relation
    work the uniform expansions should again be used.

    Example 5. To evaluate the 5th positive zero


    of Jlo(x) and the corresponding value of Jio(x),
    each to 5 decimals.
    We use the asymptotic expansions 9.5.22 and taking arbitrary values zero for Jg(xe3*t/4) and
    9.5.23 setting v=lO, s=5. From Table 10.11 l+Oi for J8(xe3ri/4) (see Example 1).
    388 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    = 1/(294989-22011i)=(.337119+.025155i)x10-6,
    n Real Imag. ber,,z be&,x
    ial valuer is1 valuer obtained from the relation
    --

    t-y x . 00000
    . xX138:
    jo(marf/4) +2Ja(dy +2J4(~3rf’4) + . . . = 1.
    -7
    $50:
    +8i
    - 475
    -:
    -.
    +.
    :?A!;
    00003
    00181
    -. 00003
    2: gyg
    Adequate checks are furnished by interpolating
    - 4447 - 203 -. 01494 -. 00180
    + 14989 + 17446 +. 04614 +. 06258 in Table 9.12 for ber 1.55 and bei 1.55, and the
    +11172 - 88578 -. 29580
    - 197012 $_: 8;;;‘: +. 36781 use of a simple sum check on the normalization.
    +2s1539 +. 91004 +. 59461 Should ker’s and kei,x be required they can be
    --
    C $106734 + 207449 f. 30763 +. 72619 computed by forward recurrence using formulas
    - 9.9.14, taking the required starting values for
    The values of ber,,x and bei,,x are computed by n=O and 1 from Table 9.12 (see Example 2). If
    multiplication of the trial values by the normal- an independent check on the recurrence is required
    ieing factor the asymptotic expansion 9.10.38 can be used.

    References
    Texts [9.13] F. W. J. Olver, The asymptotic expansion of Bessel
    functions of large order. Philos. Trans. Roy.
    [9.1] E. E. Allen, Analytical approximations, Math. Sot. London A247, 328-368 (1954).
    Tables Aids Comp. 8, 246-241 (1954). [9.14] G. Petiau, La theorie des fonctions de Bessel
    [9.2] E. E. Allen, Polynomial approximations to some (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
    modified Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Paris, France, 1955).
    Comp. 10, 162-164 (1956). [9.15] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
    [9.3] H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
    of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 1, Cambridge, England, 1958).
    205-308 (1944). [9.16] R. Weyrich, Die Zylinderfunktionen und ihre
    [9.4] W. G. Bickley, Bessel functions and formulae Anwendungen (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, Germany,
    (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1937).
    1953). This is a straight reprint of part of the [9.17] C. S. Whitehead, On a generalisation of the func-
    preliminaries to [9.21]. tions ber x, bei z, ker x, kei x. Quart. J. Pure
    [9.5] H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of heah Appl. Math. 42, 316-342 (1911).
    in solids (Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, [9.18] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
    1947). modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ.
    [9.6] E. T. Copson, An introduction to the theory of Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
    functions of a complex variable (Oxford Univ.
    Press, London, England, 1935). Tables
    [9.7] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions, [9.19] J. F. Bridge and S. W. Angrist, An extended table
    ~012, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New of roots of 5;(z) Yi(&r) -J:(&r) Y;(z) =O, Math.
    York, N.Y., 1953). Comp. 16, 198-204 (1962).
    [9.8] E. T. Goodwin, Recurrence relations for cross- [9.20] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
    products of Bessel functions, Quart. J. Mech. Bessel functions, Part I. Functions of orders
    Appl. Math. 2, 72-74 (1949). zero and unity, Mathematical Tables, vol. VI
    [9.9] A. Gray, G. B. Mathews and T. M. MacRobert, (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
    A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions, 2d 1950).
    ed. (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, England; [9.21] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
    1931). Bessel functions, Part II. Functions of positive
    [9.10] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formeln und integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X
    S&e fiir die speziellen Funktionen der mathe- (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
    matischen Physik, 2d ed. (Springer-Verlag; 1952).
    Berlin, Germany, 1948). [9.22] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
    [9.11] N. W. McLachlan, Bessel functions for engineers, Annual Report (J. R. Airey), 254 (1927).
    2d ed. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1955). [9.23] E. Cambi, Eleven- and fifteen-place tables of Bessel
    [9.12] F. W. J. Olver, Some new asymptotic expansions functions of the first kind, to all significant orders
    for Bessel functions of large orders. Proc. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
    Cambridge Philos. Sot. 48, 414-427 (1952). 1948).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 389
    [9.24] E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy funktsii Besselya ot functions with imaginary argument and their
    deistvitel’nogo argumenta i integralov ot nikh integrals).
    (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R., [9.34] Mathematical Tables Project, Table of
    1958). (Table of Bessel functions with real f.(z)=nl(%z)-nJ.(z). J. Math. Phys. 23,
    argument and their integrals). 45-60 (1944).
    [9.25] H. B. Dwight, Tables of integrals and other mathe- [9.35] National Bureau of Standards, Table of the Bessel
    matical data (The Macmillan Co., New York, functions Jo(z) and J1(z) for complex arguments,
    N.Y., 1957). 2d ed. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y.,
    This includes formulas for, and tables of Kelvin 1947).
    functions. [9.36] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel
    [9.26] H. B. Dwight, Table of roots for natural frequencies functions YO(z) and Yi(z) for complex arguments
    in coaxial type cavities, J. Math. Phys. 27, (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1950).
    8449 (1948). [9.37] National Physical Laboratory Mathematical Tables,
    This gives zeros of the functions 9.5.27 and 96.39 vol. 5, Chebyshev series for mathematical func-
    for n=0,1,2,3. tions, by C. W. Clenshaw (Her Majesty’s Sta-
    [9.27] V. N. Faddeeva and M. K. Gavurin, Tablitsy tionery Office, London, England, 1962).
    funktsii Besselia J,(z) tselykh nomerov ot 0 [9.38] National Physical Laboratory Mathematical Tables,
    do 120 (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, vol. 6, Tables for Bessel functions of moderate or
    U.S.S.R., 1950). (Table of J.(z) for orders 0 to large orders, by F. W. J. Olver (Her Majesty’s
    120). Stationery Office, London, England, 1962).
    [9.28] L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer [9.39] L. N. Nosova, Tables of Thomson (Kelvin) functions
    orders and large arguments. Royal Society and their first derivatives, translated from the
    Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Russian by P. Basu (Pergamon Press, New
    Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954). York, N.Y., 1961).
    [9.29] E. T. Goodwin and J. Staton, Table of J&o,J), [9.40] Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 7, Bessel
    Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1, 220-224 (1948).
    functions, Part III. Zeros and associated values,
    [9.30] Harvard Computation Laboratory, Tables of the edited by F. W. J. Olver (Cambridge Univ. Press,
    Bessel functions of the first kind of orders 0
    Cambridge, England, 1960).
    through 135, ~01s. 3-14 (Harvard Univ. Press,
    The introduction includes many formulas con-
    Cambridge, Mass., 1947-1951).
    nected with zeros.
    [9.31] K. Hayashi, Tafeln der Besselschen, Theta, Kugel-
    und anderer Funktionen (Springer, Berlin, Ger- [9.41] Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 10,
    ma.ny, 1930). Bessel functions, Part IV. Kelvin functions, by
    [9.32] E. Jahnke, F. Emde, and F. Loach, Tables of A. Young and A. Kirk (Cambridge Univ. Press,
    higher functions, ch. IX, 6th ed. (McGraw-Hill Cambridge, England, 1963).
    Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1960). The introduction includes many formulas for
    [9.33] L. N. Karmazina and E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy Kelvin functions.
    funktsii Besselya ot mnimogo argumenta i 19.42) W. Sibagaki, 0.01 % tables of modified Bessel
    integralov ot nikh (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, functions, with the account of the methods used
    Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1958). (Tables of Bessel in the calculation (Baifukan, Tokyo, Japan, 1955).
    390 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.1 BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 4ND 2

    Jo (.c) +I, (I) tJ&)


    0.0 1.00000 00000 00000 0.00000 00000 0.00000 00000
    0.99750 15620 66040 0.04993 75260 0.00124 89587
    i:: 0.99002 49722 39576 0.09950 08326 0.00498 33542
    0.97762 62465 38296 0.14831 88163 0.01116 58619
    00143 0.96039 82266 59563 0.19602 65780 0.01973 46631
    0.93846 98072 40813 0.24226 84571 0.03060 40235
    E 0.91200 48634 97211 0.28670 09881 0.04366 50967
    0.88120 08886 07405 0.32899 57415 0.05878 69444
    is’8 0.84628 73527 50480 0.36884 20461 0.07581 77625
    0: 9 0.80752 37981 22545 0.40594 95461 0.09458 63043
    0.76519 76865 57967 0.44005 05857 0.11490 34849
    ::1" 0.71962 20185 27511 0.47090 23949 0.13656 41540
    0.67113 27442 64363 0.49828 90576 0.15934 90183
    :*'3 0.62008 59895 61509 0.52202 32474 0.18302 66988
    1:4 0.56685 51203 74289 0.54194 77139 0.20735 58995
    0.51182 76717 35918 0.55793 65079 0.23208 76721
    E 0.45540 21676 39381 0.56989 59353 0.25696 77514
    1:7 0.39798 48594 46109 0.57776 52315 0.28173 89424
    1.8 0.33998 64110 42558 0.58151 69517 0.30614 35353
    1. 9 0.28181 85593 74385 0.58115 70727 0.32992 57277
    2.0 0.22389 07791 41236 0.57672 48078 0.35283 40286
    0.16660 69803 31990 0.56829 21358 0.37462 36252
    ::: 0.11036 22669 22174 0.55596 30498 0.39505 86875
    0.05553 97844 45602 0.53987 25326 0.41391 45917
    $2 +0.00250 76832 97244 0.52018 52682 0.43098 00402
    -0.04838 37764 68198 0.49709 41025 0.44605 90584
    ::z -0.09680 49543 97038 0.47081 82665 0.45897 28517
    -0.14244 93700 46012 0.44160 13791 0.46956 15027
    1'78 -0.18503 60333 64387 0.40970 92469 0.47768 54954
    2:9 -0.22431 15457 91968 0.37542 74818 0.48322 70505
    3.0 -0.26005 19549 01933 0.33905 89585 0.48609 12606
    3.1 -0.29206 43476 50698 0.30092 11331 0.48620 70142
    -0.32018 81696 57123 0.26134 32488 0.48352 77001
    ?-'3 -0.34429 62603 98885 0.22066 34530 0.47803 16865
    3: 4 -0.36429 55967 62000 0.17922 58517 0.46972 25683
    3.5 -0.38012 77399 87263 0.13737 75274 0.45862 91842
    -0.39176 89837 00798 0.09546 55472 0.44480 53988
    :*7" -0.39923 02033 71191 0.05383 39877 0142832 96562
    3: 8 -0.40255 64101 78564 +0.01282 10029 0.40930 43065
    3.9 -0.40182 60148 87640 -0.02724 40396 0.38785 47125
    -0.39714 98098 63847 -0.06604 33280 0.36412 81459
    ::1" -0.38866 96798 35854 -0.10327 32577 0.33829 24809
    -0.37655 70543 67568 -0.13864 69421 0.31053 47010
    2; -0.36101 11172 36535 -0.17189 65602 0.28105 92288
    4:4 -0.34225 67900 03886 -0.20277 55219 0.25008 60982
    4. 5 -0.32054 25089 85121 -0.23106 04319 0.21784 89837
    -0.29613 78165 74141 -0.25655 28361 0.18459 31052
    i-7" -0.26933 07894 19753 -0.27908 07358 0.15057 30295
    4: 8 -0.24042 53272 91183 -0.29849 98581 0.11605 03864
    4. 9 -0.20973 83275 85326 -0.31469 46710 0.08129 15231
    5. 0 -0.17759 67713 14338 -0.32757 91376 0.04656 51163
    rc-4x1
    L‘ li _I c 1
    i-t)5 (-;I3
    [ 1
    Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science,Besselfunc-
    tions, Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X
    (CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge,England, 1952) and Harvard Computation
    Laboratory, Tables of the Besselfunctions of the first kind of orders 0 through
    135, ~01s.3-14 (Harvard Univ. Press,Cambridge, Mass., 1947-1951)(with per-
    mission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 391
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2 Table 9.1

    x Ye(x) Yl(X) Yz(x)


    00
    ::1” -1.5342;
    -1.08110
    86514
    53224
    -6.458; 10947 -127.64478 324
    -3.32382 49881 - 32.15714 456
    is:
    0: 4
    -0.80727
    -0.60602
    35778
    45684
    -2.29310
    -1.78087
    51384
    20443
    - 14.48009
    - 8.29833
    401
    565
    -0.44451 87335 -1.47147 23927 - 5.44137 084
    8:: -0.30850 98701 -1.26039 13472 - 3.89279 462
    -0.19066 49293 -1.10324 98719 - 2.96147 756
    00-i -0.08680 22797 -0.97814 41767 - 2.35855 816
    0:9 +0.00562 83066 -0.87312 65825 - 1.94590 960
    1. 0 0.08825 69642 -0.78121 28213 - 1.65068 261
    0.16216 32029 -0.69811 95601 - 1.43147 149
    :*: 0.22808 35032 -0.62113 63797 - 1.26331 080
    1:s 0.28653 53572 -0.54851 97300 - 1.13041 186
    1.4 0.33789 51297 -0.47914 69742 - 1.02239 081
    1.5 0.38244 89238 -0.41230 86270 - 0.93219 376
    0.42042 68964 -0.34757 80083 - 0.85489 941
    :*; 0.45202 70002 -0.28472 62451 - 0.78699 905
    1:8 0.47743 17149 -0.22366 48682 - 0.72594 824
    1.9 0.49681 99713 -0.16440 57723 - 0.66987 868
    0.51037 56726 -0.10703 24315 - 0.61740 810
    21" 0.51829 37375 -0.05167 86121 - 0.56751 146
    0.52078 42854 +0.00148 77893 - 0.51943 175
    z 0.51807 53962 0.05227 73158 - 0.47261 686
    214 0.51041 47487 0.10048 89383 - 0.42667 397
    2. 5 0.49807 03596 0.14591 81380 - 0.38133 585
    0.48133 05906 0.18836 35444 - 0.33643 556
    z 0.46050 35491 0.22763 24459 - 0.29188 692
    2:8 0.43591 59856 0.26354 53936 - 0.24766 928
    2.9 0.40791 17692 0.29594 00546 - 0.20381 518
    3. 0 0.37685 00100 0.32467 44248 - 0.16040 039
    0.34310 28894 0.34962 94823 - 0.11753 548
    33': 0.30705 32501 0.37071 13384 - 0.07535 866
    3: 3 0.26909 19951 0.38785 29310 - 0.03402 961
    3.4 0.22961 53372 0.40101 52921 + 0.00627 601
    0.18902 19439 0.41018 84179 0.04537 144
    ;:2 0.14771 00126 0.41539 17621 Or08306 319
    0.10607 43153 0.41667 43727 0.11915 508
    z.78 0.06450 32467 0.41411 46893 Oil5345 185
    3:9 +0.02337 59082 0.40782 00193 0.18576 256
    4. 0 -0.01694 07393 0.39792 57106 0.21590 359
    -0.05609 46266 0.38459 40348 0.24370 147
    2:: -0.09375 12013 0.36801 28079 0.26899 540
    -0.12959 59029 0.34839 37583 0.29163 951
    2:: -0.16333 64628 0.32597 06708 0.31150 495
    -0.19470 50086 0.30099 73231 0.32848 160
    t:2 -0.22345 99526 0.27374 52415 0.34247 962
    -0.24938 76472 0.24450 12968 0.35343 075
    t*i -0.27230 37945 0.21356 51673 0.36128 928
    4:9 -0.29205 45942 0.18124 66920 0.36603 284
    5. 0 -0.30851 76252 0.14786 31434 0.36766 288
    2n
    Yn+l(x)=~Yn(x)-Y,-l(X)
    392 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.1 BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

    Jo(x) JlC4 52(z)


    -0.17759 67713 14338 -0.32757 91376 0.04656 51163
    -0.14433 47470 60501 -0.33709 72020 +0.01213 97659
    -0.11029 04397 90987 -0.34322 30059 -0.02171 84086
    -0.07580 31115 85584 -0.34596 08338 -0.05474 81465
    -0:04121 01012 44991 -0.34534 47908 -0.08669 53768
    -0.00684 38694 17819 -0.34143 a2154 -0.11731 54816
    +0.02697 08846 85114 -0.33433 28363 -0.14637 54691
    0.05992 00097 24037 -0.32414 76802 -0.17365 60379
    0.09170 25675 74816 -0.31102 77443 -0.19895 35139
    0.12203 33545 92823 -0.29514 24447 -0.22208 16409
    0.15064 52572 50997 -0.27668 38581 -0.24287 32100
    0.17729 14222 42744 -0.25586 47726 -0.26118 15116
    0.20174 72229 48904 -0.23291 65671 -0.27688 15994
    0.22381 20061 32191 -0.20808 69402 -0.28987 13522
    0.24331 06048 23407 -0.18163 75090 -0.30007 23264
    0.26009 46055 81606 -0.15384 13014 -0.30743 03906
    0.27404 33606 24146 -0.12498 01652 -0.31191 61379
    0.28506 47377 10576 -0.09534 21180 -0.31352 50715
    0.29309 56031 04273 -0.06521 86634 -0.31227 75629
    0.29810 20354 04820 -0.03490 20961 -0.30821 85850
    0.30007 92705 19556 -0.00468 28235 -0.30141 72201
    0.29905 13805 01550 +0.02515 32743 -0.29196 59511
    0.29507 06914 00958 0.05432 74202 -0.27997 97413
    0.28821 69476 35014 0.08257 04305 -0.26559 49119
    0.27859 62326 57478 0.10962 50949 -0.24896 78286
    0.26633 96578 80378 0.13524 84276 -0.23027 34105
    0.25160 18338 49976 0.15921 37684 -0.20970 34737
    0.23455 91395 86464 0.18131 27153 -0.18746 49278
    0.21540 78077 46263 0.20135 68728 -0.16377 78404
    0.19436 18448 41278 0.21917 93999 -0.13887 33892
    0.17165 08071 37554 0.23463 63469 -0.11299 17204
    0.14751 74540 44378 0.24760 77670 -0.08637 97338
    0.12221 53017 84138 0.25799 85976 -0.05928 88146
    0.09600 61008 95010 0.26573 93020 -0.03197 25341
    0.06915 72616 56985 0.27078 62683 -0.00468 43406
    0.04193 92518 42935 0.27312 19637 +0.02232 47396
    +0.01462 29912 78741 0.27275 48445 oio4aao 83679
    -0.01252 27324 49665 0.26971 90241 0.07452 71058
    -0.03923 38031 76542 0.26407 37032 0.09925 05539
    -0.06525 32468 51244 0.25590 23714 0.12275 93977
    -0.09033 36111 82876 0.24531 17866 0.14484 73415
    -0.11423 92326 83199 0.23243 07450 0.16532 2912y
    -0.13674 83707 64864 0.21740 86550 0.18401 11218
    -0.15765 51899 43403 0.20041 39278 0.20075 49594
    -0.17677 15727 51508 0.18163 22040 0.21541 67225
    -0.19392 87476 87422 0.16126 44308 0.22787 91542
    -0.20897 87183 68872 0.13952 48117 0.23804 63875
    -0.22179 54820 31723 0.11663 86479 0.24584 46878
    -0.23227 60275 79367 0.09284 00911 0.25122 29849
    -0.24034 11055 34760 0.06836 98323 0.25415 31929
    -0.24593 57644 51348 0.04347 27462 0.25463 03137
    ll 1
    ';14'4
    [
    (6’4
    1 [
    ( y4
    1
    5,+1(z) =c J,,(z) - Jn-I(Z)
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 393
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0,lAND 2 Table 9.1

    yocd Ydx)
    520 -0.30851
    -0.32160
    76252
    24491
    0.14786
    0.11373
    Ylk)

    31434
    64420
    0.36766 288
    0.36620 498
    55:: -0.33125
    -0.33743
    09348
    73011
    0.07919
    0.04454
    03430
    76191
    0.36170 876
    0.35424 772
    Z:i -0.34016 78783 +0:01012 72667 0.34391 872
    -0.33948 05929 -0.02375 82390
    ::2 -0.33544
    -0.32815
    41812
    71408
    -0.05680
    -0.08872
    56144
    33405
    0.33084
    0.31515
    0.29702
    123
    646
    614
    :2
    5: 9
    -0.31774
    -0.30436
    64300
    59300
    -0.11923
    -0.14807
    41135
    71525
    0.27663
    0.25417
    122
    029
    -0.28819 46840 -0.17501 03443 0.22985 790
    2:: -0.26943 49304 -0.19981 22045 0.20392 273
    -0.24830 99505 -0.22228 36406 0.17660 555
    2: -0.22506 17496 -0.24224 95005 0.14815 715
    6: 4 -0.19994 85953 -0.25955 98934 0.11883 613
    -0.17324 24349 -0.27409 12740 0.08890 666
    i-2 -0.14522 62172 -0.28574 72791 0.05863 613
    6: 7 -0.11619 11427 -0.29445 93130 to.02829 284
    -0.08643 38683 -0.30018 68758 -0.00185 639
    29" -0.05625 36922 -0.30291 76343 -0.03154 852
    7. 0 -0.02594 97440 -0.30266 72370 -0.06052 661
    +0.00418 17932 -0.29947 88746 -0.08854 204
    ::: 0.03385 04048 -0.29342 25939 -0.11535 668
    0.06277 38864 -0.28459 43719 -0.14074 495
    77:: 0.09068 08802 -0.27311 49598 -0.16449 573
    7.5 0.11731 32861 -0.25912 85105 -0.18641 422
    0.14242 85247 -0.24280 10021 -0.20632 353
    3 0.16580 16324 -0.22431 84743 -0.22406 617
    0.18722 71733 -0.20388 50954 -0.23950 540
    5 0.20652 09481 -0.18172 10773 -0.25252 628
    8.0 0.22352 14894 -0.15806 04617 -0.26303 660
    0.23809 13287 -0.13314 87960 -0.27096 757
    i-21 0.25011 80276 -0.10724 07223 -0.27627 430
    8:3 0.25951 49638 -0.08059 75035 -0.27893 605
    8. 4 0.26622 18674 -0.05348 45084 -0.27895 627
    0.27020 51054 -0.02616 86794 -0.27636 244
    256 0.27145 77123 +0.00108 39918 -0.27120 562
    0.26999 91703 0.02801 09592 -0.26355 987
    Ei 0.26587 49418 0.05435 55633 -0.25352 140
    8: 9 0.25915 57617 0.07986 93974 -0.24120 758
    0.24"3 66983 0.10431 45752 -0.22675 568
    ;*10 0.23833 59921 0.12746 58820 -0.21032 151
    9:2 0.22449 36870 0.14911 27879 -0.19207 786
    0.20857 00676 0.16906 13071 -0.17221 280
    E 0.19074 39189 0.18713 56847 -0.15092 782
    0.17121 06262 0.20317 98994 -0.12843 591
    x-2 0.15018 01353 0.21705 89660 -0.10495 952
    9:7 0.12787 47920 0.22866 00298 -0.08072 839
    0.10452 70840 0.23789 32421 -0.05597 744
    82 0.08037 73052 0.24469 24113 -0.03094 449
    10. 0 0.05567 11673 0.24901 54242 -0.00586 808

    [C-i)4
    1 [ 2n 1
    (-;I4
    [ 1
    c-t)4

    Y,+1(2)=zY,(z)-Y,-1(2)
    394 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.1 BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

    Job) Jl(4 J&4


    lo” 0 -0.24593 57644 51348 0.04347 27462 0.25463 03137
    10:1 -0.24902 96505 80910 +0.01839 55155 0.25267 23269
    10.2 -0.24961 70698 54127 -0.00661 57433 0.24831 98653
    10.3 -0.24771 68134 82244 -0.03131 78295 0.24163 56815
    10.4 -ii24337 17507 14207 -0.05547 27618 0.23270 39119
    10.5 -0.23664 81944 62347 -0.07885 00142 0.22162 91441
    10. 6 -0.22763 50476 20693 -0.10122 86626 0.20853 53000
    10.7 -0.21644 27399 23818 -0.12239 94239 0.19356 43429
    10. 8 -0.20320 19671 12039 -0.14216 65683 0.17687 48248
    10.9 -Oil8806 22459 63342 -0.16034 96867 0.15864 02851
    11. 0 -0.17119 03004 07196 -0.17678 52990 0.13904 75188
    11.1 -0.15276 82954 35677 -0.19132 82878 0.11829 47301
    11.2 -0.13299 19368 59575 -0.20385 31459 0.09658 95894
    11. 3 -0.11206 84561 09807 -0.21425 50262 0.07414 72125
    11.4 -0.09021 45002 47520 -0.22245 05864 0.05118 80816
    11. 5 -0.06765 39481 11665 -0.22837 86207 0.02793 59271
    11.6 -0.04461 56740 94438 -0.23200 04746 +0.00461 55923
    11.7 -0.02133 12813 88500 -0.23330 02408 -0.01854 91017
    11.8 +0.00196 71733 06740 -0.23228 47343 -0.04133 74673
    11.9 0.02504 94416 99590 -0i22898 32497 -0.06353 40215
    12.0 0.04768 93107 96834 -0.22344 71045 -0.08493 04949
    12.1 0.06966 67736 06807 -0.21574 89734 -0.10532 77609
    12.2 0.09077 01231 70505 -0.20598 20217 -0.12453 76677
    12.3 0.11079 79503 07585 -0.19425 88480 -0.14238 47549
    12.4 0.12956 10265 17502 -0.18071 02469 -0.15870 78405
    12.5 0.14688 40547 00421 -0.16548 38046 -0.17336 14634
    12.6 0.16260 72717 45511 -0.14874 23434 -0.18621 71675
    12.7 ii17658 78885 61499 -0.13066 22290 -0.19716 46175
    12.8 0.18870 13547 80683 -0.11143 15593 -0.20611 25359
    12.9 0.19884 24371 36331 -0.09124 82522 -0.21298 94530
    13.0 0.20692 61023 77068 -0.07031 80521 -0.21774 42642
    13.1 0.21288 81975 22060 -0.04885 24733 -0.22034 65904
    13.2 0.21668 59222 58564 -0.02706 67028 -0.22078 69378
    13.3 0.21829 80903 19277 -0.00517 74806 -0.21907 66588
    13.4 0.21772 51787 31184 +0.01659 90199 -0i21524 77131
    13.5 0.21498 91658 80401 0.03804 92921 -0.20935 22337
    13.6 0.21013 31613 69248 0.05896 45572 -0.20146 19030
    13.7 0.20322 08326 33007 0.07914 27651 -0.19166 71443
    13.8 0.19433 56352 15629 0.09839 05167 -0.18007 61400
    13.9 0.18357 98554 57870 0.11652 48904 -0.16681 36842
    14. 0 0.17107 34761 10459 0.13337 51547 -0.15201 98826
    14.1 0.15695 28770 32601 0.14878 43513 -0.13584 87137
    14.2 0.14136 93846 57129 0.16261 07342 -0.11846 64643
    14.3 0.12448 76852 83919 0.17472 90520 -0.10005 00556
    14.4 0.10648 41184 90342 0.18503 16616 -0iO8078 52766
    14.5 0.08754 48680 10376 0.19342 94636 -0.06086 49420
    14.6 0.06786 40683 23379 0.19985 26514 -0.04048 69928
    14.7 0.04764 18459 01522 Or20425 12683 -0.01985 25577
    14.8 0.02708 23145 85872 0.20659 55672 +0.00083 60053
    14.9 +0.00639 15448 90853 0.20687 61718 0.02137 70688
    15.0 -0.01422 44728 26781 0.20510 40386 0.04157 16780
    [ 1
    '$13
    [ 1
    C-f)3
    [ 1
    c-:)3

    J n-l.1(x) =p Jn(x) -Jn l(X)


    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 395
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2 Table 9.1

    x I’o(x) Yl(X) Y2b)


    10. 0 0.05567 11673 0.24901 54242 -0.00586 808
    10.1 0.03065 73806 0.25084 44363 +0.01901 478
    10.2 +0.00558 52273 0.25018 58292 0.04347 082
    10. 3 -0.01929 78497 0.24706 99395 0.06727 260
    10.4 -0.04374 86190 0.24155 05610 0.09020 065
    10. 5 -0.06753 03725 0.23370 42284 0.11204 546
    10. 6 -0.09041 51548 0.22362 92892 0.13260 936
    10.7 -0.11218 58897 0.21144 47763 0.15170 828
    10.8 -0.13263 83844 0.19728 90905 0.16917 340
    10. 9 -Oil5158 31932 0.18131 85097 0.18485 264
    11. 0 -0.16884 73239 0.16370 55374 0.19861 197
    11.1 -0.18427 57716 0.14463 71102 0.21033 651
    11.2 -Oil9773 28675 0.12431 26795 0.21993 156
    11.3 -0.20910 34295 0.10294 21889 0.22732 329
    11. 4 -0.21829 37073 OiO8074 39654 0.23245 932
    11.5 -0.22523 21117 0.05794 25471 0.23530 908
    11. 6 -0.22986 97260 0.03476 64663 0.23586 394
    11.7 -0i23218 05930 +0.01144 60113 0.23413 718
    11.8 -0.23216 17790 -0.01178 90120 0.23016 364
    11.9 -0.22983 32139 -0.03471 14983 0.22399 935
    12.0 -0.22523 73126 -0.05709 92183 0.21572 078
    12.1 -0.21843 83806 -0.07873 69315 0.20542 401
    12.2 -0.20952 18128 -0.09941 84171 0.19322 371
    12. 3 -0.19859 30946 -0.11894 84033 0.17925 189
    12.4 -0.18577 66153 -0.13714 43766 0.16365 655
    12.5 -0.17121 43068 -0.15383 82565 0.14660 019
    12. 6 -0.15506 41238 -0.16887 79186 0.12825 810
    12. 7 -0.13749 83780 -0.18212 85528 0.10881 672
    12.8 -0.11870 19463 -0.19347 38454 0.08847 166
    12.9 -0.09887 03702 -0.20281 69743 0.06742 588
    13.0 -0.07820 78645 -0.21008 14084 0.04588 765
    13.1 -0.05692 52'68 -0.21521 15060 0.02406 854
    13.2 -0.03523 78771 -0.21817 29066 +0.00218 138
    13.3 -0.01336 34191 -0.21895 27145 -0.01956 180
    13.4 +0.00848 02072 -0.21755 94728 -0.04095 177
    13.5 0.03007 70090 -0.21402 29303 -0.06178 411
    13.6 0.05121 50115 -0.20839 36044 -0.08186 113
    13.7 0.07168 83040 -0.20074 21453 -0.10099 373
    13. 8 0.09129 90143 -0.19115 85095 -0.11900 315
    13.9 0.10985 91895 -0.17975 09511 -0.13572 264
    14.0 0.12719 25686 -0.16664 48419 -0.15099 897
    14.1 0.14313 62286 -0.15198 13335 -Oil6469 386
    14.2 0.15754 20895 -0.13591 58742 -0.17668 517
    14.3 0.17027 82640 -0.11861 65967 -0.18686 800
    14.4 0.18123 02411 -0.10026 25924 -0.19515 560
    14.5 0.19030 18912 -0.08104 20909 -0.20148 011
    14.6 0.19741 62858 -0.06115 05609 -0.20579 307
    14.7 0.20251 63238 -0.04078 87536 -0.20806 581
    14.8 0.20556 51604 -0.02016 07059 -0.20828 958
    14. 9 0.20654 64347 +0.00052 82751 -0.20647 553
    15.0 0.20546 42960 0.02107 36280 -0.20265 448

    [ 1
    C-i!3
    [ 1
    c-:13
    2n
    [ 1
    c-;13

    Y~+l(x)=~Y,(x)-Y,~l(x)
    396 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.1 BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

    X Job4 Jl(4 J2(4


    15. 0 -0.01422 44728 26781 0.20510 40386 0.04157 16780
    15.1 -0.03456 18514 55565 0.20131 02204 0.06122 54568
    15.2 -0.05442 07968 44039 0.19554 54359 0.08015 04595
    15.3 -0.07360 75449 51123 0.18787 94498 0.09816 69502
    15.4 -0.09193 62278 62321 0.17840 02717 0.11510 50943
    15.5 -0.10923 06509 00050 0.16721 31804 0.13080 65451
    15.6 -0.12532 59640 22481 0.15443 95871 0.14512 59111
    15.7 -0.14007 02118 29049 0.14021 57469 0.15793 20904
    15.8 -0.15332 57477 60686 0.12469 13334 0.16910 94608
    15.9 -0.16497 04994 85673 0.10802 78901 0.17855 89133
    16. 0 -0.17489 90739 83629 0.09039 71757 0.18619 87209
    16.1 -0.18302 36924 65310 0.07197 94186 0.19196 52352
    16.2 -0.18927 49469 77945 0.05296 14991 0.19581 34037
    16. 3 -0.19360 23723 28377 0.03353 50765 0.19771 71056
    16.4 -0.19597 48287 91007 +0.01389 46807 0.19766 93020
    16. 5 -0.19638 06929 36861 -0.00576 42137 0.19568 20004
    16.6 -0.19482 78558 05566 -0.02524 71116 0.19178 60351
    16.7 -0.19134 35295 25189 -0.04436 24008 0.18603 06671
    16.8 -0.18597 38653 47601 -0.06292 32177 0.17848 30061
    16.9 -0.17878 33878 91219 -0.08074 92543 0.16922 72631
    17. 0 -0.16985 42521 51184 -0.09766 84928 0.15836 38412
    17.1 -0.15928 53315 32265 -Oil1351 88483 0.14600 82733
    17.2 -0.14719 11467 66030 -0.12814 97057 0.13229 00182
    17.3 -0.13370 06470 75764 -Oil4142 33355 0.11735 11285
    17. 4 -0.11895 58563 36348 -0.15321 61760 0.10134 48016
    17.5 -0.10311 03982 28686 -0.16341 99694 0.08443 38303

    2n
    [ 1
    C-92
    J,+.~(z)=~ Jn(z)-Jn-I(Z)

    Table 9.1 BESSEL FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE OF ORDERS 0,l AND 2

    J&)=&(z) cos h(z) Y,(x)=&(x) sin e,(x)


    x-1 x”Mo(x) eo(4 --z zfJf1 (x) 01(x)--2 x+x2 (4 e2(4--x
    0.10 0.79739 375 -0.79783 499 0.79936 575 -2.31885 508 0.80542 555 -3.73985 605
    0. 09 0.79748 584 -0.79660 186 0.79908 654 -2.32256 201 0.80398 367 -3.75850 527
    0. 08 0.79756 868 -0.79536 548 0.79883 586 -2.32627 732 0.80269 711 -3.77717 539
    0.07 0.79764 214 -0.79412 617 0.79861 398 -2.33000 016 0.80156 472 -3.79586 377
    0.06 0.79770 609 -0.79288 426 0.79842 116 -2.33372 965 0.80058 549 -3.81456 786
    0.05 0.79776 040 -0.79164 009 0.79825 761 -2.33746 488 0.79975 851 -3.83328 521
    0. 04 0.79780 498 -0.79039 402 0.79812 353 -2.34120 495 0.79908 299 -3.85201 346
    0.03 0.79783 975 -0.78914 641 0.79801 908 -2.34494 891 0.79855 829 -3.87075 034
    0.02 0.79786 463 -0.78789 764 0.79794 438 -2.34869 580 0.79818 387 -3.88949 363
    0.01 0.79787 957 -0.78664 810 0.79789 952 -2.35244 465 0.79795 937 -3.90824 117
    0.00 0.79788 456 -0.78539 816 0.79788 456 -2.35619 449 0.79788 456 -3.92699 082
    [‘-y] [(-I)43 [(-I)“] [q”] [‘I)“] [(-i)3]

    <z>=nearest integer to 2.
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 397
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0,l AND 2 Table 9.1

    .x Ye(r) Yl (x> Y2(:r)


    15.0 0.20546 42960 0.02107 36280 -0.20265 448
    15.1 0.20234 32292 0.04127 35340 -0.19687 654
    15.2 0.19722 76821 0.06093 08736 -0.18921 046
    15.3 0.19018 15001 0.07985 51269 -0.17974 292
    15.4 Oil8128 71741 0.09786 41973 -0.16857 754
    15.5 0.17064 49112 0.11478 61425 -0.15583 380
    15.6 0.15837 15368 0.13046 07959 -0.14164 579
    15.7 0.14459 92412 0.14474 12638 -0.12616 086
    15.8 0.12947 41833 0.15749 52835 -0.10953 807
    15.9 0.11315 49657 0.16860 64314 -0.09194 661
    16.0 0.09581 09971 0.17797 51689 -0.07356 410
    16.1 0.07762 07587 0.18551 97173 -0.05457 483
    16.2 0.05876 99918 0.19117 67538 -0.03516 792
    16. 3 0.03944 98249 0.19490 19240 -0.01553 548
    16. 4 0.01985 48596 0.19667 01648 +0.00412 931
    16.5 +0.00018 12325 0.19647 58378 0.02363 402
    16. 6 -0.01937 53254 0.19433 26715 0.04278 890
    16.7 -0.03862 14147 0.19027 35142 0.06140 866
    16.8 -0.05736 78596 0.18434 99015 0.07931 428
    16.9 -0.07543 15476 0.17663 14431 0.09633 468
    17.0 -0.09263 71984 0.16720 50361 0.11230 838
    17.1 -0.10881 90473 0.15617 39131 0.12708 500
    17.2 -0.12382 24237 0.14365 65362 0.14052 667
    17.3 -0.13750 52134 0.12978 53467 0.15250 930
    17.4 -0.14973 91883 0.11470 53859 0.16292 372
    17.5 -0.16041 11925 0.09857 27987 0.17167 666

    %+1(x)=$ Yn(2)-FL-1(~)

    Table 9.1
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS

    fl@> f2 64 flk) fd4


    070 -0.07380 X

    430 -0.63661 977 1. 0 0.08825 696 -0.78121 282


    0”:: -0.06672
    -0.07202 984
    574
    -0.63857
    -0.64437
    491
    529
    1':: 0.11849
    0.15018
    917
    546
    -0.79936
    -0.81476
    142
    705
    ::34 -0.04579 663
    -0.05794 956 -0.65382
    -0.66660
    684
    964
    ::: 0.18296
    0.21647
    470
    200
    -0.82642
    -0.83332
    473
    875
    0.5 -0.03039 904 -0.68228 315 1':: 0.25033 233 -0.83449 074
    -0.01192 435 -0.70029 342 0.28416 437 -0.82895 780
    0":; +0.00942 612 -0.71998 221 11-i 0.31758 436 -0.81583 036
    0.03341 927 -0.74059 789 0.35020 995 -0.79427 978
    !I:: 0.05979 263 -0.76130 792 1: 9 0.38166 415 -0.76356 508
    1.0 0.08825 696 -0.78121 282
    [(-p] [C-74)5]

    Ye(x)=f 1(z)+z Jo(x) In :c Yl(x)=~f2(x)+~J1(x) In z


    398 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.2 BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-9

    Jz(:I$ J4 (.1.) Js (1.) J6 (29 Ji (2)


    0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (1; g.;;;;
    -3 9:0629
    -2 1.4995
    II-2 23197 - 5)8.5712
    0.12894 - 6)2.4923
    ;:2" 0.16233
    0.19811
    Et 0.23529
    2:8 0.27270
    3.0 0.30906 0.13203
    3.2 0.34307 0.15972
    0.37339 0.18920
    xi 0.39876 0.21980
    3:8 0.41803 0.25074
    0.43017 0.28113 0.13209
    t:2" 0.43439 0.31003 0.15614
    0.43013 0.33645 0.18160
    t-46 0.41707 0.35941 0.20799
    418 0.39521 0.37796 0.23473 I - 43 I 1.3952
    9.3860
    2.0275
    4.0270
    2.8852
    0.36483 0.39123 0.26114 0.13105
    E! 0.32652 0.39847 0.28651 0.15252
    514 0.28113 0.39906 0.31007 0.17515
    0.22978 0.39257 0.33103 0.19856
    55:: 0.17382 0.37877 0.34862 0.22230
    6.0 0.11477 0.35764 0.36209 0.24584 0.12959
    6.2 +0.05428 0.32941 0.37077 0.26860 0.14910
    -0.00591 0.29453 0.37408 0.28996 0.16960
    246 -0.06406 0.25368 0.37155 0.30928 0.19077
    6:8 -0.11847 0.20774 0.36288 0.32590 0.21224
    7.0 -0.16756 0.15780 0.34790 0.33920 0.23358 0.12797
    7.2 -0.20987 0.10509 0.32663 0.34857 0.25432 0.14594
    -0.24420 +0.05097 0.29930 0.35349 0.27393 0.16476
    2 -0.26958 -0.00313 0.26629 0.35351 0.29188 0.18417
    718 -0.28535 -0.05572 0.22820 0.34828 0.30762 0.20385
    -0.29113 -0.10536 0.18577 0.33758 0.32059 0.22345 0.12632
    -0.28692 -0.15065 0.13994 0.32131 0.33027 0.24257 0.14303
    -0.27302 -0.19033 0.09175 0.29956 0.33619 0.26075 0.16049
    -0.25005 -0.22326 +0.04237 0.27253 0.33790 0.27755 0.17847
    -0.21896 -0.24854 -0.00699 0.24060 0.33508 0.29248 0.19670
    9.0 -0.18094 -0.26547 -0.05504 0.20432 0.32746 0.30507 0.21488
    9.2 -0.13740 -0.27362 -0.10053 0.16435 0.31490 0.31484 0.23266
    -0.08997 -0.27284 -0.14224 0.12152 0.29737 0.24965
    E! -0.04034 -0.26326 -0.17904 0.07676 0.27499 8'ZY 0.26546
    9:8 +0.00970 -0.24528 -0.20993 +0.03107 0.24797 0:32318 0.27967
    10.0 0.05838 -0.21960 -0.23406 -0.01446 0.21671 0.31785 0.29186
    Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part II. Func-
    tions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, Eng-
    land, 1952) and Mathematical Tables Project, Table of .f,(x) = n!(G)-nJ,(:x). J. Math. Phys. 23, 45-60
    (1944) (with permission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER ‘399
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-9 Table 9.2

    X Y3h) Y4(5) Y5b) Ys(x) Y7(2) Ys(x) Y!)(Z)

    4 :1;162

    -5.8215
    -3.5899
    II
    3
    2
    1
    -1.2097
    -2.4302
    -7.8751

    -2.4420 -9.4432

    II
    -1.7897 -5.8564
    -1.3896 -3.9059
    2.0 -1.1278 -2.7659 -9.9360 1 -4.6914
    -0.94591 -2.0603 -6.5462 1 -2.7695
    2:
    2:6
    -0.81161
    -0.70596
    -1.6024
    -1.2927
    -4.5296
    -372716
    1
    1
    -1.7271
    -1.1290
    2.8 -0.61736 -1.0752 -2.4548 -7.6918
    3.0 -0.53854 -0.91668 -1.9059 -5.4365
    3.2 -0.46491 -0.79635 -1.5260 -3.9723
    -0.39363 -0.70092 -1.2556 -2.9920 -9.3044
    z-46 -0.32310 -0.62156 -1.0581 -2.3177 -6.6677
    3:8 -0.25259 -0.55227 -0.91009 -1.8427 -4.9090
    4.0 -0.18202 -0.48894 -0.79585 -1.5007 -3.7062 ( l)-1.1471
    4.2 -0.11183 -0.42875 -0.70484 -1.2494 -2.8650 -8.3005
    -0.04278 -0.36985 -0.62967 -1.0612 -2.2645 -6.1442
    2: +0.02406 -0.31109 -0.56509 -0.91737 -1.8281 -4.6463
    4:8 0.08751 -0.25190 -0.50735 -0.80507 -1.5053 -3.5855
    5.0 0.14627 -0.19214 -0.45369 -0.71525 -1.2629 -2.8209 -7.7639
    0.19905 -0.13204 -0.40218 -0.64139 -1.0780 -2.2608 -5.8783
    :5 0.24463 -0.07211 -0.35146 -0.57874 -0.93462 -1.8444 -4.5302
    516 0.28192 -0.01310 -0.30063 -0.52375 -0.82168 -1.5304 -3.5510
    5.8 0.31001 +0.04407 -0.24922 -0.47377 -0.73099 -1.2907 -2.829l5
    0.09839 -0.19706 -0.42683 -0.65659 -1.1052 y;;
    2; oo%E 0.14877 -0.14426 -0138145 -0.59403 -0.95990
    6:4 0:333s3 0.19413 -0.09117 -0.33658 -0.53992 -0.84450 -1:5713
    6.6 0.32128 0.23344 -0.03833 -0.29151 -0.49169 -0.75147 -1.33011
    6.8 0.29909 0.26576 +0.01357 -0.24581 -0.44735 -0.67521 -1.1414
    0.26808 0.29031 0.06370 -0.19931 -0.40537 -0.61144 -0.992:20
    ;-2o 0.22934 0.30647 0.11119 -0.15204 -0.36459 -0.55689 -0.87293
    714 0.18420 0.15509 -0.10426 -0.32416 -0.50902 -0.77643
    0.13421 00%2B~ 0.19450 -0.05635 -0.28348 -0.46585 -0.69726
    ;:i 0.08106 0:30186 0.22854 -0.00886 -0.24217 -0.42581 -0.63128
    8.0 +0.02654 0.28294 0.25640 +0.03756 -0.20006 -0.38767 -0.57528
    -0.02753 0.25613 0.27741 0.08218 -0.15716 -0.35049 -0.52673
    E -0.07935 0.22228 0.29104 0.12420 -0.11361 -0.31355 -0.48363
    8:6 -0.12723 0.18244 0.29694 0.16284 -0.06973 -0.27635 -0.444140
    8.8 -0.16959 0.13789 0.29495 0.19728 -0.02593 -0.23853 -0.40777
    -0.20509 0.09003 0.28512 0.22677 +0.01724 -0.19995 -0.37271
    %*20 -0.23262 +0.04037 0.26773 0.25064 0.05920 -0.16056 -0.33843
    9:4 -0.25136 -0.00951 0.24326 0.26830 0.09925 -0.12048 -0.30433
    -0.26079 -0.05804 0.21243 0.27932 0.13672 -0.07994 -0.26995
    ;:i -0.26074 -0.10366 0.17612 0.28338 0.17087 -0.03928 -0.23499
    10.0 -0.25136 -0.14495 0.13540 0.28035 0.20102 +0.00108 -0.19930
    400 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.2 BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-9

    X J3 (xl J4 (x) J5 (d Js(x9 JT(z) Js (z) Js (x)


    10.0 0.05838 -0.21960 -0.23406 -0.01446 0.21671 0.31785 0.29186
    10.2 0.10400 -0.18715 -0.25078 -0.05871 0.18170 0.30811 0.30161
    10.4 0.14497 -0.14906 -0.25964 -0.10059 0.14358 0.29386 0.30852
    10.6 0.17992 -0.10669 -0.26044 -0.13901 0.10308 0.27515 0.31224
    10.8 0.20768 -0.06150 -0.25323 -0.17297 0.06104 0.25210 0.31244
    11.0 0.22735 -0.01504 -0.23829 -0.20158 to.01838 0.22497 0.30886
    11.2 to.03110 -0.21614 -0.22408 -0.02395 0.19414 0.30130
    11. 4 i* x: 0.07534 -0.18754 -0.23985 -0.06494 0.16010 0.28964
    11. 6 0:23359 0.11621 -0.15345 -0.24849 -0.10361 0.12344 0.27388
    11.8 0.21827 0.15232 -0.11500 -0.24978 -0.13901 0.08485 0.25407
    12.0 0.19514 0.18250 -0.07347 -0.24372 -0.17025 0.04510 0.23038
    12.2 0.16515 0.20576 -0.03023 -0.23053 -0.19653 +0.00501 0.20310
    12.4 0.12951 0.22138 +0.01331 -0.21064 -0.21716 -0.03453 0.17260
    12.6 0.08963 0.22890 0.05571 -0.18469 -0.23160 -0.07264 0.13935
    12.8 0.04702 0.22815 0.09557 -0.15349 -0.23947 -0.10843 0.10393
    13.0 +0.00332 0.21928 0.13162 -0.11803 -0.24057 -0.14105 0.06698
    13.2 -0.03984 0.20268 0.16267 -0.07944 -0.23489 -0.16969 to.02921
    13.4 -0.08085 0.17905 0.18774 -0.03894 -0.22261 -0.19364 -0.00860
    13.6 -0.11822 0.14931 0.20605 +0.00220 -0.20411 -0.21231 -0.04567
    13.8 -0.15059 0.11460 0.21702 0.04266 -0.17993 -0.22520 -0.08117
    14. 0 -0.17681 0.07624 0.22038 0.08117 -0.15080 -0.23197 -0.11431
    14.2 -0.19598 +0.03566 0.21607 0.11650 -0.11762 -0.23246 -0.14432
    14.4 -0.20747 -0.00566 0.20433 0.14756 -0.08136 -0.22666 -0.17048
    14.6 -0.21094 -0.04620 0.18563 0.17335 -0.04315 -0.21472 -0.19216
    14.8 -0.20637 -0.08450 0.16069 0.19308 -0.00415 -0.19700 -0.20883
    15. 0 -0.19402 -0.11918 0.13046 0.20615 +0.03446 -0.17398 -0.22005
    15.2 -0.17445 -0.14901 0.09603 0.21219 0.07149 -0.14634 -0.22553
    15.4 -0.14850 -0.17296 0.05865 0.21105 0.10580 -0.11487 -0.22514
    15.6 -0.11723 -0.19021 +0.01968 0.20283 0.13634 -0.08047 -0.21888
    15.8 -0.08188 -0.20020 -0.01949 0.18787 0.16217 -0.04417 -0.20690
    16.0 -0.04385 -0.20264 -0.05747 0.16672 0.18251 -0.00702 -0.18953
    16.2 -0.00461 -0.19752 -0.09293 0.14016 0.19675 +0.02987 -0.16725
    16.4 +0.03432 -0.18511 -0.12462 0.10913 0.20447 0.06542 -0.14065
    16.6 0.07146 -0.16596 -0.15144 0.07473 0.20546 0.09855 -0.11047
    16.8 0.10542 -0.14083 -0.17248 0.03817 0.19974 0.12829 -0.07756
    17.0 0.13493 -0.11074 -0.18704 +0.00072 0.18755 0.15374 -0.04286
    17.2 0.15891 -0.07685 -0.19466 -0.03632 0.16932 0.17414 -0.00733
    17.4 0.17651 -0.34048 -0.19512 -0.07166 0.14570 0.18889 +0.02799
    17.6 0.18712 -0.00300 -0.18848 -0.10410 0.11751 0.19757 0.06210
    17.8 0.19041 +0.03417 -0.17505 -0.13251 0.08571 0.19993 0.09400
    18.0 0.18632 0.06964 -0.15537 -0.15596 0.05140 0.19593 0.12276
    la.2 0.17510 0.10209 -0.13022 -0.17364 +0.01573 0.18574 0.14756
    la.4 0.15724 0.13033 -0.10058 -0.18499 -0.02007 0.16972 0.16766
    la.6 0.13351 0.15334 -0.06756 -0.18966 0.14841
    18.8 0.10487 0.17031 -0.03240 -0.18755 1: . g:;: 0.12253 it. :9812;97
    19.0 0.07249 0.18065 +0.00357 -0.17877 -0.11648 0.09294 0.19474
    19.2 0.03764 0.18403 0.03904 -0.16370 -0.14135 0.06063
    19.4 +0.00170 0.18039 0.07269 -0.14292 -0.16110 +0.02667 : :E;
    19.6 -0.03395 0.16994 0.10331 -0.11723 -0.17508 -0.00783 0:16869
    19.8 -0.06791 0.15313 0.12978 -0.08759 -0.18287 -0.04171 0.14916
    20.0 -0.09890
    0.13067 0.15117 -0.05509 -0.18422 -0.07387 0.12513
    [ 1 [ 1 c 1 II 1 [ 1 c 1 cc-y1
    c-p (-$11 6;I1 (-y-J C-,4)8 C-,4)8
    BESSEL FUNC!!CIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 401
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-9 Table 9.2

    Ydx) Ys(4
    lo”0
    10:2
    -0.25136
    -0.23314
    y4cd
    -0.14495
    -0.18061
    y5w
    0.13540
    0.09148
    yS(x)
    0.28035
    0.27030
    y7cd
    0.20102
    0.22652
    0.00108 -0.19930
    Y9@)

    0.04061 -0.16282
    10.4 -0.20686 -0.20954 +0.04567 0.25346 0.24678 0.07874 -0.12563
    10.6 -0.17359 -0.23087 -0.00065 0.23025 0.26131 0.11488 -0.08791
    10.8 -0.13463 -0.24397 -0.04609 0.20130 0.26975 0.14838 -0.04793
    11.0 -0.09148 -0.24851 -0.08925 0.16737 0.27184 0.17861 -(LO1205
    11.2 -0.04577 -0.24445 -0.12884 0.12941 0.26750 0.20496 +0.02530
    11.4 +0.00082 -0.23203 -0.16365 0.08848 0.25678 0.22687 0.06163
    11.6 0.04657 -0.21178 -0.19262 0.04573 0.24384 0.09640
    11.8 0.08981 -0.18450 -0.21489 +0.00238 od
    . zsx 0.25545 0.12906
    12.0 0.12901 -0.15122 -0.22982 -0.04030 0.18952 0.26140 0.15902
    12.2 -0.11317 -0.23698 -0.08107 0.15724 0.26151 0.18573
    12.4 EKi92971 -0.07175 -0.23623 -0.11875 0.12130 0.25571 0.20865
    12.6 0:20959 -0.02845 -0.22766 -0.15223 0.08268 0.24409 0.22728
    12.8 0.22112 +0.01518 -0.21163 -0.18052 0.04240 0.22689 0.24122
    13.0 0.22420 0.05759 -0.1887d -0.20279 +0.00157 0.20448 0.25010
    13.2 0.21883 0.09729 -0.15987 -0.21840 -0.03868 0.17738 0.25369
    13.4 0.20534 0.13289 -0.12600 -0.22692 -0.07722 0.14625 0.25184
    13.6 0.18432 0.16318 -0.22813 -0.11296 0.11185 0.24454
    13.8 0.15666 0.18712 100'
    . 00:;;; -0.22204 -0.14489 0.07505 0.23190
    14.0 0.12350 0.20393 -0.00697 -0.20891 -0.17209 +0.03682 0.21417
    14.2 0.08615 0.21308 +0.03390 -0.18921 -0.19380 -0.00186 0.19170
    14.4 0.04605 0.21434 0.07303 -0.16363 -0.20939 -0.03994 0.16501
    14.6 +0.00477 0.20775 q.10907 -0.13305 -0.21842 -0.07640 0.13470
    14.8 -0.03613 0.19364 0.14080 -0.09850 -0.22067 -0.11024 0.10149
    15. 0 -0.07511 0.17261 -0.06116 -0.21610 -0.14053 0.06620
    15.2 -0.11072 0.14550 k 11:::70 -0.02228 -0.20489 -0.16644 +0.02969
    15.4 -0.14165 0.11339 0120055 +0.01684 -0.18743 -0.18723 -0.00710
    15.6 -0.16678 0.07750 0.20652 0.05489 -0.16430 -0.20234 -0.04322
    15.8 -0.18523 +0.03920 0.20507 0.09059 -0.13627 -0.21134 -0.07775
    16.0 -0.19637 -0.00007 0.19633 0.12278 -0.10425 -0.21399 -0.10975
    16.2 -0.19986 -0.03885 0.18067 0.15038 -0.06928 -0.21025 -0.13838
    16.4 -0.19566 -0.07571 0.15873 0.17250 -0.03251 -0.20025 -0.16286
    16.6 -0.18402 -0.10930 0.13135 0.18843 +0.00487 -0.18432 -0.18253
    16.8 -0.16547 -0.13841 0.09956 0.19767 0.04164 -0.16297 -0.19685
    17. 0 -0.14078 -0.16200 0.06455 0.19996 0.07660 -0.13688 -0.20543
    17.2 -0.11098 -0.17924 +0.02761 0.19529 0.10864 -0.10686 -0.20805
    17.4 -0.07725 -0.18956 -0.00990 0.18387 0.13671 -0.07387 -0.20464
    17.6 -0.04094 -0.19265 -0.04663 0.16616 0.15991 -0.03895 -0.19533
    17.8 -0.00347 -0.18846 -0.08123 0.14282 0.17752 -0.00320 -0.18039
    18.0 +0.03372 -0.17722 -0.11249 0.11472 0.18897 +0.03225 -0.16030
    18.2 0.06920 -0.15942 -0.13928 0.08289 0.19393 0.06629 -0.13566
    18.4 0.10163 -0.13580 -0.16067 0.04848 0.19229 0.09782 -0.10722
    18.6 0.12977 -0.10731 -0.17593 +0.01272 0.18414 0.12587 -0.07586
    18.8 0.15261 -0.07506 -0.18455 -0.02310 0.16980 0.14955 -0.04252
    19.0 0.16930 -0.04031 -0.18628 -0.05773 0.14982 0.16812 -0.00824
    19.2 0.17927 -0.00440 -0.18111 -0.08993 0.12490 0.18100 +0.02593
    19.4 0.18221 +0.03131 -0.16930 -0.11857 0.09595 0.18782 0.05895
    19.6 0.17805 0.06546 -0.15134 -0.14267 0.06399 0.18838 0.08979
    19.8 0.16705 0.09678 -0.12794 -0.16139 +0.03013 0.18270 0.11750
    0.14967 0.12409 -0.10004 -0.17411 -0.00443 0.17101 0.14124

    [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 II‘-$18 c-p
    20.0
    (-j+)l (-;I1 C-$)1 (-;)9 (-;I8 1
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.3 BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 10, 11,20 AND 21

    z 10'ki-'oJlo(cz)
    0. 0 2.69114 446 1.22324 748 -0.11828 049 3.91990 9.33311 -0.406017
    0.1 2.69053 290 1.22299 266 -0.11831 335 3.91944 9.33205 -0.406071
    2.68869 898 1.22222 850 -0.11841 200 3.91804 9.32886 -0.406231
    Fl*: 2.68564 500 1.22095 588 -0.11857 661 3.91571 -0.406499
    0: 4 2.68137 477 1.21917 626 -0.11880 750 3.91244 99.
    . '3:::: -0.406873
    0. 5 2.67589 362 1.21689 169 -0.11910 510 3.90825 9.30663 -0.407355
    2.66920 838 1.21410 481 -0.11946 998 3.90314 9.29500 -0.407945
    E 2.66132
    2.65226
    738
    043
    1.21081
    1.20703
    883
    750
    -0.11990
    -0.12040
    282
    444
    3.89710
    3.89015
    9.28128
    9.26546
    -0.408644
    -0.409452
    ::9” 2.64201 878 1.20276 518 -0.12097 581 3.88228 9.24758 -0.410369
    2.63061 512 1.19800 675 -0.12161 801 3.87350 9.22162 -0.411397
    ::1” 2.60437
    2.61806 358
    963
    1.19276
    1.18705
    764
    385
    -0.12233
    -0.12312
    229
    002
    3.86383
    3.85325
    9.20562
    9.18157
    -0.412536
    -0.413788
    :-:
    1:4
    2.58958
    2.51368
    012
    323
    1.18087
    1.17422
    185
    867
    -0.12398
    -0.12492
    273
    212
    3.84179
    3.82945
    9.15550
    9.12743
    co.415153
    -0.416632
    1.5 2.55670 842 1.16713 182 -0.12594 004 3.81624 9.09737 -0.418228
    1.6 2.53867 639 1.15958 931 -0.12703 852 3.80216 9.06534 -0.419940
    2.51960 907 1.15160 961 -0.12821 977 3.78723 9.03137 -0.421771
    :-ii 2.49952 955 1.14320 168 -0.12948 616 3.77146 8.99546 -0.423122
    1:9 2.47846 207 1.13437 488 -0.13084 030 3.75485 8.95766 -0.425795
    2.45643 192 1.12513 904 -0.13228 497 3.73742 8.91797 -0.427992
    2: 2.43346
    2.40959
    545
    000
    1.11550
    1.10548
    438
    152
    -0.13382
    -0.13545
    319
    821
    3.71918
    3.70015
    8.87643
    8.83306
    -0.430315
    -0.432764
    $3
    2:4
    2.38483
    2.35922
    384
    612
    1.09508
    1.08431
    144
    551
    -0.13719
    -0.13903
    351
    284
    3.68032
    3.65973
    8.78790
    8.74096
    -0.435344
    -0.438056
    2.5 2.33279 682 1.07319 540 -0.14098 022 3.63831 8.69228 -0.440902
    2.30557 613 1.06173 312 -0.14303 997 3.61627 8.64189 -0.443885
    Z 2.21759 732
    074
    1.04994
    1.03783
    098
    155
    -0.14521
    -0.14751
    672
    543
    3.59344
    3.56989
    8.58981
    8.53609
    -0.447007
    -0.450272
    ::t 2.24889
    2.21948 976 1.02541 767 -0.14994 141 3.54564 8.48076 -0.453682
    3. 0 2.18942 770 1.01271 242 -0.15250 037 3.52071 8.42385 -0.457241
    3.1 2.15873 836 0.99972 906 -0.15519 840 3.49510 8.36539 -0.460951
    2.12745 598 0.98648 108 -0.15804 206 3.46885 8.30542 -0.464816
    :-: 2.09561 517 0.97298 213 -0.16103 836 3.44195 8.24397 -0.468840
    3: 4 2.06325 085 0.95924 599 -0.16419 482 3.41444 8.18110 -0.473027
    2.03039 820 0.94528 659 -0.16751 951 3.38633 8.11682 -0.477379
    ::2 1.99709
    1.96336
    260
    956
    0.93111
    0.91675
    794
    415
    -0.17102
    -0.17470
    110
    889 '3*3':;;:
    8.05119
    7.98424
    -0.481902
    -0.486600
    ;:I. 1.92926
    1.89481
    467
    352
    0.90220
    0.88749
    939
    785
    -0.17859
    -0.18268
    286
    376
    3129855
    3.26821
    7.91600
    7.84653
    -0.491476
    -0.496537
    1.86005 168 0.87263 375 -0.18699 314 3.23736 1.77586 -0.501786
    1.82501 462 0.85763 130 -0.19153 346 3.20601 7.70403 -0.507229
    1.78973 765 0.84250 469 -0.19631 812 3.17419 7.63108 -0.512872
    1.75425 588 0.82726 806 -0.20136 159 3.14192 7.55707 -0.518719
    1.71860 416 0.81193 548 -0.20667 950 3.10921 1.48202 -0.524777
    1.68281 701 0.79652 093 -0.21228 873 3.07608 7.40598 -0.531051
    1.64692 860 0.78103 829 -0.21820 757 3.04256 7.32900 -0.537549
    1.61097 267 0.76550 130 -0.22445 582 3.00866 7.25112 -0.544276
    1.57498 249 0.74992 351 -0.23105 498 7.17238 -0.551240
    1.53899 084 0.73431 852 -0.23802 840 5.. Eltl" 7.09282 -0.558448
    1.50302 991 0.71869 942 -0.24540 147 2.90490 7.01250 -0.565907

    [ 1 C-55)6
    [ 1
    (-55)5
    [ 1 c 1
    (93 (6;)3

    Y,+1(@ Yn(z)-Yn-l(X)
    E
    Compiledfrom British Associationfor the Advancement of Science,Besselfunctions, Part II. Functions
    of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X (CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge, England,
    1952),L. Fox, A short table for Besselfunctions of integer ordersand large arguments. Royal Society
    Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge,England, 1954), and Mathe-
    matical Tables Project, Table of fm(z)=n!(%-c-V,(a). J. Math. Phys. 23, 45-60 (1944) (with per-
    mission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 403
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 10, 11, 20 AND 21 Table 9.3

    lo'%-'oJ~o(z) lolL-"Jll(s) 1o-%'oYlo(z)


    5'0 1 50302 991 0.71869 942 -0.24540 147 2.90490 7.01250 -0.565907
    511 1:46713 132 0.70307 931 -0.25320 186 2.86969 6.93145 -0.573626
    1.43132 603 0.68747 104 -0.26145 975 2.83421 6.84971 -0.581612
    :3 1.39564 431 0.67188 722 -0.27020 813 2.79846 6.76734 -0.589875
    514 1.36011 571 0.65634 019 -0.27948 304 2.76248 6.68437 -0.598423
    1 32476 904 0.64084 205 -0.28932 400 2.72628 6.60085 -0.607266
    ;:; 1'28963 229 0.62540 463 -0.29977 431 2.68988 6.51682 -0.616414
    1'25473 264 0.61003 945 -0.31088 154 2.65330 6.43233 -0.625876
    :'i 1'22009 642 0.59475 774 -0.32269 795 2.61656 6.34742 -0.635663
    5: 9 1:18574 907 0.57957 041 -0.33528 105 2.57967 6.26213 -0.645788
    6.0 1.15171 513 0.56448 805 -0.34869 413 2.54267 6.17651 -0.656261
    1 11801 822 0.54952 091 -0.36300 693 2.50556 6.09059 -0.667094
    66:: 1'08468 098 0.53467 890 -0.37829 631 2.46837 6.00443 -0.678301
    1'05172 510 0.51997 158 -0.39464 698 2.43111 5.91806 -0.689895
    i:: 1:01917 129 0.50540 814 -0.41215 232 2.39381 5.83152 -0.701890
    0 98703 926 0.49099 740 -0.43091 524 2.35647 5.74485 -0.714300
    E-2 0'95534 769 0.47674 781 -0.45104 907 2.31913 5.65810 -0.727140
    6:7 0:92411 427 0.46266 745 -0.47267 855 2.28179 5.57131 -0.740427
    6.8 0.89335 563 0.44876 400 -0.49594 084 2.24448 5.48451 -0.754178
    6.9 0.86308 740 0.43504 477 -0.52098 648 2.20721 5.39775 -0.768410
    7.0 0.83332 414 0.42151 665 -0.54798 051 2.17000 5.31106 -0.783140
    0 80407 941 0.40818 616 -0.57710 346 2.13286 5.22448 -0.798389
    77': 0'77536 570 0.39505 943 -0.60855 234 2.09582 5.13805 -0.814177
    7:3 0:74719 450 0.38214 216 -0.64254 159 2.05888 5.05181 -0.830524
    7.4 0.71957 626 0.36943 970 -0.67930 390 2.02206 4.96579 -0.847452
    7.5 0.69252 040 0.35695 696 -0.71909 088 1.98539 4.88002 -0.864985
    7.6 0.66603 536 0.34469 850 -0.76217 356 1.94887 4.79455 -0.883147
    7. 7 0.64012 854 0.33266 845 -0.80884 258 1.91252 4.70940 -0.901963
    7.8 0.61480 640 0.32087 058 -0.85940 807 1.87635 4.62461 -0.921460
    7.9 0.59007 439 0.30930 826 -0.91419 914 1.84038 4.54021 -0.941665
    8.0 0.56593 704 0.29798 448 -0.97356 279 1.80462 4.45624 -0.962608
    8.1 0.54239 791 0.28690 187 -1.03786 231 1.76908 4.37272 -0.984319
    8.2 0.51945 967 0.27606 265 -1.10747 485 1.73378 4.28968 -1.006831
    8.3 0.49712 408 0.26546 873 -1.18278 826 1.69874 4.20716 -1.030178
    8.4 0.47539 201 0.25512 162 -1.26419 685 1.66395 4.12518 -1.054394
    8.5 0.45426 352 0.24502 250 -1.35209 608 1.62944 4.04377 -1.079518
    8.6 0.43373 779 0.23517 220 -1.44687 598 1.59521 3.96296 -1.105589
    8.7 0.41381 323 0.22557 121 -1.54891 312 1.56128 3.88277 -1.132647
    0.39448 748 0.21621 969 -1.65856 097 1.52765 3.80323 -1.160736
    88:: 0.37575 740 0.20711 750 -1.77613 854 1.49434 3.72436 -1.189902
    9.0 0.35761 917 0.19826 418 -1.90191 706 1.46136 3.64619 -1.220192
    0 34006 823 0.18965 897 -2.03610 452 1.42872 3.56873 -1.251657
    ;': 0'32309 939 0.18130 082 -2.17882 801 1.39641 3.49201 -1.284351
    9:3 0:30670 683 0.17318 839 -2.33011 366 1.36447 3.41606 -1.318328
    9.4 0.29088 411 0.16532 010 -2.48986 396 1.33288 3.34088 -1.353647
    1.30166 3.26651 -1.390372
    i:; 0.24676 422
    0.26091
    0.27562 963
    227 0.15030 409
    0.15769
    0.14316 825
    025 -2.83359
    -3.01652
    -2.65783 602
    353
    251 1.27082 3.19294 -1.428567
    1.24036 3.12022 -1.468301
    9:8 0.23314 362 0.13624 751 -3.20574 283 1.21029 3.04834 -1.509646
    9.9 0.22005 470 0.12956 726 -3.40010 421 1.18061 2.97733 -1.552680
    10.0 0.20748 611 0.12311 653 -3.59814 152 1.15134 2.90720
    -1.597484
    ['-y] [(-;)"I ['-y] (-l)5c-y
    II 1 c 1 [ 1 c--4)2
    4
    404 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.3 BESSEL FUNCTIONS+RDERS 10, 11, 20 AND 21

    JlO(Z) Jll(4 YlO(X) 10~5x-2tJ2o(x) 1027x-2'52l(X) 10-23~2oY~~(~)


    lo”0 0.20748 611 0.12311 653 -0.35981 415 1.151337 2.907199 - 1.59748
    10:1 0.21587 417 0.13041 285 -0.34383 078 1.122469 2.837961 - 1.64414
    10. 2 0.22413 707 0.13787 866 -0.32793 809 1.094012 2.769629 - 1.69275
    10. 3 0.23223 256 0.14549 509 -0.31207 433 1.065970 2.702215 - 1.74339
    10. 4 0.24011 699 0.15324 123 -0.29618 615 1.038347 2.635729 - 1.79618
    10. 5 0.24774 554 0.16109 407 -0.28022 819 1.011148 2.570182 - 1.85121
    10.6 0.25507 240 0.16902 861 -0.26416 276 0.984374 2.505582 - 1.90861
    10.7 0.26205 109 0.17701 780 -0.24795 949 0.958030 2.441939 - 1.96848
    10.8 0.26863 466 0.18503 266 -0.23159 513 0.932118 2.379259 - 2.03097
    10. 9 0.27477 603 0.19304 230 -0.21505 324 0.906639 2.317550 - 2.09619
    11. 0 0.28042 823 0.20101 401 -0.19832 403 0.881596 2.256817 - 2.16430
    11.1 0.28554 479 0.20891 340 -0.18140 409 0.856989 2.197065 - 2.23544
    11. 2 0.29007 999 0.21670 446 -0.16429 620 0.832821 2.138299 - 2.30977
    11.3 0.29398 925 0.22434 974 -0.14700 917 0.809092 2.080523 - 2.38746
    11.4 0.29722 944 0.23181 048 -0.12955 753 0.785801 2.023738 - 2.46870
    11.5 0.29975 923 0.23904 680 -0.11196 142 0.762950 1.967947 - 2.55367
    11.6 0.30153 946 0.24601 789 -0.09424 628 0.740539 1.913152 - 2.64257
    11. 7 0.30253 345 0.25268 218 -0.07644 263 0.718565 1.859352 - 2.73563
    11.8 0.30270 737 0.25899 761 -0.05858 580 0.697029 1.806548 - 2.83307
    11.9 0.30203 061 0.26492 183 -0.04071 566 0.675930 1.754740 - 2.93513
    12.0 0.30047 604 0.27041 248 -0.02287 631 0.655266 1.703925 - 3.04208
    12.1 0.29802 036 0.27542 744 -0.00511 577 0.635035 1.654102 - 3.15419
    12.2 0.29464 445 0.27992 508 to.01251 441 0.615236 1.605267 - 3.27175
    12.3 0.29033 357 0.28386 459 0.02995 946 0.595866 1.557418 - 3.39509
    12.4 0.28507 771 0.28720 623 0.04716 182 0.576923 1.510551 - 3.52453
    12.5 0.27887 175 0.28991 166 0.06406 154 1.464660 - 3.66044
    12. 6 0.27171 575 0.29194 422 0.08059 668 00.KE: 1.419743 - 3.80321
    12. 7 0.26361 509 0.29326 923 0.09670 381 0:522625 1.375791 - 3.95323
    12. 8 0.25458 064 0.29385 431 0.11231 845 0.505359 1.332800 - 4.11095
    12.9 0.24462 889 0.29366 968 0.12737 554 0.488504 1.290762 - 4.27684
    13. 0 0.23378 201 0.29268 843 0.14180 995 0.472056 1.249671 - 4.45140
    13.1 0.22206 793 0;29088 684 0.15555 698 0.456011 1.209520 - 4.63518
    13.2 0.20952 032 0.28824 464 0.16855 286 0.440365 1.170299 - 4.82874
    13. 3 0.19617 859 0.28474 526 0.18073 529 0.425114 1.132001 - 5.03272
    13. 4 0.18208 776 0.28037 612 0.19204 392 0.410252 1.094617 - 5.24778
    13. 5 0.16729 840 0.27512 884 0.20242 090 0.395776 1.058137 - 5.47464
    13. 6 0.15186 646 0.26899 942 0.21181 137 0.381681 1.022552 - 5.71407
    13. 7 0.13585 302 0.26198 851 0.22016 393 0.367961 0.987853 - 5.96691
    13.8 0.11932 411 0.25410 149 0.22743 118 0.354612 0.954028 - 6.23405
    13. 9 0.10235 036 0.24534 866 0.23357 014 0.341628 0.921067 - 6.51646
    14. 0 0.08500 671 0.23574 535 0.23854 273 0.329005 0.888960 - 6.81520
    14.1 0.06737 200 0.22531 197 0.24231 614 0.316736 0.857694 - 7.13138
    14.2 0.04952 862 0.21407 407 0.24486 329 0.304816 0.827260 - 7.46624
    14. 3 0.03156 199 0.20206 238 0.24616 313 0.293240 0.797644 - 7.82110
    14.4 +0.01356 013 0.18931 275 0.24620 100 0.282001 0.768835 - 8.19739
    14.5 -0.00438 689 0.17586 611 0.24496 888 0.271095 0.740821 - 8.59667
    14. 6 -0.02218 745 0.16176 836 0.24246 568 0.260516 0.713590 - 9.02062
    14.7 -0.03974 898 0.14707 028 0.23869 741 0.250257 0.687129 - 9.47109
    14. 8 -0.05697 854 0.13182 729 0.23367 730 0.240312 0.661426 - 9.95006
    14.9 -0.07378 344 0.11609 931 0.22742 597 0.230676 0.636467 -10.45971
    15.0 -0.09007 181 0.09995 048 0.21997 141 0.221343 0.612240 -11.00239
    ['-y] ['-y-j
    [( 1
    72
    [I 1 [(-;I11
    ( -;I6
    [ 1
    c-j,4
    c
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 405
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 10, 11, 20 AND 21 Table 9.3

    JIOG) 1027~-215~~(~)
    ls”0 Jll(Z) YlO(X) wh-“oJzo(~) lo-?iGoY~~(z)
    -0.09007 181 0.09995 048 0.21997 141 0.22134 33 0.61224 04 - 11.0024
    15:1 -0.10575 330 0.08344 886 0.21134 904 0.21230 71 0.58873 25 - 11.51807
    15.2 -0.12073 964 0.06666 618 0.20160 159 0.20356 16 0.56593 06 - 12.1974
    15.3 -0.13494 535 0.04967 738 0.19077 902 0.19510 08 0.54382 12 - 12.8555
    15.4 -0.14828 828 0.03256 035 0.17893 834 0.18691 87 0.52239 14 - 13.5585
    15.5 -0.16069 032 +0.01539 539 0.16614 338 0.17900 91 0.50162 76 - 14.3098
    15.6 -0.17207 791 -0.00173 513 0.15246 453 0.17136 62 0.48151 66 - 15.1136
    15.7 -0.18238 269 -0.01874 731 0.13797 838 0.16398 38 0.46204 52 - 15.9742
    15.8 -0.19154 204 -0.03555 621 0.12276 733 0.15685 60 0.44319 99 - 16.8962
    15.9 -0.19949 958 -0.05207 632 0.10691 918 0.14997 67 0.42496 74 - 17.8849
    16.0 -0.20620 569 -0.06822 215 0.09052 660 0.14334 00 0.40733 43 - 18.9460
    16.1 -0.21161 797 -0.08390 874 0.07368 666 0.13694 00 0.39028 75 - 20.0855
    16.2 -0.21570 160 -0.09905 224 0.05650 016 0.13077 08 0.37381 35 - 21.3104
    16.3 -0.21842 977 -0.11357 046 0.03907 110 0.12482 65 0.35789 93 - 22.6279
    16.4 -0.21978 394 -0.12738 344 0.02150 600 0.11910 14 0.34253 16 - 24.0462
    16.5 -0.21975 411 -0.14041 403 +0.00391 319 0.11358 96 0.32769 75 - 25.5740
    16. 6 -0.21833 905 -0.15258 841 -0.01359 786 0.10828 55 0.31338 39 - 27.2209
    16.7 -0.21554 637 -0.16383 668 -0.03091 729 0.10318 34 0.29957 78 - 28.9975
    16.8 -0.21139 267 -0.17409 338 -0.04793 557 0.09827 77 0.28626 66 - 30.9150
    16.9 -0.20590 350 -0.18329 797 -0.06454 431 0.09356 30 0.27343 76 - 32.9859
    17.0 -0.19911 332 -0.19139 539 -0.08063 696 0.08903 37 0.26107 81 - 35.2237
    17.1 -0.19106 538 -0.19833 646 -0.09610 960 0.08468 45 0.24917 57 - 37.6429
    17.2 -0.18181 155 -0.20407 831 -0.11086 170 0.08051 02 0.23771 82 - 40.25'94
    17.3 -0.17141 203 -0.20858 485 -0.12479 683 0.07650 53 0.22669 32 - 43.0904
    17.4 -0.15993 505 -0.21182 701 -0.13782 343 0.07266 49 0.21608 89 - 46.1543
    17.5 -0.14745 649 -0.21378 318 -0.14985 544 0.06898 37 0.20589 33 - 49.4711
    17.6 -0.13405 943 -0.21443 935 -0.16081 304 0.06545 69 0.19609 48 - 53.06822
    17.7 -0.11983 363 -0.21378 944 -0.17062 321 0.06207 96 0.18668 17 - 56.9506
    17.8 -0.10487 499 -0.21183 538 -0.17922 038 0.05884 68 0.17764 27 - 61.1611
    17.9 -0.08928 492 -0.20858 727 -0.18654 691 0.05575 39 0.16896 66 - 65.7197
    18.0 -0.07316 966 -0.20406 341 -0.19255 365 0.05279 63 0.16064 24 - 70.6543
    18.1 -0.05663 961 -0.19829 032 -0.19720 030 0.04996 93 0.15265 91 - 75.9946
    18.2 -0.03980 852 -0.19130 265 -0.20045 582 0.04726 85 0.14500 62 - 81.7717
    18.3 -0.02279 278 -0.18314 307 -0.20229 875 0.04468 96 0.13767 32 - 88.0182
    18.4 -0.00571 052 -0.17386 213 -0.20271 742 0.04222 83 0.13064 97 - 94.7683
    18.5 +0.01131 917 -0.16351 793 -0.20171 011 0.03988 04 0.12392 57 -102.0574
    18.6 0.02817 711 -Oil5217 591 -0.19928 520 0.03764 17 0.11749 14 -109.9219
    18.7 0.04474 490 -0.13990 845 -0.19546 113 0.03550 84 0.11133 69 -118.3992
    18. 8 0.06090 579 -0.12679 446 -0.19026 637 0.03347 64 0.10545 28 -127.5270
    18.9 0.07654 556 -0.11291 893 -0.18373 930 0.03154 21 0.09982 98 -137.3432
    19.0 0.09155 333 -0.09837 240 -0.17592 797 0.02970 16 0.09445 89 -147.8850
    19.1 0.10582 247 -0.08325 039 -0.16688 985 0.02795 15 0.08933 lo -159.1885
    19.2 0.11925 134 -0.06765 283 -0.15669 143 0.02628 80 0.08443 76 -171.2882
    19.3 0.13174 416 -0.05168 334 -0.14540 785 0.02470 79 0.07977 01 -184.2155
    19.4 0.14321 168 -0.03544 863 -0.13312 231 0.02320 78 0.07532 03 -197.9980
    19.5 0.15357 193 -0.01905 771 -0.11992 560 0.02178 44 0.07108 01 -212.6582
    19.6 0.16275 089 -0.00262 120 -0.10591 538 0.02043 46 0.06704 16 -228.2122
    19.7 0.17068 305 +0.01374 948 -0.09119 555 0.01915 54 0.06319 71 -244.6678
    19.8 0.17731 198 0.02994 285 -0.07587 548 0.01794 37 0.05953 92 -262.0226
    19.9 0.18259 079 0.04584 818 -0.06006 922 0.01679 67 0.05606 06 -280.2622
    20.0 0.18648 256 0.06135 630 -0.04389 465 0.01571 16 0.05275 42 -299.3574

    [ 542
    1 [ C-212
    1 [ 1
    (542
    [
    C-j)4
    1 [ 1 [c-p1
    (--j’9
    Y
    406 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.3
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE OF ORDERS 10, 11, 20 AND 21
    Y&j =Nn(z) sin &(.r)
    !C-l .r*Mlo(z) ho@+-r GM, 1(z) 811 (z)-.c <s>
    0.050 0.85676 701 -13.94798 864 0.87222 790 -14.96758 686 20
    0.048 0.85136 682 -14.05389 581 0.86513 271 -15.09771 672 21
    0.046 0.84633 336 -14.15926 984 0.85857 314 -15.22701 466 22
    0.044 0.84164 245 -14.26413 968 0.85250 587 -15.35552 901 23
    0.042 0.83727 251 -14.36853 333 0.84689 281 -15.48330 635 24
    0.040 0.83320 419 -14.47247 807 0.84170 044 -15.61039 144 25
    0.038 0.82942 012 -14.57600 035 0.83689 917 -15.73682 771 26
    0.036 0.82590 472 -14.67912 589 0.83246 283 -15.86265 679 28
    0.034 0.82264 403 -14.78187 967 0.82836 826 -15.98791 896 29
    0.032 0.81962 546 -14.88428 611 0.82459 496 -16.11265 291 31
    0.030 0.81683 775 -14.98636 880 0.82112 469 -16.23689 620 33
    0.028 0.81427 076 -15.08815 085 0.81794 133 -16.36068 504 36
    0.026 0.81191 546 -15.18965 477 0.81503 056 -16.48405 469 38
    0.024 0.80976 370 -15.29090 253 0.81237 970 -16.60703 912 42
    0.022 0.80780 825 -15.39191 569 0.80997 751 -16.72967 149 45
    0.020 0.80604 267 -15.49271 527 0.80781 410 -16.85198 406 50
    0.018 0.80446 127 -15.59332 192 0.80588 079 -16.97400 835 56
    0.016 0.80305 902 -15.69375 598 0.80416 997 -17.09577 505 63
    0.014 0.80183 156 -15.79403 741 0.80267 505 -17.21731 438 71
    0.012 0.80077 512 -15.89418 589 0.80139 036 -17.33865 590 83
    0.010 0.79988 647 -15.99422 093 0.80031 114 -17.45982 880 100
    0.008 0.79916 297 -16.09416 168 0.79943 341 -17.58086 166 125
    0.006 0.79860 244 -16.19402 726 0.79875 398 -17.70178 301 167
    0.004 0.79820 323 -16.29383 652 0.79827 039 -17.82262 084 250
    0.002 0.79796 417 -16.39360 832 0.79798 093 -17.94340 316 500
    0.000 0.79788 456 -16.49336 143 0.79788 456 -18.06415 776 00

    .r- 1
    0.050
    .2X20(~)
    1.474083
    02”(Z) -.l’
    -21.047407
    :,?
    iI (.I.)
    1.791133
    .921(x)--R.
    -21.290925
    <r>
    20
    0.048 1.320938 -21.606130 1.525581 -21.927545 21
    0.046 1.211667 -22.149524 1.347435 -22.550082
    0.044 1.131459 -22.676802 1.224460 -23.154248 22:
    0.042 1.070845 -23.188535 1.136653 -23.738936 24
    0.040 1.023762 -23.685951 1.071741 -24.304948
    0.038 -24.170500 1.022171 -24.853951 ;56
    0.036 t 9985%; -24.643620 0.983229 -25.387848
    0.034 0:930635 -25.106640 0.951902 -25.908478 2
    0.032 0.909513 -25.560748 0.926211 -26.417500 31
    0.030 0.891605 -26.006988 0.904821 -26.916369 33
    0.028 0.876293 -26.446280 0.886799 -27.406346
    0.026 0.863121 -26.879433 0.871483 -27.088527 2
    0.024 0.851743 -27.307159 0.858385 -28.363869 5~ 42
    0.022 0.841895 -27.7300+8 0.847145 -28.833211 45
    0.020 0.833375 -28.148822 0.837487 -29.297299 5"
    0.018 0.826019 -28.563847 0.829198 -29.756800 51,
    0.016 0.819702 -28.975650 0.822114 -30.212318
    0.014 0.814321 -29.384666 0.816105 -30.664405 76:
    0.012 0.809796 -29.791303 0.811069 -31.113569 a3
    0.010 0.806062 -30.195941 0.806925 -31.560285 1""
    0.008 0.803071 -30.598942 0.803612 -32.005000 iis
    0.006 0.800781 -31.000652 0.801081 -32.448139 167
    0.004 0.799165 -31.401404 0.799297 -32.890109 250
    0.002 0.798204 -31.801522 0.798237 -33.331307 500
    0.000 0.797885 -32.201325 0.797885 -33.772121 0~

    [ 1
    C-73)5
    [<2>:nearest
    1
    C-f)2
    Integer to 5.
    [(-P1
    Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments.
    Royal Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
    1954) (with permission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 407
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS Table 9.4

    Jr4) J&V J,(5)


    (- 1)2.23890 7791

    - 3)2.47663 8964
    I- 3)7.03962 9756
    I
    1-
    (-
    (-
    l)-1.77596
    2
    1 -3.27579
    +4.65651
    3.64831 7713
    2306
    1628
    1376
    1 3.91232 3605
    1) 2.61140 5461

    (- 9)5.24925 0180 - 6)2.49234 3435 II - 5.33764 1016


    3 5.52028
    2
    1 1.31048
    1.84052 3139
    7318
    1665

    1.19800 6746

    16)6.88540 8200 I - 10
    11
    7)2.51538
    9
    8I 2.30428
    1.07294 5149
    1.49494
    1.93269 6448
    4758
    6283
    2010

    II
    - 25
    60 2.90600
    80
    42 3.48286 4948
    1.10791
    3.87350 5851
    9794
    3009
    II
    -
    -
    -
    -
    19 3.91897
    33 3.65025
    48 1.19607
    65 3.22409
    2805
    6266
    7458
    5839
    II - 45
    33 2.77033
    21
    11 2.67117 0052
    2.29424
    8.70224 7616
    1617
    7278

    (-189)8.43182 8790 (-158)1.06095 3112 (-119) 6.26778 9396

    Jn(I0) Jn(50) J,UOO)


    +5.58123 2767
    -9.75118 2813

    - 2)+7.08409 7728

    I- 1
    2I +2.16710
    -2.34061
    -1.44588
    3.17854 5282
    1268
    9177
    4208

    (- 1) 2.91855 6853
    II- 1
    2 +1.04058
    +6.04912
    -8.71210 4770
    -8.14002 0126
    5632
    2682
    (- 2)-2.71924 6104
    -2 -7.41957

    jl
    -2 -3.35253
    -2 +7.01726
    -2 +4.33495
    -2)-6.32367
    3696
    8314
    9099
    5988
    6141
    (- 1) 2.07486 1066 (- l)-1.13847 8491

    I -7 1
    2I 2.89720
    6.33702 5497
    1.23116
    1.19571 6324
    8393
    5280 - 2)-6.98335 2016
    I - 43
    5i 1.52442
    5.05646 4853
    4.50797
    4.31462
    1.56675 7752
    3144
    6697
    6192

    I -30
    -215I 1.78451
    --12 6.03089 6078
    1.15133
    1.55109 3608
    5312
    6925
    I - 2
    1I +4.84342
    +1.21409
    -1.16704 2812
    -1.38176 5725
    3528
    0219
    II
    -2 +8.14601
    -3.86983 5850
    +7.27017
    +6.22174 3973
    5482
    2958
    (-89) 6.59731 6064 (-21)+1.11592 7368 ( -2) +9.63666 7330
    408 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.4 BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

    Y7s) Y,,(2) Yn(5)


    I - 10/ +5.10375
    -1.07032 4315
    -1.12778
    -6.17408 6726
    3777
    1042 -3.08517 6252
    -1.65068 2607
    ( l)-3.32784 2303 ( 0 -2.76594 3226
    2 -2.60405 8666
    3 -2.57078 0243
    4 -3.05889 5705
    5 -4.25674 6185
    I 6I -6.78020 4939 -7.76388 3188

    i10 -2.42558 0081 -9.27525 5719


    12 -3.82982 1416
    13 -1.27536 1870 -1.74556 1722
    14 13)-3.31061 6748 -8.69393 8814
    15 t lOI-2.98102 3646 ( 41-4.69404 9564
    16
    :87
    19

    II
    20 8 -5.93396 5297
    18 -4.02856 8418
    200 29 -9.21681 6571
    50 62)-1.97615 0576 42 -2.78883 7017
    100 (185)-3.77528 7810 (155)-3.00082 6049 (115)-5.08486 3915

    n Y,(lO) I'n(50) Y,(lOO)


    -9.80649 9547 -2)-7.72443 1337
    -5.67956 6856
    -2.51362 6572 +6.44591 2206
    - 2)-8.80580 7408 (-2)-7.54301 1992
    (- 2)-7.85484 1391
    - 2 +7.23483 9130
    - 2 ~9.59120 2782
    2 -4.54930 2351
    I-- 1I -1.10469 7953 -2)-4.89199 9608
    10 -2)+5.83315 7424
    11
    12 -4.50025 8583
    13
    14 - 2)-9.15700 8429
    - 2 +4.04128 0205
    :56 - 1 +1.15817.7655
    17 - 2 +3.37105 6788
    18 - 2 -9.28945 7936
    19 I- 1I -1.00594 6650 -2)+7.09440 9807
    20 ( 3)-1.59748 3848 - 2 +1.64426 3395 -2)+5.12479 7308
    30 - 1 -1.16457 2349
    40 - 2 -4.53080 1120
    50 I- 1I -2.10316 5546
    100 (85)-4.84914 8271 (+18)-3.29380 0188 (-l)-1.66921 4114
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 409
    Table 9.5
    ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

    jo, s J’o(jo, 8) J’1 (A, R) ha s J’z(.iz, 8)


    2.40482 55577 -0.51914 74973 -0.40276 5.13562 -0.33967
    5.52007 81103 +O. 34026 48065 7.01559 +0.30012 8.41724 +0.27138
    8. b5372 79129 -0.27145 22999 10.17347 -0.24970 11.61984 -0.23244
    11.79153 44391 +0.23245 98314 13.32369 +0.21836 14.79595 +O. 20654
    14.93091 77086 -0.20654 64331 16.47063 -0.19647 17.95982 -0.18773
    18.07106 39679 +0.18772 88030 19. b1586 +0.18006 21.11700 +0.17326
    21.21163 bb299 -0.17326 58942 22.76008 -0.16718 24.27011 -0.lb170
    24.35247 15308 +0.16170 15507 25.90367 27.42057 +0.15218
    27.49347 91320 -0.15218 12138 29.04683 '-; :;g; 30.56920 -0.14417
    30.63460 b4684 +0.14416 59777 32.18968 +0:14061 33.71652 +0.13730
    33.77582 0213b -0.13729 69434 35.33231 -0.13421 36.86286 -0.13132
    :: 36.91709 83537 +O. 13132 46267 38.47477 40.00845
    40.05842 57646 -0.12606 94971 41.61709 ': ::;:: 43.15345 '-: ::g
    :: 43.19979 17132 +0.12139 86248 44.75932 +0:11925 46.29800 +0:11721
    15 46.34118 83717 -0.11721 11989 47.90146 -0.11527 49.44216 -0.11343
    49.48260 98974 +0.11342 91926 52.58602 +0.10999
    :76 52.62405 18411 -0.10999 11430 '2 :fg; 55.72963 -0.10685
    55.76551 07550 +O.lOb84 78883 +0:10537 58.87302 +0.10396
    :ff 58.90698 39261 -0.10395 95729 -0.10260 62.01622 -0.10129
    20 b2.04846 91902 +0.10129 34989 +0.10004 65.15927 +0.09882

    j, 8 J303,8) j4, 8 J14G4, d k 8 J’dk, d


    6.38016 -0.29827 7.58834 -0.26536 8.77148 -0.24543
    9.76102 +0.24942 11.06471 +0.23188 12.33860 +0.21743
    13.01520 -0.21828 14.37254 -0.20636 15.70017 -0.19615
    lb.22347 +0.19644 17.61597 +O. 18766 18.98013 +0.17993
    19.40942 -0.18005 20.82693 -0.17323 22.21780 -0.lb712
    22.58273 +0.16718 24.01902 +0.16168 +0.15669
    4 25.74817 -0.15672 27.19909 -0.15217 :t t238:: -0.14799
    a 28.90835 +0.14801 30.37101 +0.14416 31:81172 +0.14059
    32.06485 -0.14060 33.53714 -0.13729 34.98878 -0.13420
    1: 35.21867 +0.13421 36.69900 +0.13132 38.15987 +0.12861
    11 38.37047 -0.12862 39.85763 -0.12607 -0.12366
    41.52072 +0.12367 +0.12140 1k z;i +0.11925
    :: 44.66974 -0.11925 12 10::87; -0.11721 47: 64940 -0.11527
    49:32036 50.80717
    2 4570.
    . wi To": :::;: 52.47155 :; . :g; 53.96303 '; . :'og;

    54.11162 +0.10839 55.62165 +0.10685 57.11730 +0.10537


    :; 57.25765 -0.10537 58.77084 -0.10396 60.27025 -0.10260
    60.40322 61.91925 63.42205 +0.10003
    :t 63.54840 '; ::g: b5.06700 :; g's;; 66.57289 -0.09765
    20 bb. b9324 +O: 09765 68.21417 +0:09652 69.72289 +0.09543

    h, n Y6(j, d n,s J17 (j7, d j, s J’s(j8,d


    9.93611 -0.22713 11.08637 -0.21209 12.22509 -0.19944
    13.58929 +0.20525 14.82127 +0.19479 16.03777 +0.18569
    17.00382 -0.18726 18.28758 -0.17942 19.55454 -0.17244
    20.32079 +0.17305 21.64154 +0.16688 22.94517 +0.16130
    23.58608 -0.16159 24.93493 -0.15657 26.26681 -0.15196
    b 26.82015 +0.15212 28.19119 +0.14792 +0.14404
    30.03372 -0.14413 31.42279 -0.14055 -0.13722
    B’ 34.63709 +0.13418 +0.13127
    3: t2323:24 ': :;;:: 37.83872 -0.12859 -0.12603
    190 39:60324 +0:12606 41.03077 +0.12365 +0.12137
    1
    42.77848 -0.12139 44.21541 -0.11924 -0.11719
    :: +0.11721 47.39417 +0.11526 tc t23z3 +0.11342
    13 4; YE: -0.11343 50.56818 -0.11166 52:00769 -0.10998
    52127945 +0.10999 53.73833 55.18473 +0.10684
    1': 55.44059 -0.10685 56.90525 :: . 110058;; 58.35789 -0.10395
    lb 58.59961 +0.10260 61.52774
    61.75682 '-; :00:%8 668' K -0.10003 64.69478 '-if g;;
    :i 64.91251 +0:09882 66: 39141 +0.09765 67.85943 +0:09652
    19 68.06689 -0.09652 69.54971 -0.09543 -0.09438
    20 71.22013 +0.09438 72.70655 +0.09336 :: . EY +0.09237
    410 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.5
    ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
    s YO. s Y’o(?/o,J Yl, d Y’l (VI, ,“) 1/z, s Y’Z(Y2, s)
    O.iSi57 697 +0.87942 080 2.19714 +0.52079 3.38424
    : 3.95767 842 -0.40254 267 5.42968 -0.34032 6.79381 :: ;;;;:
    7.08605 lob +0.30009 761 8.59601 +0.27146 10.02348 +0:24967
    i 10.22234 504 -0.24970 124 11.74915 -0.23246 13.20999 -0.21835
    5 13.36109 747 +0.21835 830 14.89744 +0.20655 lb.37897 +0.19646
    lb. 50092 244 -0.19646 494 18.04340 -0.18773 19.53904 -0.18006
    76 19.64130 970 +O. 18006 318 21.18807 to.17327 22.69396 +0.16718
    22.78202 805 -0.16718 450 24.33194 -0.16170 25.84561 -0.15672
    : 25.92295 765 +0.15672 493 27.47529 +0.15218 28.99508 +0.14801
    10 29.06403 025 -0.14801 108 30.61829 -0.14417 32.14300 -0.14061
    32.20520 412 +0.14060 578 33.76102 +0.13730 35.28979 +0.13421
    :: 35.34645 231 -0.13421 123 36.90356 -0.13132 38.43573 -0.12862
    38.48775 bb5 +0.12861 6bl 40.04594 +O. 12607 41.58101
    :43 4l.b2910 447 -0.12366 795 43.18822 -0.12140 44.72578 '-; ::;;:
    15 44.77048 661 +0.11924 981 46.33040 +0.11721 47.87012 +0:11527
    41.91189 633 -0.11527 369 49.47251 -0.11343 51.01413 -0.11167
    :; 51.05332 855 +0.11167 049 52.61455 +0.10999 54.15785
    54.19477 936 -0.10838 535 55.75654 -0.10685 .57.30135 tfl- :g:;
    :t 57.33624 570 +0.10537 405 58.89850 +0.10396 60.44464 +0:10260
    20 60.47772 516 -0.10260 057 62.04041 -0.10129 63.58777 -0.10004

    Y’3(?/8,s) Y4, s Y’4(2/4,8) !J5, Y Y’5(!/5, s)


    ; 4.52702 5.64515 +0.28909 6.74718 +0.25795
    8.09755 ‘-; ::;g 9.36162 -0.24848 10.59718 -0.23062
    : 11.39647 +0:23232 12.73014 +0.21805 14.03380 +0.20602
    4 14.62308 -0.20650 15.99963 -0.19635 17.34709 -0.18753
    5 17.81846 +0.18771 19.22443 +0.18001 20.60290 +0.17317
    20.99728 -0.17326 Z2.42481 -0.16716 23.82654 -0.16165
    ; 24.16624 +0.16170 t5.61027 +0.15671 27.03013 +0.15215
    a 27.32880 -0.15218 ta.70509 -0.14800 30.22034 -0.14415
    30.48699 +0.14416 31.95469 +0.14060 33.40111 +0.13729
    1; 33. b4205 -0.13730 35.11853 -0.13421 36.57497 -0.13132
    36.79479 +0.13132 38.27867 +0.12861 39.74363 +0.12606
    :: 39.94577 -0.12607 Il. 43596 -0.12367 42.90825 -0.12140
    43.09537 +0.12140 14.59102 +0.11925 46.06968 +0.11721
    :: 46.24387 -0.11721 17.74429 -0.11527 49.22854 -0.11343
    15 49.39150 +0.11343 SO.89611 +0.11167 52.38531 +0.10999
    52.53840 -0.10999 i4.04673 -0.10838 55.54035 -0.10685
    :i 55.68470 +0.10685 57.19635 +0.10537 58.69393 +0.10396
    58.83049 -0.10396 io.34513 -0.10260 61.84628 -0.10129
    :t 61.97586 +0.10129 i3.49320 +0.10003 64.99759 +0.09882
    20 65.12086 -0.09882 ib. b4065 -0.09765 68.14799 -0.09652

    s ?/Ii, s I”e(wl, d) Y7, d Y'i (T/7, s) $3, d Y'S(Y/s,S)


    1 7.83774 +0.23429 8.91961 +0.21556 9.99463
    11.81104 -0.21591 L3.00771 -0.20352 14.19036 'Fj- gg;
    : 15.31362 +0.19571 .6.57392 +0.18672 17.81789 +0:17aao
    4 18.67070 -0.17975 L9.97434 -0.17283 21.26093 -0.16662
    5 21.95829 +0.16703 t3.29397 +0.16148 24.61258 +0.15643
    25.20621 -0.15664 it6.56676 27.91052 -0.14785
    ; 28.42904 +0.14796 ;!9.80953 31.17370 +0.14051
    a 31.63488 -0.14058 $3.03177 34.41286 -0.13415
    9 34.82864 +0.13419 S6.23927 37.63465 +0.12857
    10 38.01347 -0.12860 19.43579 40.84342 -0.12364
    11 41.19152 +O. 12366 12.62391 to.12138 44.04215 +0.11923
    44.36427 -0.11924 15.80544 -0.11720 47.23298 -0.11526
    :: 47.53282 +0.11527 118.98171 +0.11342 50.41746 +O. 11166
    14 50.69796 -0.11167 i2.15369 -0.10999 53.59675 -0.10838
    15 53.86031 +0.10838 i5.32215 tO.10684 56.77177 +0.10537
    57.02034 -0.10537 is.48767 -0.10396 59.94319 -0.10260
    :76 60.17842 +0.10260 LA. 65071 +0.10129 63.11158
    63.33485 -0.10003 ti4.81164 -0.09882 66.27738 '-; g;:
    :t bb. 48986 +0.09765 17.97075 +0.09652 69.44095 +0:09543
    20 69.64364 -0.09543 71.12830 -0.09438 72.60259 -0.09336
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 411
    Table 9.5
    ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

    j’n, x .Jo(j’o, s) .i’l, 3 .JI(I”I, v) I’z, * .I:( j’z, .v)


    0.00000 00000 +1.00000 00000 1.84118 +0.58187 3.05424 +0.48650
    3.83170 59702 -0.40275 93957 5.33144 -0.34613 6.70613 -0.31353
    7.01558 66698 +0.30011 57525 8.53632 9.96947 +0.25474
    10.17346 81351 -0.24970 48771 11.70600 TJ-g::;; 13.17037 -0.22088
    13.32369 19363 +0.21835 94072 14.86359 +0:20701 16.34752 +0.19794
    6 16.47063 00509 -0.19646 53715 18.01553 -0.18802 19.51291 -0.18101
    7 19.61585 85105 +0.18006 33753 21.16437 +0.17346 22.67158 +0.16784
    22.76008 43806 -0.16718 46005 24.31133 -0.16184 25.82604 -0.15720
    t 25.90367 20876 +0.15672 49863 27.45705 +0.15228 28.97767 +0.14836
    10 29.04682 85349 -0.14801 11100 30.60192 -0.14424 32.12733 -0.14088
    32.18967 99110 +0.14060 57982 33.74618 +0.13736 35.27554 +0.13443
    :: 35.33230 75501 -0.13421 12403 36.88999 -0.13137 38.42265 -0.12879
    13 38.47476 62348 +0.12861 66221 40.03344 +0.12611 41.56893 +0.12381
    41.61709 42128 -0.12366 79608 43.17663 -0.12143 44.71455 -0.11937
    :z 44.75931 a9977 +0.11924 98120 46.31960 +0.11724 47.85964 +0.11537
    47.90146 08872 -0.11527 36941 49.46239 -0.11345 51.00430 -0.11176
    :76 51.04353 51836 +0.11167 04969 52.60504 +0.11001 54.14860 +0.10846
    18 54.18555 36411 -0.10838 53489 55.74757 -0.10687 57.29260 -0.10544
    57.32752 54379 +0.10537 40554 58.89000 +0.10397 60.43635 +0.10266
    :'o 60.46945 78453 -0.10260 05671 62.03235 -0.10131 63.57989 -0.10008

    .,
    s f:,, s .JI( j’:;, ,) j'4, \ .J,(j’,, <) J i, \ .fr,(j',, x)
    1 4.20119 to.43439 5.31755 +0.39965 6.41562 +0.37409
    2 8.01524 -0.29116 9.28240 -0.27438 10.51986 -0.26109
    3 11.34592 +0.24074 12.68191 +0.22959 13.98719 +0.22039
    4 14.58585 -0.21097 15.96411 -0.20276 17.31284 -0.19580
    5 17.78875 co.19042 19.19603 to.18403 20.57551 +0.17849

    20.97248 -0.17505 22.40103 -0.16988 23.80358 -0.16533


    24.14490 +0.16295 25.58976 +0.15866 27.01031 +0.15482
    27.31006 -0.15310 28.76784 -0.14945 30.20285 -0.14616
    30.47027 +0.14487 31.93854 +0.14171 +0.13885
    33.62695 -0.13784 35.10392 -0.13509 Z%l -0.13256

    11 36.78102 +0.13176 38.26532 +0.12932 39.73064


    39.93311 -0.12643 41.42367 -0.12425 42.89627 +_;-:::20:
    :'3 43.08365 +0.12169 44.57962 +0.11973 46.05857 +0:11790
    14 46.23297 -0.11746 47.73367 -0.11568 49.21817 -0.11402
    15 49.38130 +0.11364 50.88616 +0.11202 52.37559 +0.11049

    52.52882 -0.11017 54.03737 -0.10868 55.53120 -0.10728


    :; 55.67567 +0.10700 57.18752 +0.10563 58.68528 +0.10434
    18 58.82195 -0.10409 60.33677 -0.10283 61.83809 -0.10163
    61.96775 +0.10141 +0.10023 64.98980 +0.09912
    :;: 65.11315 -0.09893 6636'%
    . -0.09783 68.14057 -0.09678

    s J
    .I
    6, N Jdi'B. 8) .1 i, * ,Ji(j’7. 4 .I s. * .JY(~‘K,s)
    7.50127 +0.35414 8.57784 9.64742 to.32438
    11.73494 -0.25017 12.93239 I;*:;;;; 14.11552 -0.23303
    15.26818 +0.21261 16.52937 +0:20588 17.77401 +0.19998
    18.63744 -0.18978 19.94185 -0.18449 21.22906 -0.17979
    21.93172 +0.17363 23.26505 +0.16929 24.58720 +0.16539
    6 25.18393 -0.16127 26.54503 -0.15762 27.88927 -0.15431
    7 28.40978 +0.15137 29.79075 +0.14823 31.15533 to.14537
    31.61788 -0.14317 33.01518 -0.14044 34.39663 -0.13792
    i 34.81339 +0.13623 36.22438 +0.13381 37.62008 +0.13158
    10 37.99964 -0.13024 39.42227 -0.12808 40.83018 -0.12608
    11 41.17885 +0.12499 42.61152 +0.12305 44.03001 +0.12124
    44.35258 -0.12035 45.79400 -0.11859 47.22176 -0.11695
    :: 47.52196 +0..11620 48.97107 50.40702 +0.11309
    14 50.68782 -0J1246 52.14375 '_"o-::g; 53.58700 -0.10960
    15 53.85079 +0.10906 55.31282 +0:10771 56.76260 +0.10643
    57.01138 -0.10596 58.47887 -0.10471 59.93454 -0.10352
    :t 60.16995 +0..10311 61.64239 co.10195 63.10340 +0.10084
    63.32681 -0.10049 64.80374 -0.09940 66.26961 -0.09837
    :t 66.48221 +0.09805 67.96324 +0.09704 69.43356 +0.09607
    20 69.63635 -0-09579 71.12113 -0.09484 72.59554 -0.09393
    412 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.5
    ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

    Y’O, 8 YO(Y’O,.J ?/‘I, * YI(?/‘I,8) 9’2, 8 Y2(?/'2,n)


    2.19714 133 +0.52078 641 3.68302 +0.41673 5.00258
    5.42968 104 -0.34031 805 6.94150 -0.30317 8.35072 ';$;;g
    8.59600 587 +0.27145 988 10.12340 +0.25091 11.57420 +0:23594
    11.74915 483 -0.23246 171 13.28576 -0.21897 14.76091 -0.20845
    14.89744 213 +0.20654 711 16.44006 +0.19683 17.93129 +0.18890
    18.04340 228 -0.18772 909 19.59024 -0.18030 21.09289 -0.17405
    21.18806 893 +0.17326 604 22.73803 +0.16735 24.24923 +0.16225
    _..~
    24.33194 257 -0.16170 163 25.88431 -0.15684 27.40215 -0.15259
    21.41529 498 +0.15218 126 29.02958 +0.14810 30.55271 +0.14448
    30.61828 649 -0.14416 600 32.17412 -0.14067 33.70159 -0.13754
    33.76101 780 +0.13729 696 35.31813 +0.13427 36.84921 +0.13152
    36.90355 532 -0.13132 464 38.46175 -0.12866 39.99589 -0.12623
    40.04594 464 +0.12606 951 41.60507 +0.12370 43.14182 +0.12153
    43.18821 810 -0.12139 863 44.74814 -0.11928 46.28716 -0.11732
    46.33039 925 +0.11721 120 47.89101 +0.11530 49.43202 +0.11352
    49.47250 568 -0.11342 920 51.03373 -0.11169 52.57649 -0.11007
    52.61455 077 +0.10999 115 54.17632 +0.10840 55.72063 +0.10692
    55.75654 488 -0.10684 789 57.31880 -0.10539 58.86450 -0.10402
    58.89849 617 +0.10395 957 60.46118 +0.10261 62.00814 +0,10135
    62.04041 115 -0.10129 350 63.60349 -0.10005 65.15159 -0.09887

    Y’3,* Y:&‘a, 8) !/‘4, s ~44(!i4,8) ?I $8 Y:,(w’s, 8)


    6.25363 +0.33660 7.46492 to.31432 8.64956 +0.29718
    9.69879 -0.26195 11.00517 -0.24851 12.28087 -0.23763
    12.97241 +0.22428 14.33172 to.21481 15.66080 +0.20687
    16.19045 -0.19987 11.58444 -0.19267 18.94974 -0.18650
    19.38239 +0.18223 20.80106 to.17651 22.19284 to.17151
    22.55979 -0.16867 23.99700 -0.16397 25.40907 -0.15980
    25.72821 +0.15779 27.17989 to.15384 28.60804 +0.15030
    28.89068 -0.14881 30.35396 -0.14543 31.79520 -0.14236
    32.04898 +0.14122 33.52180 ~0.13828 34.97389 +0.13559
    35.20427 -0.13470 36.68505 -0.13211 38.14631 -0.12973
    38.35728 +0.12901 39.84483 to.12671 41.31392 +0.12458
    41.50855 -0.12399 43.00191 -0.12193 44.47779 -0.12001
    44.65845 +0.11952 46.15686 47.63867 +0.11591
    47.80725 -0.11550 49.31009 :"o*:::;; 50.79713 -0.11221
    50.95515 +0.11186 52.46191 +0:11031 53.95360 +0,10885
    54.10232 -0.10855 55.61257 -0.10712 57.10841 -0.10578
    57.24887 +0.10552 58.76225 to.10420 60.26183 +0.10295
    60.39491 -0.10273 61.91110 -0.10151 63.41407 -0.10035
    63.54050 +0.10015 65.05925 +0.09901 66.56530 +0.09793
    66.68571 -0.09775 68.20679 -0.09669 69.71565 -0.09568

    Y’O, * lF(!/‘O. J ?/‘7. 1 I'i(?/'i, v) !I s.s YR(i8, R)


    9.81480 +0.28339 10.96515 +0.27194 12.10364 +0.26220
    13.53281 -0.22854 14.76569 -0.22077 15.98284 -0.21402
    16.96553 +0.20007 18.25012 +0.19414 19.51773 +0.18891
    20.29129 -0.18111 21.61275 -0.17634 22.91696 -0.17207
    23.56186 +0.16708 24.91131 +0.16311 26.24370 +0.15953
    26.79950 -0.15607 28.i7105 -0.15269 29.52596 -0.14962
    30.01567 +0.14709 31.40518 +0.14417 32.77857 +0.14149
    33.21697 -0.13957 34.62140 -0.13700 36.01026 -0.13463
    36.40752 +0.13313 37.82455 +0.13085 39.22658 +0.12874
    39.59002 -0.12753 41.01785 -0.12549 42.43122 -0.12359
    42.16632 +0.12260 44.20351 45.62678 +0.11904
    45.93775 -0.11822 47.38314 '-;*::;;; 48.81512 -0.11497
    49.10528 +0.11428 50.55791 +0:11275 51.99761 +0.11131
    52.26963 -0.11072 53.72810 -0.10931 55.17529 -0.10798
    55.43136 +0.10748 56.89619 +0.10618 58.34899 +0.10494
    58.59089 -0.10451 60.06092 -0.10330 61.51933 -0.10216
    61.74857 +0.10177 63.22331 +0.10065 64.68681 +0.09958
    64.90468 -0.09925 66.38370 -0.09820 67.85185 -0.09720
    68.05943 +0;09690 69.54237 +0.09592 71.01478
    71.21301 -0.09471 72.69955 -0.09379 74.17587 +;.;;g
    .
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    BESSEL FIJSCTIONS--.luO’U,,x) Table 9.6

    X Jo(jo,,x) Jd &?I JoG,.:~~ Jo(jo,J) Jo(jo,52)


    0. 00 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
    0.02 0.99942 0.99696 0.99253 0.98614 0.97783
    0.04 0.99769 0.98785 0.97027 0.94515 0.91280
    0.06 0.99480 0.97276 0.93373 0.87872 0.80920
    0.08 0.99077 0.95184 0.88372 0.78961 0.67388
    0.10 0.98559 0.92526 0.82136 0.68146 0.51568
    0.12 0.97929 0.89328 0.74804 0.55871 0.34481
    0.14 0.97186 0.85617 0.66537 0.42632 0.17211
    0.16 0.96333 0.81429 0.57518 0.28958 .tO.O0827
    0.18 0.95370 0.76800 0.47943 0.15386 -0.13693
    0.20 0.94300 0.71773 0.38020 +0.02438 -0.25533
    0.22 0.93124 0.66392 0.27960 -0.09404 -0.34090
    0.24 0.91844 0.60706 0.17976 -0.19716 -0.39013
    0.26 0.90463 0.54766 +0.08277 -0.28155 -0.40225
    0.28 0.88982 0.48623 -0.00942 -0.34466 -0.37917
    0. 30 0.87405 0.42333 -0.09498 -0.38498 -0.32527
    0.32 0.85734 0.35950 -0.17226 -0.40207 -0.24698
    0. 34 0.83972 0.29529 -0.23986 -0.39653 -0.15223
    0.36 0.82122 0.23126 -0.29664 -0.36998 -0.04980
    0.38 0.80187 0.16795 -0.34171 -0.32493 +0.05137
    0.40 0.78171 0.10590 -0.37453 -0.26467 0.14293
    0.42 0.76077 +0.04562 -0.39482 -0.19304 0.21767
    0.44 0.73908 -0.01240 -0.40264 -0.11431 0.27011
    0.46 0.71669 -0.06769 -0.39835 -0.03289 0.29684
    0.48 0.69362 -0.11983 -0.38259 +0.04684 0.29671
    0.50 0.66993 -0.16840 -0.35628 0.12078 0.27086
    0.52 0.64565 -0.21306 -0.32056 0.18527 0.22252
    0. 54 0.62081 -0.25349 -0.27678 0.23725 0.15667
    0.56 0.59547 -0.28941 -0.22648 0.27445 +0.07960
    0.58 0.56967 -0.32062 -0.17130 0.29541 -0.00168
    0.60 0.54345 -0.34692 -0.11295 0.29959 -0.08007
    0. 62 0.51685 -0.36821 -0.05320 0.28731 -0.14891
    0.64 0.48992 -0.38441 +0.00622 0.25977 -0.20259
    0.66 0.46270 -0.39551 0.06363 0.21892 -0.23697
    0.68 0.43524 -0.40152 0.11745 0.16735 -0.24965
    0. 70 0.40758 -0.40255 0.16625 0.10814 -0.24019
    0.72 0.37977 -0.39871 0.20878 +0.04470 -0.21003
    0. 74 0.35186 -0.39019 0.24399 -0.01945 -0.16237
    0. 76 0.32389 -0.37721 0.27107 -0.08082 -0.10179
    0. 78 0.29591 -0.36003 0.28945 -0.13618 -0.03389
    0.80 0.26796 -0.33896 0.29882 -0.18270 +0.03525
    0. 82 0.24009 -0.31433 0.29915 -0.21808 0.09960
    0.84 0.21234 -0.28652 0.29063 -0.24067 0.15369
    0.86 0.18476 -0.25591 0.27374 -0.24957 0.19306
    0.88 0.15739 -0.22293 0.24914 -0.24461 0.21464
    0.90 0.13027 -0.18800 0.21774 -0.22637 0.21694
    0. 92 0.10346 -0.15157 0.18059 -0.1961: 0.20021
    0.94 0.07698 -0.11411 0.13891 -0.15580 0.16630
    0.96 0.05089 -0.07605 0.09399 -0.10779 0.11854
    0.98 0.02521 -0.03787 0.04722 -0.05486 0.06138
    1.00 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

    [(-fjP
    0.00000

    [ C-i)1
    1 1
    0.00000
    [C-y]
    .
    ['$'"I
    -
    [ (-;I5
    1
    _ _
    From E. T. Goodwin and J. Staton, Table of .Io(,&,r), Quart. J. Mech. Appl.
    Math. 1, 220-224 (1948) (with pernksion).
    414 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.7 BESSEL FUSCTIONS-MISCELLANEOUS ZEROS


    $11Zero ofdl (x)-XJo(5)
    X\S 1
    0. 00 0.0000 3.8;17 7.03156 10.:735 13.;237
    0. 02 0.1995 3.8369 7.0184 10.1754 13.3252
    0.04 0.2814 3.8421 7.0213 10.1774 13.3267
    0. 06 0.3438 3.8473 7.0241 10.1794 13.3282
    0. 08 0.3960 3.8525 7.0270 10.1813 13.3297
    0.10 0.4417 3.8577 7.0298 10.1833 13.3312
    0.20 0.6170 3.8835 7.0440 10.1931 13.3387
    0.40 0.8516 3.9344 7.0723 10.2127 13.3537
    0. 60 1.0184 3.9841 7.1004 10.2322 13.3686
    0.80 1.1490 4.0325 7.1282 10.2516 13.3835
    1.00 1.2558 4.0795 7.1558 10.2710 13.3984

    A- ‘\s 1 2
    1. 00 1.2558 4.0795 7.15358 lo.??710 13.33984 <A>
    1
    0. 80 1.3659 4.1361 7.1898 10.2950 13.4169
    0. 60 1.5095 4.2249 7.2453 10.3346 13.4476 21
    0. 40 1.7060 4.3818
    0.20 1.9898 4.7131 7.3508
    7.6177 10.4118
    10.6223 13.6786
    13.5079 ;
    0.10 2.1795 5.0332 7.9569 10.9363 13.9580
    0.08 2.2218 5.1172 8.0624 11.0477 14.0666 :;
    0.06 2.2656 5.2085 8.1852 11.1864 14.2100
    0. 04 2.3108 5.3068 8.3262 11.3575 14.3996 :;
    0. 02 2.3572 5.4112 8.4840 11.5621 14.6433 50
    0. 00 2.4048 5.5201 8.6537 11.7915 14.9309 01

    stll Zero of J~(~)--krJo&)


    1 2 3 4 5
    0.0000 5.1356 8.4172 11.6198 14.7960
    1.1231 5.2008 8.4569 11.6486 14.8185
    1.4417 5.2476 8.4853 11.6691 14.8346
    1.6275 5.2826 8.5066 11.6845 14.8467
    1.7517 5.3098 8.5231 11.6964 14.8561
    1.8412 5.3314 8.5363 11.7060 14.8636

    Xk’\S 1 2 3 4 <A>
    1. 00 1.8412 5.3314 8.5363 11.7060 14.8:36 1
    0. 80 1.9844 5.3702 8.5600 11.7232 14.8771
    0.60 2.1092 5.4085 8.5836 11.7404 14.8906 21
    0.40 2.2192 5.4463 8.6072 11.7575 14I9041 I
    0.20 2.3171 5.4835 8.6305 11.7745 14.9175 5
    0.10 2.3621 5.5019 8.6421 11.7830 14.9242 10
    0.08 2.3709 5.5055 8.6445 11.7847 14.9256 13
    0. 06 2.3795 5.5092 8.6468 11.7864 14.9269 17
    0. 04 2.3880 5.5128 8.6491 11.7881 14.9282 25
    0.02 2.3965 5.5165 8.6514 11.7898 14.9296 50
    0. 00 2.4048 5.5201 8.6537 11.7915 14.9309 co
    <h> =nearestintegerto A.

    Compiled from H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of heat in solids (Oxford


    Univ. Press, London, England, 1947) and British Association for the Advancement
    of Science, Bessel functions, Part I. Functions of orders zero and unity, Math-
    ematical Tables, vol.VI (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950)(with
    permission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS. OF INTEGER ORDER 415
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS-MISCELLANEOUS ZEROS Table 9.7

    stll Zero of Jo(z)Y&z)- Y&)Jo(xZ)


    A- ‘\S 1 2 3 4 5 <A>
    * 0.80 12.55847 031 25.12877 37.69646 50.26349 62.83026
    0.60 4.69706 410 9.41690 14.13189 18.84558 23.55876 :
    0.40 2.07322 886 4.17730 6.27537 8.37167 10.46723 3
    0.20 0.76319 127 1.55710 2.34641 3.13403 3.92084 5
    0.10 0.33139 387 0.68576 1.03774 1.38864 1.73896 10
    0.08 0.25732 649 0.53485 0.81055 '0: pa; 1.35969 *
    0.06 0.18699 458 0.39079 0.59334 0.99673 ::
    0.04 0.12038 637 0.25340 0:51759 0.64923 25
    0.02 0.05768 450 0.12272 8*EZ 0.25214 0.31666 50
    0. 00 0.00000 000 0.00000 0: 00000 0.00000 0.00000 00

    Stll Zero of JI (2) Yl (kr) - Yl(4 Jl (u)

    A-‘\S 1 2 4 5
    * 0. 80 12.59004 151 25.14465 37.7:706 50.27145 62.83662
    0.60 4.75805 426 9.44837 14.15300 18.86146 23.57148
    0.40 2.15647 249 4.22309 6.30658 8.39528 10.48619
    0.20 0.84714 961 1.61108 2.38532 3.16421 3.94541
    0.10 0.39409 416 0.73306 1.07483 1.41886 1.76433
    0. 08 0.31223 576 0.57816 0.84552 1.11441 1.38440 *
    0. 06 0.23235 256 0.42843 0.62483 0.82207 1.02001
    0.04 0.15400 729 0.28296 0.41157 0.54044 0.66961
    0.02 0.07672 788 0.14062 0.20409 0.26752 0.33097
    0. 00 0.00000 000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 00

    8th Zero ofJ1(z)Yo(Ar)-Yl(z)Jo(b)

    A-‘\s 1 2 3 4 5 <A>
    * 0. 80 6.56973 310 18.94971 31.47626 44.02544 56.58224 1
    * 0. 60 2.60328 1% 7.16213 11.83783 16.53413 21.23751
    0.40 li24266 626 3.22655 5.28885 7.36856 9.45462 3
    0.20 0.51472 663 1.24657 2.00959 2.78326 3.56157 5
    0.10 0.24481 004 0.57258 0.90956 1.25099 1.59489
    0.08 0.19461 772 0.45251 0.71635 0.98327 1125203 :30 *
    0. 06 0.14523 798 0.33597 0.53005 0.72594 0.92301
    0.04 0.09647 602 0.22226 0.34957 0.47768 0.60634 :sT
    0.02 0.04813 209 0.11059 0.17353 t* 203088: 0.29991 50
    0. 00 0.00000 000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 00
    <X> =nearest integer to A. ’
    Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel func-
    tions, Part I. Functions of orders zero and unity, Mathematical Tables, vol.VI
    (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950) (with permission).
    *see page II.
    416 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.8 MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

    s-do(x) e-d1 (cc) 2-212 (z)


    1.00000 00000 0.00000 00000 0.12500 00000
    0.90710 09258 0.04529 84468 0.12510 41992
    0.82693 85516 0.08228 31235 0.12541 71878
    0.75758 06252 0.11237 75606 0.12594 01407
    0.69740 21705 0.13676 32243 0.12667 50222
    0.64503 52706 0.15642 08032 0.12762 45967
    0.59932 72031 0.17216 44195 0.12879 24416
    0.55930 55265 0.18466 99828 0.13018 29658
    0.52414 89420 0.19449 86933 0.13180 14318
    0.49316 29662 0.20211 65309 0.13365 39819
    0.46575 96077 0.20791 04154 0.13574 76698
    0.44144 03776 0.21220 16132 0.13809 04952
    0.41978 20789 0.21525 68594 0.14069 14455
    0.40042 49127 0.21729 75878 0.14356 05405
    0.38306 25154 0.21850 75923 0.14670 88837
    0.36743 36090 0.21903 93874 0.15014 87192
    0.35331 49978 0.21901 94899 0.15389 34944
    0.34051 56880 0.21855 28066 0.15795 79288
    0.32887 19497 0.21772 62788 0.16235 80900
    0.31824 31629 0.21661 19112 0.16711 14772
    0.30850 83225 0.21526 92892 0.17223 71119
    0.29956 30945 0.21374 76721 0.17775 56370
    0.29131 73331 0.21208 77328 0.18368 94251
    0.28369 29857 0.21032 30051 0.19006 26964
    0;27662 23231 0.20848 10887 0.19690 16460
    0.27004 64416 0.20658 46495 0.20423 45837
    0.26391 39957 0.20465 22544 0;2120< 20841
    0.25818 01238 0.20269 90640 0.22050 71509
    0.25280 55337 0.20073 74113 0.22951 53938
    0.24775 57304 0.19877 72816 0.23915 52213
    0.24300 03542 0.19682 67133 0.24946 80490
    0.23851 26187 0.19489 21309 0.26049 85252
    0.23426 88316 0.19297 86229 0.27229 47757
    0.23024 79845 0.19109 01727 0.28490 86686
    0.22643 14011 0.18922 98511 0.29839 61010
    0.22280 24380 0.18739 99766 0.31281 73100
    0.21934 62245 0.18560 22484 0.32823 72078
    0.21604 94417 0.18383 78580 0.34472 57467
    0.21290 01308 0.18210 75810 0.36235 83128
    0,20988 75279 0.18041 18543 0.38121 61528
    0.20700 19211 0.17875 08394 0.40138 68359
    0.20423 45274 0.17712 44763 0.42296 47539
    0.20157 73840 0.17553 25260 0.44605 16629
    0.19902 32571 0.17397 46091 0.47075 72701
    0.19656 55589 0.17245 02337 0.49719 98689
    0.19419 82777 0.17095 88223 0.52550 70272
    0.19191 59151 0.16949 97311 0.55581 63319
    0.18971 34330 0.16807 22681 0.58827 61978
    0.18758 62042 0.16667 57058 0.62304 67409
    0.18552 99721 0.16530 92936 0.66030 07270
    0.18354 08126 0.16397 22669 0.70022 45988

    [.
    c-y
    I [ 1 (6$3

    In+1 (x) = - -” In (z) +I+ 1(cc)


    Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel
    functions, Part I.Functions of orders zero and unity, Mathematical Tables,
    vol. VI , Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables,
    vol. X(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950,1952)and L. Fox,
    A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments. Royal
    Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam-
    bridge, England, 1954) (with permission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 417
    MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2 Table 9.8

    @Ko(x> exK1(z) x2 K2 (x)


    070 2.682m3261023
    2.00000 0000
    10.89%8 2683 1.99503 9646
    i:: 2.14075 73233
    1.85262 73007
    5.83338 6037 1.98049 7172
    4.12515 7762 1.95711 6625
    0”:; 1.66268 20891 3.25867 3880 1.92580 8202
    1.52410 93857 2.73100 97082 1.88754 5888
    8-Z
    0: 7
    1.41673
    1.33012
    76214
    36562
    2.37392
    2.11501
    00376
    13128
    1.84330
    1.79405
    9881
    1681
    1.25820 31216 1.91793 02990 1.74067 2762
    0":: 1.19716 33803 1.76238 82197 1.68401 1992
    1.0 1.14446 30797 1.63615 34863 1.62483 8899
    1.09833 02828 1.53140 37541 1.56385 0953
    11.: 1.05748 45322 1.44289 75522 1.50167 3576
    1:3 1.02097 31613 1.36698 72841 1.43886 2011
    1. 4 0.98806 99961 1.30105 37400 1.37590 4446
    0.95821 00533 1.24316 58736 1.31322 5917
    E 0.93094 59808 1.19186 75654 1.25119 2681
    0.90591 81386 1.14603 92462 1.19011 6819
    11*: 0.88283 35270 li10480 53726 1.13026 0897
    1: 9 0.86145 06168 1.06747 09298 1.07184 2567
    0.84156 82151 1.03347 68471 1.01503 9018
    f:! Or82301 71525 1.00236 80527 0.95999 1226
    0.80565 39812 0.97377 01679 0.90680 7952
    z 0.78935 61312 0.94737 22250 0.85556 9487
    214 0.77401 81407 0.92291 36650 0.80633 1113
    0.75954 86903 0.90017 44239 0.75912 6289
    0.74586 82430 0.87896 72806 0.71396 9565
    0.73290 71515 0.85913 18867 0.67085 9227
    0.72060 41251 0.84053 00604 0.62977 9698
    0.70890 49774 0.82304 20403 0.59070 3688
    0.69776 15980 0.80656 34800 0.55359 4126
    0: 68713 11010 0.79100 30157 0.51840 5885
    0.67697 51139 0.77628 02824 0.48508 7306
    0.66725 91831 0.76232 42864 0.45358 1550
    0.65795 22725 0.74907 20613 0.42382 7789
    0.64902 63377 0.73646 75480 0.39576 2241
    0.64045 59647 0.72446 06608 0.36931 9074
    0.63221 80591 0.71300 65010 0.34443 1194
    0.62429 15812 0.70206 46931 0.32103 0914
    0.61665 73147 0.69159 88206 0.29905 0529
    0.60929 76693 0.68157 59452 0.27842 2808
    0.60219 65064 0.67196 61952 0.25908 1398
    0.59533 89889 0.66274 24110 0.24096 1165
    0.58871 14486 0.65387 98395 0.22399 8474
    0.58230 12704 0.64535 58689 0.20813 1411
    0.57609 67897 0.63714 97988 0.19329 9963
    Oi57008 72022 0.62924 26383 0.17944 6150
    0.56426 24840 0.62161 69312 0.16651 4127
    0.55861 33194 0.61425 66003 0.15445 0249
    0.55313 10397 0.60714 68131 0.14320 3117
    0.54780 75643 0.60027 38587 0.13272 3593
    418 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.8 MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

    2 e-xZo(x) e-xZl(x) e-zZz(x)


    5. 0 0.18354 08126 0.16397 22669 0.11795 1906
    5.1 0.18l.61 51021 0.16266 38546 0.11782 5355
    5.2 0.17974 94883 0.16138 32850 0.11767 8994
    5.3 0.17794 08646 0.16012 97913 0.11751 4528
    5. 4 0.17618 63475 0.15890 26150 0.11733 3527
    0.17448 32564 0.15770 10090 0.11713 7435
    z-2 0.17282 90951 0.15652 42405 0.11692 7581
    5: 7 0.17122 15362 0.15537 15922 0.11670 5188
    5.8 0.16965 84061 0.15424 23641 0.11647 1384
    5. 9 0.16813 76726 0.15313 58742 0.11622 7207
    6. 0 0.16665 74327 0.15205 14593 0.11597 3613
    0.16521 59021 0.15098 84754 0.11571 1484
    2: 0.16381 14064 0.14994 62978 0.11544 1633
    0.16244 23718 0.14892 43212 0.11516 4809
    2: 0.16110 73175 0.14792 19595 0.11488 1705
    6. 5 0.15980 48490 0.14693 86457 0.11459 2958
    0.15853 36513 0.14597 38314 0.11429 9157
    2:: 0.15729 24831 0.14502 69866 0.11400 0845
    0.15608 01720 0.14409 75991 0.11369 8525
    66:; 0.15489 56090 0.14318 51745 0.11339 2660
    7.0 0.15373 77447 0.14228 92347 0.11308 3678
    7.1 0.15260 55844 0.14140 93186 0.11277 1974
    7. 2 0.15149 81855 0.14054 49809 0.11245 7913
    0.15041 46530 0.13969 57915 0.11214 1833
    ;:i 0.14935 41371 0.13886 13353 0.11182 4046
    7.5 0.14831 58301 0.13804 12115 0.11150 4840
    0.14729 89636 0.13723 50333 0.11118 4481
    ;*7" 0.14630 28062 0.13644 24270 0.11086 3215
    7:8 0.14532 66611 0.13566 30318 0.11054 1268
    7. 9 0.14436 98642 0.13489 64995 0.11021 8852
    0.14343 17818 0.13414 24933 0.10989 6158
    88:: 0.14251 18095 0.13340 06883 0.10957 3368
    0.14160 93695 0.13267 07705 0.10925 0645
    E 0.14072 39098 0.13195 24362 0.10892 8142
    8: 4 0.13985 49027 0.13124 53923 0.10860 6000
    0.13900 18430 0.13054 93551 0.10828 4348
    0.13816 42474 0.12986 40505 0.10796 3305
    0.13734 16526 0.12918 92134 0.10764 2983
    0.13653 36147 0.12852 45873 0.10732 3481
    0.13573 97082 0.12786 99242 0.10700 4894
    0.13495 95247 0.12722 49839 0.10668 7306
    0.13419 26720 0.12658 95342 0.10637 0796
    0.13343 87740 0.12596 33501 0.10605 5437
    0.13269 74691 0.12534 62139 0.10574 1294
    0.13196 84094 0.12473 79145 0.10542 8428
    0.13125 12609 0.12413 82477 0.10511 6893
    0.13054 57016 0.12354 70154 0.10480 6740
    0.12985 14223 0.12296 40258 0.10449 8015
    0.12916 81248 0.12238 90929 oIio419 0759
    0.12849 55220 0.12182 20364 0.10388 5010
    0.12783 33371 0.12126 26814 0.10358 0801
    (-p
    c 1 [ 1
    C--W
    5 [ 1
    92
    BESSEL FTJNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 419
    MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2 Table 9.8

    eZKo(z) e=Kz (z)


    5”o 0.54780
    0.54263
    75643
    53519
    eZKl(2)
    0.60027
    0.59362
    38587
    50463
    0.78791 711
    55:: 0.53760
    0.53271
    73540
    69744
    0.58718
    0.58095
    86062
    36085
    0.77542 949
    0.76344 913
    25 0.52795 80329 0.57490 98871
    0.75194 475
    0.74088 762
    5.5 0.52332 47316 0.56904 79741 0.73025 127
    0.51881 16252 0.56335 90393 0.72001 128
    E 0.51441 35938 0.55783 48348 0.71014 511
    5: 8 0.51012 58183 0.55246 76495 0.70063 190
    5. 9 0.50594 37583 0.54725 02639 0.69145 232
    6. 0 0.50186 31309 0.54217 59104 0.68258 843
    0.49787 98929 0.53723 82386 0.67402 358
    2: 0.49399 02237 0.53243 12833 0.66574 225
    6: 3 0.49019 05093 0.52774 94344 0.65773 001
    6. 4 0.48647 73291 0.52318 74101 0.64997 339
    0.48284 74413 0.51874 02336 0.64245 982
    2: 0.47929 77729 0.51440 32108 0.63517 753
    0.47582 54066 0.51017 19097 0.62811 553
    2; 0.47242 75723 0.50604 21421 0.62126 350
    6: 9 0.46910 16370 0.50200 99471 0.61461 177
    0.46584 50959 0.49807 15749 0.60815 126
    ;-1" 0.46265 55657 0.49422 34737 0.60187 345
    7: 2 0.45953 07756 0.49046 22755 0.59577 030
    0.45646 85618 0.48678 47842 0.58983 426
    77:: 0.45346 68594 0.48318 79648 0.58405 820
    0.45052 36991 0.47966 89336 0.57843 541
    ::2 0.44763 71996 0.47622 49486 0.57295 955
    0.44480 55636 0.47285 33995 0.56762 463
    x3 0.44202 70724 0.46955 18010 0.56242 497
    7:9 0.43930 00819 0.46631 77847 0.55735 522
    0.43662 30185 0.46314 90928 0.55241 029
    t:: 0.43399 43754 0.46004 35709 0.54758 538
    0.43141 27084 0.45699 91615 0.54287 592
    Ez 0.42887 66329 0.45401 39001 0.53827 757
    8: 4 0.42638 48214 0.45108 59089 0.53378 623
    0.42393 59993 0.44821 33915 0.52939 797
    E 0.42152 89433 0.44539 46295 0.52510 909
    0.41916 24781 0.44262 79775 0.52091 604
    EG 0.41683 54743 0.43991 18594 0.51681 544
    8: 9 0.41454 68462 0.43724 47648 0.51280 410
    9. 0 0.41229 55493 0.43462 52454 0.50887 894
    0.41008 05783 0.43205 19116 0.50503 704
    8:: 0.40790 09662 0.42952 34301 0.50127 562
    0.40575 57809 0.42703 85204 0.49759 202
    '9:: 0.40364 41245 0.42459 59520 0.49398 369
    0.40156 51322 0.42219 45430 0.49044 819
    E 0.39951 79693 0.41983 31565 0.48698 321
    0.39750 18313 0.41751 06989 0.48358 651
    xi 0.39551 59416 0.41522 61179 0.48025 597
    9: 9 0.39355 95506 0.41297 84003 0.47698 953
    10. 0 0.39163 19344 0.41076 65704 0.47378 525

    [I 1c-y
    [
    c-t)3
    1 [ C-t)6
    1
    420 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.8 MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2

    e-“Zo(x) ecxZ1(x) e-zZ2(X)


    lo” 0 0.12783 33371 0.12126 26814 0.10358 0801
    10:2 0.12653 91639 0.12016 64024 0.10297 7124
    10. 4 0.12528 35822 0.11909 89584 0.10237 9936
    10.6 0.12406 47082 0.11805 91273 0.10178 9401
    10.8 0.12288 07840 0.11704 57564 0.10120 5644
    11. 0 0.12173 01682 0.11605 77582 0.10062 8758
    11. 2 0.12061 13250 0.11509 41055 0.10005 8806
    11.4 0.11952 28165 0.11415 38276 0.09949 5829
    11.6 0.11846 32942 0.11323 60059 0.09893 9845
    11. 8 0.11743 14923 0.11233 97710 0.09839 0853
    12.0 0.11642 62212 0.11146 42993 0.09784 8838
    12.2 0.11544 63616 0.11060 88096 0.09731 3770
    12. 4 0.11449 08594 0.10977 25611 0.09678 5608
    12.6 0.11355 87206 0.10895 48501 0.09626 4300
    12.8 0.11264 90074 0.10815 50080 0.09574 9787
    13. 0 0.11176 08338 0.10737 23993 0.09524 2003
    13.2 0.11089 33621 0.10660 64190 0.09474 0874
    13.4 0.11004 57995 0.10585 64916 0.09424 6323
    13. 6 0.10921 73954 0.10512 20685 0.09375 8268
    13.8 0.10840 74378 0.10440 26267 0.09327 6622
    14. 0 0.10761 52517 0.10369 76675 0.09280 1299
    14.2 0.10684 01959 0.10300 67148 0.09233 2208
    14. 4 0.10608 16613 0.10232 93142 0.09186 9257
    14.6 0.10533 90688 0.10166 50311 0.09141 2352
    14.8 0.10461 18671 0.10101 34506 0.09096 1401
    15.0 0.10389 95314 0.10037 41751 0.09051 6308
    15.2 0.10320 15618 0.09974 68245 0.09007 6980
    15.4 0.10251 74813 0.09913 10348 0.08964 3321
    15.6 0.10184 68351 0.09852 64572 0.08921 5238
    15.8 0.10118 91887 0.09793 27574 0.08879 2637
    16. 0 0.10054 41273 0.09734 96147 0.08837 5426
    16. 2 0.09991 12544 0.09677 67216 0.08796 3511
    16.4 0.09929 01906 0.09621 37828 0.08755 6802
    16. 6 0.09868 05729 0.09566 05145 0.08715 5210
    16.8 0.09808 20539 0.09511 66444 0.08675 8644
    17. 0 0.09749 43005 0.09458 19107 0.08636 7017
    17.2 0.09691 69938 0.09405 60614 0.08598 0242
    17: 4 0.09634 98277 0.09353 88542 0.08559 8235
    17. 6 0.09579 25085 0.09303 00560 0.08522 0911
    17. 8 0.09524 47546 0.09252 94423 0.08484 8188
    18. 0 0.09470 62952 0.09203 67968 0.08447 9984
    18.2 0.09417 68703 0.09155 19113 0.08411 6221
    18. 4 0.09365 62299 0.09107 45848 0.08375 6819
    18. 6 0.09314 41336 0.09060 46237 0.08340 1701
    18.8 0.09264 03503 0.09014 18411 0.08305 0793
    19. 0 0.09214 46572 0.08968 60569 0.08270 4020
    19.2 0.09165 68400 0.08923 70968 0.08236 1309
    19.4 0.09117 66923 0.08879 47929 0.08202 2590
    19. 6 0.09070 40151 0.08835 89829 0.08168 7792
    19. 8 0.09023 86167 0.08792 95099 0.08135 6848
    20. 0 0.08978 03119 0.08750 62222 0.081029690

    [ 1
    c-p5
    [
    C-l'4
    1
    t-y
    [ 1
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 421
    MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2 Table 9.8

    X eZKo(x) e=Ki(x) eZKz(x)


    10.0 0.39163 19344 0.41076 65704 0.47378 525
    10.2 0.38786 02539 0.40644 68479 0.46755 571
    10.4 0.38419 55846 0.40225 98277 0.46155 324
    10.6 0.38063 29549 0.39819 88825 0.45576 482
    10. 8 0.37716 77125 0.39425 78391 0.45017 842

    11.0 0.37379 54971 0.39043 09362 0.44478 294


    11. 2 0.37051 22156 0.38671 27920 0.43956 807
    11.4 0.36731 40243 0.38309 83725 0.43452 427
    11. 6 0.36419 73076 0.37958 29618 0.42964 265
    11. 8 0.36115 86616 0.37616 21391 0.42491 496

    12. 0 0.35819 48784 0.37283 17534 0.42033 350


    12.2 0.35530 29318 0.36958 79032 0.41589 111
    12.4 0.35247 99643 0.36642 69191 0.41158 108
    12.6 0.34972 32746 0.36334 53438 0.40739 714
    12.8 0.34703 03081 0.36033 99192 0.40333 342

    13.0 0.34439 86455 0.35740 75702 0.39938 443


    13.2 0.34182 59943 0.35454 53922 0.39554 499
    13.4 0.33931 01806 0.35175 06397 0.39181 028
    13.6 0.33684 91405 0.34902 07143 0.38817 572
    13.8 0.33444 09142 0.34635 31558 0.38463 702

    14. 0 0.33208 36383 0.34374 56322 0.38119 016


    14.2 0.32977 55402 0.34119 59314 0.37783 131
    14.4 0.32751 49332 0.33870 19539 0.37455 687
    14. 6 0.32530 02091 0.33626 17039 0.37136 346
    14. 8 0.32312 98364 0.33387 32858 0.36824 785

    15.0 0.32100 23534 0.33153 48949 0.36520 701


    15.2 0.31891 63655 0.32924 48132 0.36223 805
    15.4 0.31687 05405 0.32700 14043 0.35933 826
    15.6 0.31486 36051 0.32480 31080 0.35650 503
    15.8 0.31289 43424 0.32264 84361 0.35373 592

    16. 0 0.31096 15880 0.32053 59682 0.35102 858


    16.2 0.30906 42269 0.31846 43471 0.34838 081
    16. 4 0.30720 11919 0.31643 22766 0.34579 049
    16. 6 0.30537 14592 0.31443 85164 0.34325 562
    16.8 0.30357 40487 0.31248 18807 0.34077 427

    17.0 0.30180 80193 0.31056 12340 0.33834 464


    17.2 0.30007 24678 0.30867 54888 0.33596 497
    17.4 0.29836 65276 0.30682 36027 0.33363 361
    17. 6 0.29668 93657 0.30500 45765 0.33134 898
    17. 8 0.29504 01817 0.30321 74518 0.32910 956

    18. 0 0.29341 82062 0.30146 13089 0.32691 391


    18.2 0.29182 26987 0.29973 52642 0.32476 064
    18.4 0.29025 29472 0.29803 84697 0.32264 843
    18. 6 0.28870 82654 0.29637 01096 0.32057 602
    18.8 0.28718 79933 0.29472 94003 0.31854 218

    19. 0 0.28569 14944 0.29311 55877 0.31654 577


    19. 2 0.28421 81554 0.29152 79458 0.31458 565
    19.4 0.28276 73848 0.28996 57766 0.31266 076
    19.6 0.28133 86117 0.28842 84068 0.31077 008
    19.8 0.27993 12862 0.28691 51886 0.30891 262

    [(-p1
    20.0 0.27854 48766 0.28542 54970 0.30708 743

    I:(-y 1 c 1
    C-$)3
    422 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.8 MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

    2-l xfe-zZo(x) xf PZ1 (2) xfd2(x) T--lde~Ko(x) a-lx*e~Kl (x) R- ~xbKiz(x) <x>
    0.050 0.40150 9761 0.39133 9722 0.36237 579 0.39651 5620 0.40631 0355 0.43714 666
    0.048 0.40140 4058 0.39164 8743 0.36380 578 0.39661 0241 0.40601 9771 0.43558 814 :1”
    0.046 0.40129 8619 0.39195 7336 0.36523 854 0.39670 5057 0.40572 8854 0.43403 211
    0.044 0.40119 3443 0.39226 5502 0.36667 408 0.39680 0069 0.40543 7604 0.43247 858 ::
    0.042 0.40108 8526 0.39257 3245 0.36811 237 0.39689 5278 0.40514 6017 0.43092 754 24

    0.040 0.40098 3868 0.39288 0567 0.36955 342 0.39699 0686 0.40485 4094 0.42937 901 25
    0.038 0.40087 9466 0.39318 7470 0.37099 722 0.39708 6293 0.40456 1832 0.42783 299
    0.036 0.40077 5319 0.39349 3958 0.37244 375 0.39718 2101 0.40426 9230 0.42628 949 g
    0.034 0.40067 1424 0.39380 0032 0.37389 302 0.39727 8110 0.40397 6286 0.42474 850
    0.032 0.40056 7781 0.39410 5695 0.37534 502 0.39737 4322 0.40368 2998 0.42321 003 31

    0.030 0.40046 4387 0.39441 0950 0.37679 973 0.39747 0738 0.40338 9365 0.42167 410 33
    0.028 0.40036 1241 0.39471 5798 0.37825 716 0.39756 7359 0.40309 5386 0.42014 070
    0.026 0.40025 8340 0.39502 0243 0.37971 729 0.39766 4186 0.40280 1058 0.41860 984 a;
    0.024 0.40015 5684 0.39532 4286 0.38118 012 0.39776 1221 0.40250 6380 0.41708 153
    0.022 0.40005 3270 0.39562 7929 0.38264 564 0.39785 8465 0.40221 1349 0.41555 576 45

    0.020 0.39995 1098 0.39593 1176 0.38411 385 0.39795 5918 0.40191 5965 0.41403 256
    0.018 0.39984 9164 0.39623 4028 0.38558 474 0.39805 3583 0.40162 0226 0.41251 191
    0.016 0.39974 7469 0.39653 6487 0.38705 830 0.39815 1460 0.40132 4130 0.41099 383
    0.014 0.39964 6009 0.39683 8556 0.38853 453 0.39824 9551 0.40102 7674 0.40947 833
    0.012 0.39954 4785 0.39714 0236 0.39001 342 0.39834 7857 0.40073 0858 0.40796 540

    0.010 0.39944 3793 0.39744 1530 0.39149 496 0.39844 6379 0.40043 3679 0.40645 505 1’00
    0.008 0.39934 3033 0.39774 2440 0.39297 91.5 0.39854 5119 0.40013 6136 0.40494 730 125
    0.006 0.39924 2503 0.39804 2968 0.39446 599 0.39864 4077 0.39983 8226 0.40344 214 167
    0.004 0.39914 2202 0.39834 3116 0.39595 546 0.39874 3256 0.39953 9949 0.40193 958
    0.002 0.39904 2128 0.39864 2886 0.39744 756 0.39884 2657 0.39924 1300 0.40043 962 ~~00
    0.000 0.39894 2280 0.39894 2280 0.39894 228 0.39894 2280 0.39894 2280 0.39894 228 00
    [ 1
    q3)3 ['-;I51 [c-;'"] [q"] ['-;'"I ['-;I"]

    For interpolating near x--1 =0 note that if f&-l) =zk~Z,(z) thenf,( -2-l) =r-de~K~(z),

    <x> =nearest integer to x.

    Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments. Royal
    Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. F’ress, Cambridge, England, 1954) (with
    permission).
    MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS

    2 Ko(x)+Zo(z) ln x s[Kl(x) -II(X) In 4 Ko(x) +ZO(X) In x x[ZG (x) -II (2) In xl

    ::1” 0.11872
    0.11593 152
    387 0.99691
    1.00000 180
    000 1:1
    lx0 0.49199
    0.42102 896
    444 0.49390
    0.60190 723
    093

    z-3’ 0.12713
    0.14124 128
    511 0.98754
    0.97158 819
    448 :3 0.66373
    0.57261 444
    364 0.21236
    0.36514 944
    381
    0: 4 0.16121 862 0.94852 090 1: 4 0.76632 938 +0.03176 677

    0. 5 0.18726 857 0.91759 992 1.5 0.88149 436 -0.18096 553


    E 0.21967
    0.25879 734
    579 0.87784
    0.82804 659
    980 ;:i 1.15456
    1.01045 879
    200 -0.43076
    -0.72326 976
    964

    0:8 0.30504 682 0.76669 810 1.31536 786 -1.06486 242


    0. 9 0.35892 957 0.69201 997 1: 9 1.49454 429 -1.46281 214

    1.0 0.42102 444 0.60190 723 2.0 1.69398 200 -1.92535 914

    [(-;)l1 c 1(-;)2 [ 1c-p3 ii598 1


    BESSEL FUNCTIOKS OF INTEGER ORDER 423
    ‘I‘nlh ‘J.9
    s r-qx) c - ,’I, (.I.) r-~qs) r.rf,;(.v) r-JfJ(.V) c-.rl,(.v) c -.rL,(x)
    0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
    (-4)1.3680 (-6)3.4182 (-8)6.8341 * (-9)1.1388 -11)1.6265 (-13)2.0328 (-1532.2585
    ;; (-4)9.0273 (-5)4.5047 (-6)1.7995 (-8)5.9925 - 9)1.7109 (-11)4.2750 C-13)9.4957
    (--3)X5257 4)1.8858 (-5)1.1281 (-735.6286 i - 8)2.4084 (-10)9.0201 (-11)3.0037
    0:s (-3)4.9877 4)4.9483 (-5)3.9377 (-6)2.6152 (- 7)1.4902 (- 9)7.4343 (-10)3.2983
    (-3)1.0069 (-6)8.2731 (- 7 5.8832 (- 8)3.6643 (- 9)2.0301
    (-5)2.0544 (- 6I 1.7497 (- ;pm; (- 9)8.6707
    (- 6 4.2831 (- 8)2.8797
    (- 6)9.0974 I- 7 9:0178 (- 8)7.9596
    (- 5)1.7349 (- 6 1 1.9302 (- 7)1.9131
    (- 7)4.1199
    I - 6)6.7325
    6)3.7487
    5)1.1339
    5)1.8099
    (-2)1.4234 [I 5)2.7609

    (- 5)4.0512
    (- 5)5.7482
    (- 5)7.9208 (- 5)1.4507
    ;; (-2)5.6454 (-3)7.2431 (- 4 1.0638 (- 5)2.0556
    . (-2)5.8893 (-3)8.2288 (-3)2.4106 (- 4)6.1640 (- 41 1.3965 (- 5)2.8380
    4.0 -3)9.2443 (-3)2.8291 (- 4)1.7968
    4.2 -2 1 1.0283 (-3)3.2785 (- 4)2.2703
    -2 1.1337 (- 4)2.8224
    (-2)3.1221 -2 1 1.2402 (- 4)3.4578 (- 5)8.3667
    (-2)3.2854 -2 1.3471 (- 4)4.1806 (- 4)1.0508
    -2'1.4540
    -2 i 1.5605
    -2)1.6662
    -2)1.7707
    -2)1.8738
    -2)1.9752

    II
    (- 3)3.1156
    -2 1 2.0747
    -2 2.1723 - 3 1.0484
    1.3351
    1.1870
    (- 3)1.4924
    (-2)4.5567 (-2)1.0849 (- 3)1.6587

    22”
    8.4 (-2 I 1.5854
    -
    -
    -
    3)6.7449
    3 7.1440
    3 I 7.5464
    (- 3)2.8292 (- 331.0866

    (-2 1.6453 - 3 7.9513


    2; (-2 1.7045 - 3)8.3582
    (-2 3.2269 (-2)1.7627
    (-2 1 3.2915 (-2)1.8201
    - 3)9.5839 (- 3)1.9399
    - 3)9.9924 (- 3)2.0808
    (- 2)1.0400 (- 3)2.2260
    10.0 (-2)7.9830 (-2)5.5683 (-2)3.52'34 (-2)2.0398 (- 2)1.0806 (- 3)5.2694 (- 3)2.3753
    10.5 -2)7.9687 (-2)5.6549 (- 3)5.9380 (- 3)2.7653
    11.0 -2)7.9465 (- 3)6.6192 (- 3)3.1769
    11.5 I -2)7.9182 - 2)1.3775 (- 3)7.3082 (- 3)3.6073
    ;;.; (-2)7.8848 - 2)1.4722 (- 3)4.0537
    . (-2)7.8474 - 2)1.5642 (- 3)4.5134
    (- 3)4.9837
    (- 3)5.4622
    (- 3)5.9469
    (-2)2.9779
    (-2)3.0538
    (-2)4.4726 (- 3)7.4171
    (- 3)7.9071
    I -2 I 3.1251
    3.2543
    3.1918 (- 3)8.3947
    -2)3.3128 (- 2)1.4543
    (-2)6.0119 -2)3.3675 (- 2)1.5125

    Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Besselfunc-


    tions, Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol.
    X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952) (with permission).
    424 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.9 MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-9

    e"K3(x) @K4(x) e%(x) @Kc(X) e"K7(n> e"Ks(x) @Kg(x)


    4 3.6;20 9 4.7897
    3 2.7602 7 4.1679
    2 I 6.5506 6 I 2.9548
    2 2.4743 5 4.7618
    1 1.9303 2)1.2024
    1 1.2984 1 6.8382
    0 9.4345 1 I 4.3280
    0 7.2438 1 2.9585
    II 0 5.7946 1 2.1426

    Ii 45 1.3160
    1.2610
    2.0785
    3.6055
    6.6436

    0 1.6317
    2: 0 1.5303
    0 1.4414
    1-z 0 1.3629
    4:8 II 0 1.2931
    0)2.2646 1)1.1973
    ::2"

    :*: II 0 2.1186
    1.8746
    1.9895
    1.7720 II 01 1.0645
    7.7717
    9.5285
    8.5813
    5:8

    6.0
    2:
    II 0 1.3902
    1.4528
    1.5213
    1.5967
    1.6798 II 1i 1.5547
    1.1467
    1.3978
    1.2630
    1.7387
    28"

    -1 9.4941 0 1.5047 1 2.3486


    ;:2" -1 9.2354 0 1.4505 1 I 2.1529
    -1 8.9918 0 I 1.4001 1 1.9794
    99-z -1 8.7620 0 1.3529 1 1.8251
    9:8 -1 i a.5449 0)1.3088 1)1.6873
    10.0 (-1)6.0028 ( -1)8.3395 ( 0)1.2674 ( 0)2.1014 ( 0)3.7891 ( 0)7.4062 ( 1)1.5639
    10.5 oj1.9059
    11.0
    11.5
    12.0
    12.5
    13.0
    13.5
    14.0
    14.5
    15.0

    15.5 -1)5.1982 -1 I 6.8656 0 1.4319 0 2.2561


    16.0 -1 5.0414 -1 6.6036 0 1.3480 0 2.0964
    16.5 -1 4.8959 -1 6.3633 0 1.2729 0 1.9552
    17.0 -1 4.7605 -1 6.1420 0 I 1.2053 0I 1.8299
    17.5 -1)3.8191 -1 I 4.6343 -1)5.9376 0)1.1442 0 1.7181
    18.0 -1)3.7411 -1 I 4.5162 -1)7.7097
    18.5 -1 i 3.6674 -1 4.4055 -1 7.4176
    19.0 -1 3.5976 -1 4.3015 -1 I 7.1482
    19.5 -1 3.5313 -1 4.2037 -1 6.8990
    20.0 -1 3.4684 -1)4.1114 -1 6.6679 (-q9.1137
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 425
    MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 10, 11, 20 AND 21 Table 9.10

    1osx-‘ozlo(~) lO".r"Zll(X)
    0.26911 445 1.22324 748 1.85794 idd 0.391990 0.933311 6.37771
    0.26935 920 1.22426 724 1.85588 251 0.392177 0.933736 6.37435
    0.27009 468 1.22733 125 1.84970 867 0.392738 0.935008 6.36429
    0.27132 457 1.23245 366 1.83947 021 0.393674 0.937136 6.34757
    0.27305 504 1.23965 820 1.82524 326 0.394988 0.940123 6.32424
    0.27529 480 1.24897 831 1.80713 290 0.396684 0.943974 6.29437
    0.27805 517 1.26045 740 1.78527 169 0.398766 0.948703 6.25807
    0.28135 012 1.27414 918 1.75981 781 0.401239 0.954321 6.21545
    0.28519 648 1.29011 798 1.73095 297 0.404112 0.960843 6.16665
    0.28961 396 1.30843 932 1.69887 992 0.407392 0.968285 6.11184
    0.29462 538 1.32920 036 1.66381 982 0.411087 0.976669 6.05118
    0.30025 682 1.35250 061 1.62600 944 0.415209 0.986016 5.98488
    0.30653 784 1.37845 262 1.58569 822 0.419768 0.996351 5.91314
    0.31350 170 1.40718 285 1.54314 529 0.424778 1.007703 5.83620
    0.32118 565 1.43883 260 1.49861 645 0.430253 1.020101 5.75428
    0.32963 121 1.47355 907 1.45238 126 0.436209 1.033581 5.66764
    0.33888 455 1.51153 657 1.40471 020 0.442662 1.048178 5.57655
    0.34899 681 1.55295 782 1.35587 192 0;449632 1.063935 5.48128
    0.36002 459 1.59803 551 1.30613 075 0.457139 1.080893 5.38210
    0.37203 039 1.64700 388 1.25574 432 0.465205 1.099102 5.27932
    0.38508 316 1.70012 064 1.20496 150 0.473853 1.118613 5.17321
    0.39925 889 1.75766 896 1.15402 052 0.483111 1.139481 5.06408
    0.41464 125 1.81995 978 1.10314 736 0.493006 1.161768 4.95224
    0.43132 237 1.88733 435 1.05255 442 0.503569 1.185538 4.83197
    0.44940 362 1.96016 700 1.00243 944 0.514832 1.210861 4.72159
    0.46899 655 2.03886 82 0.95298 465 0.526830 1.237813 4.60339
    0.49022 387 2.12388 83 0.90435 626 0.539601 1.266475 4.48367
    0.51322 061 2.21572 08 0.85670 405 0.553186 1.296933 4.36272
    0.53813 536 2.31490 71 0.81016 129 0.567630 1.329281 4.24084
    0.56513 169 2.42204 09 0.76484 483 0.582979 1.363622 4.11830
    0.59438 965 2.53777 36 0.72085 532 0.599284 1.400061 3.99537
    0.62610 759 2.66282 00 0.61827 767 0.616599 1.438715 3.87234
    0.66050 400 2.79796 48 0.63718 161 0.634984 1.479709 3.74945
    0.69781 972 2.94406 93 0.59762 235 0.654501 1.523176 3.62695
    0.73832 033 3.10208 00 0.55964 137 0.675219 1.569259 3.50507
    0.78229 881 3.27303 69 0.52326 729 0.697210 1.618113 3.38405
    0.83007 854 3.45808 34 0.48851 672 0.720554 1.669904 3.26411
    0.88201 663 3.65847 74 0.45539 529 0.745333 1.724808 3.14543
    0.93850 764 3.87560 29 0.42389 854 0.771639 1.783016 3.02821
    0.99998 773 4.11098 38 0.39401 295 0.799570 1.844734 2.91264
    1.06693 936 4.36629 90 0.36571 690 0.829231 1.910180 2.79887
    1.13989 641 4.64339 88 0.33898 159 0.860735 1.979593 2.68705
    1.21945 007 4.94432 35 0.31377 202 0.894204 2.053225 2.57733
    1.30625 534 5.27132 42 0.29004 783 0.929769 2.131351 2.46983
    1.40103 829 5.62688 64 0.26776 418 0.967571 2.214264 2.36466
    1.50460 429 6.01375 48 0.24687 251 1.007764 2.302281 2.26193
    1.61784 713 6.43496 31 0.22732 134 1.050510 2.395741 2.16172
    1.74175 933 6.89386 57 0.20905 690 1.095988 2.495011 2.06411
    1.87744 369 7.39417 36 0.19202 382 1.144389 2.600488 1.96916
    2.02612 620 7.93999 51 0.17616 568 1.195919 2.712593 1.87692

    [c-y1
    2.18917 062 8.53588 02 0.16142 553 1.250800 2.831786 1.78744

    [ 1
    (-;)2
    [ 1
    C-l)6
    [c-p1 [I 1
    (-;)4

    2n
    Kn+1(2)=~Kn.(z)+Kn-l(2)

    Compiled from British Associationfor the Advancement of Science,Besselfunctions, Part II. Func-
    tions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X (CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge,Eng-
    land, 1952)and L. Fox, A short table for Besselfunctions of integer ordersand largearguments. Royal
    Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge,England, 1954) (with
    permission).
    426 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.10 MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 10, 11, 20 AND 21

    eZKlo(z) 1024r20120(2)

    lo”0
    10:2
    e-zllo(z)
    0.00099
    0.00107
    38819
    29935
    e-21l1(2)
    0.00038
    0.00042
    75284
    45861
    35.55633
    32.60759
    91
    68
    1.25080
    1.30927
    2.83179
    2.95856
    1.787443
    1.700753
    10.4 0.00115 52835 0.00046 37417 29.98423 91 1.37160 3.09345 1.616873
    10.6 0.00124 06973 0.00050 50080 27.64297 29 1.43806 3.23703 1.535814
    10.8 0.00132 91744 0.00054 83934 25.54714 23 1.50895 3.38992 1.457578

    11.0 0.00142 06490 0.00059 39013 23.66558 79 I.58462 3.55278 1.382160


    11.2 0.00151 50508 0.00064 15309 21.97172 20 1.66540 3.72634 1.309546
    11.4 0.00161 23051 0.00069 12768 20.44277 46 1.75169 3.91139 1.239714
    11.6 0.00171 23339 0.00074 31298 19.05917 72 1.84390 4.10876 1.172637
    11.8 0.00181 50559 0.00079 70766 17.80405 56 1.94249 4.31937 1.108279
    12.0 0.00192 03870 0.00085 31003 16.66281 24 2.04795 4.54421 1.046601
    12.2 0.00202 82412 0.00091 11805 15.62277 97 2.16080 4.78434 0.987556
    12.4 0.00213 85303 0.00097 12937 14.67293 16 2.28162 5.04093 0.931095
    12.6 0.00225 11650 0.00103 34132 13.80364 34 2.41105 5.31521 0.877164
    12.8 0.00236 60548 0.00109 75097 13.00649 01 2.54975 5.60856 0.825703
    13.0 0.00248 31086 0.00116 35512 12.27407 71 2.69846 5.92244 0.776652
    13.2 0.00260 22347 0.00123 15035 11.59989 74 2.85799 6.25845 0.729947
    13.4 0.00272 33415 0.00130 13301 10.97821 07 3.02921 6.61832 0.685520
    13.6 0.00284 63375 0.00137 29926 10.40394 07 3.21306 7.00393 0.643305
    13.8 0.00297 11314 0.00144 64509 9.87258 79 3.41058 7.41731 0.603230
    14.0 0.00309 76327 0.00152 16634 9.38015 52 3.62289 7.86068 0.565225
    14.2 0.00322 57518 0.00159 85870 8.92308 36 3.85121 8.33644 0.529218
    14.4 0.00335 53999 0.00167 71776 8.49819 79 4.09686 8.84722 0.495137
    14.6 0.00348 64894 0.00175 73898 8.10265 95 4.36131 9.39585 0.462910
    14.8 0.00361 89341 0.00183 91776 7.73392 53 4.64613 9.98543 0.432464
    15.0 0.00375 26491 0.00192 24942 7.38971 31 4.95305 10.61932 0.403728
    15.2 0.00388 75510 0.00200 72921 7.06797 04 5.28394 11.30119 0.376630
    15.4 0.00402 35583 0.00209 35235 6.76684 87 5.64087 12.03503 0.351101
    15.6 0.00416 05908 0.00218 11403 6.48467 94 6.02608 12.82520 0.327070
    15.8 0.00429 85705 0.00227 00942 6.21995 46 6.44202 13.67643 0.304470
    16.0 0.00443 74209 0.00236 03366 5.97130 87 6.89137 14.59389 0.283235
    16.2 0.00457 70675 0.00245 18192 5.73750 35 7.37705 15.58322 0.263299
    16.4 0.00471 74378 0.00254 44936 5.51741 43 7.90228 16.65059 0.244598
    16.6 0.00485 84612 0.00263 83118 5.31001 78 8.47055 17.80271 0.227071
    16.8 0.00500 00690 0.00273 32259 5.11438 19 9.08571 19.04691 0.210658
    17.0 0.00514 21947 0.00282 91884 4.92965 63 9.75197 20.39124 0.195301
    17.2 0.00528 47735 0.00292 61523 4.75506 40 10.47392 21.84444 0.180944
    17.4 0.00542 77427 0.00302 40709 4.58989 42 11.25663 23.41611 0.167532
    17.6 0.00557 10418 0.00312 28982 4.43349 60 12.10562 25.11674 0.155012
    17.8 0.00571 46119 0.00322 25887 4.28527 20 13.02697 26.95781 0.143336
    18.0 0.00585 83964 0.00332 30977 4.14467 40 14.02734 28.95188 0.132454
    18.2 0.00600 23403 0.00342 43808 4.01119 75 15.11406 31.11272 0.122321
    18.4 0.00614 63909 0.00352 63948 3.88437 85 16.29515 33.45541 0.112891
    18.6 0.00629 04971 0.00362 90969 3.76378 89 17.57946 35.99648 0.104124
    18.8 0.00643 46098 0.00373 24450 3.64903 41 18.97668 38.75407 0.095978
    19.0 0.00657 86817 0.00383 63982 3.53974 93 20.49749 41.74804 0.088414
    19.2 0.00672 26672 0.00394 09161 3.43559 74 22.15363 45.00024 0.081397
    19.4 0.00686 65226 0.00404 59590 3.33626 62 23.95803 48.53460 0.074892
    19.6 0.00701 02059 0.00415 14885 3.24146 65 25.92489 52.37745 0.068865
    19.8 0.00715 36768 0.00425 74667 3.15093 00 28.06989 56.55768 0.063285
    20.0 0.00729 68965 0.00436 38567 3.06440 75 30.41029 61.10706 0.058124
    II 1
    C-l)4
    [
    C-l)3
    1 II 1 [ 1 [
    (-;I4 c-y c-2)5
    5 1 [I 1 c-:)4
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 427
    MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOB LARGE ARGUMENTS Table 9.10

    2-l In [A~Z~o(z)l In rGk-zlll(~)l In [T- lzLKl~(~)] In [&-~Z2o(z)] In [$k-~Z~l(~)] In [r-lrtezZ&(z)] <z>


    0.050 -3.42244 062 13.93653 ‘263 1.47299 048 -10.434749 -11.346341 8.250182
    0.049 -3.37318 689 -3.87762 888 1.42771 939 -10.263511 -11.160467 8.088946
    0.048 -3.32386 306 -3.81861 524 1.38232 785 -10.091302 -10.973471 7.926737
    0.047 -3.27447 055 -3.75949 454 1.33681 644 - 9.918126 -10.785351 7.763551
    0.046 -3.22501 139 -3.70026 938 1.29118 575 - 9.743983 -10.596108 7.599386
    0.045
    0.044
    -3.17548
    -3.12590
    766
    147
    -3.64094
    -3.58151
    242
    639
    1.24543
    1.19956
    642
    910
    -
    -
    9.568876
    9.392809
    -10.405744
    -10.214259
    7.434240
    7.268110 ::
    0.043
    "0-K
    .
    -3.07625
    -2.97678
    -3.02655
    496
    033
    979
    -3.52199
    -3.46237
    -3.40267
    408
    835
    211
    1.15358
    1.10748
    1.06126
    449
    332
    635
    -
    -
    -
    9.215785
    9.037810
    8.858889
    -10.021658
    - 9.827944
    - 9.633121
    7.100994
    6.932893
    6.763806
    2’: 24
    0.040 -2.92697 559 -3.34287 833 1.01493 437 - 8.679029 - 9.437195 6.593733
    %Z
    . -2.82719
    -2.87711 539
    002 -3.28300 006 0.96848 822 - 8.498236 - 9.240173 6.422673 :z
    -3.22304 039 0.92192 874 - 8.316519 - 9.042063 6.250630
    0.037 -2.77723 405 -3.16300 246 0.87525 686 - 8.133888 - 8.842873 6.077603 :;
    0.036 -2.72722 837 -3.10288 949 0.82847 349 - 7.950352 - 8.642612 5.903597 28
    0.035 -2.67718 076 -3.04270 472 0.78157 961 - 7.765923 - 8.441293 5.728614 29
    0.034 -2.62709
    -__ -. 365
    _-- -2.98245 146 0.73457 624 - 7.580613 - 8.238927 5.552659
    0.033 -2.57696 948 -2.92213 308 0.68746 441 - 7.394434 - 8.035529 5.375732 :i
    0.032 -2.52681 074 -2.86175 298 0.64024 520 - 7.207403 - 7.831113 5.197843 31
    0.031 -2.47661 992 -2.80131 461 0.59291 975 - 7.019533 - 7.625695 5.018998 32
    0.030 -2.42639 955 -2.74082 147 0.54548 920 - 6.830842 - 7.419294 4.839203
    0.029 -2.37615 216 -2.68027 709 0.49795 475 - 6.641348 - 7.211929 4.658466
    0.028 -2.32588 032 -2.61968 504 0.45031 764 - 6.451070 - 7.003620 4.476796
    0.027 -2.27558 659 -2.55904 894 0.40257 915 - 6.260027 - 6.794389 4.294202
    0.026 -2.22527 356 -2.49837 243 0.35474 059 - 6.068243 - 6.584261 4.110696
    0.025 -2.17494 384 -2.43765 918 0.30680 331 - 5.875738 - 6.373261 3.926290
    0.024 -2.12460 002 -2.37691 291 0.25876 871 - 5.682539 - 6.161416 3.740995
    0.023 -2.07424 475 -2.31613 733 0.21063 822 - 5.488669 - 5.948754 3.554826
    0.022 -2.02388 063 -2.25533 620 0.16241 332 - 5.294155 - 5.735305 3.367799
    0.021 -1.97351 031 -2.19451 329 0.11409 551 - 5.099025 - 5.521102 3.179929
    0.020 -1.92313 643 -2.13367 239 0.06568 636 - 4.903309 - 5.306177 50
    0.019 -1.87276 162 -2.07281 731 +0.01718 745 - 4.707035 - 5.090565 :*z::;
    0.018 -1.82238 853 -2.01195 186 -0.03139 959 - 4.510235 - 4.874302 2:611440 5563
    0.017 -1.77201 979 -1.95107 986 -0.08007 306 - 4.312943 - 4.657427 2.420383 59
    0.016 -1.72165 806 -1.89020 514 -0.12883 128 - 4.115190 - 4.439978 2.228582 63
    0.015 -1.67130 595 -1.82933 153 -0.17767 247 - 3.917011 - 4.221995 2.036059
    0.014 -1.62096 610 -1.76846 286 -0.22659 485 - 3.718443 - 4.003521 1.842840
    0.013 -1.57064 113 -1.70760 295 -0.27559 659 - 3.519520 - 3.784599 1.648949
    0.012 -1.52033 365 -1.64675 564 -0.32467 581 - 3.320281 - 3.565272 1.454415
    0.011 -1.47004 626 -1.58592 472 -0.37383 061 - 3.120763 - 3.345586 1.259264
    0.010 -1.41978 154 -1.52511 400 -0.42305 904 - 2.921004 - 3.125587 1.063526 100
    0.009 -1.36954 207 -1.46432 725 -0.47235 911 - 2.721043 - 2.905322 0.867231 111
    0.008 -1.31933 040 -1.40356 824 -0.52172 881 - 2.520921 - 2.684833 0.670412 125
    0.007 -1.26914 908 -1.34284 072 -0.57116 608 - 2.320676 - 2.464184 0.473099 143
    0.006 -1.21900 063 -1.28214 841 -0.62066 881 - 2.120350 - 2.243408 0.275328 167
    0.005 -1.16888 754 -1.22149 499 -0.67023 489 - 1.919982 - 2.022558 +0.077133 200
    -1.11881 229 -1.16088 414 -0.71986 215 - 1.719613 - 1.801685 -0.121451 250
    EE -1.06877 735 -1.10031 949 -0;76954 834 - 1.519284 - 1.580838 -0.320388 333
    0:002 -1.01878 514 -1.03980 463 -0.81929 138 - 1.319036 - 1.360065 -0.519640 500
    0.001 -0.96883 808 -0.97934 314 -0.86908 886 - 1.118907 - 1.139416 -0.719170 1000
    -0.91893 853 -0.91893 853 -0.91893 853 - 0.918939
    - 0.918939 -0.918939 m
    0.000
    C-44)
    1
    [ 1 integer[ to :c.1
    c-y
    +>=nearest
    Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments. Royal
    Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954) (with
    permission).
    428 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.11 MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

    Z?%(l) Zn(5)

    II
    I 011.26606 5878 I 112.72398 7182
    - 1I Sib5159 1040
    - 1 1.35747 6698
    - 2 2.21684 2492 10 1.75056
    5.10823 4214
    1.03311
    2.43356 4764
    1497
    5017

    II
    - 3 2.73712 0221

    II
    f oj2.15797 4547
    - 5346 2.76993
    1.60017 9323
    3.04418
    2.24639
    9.82567 1420
    3364
    5903
    6951
    - 12 2.56488
    7.41166 6690
    7192285
    1.93157 3216
    1882
    9417

    f- lOj2.75294 8040

    II - 11
    14 1.24897
    13
    16 1.99563
    7.11879 8308
    5.19576 1678
    1153
    0054

    20
    ioo
    50
    -
    -
    -
    -
    25 3.96683
    42 3.53950
    60 1.12150
    80i 2.93463
    5986
    0588
    9741
    5309
    - .9 4.31056 0576

    II
    - 33 3.89351 9664
    - 48 1.25586 9192
    - 65 3.35304 2830
    II - 11
    21 5.02423
    45
    32 2.93146 9358
    1.18042
    3.99784 6980
    9647
    4971

    100 (-189)8.47367 4008 (-158)1.08217 1475 (-119)7.09355 1489

    II 3 2.67098
    1.22649 6628
    2.28151
    2.81571
    1.75838 0538
    8968
    0717
    8304 ( 2012.49509 894

    10 f4116.49897 552
    ::
    :34 II
    41 4.01657
    4.59832 209
    ii84924
    5.21214 700
    794
    227

    11:
    17
    I 191912.25869
    3.07376 455
    581
    18
    19
    20 4 1.25079 9736 18 5.44206 840 41 1.44834 613
    30
    40
    50
    100
    112 7.78756
    -20 2.04212
    -30 I 4.75689
    (-88)1.08234
    9783
    3274
    4561
    4202
    16
    13
    +lO I
    4.27499
    6.00717
    1.76508
    (-16)2.72788
    365
    897
    024
    795
    II
    40
    38
    36
    1.20615
    3.84170
    4.82195
    (21)4.64153
    487
    550
    809
    494
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 429
    MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS Table 9.11

    KnU) G(2) K,(5)

    II-10 6.47385
    2.19591 8728
    2.53759
    1.39865
    1.13893 3909
    8818
    5927
    7546

    I 1.00050 8312
    52347I 6.22552
    4.42070
    3.65383
    3.60960 2033
    4099
    5896
    1230

    II 2130 5.21498
    9.75856 2921
    9.65850
    1.92563
    4.15465 3277
    2913
    2829
    4995

    20 II 2.97998 5755
    6853
    9886
    1740

    II
    22 6.29436 9360 45
    30
    16
    62 4.27112
    5.77085
    9.94083
    39 4.70614 5527
    Ip 58 1.11422 0651
    77 3.40689 6854
    100 (185)5.90033 3184 (155)4.61941 5978 (115)7.03986 0193

    Kn(lO) Kn(50) Kn(100)

    2
    87
    9
    10
    ::
    13
    14
    15 -1
    -1
    2.65656
    8.81629
    3849
    2510 II
    -21 4.21679
    -22 1.16980
    8.17096
    5.81495
    3.11621 235
    398
    523
    828
    117
    I II
    -44 7.65542
    -45 1.23283 963
    1.07829
    9.52475
    8.49696

    I -44 1.42348
    2.32445
    1.95464
    1.65987
    148
    044
    206
    797

    2.79144 325
    645
    763
    531
    371
    1176 0 3.08686 9988
    1 1.13769 8721
    ii II 1 4.40440 2395
    20 -21 1.70614 838 -44 3.38520 541
    El
    50
    100 (85)4.59667 4084
    II
    -19
    -16
    -13
    2.00581
    1.29986
    4.00601
    (+13)1.63940
    681
    971
    347
    352
    II
    -43
    -41
    -40
    3.97060
    1.20842
    9.27452
    (-25)7.61712
    205
    080
    265
    963
    430 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.12 KELVIN FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0 AND 1

    :I ber P bei z berl .X bei, z


    0.0 1.00000 00000 0.00000 00000 0.00000 00000 0.00000 00000
    0.99999 84375 0.00249 99996 -0.03539 95148 0.03531 11265
    2: 0.99997 50000 0.00999 99722 -0.07106 36418 0.07035 65360
    0.99987 34319 0.02249 96836 -0.10725 41168 0.10486 83082
    fJ:fi 0.99960 00044 0.03999 82222 -0.14423 08645 0.13857 41359

    0.5 0.99902 34640 0.06249 32184 -0.18224 31238 0.17119 51797


    0.99797 51139 0.08997 97504 -0.22153 37177 0.20244 39824
    it76 0.99624 88284 0.12244 89390 -0.26233 33470 0.23202 24623
    0.99360 11377 0.15988 62295 -0.30485 87511 0.25962 00070
    0”:: 0.98975 13567 0.20226 93635 -0.34931 01000 0.28491 16898
    0.98438 17812 0.24956 60400 -0.39586 82610 0.30755 66314
    :*10 ii97713 79732 0.30173 12692 -0.44469 19268 0.32719 65305
    1:2 0.96762 91558 0.35870 44199 -0.49591 45913 0.34345 43903
    0.95542 87468 0.42040 59656 -0.54964 13636 0.35593 34649
    ::: 0.94007 50567 0.48673 39336 -0;60594 56099 0.36421 64560
    0.92107 21835 0.55756 00623 -0.66486 54180 0.36786 49890
    ::2 0.89789 11386 0.63272 56770 -0;72639 98786 0.36641 93986
    0.86997 12370 0.71203 72924 -0.79050 51846 0.35939 88584
    :-; 0.83672 17942 0.79526 19548 -0.85709 05470 0.34630 18876
    1:9 0.79752 41670 0.88212 23406 -0.92601 39357 0.32660 72722
    0.75173 41827 0.97229 16273 -0.99707 76519 0.29977 54370
    ::1" 0.69868 50014 1.06538 81608 -1 07002 37462 0.26525 03092
    0.63769 04571 1.16096 99438 -1.14452 92997 0.22246 17120
    2: 0.56804 89261 1.25852 897iii -1.22020 15903 0.17082 a3322
    2:4 0.48904 77721 1.35148 54165 -1.29657 31717 0.10976 13027
    2.5 0.39996 84171 1.45718 20442 -1.37309 68976 +0.03866 84440
    0.30009 20903 1.55687 77737 -1.44914 09315 -0.04304 07916
    ::; 0.18870 63040 1.65514 24073 -1.52398 37854 -0.13594 96285
    +0.06511 21084 1.75285 05638 -1.59680 94413 -0.24062 74875
    2: -0.07136 78258 1.84717 61157 -1.66670 26139 -0.35762 26713
    -0.22138 02496 1.93758 67853 -1.73264 42211 -0.48745 41770
    21" -0.38553 14550 2.02283 90420 -1.79350 71373 -0.63060 25952
    -0.56437 64305 2.10157 33881 -1.84805 23125 -0.78750 00586
    z-23 -0.75840 70121 2.17231 01315 -1.89492 53482 -0.95851 92089
    3:4 -0.96803 a9953 2.23344 57503 -1.93265 36306 -1.14396 11510
    -1.19359 81796 2.28324 99669 -1.95964 41313 -1.34404 23731
    ::2 -ii43530 51217 2.31986 36548 -1.97418 19924 -1.55888 06139
    -1.69325 99843 2.34129 77145 -1.97443 00262 -1.78847 96677
    :'78 -1.96742 32727 2.34543 30614 -1.95842 92665 -2.03271 31257
    3:9 -2.25759 94661 2.33002 18823 -1.92410 07174 -2.29130 70630
    -2.56341 65573 2.29269 03227 -1.86924 84590 -2.56382 16886
    44:10 -2.88430 57320 2.23094 27803 -1.79156 42730 -2.84963 19932
    -3.21947 98323 2.14216 79867 -1.68863 39648 -3.14790 74393
    44.: -3.56791 08628 2.02364 70694 -1.55794 55649 -3.45759 07560
    4: 4 -3.92830 66215 1.87256 37958 -1.39689 95997 -3.77737 59182
    -4.29908 65516 1.68601 72036 -1.20282 16315 -4.10568 54084
    42 -4.67835 69372 1.46103 68359 -0.91297 72697 -4.44064 68813
    -5.06388 55867 1.19460 07968 -0.70458 98649 -4.78006 93721
    :*i -5.45307 61749 0.88365 68537 -0.39486 10961 -5.12141 92170
    4:9 -5.84294 24419 0.52514 68109 -0.04099 46681 -5.46179 58790
    5. 0 -6.23008 24787 0.11603 43816 +0.35977 66668 -5.79790 79018

    KELVIN FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY
    [(-;I6 1 TABLE
    [(-;I6 1
    FOR SMALL
    [(92 1
    ARGUMENTS
    2: ker x+ber .z’In .g kei .I,+bei .I’In .I’ ,r(kerl .c+berl .CIn .r) .@eil .r+beil .XIn .G)
    0. 0 0.11593 1516 -0.78539 8163 -0.70710 6781 -0.70710 6781
    0.1 0.11789 2485 -0.78260 7108 -0.70651 7131 -0.70215 4903
    0.12374 5076 -0.77421 9267 -0.70486 2164 -0.68733 0339
    t: 0.13339 8210 -0.76019 0919 -0.70248 3157 -0.66272 8003
    0:4 0.14669 9682 -0.74045 0212 -0.69994 6658 -0.62851 1738
    0. 5 0.16343 5574 -0.71489

    [ 1
    I (78
    8693

    [ C-$)1 -0.69804

    1
    I [C-f)1
    1049

    I
    -0.58492 2770

    Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel functions JO(Z) and J,(z) for complex
    arguments, 2d ed. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947) and National Bureau of Standards,
    Tables of the Bessel functions I’s(z) and YI(z) for complex arguments (Columbia Univ. Press, New York,
    N.Y., 1950) (with permission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 431
    KELVIN FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0 AND 1 Table 9.12
    kern: kei z ker, 2 kei, .X
    -0.78539 8163
    2.4200047 3980 -0.77685 0646 -7.14628 1711 16.94074 2153
    1.73314 2752 -0.75812 4933 -3.63868 3342 -3.32341 7218
    1.333721 8637 -0.73310 1912 -2.47074 2357 -2.08283 4751
    1.06262 3902 -0.70380 0212 -1.88202 4050 -1.44430 5150
    0.85590 5872 -0.67158 1695 -1.52240 3406 -1.05118 2085
    0.69312 0695 -0.63744 9494 -1.27611 7712 -0.78373 8860
    0.56137 8274 -0.60217 5451 -1.09407 2943 -0.59017 5251
    0.45288 2093 -0.56636 7650 -0.95203 2751 -0.44426 9985
    0.36251 4812 -0.53051 1122 -0.83672 7829 -0.33122 6820
    0.28670 6208 -0.49499 4636 -0.74032 2276 -0.24199 5966
    0.22284 4513 -0.46012 9528 -0.65791 0729 -0.17068 4462
    0.16894 5592 -0.42616 3604 -0.58627 4386 -0.11325 6800
    0.12345 5395 -0.39329 1826 -0.52321 5989 -0.06683 2622
    0.08512 6048 -0.36166 4781 -0.46718 3076 -0.02928 3749
    0.05293 4915 -0.33139 5562 -0.41704 4285 +0.00100 8681
    0.02602 9861 -0.30256 5474 -0.37195 1238 0.02530 6776
    +0.00369 1104 -0.27522 8834 -0.33125 0485 0.04461 5190
    -0.01469 6087 -0.24941 7069 -0.29442 5803 0.05974 7779
    -0.02966 1407 -0.22514 2235 -0.26105 9495 0.07137 3592
    -0.04166 4514 -0.20240 0068 -0.23080 5929 0.08004 9398
    -0.05110 6500 -0.18117 2644 -0.20337 3135 0.08624 3202
    -0.05833 8834 -0.16143 0701 -0.17850 9812 0.09035 1619
    -0.06367 0454 -0.14313 5677 -0.15599 6054 0.09271 2940
    -0.06737 3493 -0.12624 1488 -0.13563 6638 0.09361 7161
    -0.06968 7972 -0.11069 6099 -0.11725 6136 0.09331 3788
    -0.07082 5700 -0.09644 2891 -0.10069 5314 0.09201 8037
    -0.07097 3560 -0.08342 1858 -0.08580 8451 0.08991 5810
    -0.07029 6321 -0.07157 0648 -0.07246 1339 0.08716 7762
    -0.06893 9052 -0.06082 5473 -0.06052 9755 0.08391 2666
    -0.06702 9233 -0.05112 1884 -0.04989 8308 0.08027 0223
    -0.06467 8610 -0.04239 5446 -0.04045 9533 0.07634 3451
    -0.06198 4833 -0.03458 2313 -0.03211 3183 0.07222 0724
    -0.05903 2916 -0.02761 9697 -0.02476 5662 0.06797 7529
    -0.05589 6550 -0.02144 6287 -0.01832 9556 0.06367 7999
    -0.05263 9277 -0.01600 2568 -0.01272 3249 0.05937 6256
    -0.04931 5556 -0.01123 1096 -0.00787 0585 0.05511 7592
    -0.04597 1723 -0.00707 6704 -0.00370 0576 0.05093 9514
    -0.04264 6864 -0.00348 6665 -0.00014 7138 0.04687 2681
    -0.03937 3608 -0.00041 0809 +0.00285 1155 0.04294 1728
    -0.03617 8848 +0.00219 8399 0.00535 1296 0.03916 6011
    -0.03308 4395 0.00438 5818 0.00740 6063 0.03556 0272
    -0.03010 7574 0.00619 3613 0.00906 4226 0.03213 5235
    -0.02726 1764 0.00766 1269 0.01037 0752 0.02889 8142
    -0.02455 6892 0.00882 5624 0.01136 6998 0.02585 3229
    -0.02199 9875 0.00972 0918 0.01209 0904 0.02300 2160
    -0.01959 5024 0.01037 8865 0.01257 7182 0.02034 4409
    -0.01734 4409 0.01082 8725 0.01285 7498 0.01787 7607
    -0.01524 8188 0.01109 7399 0.01296 0651 0.01559 7847
    -0.01330 4899 0.01120 9526 0.01291 2753 0.01349 9960
    -0.01151 1727 0.01118 7587 0.01273 7390 0.01157 7754

    KELVIN FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS


    ker z+ber z In J kei .c+bei L In .c z(kerl z+berl z In .v)r(keil z+beil r In .J)
    0.16343 5574 -0.71489 8693 -0.69804 1049 -0.58492 2770
    0.18332 9435 -0.68341 3456 -0.69777 1567 -0.53229 1460
    0.20604 1279 -0.64584 9920 -0.70035 3648 -0.47105 2294
    0.23116 6407 -0.60204 5231 -0.70720 4389 -0.40176 2012
    0.25823 4099 -0.55182 2327 -0.71993 1903 -0.32512 0736
    0.28670 6208 -0.49499 4636 -0.74032 2276 -0.24199 5966

    [(-;)I1
    432 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

    Table 9.12 KELVIN FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE


    her z=&h~ cos 80 h) berl .c =Af~(.r) cos h(.r)
    ’ ’ bei r‘=:llo(x) sin @O(Z) beil .X =YI (x) sin 81 (2:)
    Mn(x) h&e) Xl(T) 81(.r)
    1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 2.356194
    1.000025 0.010000 0.100000
    0.039993 0.200013 s- xt
    :* t%2 0.089919 0.300101 2:401189
    1: 006383 0.159548 0.400427 2.436166
    1.015525 0.248294 0.501301 2.481086
    1.031976 0.354999 0.603235 2.535872
    1.058608 0.471755 0.706982 2.600386
    1.098431 0.613860 0.813585 2.674406
    1.154359 0.759999 0.924407 2.757605
    1.229006 0.912639 1.041167 2.849536
    1.324576 1.165949 2.949617
    1.442891 :* m 1.301211 3.oEJ7139
    1.585536 11380379 1.449780 3.171285
    1.754059 1.533667 1.614838 3.291160
    1.950193 1.684559 1.799908 3.415839
    2.176036 1.833156 2.008844 3.544415
    2.434210 1.979784 2.245840 3.676044
    2.727979 2.124854 2.515453 3.809981
    3.061341 2.268771 2.822653 3.945601
    3.439118 2.411887 3.172896 4.082407
    3.867032 2.554483 3.572227 4.220023
    4.351791 2.696771 4.027393 4.358179
    4.901189 2.838893 4.545990 4.496691
    5.524209 2.980942 5.136619 4.635441
    b. 231163 3.122970 5.809060 4.774362
    7.033841 3.265002 6.574474 4.913417
    7.945700 3.407044 7.445618 5.052589
    8.982083 3.549094 8.437083 5.191872
    10.160473 3.691142 9.565568 5.331267
    11.500794 3.833179 10.850182 5.470172
    13.025757 3.975197 12.312791 5.610390
    14.761257 4.117190 13.978402 5.750117
    lb.736836 4.259152 15.875614 5.889950
    18.986208 4.401083 18.037122 6.029884

    21.547863 4.542982 20.500302 b.lb9913

    KELVIN FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS


    i-1 z~e-=~J~,Mo(z) Be(z)-(z/&j) .xt,-@&(T) @lk) -(x/&2) <.I’>
    0.15 0.40418 -0.40758 0.38359 1.22254
    0.14 0.40383 -0.40644 0.38457 1.21922 5
    0.13 0.40349 -0.40534 1.21598 8
    0.12 0.40315 -0.40427 : ;8856:;
    0.11 0.40281 -0.40323 0:38755 1.20968
    1.21280 98
    0.10 0.40246 -0.40221 0.38856
    0. 09 0.40211 -0.40119 0.38957 1.20660 :10
    0.08 0.40176 -0.40019 0.39060 :- :kE
    0. 07 0.40141 -0.39921 0.39162 1:19762 :i
    0. 06 0.40106 -0.39824 0.39266 1.19471 17
    0.05 0.40071 -0.39728 0.39369
    0. 04 0.40035 -0.39634 0.39474 1.18901
    1.19184 :50
    0.03 0.40000 -0.39541
    0. 02 0.39965 -0.39449 1.18622
    1.18348 :;
    0.01 0.39930 -0.39359 1.18077 100
    0. 00 0.39894 -0.39270 0.39894 1.17810 m
    ['-y] ['-j"] ['-;I33

    a>=nearest integer to z.
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER 433
    KELVIN FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE Table 9.12
    ker z=No (2) cos do (z) kerl :c =NI (.c)cos 41(z)
    kei ~=No(x) sin do(x) kei 1 z =NI (cc)sin $1(x)
    x No(4 $0(4 Wl (x) @l(X)
    0.0 0.000000 -2.356194
    1.8G702 -0.412350 4.927993 -2.401447
    0”:: 1.274560 -0.584989 2.372347 -2.487035
    0.941678 -0.743582 1.497572 -2.590827
    0”:; 0.725172 -0.896284 1.050591 -2.704976
    0.572032 -1.045803 0.778870 -2.825662
    :$I 0.458430 -1.193368 0.597114 -2.950763
    1:4 -1.339631 0.468100 -3.078993
    is ;E!i -1.484977 0.372811 -3.209526
    ::: 0:249850 -1.629650 0.300427 -3.341804
    2. 0 0.206644 -1.773813 0.244293 -3.475437
    2.2 0.171649 -1.917579 0.200073 -3.610143
    0.143095 -2.061029 0.164807 -3.745715
    :-z 0.119656 -2.204225 0.136407 -3.881994
    2: a 0.100319 -2.347212 0.113353 -4.018860
    0.084299 -2.490025 0.094515 -4.156217
    ::2” 0.070979 -2.632692 0.079039 -4.293990
    0.059870 -2.775236 0.066264 -4.432118
    ::“6 0.050578 -2.917672 0.055677 -4.570551
    3. 8 0.042789 -3.060017 0.046873 -4.709250
    -3.202283 0.039530 -4.848179
    2: 8. %!i -3.344478 -4.987312
    0:026095 -3.486612 ii*E:; -5.126623
    :"b 0.022174 -3.628692 0:023918 -5.266093
    4: 8 0.018859 -3.770724 0.020280 -5.405705
    5.0 0.016052 -3.912712 0.017213 -5.545443
    0.013674 -4.054662 0.014624 -5.685295
    ::: 0.011656 -4.196576 0.012435 -5.825250
    0.009942 -4.338460 0.010583 -5.965298
    ::i 0.008485 -4.480314 0.009013 -6.105430
    0.007246 -4.622142 -6.245638
    i-20 0.006191 -4.763947 :* EE: -6.385917
    6: 4 0.005292 -4.905730 0:005590 -6.526260
    0.004526 -5.047493 0.004773 -6.666662
    286 0.003872 -5.189238 0.004077 -6.807119
    7.0 0.003315 -5.330966 0.003485 -6.947625

    KELVIN FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS


    2-I xbZI~No(x) do(x)+(@2) x+e?/@N, (x) 01 (x)+(x/a) <x>
    0.15 1.23695 1;. ::1"1; 1.30377 -1.99943 7
    0.14 1.23802 -1.99725
    0.13 1.23909 -0:38217 is :E -1.99505 ii
    0.12
    0.11 1.24017
    1.24125 -0.38291
    -0.38367 1129363
    1.29024 -1.99281
    -1.99055 i:
    0.10
    0. 09 1.24342
    1.24233 -t&38522
    -0.38444 1.28349
    1.28687 -1.98825
    -1.98592 :1"
    0.08 1.24451 100':tg 1.28012 -1.98357 13
    0.07
    0.06 1.24560
    1.24670 -0:38761 1.27675
    1.27339 -1.98118
    -1.97876 :7"
    0.05
    0. 04 1.24779
    1.24889 -0.38926
    -0.38843 1.26667
    1.27002 -1.97630
    -1.97381 :5"
    0.03 1.25000 -0.39010 1.26332 -1.97128 33
    0.02
    0.01 1.25110
    1.25221 -0.39096
    -0.39182 1.25998
    1.25664 -1.96872
    -1.96613 1z
    0. 00 1.25331 -0.39270 1.25331 -1.96350 00
    [(-y] [ (-$“I [q”] [ (-$“I

    <a>=nearest integer to 2.
    10. Bessel Functions of Fractional Order
    H. A. ANTOSIEWICZ~

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
    10.1. Spherical Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
    10.2. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 443
    10.3. Riccati-Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
    10.4. Airy Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
    Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
    10.5. Use and Extension of the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
    Table 10.1. Spherical Bessel Functions-Orders 0, 1, and 2 (0 _<x110) . 457
    sd4, Y&d
    n=O, 1, 2; %=0(.1)5, 6--S, x=5(.1)10, 5s
    Table 10.2. Spherical Bessel Functions--Orders 3-10 (0 Iz 5 10) . . . 459
    j&), YnO)
    n=3(1)8; 2=0(.1)10, 5s
    2-njn(z), z”+‘Y”(4
    n=9, 10; x=0(.1)10, 7-8s
    Table 10.3. Spherical Bessel Functions--Orders 20 and 21 (0 Iz 225) 463
    2-B exp (2/(4n+2)lj,(~)
    z”+l exp (--2/(4+2))y,(z)
    n=20, 21; x=0(.5)25, 6-8s
    Table 10.4. Spherical Bessel Functions-Modulus and Phase--Orders
    9,10,20 and 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
    ai%,++ 09, en++(4 -z where
    Ad4 = am&+&> CO8k+t (4
    ~44 =-\13+%++ (4 sin en++(4
    n=9, 10; z-‘=.l(-.005)0, 8D
    n=20, 21; z-*=.04(-.002)0, 8D
    Table Spherical Bessel Functions-Various
    10.5. Orders (0 In 5 100) . 465
    Ah), Y&d
    n=0(1)20, 30, 40, 50, 100
    2=1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 10s
    Table 10.6. Zeros of Bessel Functions of Half-Integer Order (0 -<n 5 19) . 467
    Zeros j “, *, yy.Bof J&>, Y&z> and Values of JX.& & YL(y,.,)
    v=n+$, n=0(1)19, 6-7D
    Table 10.7. Zeros of the Derivative of Bessel Functions of Half-Integer
    Order (OIn519). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
    Zeros jL, ,, yi. t of J:(z), Y:(z) and Values of J&j:, d), Y,(yl, ,)
    v=n+$, n=0(1)19, 6D

    1 National Bureau of Standards. (P resently, University of Southern California.)

    637472 O-64-20 435


    436 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Page
    T&Ie 10.8. ModiGed Spherical Bessel Functions-Orders 0, 1 and 2
    (0<2<5)........................... 469
    Awn+* (4 , lmK+t 0)
    n=o, I, 2;2=0(.1)5, 4-9D
    Table 10.9. Modified Spherical Bessel Fuuctions-Crders 9 and 10
    (O<z<co)........................... 470
    z-"&&k+t (4, ~n+'J*~/~K+t (4
    n=9, 10; 2=0(.1)5, 7-8s
    e-‘l,+t (4, @/9WJL+t (4
    n=9, lO;s=5(.1)10, 6s
    4% exp I-z+W+ 1YCWl~~tC4
    4% exp [2-n(n+l>l(2z)lK,+t(2)
    n=9, 10;z-1=.1(-.005)0, 7-S
    Table 10.10. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions-Various Orders
    (O~n~lOO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473,
    l&d&+1 cd, ma+* (4
    n=0(1)20, 30, 40, 50, 100
    z=l, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 10s
    Table 10.11. Airy Functions (OlzS w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
    Ai( Ai’( Bi(z), Bi’(z)
    z=o(.ol)l, sD
    Ai(--2), Ai’( Bi(-z), Bi’(-z)
    ~=O(.Ol)l(.l)lO, 8D
    Auxiliary Functions for Large Positive Arguments
    Ai (2) = jz-1/4e-y( - i) ; Bi (2) =z-1/4ey([)
    Ai’(z&~“~e-~g(-[); Bi’(z)=z1/4etg(t)
    f(h[), g(kl); i=$i’2, [-‘=1.5(-.1).5(-.05)0, 6D
    Auxiliary Functions for Large Negative Arguments
    Ai(--s)=z-1/41f,(t) cos t+fi(t) sin ,$I
    Bi(--z)=z-1’41fi([) cos c-fi([) sin .$I
    Ai’(-z)=s”4[g1([) sin E-g&$) cos []
    Bi’(-z>=z1/41g2(t) sin t+gl(t) cos [I
    flc9,AW, m(E>, 9269; t=iw2
    t-'=.05(-.Ol)O, 6-7D
    Table 10.12. Integrals of Airy Functions (OIz<lO). . . . . . . . . 478

    ’ Ai(t)dt, x=0(.1)7.5; ’ Ai(--t)dt, z=O(.l)lO, 7D


    s0 s0
    ’ Bi(t)&, 2=0(.1)2; ’ Bi(--t)dt, z=O(.l)lO, 7D
    s0 s
    Table 10.13. Zeros and Assoiiated Values of Airy Functions and Their
    Derivatives (11~510) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
    Zeros a,, ai, b,, b: of Ai( Ai’( Bi(z), Bi’(sc) and values of Ai’(
    AWL Bi’&), Bi(b:) s=l(l)lo, 8D
    Complex Zeros and Associated Values af Bi(z) and Bi’(z)
    (lG55)
    Modulus and Phaseof e-rf’3p6, e-r(la@:, Bi’(@J, Bi(&) .3=1(1)5, 3D
    The author acknowledges the assistance of Bertha H. ,Walter and Ruth Zucker in the
    Preparation and checking of the tables and graphs.
    10. Bessel Functions of Fractional Order
    Mathematical Properties
    10.1. Spherical Bessel Functions WronddanI3

    Definitions 10.1.6 Wjn(z), Y&) I =2-a


    DiBerential Equation
    10.1.1 10.1.7

    z*W”+2zW’+[~-n(n+l)]w=o W{h:‘(q, h:‘(z)}=-2irs (n=O, 1, 2, . . .)


    (n=O,fl, f2, . . .) Representations by Elementary F’unctions
    Particular solutions are the Spheric& Bessel
    10.1.8
    junctions of the$rst kind
    j&)=2-'[P(n+$, 2) sin (z-+&f)
    ia(4=dmJ~+to, +Q(n+3, 4 CO8(z-k/L1F)I
    the Spherical Bessel junctiom of th-e second kind 10.1.9
    y,(z)=(-l)“+‘z-~[P(~+~,z) CO8(z++n7r)
    Yd4=dmYn+t(&
    and the Spherical Bessel junctions of the th&d -Q(n+3, 4 sin b+h)l
    kind
    (n+2)! (24‘2
    p cn+3, 4=1-2! I$+
    hp’(z)=j,(z)+iy,(z)=~~~~:‘:t(z),
    h~~‘(z)=j,(z)--iy,(z)=~~~~,(z). b+4)! (&a)-‘- ...
    +4!r (n-3)
    The pairs i&9, ~44 and hf’(z), hP’(z) are
    linearly independent solutions for every n. For = !!I!
    ,” (-l)“(n+$, 2k)(2z)-4X
    general properties see the remarks after 9.1.1.
    Aecendlng series (see 9.1.2, 9.1.10)
    Q(n++, z) =#$ (22) -l-,gF;) (22) -s
    10.1.2 .

    -=1.3.5 .2”. . (2n+l) 1 l-l!(z3) (n+5)1 (22)-L. ..


    +51r (n-4)

    +2!(2n+3) (2n+5) - ’ ’ ’ = It7 (-l)“(n+), 2k+1)(2z)+-’


    10.1.3
    y,(+-1*3s5 *;& (2n-1) lDl, (lf"a2n) (n=O, 1,2, . . .)
    1 . - (n+k):)l
    w)* (n+3, k)‘k!r(n-k+l)
    +2!(1-2n)(3-2n)- ’ *’
    (n=O, 1,2, . . .) \ k 1 2 3 4 5
    n
    Limiting Valuer as z-0 --
    1
    10.1.4 Pj,(z)-* :, 26
    1.3.5 . . . Pn+l) Ei 120
    34 Ei 180 1680
    10.1.5 6 30 420 3:: 15120 30240
    2”+$/&)+-1.3*5.. . (2n-1) (n=O, 1, 2, . . .)

    437
    438 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    10.1.10
    j,(z)=fn(z) sin z+(-l)n+lf-n-~(z) cos 2
    f&9 =2-l, f~(z)=z-2
    fn-,(~)+fn+l(~)=~2~+w-‘fn(4
    (n=O, fl, f2, . . .)
    The Functionsj,(z), y,(z) for n=O, 1, 2

    10.1.11 j,(z)==s’nz

    sin 2 cos 2
    j,(Zl=~ -7

    j2(z)=($-i) sin 27$ cos 2 *

    10.1.12
    y&)=-j-&)=-~

    yl(z)+-2(+-y-~ FIGURE 10.2. y,,(z). n=0(1j3.

    Y2(Z)=-j-~(z)=(-,~+~)cos 2-I sin 2 *

    J,(x)

    ‘\
    \ Y, lx)
    \
    \
    \
    \

    FIGURE 10.3. j,,(z), y.(z). z=lO.


    *

    Pokon’s Integral and Gegenbauer’s Generalization

    10.1.13 jn(z)=&Jr cos (2 cos0) sin*“+49 d13


    (See 9.1.20.) ’ ’

    10.1.14

    -.+ =f (-i)%‘e u coBeP,,(cos 13)sin 0 de


    FIQURE 10.1. j,,(z). n=0(1)3. (n=O, 1, 2, . . .)

    *see page II.


    BESSEL F-UNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER
    439
    Spherical Remel Functions of the Second and Third Modulus and Phase
    Rind

    jr&> =4&M&+*(4 cos ht+,c4,


    10.1.15
    yn(z)=(--l)“+‘j-.-l(z) (n=O, fl, *t, . . .) YnW=&ZK+d4 sin &+t(z>
    (See 9.2.17.)
    10.1.16
    10.1.27
    hl”(z)=i-f-‘z-‘e’~~ (n+& k)(-2iz)-”

    10.1.17
    (See 9.2.28.)
    hyz)=i”+‘z-‘e-‘$ (n+t, k) (2iz)-k *
    10.1.28 (~/z)M:,,(z)=j;(z)+y;(z)=z-2
    10.1.18
    10.1.29
    h~~_,(z)=i(-l)“h~)(z)
    (3?r/z)~~,,(z)=j:(z)+y~(z)=z-~+z-'
    h~~-,(z)=--i(-l)nh~)(z) (n=O, 1, 2, . . .)
    10.1.30
    Elementary Properties
    Recurrence Relations
    (%r/z)M~,2(2)=j:(z)+y:(z)=2-2+32-'+92-~
    f.(z) :j,c7!, Y&f>, h?(z), h?(z) cross Products
    (n=O, fl, f2, . . .) 10.1.31 j,(z>y,~~(z)-j,-~~z)y,(z)=2--2
    10.1.19 L(z) +fn+*(~)=(2~+l)~-1f,(~) 10.1.32

    10.1.20 nfn-l(z)-((7l+l)fn+l(Z)=(2n+l) 2 fn(4 L+d~)Yn-l(+jn-l(~)Y,+l(~)=(2~+l)z-a


    10.1.33
    10.1.21 n+ fn(z> +g fn(4=fn-1W
    (See 10.1.23.) jo(4jn(z> +Y&)Yd4

    10.1.22 =2 -2 q (-1)82”-ti (k+Q-,, (g z2r-n


    ;r. (4 -g f" (4 =fn+1(4
    (See 10.1.24.) (n=O, 1, 2, . . .)
    Differentiation Formulas Analytic Continuation

    f&9 :ide, Y&>, W(d, PC4 l.0.1.34 j,(zemrf) =emnrfjn(z)


    (n=O, fl, 52, . . .) 10.1.35 yn(ze”rf)=(-l)“e”nrfy,(z)
    10.1.23 5 -g m[zR+l~~(z)]=z.-m+lfn-,(z)
    ( > 10.1.36 h~'(zP(h+l)*f)=(-l)fh~)(g)

    10.1.37 h:‘(ze (~+y=(-l)tlgyz)


    10.1.24 ;g m[z-“fn(z)l=(-l)“z-“-nf.+,(z)
    ( >
    (m=l, 2, 3, . . .) 10.1.38 hi8’(ze”“)=hil)(z)
    Rayleigh’e Formulae (Z=l, 2; m, n=O, 1,2, , . .)
    10.1.25 Generating Functions
    10.1.39

    - (-t)"
    i sin&&ZZ=~ 7 y,-l(z) @lKl4
    10.1.26 0

    Y&)=-z” --&1 d ncos


    7 2 (n=O, 1, 2, . . .) 10.1.40 i cos JiiGZt=$$ jn-l(z)
    ( >
    440 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Derivatives With Respect to Order Fresnel Integrals


    10.1.41

    ,-0=
    (3+J
    IWW sin x-Si(2x) co8 2)

    10.1.42 =Jzbs 3s 2g (-1W2*+4(34

    [$ j.bl],w-l=
    (&f/x) { Ci(2x) co8 x+Si(2x) sin x}
    +sin 33 I$ (-1W2n+3d341
    10.1.43 10.1.54

    $1/v(x) ,_o~Od4 {Ci(W co8 x+[Si(Bx)--?r] sin 2)


    [ I
    10.1.44
    =JZb 33 T (- l>"Jzn+t(34

    (+7r/x) {Ci(2x) sin x-[Si(22)-7r] co8 2) --cos b I$ (--lPJ*n+3,*(341.


    Addition Theorems and Degenerate Forms
    (See also 11.1.1, 11.1.2.)
    r, p, 8, x arbitrary complex; R=d(r2+p2-2rp cos 0)
    Zeros and Their Asymptotic Expansions
    10.1.45 f$$=g (2n+l)j&) j,(Xp)P,(cos 0)
    0 The zeros of j,(x) and y,,(x) are the same as the
    zeros of J,++(x) and Y,+t(x) and the formulas for
    *10.1.46-c~=~ (2n+l) j,(Xr)y,(Xp)P,(cos 13)
    0 J?.$ and yp.# given in 9.5 are applicable with
    Ire*‘el<lpl v=n+#. There are, however, no simple relations
    connecting the zeros of the derivatives. Ac-
    10.1.47 efzcons=$ (2n+l)e~n"fj,(z)P,(cos e)
    cordingly, we now give formulas for a:,#, bh,,, the
    s-th positive zero of jk( z), y:(z), respectively;
    10.1.43 z=O is counted as the first zero of j;(z).
    Jo(z sin e)=$ (4n+l) e2 j2,(z)P2,(cose)
    (Tables of a;,,, L, j,(&J, y,(L) are given in
    [ 10.311.)
    Duplication Formula
    10.1.49 Elementary Relations

    j&z) = fn(z)=j,(z) co8 m?+y,(z) sin art

    * (t a real parameter, 0 1111)


    If T. is a zero of fk (z) then
    Some Ix&kite Serier, Involving j:(z)
    19.1.55 fn(7d=[rn/(n+ l>lfn-1(7n)
    (See 10.1.21.)
    10.1.50 $I @n+l) jfi(z>=l
    10.1.56 = bn/n>fn+l (7,)
    10.1.51 (See 10.1.22.)

    OD Si(22) 10.1.57 = 5 [3,-n(n+l)] S}-’


    10.1.52 T jX(+ -- 2z 1
    *see page n.
    BESSEL FUNCl’IONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER, 441
    McMahon’s Expansions for n Fixed and 8 Large Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros and
    Associated Values for it Large
    10.1.58
    10.1.63
    4 .I, Gl **Iv 8- (P+7) (8/3)-l
    a:.* -(n+3) {z[(n+3)-2’3u:l
    -; (7$+ 154pL+95) (s/3)--”
    +gl hnt(n+))-“‘“a:l(n+3>-~~
    -$ (85/.?+3535pz+3561p+6133)(8/3)-s 10.1.64

    -g5 (6949p4+474908p3+330638j.i2
    m
    +904678Op-5075147)(8/V)-‘- ...

    /3=7r(s++3) for a:,,, fl=r(s+#n) for bi,,; 10.1.65


    p=(2n+ly j, (d. .,I -&Wd> (n+3)+
    Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros and Associated Values h[(n+#-%:] (z[(n+~)-%:])-“2
    for n Large
    OD
    10.1.59 I1 +c H,[(n+))-2’3a:l(n+3)-2k }
    k=l

    a;.1-(n+~)+.8086165(n+#>Y3-.236680(n+~)-1’3 10.1.66
    -.20736(n+~)-1+.0233(n+~)-5’3+ ... Y,@L, .> - -&WU <n+#-“’
    10.1.60 h[(n+$)-VQ (Z[(n+$)-2’3b:])--‘2
    a:,,-(n+~)+1.8210980(n+~p3
    {I+& ~k[(~+3)-2’3b:l(,+3$-2kj
    I
    +.802728(n++)-‘la-.1174O(n+$)-’
    A,(,$), z(t) are defined as in 9.5.26, 9.3.38, 9.3.39.
    +.0249(n++)-5’3+ ... a:, b: s-th (negative) real zero of Ai’( Bi’(z)
    10.1.61 (see 10.4.95, 10.4.99.)
    Complex Zeros of h:‘(Z), hY(Z)
    j,(u:J -.8458430(n+#-5’E { 1-.566032(~1++)-~‘~
    f@ (2) and h$ (ze”“**), m any integer, have the
    +.38081(n+~)-4’a-.2203(n+~)-2+ . . .} same zeros.
    /&I) (z) has n zeros, symmetrically distributed with
    10.1.62 respect to the imaginary axis and lying approxi-
    mately on the finite arc joining z=-n and z=n
    y,(b:,,)-.7183921(n+~)-“‘6{ 1-l.274769(n++)-2’3
    shown in Figure 9.6. If n is odd, one zero lies on
    +1.23038(n+))-4’3-1.0070(n+~)-2+ . . .) the imaginary axis.
    hc)‘( z) has n+ 1 zeros lying approximately on the
    See [lo.311 for corresponding expansions for same curve. If n is even, one zero lies on the
    6=2, 3. imaginary axis.
    442 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    --I (-i-h(l) (-w-z(r) (--b)ha(r)

    -.4409724 -.122500 -.06806 . 000000 . 00000


    X:i -.4572444
    -.4702250
    --.114201
    -.107243
    -.05986
    -.05279 : EE : z:
    :Ei
    E
    0: 8
    -.4802184
    -.4875705
    -.101318
    -.096159
    -.04674
    -.04160
    .065677
    .078255
    .01592
    .01983
    :.0075
    8%
    1. 0 -.4926355 -.091561 -.03725 .087587 .02290 .0085

    -b h(r) ha(t) HI(~) Hz(b)

    -.4926355 -.09156 -.037 .0229


    -.4131280 -.05056 -.014 .0121
    -.3551700 -.03043 -.006
    -.3108548 -.01950 -.003 : :xi;
    -.2757704 -.01310 -.OOl .0027
    -.2472521 --.00914
    -.2235898 -.00658 : 88:;
    -.2036314 -.00485 .0008
    -.1865701 --.00366 .0006
    -.1718217 -.00280 .0004
    -.1589519 --.00219 .011217
    -.1476304 -.00173 .009701 : 88:;
    -.1376005 -.00138
    -.1286601
    -.1206469
    -.00112
    --.OOOQl
    :.006505
    E%Y : 8Ez
    .OOOl
    -.1134296 -.00075 .005753
    -.1069004 -.00062 .005111
    -.1009699 -.00052
    -.0955634 -.00044 : 8X:X:8
    -.0906180 -.00037 .003672
    -.0860804 -.00032 .003313
    -.0819049 -.00027 .002998
    -.0780523 -.00023 .002722
    -.0744888 -.00020
    -.0711850 -.00018 : ::322"
    -.0681152 -.00015 .002070
    -.0652570 -.00013
    -.0625905 -.00012 : Et941
    -.0600985 -.00010
    -.0577653 -. 00009 : xX:1::
    -.0555773 -.00008 .001375

    t-u-+ hl(I) I Mf) HIW


    0. 40 -.0645731 -.00013
    -.0487592 -.00005
    2: -. 0352949 -.00002
    -.0242415 -.00001
    .3: --.0155683
    .20 -.0091416
    -.0047276
    :i -.0020068
    :OS -.0005965
    .04 -.0000747
    . 00 -. 0000000
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 4-43
    10.2. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions Wronskians
    10.2.7
    Definitions
    ~{ma,+&), &q&&z)} =(--l)n+F
    Differential Equation
    10.2.1 10.2.8
    zw’+2zw’-[22+n(n+1)]w=o
    (n=O, fl, f2, . . .)
    Representations by Elementary Functions
    Particular solutions are the Modijied Spherical
    10.2.9
    Bessel junctions of the jirst kind,
    10.2.2 J~In+~(z)=(22)-1[R(n+~,--z)ez
    -(-l)“R(n+$,a)e-“1
    ~In+t(z)=e-n”“2j,(ze”f’2) (--?r<arg 2<+1r> 10.2.10
    =e3n*t/2jn(,e-3rU2)
    (h<arg 2 54
    ~3nIJ_,-~(z)=(22)-'[R(n+~,-z)eZ
    of the second kind,
    +(--lPR(~+3,a>e-‘l
    10.2.3 10.2.11

    ~I-n-f(Z)=e3(n+1)rr'2yn(ze'f'2 R(n+$f, z)=l+# (22)-l


    (--?r<arg 2 244
    =e -(n+l)*f/2yn(Ze-3rf/2) (n+2)! (22)-S+ ...
    +2!p(n-1)
    (h<arg z<4
    of the third kind, n
    =C (n+3, k)@4-n
    0
    10.2.4 (n=O, 1,2, . . .)
    (See 10.1.9.)
    10.2.12
    The pairs
    &&n++(z)=g,,(z> sinh z+g-,-l(z) cash z
    and
    vmL+d4 2lm&+,(4 g n _ 1 (z) - g A ~~~;~;;~~;;~-=g;~)-2 1
    1 n
    are linearly independent solutions for every n. (n=O, fl, &2, . . .)
    Most properties of the Modified Spherical
    Bessel functions can be derived from those of the The Functions J&&I* (n+*) (2)) n=O, 1, 2
    Spherical Bessel functions by use of the above
    relations. 10.2.13
    Ascending Series
    10.2.5 &i7iIl,2(z) =+

    sinh z cash z
    dmn+t(4=l. 3.5 . 2”
    . . &+I) &&,&)=-~+y
    12
    (32”) 2 ~I~,2(z) =(s+k) sinh s-3 cash z
    { 1+,!(:+3)+2!(27&+3)(2n+5)+ * * *)
    10.2.14
    10.2.6
    J3?rlzI...l,2(z> -559

    12 &qa-3,2(z) =q-=g
    (322>2
    ‘+l!(l?Zn)+2!(1-2n)(3-2n)+ ’’’
    &&I-~,~(z)=-$ sinh z+(-$+i) cash s
    (n=O, 1,2, . . ,)
    *See page 11.
    444 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Maed Spherical Bessel Functions of $he Third Rind

    10.2.15

    &$~K,+t(z) =3aie(~+1)r~‘2h~1)(zel”)
    (- 7r<arg 2 I+r)
    =- 4 Irie-'"+l'"'/2h~2'(Ze-fri)
    (h<arg 25 4
    n
    = (&r/z)e-z c (n+ 3, k) (2.4 --L
    0

    10.2.16

    Kn+t (2) =L&) (n=O, 1,2, . . .)

    The Functions d$&K,+&),n=O, 1, 2

    10.2.17 &J&I,2(z)= ($r/z)e-’


    &&X2,2(2> = (3dz)e-z(1 +z-‘1
    ~~~12(~)=(3?r/z)e~‘(l+32~‘+32~2)

    Elementary Properties
    Recurrence Relations
    FIGURE 10.4. &L++(x), & IL+&). n=0(1)3.
    J&(4: d&L+&>, (--l)n+l&&&+tM
    (n=O, fl, zk2,. . .)

    10.2.18 fn-l(z)-fn+,(z)=(2n+l)z-‘f,(z)

    10.2.19 nfn-l(z)+(n+l)f.+l(z)=(2nfl)$f.(z)

    10.2.20 G fdz> +-& fn(4 =fn-I(4


    (See 10.2.22.) 3-

    2-
    10.2.21 -~~~cz,+$f.(z)=fn+l(z)
    (See 10.2.23.)
    DilTerentiation Formulae
    I-
    IO 4-
    fn(4: vmL+&>, (-1)“+‘4mIL+,(4 s-

    (n=O, fl, *2, . . . ) z-

    10.2.22 ; -$ ~[zl+tfn(z)l=z”-“+%-01(2)
    ( >
    I 2 3 4 5 6 7

    10.2.23 l[z-Iyn(z)l=z-.-mf.+m(z) -
    FIQURE 10.5. f K,,+&). x=10.
    (m=l, 2,3,. ..)
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 445
    Formulas of Rayleigh’s Type Addition Theorems and Degenerate Forms

    r, p, 8, h arbitrary complex; R=&*$p*-2rp cos 8


    10.2.24 &&I,+&)=z~(, $ +
    10.2.35
    10.2.25

    (; g >*C=p (n=O,
    J~Ln-*(z)=2”
    1,2, . . .) hmm”+t(~P)l~n(eos 0)

    10.2.36
    Formulas for IX++(Z) -IT,-+ (2)
    eEcase=$2 @n+l) hmL+t~4lcdcos 0)
    10.2.26
    10.2.37
    2$ -$ (-l)k+’ (2n-4) ! (2n--2k)! (22)a-2n e--y$ (-1)“(2n+l)[~~~+t(z)]P,(cos e>
    k! [(n-k) !]’
    (n=O, 1,2, . . .) Duplication Formula
    10.2.38
    10.2.27 &r/2)[1:*(2)-12-~,*(2)]=-2-* &+tcw=

    10.2.28 (&t-/2)[1f,2(2)-12_a,2(2)]=2-2-2-4 nf,-+2n++ 2 (-1)‘(2n-2k+1) K: r++(2)


    0 k!(2n--k+l)! -
    10.2.29 10.3. Riccati-Bessel Functions
    (3?r/2)[I~,,(2)--II,,,(2)]=-2-*+32-4-92-~ Differential Equation

    Generating Functions 10.3.1


    2w’+[z2-n(?&+ l)]w=O
    16.2.30
    (n=O, fl, f2, . . .)
    - (-it)"
    k sinhdm=C 7 [,4&I-,,++(2)] Pairs of linearly independent solutions are
    0
    &M, zy&)
    cw<l4)
    10.2.31 2l@(2), zhf'(2)
    All properties of these functions follow directly
    - n!
    (it)” from those of the Spherical Bessel functions.
    5 cosh,/mt=T [,&51,&z)]
    The Functions zj,(z), q/.(z), n=O, 1, 2
    Derivatives With Respect to Order
    10.3.2
    10.2.32 c&(2) =sin 2, 2j,(2)=2-' sin z-co9 2
    2j2(2)=(3X-2-1) sin 2-32-l COS 2 *
    [g IJx)]~~~=-&~ [Ei@x)e-“-I$(--2x)4
    10.3.3
    10.2.33 2&l(2) = -CO8 2, q/~(2)=-sin 2-2-l co9 2
    Zy&)= -32-l Sin 2-(32-2-1) CO9 2 *
    &I”(X) v=-,=& [Ei(2x)e-“+E,(-2x)eZ]
    [ 1 wronskians

    10.3.4 W{ zj,(z), zy,(z)} =l


    10.2.34 [$K.(x)]vmht= T-@%Ei(-2x)ez
    10.3.5 W(zh~~'(z), zhjf’(2)) =-2i

    For E,(x) and Ei(x), see 5.1.1, 5.1.2. (n=O, 1, 2, . . .)


    *see page n.
    446 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    10.4. Airy Functions 10.4.12 W’{Ai (z), Ai (ze-2*1’3)} =&rm1eTi16


    Definitions and Elementary Properties 10.4.13 W{Ai (ze 2rf/3), Ai (ze-2*1/3)} =.$in-l

    Differential Equation

    10.4.1 w”-zw=o
    Pairs of linearly independent solutions are
    Ai (z), Bi (z),
    Ai (z), Ai (ze22*1’3), .a -
    Ai (z), Ai (ze-2ff’3).
    Ascending Series

    10.4.2 Ai (z)=cJ(z)-c2g(z)

    10.4.3 Bi (z) = & [cJ(z) +c2g(z)]


    1 1.4 1.4.7
    f(z)=l$g 23+w zs+ 9! z9+ * * *

    =q 3 (gk &
    -.6 -

    g(z)=z+;,l+y. z’+$ ,10+. . . -3 -

    =$ 3”(gk&$ ”
    -1.0 I-

    FIGURE 10.6. Ai (h), Ai’ (3s~).


    1
    (a+- 30>=l
    1
    ( >
    3” a+- 3 x=(3a+l)(3~+4) . . . (3a+3k-2)
    (CXarbitrary; k=l, 2, 3, . . .)
    (See 6.1.22.) 2.2 c

    10.4.4 2.0 -

    cI=Ai (0) =Bi (O)/&=3-2/3/I’ (2/3) . LB -

    =.35502 80538 87817 I.6 -


    10.4.5
    c2=-Ai’ (@)=Bi’ (0)/q?j=3-1/3/~(1/3)
    =.25881 94037 92807
    Relations Between Solutions

    10.4.6 Bi (z) =e*“’ Ai (ze*~*~) +e+” Ai (~e-~**/~)


    10.4.7
    Ai (z)+,+tn Ai (~2~ffl)+e-2~“~ Ai (~-2~*/3)=()

    10.4.8
    Bi (z)+e2rifi Bi (~2~*fl)+e-2*f” Bi (~--2*~f/3)=0

    10.4.9 Ai (ze*2rg/3)=+e*r~13[Ai (z) ri Bi (z)]


    -.6 -
    Wroxlskians
    -.s -
    10.4.10 W(Ai (z), Bi (z)} =?r+ -1.0 -

    10.4.11 W{ Ai (z), Ai (ze2*1’3) 1 =+r-le-+l/* FIGURE 10.7. Bi (kts), Bi’ (~3).


    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 447
    Rep~~ntations in Terms of Beed Functions 10.4.30 I~2/3(f)=(fl/2z)[fJ3 Ai’(z)+Bi’(z)]
    +323/3 10.4.31 K+tdO = -ddW) Ai' (4
    10.4.14 Integral Representations
    Ai (z)=~~[I-1,3(Z)-l~,3(~)1=~-‘~~,,3(r) 10.4.32
    10.4.15 (3~)~I% Ai [f (3a)-%]= - co9 (ut3fzd)dt
    s0
    Ai (--2)=~~~[Jl,a(r)+5-1,3(r)l
    10.4.33
    =j~z/3[e**‘“Hlfb(O +e-*lW~S(f)l
    (3a)++r Bi [ f (3~)~*%]
    10.4.16
    = om [exp (--at3fzt)+sin (ut3fd)]&
    * -Ai’(z)=~z[I-3,3(T>-~3,3(~)]=*-‘(Y~)~3,3(~) s
    10.4.17 The Integrals ’ Ai ( f t)dt, ’ Bi ( f t)&
    s0 s0
    Ai' (-2) = -~zLJ--3,3(r~ -Jwa(f,l
    +3z3f3
    =)(z/&)[e+WifW +e~lW%(f)l
    10.4.34 ’ Ai (t)d!=~ Jr v-l,,(t) -lua(Qld
    10.4.18 Bi (2) =&%1-1,3(s) -l-11,&)] s0 0

    10.4.19 10.4.35 s ’ Ai (--t)&=a Jr v-l,a(~)+Jl,a(~)l~


    0 0
    Bi <-z>=~[J-1,3(f)-J1/3(r)l
    =3;~[e*“‘H~Jb(~)-e-~*“H~~~(f)l 10.4.36 ‘Bi (t)&=$ r [I-1,3(0 +~,/3(G3d~
    s0 s0
    10.4.20 Bi’ (2) = (z/@)[I-2&) -I-b(C)l
    10.4.21
    10.4.37
    S 0
    ‘Bi (--t)a!t=$ Jr
    0
    LJ--1,3(~)-J1,a(Ol~~

    Bi' C-4 = (d&LJ--~dt) +Jdt)l Ascending Series for So’Ai(il)at,So’Bi(ft)dl


    =3~(2/~)[e-~‘mH~~b(~)-e*f’eH~:~(~)]
    Representations of Bessel Functions
    Functions
    in Terms of Airy
    10.4.38
    S * Ai (t)dt=c&)-c&(z)

    (See 10.4.2.)'
    2=
    (
    ; 1 2J3
    >
    10.4.39
    S 0
    ‘Ai (--t)dt=-c$(--z)+c&(-z)

    10.4.22 JA1t3(t)=3J3Tz[fi Ai (--z)TBi (-z)] 10.4.40 ’ Bi (t)dt=fi[cJ’i’(z) +sG(z>l


    s0
    30.4.23 H&(f) = e=W’&i&ii (-2)--i Bi (-z)] (See 10.4.3.)
    10.4.24 H3,3({) = eirf”m[Ai (- z) +i Bi (- z)] 10.4.41
    10.4.25 1A1,3({)==3@[F 4 Ai (z)+Bi
    10.4.26 K*, /3(f) =4G Ai (4
    (z)]
    S 0
    ‘Bi (--t)dt=-&$Q’(-z)+c&(-z)l
    1 1.4 1.4.7 zlO+ . . .
    w=z+a z*+y z’+ 101
    10.4.27 J~2,3({)=(~/2z)[~~Ai' (-z)+Bi’(-z)]
    10.4.28
    Hi;&({) =e-“f’3H!‘:,3(f)
    1 2 2.5p,+2.5.8 1,
    =er*l”(fi/z)[Ai’ (-2)-i Bi’ (-z)] G(4=s z’+$j z6+ 81 -yp--2. +...
    10.4.29
    Hi;&) =ez*fflH!!&,(~) =$ 3k (:)k &
    =e -““‘(fl/z)[Ai (-2) +i Bi’ (-z)] The constants cl, c2 are given in 10.4.4, 10.4.5.
    *seepagen.
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER
    448
    Tbe Functions Gi(z), Hi(z) Differential Equations for Gi (z), Hi (z)
    10.4.42 10.4.55 W” -pw=--a-’

    Gi (z)=s-l~-sin(~P+zt)dt
    w(0) =i Bi (O)=$ Ai (0)=.20497 55424 78
    =gBi (z)+s’[Ai (z) Bi (t)-Ai (t) Bi (z)]dt
    0
    w’(O)=aBi’ (0)=-l Ai’ (0)=.14942 9452449
    10.4.43 8
    w(z)=Gi(z)
    Gi’ (z)=iBi’ (z)+S’[Ai’(z) Bi (t)-Ai (t) Bi’(z)]dt
    10.4.56 W” -zwq(-l
    10.4.44
    w(O)=: Bi (O)=-$ Ai (0)=.40995 10849 56
    Hi(z)=7rS11 expi-i Pfzl) dt
    w’(O) =f Bi’ (0) =--$ Ai’ (0) =.29885 89048 98
    =iBi (z)+J’[Ai (t) Bi (z)-Ai Bi(t)]dt
    0
    w(z) =Hi (z)
    10.4.45
    Differential Equation for Products of Airy Functions
    Hi’(z)=iBi’ (z)+S’[Ai (t) Bi’(z)-Ai’ Bi (t)]dt
    0 10.4.57 W “‘--4~w~-~w=o

    10.4.46 Gi (z)+Hi (z)=Bi (z) Linearly independent solutions are Ai (z),


    Ai (z) Bi (z), Bi2 (2).
    Representations of ‘ Ai( f t)dt, ‘ Bi( f t)dt
    s s0
    Wronskian for Producta of Airy Functions
    by Gi (*i), Hi (fz)
    10.4.47 10.4.58 W{AP (z), Ai (z) Bi (z), Bi2 (2)) =2ca
    *Ai (t)&=&r[Ai’ (z)Gi(z)-Ai (z)Gi’(z)]
    s0 Asymptotic Expansions for [a I Large

    10.4.4% r(3k+3) -(2k+1)(2k2+&..(6k-J),


    cO=l, ck=
    54%!r(k+3)-
    =-$r[Ai’ (2) Hi (z)-Ai (z) Hi’ (z)]
    10.4.49 &=l,dk=-6g ck (k=l, 2,3, . . .)

    ‘Ai (--t)& =-$r[Ai’(-z) Gi (-2)


    s0
    -Ai (-2) Gi’ (-z)]
    10.4.50 10.4.59
    =i+r[Ai’ (-2) Hi (-2) kii (+a r-1'2z-1'4f?-r $ (-l)kckl-k ((mg zl<?r)
    -Ai (--z)Hi’(-z)]
    10.4.60
    10.4.51
    Ai (-z) ,.,~-Wg-1/4
    ’ Bi (t)dt=?r[Bi’ (z) Gi (z)-Bi (z) Gi’ (z)]
    s0
    10.4.52 =-?r[[Bi’ (z) Hi (z)-Bi (z) Hi’(z)]
    10.4.53
    ’ Bi (-t)dt=-r[Bi’ (-2) Gi (-2) 10.4.61
    s0
    -Bi (-2) Gi’ (-z)] Ai'(-+T-
    10.4.54 =r[Bi’ (-2) Hi (-2)
    -Bi (-2) Hi’ (-z)]
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 449
    10.4.62 10.4.70
    Ai’ (-Z)N-T -+ z+ [cos (5+;) I$ (-l)%,r-“: Ai’ (-z)=N(x) cos 4(z), Bi’ (-z)=N(z) sin 6(z)

    +sin(C+$ I$ (--Ukd2k+l
    Fml] N(z)=J[Ai’* (--2)+Bi’2 (-s)],
    $+)=arctan [Bi’ (--z)/Ai’ (-x)1
    Differential Equations for Modulus and Phaw

    10.4.63 Priiea denote differentiation with respect to x


    Bi (z)*n- +,z-f& 2 ckJ-k (Ia% 4<3 4
    0 10.4.71 &pet= - *- 1, p#= --r-lx
    10.4.72 N2=M~2+jjpe’2=Mf2 + ,rr-2M-2 *
    10.4.64
    10.4.73 NN’= -xMM’
    10.4.74
    +sin (C tr) $ (--1)kc2k+~F-’
    1 tan ($4) = Me’/M’= - (rMM’)-l,
    (larg 4<3 4 MN sin (+-e)=fl
    10.4.65 10.4.75 M" +xM-,+&f-a=O
    Bi (zefrtja) 10.4.76 (M2)“!+4z(M’)‘--UP=0

    10.4.77 e'2+3(e"'/e'>-g(e"/e')2=2
    Asymptotic Expansions of Modulus and Phase for
    Large 2

    10.4.78. M2(z) -t z-1/2 T- m


    (-1)”
    2” (;) (2x)-“”
    3k
    10.4.66
    * Bi’ (z)*n%fef $ d,t-“: (jarg zj<)r)

    10.4.67
    Bi’ (--z)vr-f2f $’ (-l)kd,r{-a *2?g (22)-o+'28,2,03;e525(22)-"- . . .]

    -COS ,+a $ (-11)u,+~~-‘-‘] 10.4.80


    ( >
    (larg A<3 4
    10.4.68
    10.4.81
    Bi’ (zefrila)
    4(x) +-; ;c3’2[ 1+; (2x)-3- +22)-'

    + 4+ (2s)-9-2065,~~(22)-'p+ . ..I
    hl 2 $ (-l)“d,k+,r-“-l-j
    >
    Asymptotic Forms of ‘Ai ( f 1) dt, “Bi ( f f) dt tot Large 3:
    (lw 4<3 4 s 0 s 0

    Modulus and Phase


    10.4.82 'Ai (t)&,.,i-i ~-U2~-3/4 exp (-Ei/l)
    10.4.69 s0
    Ai (-2) =M(s) cos e(s), Bi (-5) =M(z) sin e(z) 10.4.83
    M(z)=J[Ai2 (--s)+BP (-z)],
    B(z)=arctan [Bi (--s)/Ai (-s)]

    *see page II.


    450 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    2 10.4.104
    10.4.84
    S= 0
    Bi (t)dt-s-1/2z--3/4 exp
    (
    3 x312
    >

    10.4.85
    S' Bi 0
    (- t)&-~-1&--3/4 sin (i x3/,,:)
    10.4.105
    AsymptoticFormsofGi(rtz),Gi’(*z),Hi(fz),Hi’(f~)
    for Large 2
    Bi (&)=(-l)a-l&e*~‘Egl

    (21 sufficiently
    $ (JS-~)+:

    large
    ln 2
    1
    10.4.86 Gi (2) &x-*x-’
    f(z)-22’3 1+$ z-2-4 z-4+% z-6
    10.4.87 Gi (-x) ~~~~~~~~~~~ cos (; .3,2+g
    1080 56875 z-8
    7 69 67296
    10.4.88 Gi’ (z) mss x-1x12
    16 23755 96875 z-Io
    - ..*
    + 3344 30208 >
    10.4.89 Gi’ (-x) ~1r-1f2x1/4 sin (; x3,2+;)
    181223 --B
    g(z)-22’3 (1-i z-2+g8 c4-- 207360 2
    10.4.90 Hi (x) ~~~~~~~~~~~ exp (zx”‘“)
    10.4.91 Hi (-z) WFW~ 186 83371 --8
    + 12 44160 ’
    10.4.92 Hi’ (x) ~~~~~~~~~~ exp ($x3/2)
    9 11458 84361
    z-*0+ . . .)
    1911 02976
    10.4.93 Hi' (-5) A, -5 ~-1x-2
    5 2-2-46o8
    1525 2 -4
    fI(Z) wr-“%z1’6 1 +s
    Zeros and Their Asymptotic Expansions
    23 97875 z-e-ee.
    Ai (z), Ai’ (z) have zeros on the negative real +
    6 63552
    axis only. Bi (z), Bi’ (z) have zeros on the nega-
    -1/22-1/6 I-- 7 -2 1673 m4 *
    tive real axis and in the sector $r<] arg z]<+x. g&IN*
    ( 96' +6144’
    a,, a:; &, b: s-th (real) negative zero of Ai (z),
    Ai’ (2); Bi (z), Bi’ (z), respectively. & ~3:; s,, 5: 843 94709
    s-th complex zero of Bi (z), Bi’ (z) in the sectors -26542080 '--'+ ' - *
    &r<arg z<+r, -$r<arg z<-f?r, respectively. Formal and Asymptotic Solutions of Ordinary Differ-
    ential Equations of Second Order With Turning
    10.4.94 a*=--j[3*(4s-1)/8] Points

    10.4.95 a:= -g[3*(4s-3)/8] An equation

    10.4.96 Ai’ (a,)= (- l)*-‘f[3~(4s-- 1)/8] 10.4.106 W'+a(z, X)W'+b(z, X)W=O

    10.4.97 Ai (a:)= (- 1)8-1g1[37r(4s-3)/8] in which X is a real or complex parameter and,


    for fixed X, a(~, X) is analytic in z and b(z, X) is
    10.4.98 b,=-j[3*(4s-3)/8] continuous in z in some region of the z-plane, may
    be reduced by the transformation
    10.4.99 b:= -g[3a(4s- 1)/8]
    10.4.107 W(z)=w(z) exp (-aJ’u(t, h)dt)
    10.4.100 Bi’ (bJ= (- l)+‘f[3~(4s-3)/8]

    10.4.101 Bi (b:) = (- l)8gI[3r(4s- 1)/8] to the equation


    10.4.108
    10.4.102 /3a=e*f'3f $ (&-l)+$ln
    [ 1
    2
    w"+Q(z, X)w=O
    10.4.103 /3i=e1i13g cp(z,A)=& A,-; u2(2,A)-f $ u(z, A).
    ‘See page II.
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 451
    If &, X) can be written in the form 10.4.114
    10.4.109 y&)=Ai (-X2~x)[1+O(~-1)J
    &, v=~2PM+!& A>
    where a(z, X) is bounded in a region R of the z- yl(x)=Bi (-X2%)[l+O(X-1)] (N-j-=>
    plane, then the zeros of p(z) in R are said to be For further representations and details, WQ refer
    turning points of the equation 10.4.108. to [10.4].
    The Special Case w”+[X*z+p(z, X)Jw=O When z is complex (bounded or unbounded),
    conditions under which the formal series 10.4.110
    Let X=IXle*” vary over a sectorial domain S: yields a uniform asymptotic expansion of a solu-
    lXll&,(>O), wl<w_<wz, and suppose that n(z, X) is tion are given in [lo.121 if q(z, X) is independent
    continuous in z for Izl<r and X in S, and n(z, 1) of X and /Xl+= with fixed o, and in 110.14] if X
    -2 qn(z)Xmn as X+w in S. lies in any region of the complex plane. Further
    0 references are [10.2; 10.9; lO.lO].
    Formal Series Solution
    The General Case w”+[Vp(z)+p(z, h)]w=O
    10.4.110
    w(z)=u(z) q $9n((Z)h-"+X-1u'(z) q Sn(z)X-" Let X=IXle’” where IXj>b(>O) and -r_<oln;
    suppose that p(z) is analytic in a region R and has
    u"+x2zu=o a zero z=a in R, and that, for fixed X, q(z, X) is
    analytic in z for z in R. The transformation
    co, cl constants &t(z), ~=[p(z)/fi~‘~w(z), where ,$ is defined as
    the (unique) solution of the equation

    10.4.11s t (g2=P(z) t

    yields the special case

    (n-0, 1, 2, . . .) 10.4.116 *
    Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Solutions

    For z real, i.e. for the equation a, x)=(~)-2*k A)-($)-* $ [(gy


    10.4.111 Y”+[A2x+q(x, UlY=O Exumple:

    where zcvaries in a bounded interval a Iz 5 b that Consider the equation


    includes the origin and where, for each fixed X in S, 10.4.117 y"+[x2-(x2-~)x-2]y=o
    a(s, X) is continuous in x for a <x<b, the following
    asymptotic representations hold. for which the points x=0, = are singular points
    (i) If X is real and positive, there are solutions and x=1 is a turning point. It has the functions
    yO(x), yl(z) such that, uniformly in x on a<x<O, x~J&x), x+Y&x) as particular solutions (see
    9.1.49).
    10.4.112 The equation 10.4.115 becomes
    y,,(x)=Ai (-X2/“z)[l+O(X-1)]
    yl(x)=Bi (-X2/3x)[1+O(X-1)]
    whence
    and, uniformly in x on 0 lxlb
    10.4.113 8 (-,$)“I”= -m+ln ~~‘(1 +Ji-F”)
    y,,(x)=Ai (-X2Dz>[1+O(X--l)]+Bi (-X2%)O(X-1), @<xS 1)
    yl(x)=Bi (-X2/“;E>[1+O(X-‘)]+Ai (-X2flx)O(X-1) (15x< a>.
    0-J) Thus
    (ii) If $%‘X20, JX 20, there are solutions
    yo(x>, yl(x) such that, uniformly in x on alx_<b, 10.4.118 v&) =(gy4 y(x)
    452 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    satisfies the equation It follows from 10.4.120 that uniformly in x on


    o<x< c0
    10*4.119 10.4.125

    which is of the form 10.4.111 with x replaced by 5 Jx (xx)


    and n(E, X) independent of X.
    Suppose 3”x>O, 3%#0. By the first equation
    of 10.4.114 there is a solution v,,(t) of 10.4.119,
    i.e., a solution y,,(x) of 10.4.117 for which the
    representation Numerical Methods
    10.4.120 10.5. Use and Extension of the Tables
    %B> = c 1’4y,,(z)=Ai(-~2~3[)[I+O(~-1)] Spherical Bessel Functions
    ( X”E >
    To computej,(x), y,(x), n=O, 1, 2, for values of
    holds uniformly in x on O<x<a as IX] -+a. x outside the range of Table 10.1, use formulas
    To identify y,,(x) in terms of x%(Xx), z*Y&r), 10.1.11, 10.1.12 and obtain values for the circular
    restrict x to O<xI b<l so that by 10.4.118 5 is functions from Tables 4.6-4.8.
    negative, and replace the Airy function by its Example 1. Compute j,(x) for x= 11.425.
    asymptotic representation 10.4.59. This yields
    From 10.1.11, jI(x)=y-‘T. Hence, using
    10.4.121
    Tables 4.6 and 4.8,
    YCM
    .90920 500 .41634 873
    $Ol.+W=- c11.425j2 -
    ( >
    x2-1 -l/41
    -,-112~-1/3(-5)11* exp (; xw/‘) 11.425
    =x 2
    = -.00696 54535- .03644 1902
    = - .04340 7356.
    1
    C-r -1,2x-l/6 (k$)-“’ exp (; x(+)3,2)
    2 To compute j,(x), 11 In 120, for a value of x
    within the range of Table 10.3, obtain from Table
    10.3, directly or possibly by linear interpolation,
    Let now X be fixed and x+0 in 10.4.121. There j,,(x), j,,,(x) and use these as starting values in the
    results recurrence relation 10.1.19 for decreasing n.
    An alternative procedure which often yields
    10.4.122 yO(x) -3 ,-1’2A-1“‘x”2 (+ x)” eh. better accuracy and which also applies to compu-
    tations of j,(x) when both n and x are outside the
    On the other hand, y,,(x) is a solution of 10.4.117 range of Table 10.1 is the following device essen-
    and therefore it can be written in the form tially due to J. C. P. Miller [9.20].
    At some value N larger than the desired value
    10.4.123 ye(x) =~“~[c,Jx(Xx) +sYx(Xx)] n, assume tentatively FN+I=O, F,=l and use
    recurrence relation 10.1.19 for decreasing N to
    where, from 9.1.7 for X fixed and x+0 obtain the sequence FN--l, . . . , Fo. If N was
    chosen large enough, each term of this sequence
    up to F, is proportional, to a certain number of
    significant figures, to the corresponding term in
    the sequence j,-,(z), . . ., j,(z) of true values.
    w> x cot Xa- w>+
    Y,(Xx) -r(x+l) csc ha
    r(l--x) . The factor of proportionality, p, may be obtained
    by comparing, say, F. with the true value j,(x)
    Thus, letting x+0 in 10.4.123 and comparing the computed separately. The terms in the sequence
    resulting relation with 10.4.122 one finds that PFO, . . . pF, are then accurate to the number
    c2=0 and of significant figures present in the tentative
    values. If the accuracy obtained is not sufficient,
    the process may be repeated by starting from a
    10.4.124 y,(x)= $7r- 1’2h-X-1’6eXr (A+ 1)~“~ J,(xx).
    larger value N.
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 453
    Example 2. Compute Jo
    for x=24.6. ModiCed Spherical Bessel Functions

    Interpolation in Table 10.3 yields for x=24.6


    To compute &d~~~+t(xl, &@L+t(x), p= 0,
    ~-~~ez)‘*~j~~(~)=(-28)3.934616 1,2, . . . for values of x outside the range of
    ~-“~e=“*~j,,(x)= (-27)9.48683
    whence . Table 10.8, use,formulas 10.2.13, 10.2.14 together
    with 10.2.4 and obtain values for the hyperbolic
    j,,(24.6) = .05604 29, j,,(24.6) = .03896 98. and exponential functions from Tables 4.4’ and
    From the recurrence relation 10.1.19 there 4.15. In those cases when &~/XI,,+(X) and
    results &T/XI-~-~(X) are nearly equal, i.e., when x is
    j,,(24.6) = .00890 67660 [.00890 701 sufficiently large, compute &JZ&+,(x) from
    j,,(24.6) = - .02484 93173 [ - .02485 901 formula 10.2.15, for which the coefficients (n + 4, %)
    j,,(24.6) = - .04628 17554 [ - .04628 161 are given in 10.1.9.
    j1,(24.6) = - .04099 87086 [ - .04099 881
    Example 3. Compute &/x1&x), &~/xX&,c)
    j,6(24.6) = - .00871 65122 [-.00871 671
    for x= 16.2.
    For comparison, the correct values are shown in From 10.2.13, &$JI~,~(x) = (3+1) sinh al/SC”,-
    brackets. 3 cash X/S?; from Table 4.4, cash 16.2=(6)5.4267
    To compute j,,(z) for x=24.6 by Miller’s de- 59950 and this equals the value of sinh 16.2 to the
    vice, take, for example, N=39 and assume same number of significant figures. Hence
    Fa=O, Fs8=1. Using 10.1.19 with decreasing N,
    i.e., F,-,=[(2N+l)/x]F,-FAT+,, N-39, 38, . . ., &?r/16.2&,,(16.2)=(.06243 402371
    1, 0, generate the sequence Fag, F3,, . . . ,’ F1: Fo, -.01143 118427)[(6)5.4267 599501
    compute from Table 4.6, j,(24.6)= (sin 24.6)/24.6 =338814.4594-62034.29298
    = -.02064 620296, and obtain the factor of pro- =276780.1664.
    portionality To compute &a/16.2&~(16.2) use 10.2.17 and
    p=jo(24.6)/Fo= .OOOOO 03839 17642. obtain
    The value pF,b equals j,,(24.6) to 8 decimals.
    The final part of the computations is shown in
    the following table, in which the correct values =(-7)2.8945 38069[.036932 604001
    are given for comparison.
    =(-8)1.0690 28283.

    N FN PFN j, (24.6) To compute &$~I,,+i(x), 3In18, far a


    I
    value of x within the range of Table 10.9, obtaiin
    -22704.71107 -. 00871 67391 -. 00871 674 from Table 10.9, ~+r/~l~~,~(x), &/xI~~,~(x) for
    :t + 78178.88236 +. 03001 42522 f. 03001 425
    13 f114866.80811 +. 04409 93941 f .04409 939 the desired value of x and use these as starting
    +47894 44353 +. 01838 75218 t. 01838 752 values in the recurrence relation 10.2.181 for
    :: -66193. 59317 -. 02541 28882 -. 02541 289
    10 - 109782. 76234 -. 04214 75392 -. 04214 754 decreasing n.
    -27523.39903 -. 01056 67185 -. 01056 672 To compute &&K,+*(x) for some integer n
    : + 88524.85252 +. 03398 62526 + .03398 625
    7 + 88699.11017 +. 03405 31532 +. 03405 315 outside the range of Table 10.9, obtain from
    -34440.02929 -. 01322 21348 -. 01322 213
    t - 106899. 12565 -. 04104 04602 -. 04104 046
    10.2.15 or from Table 10.8, &&d&(z),
    - 13360.39272 -. 00512 92905 -. 00512 929 &$cK~,~(x) for the d esired value of x and use
    3” f 102011. 17704 +. 03916 38905 +. 03916 389
    2 + 42387.96341 +. 01627 34870 +. 01627 349 these as starting values in the recurrence relation
    -93395.73728 -. 03585 62712 -. 03585 627 10.2.18 for increasing n. If x lies within the
    A - 53777.68747 -. 02064 62030 -. 02064 620
    range of Table 10.9 and n>lO, the recurrence
    may be started with &7r/~K,~~~(2), &&K~&c)
    It may be observed that the normalization of the obtained from Table 10.9.
    sequence FN, FN--I, . . ., F. can also be obtained Example 4. Compute &$JK,,,(x) for x*3.6.
    from formula 10.1.50 by computing the sum Obtain from Table 10.8 for x=3.6
    c=e (2k+l)fl and finding p=l/& This
    0 &&KID(x) = .01192 222
    yields, in the case of the example, p=l/&=
    .ooooo 03839 177. &&K&x) = .01523 3952
    454 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    The recurrence relation 10.2.18 yields successively y’(x), respectively, the following formulas may be
    used, in which d, d’ denote approximations to c, c’
    -&?r/3.6&2(3.6)=-.Oll92 222 and u=y(d)/y’(d), v=y’(d’)/d”y(d’).

    -& (.01523 3952) c=d--u--ad $2 $24d2 5;


    =-.02461 718
    +88d $- (88+72Od3) $
    J&J575K,,2(3.6) =.01523 3952

    +;6 (.02461 718) +5856d2 ;-(16640d+40320d4);+ ...

    = .04942,4480

    -Jj$i3Kg,2(3.6)=-.~246i 718
    -(105+76d’3+24d’8);
    -A (.04942 4480)
    =-.12072 034 -(945+756d’“+272d$-. . .}

    &/3.6K&3.6) = .04942 4480


    y’(c)=y’(d) l-d $+$-3d2 $+14d $
    . .
    +;6 (.12072 034)
    - (14+45d$+471da ;
    = .35122 533.
    As a check, the recurrence can be carried out until -(1432d+1575d4)$+ . . .}
    n=9 and the value of &/3.6K,,,,(3.6) so obtained
    can be compared with the corresponding value
    from Table 10.9. y(c’) =y(d’) { l-df2 ;-dr3 $- (3d’3+3d’e)$
    To compute &&In++(x) when both n and x
    are outside the range of Table 10.9, use the device
    described in [9.20].
    Airy Functions -(105d’s+101d’“+45d’4)~- . . .}

    To compute Ai( Bi(x) for values of x beyond


    Example 6. Compute the zero of y(x)=Ai(x)
    1, use auxiliary functions from Table 10.11.
    -Bi(x) near d= - .4.
    Example 5. Compute Ai for x=4.5.
    From Table 10.11,
    First, for x=4.5,

    t=$x3/2=6.36396 1029, t-l=.15713 48403. y( - .4) = .02420 467, y’(--.4)=-.71276 627

    Hence, from Table 10.11, f(-[)=I&348 24 and whenceu=y(--.4)/y’(-.4)=-.03395 8776. From


    thus the above formulas
    Ai (4.5)
    c=-.4+.03395 8776-.OOOOO 5221
    =a(4.5)-V4(.55848 24) exp (-6.36396 1029) +.ooooo 0111+.00000 0001
    =$(.68658 905) (.55848 24) (.00172 25302) = - .36604 6333.
    y’(c)=(-.71276 627) { 1+.00023 0640
    = .00033 02503. - .OOOOO6527- .OOOOO0027f .OOOOO0002}
    TO compute the zeros c, c’ of a solution y(x) of =(--.71276 627)(1.00022 4088)
    the equation y”-xy=O and of its derivative = -.71292 599.
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 455
    References
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    Sot. London [A] 247, 307-327 (1954-55). of a plane electromagnetic wave by a conducting
    [10.13] F. W. J. Olver, The asymptotic expansion of Bessel sphere, Philos. Trans. Roy. Sot. London [A]
    functions of large order, Philos. Trans. Roy. 217, 279-314 (1916-18), in particular pp. 284-
    SOC. London [A] 247, 328-368 (1954). 288.
    [10.14] F. W. J. Olver, Uniform asymptotic expansions of [10.29] M. Rothman, The problem of an infinite plate
    solutions of linear second-order differential under an inclined loading, with tables of the
    equations for large values of a parameter, Philos. integrals of Ai (+z), Bi (&.z), Quart. J. Mech.
    Trans. Roy. Sot. London [A] 250,479-517 (1958). Appl. Math. 7, l-7 (1954).
    [10.15] W. R. Wasow, Turning point problems for systems [10.30] M. Rothman, Tables of the integrals and differ-
    of linear differential equations. Part I: The
    ential coefficients of Gi (+z), Hi (--z), Quart. J.
    formal theory; Part II: The analytic theory.
    Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 14, 657-673 (1961) ; Mech. Appl. Math. 7, 379-384 (1954).
    15, 173-187 (1962). [10.31] Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 7,
    [10.16] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel Bessel functions, Part III. Zeros and associated
    functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, values (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
    Cambridge, England, 1958). England, 1960).
    456 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    [10.32] R. S. Scorer, Numerical evaluation of integrals of [10.33] A. D. Smirnov, Tables of Aiiy functions (and
    the form special confluent hypergeometric functions).
    Translated from the Russian by D. G. Fry
    (Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 1960).
    [10.34] I. M. Vinogradov and N. G. Cetaev, Tables of
    Bessel functions of imaginary argument (Izdat.
    and the tabulation of the function Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1950).
    [10.35] P. M. Woodward, A. M. Woodward, R. Hensman,
    Gi (z) = (l/r)h- sin (uz+ 1/3ua)du, H. H. Davies and N. Gamble, Four-figure tables
    of the Airy functions in the complex plane,
    Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 3, 107-112 (1950). Phil. Mag. (7) 37, 236-261 (1946).
    BESSEL FTJNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 457
    SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0.1 AND 2 Table 10.1
    x
    &(4 j,(x) & (4 Y,(X) ?/I (4 Y,(X)
    1.00000 000 0.00000 0000
    i:! 0.99833 417 0.033300012 0.00000 619061 -9.95;04 17
    0.00066000000 -,0,,",875 - 30;5:0125
    0.99334 665 0.066400381 0.0026590561 -4.90033 29 -25.495011 -377.52483
    EE 0.98506 736 0.099102888 0.0059615249 -3.18445 50 -11.599917 -112.81472
    0:4 0.97354 586 0.13121215 0.010545302 -2.30265 25 --6.73017 71 -48.173676
    0.95885 108 0.16253703 0.016371107 -1.75516 51 -4.46918 13 -25.059923
    0.94107 079 0.19289196 0.023388995 -1.37555 94 -3.23366 97 -14.792789
    0.92031 098 0.22209828 0.031538780 -1.09263 17 -2.48121 34 -9.54114 00
    0.89669 511 0.24998551 0.040750531 -0.87088 339 -1.98529 93 -6.57398 92
    0.87036 323 0.27639252 0.050945155 -0.69067 774 -1.63778 29 -4.76859 87
    1.0 0.84147 098 0.30116868 0.062035052 -0.54030 231 -1.38177 33 -3.60501 76
    0.81018 851 0.32417490 0.073924849 -0.41236 011 -1.18506 13 -2.81962 54
    ::: 0.77669 924 0.34528457 0.086512186 -0.30196 480 -1.02833 66 -2.26887 66
    0.74119 860 0.36438444 0.099688571 -0.20576 833 -0.89948 193 -1.86995 92
    ::.i 0.70389 266 0.38137537 0.11334028 -0.12140 510 -0.79061 059 -1.57276 05
    1.5 0.66499 666 0.39617297 0.12734928 -0.04715 8134 -0.69643 541 -1.34571 27
    0.62473 350 0.40870814 0.14159426 +0.018249701 -0.61332 744 -1.16823 87
    i-7" 0.58333 224 0.41892749 0.15595157 0.075790879 -0.53874 937 -1.02652 51
    1:8 0.54102 646 0.42679364 0.17029628 0.12622339 -0.47090 236 -0.91106 065
    1.9 0.49805 268 0.43228539 0.18450320 0.17015240 -0.40849 878 -0.81515 048
    2.0 0.45464 871 0.43539778 0.19844795 0.20807342 -0.35061 200 -0.73399 142
    0.41105 208 0.43614199 0.21200791 0.24040291 -0.29657 450 -0.66408 077
    2: 0.36749 837 0.43454522 0.22506330 0.26750051 -0.24590 723 -0.60282 854
    0.32421 966 0.43065030 0.23749812 0.28968523 -0.19826 956 -0.54829 769
    ::: 0.28144 299 0.42451529 0.24920113 0.30724738 -0.15342 325 -0.49902 644
    2.5 0.23938 886 0.41621299 0.26006673 0.32045745 -0.11120 588 -0.45390 450
    0.19826 976 0.40583020 0.26999585 0.32957260 -0.07151 1067 -0.41208 537
    ::; 0.15828 884 0.39346703 0.27889675 0.33484153 -0.03427 3462 -0.37292 316
    0.11963 863 0.37923606 0.28668572 0.33650798 +0.00054 2796 -0.33592 641
    2: 0.08249 9769 0.36326136 0.29328784 0.33481316 0.032953045 -0.30072 380
    0.04704 0003 0.34567750 0.29863750 0.32999750 0.062959164 -0.26703 834
    z-1" +0.01341 3117 0.32662847 0.30267895 0.32230166 0.090555161 -0.23466 763
    3:2 -0.01824 1920 0.30626652 0.30536678 0.31196712 0.11573164 -0.20346 870
    -0.04780 1726 0.28475092 0.30666620 0.29923629 0.13847939 -0.17334 594
    33:: -0.07515 9148 0.26224678 0.30655336 0.28435241 0.15879221 -0.14424 164
    -0.10022 378 0.23892369 0.30501551 0.26755905 0.17666922 -0.11612 829
    ::6' -0.12292 235 0.21495446 0.30205107 0.24909956 0.19211667 -0.08900 2337
    -0.14319 896 0.19051380 0.29766961 0.22921622 0.20514929 -0.06287 8964
    :-; -0.16101 523 0.16577697 0.29189179 0.20814940 0.21579139 -0.03778 7773
    3:9 -0.17635 030 0.14091846 0.28474912 0.18613649 0.22407760 -0.01376 91'l2
    4.0 -0.18920 062 0.11611075 0.27628369 0.16341091 0.23005335 +0.009129107
    4.1 -0.19957 978 0.091522967 0.26654781 0.14020096 0.23377514 0.030854018
    -0.20751 804 0.067319710 0.25560355 0.11672877 0.23531060 0.051350236
    :-: -0.21306 185 0.043659843 0.24352220 0.093209110 0.23473838 0.070561855
    4:4 -0.21627 320 +0.020695380 0.23038368 0.069848380 0.23214783 0.088434232
    4.5 -0.21722 892 -0.00142 95812 0.21627586 0.046843511 0.22763858 0.10491554
    -0.21601 978 -0.02257 9838 0.20129380 0.024380984 0.22132000 0.11995814
    t:; -0.21274 963 -0.04262 9993 0.18553900 +0.002635886 0.21331046 0.13351972
    -0.20753 429 -0.06146 5266 0.16911850 -0.01822 8955 0.20373659 0.14556433
    29" -0.20050 053 -0.07898 2225 0.15214407 -0.03806 3749 0.19273242 0.15606319
    5.0 -0.19178 485 -0.09508 9408 0.13473121 -0.05673 2437 0.18043837 0.16499546

    c 1
    (-$)4
    [ /-- 1
    (-$)3

    Compiledfrom National Bureau of Standards,Tablesof sphericalBesselfunctions, ~01s.I, II. Columbia


    Univ. Press,New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.1 SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 0,l AND 2

    -1 -1.2885

    II-1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1.3849
    -1.4644
    -1.5268
    -1.5720

    -2 -5.6210

    -1 -1.0770
    II
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -1
    -6.9018
    -8.0795
    -9.1466
    -1.0097
    -2 6.0883

    -2
    II
    -2.9542
    II
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -9.6415
    -a.4493
    -7.2065
    -5.9263
    -1 -1.3123
    -2 4.7295
    -2 3.3674
    -2 2.0132
    -3 +6.7812
    -3 -6.2736
    -2
    -3
    -3
    Ii-2 II II
    -1.6303
    -3.2520
    +9.4953
    2.1829
    -2 1.8188
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1.3171
    -1.3092
    -1.2891
    -1.2571
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -1.8929
    -3.1089
    -4.2662
    -5.3561
    -6.3711

    II II
    -2
    II
    a.1877
    -2 -1.1105
    -1 -a.5177
    -9.4473
    -1.0313
    -7.5334
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -2
    3.0067
    4.1360
    5.1973
    6.1820
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -1
    -7.3040
    -8.1487
    -8.8997
    -9.5527
    -1.0104
    -2
    -2
    -2

    -1
    II
    Ii-1 II
    a.8851
    9.4810
    9.9723
    1.0357
    1.0632 -1 1.0124 -2 -3.4542
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1.0551
    -1.0892
    -1.1126
    -1.1253

    II-2
    -3 +2.6357
    1.3382
    2.4227
    3.5066
    4.5791
    II
    r:
    -1
    -1 II II
    :* oOts0:
    ioa13
    1.0663
    1; +F
    -2 -1.0349
    211498
    3.1395
    yfl -1 1.0415
    -1 1.0596
    -1 1.0669
    -1 1.0635
    -1 1.0497
    -2
    -2
    -3
    -3
    -2.3621
    -1.2710
    -1.9101
    +8.6782

    (-2)-5.4402 (-2)
    II 7.8467
    I-
    (-2) 7.7942
    -1
    -2
    -2
    -2
    1.0257
    9.9213
    9.4941
    8.9817
    (-2) 8.3907 (-2) 6.2793
    I--
    (-2)-6.5069
    Y&)= +/xyn+* (x)=(-‘)“+l-\l~“ix~-~~+*~(x)
    d
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 459
    SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-10 Table 10.2

    j7 (4
    0.0000 i.0000 1.52734 93 7.27309-i9
    -14)4.9319 2.9012 1.52698 56 7.27151 10
    -12)6.3072 7.4212 1.52589 53 7.26677 00
    1.8995 1.52407 96 7.25887 47
    1.8938 1.52154 09 7.24783 46
    1.1261 1.51828 26 7.23366 29
    4.8282 1.51430 88 7.21637 65
    1.6515 1.50962 48 7.19599 61
    4.7873 1.50423 66 7.17254 61
    1.2228 1.49815 12 7.14605 44
    1.0 II-3 9.0066 2.8265 1.49137 65 7.11655 26
    -2 1.1847 6.0254 1.48392 11 7.08407 57
    -2 1.5183 1.2013 1.47579 48 7.04866 21
    2.2640 1.46700 80 7.01035 39
    ::i -2 1.9033
    2.3411 II- 54 1.4786
    3.3461
    2.2643
    9.2561
    4.7963 I 4.0669 1.45757 18 6.96919 61

    -2 I 1.4079 - 61 6.6832 1.38804 63 6.66533 28


    -2 1.6788 - 6 9.7670 1.37444 35 6.60575 19
    -2 1.9817 - 5 1.4009 1.36030 78 6.54379 07
    -2 2.3176 - 5)1.9754 1.34565 67 6.47951 98
    -2 2.6872 - 5)2.7420 1.33050 81 6.41301 19
    3.7516 1.31488 05 6.34434 22
    5.0647 1.29879 28 6.27358 74
    6.7532 1.28226 44 6.20082 63
    2'8 8.9013 1.26531 50 6.12613 95
    2:9 1.1607 1.24796 48 6.04960 91

    ‘3.:
    3:2
    1.4983
    1.9160
    2.4283
    1.21214 41
    1.23023 38 5.97131
    5.89135 85
    26
    1.19371 48 5.80979 75
    ;:: 3.8056
    3.0520 1.15592
    1.17496 82
    54 5.72674
    5.64226 82
    00

    3.5 4.7098 1.13660 79 5.55647 05


    ::7" 5.7875
    7.0639 1.09723 52
    1.11703 73 5.46943 47
    5.38125 61

    '3.:
    . 1.0325
    8.5665 1.05702 31
    1.07722 33 5.20181 62
    5.29201 05
    4.0 1.2372 1.03665 63 5.11072 78
    4.1 1.4743 1.01614 44 5.01885 80
    :s 2.0603
    1.7473 0.99550
    0.97477 88
    06 4.83311 07
    4.92629 51
    414 2.4174 0.95395 10 4.73942 00

    ::2 3.2814
    2.8229 0.91215 06
    0.93307 01 4.55082
    4.64529 34
    25
    i-i 3.7976
    4.3763 0.89120
    0.87026 94
    97 4.45609
    4.36119 35
    18
    419 5.0226 0.84934 88 4.26620 13
    5.0 (-1)2.2982 (-1)1.8702 (- 1)1.0681 (- 2)4.7967 (- 2)1.7903 (- 3)5.7414 0.82846 70 4.17120 50
    [ (-yJ] [‘-y]
    &Cd =&IxJ~+~ (4
    Compiledfrom National Bureau of Standards,Tablesof sphericalBesselfunctions, ~01s.I, II. Columbia
    Univ. Press,New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).
    460 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.2 SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-10

    Y,W Y&4 10-8~10YJ~) lo-%llY,o(z)


    -0.34459 42 -0.65472 90
    15 :2.;277 -0.34469 56 -0.65490 14
    12 -3.9643 -0.34499 99 -0.65541 86
    11 I -1.0329 -0.34550 77 -0.65628 18
    9)-7.7739 -0.34622 02 -0.65749 23
    6 -1.3458 -0.34713 86 -0.65905 23
    5I -3.7747 -0.34826 48 -0.66096 47
    5 -1.2907 -0.34960 12 -0.66323 28
    4 -5.1035 -0.35115 04 -0.66586 06
    4 -2.2552 -0.35291 56 -0.66885 29

    1.5
    4I
    3
    3
    3
    3
    -1.0881
    -5.6378
    -3.0988
    -1.7901
    -1.0790
    /I I
    543 -1.4045
    -1.7686
    -9.8790
    -3.3227
    -6.6058
    6
    5
    5
    5
    5
    4
    -2.0959
    -8.9515
    -4.1224
    -2.0227
    -1.0477
    -5.6859
    -0.35490
    -0.35710
    -0.35954
    -0.36221
    -0.36512
    -0.36827
    04
    89
    56
    57
    46
    87
    -0.67221
    -0.67595
    -0.68007
    -0.68458
    -0.68949
    -0.69481
    50
    30
    37
    47
    42
    14
    4 -3.2143 -0.37168 46 -0.70054 60
    i-76 4 -1.8835 -0.37534 96 -0.70670 90
    1:s 4 -1.1395 -0.37928 17 -0.71331 20
    1.9 3I -7.0931 -0.38348 96 -0.72036 75
    1 -9.7792 3 -4.5301 -0.38798 26 -0.72788 93
    ::1" 1 -7.0870 3 -2.9613 -0.39277 08 -0.73589 19
    1I -5.2238 3 1-1.9771 -0.39786 50 -0.74439 11

    I
    ;*: 1 -3.9108 3 -1.3458 -0.40327 71 -0.75340 38
    2:4 1 -2.9702 2 1-9.3247 -0.40901 97 -0.76294 81
    2.5 1 -2.2859 2 -6.5676 -0.41510 62 -0.77304 34
    2.6 1 -1.7812 -0.42155 14 -0.78371 06
    1 -1.4041 g I 1:;;;; -0.42837 10 -0.79497 18
    z-i 1 -1.1189 2 -2:5025 -0.43558 18 -0.80685 08
    2:9 0 -9.0069 2 1 -1.8615 -0.44320 20 -0.81937 31
    -0.45125 11 -0.83256 59
    -0.45975 01 -0.84645 82

    I
    -0.46872 14 -0.86108 11
    -0.47818 95 -0.87646 78
    -0.48818 03 -0.89265 39

    II I
    0 -2.9528 1 -3.9249 -0.49872 20 -0.90967 72
    0 -2.5201 1 -3.1246 -0.50984 49 -0.92757 84
    0 -2.1660 1 -2.5070 -0.52158 17 -0.94640 10
    0 -1.8743 1 -2.0265 -0.53396 75 -0.96619 15
    0 -1.6325 0 -9.8471
    -4.7139
    -5.6086
    -6.7182
    -8.1040 1 -1.6498 -0.54704 05 -0.98699 97

    -0.64247 43 -1.13650 10

    5.0 (-2)-1.5443 (-l)-1.8662 (-l)-3.2047 (e.I)-5.1841 ( 0)-1.0274 ( 0)-2.5638 -0.75092 23 -1.30156 80


    F [c-p] [C-$)2]
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 461
    SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-10 Table 10.2

    j,(x) j, (4 &44 j,(x) j,(x) logz-gjg(x) 10llx-lojlo(x)


    -2 4.7967 -2 1.7903 -3 5.7414 0.82846 70 4.17120 50
    -2 5.2015 -2 1.9908 -3 6.5379 0.80764 29 4.07628 42
    5.2 -2 5.6221 -2 2.2061 -3 7.4172 0.78689 50 3.98151 88
    5.3 -2 6.0573 -2 2.4365 -3 8.3843 0.76624 10 3.88698 72
    5.4 -2 I 6.5057 II-2 2.6821 II-3 9.4443 0.74569 86 3.79276 59
    -1 2.0078 1.0602 0.72528 47 3.69892 98
    :2
    517
    -1
    -1
    2.0150
    2.0147
    1.1862
    1.3229
    0.70501
    0.68490
    58
    78
    3.60555 18
    3.51270 30
    -1 2.0069 1.4707 0.66497 60 3.42045 23
    II-1 1.9913 1.6299 0.64523 54 3.32886 66
    1.8010 0.62570 01 3.23801 06
    21” 1.9842
    2.1797
    0.60638
    0.58729
    37
    93
    3.14794
    3.05873
    66
    50
    2:
    614
    2.3877
    2.6084
    0.56845
    0.54987
    94
    57
    2.97043
    2.88309
    34
    73

    22
    6:1
    2.8417
    3.0876
    3.3461
    3.6168
    0.53155
    0.51352
    0.49577
    0.47831
    94
    10
    04
    68
    2.79677
    2.71153
    2.62739
    2.54443
    98
    12
    98
    09
    3.8996 0.46116 89 2.46266 76
    4.1940 0.44433 45 2.38215 03
    4.4994 0.42782 11 2.30291 70
    4.8154 0.41163 52 2.22500 27
    5.1412 0.39578 30 2.14844 05
    5.4759 0.38026 97 2.07326 03
    -1 I 1.5077 -2 I 5.8188 0.36510 02 1.99948 99
    -1 1.5217 -2 6.1686 0.35027 86 1.92715 45
    -1 1.5312 -2 6.5244 0.33580 85 1.85627 66
    -1 1.5360 -2 6.8849 0.32169 28 1.78687 63
    -1)1.5361 -2 7.2486 0.30793 39 1.71897 14

    I
    -2 7.6143
    -2 7.9804
    -2 8.3451
    -2 8.7069
    0.29453
    0.28149
    0.26881
    0.25649
    36
    30
    29
    33
    1.65257
    1.58770
    1.52436
    1.46257
    72
    64
    97
    53
    -2)9.0640 0.24453 39 1.40232 92

    9'::
    z-:
    9:4
    I II -1 1.3795
    1.3746
    -1 1.3655
    1.3520
    -1 1.3341
    -1 1.1000
    1.1270 0.18025
    -1 1.1747
    0.17076 78
    1.1520 0.16161
    84 1.07343
    0.15280 93
    1.02401 42
    62 0.92973
    72
    0.97612 24
    83
    -1 1.1949 0.14432 46 0.88485 16
    ;:z

    Ki
    9:9

    10.0 (-2)-3.9496 (-l)-1.0559


    II-2 -2.2842
    -1.3689
    -2 -3.1654
    -2 -4.8048
    -4.0072

    (-2)-5.5535
    -2
    -2
    -2
    '-2
    -2
    I II II
    8.5853
    7.8016
    6.9921
    6.1608
    5.3120
    (-2)4.4501
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    1.3117
    1.2849
    1.2536
    1.2180
    1.1780
    (-1)1.1339
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    1.2126
    1.2275
    1.2394
    1.2482
    1.2537
    (-1)1.2558
    0.13616
    0.12833
    0.12081
    0.11360
    0.10670
    93
    53
    68
    83
    35
    0.84144
    0.79950
    0.75902
    0.71996
    0.68231
    0.10009 64 0.64605 15
    75
    99
    10
    20
    26

    [(-:)5] [(-;)“I
    j,(x) =
    462 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.2 SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 3-10

    5.5 -0.89751 90 -1.51723 25


    5.6 -0.93284 85 -1.56801 75
    -0.97058 31 -1.62178 08
    55'87 -1.01093 09 -1.67873 97
    5:9 -1.05412 18 -1.73913 16
    -7.9262 -1.10040 93 -1.80321 67
    -7.2128 -1.15007 32 -1.87128 02
    -6.5889 -1.20342 16 -1.94363 49
    -6.0416 -1.26079 38 -2.02062 45
    -5.5598 -1.32256 26 -2.10262 69

    -3.6163 -1.81128 11 -2.72637 44


    -3.3996 -1.91762 85 -2.85777 73
    -3.2032 -2.03285 95 -2.99896 17
    -3.0246 -2.15774 75 -3.15082 08
    -2.8613 -2.29311 31 -3.31433 45
    I -2.43982 13 -3.68071
    -3.49057
    -3.88603 53
    56
    37

    -1.6331 -4.73689 09 -6.26721 41


    -1.5471 -5.06881 69 -6.68628 70
    -1.4627 -5.42169 35 -7.13987 95
    -1.3795 -5.79550 68 -7.63051 13
    -1.2973 -6.18991 88 -8.16074 96
    9.0 -2 -2.8097 -6.60420 33 -8.73317 65
    -2 -3 7880 -7.03717 50 -9.35034 96
    9:s ii -2 -515782
    ,9-i -4'7130 II-1 1.1748
    1.1976
    1.1900
    1.1899 Ii -2 8.1384
    7.5427
    5.4540
    6.8948
    6.1976 -7.48710 95 -10.01475 2
    -7.95166 19 -10.72873 2
    9.4 -2 -6.3774 - 8.Q2777 38 -11.49443 4
    9.5 ij -2 -7.1053 -8.91157 56 -12.31371 5
    9.6 -2 -7.7572 -9.39828 63 -13.18805 0
    9.7 -2 -8.3288 -9.88210 58 -14.11841 9
    9.8 -2 -8.8169 -10.35610 3 -15.10518 2
    9.9 (-2 -9.2189 -10.81210 4 -16.14793 9
    10.0 (-2)-9.5327 (-3)-1.6599 (-2) 9.3834 (-1) 1.0488 (-2) 4.2506 (-2) -4.1117 -11.24057 9 -17.24536 7

    y,(+ -cn+&) [ 1
    (73
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 463
    SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 20 AND 21 Table 10.3

    X lo26.f20(4 1027.f21
    (4 lo-24920(x~ lo-25921(4
    7.62597 90 1.77348 35 -0.31983 10 -1.31130 70
    8:: -7.62705 91 1.77371 23 -0.31988 11 -1.31149 33
    7.63028 29 1.77439 56 -0.32003 25 -1.31205 61
    :-i 7.63560 15 1.77552 32 -0.32028 86 -1.31300 70
    2:o 7.64293 25 1.77707 85 -0.32065 49 -1.31436 61
    7.65215 99 1.77903 78 -0.32113 96 -1.31616 11
    9.: 7.66313 22 1.78137 03 -0.32175 30 -1.31842 87
    3:5 7.67566 19 1.78403 80 -0.32250 82 -1.32121 43
    7.68952 28 1.78699 49 -0.32342 08 -1.32457 29
    44:: 7.70444 90 1.79018 73 -0.32450 98 -1.32856 95
    7.72013 23 1.79355 29 -0.32579 69 -1.33328 02
    ::; 7.73621 95 1.79702 05 -0.32730 79 -1.33879 33
    7.75231 00 1.80050 95 -0.32907 24 -1.34521 03
    66’! 7.76795 28 1.80392 94 -0.33112 44 -1.35264 77
    7:o 7.78264 38 1.80717 91 -0.33350 34 -1.36123 89
    7.79582 23 1.81014 64 -0.33625 47 -1.37113 69
    7.80686 80 1.81270 77 -0.33943 07 -1.38251 67
    7.81509 84 1.81472 70 -0.34309 23 -1.39557 96
    7.81976 53 1.81605 56 -0.34731 02 -1.41055 73
    7.82005 32 1.81653 14 -0.35216 70 -1.42771 82
    10.0 7.815076 1.815979 -0.35776 04 -1.447374
    10.5 7.803876 1.814208 -0.36420 59 -1.469891
    11.0 7.785428 1.811016 -0.37164 20 -1.495697
    11.5 7.758627 1.806185 -0.38023 59 -1.525305
    12.0 7.722309 1.799482 -0.39019 23 -1.559325
    12.5 7.675238 1.790664 -0.40176 53 -1.5b8497
    13.0 7.616116 1.779472 -0.41527 46 -1.643728
    13.5 7.543601 1.765639 -0.43113 22 -1.696143
    14.0 7.456316 1.748885 -0.44987 76 -1.757166
    14.5 7.352841 1.728929 -0.47223 40 -1.828625
    15.0 7.231764 1.705481 -0.49918 70 -1.912922
    15.5 7.091689 1.678251 -0.53209 15 -2.013273
    16.0 6.931265 1.646956 -0.57279 98 -2.134049
    16.5 6.749220 1.611324 -0.62378 79 -2.281228
    17.0 6.544411 1.571096 -0.68821 72 -2.462936
    17.5 6.315851 1.526041 -0.76981 49 -2.689957
    18.0 6.062784 1.475960 -0.87240 01 -2.975953
    18.5 5.784739 1.420698 -0.99883 14 -3.336925
    19.0 5.481584 1.360155 -1.149171 -3.789188
    19.5 5.153621 1.294299 -1.317987 -4.344958
    20.0 4.801647 1.223178 -1.490982 -5.004711
    20.5 4.427041 1.146936 -1.641599 -5.745922
    21.0 4.031843 1.065826 -1.728777 -6.508927
    21.5 3.618830 0.98022 63 -1.697442 -7.182333
    22.0 3.191590 0.89065 46 -1.483467 -7.592679
    22.5 2.754567 0.79777 92 -1.024223 -7.504782
    23.0 2.313103 0.70243 25 -0.274630 -6.640003
    23.5 1.873442 0.60561 45 co.773430 -4.717888
    24.0 1.442686 0.50849 80 2.072631 -1.52185
    24.5 1.028721 0.41242 27 3.508629 +3.01816
    25.0 0.640055 0.31888 30 4.901591 +8.74251

    c&,(d = 1f,x” exp ( - S/4n+2)


    (-l)3
    [ 1 yn(x)=gnx-(n-+1)
    (-$7

    exp (~2/4n+2)
    Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel func-
    tions, ~01s. I, II.ColumbiaUniv. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947(with permission).
    464 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.4
    SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-MODULUS AND PHASE-ORDERS 9, 10, 20 AND 21

    I &GM1 3’2(x) eygx) -x W(x) --z <x>


    *700 1.50513 630 1.72311 121 1.84157 799 1.35401 461
    01095 1.41043 073 1.44562 029 1.65174 534 1.00196 372 ii!
    0.090 1.33509 121 1.17232 718 1.50947 539 0.65310 249 11
    0.085 1.27462 197 0.90378 457 1.40190 550 +0.30984 705
    0.080 1.22560 809 0.64017 615 1.31955 792 -0.02643 915 1':
    0.075 1.18548 011 0.38142 613 1.25559 223 -0.35524 574
    0.070 1.15231 423 +0.12729 416 1.20514 049 -0.67664 889
    0.065 1.12467 134 -0.12255 277 1.16476 186 -0.99107 278
    0.060 1.10147 221 -0.36849 087 1.13202 416 -1.29911 571
    0.055 1.08190 340 -0.61090 826 1.10519 883 -1.60143 947
    0.050 1.06534 781 -0.85018 673 1.08304 588 -1.89870 678 20
    0.045 1.05133 389 -1.08669 229 1.06466 562 -2.19155 009 22
    0.040 1.03949 892 -1.32077 114 1.04939 746 -2.48055 907 25
    0.035 1.02956 235 -1.55274 891 1.03675 104 -2.76627 814 29
    0.030 1.02130 658 -1.78293 175 1.02635 931 -3.04920 936 33
    0.025 1.01456 304 -2.01160 832 1.01794 637 -3.32981 737 40
    0.020 1.00920 210 -2.23905 224 1.01130 529 -3.60853 532
    0.015 1.00512 574 -2.46552 469 1.00628 277 -3.88577 070 27"
    0.010 1.00226 240 -2.69127 701 1.00276 864 -4.16191 106 100
    0.005 1.00056 327 -2.91655 326 1.00068 866 -4.43732 935 200
    0.000 1.00000 000 -3.14159 265 1.00000 000 -4.71238 898 co

    1 1(5312
    [ 6$6
    1 II 1
    (-;I6
    c
    '#9
    I

    1 df?rsM4$/, (2) 841,/,(x) --2 d3?rzM4% (2) by/,(x) -x <x>


    0.?40 1.31126 605 1.12909 207 1.37979 868 +0.54348 547 25
    0.038 1.25741 042 0.61321 135 1.30763 025 -0.04056 472
    0.036 1.21433 612 +0.11048 098 1.25205 767 -0.60729 830 22:
    0.034 1.17917 949 -0.38066 745 1.20806 627 -1.15885 172
    0.032 1.15001 033 -0.86163 915 1.17245 178 -1.69717 688 5;
    0.030 1.12549 256 -1.33366 819 1.14310 153 -2.22398 514 33
    0.028 1.10467 736 -1.79783 172 1.11857 851 -2.74075 480
    0.026 1.08687 488 -2.25507 118 1.09787 629 -3.24876 024 ;$
    0.024 1.07157 283 -2.70621 373 1.08027 122 -3.74910 503
    0.022 1.05838 371 -3.15199 149 1.06523 083 -4.24275 239 45
    0.020 1.04700 987 -3.59305 805 1.05235 561 -4.73055 105
    0.018 1.03721 972 -4.03000 220 1.04134 092 -5.21325 651
    0.016 1.02883 137 -4.46335 928 1.03195 154 -5.69154 843
    0.014 1.02170 104 -4.89362 072 1.02400 423 -6.16604 479
    0.012 1.01571 485 -5.32124 187 1.01735 560 -6.63731 350
    0.010 1.01078 282 -5.74664 872 1.01189 351 -7.10588 196 100
    0.008 1.00683 452 -6.17024 356 1.00753 093 -7.57224 522 125
    0.006 1.00381 592 -6.59240 995 1.00420 153 -8.03687 285 167
    9.004 1.00168 705 -7.01351 707 1.00185 654 -8.50021 498 250
    0.002 1.00042 044 -7.43392 365 1.00046 253 -8.96270 770 500
    0.000 1.00000 000 -7.85398 164 m
    (-p
    [ 1 [<x> = nearest
    (-92
    1 integer[ to 2. 1
    1.00000
    ‘32
    000 -9.42477
    [ 1
    53P
    796

    Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, ~01s. I, II.
    Columbia Univ. Press,NewYork,N.Y.,1947 (with permission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 465
    SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS Table 10.5

    I-
    x=1

    123I 9.00658
    1.01101
    6.20350 5808
    3.01168
    8.41470 5201
    1117
    6789
    9848
    II
    f-
    -
    x=2
    114.54648 7134
    2 4.35397
    1 6.07220 9276
    1.40793
    1.98447 9766
    9491
    7750
    2.29820 6182
    1.87017 6553

    ii!
    ::
    II
    f- 816.82530 0865
    - 10
    12
    11
    9 4.81014
    3.58145 8901
    2.48104
    5.97687 1612
    9119
    1402

    14
    I - 22
    21I,.1.55670
    24
    19
    18 3.08874 2364
    1.20385
    4.45117
    5.13268 5742
    7504
    8271
    6115 1.08428 0182
    1.67993 9976

    II- 20
    66 7.63264
    49
    34 4.01157 1101
    1.66097
    5.83661 5290
    8779
    7888 I - 12
    33I 2.85747
    46
    22 1.21034 7583
    4.28273
    5.42772 9350
    0217
    6761

    100 (-190)7.44472 7742 (-160)9.36783 25?1 (-120) 5.53565 0303

    x=50 x=100
    (- 3)-5.24749 7074 -3)-5.06365 6411

    - l)-1.05589 2851
    f- 21-2.00483 0056 -3)-9.29014 8935
    2
    7
    98
    I -3 +3.15754
    -3 +9.70062
    -3 i -1.70245
    (-3)-9.99004
    5454
    9844
    0977
    6510
    10 I- 21 6.46051 5449 (- 2 -1.50392 2146
    (- 2 3155744 1489 - 3 +9.90845 4236
    11: - 2 +1.95971 1041
    - 4 -1.09899 0300
    ii I - 23I 7.46558
    1.72159 4477
    2.94107 8342
    9974 I- 2I -1.96564 5589
    - 2 -1.12908 4539
    :z - 2 +1.26561 3175
    - 2 +1.96438 9234
    1187 3.23884 7439 - 3 +1.09459 2888
    19 8.89662 7269 I- 2I -1.88338 9360
    20 2 -1.57850 2990
    30 - 3 -1.49467 3454
    40 - 2 -2.60633 6952
    50 I-- 2I +1.88291 0737
    100 (-90) 5.83204 0182 (-22)+1.01901 2263 (-2)+1.08804 7701
    466 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.5 SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

    ( -l)-3.20465 0467
    -1 I -5.18407 5714
    0 -1.02739 4639
    0 -2.56377 6345
    0 -7.68944 4934
    10 5 -3.55414 7201
    11 6 -3.69396 5631
    12 ll)-3.23191 3629 7 -4.21251 9003
    8 -5.22870 9098
    1143 I 9I -7.01663 2092
    15 -6.29800 7233 11 -1.01218 2944
    :65 17 -1.95020 7734 I 12 -1.56186 6932
    17 18 -6.42938 7516 13 -2.56695 8608
    20 -2.24833 5423 14 -4.47655 8894
    1198 I 21 I -8.31241 1677 I 15I -8.25596 4368
    23 -3.23959 2219
    $i 40 -2.94642 8547
    58 -8.02845 0851
    50 I 78 I ~2.73919 2285 63)-1.23502 1944
    100 (186)-6.68307 9463 (156)-2.65595 5830 (116)-1.79971 3983

    -3 +3.72067 8486
    2 -3 +9.49950 2019
    7 -3 -2.48574 3224
    -3 I -9.87236 3502
    98 -4)+8.07441 4285

    :10
    12
    13
    14
    -3 t6.25864 1510
    112 -3 1-6.78002 3635
    -3 -8.49604 9309
    :; -3 t3.80640 6377

    II
    19 -3 1c9.90441 9669
    20 -5 t5.63172 9379
    -2 -4.19000
    -5 -2.24122
    Cl.37595
    t4.97879 7221
    6812
    0150
    3130 -3 -5.41292 9349
    zoo -4 -7.04842 0407
    50 -2 I tl.07478 2297
    100 (85)-8.57322 6309 (+18)-1.12569 2891 (-2)-2.29838 5049
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 467
    ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF HALF-INTEGER ORDER Table 10.6
    J&,)=0 Y”(V”, ,I=0
    Y s Jib, s) y, ,~ (- l)“+‘T(!/“, s)
    J., 8 ?h,, (-l)“+lY~~w,.,~) y s h,, .JX.i, ,)
    l/2 1 3.141593 -0.45015 82 1.570796 -0.63661 98 15/2 1 11.657032 -0.20550 46 9.457882 +0.20754 83
    2 15.431289 +0.19008 87 13.600629 -0.19801 01
    32 9.424778
    6.283185 +0.31830
    -0.25989 89
    99 4.712389
    7.853982 +0.36755
    -0.28470 26
    50 3 18.922999 -0.17582 99 17.197777 +0.18264 01
    4 12.566370 +0.22507 91 10.995574 +0.24061 97 4 22.295348 +0.16402 38 20.619612 -0.16964 44
    5 15.707963 -0.20131 68 14.137167 -0.21220 66 5 23.955267 +0.15890 14
    6 18.849556 +0.18377 63 17.278760 +0.19194 81
    7 21.991149 -0.17014 38 20.420352 -0.17656 66
    8 23.561945 +0.16437 45
    17/2 1 12.790782 -0.19382 82 10.529989 -0.19361 38
    2 16.641003 +0.18155 15 14.777175 +0.18810 92
    3 20.182471 -0.16922 10 18.434529 -0.17517 27
    4 23.591275 +0.15870 04 21.898570 +0.16373 75
    3/2 1 4.493409 -0.36741 35 2.798386 +0.44914 84
    : 10'904122
    7 725252 +0 28469
    -0'24061 69
    20 6.121250
    9.317866 +0.25989
    -0.31827 33
    37
    4 14:066194 +0:21220 57 12.486454 -0.22507 76
    5 17.220755 -0.19194 77 15.644128 +0.20131 63 19/2 1 13.915823 -0.18376 12 11.597038 +0.18186 42
    6 20.371303 +0.17656 64 18.796404 -0.18377 61 2 17.838643 +0.17398 80 15.942945 -0.17944 10
    7 23.519452 -0.16437 44 21.945613 +0.17014 37 3 21.428487 -0.16326 17 19.658369 +0.16849 33
    4 24.873214 +0.15383 84 23.163734 -0.15837 45

    512 ; 5.763459 -0.31710 58 3.959528 -0.36184 68 21/2 1 15.033469 -0.17496 82 12.659840 -0.17179 22
    9.095011 +0.25973 30 7.451610 +0.28430 75 2 19.025854 +0.16722 59 17.099480 +0.17176 97
    3 12.322941 -0.22503 59 10.715647 -0.24053 93 3 22.662721 -0.15785 09 20.870973 -0.16247 13
    4 15.514603 +0.20130 14 13.921686 +0.21218 15 4 24.416749 +0.15347 56
    5 18.689036 -0.18376 96 17.103359 -0.19193 81
    6 21.853874 +0.17014 05 20.272369 +0.17656 19
    7 23.433926 -0.16437 21
    23/2 1 16.144743 -0.16720 39 13.719013 +0.16304 06
    2 20.203943 +0.16113 25 18.247994 -0.16491 86
    3 23.886531 -0.15290 87 22.073692 +0.15700 50

    7/2 1 6.987932 -0.28223 71 5.088498 +0.30882 36


    2 Xi417119 +0.24019 23 8.733710 -0.25896 77
    3 13.698023 -0.21208 02 12.067544 +0.22485 68 25/2 1 17.250455 -0.16028 44 14.775045 -0.15534 97
    4 16.923621 +0.19189 90 15.315390 -0.20124 01 2 21.373972 +0.15560 47 19.389462 +0.15875 20
    5 20.121806 -0.17654 40 18.525210 to.18374 36 3 23.267630 -0.15201 34
    6 23.304247 +0.16436 28 21.714547 -0.17012 77
    7 24.891503 +0.15914 62

    27/2 1 18.351261 -0.15406 88 15.828325 +0.14852 56


    2 22.536817 +0.15056 00 20.524680 -0.15316 36
    3 24.453705 +0.14743 15
    9/2 1 8.182561 -0.25620 49 6.197831 -0.27236 25
    2 11.704907 +0.22432 53 9.982466 +0.23908 76
    3 15.039665 -0.20107 12 13.385287 -0.21179 27
    i 18.301256 +0.18367 44 16.676625 +i;19179 35 29/2 1 19.447703 -0.14844 69 16.879170 -0.14242 04
    5 21.525418 -0.17009 46 19.916796 -0.17649 69 2 23.693208 +0.14593 21 21.654309 to.14806 91
    6 24.727566 +0.15912 86 23.128642 +0.16433 89

    31/2 1 20.540230 -0.14333 12 17.927842 +0.13691 88


    2 24.843763 +0.14166 70 22.778902 -0.14340 05
    11/2 1 9.355812 -0.23580 60 7.293692 +0.24538 14
    2 12.966530 +0.21109 29 11.206497 -0.22293 49
    3 16.354710 -0.19155 58 14.676387 +0.20067 86 33/2 1 21.629221 -0.13865 11 18.974562 -0.13192 99
    4 19.653152 +0.17639 49 18.011609 -0.18352 21 2 23.898931 +0.13910 20
    5 22.904551 -0.16428 83 21.283249 +0.17002 38
    6 24.518929 -0.15909 15

    35/2 1 22.715002 -0.13434 93 20.019515 +0.12738 05

    13/2 1 10.512835 -0.21926 48 8.379626 -0.22441 70 37/2 1 23.797849 -0.13037 81 21.062860 -0.12321 13
    2 14.207392 +0.19983 04 12.411301 +0.20946 65
    3 17.647975 -0.18321 82 15.945983 -0.19106 59
    4 20.983463 +0.16988 82 19.324820 +0.17619 60
    5 24.262768 -0.15902 21 22.628417 -0.16419 26 39/2 1 24.878005 -0.12669 81 22.104735 +0.11937 34
    Values to greater accuracy and over a wider range are given in [10.31].
    From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, ~01s. I, II. Columbia Univ.
    Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).
    468 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.7 ZEROS OF THE DERIVATIVE OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


    OF HALF-INTEGER ORDER
    J:G:,,)=o w;, ,)==O
    .,
    Y 5
    3”. 8 J” K, J !/I,, (-l)“+ly”(v;,s) ” s d,, (-1)“+‘y”(Y:,3
    l/2 1 1.165561 +0.679192 2.975086 -0.456186
    2
    3
    4.604217
    7.789884
    -0.369672
    +0.285287
    6.202750
    9.371475
    +0.319331
    -0.260267
    15’23: 9.113402
    13.525575
    17.153587
    +0.330874
    -0.236854
    to.202841
    11.535731
    15.376058
    +0.266883
    -0.217283
    18.885886 to.191447
    4 10.949944 -0.240870 12.526476 +0.225258 4 20.587450 -0.182077 22.266861 -0.174147
    14.101725 +0.212340 15.676078 -0.201419 5 23.929631 +0.167294
    17.249782 -0.192029 18.822999 +0.183841
    20.395842 +0.176620 21.968393 -0.170188
    23.540708 -0.164412
    10.180054 +0.318378 12.669130 -0.257833
    17'2 : 14.702493 -0.229449 16.586323 to.210950
    3 18.390930 +0.197291 20.145940 -0.186505
    4 21.866965 -0.177623 23.563314 to.170098
    3/2 1 2.460536 +0.525338 4.354435 +0.388891
    : 9.261402
    6.029292 -0.328062 7.655545 -0.290138
    +0.263295 10.856531 +0.242910
    z 15.611585
    12.445260 -0.226711
    +0.202245 14.029845 -0.213417 19/2 1
    17.191285 +0.192678 11.241675 to.307606 13.793646 +0.249935
    18.769469
    21.922619 -0.184363 15.868463 -0.222927 17.784362 -0.205332
    76 20.346496 -0.177046 :
    +0.170542 23.498023 +0.164709 19.615227 +0.192335 21.392422 to.182067
    4 23.132584 -0.173605 24.845689 -0.166427

    21/2 1 12.299124 to.298179 14.910648 -0.242951


    5/2 1 3.632797 +0.457398 5.634297 -0.350669
    2 7.367009 -0.301449 9.030902 +0.270006 17.025072 -0.217118 18.971857 +0.200296
    : 10.663561 +0.247304 12.278861 -0.229783 : 20.828186 +0.187870 22.627032 -0.178048
    13.883370 -0.215670 4 24.385974 -0.169950
    15.480655 +0.203956
    2 20.246945
    17.072849 +0.194015 18.661309 -0.185432
    -0.177917 21.830390 +0.171262
    7 23.412100 +0.165314 24.992411 -0.159953
    23/2 1 13.353045 +0.289825 16.021196 to.236710
    18.173567 -0.211893 20.150142 -0.195742
    : 22.031181 +0.183813 23.851147 to.174383

    7/2 1 4.762196 +0.415533 6.863232 +0.324651


    ; 12.018262
    8.653134 -0.282237 10.356373 -0.254849
    +0.234875 13.656304 +0.219318 25/2 1 14.403937 to.282348 17.126125 -0.231081
    4 15.279081 -0.206685 16.891400 -0.196124 19.314945 -0.207156 21.320300 +0.191594
    z 18.496200
    21.690284 +0.187103 20.095393 +0.179270 : 23.225333 to.180103
    -0.172377 23.281796 -0.166245
    7 24.870602 +0.160741

    15.452196 +0.275596 18.226109 to.225965


    27'2 : 20.450018 -0.202830 22.483219 -0.187792
    3 24.411571 to.176690
    9/2 1 5.868420 +0.386006 8.060030 -0.305246
    2 9.904306 -0.267385 11.646354 +0.242810
    3 13.337928 +0.224788 14.999624 -0.210673
    4 16.641787 -0.199151 18.270330 +0.189472 16.498138 to.269455 19.321702 -0.221286
    29/2 : 21.579459 -0.198856 23.639641 +0.184287
    2 19.888934 +0.181169 21.500029 -0.173929
    23.105297 -0.167534 24.705942 +0.161826

    31/2 1 17.542024 +0.263833 20.413362 +0.216981


    2 22.703832 -0.195187 24.790191 -0.181040
    11/2 1 6.959746 +0.363557 9.234274 to.289946
    32 14'630406
    11 129856 -0 255385 12.909478 -0.232895
    +0'216349 16.315912 +0.203344 33/2 1 18.584071 +0.258658 21.501477 -0.213000
    : 21'256291
    17'977886 +0'175987
    -0'192692 19.623229 -Oil83714 2 23.823614 -0.191783
    22.879980 +0.169229
    6 241496327 -0:163244
    3512 1 19.624460 to.253871 22.586374 to.209303
    2 24.939214 -0.188612

    13/2 1 8.040535 +0.345649 10.391621 -0.277420 37/2 1 20.663347 to.249423 23.668335 -0.205855
    2 12.335631 -0.245384 14.151399 +0.224513
    3 15.901023 +0.209127 17.610124 -0.197009
    20.954335 +0.178651
    54 22:602185
    19 291967 ;:::%;: 24.238863 -0.165043 39/2 1 21.700865 to.245275 24.747606 to.202629
    -Values to greater accuracy and over a wider range are given in [10.31].
    From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functiomqvols. I, II. Columbia Univ.
    Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 469
    MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS--ORDERS 0, 1 AND 2 Table 10.8

    x io (2) il(X) iz(x) ko(4 kl(4 kz(4


    0":: 1.00166
    1.00000 750
    000 0.00000 000 0.00000 0000
    0.03336 668 0.00066 7143 14.2&5 293 156.30044682 4704.:536
    00.: 1.01506
    1.00668 764
    001 0.06693 370 0.00267 4294 6.43029 630 38.58177 78 585.15696
    0.10090 290 0.00603 8668 3.87891 513 16.80863 22 171.96524
    0:4 1.02688 081 0.13547 889 0.01078 9114 2.63234 067 9.21319 233 71.731283
    0.5 1.04219 061 0.17087 071 0.01696 6360 1.90547 226 5.71641 679 36.203973
    0.6 1.06108 930 0.20729 319 0.02462 3348 1.43678 550 3.83142 801 20.593926
    0.24496 858 0.03382 5678 1.11433 482 2.70624 170 12.712514
    oo*; 1.11013
    1.08369 100
    248 0.28412 808 0.04465 2156 0.88225 536 1.98507 456 8.32628 49
    0:9 1.14057 414 0.32501 361 0.05719 5452 0.70959 792 1.49804 005 5.70306 48
    ::1" 1.17520 497
    1.21422 119 0.36787 944 0.07156 2871 0.57786 367 1.15572 735 4.04504 57
    0.41299 416 0.08787 7251 0.47533 880 0.90746 4974 2.95024 33
    0.46064 259 0.10627 7995 0.39426 230 0.72281 4219 2.20129 78
    :*; 1.25788 446
    1.30644 803 0.51112 785 0.12692 2227 0.32930 149 0.58261 0332 1.67378 69
    1:4 1.36021 536 0.56477 365 0.14998 6112 0.27668 115 0.47431 0537 1.29306 09
    ::6' 1.41951 997
    1.48472 964 0.62192 665 0.17566 6332 0.23366 136 0.38943 5596 1.01253 25
    0.68295 906 0.20418 1728 0.19821 144 0.32209 3595 0.80213 693
    0.74827 140 0.23577 5138 0.16879 918 0.26809 2818 0.64190 415
    i-s7 1.63454
    1.55625 408
    127 0.81829 550 0.27071 5433 0.14425 049 0.22438 9655 0.51823 325
    1:9 1.72008 574 0.89349 778 0.30929 9770 0.12365 360 0.18873 4440 0.42165 535
    2.0 1.81343 020 0.97438 274 0.35185 6089 0.10629 208 0.15943 8124 0.34544 927
    1.06149 681 0.39874 5868 0.09159 719 0.13521 4906 0.28476 135
    ;:: 2.02595 988
    1.91516 690 1.15543 247 0.45036 7165 0.07911 327 0.11507 3847 0.23603 215
    1.25683 283 0.50715 7959 0.06847 227 0.09824 2824 0.19661 508
    f:i 2.27759 513
    2.14650 551 1.36639 653 0.56959 9849 0.05937 476 0.08411 4246 0.16451 757
    2.5 2.42008 179 1.48488 308 0.63822 2102 0.05157 553 0.07220 5736 0.13822 241
    1161311877 0.71360 6125 0.04487 256 0.06213 1241 0.11656 246
    ;:; 2.74306 701
    2:57489 041 1.75200 304 0.79639 0365 0.03909 858 0.05357 9539 0.09863 140
    1.90251 546 0.88727 5704 0.03411 437 0.04629 8067 0.08371 944
    ;:; 3.12398 513
    2.92568 658 2.06572 335 0.98703 1387 0.02980 354 0.04008 0625 0.07126 626
    3.0 3.33929 164 2.24279 012 1.09650 152 0.02606 845 0.03475 7931 0.06082 638
    3.57304 872 2.43498 437 1.21661 224 0.02282 681 0.03019 0302 0.05204 323
    33:: 3.82683 875 2.64368 983 1.34837 954 0.02000 910 0.02626 1944 0.04462 967
    4.10238 723 2.87041 631 1.49291 787 0.01755 635 0.02287 6452 0.03835 312
    2: 4.40157 747 3.11681 153 1.65144 965 0.01541 841 0.01995 3243 0.03302 422
    3.5 4.72646 494 3.38467 421 1.82531 562 0.01355 255 0.01742 4712 0.02848 802
    316 5;0792'iJ316 3.67596 831 2.01598 623 0.01192 222 0.01523 3952 0.02461 718
    5.46251 092 3.99283 865 2.22507 418 0.01049 611 0.01333 2903 0.02130 658
    4.33762 799 2i45434 813 0.00924 735 0.01168 0862 0.01846 908
    3:9
    z-i 6.33105
    5.87879 128
    220 4.71289 572 2.70574 780 0.00815 280 0.01024 3262 0.01603 223
    4.0 6.82247 930 5.12143 838 2.98140 051 0.00719 253 0.00899 0668 0.01393 554
    iI21 7.93706 374
    7.35655 060 5.56631 208 3.28363 932 0.00634 934 0.00789 7961 0.01212 834
    6.05085 704 3.61502 300 0.00560 833 0.00694 3650 0.01056 808
    6.57872 451 3.97835 791 0.00495 661 0.00610 9316 0.00921 893
    Ei 8.56816
    9.25438 571
    538 7.15390 628 4.37672 200 0.00438 300 0.00537 9136 0.00805 059
    4.5 10.00066 914 7.78076 689 4.81349 122 0.00387 777 0.00473 9498 0.00703 744
    4.6 10.81241 998 8.46407 908 5.29236 840 0.00343 248 0.00417 8666 OiOO615769
    4.7 '11.69554 012 9.20906 250 5.81741 513 0.00303 975 0.00368 6506 0.00539 284
    4.8 12.65647 789 10.02142 620 6.39308 652 0.00269 318 0.00325 4257 0.00472 709
    4.9 13.70227 889 10.90741 515 7.02426 961 0.00238 716 0.00287 4331 0.00414 695
    5.0 14.84064 212 11.87386 128 7.71632 535 0.00211 679 0.00254 0146 0.00364 088
    c(-$11 ['-;"I
    I_
    [‘-;‘“I
    ,-
    in(x)= d f ,/XI
    *+p kn(x) = j/1 r/xK,,+,(x)
    470 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.9 MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 9 AND 10

    X 1o%-%g (z) lolOz-‘Oi,o(x) 10-‘x’Okg(z) 10-9x”~,&)


    1.52734 93 0.72730 92 5.41287 38 1.02844 60
    ::1” 1.52771 30 0.72746 73 5.41128 21 1.02817 54
    1.52880 46 0.72794 19 5.40650 99 1.02736 41
    E 1.53062 54 0.72873 35 5.39856 70 1.02601 35
    0:4 1.53317 79 0.72984 30 5.38746 92 1.02412 59
    1.53646 54 0.73127 18 5.37323 85 1.02170 47
    i:: 1.54049 23 0.73302 17 5.35590 33 1.01875 42
    1.54526 36 0.73509 47 5.33549 79 1.01527 95
    i-l 1.55078 57 0.73749 33 5.31206 23 1.01128 67
    0: 9 1.55706 60 0.74022 04 5.28564 31 1.00678 27
    1.56411 27 0.74327 93 5.25629 13 1.00177 53
    ::1" 1.57193 49 0.74667 38 5.22406 45 0.99627 31
    1.58054 32 0.75040 79 5.18902 48 0.99028 56
    :*: 1.58994 87 0.75448 62 5.15123 93 0.98382 30
    1:4 1.60016 42 0.75891 37 5.11078 01 0.97689 61
    1.61120 30 0.76369 58 5.06772 38 0.96951 68
    ::i 1.62308 02 0.76883 83 5.02215 07 0.96169 72
    1.63581 13 0.77434 76 4.97414 57 0.95345 03
    :*i 1.64941 38 0.78023 05 4.92379 68 0.94478 97
    1:9 1.66390 60 0.78649 43 4.87119 57 0.93572 94
    2. 0 1.67930 73 0.79314 68 4.81643 66 0.92628 41
    2.1 1.69563 90 0.80019 63 4.75961 72 0.91646 88
    1.71292 33 0.80765 17 4.70083 65 0.90629 89
    ;-: 1.73118 39 0.81552 21 4.64019 67 0.89579 04
    2:4 1.75044 59 0.82381 79 4.57780 09 0.88495 95
    1.77073 63 0.83254 94 4.51375 41 0.87382 25
    z-2 1.79208 32 0.84172 78 4.44816 23 0.86239 63
    2:7 1.81451 64 0.85136 49 4.38113 22 0.85069 78
    2.8 1.83806 76 0.86147 30 4.31277 10 0.83874 39
    2.9 1.86277 03 0.87206 54 4.24318 63 0.82655 20
    1.88865 96 0.88315 57 4.17248 53 0.81413 92
    $4 1.91577 24 0.89475 86 4.10077 50 0.80152 28
    . 1.94414 79 0.90688 95 4.02816 19 0.78872 01
    1.97382 74 0.91956 42 3.95475 12 0.77574 83
    ::: 2.00485 39 0.93279 97 3.88064 76 0.76262 45
    3.5 2.03727 33 0.94661 40 3.80595 33 0.74936 56
    2.07113 33 0.96102 55 3.73076 99 0.73598 84
    :*; 2.10648 43 0.97605 38 3.65519 70 0.72250 95
    3: 8 2.14337 94 0.99171 97 3.57933 16 0.70894 53
    3.9 2.18187 40 1.00804 44 3.50326 88 0.69531 19
    4. 0 2.22202 68 1.02505 08 3.42710 13 0.68162 50
    4.1 2.26389 90 1.04276 26 3.35091 95 0.66790 02
    2.30755 54 1.06120 45 3.27481 07 0.65415 25
    i.23 2.35306 35 1.08040 28 3.19885 96 0.64039 66
    4:4 2.40049 43 1.10038 47 3.12314 76 0.62664 70
    4. 5 2.44992 27 1.12117 91 3.04775 39 0.61291 75
    2.50142 71 1.14281 58 2.97275 34 0.59922 16
    44'76 2.55508 99 1.16532 63 2.89821 88 0.58557 24
    4: 8 2.61099 74 1.18874 39 2.82421 90 0.57198 25
    4.9 2.66924 03 1.21310 29 2.75081 98 0.55846 39
    5. 0 2.72991 40 1.23843 97 2.67808 38 0.54502 82

    [
    (-;)3
    I c 1
    (-;)4
    [(-y 1
    in(x)= d ; ,/XIn+*(x)
    Compiled from C. W. Jones, A short table for the Bessel functions Zn++(z), (~/T)K~+P),
    Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952 (with permission).
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 471
    MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 9 AND 10 Table 10.9

    II(-4
    -4 1.56545
    1.43285
    1.30831
    1.19157
    1.08240

    II(-4
    -4 2.35684
    1.85569
    1.70632
    2.18075
    2.01376

    (-3)1.55045 (-4)6.25963 (1)1.48772 (1)3.50537


    472 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.9
    MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS 9 AND 10
    1
    fQ@) flO(@ gQ @> glow
    o.;io 1.10630 573 1.21411 149 0.65502 364 0.56777 303
    0.095 1.08238 951 1.17260 877 0.68557 030 0.60351 931
    0.090 1.06167 683 1.13650 462 0.71563 676 0.63926 956
    0.085 1.04394 741 1.10534 464 0.74502 124 0.67473 612
    0.080 1.02899 406 1.07872 041 0.77352 114 0.70961 813
    0.075 1.01661 895 1.05626 085 0.80093 667 0.74360 745 13
    0.070 1.00662 998 1.03762 412 0.82707 483 0.77639 538
    0.065 0.99883 728 1.02248 982 0.85175 354 0.80768 018
    0.060 0.99304 985 1.01055 159 0.87480 587 0.83717 510
    0.055 0.98907 251 1.00151 009 0.89608 425 0.86461 675
    0.050 0.98670 320 0.99506 643 0.91546 455 0.88977 340
    0.045 0.98573 080 0.99091 634 0.93284 978 0.91245 301
    0.040 0.98593 357 0.98874 519 0.94817 344 0.93251 041
    0.035 0.98707 842 0.98822 421 0.96140 216 0.94985 358
    0.030 0.98892 100 0.98900 824 0.97253 769 0.96444 830
    0.025 0.99120 680 0.99073 519 0.98161 804 0.97632 121
    0.020
    0.015
    0.99367
    0.99605
    323
    259
    0.99302
    0.99549
    746
    538
    0.98871
    0.99394
    764
    654
    0.98556
    0.99231
    077
    623
    s”o”
    0.010
    0.005
    0.99807
    0.99947
    595
    760
    0.99774
    0.99937
    259
    316
    0.99744
    0.99939
    863
    894
    0.99679
    0.99925
    434
    415
    1El
    200
    0.000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 Co

    [ (-;I4
    1 [
    C-$3
    I c 1
    'y3

    &%119(x) =fQ(x)ez-4k-1
    -5

    @z121(x) =flo(x)e+55~-1
    Y

    @&&9(x) = gQ(x)e-z+452-1
    -5

    <x> = nearest integer to 5.


    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 473
    Table 10.10
    MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

    I- 43
    7I 3.58484
    6
    5 8.59805 8301
    7.09794
    8.24936
    5.40595 3854
    9394
    4523
    2086 I- 23I 2.56465
    1 5.33186 8690
    7.83315
    2.14704
    7.45140 3294
    9422
    4364
    1251

    II II
    (- 3j1.20941 3702

    - 46
    5 2.52325
    8.74937 7454
    1.46862
    4.87152 7470
    7330
    8858

    tI
    - 10
    12
    11
    9 8.12182
    8 2.82275 9483
    5.57826
    4.11114
    7.01394 9636
    2138
    8275
    3211

    - 18
    24 1.60182
    21
    22
    19 3.16500 2725
    4.57312
    5.29060
    1.23512 3796
    2995
    7153
    0086

    I-I
    - 26
    61 7.71514
    81
    43 3.65054 7565
    1.55685
    5.65589 5122
    5412
    8686
    II
    - 20
    66 8.37672
    34
    49 6.21921 8478
    1.74298
    4.17042 9214
    6176
    4440
    1I - 12
    33 9.70826
    22
    46 1.63577 9664
    3.64245
    6.36889 1994
    3001
    6441

    (-190)7.48149 1755 (-160)9.55425 1030 (-120)6.26113 6933

    II
    (
    x=10
    3)1.10132 3287
    2 9.91190
    3.91520 9985
    5.89207
    8.03965 9633
    4237
    9640
    I 19I 4.23682
    x=50

    5.18470 4844
    5.08101
    4.59302
    4.87984 1073
    6934
    1418
    5529

    5
    7

    :10
    II
    40 1.15601
    41 8.55360 0470
    9.36222
    1.01451
    1.08840 6574
    3425
    8456
    0111

    12
    13
    14

    II II
    - 2
    3 2.23450
    4 4.23421
    1.66914
    1.02488 9437
    6.26543 6979
    3574
    7720
    8379
    II 18 3.40719
    1.17158
    1.70426
    2.43274 1747
    4.68149 8938
    7856
    6870
    3423

    20
    30
    5400
    -125 2.37154
    -31
    --21 2.81471
    5.88991 3577
    1.22928 6154
    5830
    4325
    II +17
    12
    15
    9 2.00489
    7.90430
    5.67659 4104
    7.34905 8633
    3929
    8082
    (40)1.64074 7551

    100 (-90)9.54463 8661 (-17)2.34189 3740 (20) 3.73598 8741


    474 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.10

    MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS ORDERS

    II
    - 1
    x=1

    i02 5.77863
    4.04504 6749
    1.53711
    2.13809
    1.15572 7350
    5724
    7375
    5597
    ’
    I-
    x=2
    111.06292 0829
    x=5

    Ii - 3i 2.11678
    2.54014
    6.18102 a479
    3.64087 6184
    2359
    6175
    (- 211.22943 0749
    3I 1.40478 6594
    4 1.56063 6427
    5 2.04287 5221
    6 3.07991 9195
    7 5.25629 1384

    II II
    1 1.11621 7817
    ::: 1 4.96235 0604
    12 2 2.39430 3059
    3 1.24677 5036
    :i 14
    13
    11
    10
    9 1.00177
    1.21727
    4.86068
    2.10898
    3.29151 4384
    9443
    1836
    5282
    5179 9 4.79605
    a
    7
    6
    5 4.52287
    9.50401 1652
    6.99881
    5.56068 2999
    9354
    0749
    7078 I 3I 6.97201 5499

    I
    15I 9.55756 6814 4 4.16844 6493

    20
    30
    17 2.96613
    la 9.79781
    20 3.43219
    22 1.27089
    7227
    0417
    9783
    3701
    23)4.95991 7633
    12
    16I 2.15637
    14
    13
    11 6.27234 9105
    1.16395
    3.57187
    1.38508
    ( 17)2.27598 6819
    6139
    7368
    6330
    0704 I 5 2.65415
    6 1.79342
    7 1.28194
    7I 9.66570
    8)7.66744 6235
    18)7.97979 3303
    6981
    a072
    1220
    7838

    40
    50
    100 ( a7)1.04451 3645 (156)4.08894 4237 (116)2.49323 8041

    x=10 x=50
    -6 7.13140 4291
    -6 7.84454 4720
    -6 9.48476 7707
    -5 1.25869 2857
    I-5 I 1.82956 1771 I -24 I 6.05934
    6.18053
    6.82355
    7.38547 6353
    6.43017 1115
    5506
    8350
    3280
    -46 6.78387 0523

    9.90762 2914
    II -46
    -46
    -46
    -46
    -45
    7.20097
    7.71999
    a.35897
    9.14102
    1.00957
    0973
    6750
    0485
    1732
    6461
    ::
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    2.50109
    6.74327
    1.93592
    5.90133
    1.90497
    6.49556
    2290
    4558
    7868
    2701
    9270
    9007
    3.63628 4300
    II -45
    -45
    -45
    -45
    1.12611
    1.26858
    1.44325
    1.65826
    3230
    2504
    8856
    2396

    2.33403 5699
    :; a.81868 1848
    19 3.49631 5854
    t-22)3.67748 3017 (-45)4.68935 4218
    fi
    it
    100 (a5)8.14750 7624 (+12)5.97531 1344 (-25)1.48279 6529
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 475
    AIRY FUNCTIONS Table 10.11
    x Ai Ai’ Bi(x) Bi’(x) IX Ai Ai’ Bi(x) Bi’ (x)
    0.00 0.35502 805 -0.25881 940 0.61492 663 0.44828 836 0.50 0.23169 361 -0.22491 053 0.85427 704 0.54457 256
    0.01 0.35243 992 -0.25880 174 0.61940 962 0.44831 926 0.51 0.22945 031 -0.22374 617 0.85974 431 0.54890 049
    0.02 0.34985 214 -0.25874 909 0.62389 322 0.44841 254 0.52 0.22721 872 -0.22257 027 0.86525 543 0.55334 239
    0.03 0.34726 505 -0.25866 197 0.62837 808 0.44856 911 0.53 0.22499 894 -0.22138 322 0.87081 154 0.55789 959
    0.04 0.34467 901 -0.25854 090 0.63286 482 0.44878 987 0.54 0.22279 109 -0.22018 541 0.87641 381 0.56257 345
    0.05 0.34209 435 -0.25838 640 0.63735 409 0.44907 570 0.55 0.22059 527 -0.21897 720 0.88206 341 0.56736 532
    0.06 0.33951 139 -0.25819 898 0.64184 655 0.44942 752 0.56 0.21841 158 -0.21775 898 0.88776 152 0.57227 662
    0.07 0.33693 047 -0.25797 916 0.64634 286 0.44984 622 0.57 0.21624 012 -0.21653 112 0.89350 934 0.57730 873
    0.08 0.33435 191 -0.25772 745 0.65084 370 0.45033 270 0.58 0.21408 099 -0.21529 397 0.89930 810 0.58246 311
    0.09 0.33177 603 -0.25744 437 0.65534 975 0.45088 787 0.59 0.21193 427 -0.21404 790 0.90515 902 0.58774 120
    0.10 0.32920 313 -0.25713 042 0.65986 169 0.45151 263 0.60 0.20980 006 -0.21279 326 0.91106 334 0.59314 448
    0.11 0.32663 352 -0.25678 613 0.66438 023 0.45220 789 0.61 0.20767 844 -0.21153 041 0.91702 233 0.59867 447
    0.12 0.32406 751 -0.25641 200 0.66890 609 0.45297 457 0.62 0.20556 948 -0.21025 970 0.92303 726 0.60433 267
    0.13 0.32150 538 -0.25600 854 0.67343 997 0.45381 357 0.63 0.20347 327 -0.20898 146 0.92910 941 0.61012 064
    0.14 0.31894 743 -0.25557 625 0.67798 260 0.45472 582 0.64 0.20138 987 -0.20769 605 0.93524 011 0.61603 997
    0.15 0.31639 395 -0.25511 565 0.68253 473 0.45571 223 0.65 0.19931 937 -0.20640 378 0.94143 066 0.62209 226
    0.16 0.31384 521 -0.25462 724 0.68709 709 0.45677 373 0.66 0.19726 182 -0.20510 500 0.94768 241 0.62827 912
    0.17 0.31130 150 -0.25411 151 0.69167 046 0.45791 125 0.67 0.19521 729 -0.20380 004 0.95399 670 0.63460 222
    0.18 0.30876 307 -0.25356 898 0.69625 558 0.45912 572 0.68 0.19318 584 -0.20248 920 0.96037 491 0.64106 324
    0.19 0.30623 020 -0.25300 013 0.70085 323 0.46041 808 0.69 0.19116 752 -0.20117 281 0.96681 843 0.64766 389
    0.20 0.30370 315 -0.25240 547 0.70546 420 0.46178 928 0.70 0.18916 240 -0.19985 119 0.97332 866 0.65440 592
    0.21 0.30118 218 -0.25178 548 0.71008 928 0.46324 026 0.71 0.18717 052 -0.19852 464 0.97990 703 0.66129 109
    0.22 0.29866 753 -0.25114 067 0.71472 927 0.46477 197 0.72 0.18519 192 -0.19719 347 0.98655 496 0.66832 121
    0.23 0.29615 945 -0.25047 151 0.71938 499 0.46638 539 0.73 0.18322 666 -0.19585 798 0.99327 394 0.67549 810
    0.24 0.29365 818 -0.24977 850 0.72405 726 0.46808 147 0.74 0.18127 478 -0.19451 846 1.00006 542 0.68282 363
    0.25 0.29116 395 -0.24906 211 0.72874 690 0.46986 119 0.75 0.17933 631 -0.19317 521 1.00693 091 0.69029 970
    0.26 0.28867 701 -0.24832 284 0.73345 477 0.47172 554 0.76 0.17741 128 -0.19182 851 1.01387 192 0.69792 824
    0.27 0.28619 757 -0.24756 115 0.73818 170 0.47367 549 0.77 0.17549 975 -0.19047 865 1.02088 999 0.70571 121
    3.28 0.28372 586 -0.24677 753 0.74292 857 0.47571 205 0.78 0.17360 172 -0.18912 591 1.02798 667 0.71365 062
    0.29 0.28126 209 -0.24597 244 0.74769 624 0.47783 623 0.79 0.17171 724 -0.18777 055 1.03516 353 0.72174 849
    0.30 0.27880 648 -0.24514 636 0.75248 559 0.48004 903 0.80 -0.16984 632 -0.18641 286 1.04242 217 0.73000 690
    0.31 0.27635 923 -0.24429 976 0.75729 752 0.48235 148 0.81 0.16798 899 -0.18505 310 1.04976 421 0.73842 795
    0.32 0.27392 055 -0.24343 309 0.76213 292 0.48474 462 0.82 0.16614 526 -0.18369 153 1.05719 128 0.74701 380
    0.33 0.27149 064 -0.24254 682 0.76699 272 0.48722 948 0.83 0.16431 516 -0.18232 840 1.06470 504 0.75576 663
    0.34 0.26906 968 -0.24164 140 0.77187 782 0.48980 713 0.84 0.16249 870 -0.18096 398 1.07230 717 0.76468 865
    0.35 0.26665 787 -0.24071 730 0.77678 917 0.49247 861 0.85 0.16069 588 -0.17959 851 1.07999 939 0.77378 215
    0.36 0.26425 540 -0.23977 495 0.78172 770 0.49524 501 0.86 0.15890 673 -0.17823 223 1.08778 340 0.78304 942
    0.37 0.26186 243 -0.23881 481 0.78669 439 0.49810 741 0.87 0.15713 124 -0.17686 539 1.09566 096 0.79249 282
    0.38 0.25947 916 -0.23783 731 0.79169 018 0.50106 692 0.88 0.15536 942 -0.17549 823 1.10363 385 0.80211 473
    0.39 0.25710 574 -0.23684 291 0.79671 605 0.50412 463 0.89 0.15362 128 -0.17413 097 1.11170 386 0.81191 759

    0.40 0.25474 235 -0.23583 203 0.80177 300 0.50728 168 0.90 0.15188 680 -0.17276 384 1.11987 281 0.82190 389
    0.41 0.25238 916 -0.23480 512 0.80686 202 0.51053 920 0.91 0.15016 600 -0.17139 708 1.12814 255 0.83207 615
    0.42 0.25004 630 -0.23376 259 0.81198 412 0.51389 833 0.92 0.14845 886 -0.17003 090 1.13651 496 0.84243 695
    0.43 0.24771 395 -0.23270 487 0.81714 033 0.51736 025 0.93 0.14676 538 -0.16866 551 1.14499 193 0.85298 891
    0.44 0.24539 226 -0.23163 239 0.82233 167 0.52092 614 0.94 0.14508 555 -0.16730 113 1.15357 539 0.86373 470

    0.45 0.24308 135 -0.23054 556 0.82755 920 0.52459 717 0.95 0.14341 935 -0.16593 797 1.16226 728 0.87467 704
    0.46 0.24078 139 -0.22944 479 0.83282 397 0.52837 457 0.96 0.14176 678 -0.16457 623 1.17106 959 0.88581 871
    0.47 0.23849 250 -0.22833 050 0.83812 705 0.53225 956 0.97 0.14012 782 -0.16321 611 1.17998 433 0.89716 253
    0.48 0.23621 482 -0.22720 310 0.84346 952 0.53625 338 0.98 0.13850 245 -0.16185 781 1.18901 352 0.90871 137
    0.49 0.23394 848 -0.22606 297 0.84885 248 0.54035 729 0.99 0.13689 066 -0.16050 153 1.19815 925 0.92046 818

    0.50 0.23169 361 -0.22491 053 0.85427 704 0.54457 256 1.00 0.13529 242 -0.15914 744 1.20742 359 0.93243 593
    [‘-y] [‘-f)4] [‘-;‘“I [c-y] [‘y72] [‘-pl] [‘-y-j [‘a’“]

    AIRY FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR LARGE POSITIVE ARGUMENTS


    r-1 x R-r) f(r) d-0 g(r) I-1 x j--r) f(r) d-4 gw
    :*: 1.047069
    1.000000 0.527027
    0.528783 0.620335
    0.619912 0.619954
    0.617156 0.478728
    0.479925 0.45
    0.50 2.231443
    2.080084 0.549584
    0.548230 0.589451
    0.593015 0.585235
    0.587245 0.530678
    0.526011
    1:3 1.100099 0.530601 0.620327 0.614275 0.481658 0.40 2.413723 0.550980 0.585855 0.583174 0.535345
    ::: 1.160397
    1.229700 0.534448
    0.532488 0.619799
    0.618649 9.608239
    0.611305 ;.;;;1";;
    . 0.35
    0.30 2.638450
    2.924018 0.552421
    0.553912 0.578985
    0.582330 0.581056
    0.578878 0.544235
    0.539902

    1.0 1.310371 0.536489 0.616764 0.605068 ;.;;;qO;: 0.25 3.301927 0.555456 0.575908 0.576635 0.548255
    0.9 1.405721 0.538618 0.614022 0.601782 0.20 3.831547 0.557058 0.573135 0.574320 0.551930
    1.520550 0.540844 0.610309 0.598372 0:501859 0.15 4.641589 0.558724 0.570636 0.571927 0.555296
    0.10 6.082202 0.560462 0.568343 0.569448 0.558428
    0:6
    E 1.662119
    1.842016 0.545636
    0.543180 0.599723
    0.605543 0.594823
    0.591120 ;.:1";;;;
    . 0.05 9.654894 0.562280 0.566204 0.566873 0.561382

    Om5[(-i)7]
    2.080084 [(-45)2]
    0.548230 [(-911
    0.593015 [(-45)2]
    0.587245 F;‘j
    . 0*0°

    Ai( f x -i e-rf( -0 Bi(x)=x-’ erf(r) Ai’(.-ix’ e-fg(-r) Bi’(.z)=x’erg(r) ”

    From J. C. P. Miller, The Airy integral, British Assoc. Adv. Sci. Mathematical
    Tables, Part-vol. B. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1946 (with
    permission).
    476 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.11 AIRY FUNCTIONS


    x Ai( - x) Ai ‘c-x) Bi( -x) Bi’(-x) x Ai( -x) Ai’( -x) Bit-xl Bi’(-x)
    0.00 0.355‘02 iO5 -0.258il 940 0.61492 bb3 0.44828 836 0.50 0.47572 809 -0.20408 lb7 0.38035 2kb 0.505i3 3il
    0.01 0.35761 b19 -0.25880 157 0.61044 364 0.44831 896 0.51 0.47775 692 -0.20167 409 0.37528 379 0.50784 166
    0.02 0.36020 397 -0.25874 771 0.60596 005 0.44841 015 0.52 0.47976 138 -0.19920 846 0.37019 579 0.50976 123
    0;03 0;36279 102 -0.25865 731 0.60147 524 0.44856 104 0.53 0;48174 089 -Oil9668 449 0.36508 853 0.51169 132
    0.04 0.36537 b99 -0.25852 986 0.59698 863 0.44877 074 0.54 0.48369 487 -0.19410 192 0.35996 193 Oi51363 OiO
    0.05 0.36796 149 -0.25836 484 0.59249 963 0.44903 833 0.55 0.48562 274 -0.19146 050 0.35481 589 0.51557 853
    0.06 0.37054 416 -0.25816 173 0.58800 767 0.44936 293 0.56 0.48752 389 -0.18875 999 0.34965 033 0.51753 339
    0;07 0;37312 460 -0.25792 001 0.58351 218 0.44974 364 0.57 0.48939 774 -0.18600 016 0.34446 520 0.51949 424
    0.08 0.37570 243 -0.25763 918 0.57901 261 0.45017 955 0.58 0.49124 369 -0.18318 078 0.33926 043 0.52145 991
    0.09 0.37827 725 -0.25731 872 0.57450 841 0.45066 976 0.59 0.49306 115 -0.18030 lb6 0.33403 599 0.52342 927

    0.10 0.38084 867 -0.25695 811 0.56999 904 0.45121 336 0.60 0.49484 953 -0.17736 260 0.32879 184 0.52540 115
    0.11 0.38341 628 -0.25655 685 0.56548 397 0.45180 945 0.61 0.49660 821 -0.17436 341 0.32352 796 0.52737 438
    Oil2 0;38597 961 -0;25611 443 0.56096 268 0.45245 712 0.62 0.49833 b59 -0.17130 392 0.31824 435 0.52934 780
    0.13 0.38853 843 -0.25563 033 0.55643 466 0.45315 546 0.63 0.50003 408 -0.16818 399 0.31294 101 0.53132 022
    0.14 0.39109 213 -0.25510 406 0.55189 940 0.45390 355 0.64 0.50170 007 -0.16500 345 0.30761 795 0.53329 046

    0.15 0.39364 037 -0.25453 511 0.54735 642 0.45470 047 0.65 0.50333 395 -0.16176 218 0.30227 521 0.53525 733
    O.lb 0.39618 269 -0;25392 297 0.54280 523 0.45554 530 0.66 0.50493 511 -0.15846 007 0.29691 282 0.53721 964
    0.17 0.39871 868 -0.25326 716 0.53824 536 0.45643 713 0.67 0.50650 295 -0.15509 701 0.29153 084 0.53917 618
    0.18 0.40124 789 -0.25256 716 0.53367 b34 0.45737 503 0.68 0.50803 685 -0.15167 290 0.28612 932 0.54112 575
    0.19 0.40376 987 -0.25182 250 0.52909 771 0.45835 806 0.69 0.50953 620 -0.14818 768 0.28070 835 0.54306 714
    0.20 0.40628 419 -0.25103 267 0.52450 903 0.45938 529 0.70 0.51100 040 -0.14464 129 0.27526 801 0.54499 912
    0.21 0.40879 038 -0.25019 720 0.51990 986 0.46045 578 0.71 0.51242 882 -0.14103 366 0.26980 840 0.54692 048
    0.22 0.41128 798 -0.24931 559 0.51529 977 0.46156 860 0.72 0.51382 087 -0.13736 479 0.26432 964 0.54883 000
    0.23 0.41377 653 -0.24838 737 0.51067 835 0.46272 279 0.73 0.51517 591 -0.13363 464 0.25883 185 0.55072 642
    0.24 0.41625 557 -0.24741 206 0.50604 518 0.46391 740 0.74 0.51649 336 -0.12984 322 0.25331 516 0.55260 852

    0.25 0.41872 461 -0.24638 919 0.50139 987 0.46515 148 0.75 0.51777 258 -0.12599 055 0.24777 973 0.55447 506
    0.26 0.42118 319 -0.24531 828 0.49674 203 0.46642 408 0.76 0.51901 296 -0.12207 665 0.24222 571 0.55632 480
    0.27 0.42363 082 -0.24419 888 0.49207 127 0.46773 423 0.77 0.52021 390 -0.11810 157 0.23665 329 0.55815 647
    0.28 0.42606 701 -0.24303 053 0.48738 722 0.46908 095 0.78 0.52137 479 -0.11406 538 0.2310b 265 0.55996 884
    0.29 0.42849 126 -0.24181 276 0.48268 953 0.47046 327 0.79 0.52249 501 -0.10996 815 0.22545 398 0.56176 063

    0.30 0.43090 310 -0.24054 513 0.47797 784 0.47188 022 0.80 0.52357 395 -0.10580 999 0.21982 751 0.56353 059
    0.31 0.43330 200 -0.23922 719 0.47325 181 0.47333 081 0.81 0.52461 101 -0.10159 101 0.21418 345 0.56527 745
    0.32 0.43568 747 -0.23785 851 0.46851 112 0.47481 405 0.82 0.52560 557 -0.09731 134 0.20852 204 0.56699 994
    0.33 0.43805 900 -0.23643 865 0.46375 543 0.47632 895 0.83 0.52655 703 -0.09297 U3 0.20284 354 0.56869 679
    0.34 0.44041 607 -0.23496 718 0.45898 443 0.47787 450 0.84 0.52746 479 -0.08857 055 0.19714 820 0.57036 671

    0.35 0.44275 817 -0.23344 368 0.45419 784 0.47944 970 0.85 0.52832 824 -0.08410 979 0.19143 630 0.57200 845
    0.36 0.44508 477 -0.23186 773 0.44939 534 0.48105 354 0.86 0.52914 678 -0.07958 904 0.18570 813 0.57362 071
    0.37 0.44739 535 -0.23023 893 0.44457 667 0.48268 500 0.87 0.52991 982 -0.07500 854 0.17996 399 0.57520 720
    0;38 0;44968 937 -0;22855 687 0.43974 156 0.48434 307 0;88 0.53064 676 -0.07036 852 0.17420 419 0.57675 lb5
    0.39 0.45196 631 -0.22682 llb 0.43488 973 0.48602 670 0.89 0.53132 700 -0.06566 925 0.16842 906 0.57826 777

    0.40 0.45422 561 -0.22503 141 0.43002 094 0.48773 486 0.90 0.53195 995 -0.06091 100 0.16263 895 0.57974 926
    0.41 0.45646 675 -0.22318 723 0.42513 495 0.48946 652 0.91 0.53254 502 -0.05609 407 0.15683 420 0.58119 484
    0.42 0.45868 918 -0.22128 826 0.42023 153 0.49122 062 0.92 0.53308 163 -0.05121 879 0.15101 518 0.5R7hn 171
    0.43 i46089 233 -0;21933 412 0.41531 047 0;49299 611 0.93 0.53356 920 -0.04628 549 0.14518 226 0.58397 309
    0.44 0.46307 567 -0.21732 447 0.41037 154 0.49479 193 0.94 0.53400 715 -0.04129 452 0.13933 585 0.58530 317
    0.45 0.46523 864 -0.21525 894 0.40541 457 0.49660 702 0.95 0.53439 490 -0.03624 628 0.13347 634 0.58659 217
    0.46 0.46738 066 -0.21313 721 0.40043 934 0.49844 031 0.96 0.53473 189 -0.03114 116 0.12760 415 0.58783 879
    0.47 0.46950 119 -0.21095 893 0.39544 570 0.50029 070 0.97 0.53501 754 -0.02597 957 0.12171 971 0.5R904 174
    0;48 0;47159 965 -0;20872 379 0;39043 348 0.50215 713 i;ii 0.53525 129 -0.02076 197 0.11582 346 0.59019 973
    0.49 0.47367 548 -0.20643 147 0.38540 251 0.50403 850 0.99 0.53543 259 -0.01548 880 0.10991 587 0.59131 145
    0.50 0.47572 809 -0.20408 lb7 0.38035 266 0.50593 371 1.00 0.53556 088 -0.01016 057 0.10399 739 0.59237 563
    [ C-f’31 [t-j”] [ C-j)7 [t-i’“] [C-:)7] [‘-j’“] [C-t’“] [C-j+]
    BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 477
    AIRY FUNCTIONS Table 10.11
    x Ai Ai’( -x) Bi( -x) Bi’(-x) x Ai( -x) Ai’( -n) Bi( -x) Bi’( -x)
    1.0 0.53556 088 -0.01016 057 +0.10399 739 0.59237 563 5.5 +0.01778 154 0.86419 722 -0.36781 345 +0.02511 158
    1.1 0.53381 051 +0.04602 915 +0.04432 659 0.60011 970 5.6 -0.06833 070 0.85003 256 -0.36017 223 -0.17783 760
    1.2 0.52619 437 0.10703 157 -0.01582 137 0.60171 016 5.7 -0.15062 016 0.78781 722 -0.33245 825 -0.37440 903
    1.3 0.51227 201 0.17199 181 -0.07576 964 0.59592 975 5.8 -0.22435 192 0.67943 152 -0.28589 021 -0.55300 203
    1.4 0.49170 018 0.23981 912 -0.13472 406 0.58165 624 5.9 -0.28512 278 0.52962 857 -0.22282 969 -0.70247 952
    1.5 0.46425 658 0.30918 697 -0.19178 486 0.55790 810 6.0 -0.32914 517 0.34593 549 -0.14669 838 -0.81289 879
    1.6 0.42986 298 0.37854 219 -0.24596 320 0.52389 354 6.1 -0.35351 168 +0.13836 394 -0.06182 255 -0.87622 530
    1;7 0;38860 704 0.44612 455 -0.29620 266 0.47906 134 6.2 -0.35642 107 -0.08106 856 +0.02679 081 -0.88697 896
    1.8 0.34076 156 0.50999 763 -0.34140 583 0.42315 137 6.3 -0.33734 765 -0.29899 161 0.11373 701 -0.84276 110
    1.9 0.28680 006 0.56809 172 -0.38046 588 0.35624 251 6.4 -0.29713 762 -0.5014: 985 0.19354 136 -0.74461 387
    2.0 0.22740 743 0.61825 902 -0.41230 259 0.27879 517 6.5 -0.23802 030 -0.67495 249 0.26101 266 -0.59717 067
    2.1 0.16348 451 0.65834 069 -0.43590 235 0.19168 563 6.6 -0.16352 646 -0.80711 925 0.31159 995 -0.40856 734
    2.2 0.09614 538 0.68624 482 -0.45036 098 +0.09622 919 6.7 -0.07831 247. -0.88790 797 0.34172 774 -0.19009 878
    2.3 +0.02670 633 0.70003 366 -0.45492 823 -0.00581 106 6.8 +0.01210 452 -0.91030 401 0.34908 418 +0.04437 678
    2.4 -0.04333 414 0.69801 760 -0.44905 228 -0.11223 237 6.9 0.10168 800 -0.87103 106 0.33283 784 0.27926 391
    2.5 -0.11232 507 0.67885 273 -0.43242 247 -0.22042 015 7.0 0.18428 084 -0.77100 817 0.29376 207 0.49824 459
    2.6 -0.17850 243 0.64163 799 -0.40500 828 -0.32739 717 7.1 0.25403 633 -0.61552 879 0.23425 088 0.68542 058
    2.7 -0.24003 811 0.58600 720 -0.36709 211 -0.42989 534 7.2 0.30585 152 -0.41412 428 0.15821 739 0.82650 634
    2.8 -0.29509 759 0.51221 098 -0.31929 389 -0.52445 040 7.3 0.33577 037 -0.18009 580 +0.07087 411 0.90998 427
    2.9 -0.34190 510 0.42118 281 -0.26258 500 -0.60751 829 7.4 0.34132 375 +0.07027 632 -0.02159 652 0.92812 809
    3.0 -0.37881 429 0.31458 377 -0.19828 963 -0.67561 122 7.5 0.32177 572 0.31880 951 -0.11246 349 0.87780 228
    3.1 -0.40438 222 0.19482 045 -0.12807 165 -0.72544 957 7.6 0.27825 023 0.54671 882 -0.19493 376 0.76095 509
    3.2 -0.41744 342 +0.06503 115 -0.05390 576 -0.75412 455 7.7 0.21372 037 0.73605 242 -0.26267 007 0.58474 045
    3.3 -0;41718 094 -0.07096 362 +0.02196 800 -0.75926 518 7.8 0.13285 154 0.87115 540 -0.31030 057 0.36122 930
    3.4 -0.40319 048 -0.20874 905 0.09710 619 -0.73920 163 7.9 +0.04170 188 0.94004 300 -0.33387 856 +0.10670 215
    3.5 -0.37553 382 -0.34344 343 0.16893 984 -0.69311 628 8.0 -0.05270 505 0.93556 094 -0.33125 158 -0.15945 050
    3.6 -0.33477 748 -0.46986 397 0.23486 631 -0.62117 283 8.1 -0.14290 815 0.85621 859 -0.30230 331 -0.41615 664
    3.7 -0.28201 306 -0.58272 780 0.29235 261 -0.52461 361 8.2 -0.22159 945 0.70659 870 -0.24904 019 -0.64232 293
    3.8 -0.21885 598 -0.67688 257 0.33904 647 -0.40581 592 8.3 -0.28223 176 0.49727 679 -0.17550 556 -0.81860 044
    3.9 -0.14741 991 -0.74755 809 0.37289 058 -0.26829 836 8.4 -0.31959 219 +0.24422 089 -0.08751 798 -0.92910 958
    4.0 -0.07026 553 -0.79062 858 0.39223 471 -0.11667 057 8.5 -0.33029 024 -0.03231 335 +0.00775 444 -0.96296 917
    4.1 +0.00967 698 -0.80287 254 0.39593 974 +0.04347 872 8.6 -0.31311 245 -0.30933 027 0.10235 647 -0.91547 918
    4.2 0.08921 076 -0.78221 561 0.38346 736 0.20575 691 8.7 -0.26920 454 -0.56297 685 0.18820 363 -0.78882 623
    4.3 0.16499 781 -0.72794 081 0.35494 906 0.36320 468 8.8 -0.20205 445 -0.77061 301 0.25778 240 -0.59221 371
    4.4 0.23370 326 -0.64085 018 0.31122 860 0.50858 932 8.9 -0.11726 631 -0.91289 276 0.30483 241 -0.34136 475
    4.5 0.29215 278 I -0.52336 253 0.25387 266 0.63474 477 9.0 -0.02213 372 -0.97566 398 0.32494 732 -0.05740 051
    4.6 0.33749 598 -0.37953 391 0.18514 576 0.73494 444 9.1 +0.07495 989 -0.95149 682 0.31603 471 +0.23484 379
    4.7 0.36736 748 -0.21499 018 0.10794 695 0.80328 926 9.2 0.16526 800 -0.84067 107 0.27858 425 0.50894 402
    4.8 0.38003 668 -0.03676 510 +0.02570 779 0.83508 976 9.3 0.24047 380 -0.65149 241 0.21570 835 0.73928 028
    4.9 0.37453 635 +0.14695 743 -0.05774 655 0.82721 903 9.4 0.29347 756 -0.39986 237 0.13293 876 0.90348 537
    5.0 0.35076 101 0.32719 282 -0.13836 913 0.77841 177 9.5 0.31910 325 -0.10809 532 +0.03778 543 0.98471 407
    5.1 0.30952 600 0.49458 600 -0.21208 913 0.68948 513 9.6 0.31465 158 +0.19695 044 -0.06091 293 0.97349 918
    5.2 0.25258 034 0.63990 517 -0.27502 704 0.56345 898 9.7 0.28023 750 0.48628 629 -0.15379 421 0.86898 388
    5.3 0.18256 793 0.75457 542 -0.32371 608 0.40555 694 9.8 0.21886 743 0.73154 486 -0.23186 331 0.67936 774
    5.4 0.10293 460 0.83122 307 -0.35531 708 0.22307 496 9.9 0.13623 503 0.90781 333 -0.28738 356 0.42147 209
    5.5 0.01778 154 0.86419 722 -0.36781 345 0.02511 158 10.0 0.04024 124 0.99626 504 -0.31467 983 0.11941 411
    [q’“] [q’“] [‘-a”] [y] [(-93)4] [qy] [(-;)“I [(-;Lo)1]

    AIRY FUNCTIONS-WXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR LARGE NEGATIVE


    ARGUMENTS
    f-l X .f#> f,<d L&> &?(d <t>
    0.05
    0.04 9.654894
    11.203512 0.39752
    0.39781 21
    14 0.40028
    0.40002 87
    58 0.40092
    0.40052 31
    06 0.39704
    0.39741 87
    99 :05
    0.03 13.572088 0.39809 83 0.39975 97 0.40012 11 0.39779 49
    0.02 17.784467 0.39838 24 0.39949 03 0.39972 48 0.39817 37 53;
    0.01 28.231081 0.39866 38 0.39921 79 0.39933 19 0.39855 62 100

    Ai(-x)=x-’ [fi(r) cos ,+f,(r) sin r] Bi(-x)=x-a[f,(r) cos r-fl(r) sin r]

    A;Y-x)-x’ [gl(r) sin r-g,(r) cos I] Bi’(--x)=x’ [g,(r) cos r+g,(r) sin r]
    3
    ,=yxz <r>=nearest integer to t.
    478 BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

    Table 10.12 INTEGRALS OF AIRY FUNCTIONS

    zs
    i.1”
    0:2
    5 Ai (t)

    0.03421
    0.06585
    dt Ji Ai(-t)dtJi
    0.00000 00 0.00000 00
    15
    01
    -0.03679
    -0.07615
    54
    70
    Bi(t)dt
    0.00000 00
    C.06373
    0.13199
    67
    45
    s i Bi(-t)dl
    0.00000 00
    -0.05924
    -0.11398
    87
    10
    -0.11802 51 0.20487 68 -0.16411 57
    2: 0.09497
    0.12164 06
    09 -0.16229 44 0.28256 70 -0.20952 89
    0.36533 85 -0.25006 28 0.33331 97 -0.82151 82 -0.01617 86
    E 0.16801
    0.14595 79
    33 -0.25736
    -0.20880 07
    95 0.45356 50 -0.28553 62 0.33332 27 -0.81897 90 +0.02038 99
    0.54773 36 -0.31575 56 0.33332 50 -0.80797 96 0.05518 54
    ;*i 0.18795
    0.20589 45
    52 -0.30768
    -0.35944 05
    15 0.64845 82 -0.34052 58 0.33332 69 -0.78914 06 0.08625 18
    0:9 0.22196 97 -0.41225 56 0.75649 64 -0.35966 27 0.33332 83 -0.76354 19 0.11181 25
    1.0 0.23631 73 -0.46567 40 0.87276 91 -0.37300 50 0,33332 95 -0.73267 53 0.13038 11
    0.99838 41 -0.38042 77 21" 0.33333 03 -0.69836 93 0.14086 00
    :-: 0.24907
    0.26037 33
    12 -0.51918
    -0.57224 94
    05 1.13466 38 -0.38185 43 0.33333 10 -0.66268 96 0.14262 05
    1:3 0.27034 09 -0.62421 79 1.28318 00 -0.37726 99 t: 0.33333 16 -0.62781 93 0.13555 73
    1.4 0.27910 66 -0.67447 31 1.44579 42 -0.36673 34 6:4 0.33333 20 -0.59592 62 0.12011 15
    0.28678 67 -0.72232 88 1.62470 81 -0.35038 81 0.33333 23 -0.56902 35 0.09726 08
    0.29349 24 -0.76709 26 1.82252 33 -0.32847 24 0.33333 25 -0.54883 59 0.06847 29
    2.04231 52 -0.30132 67 0.33333 27 -0.53667 65 0.03562 42
    :*i 0.29932
    0.30438 75
    82 -0.80807
    -0.84459 24
    41 2.28772 12 -0.26939 97 0.93333 29 -0.53334 74 +0.00088 80
    1:9 0.30876 29 -0.87602 06 2.56304 90 -0.23325 04 0.33333 30 -0.53906 98 -0.03340 40
    2.0 0.31253 28 -0.90177 28 2.87340 83 -0.19354 74 7.0 0.33333 31 -0.55345 17 -0.06491 67
    0.31577 11 -0.92135 09 -0.15106 46 0.33333 31 -0.57549 72 -0.09147 36
    2: 0.31854 43 -0.93435 56 -0.10667 18 ::: 0.33333 32 -0.60365 96 -0.11121 47
    0.32091 19 -0.94050 97 -0.06132 23 0.33333 32 -0.63593 60 -0.12273 90
    2: 0.32292 74 -0.93967 67 -0.01603 45 ::: 0.33333 33 -0.66999 96 -0.12521 80
    2.5 0.32463 80 -0.93187 78 +0.02812 94 7.5 0.33333 33 -0.70336 19 -0.11847 31
    0.07009 01 -0.73355 34 -0.10300 57
    ::; 0.32730
    0.32608 57
    74 -0.89633
    -0.91730 20
    54 0.10878 06 ::; -0.75830 99 -0.07997 85
    0.14317 88 -0.77575 13 -0.05114 35
    ::; 0.32919
    0.32833 55
    83 -0.83758
    -0.86951 77
    37 0.17234 20 ::9" -0.78453 65 -0.01872 22
    3.0 0.32992 04 -0.80146 29 0.19544 25 -0.78398 26 +0.01475 64
    3.1 0.33052 31 -0.76220 32 0.21180 21 if -0.77413 57 0.04664 84
    0.33102 49 -0.72100 37 0.22092 49 8:2 -0.75578 55 0.07440 43
    0.33144 15 -0.67915 91 0.22252 61 8.3 -0.73041 93 0.09577 a7
    0.33178 65 -0.63802 56 0.21655 57 8.4 -0.70011 70 0.10902 22
    3.5 0.33207 15 -0.59897 71 0.20321 50 -0.66739 21 0.11303 86
    0.18296 47 -0.63499 08 0.10749 35
    :*! 0.33230
    0.33249 63
    93 -0.56335
    -0.53242 61
    25 0.15652 33 -0.60566 32 0.09285 98
    3:s 0.33265 76 -0.50730 05 0.12485 43 -0.58192 70 0.07039 64
    3.9 0.33278 70 -0.48892 77 0.08914 28 -0.56584 22 0.04205 63
    4.0 0.33289 27 -0.47800 75 +0.05076 01 -0.55881 97 +0.01033 04
    4.1 0.33297 86 -0.47496 79 +0.01121 78 -0.56148 12 -0.02196 26
    4.2 0.33304 84 -0.47992 95 -0.02788 79 -0.57358 51 -0.05192 24
    -0.06494 00 -0.59403 00 -0.07682 93
    i:: 0.33315
    0.33310 07
    50 -0.51269
    -0.49268 28
    51 -0.09837 02 -0.62093 76 -0.09439 a7
    4.5 0.33318 76 -0.53908 35 -0.12673 04 -0.65181 01 -0.10300 27
    4.6 0.33321 73 -0.57068 59 -0.14876 50 -0.68375 25 -0.10183 70
    -0.16347 66 -0.71373 85 -0.09101 44
    2; 0.33324
    0.33326 11
    02 -0.60606
    -0.64358 63
    51 -0.17018 59 -0.73889 84 -0.07157 33
    4:9 0.33327 54 -0.68146 70 -0.16857 74 -0.75680 07 -0.04539 57
    5.0 cLL~3zz;~ 4..~;2j

    Table 10.13 ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF AIRY FUNCTIONS


    AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
    3 a. &‘(a,) a’, Ai(a’,) h Bi’(b,) b’, Bi (b’,)
    1 - 2.33810 741 +0.70121 082 - 1.01879 297 +0.53565 666 - 1.17371 322 +0.60195 789 - 2.29443 968 -0.45494 438
    2 - 4.08794 944 -0.80311 137 - 3.24819 758 -0.41901 548 - 3.27109 330 -0.76031 014 - 4.07315 509 +0.39652 284
    i :6'78670
    5 52055 983
    809 +0.86520
    -0.91085 403
    074 - 4.82009
    6.16330 736
    921 -0.35790
    +0.38040 647
    794 - 4.83073
    6.16985 784
    213 +0.83699
    -0.88947 990
    101 - 5.51239
    6.78129 573
    445 +0.34949
    -0.36796 916
    912
    5 - 7:94413 359 +0.94733 571 - 7.37217 726 +0.34230 124 - 7.37676 208 +0.92998 364 - 7.94017 869 -0.33602 624
    6 - 9.02265 085 -0.97792 281 - 8.48848 673 -0.33047 623 - 8.49194 885 -0.96323 443 - 9.01958 336 +0.32550 974
    7 -10.04017 434 +1.00437 012 - 9.53544 905 +0.32102 229 - 9.53819 438 +0.99158 637 -10.03769 633 -0.31693 465
    8 -11.00852 430 -1.02773 869 -10.52766 040 -0.31318 539 -10.52991 351 -1.01638 966 -11.00646 267 +0.30972 594
    9 -11.93601 556 +1.04872 065 -11.47505 663 +0.30651 729 -11.47695 355 +I.03849 429 -11.93426 165 -0.30352 766
    10 -12.82877 675 -1.06779 386 -12.38478 837 -0.30073 083 -12.38641 714 -1.05847 184 -12.82725 831 +0.29810 491

    AUXILIARY TABLE-COMPLEX ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF


    Bi (z) AND Bi’(z)
    e-438, Bi’(B.) e-A/38’, Bi(o’.)
    1” M~d$ue p,e M$i&ts I’tai; M+tte pO* Mc+l&us zv6;e
    : 5.524
    4:093 0.027
    0:042 1.224
    1:136 -0:513
    +2.625 4.824
    31257 0.033
    0:059 0.538
    0:592 -21632
    +0.515
    4 6.789 0.020 1.288 -0.519 6.166 0.023 0.506 -2.624
    5 7.946 0.015 1.340 +2.622 7.374 0.017 0.484 to.519

    From J. C. P. Miller, The Airy integral, British Assoc. Adv. Sci. Mathematical
    Tables Part-vol. B. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1946 and
    F. W. J. Olver. The asymptotic expansion of Bessel functions of large order.
    Philoa. Trans. Roy. Sot. London [A] 247, 32&368,1954(with permission).
    11. Integrals of Bessel Functions
    YTJDELL L. LUKE~

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
    11.1. Simple Integrals of Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 480
    11.2. Repeated Integrals of Jn(z) and K,(z) . . . . . . . . . . 482
    11.3. Reduction Formulas for Indefinite Integrals . . . . . . . 483
    11.4. Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
    Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
    11.5. Use and Extension of the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
    Table 11.1 Integrals of Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

    l JoW,~ Y,(t)& 1oD

    e-z~&(t)&, e’j3(~)dt, 7D z=“(*l)lo


    1
    Table 11.2 Integrals of Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

    = [l-W)ldl, m Y,wt, 8D
    s 0 t s t
    2=0(.1)5
    e --z = [r,(t)-lldt:,J, ,& - K&h? 6-,-,
    ;
    s0 t sz t

    The author acknowledges the assistance of Geraldine Coombs, Betty Kahn, Marilyn
    Kemp, Betty Ruhlman, and Anna Lee Samuels for checking formulas and developing
    numerical examples, only a portion of which could be accommodated here.

    1 Midwest Research Institute. (Prepared under contract with the National Bureau
    of Standards.)

    479
    11. Integrals of Bessel Functions
    Mathema ! ical Properties

    11.1. Simple Integrals of Bessel Functiops 11.1.8

    S 0
    atkL(t)dt S 0
    z.zo(t)dt=xzo(x) ++rxr -Lo(z)Z,(~)+L,(~)Zo(~~
    ZIP(x) =AI,(z) +Be*YrKr(z),,v=O,l
    I

    A and B are constants.

    J&(Z) and L”(z) are Struve functions be


    chapter 12).
    11.1.9

    S 0
    ,
    w4 2k
    +‘k& (k!)2(2k+1)2
    (92(P+~+1)>0)
    11.1.2
    y (Euler’s constant)=.57721 56649 . . .
    S 0
    &)&=a go J”+2k+,(z>(9’v>-l)
    .- In this and all other integrals of 11.1, x is real
    and positive although all the results remain valid
    11.1.3 jyJ2.(t)dkSo'J,(t)dt-2 ~J,,,,(z) for extended portions of the complex plane unless
    stated to the contrary.
    11.1.4 g~~,+l(t)dt=1-Jo(z)-2 g J&) 11.1.10
    s0 B
    -t-z
    11.1.5
    Recurrence Relations
    S K,(t)dt=;
    0SzJo(t)dt+i;
    J’Yo@)ch 0 0

    Asymptotic Expansions

    S0
    aJ,+l(t)dt=
    s
    ogJ.4(t)dt-2J.(z) b>O> 11.1.11

    Jm [J,(t)+iY,(l)]dt-(~)~ e’(‘-*‘*)
    11.1.6
    S 0
    kl(t)dt=l--Jo(z) z
    x[go (--)‘a2k+lx -ak-i+i 5kIO (-)ka2kx-ak 1
    11.1.12
    ,,-r(k+f) 5 us+*)
    r(i) r-0 2d r (3)
    11.1.7

    Soz~o(t)dt=x~o(x)+~~x{Ho(~)~(~)--~~~)~(~)~
    11.1.13

    2(k+l)ak+l=3 (k+!j) (k+i) ak


    ~(x>=AJ"(x)+BY"(x),),V=0,1
    A and B are constants.

    480
    INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS 481
    11.1.18 75x<=
    11.1.14 de-" Xlo(t)dt-(2~)-~ go a,x-"
    s0
    where the ak are defined as in 11.1.12.
    de”
    S
    2
    OD
    K~(t)dt=$~
    I
    (-)“ek(x/7)-“+c(x)

    Ic(x)l<2xlO-7
    11.1.15 de" (DK,(t)&- f ' PO (-)bkxwk k
    sz 0 - 0 1.2533: 414
    where the ak are defined as in 11.1.12. 1 0.11190 289
    2 . 02576 646
    Polynomial Approximations * 3 .00933 994
    4 . 00417 454
    11.1.16 81X<= 5 .00163 271
    .00033 934

    im [Jo(t)+iYo(t)Mt
    s
    =xTje*(z-*l*) go (-)kak(x/8)-w-1
    11.1.19
    7 1

    s0
    [e(x)1 12x10-9
    =22-l PO
    I (2;+3)w+2) -al)1 J2k+2(~)

    =1-2x-V,(x)
    ak bk

    0 00233 47304 .79788 45600 +2x-’ go (2k+5)[~(k+3)-~(1)--1lJ2k+l(~)


    i .: 00404
    00100 03539
    89872 : 00178
    01256 42405
    70944
    : : 00053
    00039 92826
    06169 : 00067
    00041 00676
    40148 For #(z), see 6.3.
    11.1.20

    sz
    11.1.17 Slxl=

    21emzl IO(t)&=& d,(x/8)-“+.2(x)

    [e(x)1<2x10-6

    k di
    0 . 39894 23
    1 . 03117 34
    2 . 00591 91
    3 . 00569 56
    4 -. 01148 58
    5 * 01774 40
    { $(k+l) *&-ln i}
    6 -. 00739 95
    11.1.23
    2 Approximation 11.1.16
    Polynomial approximations
    ls from A. J. M. Hitchcock.
    to Bessel functions of order K,(t)&
    --ia i* ODJ,(t)& ?r - Yo(t)dt
    zero and one and to related functions, Math. Tables Aids
    Comp. 11, 86-88 (1957) (with permission). S--iz t=z S z T----Z S
    z t
    482 INTEGRALS OF BESSEL JTUNCTIONS

    Asymptotic Expansions 11.1.30 45xs co

    ODK,(t)&
    2 Qez - t =& (-lkd, (;)-kt4xl
    sz

    k dk

    0 1.25331 41
    1 0.50913 39
    2 .32191 84
    3 .26214 46

    11.1.25 go(x)=2$ 2 S 4
    5
    6
    .20601 26
    11103 96
    : 02724 00
    11.1.26 aY2e2 "~O(W~
    where
    z t S 0
    ; 4&)kckx-k
    11.1.31 52x2 00

    x*e-z =~~ow-ll~t =8x


    11.1.27 co=l,cl=~ S 0t
    ($)-I +4x)

    2(k+l)ck+l= ~(~+l~2+~~c~-,+,c~-~ k fk

    11.1.28 33/ze-z + S 0
    [I,(t);lldt-(~,&f$o ckz-k
    0
    1
    2
    0.39893
    13320
    -: 04938
    14
    55
    43
    3 1.47800 44
    where cnis defined as in 11.1.27. 4 -8.65560 13
    Polynomial Approximations 5 28.12214 78
    6 -48.05241 15
    11.1.29 55x1 aJ 7 40.39473 40
    8 -11.90943 95

    S2- ~~=2gl(~)~Pox))_go(x>~Px)
    t X2 2
    Q
    10
    -3.51950
    2.19454
    09
    64

    where 11.2. Repeated Integrals ofJ,(z) andKo(z)


    Repeated Integrals of J,,(Z)
    gO(x)=$o (-)kak(x/5)-2k+e(x),
    Let
    .
    11.2.1

    k ak b
    - 11.2.2
    k:5999 2815 ki i1998 5629 Then
    .10161 9385 .30485 8155
    .13081 1585 52324 6341 11.2.3
    .20740 4022 1: 03702 0112
    : 28330
    27902
    .17891
    .06622
    0508
    9488
    5710
    8328
    1.95320
    1.69980
    1.43132
    0. 59605
    6413
    3050
    5684
    4956
    s,(z-t)‘-‘Jn(t)dt
    S.&)=+) (9-?Kp>O)
    .01070 2234 .10702 2336
    INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS 483
    Recurrence Relations 11.3.2 Z”W a b
    11.2.5
    J”(Z), Y”(Z), H?(z), W’(z) 1 1
    r(r--l)j”,l, t&4=2@--1M. nw
    I”(Z) -1 1
    K(z) 1 -1
    -[(1-+--n2+~21f,-l, T&M

    +(2r--3)zf,-a,.(z)--zzf,-, n(z) 11.3.3


    11.2.6 pg,, &z)= -e-pzz~Zv(z)
    Tj,+l.O(Z)=Zf,O(Z)-(~--l)j~-l.O(~)+zf~-2,o(~) +(P+~h-l. v(~>-W,,v+1(~)

    11.2.7 j,+l. n+l (4 =fi+,. n-1(4 -%, nc4 11.3.4

    Repeated Integrals of I&(5) pgr, v+l(z>=-ee-PE~~Zv+l(~)


    Let +(~-v-l)g,-,,v+l(z)+bg,,v(z)
    11.2.8 11.3.5
    K&(z) =&(a), (p2+ab)g,,v(z)=ae-P”zrZv+l(z)

    K&(z)=
    S I
    mK,(t)&, . . ., K&(z)=
    S z
    m Ki,-,(t)dt +(p-v-l)e- Pzz~-lZ”(z)-pe-pzz~Z”(z)
    +P(2r--l)g,-l,“(~)+[~2-~(cc--1)219r-2.”~~>

    11.2.9 Ki-, (z)= (-)’ g7 K,,(z) 11.3.6


    Then a(v-~)gp,“+l(z)=-2ve-pzz~Z”(z)-2vpg~,”(z)

    11.2.10 +WCc+vh.v--1(z)
    - e-’ ooabf &a
    Ki&) =
    S 0 cash’ t
    Case 1: p2+ab=0, v= f (r-l)

    (Wz>O, wr>o, szz>o, r=O)


    11.3.7 g”, .(z,=eG Z”(4 -; z”+&)}
    p.2.11 {
    Ki(4 =& Jm (t--z)‘-‘K,(t)&
    z 11.3.8 g-,.&9=- e-pzz-“+l
    2v-l z”(z)+; Z”&)}
    (WzlO, ar>o> 1
    11.2.12 Iii,,(O) = rr(Fii$) W’r>O) 11.3.9

    0 ’ e%f”J”(t)dt =gg [J”(z)-iJy+l(z)]


    S
    (2’y>-%
    11.2.13 Ki27+l(0) =
    11.3.10
    11.2.14
    S 0
    z e”t-“J”(t)(jt=-e~
    V
    [J”(z)+iJ”--I(2)1

    +2”-Y2A)r(v) (v+3) ‘.
    11.3. Reduction Formulas for Indefinite
    Integrals 11.3.11
    E
    Let
    11.3.1 6&)=
    S ” e-%!@Z”(t)dt S 0
    ef~t”Y”(t)dt-2v+l-eirZY+1 [Y”(Z) -iYy+l(z)]

    - i2y+‘r (Yfl) (WV>-3)


    42v+lJ
    where Z,(z) represents any of the Bessel functions
    of the first three kinds or the modified Bessel 11.3.12
    functions. The parameters a and b appearing in
    the reduction formulae are associated with the
    particular type of Bessel function as delineated
    in. the following table.
    S
    0
    ’ e*“t”I”(t)dt= gg V”(Z) ‘FIv+1(41
    @v>-t)
    484 INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

    11.3.13 11.3.25
    St~I,-,(t)dt=z%(z)
    0
    z Wv>O)

    St-~I,+,(t)dt=z-~‘I,(z)-
    ’ e-lr,(t>dt=ze-‘[r,(z)+Il(z)l
    s0 11.3.26 g l
    0 2’Iyvfl)
    +nIe-.lo(z)-11+2e-‘~~ (n--kV~(z)
    11.3.27
    11.3.14

    ’ e*lt-‘l,(t)dt=-e~vz~~+l [l,(z) F~F-I(~>I Szt”K”-l(t)&=


    0
    --2+Ky(2) +2v +) @v>O)

    S t-YK”+l(t)dt=z-YK”(z)
    s0
    1 11.3.28 -
    b#3> E
    F24(2V-l)r(v)
    Indefinite Integrals of Products of Beeeel Functiona
    11.3.15
    Let %$(z) and .Qy(z) denote any two cylinder
    ’ e*‘t’K,(t)dt ==g [K”(Z) fKv+1(z)l functions of orders cc and v respectively.
    s0
    11.3.29
    F2”r(v+l)
    vi?v>--3)
    2v+1
    z (~-z’)t-~}~(kl)~(zt)dt
    King’s integral (see [11.5]) s{
    =z{k~~+l(kz)~“(z~)-z~(~~)~“+l(~~) 1 *
    11.3.16 s zecK,(t)~t=ze”[K,(z~+~~(Z)l-~
    0 - (/.J--v)%?~(kz)9”(zz)
    11.3.17 11.3.30
    m
    sI
    e’t-‘K,(t)&
    S ap-“---l
    %+*(~>~+1(W

    =G [K,(z)+K-,@)I W>3)
    Case 2: p=o, /A=fv
    11.3.31
    11.3.18 ag”,v-l(z)=~“~“(d
    11.3.19 ag-,,,+,(z)=--z-“Z”(z) r z t’+p+‘~p(t)~(t)dt
    J

    11.3.20 E t~J”~l(t)dt=a”e7”(2) (B>O) =2(;y-;;l) {~(z)~(z)+~+l(z)~+l(z)l


    s0
    11.3.32
    11.3.21
    S z t-*J,+,(t)&= l -PJ, (2)

    StJ?-l(t)&=2 (~x-0
    0 2vr(v+ij
    11.3.22 * PO (vS2&c+&)
    0 I

    2n- ‘J2nwt=I 2 n
    c -; z m- 1V*,-,(d 11.3.33
    s0 t

    11.3.23
    =; ,$+l w--1)J2,-,b) @>O) Szt[J:-l(t>-~J:+l(t)ldt=2vJt(z)
    0
    (%>O>
    (2nfl)l Jzn+l(Qdt=SD J,(t)&
    11.3.34
    St~~(t)dl=~[J:(z)+J:(z)] 0
    2

    11.3.35
    -Jl(Z) -; &I kJ2k (2)
    11.3.24
    SzJn(tv.,l(t)dt=~
    0
    [I-WI-&:(t)

    S0
    z t’Y._,(t)dt=z.P.(z)+~ (gv>o)

    *seepageII.
    INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS 485
    11.3.36 2. There must exist numbers k, and k, (both
    not zero) so that for all n
    (P+v)szt-‘~(t)W(t)dt
    11.4.4 kA,%C+l (La> --k,%@na) = 0
    --(/h+v+w
    S zt-%$+.(t)L%+.(t)dt
    n-1 In connection with these formulae, see 11.3.29.
    =~(z)~(z)+~+.(Z)~+,(2)+2~l~+R(2)~+n(2) If o=O, the above is valid provided B=O. This
    case is covered by the following result.
    Convolution Type Integrals
    11.3.37 11.4.5

    StJ,(cY,t)J,(a,t)dt=O
    go(-)nJr+“+2k+l(2) 1

    S 0
    * J,w”(z--w=2

    (9%>-1,9v>-l>
    0

    =3[J:hJ12
    (m#n, v>-1)

    11.3.38 (m=n, b=O, v>-1)

    S 0
    zJ”(t)J~-~(2-t)dt=Jo(2)-cos 2 (-1<9?v<q

    11.3.39 (m=n, b#O, v>-1)


    2:

    S 0
    J,(t)J-,(z--t)dt=sin 2 w4<1>
    al, %, . . . are the positive zeros of
    aJV(z) +brJ~(~) = 0, where a and b are real con-
    stants.
    11.3.40
    I:t-‘J,(t)J”
    (z-t)d&$ 11.4.6

    S 0

    (9&>0,9?v>-1) S t-‘J0
    m
    “+*n+l(t)J”+Sm+l(t)~t=O Cm #n)
    11.3.41 1
    =2(2n+v+l)
    c J,(t)J”(Z-t)dt=(~+v)J~+Y(2)
    S 0 t(z-t> lzvz
    (9&4>0, c-?v>O)
    (m=n)(v+n+m>-1)
    Definite Integrals Over a Finite Range
    *
    11.4. Definite Integrals
    Orthogonality Properties of Bessel Functions
    11.4.7
    S ’ Jzn(22
    0
    sin t)dt=i J",(z)

    Let $32)
    In particular,
    be a cylinder
    let
    function of order v. 11.4.8
    S t)
    0
    * Jo(22 sin cos Zntdt=d~(z)

    11.4.1 %:(z> -AJ,(z) +BYAz) 11.4.9


    S t)
    0
    *
    ’ Yo(22 sin cos 2ntdi!=~ J,(2)Yn(z)
    where A and B are real constants. Then
    11.4.10
    11.4.2
    b
    S 4
    t) tdt
    S J,(z sin sinp+lt cos2Y+’
    t~(x,t)%c(xnt)~t=o cm +4 0
    a
    =2'r(v+1) 2Y+l Jp+"+I(2) (&?/A>-1 , S&J>-1)

    11.4.11

    i
    provided the following two conditions
    1. A, is a real zero of
    hold :
    S 0
    J,(z sin2 t)J,(z cos2 t) csc 2tdt

    =y JP+“(z) WP>O, 9’vw


    11.4.3 h,X%+*(Xb)--hz%qXb)=O
    486 INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

    Infinite Integrals
    11.4.23
    Integrals of the Form me-wz”(t)dt
    0
    11.4.12
    s
    11.4.24
    S -
    -m

    mew-‘J”(t)dt=e
    t”b+d
    r(p+v)
    l-(+--p)
    S0 r(3)2flr(v-P+l)
    where T,(w) is the Chebyshev
    first kind (see chapter 22).
    polynomial of the

    (S&r<;9
    9&+4>0) 11.4.25
    11.4.13
    (D

    S0
    m
    e-ttp-ll,(t)dt= w+4w-d
    u3Pw-~+1)
    S --m
    t-‘em* orJ, (t)dt

    =z (4)“(1-u~)w,-,(0)(~2<1)
    (%<$ w(,+v)>o)
    =O(w”>l)
    11.4.14
    where U,(W) is the Chebyshev polynomial of the
    S0 - 00s bt K,(t) fit=&
    (l+bY (lJbl<l) second kind (see chapter 22).
    11.4.26
    11.4.15

    S0 m sin bt Ko(t)dt=arc sinh b


    (l+b2Y
    (I ybl<l)
    S m t-fe-“uzJn++(t)dt=(--i)n(2n)*P,(w)(w2<1)
    -m
    =O(d>l)

    11.4.16
    S0 - tu,(t)dt=
    r(!I$!A)
    where P,(W)
    chapter 22).
    is the Legendre polynomial (see

    11.4.27
    (m+4>-1, %<;)

    11.4.17
    S0
    - J,(t)&=1 @v>-1)
    where ~(a, z) is the incomplete gamma function
    11.4.18 (see chapter 6).
    r($)r(+)
    S0 t’
    - [l--Jowt=
    2F{ r (ILL))2 o<gK3) 11.4.28
    Integrals of the Form
    s
    o- e- cza*%PZ” (bt) a2

    OD
    S0 e-‘ata t+J,(bt)dt
    11.4.19

    S0mtfiY, (t)dt=F r (p!!)r(EE)


    -r(~v+%i~M(l +I, +1 6p)
    X sin T (P-Y) ( LC.&)>--1, i2&) wr cy+i) 2y 2 pv ’ -4a2

    (9 (P+v)>o, aa2>o>
    11.4.20
    S0 - Y,(t)&=-tan y (1~4<1> where the notation M(a, b, z) stands for the con-
    fluent hypergeometric function (see chapter 13).
    11.4.21
    11.4622
    S0 mYo(t)dt=O
    m
    11.4.29

    S0mta&)dt=2p-l r (E!$!2)r(!!) S 0
    e -a2%+1J~(bt)dt
    b=

    =@-& e-5 @v>-1,9w>0>


    INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTION8 487
    11.4.37

    S 0
    - J&t) cos bt dt=--p-----

    --ar sin y

    11.4.31 =(b2-u2)f[b+(b2-a2)f]F
    b’J
    OD @>a>@ WC----l)
    S 0
    e -“ll.(bt)dt=~ esI+, (z2)
    11.4.38

    SJ,(d)
    (a>-1, a%z~>O)
    11.4.32 m sin bt dt=
    b= 0
    OD

    S 0
    e -azt’Ko(bt)dt=~ es K. ($) M’a”>O) arcosy
    =(b2-a2)f[b+(b2-a2)f]p
    Weher-Schafheitlln Type Integrals
    11.4.33 @>a>@ @‘cc>---2)

    S-J,(ut)J.(bt)dt=
    ( bYr P+~--x+l

    0 ta pa’-A+lr(v+l)r
    2
    r--vy+y
    > 11.4.39
    S 0
    meratJo (at)dt = ’
    (a”- b2)+ (05 b<a)
    ( i
    =(b2_a2)1 (O<a<b)
    X& ( p+u--x+1,
    2
    v-p--x+1.
    , v+1;
    b2
    -
    2 a2>
    (D
    11.4.40
    b
    11.4.34
    W’(cc+v-X+1)>% 93>-l, O<b<a)
    S 0
    eib’Yo (at)dt= 2a
    +2-bZ)f . ;
    arc sm (05 b<4

    S-J,,(at)J,(bt)dt=
    0
    arr lJ+v--x+1
    ( ta
    2 >
    -1
    =(b2_a2)t
    2i
    + ,+-&)t

    2Abr-~+lr(p+l)r Xln b- (b2-a2)*


    a (o<a<b>
    {
    x2Fl (Pfv;‘+‘, p--y;x+l; p+l; $) 11.4.41
    m

    For 2F1, see chapter


    (%“(r+v--x+1)>%
    15.
    9?‘x>-l, O<a<b)
    S 0
    t’-Y+lJ,,(at)J,(bt)dt=O
    2r-v+lar(bLa2)v-r-l
    (O<b<a)

    =
    bYr(v-p)
    Special Cases of the Discontinuous Weber-Schafheitlin
    Integral @>a>@
    11.4.35

    S J,,(d)
    0
    m sin bt dt
    t
    1
    =;sin[rorcsini] (Olb<a)

    ar sin 3
    (b Za>O)
    11.4.42
    S 0
    mJp(at)Jr-l(bt)dt=~ (O<b<a)

    =r[b+(b2-a2>+]~ 1
    (O<b=a)
    (WP>---1) =zT;
    11.4.36
    =o @>a>01
    S 0
    - J,,(d) cos bt dt
    t
    =;
    1
    cos [parcsin ;] (O<b<a)
    @P>O>

    =p[b+(b2-a2)t]r
    ar CO8=; 11.4.43
    S 0
    = ‘+ {l-J,(bt)}dt=O (O<bla)

    =ln ; (b 2a)O)
    488 INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

    11.4.44 Hankel-Nicholson Type Integrals 11.4.47


    I

    -v+‘J,(at)dt ODK(at)dt 7?
    cos~ wa4 -Yhz)l

    s0 (t2+22)r+l
    aw-r
    =2’r(p+l)

    (a>o,
    IL,(az)

    Wz>o+au<aap+;)
    s 0 tV(t2+22)=4ZY+1

    11.4.48
    Wa>O, Wz>O, %<3)

    11.4.45

    sa J,(at)dt
    0 tqt2+2$
    =z
    2zy+l
    [Iv(az) - L,(az)]
    11.4.49
    (a>O, Wz>O, B!v>-1)

    (a>O, hVz>O, L%>-i)


    $ “r(v+l)
    11.4.46 OD J,(at)dt 0
    L(~adK~(bxz)
    s 0 tqt2+z2p+*= r(2v+l)
    ODYo(at)dt
    S 0
    -=--
    t2+z2
    K0(ad
    2
    (a>O, WzbO)
    (a>O, Wz>O, %>--4)

    Numerical Methods
    11.5. Use and Extension of the Tables This value is readily checked using ~~3.1 and
    h=--.05. Now /Jo(x) 121 for all x and IJn(x)>
    1 Jo(t)dt,l Y,V)dt ,,l IoWt,jy= KOW <2-t, nk 1 for all 2. In Table 11.1, we can
    always choose Ih( 5.05. Thus if all terms of O(h4)
    and higher are neglected, then a bound for the
    For moderatevalues of x, use 11.1.2 and 11.1.P absolute error is 2*h4/48<.2.10b6 for all x if (hl
    11.1.10 as appropriate. For x sufficiently large, 5.05. Similarly, the absolute error for quadratic
    use the asymptotic expansions or the polynomial interpolation does not exceed
    approximations 11.1.11-11.1.18.
    a.05 ha(2++2)/24<.2.10-‘.
    Example 1. Compute to 5D. z
    S
    J,(t)dt
    s Example 3. Interpolation of J,(t)dt using
    0
    Using 11.1.2 and interpolating in Tables 9.1 and Simpson’s rule. We have
    9.2, we have
    a.oa so=+* Jo(t)dt=so= Jo(t)dt+S’+* Jo(t)dt
    2
    &,(t)dt=2[.32019 09+.31783 69+.04611 52
    s0
    +. 00283 19+ .00009 72+ .OOOOO211 l+” JoWt=$ CJ,(x)+4Jo(x+;)+Jo(z+h)]+R
    = 1.37415
    3.0s
    R= -&=, JP(e), x<t<x+h
    Example 2. Compute J,(t)dt to 5D by Now
    s 0
    interpolation of Table 11.1 using Taylor’s formula. JP)(x)=; [J~(x)-~J&)+~Jo(~$I
    We have
    Z+A
    S 0 S Jo(t)dt=
    0
    ’ Jo(t)dt +hJo(z) -; Jl(x)
    and with lhl5.05, it follows that
    +; tJP(z)-Job)l+~ [3J1(~~-Jd~)l+ ... IRl<.s. 1o-‘o
    Then with x=3.0 and h=.O5, Thus if s=3.0 and h=.05
    a.os a.os

    S 0
    J,(t)&=1.387567+(.05)(--260052)
    - (.00125) (.339059)
    S 0
    J,(t)dt=1.38756 72520+9 [-.26005

    +4(- .26841 13883)- .27653 495991


    19549

    +(.000010)(.746143) =1.37415 = 1.37414 86481


    INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS 489
    which is correct to 10D. The above procedure The recurrence formula gives
    gives high accuracy though it may be necessary to
    j2=2(j,+j-,)=1.69809 10
    interpolate twice in Jo(x) to compute Jo ST+; Similarly,
    ( >
    and Jo(a;+h) . A similar technique based on the js=1.20909 66, j4=.62451 73, js=.25448 17
    trapezoidal rule is less accurate, but at most only
    one interpolation of Jo(x) is required. When x>>r, it is convenient to use the auxil-
    iary function
    Example 4. Compute
    aJ,,(t)& and 3 Y,(t)& g&2) = (r- l)!x-‘+!j,(x)
    s0 s
    to 5D using the representation in terms o\ Struve This satisfies the recurrence relation
    functions and the tables in chapters 9 and 12.
    For x=3, from Tables 9.1 and 12.1
    Jo= -. 260052 J1= .339059
    Yo= .376850 Yl= .324674
    IL,= .574306 H~=1.020110

    Using 11.1.7, we have


    Example 6. Compute g,(x) to 5D for x=10
    and r=O(1)6. We have for x=10,
    a J&)&=3(-.260052) +F [(.574306)(.339059)
    s0 Jo=-.24593 58, J,,.O4347 27, g,=1.06701 13
    -(1.020110)(-.260052)]
    = 1.38757 Thus
    Similarly, g2=1.02353 86, g,=.98827 49

    3 Y,(t)&= .19766 and the forward recurrence formula gives


    s0
    Using 11.1.8 and Tables 9.8 and 12.1, one can g,=.96867 36, g,=.94114 12, g,=.90474 64

    compute ’ lo(t)& and ’ K,(t)&. For tables of 2-%(x), see [11.16].


    s0 s0
    Repeated Integrals of Ko(x)

    For moderate values of x, use the recurrence


    formula 11.2.14 for all r.
    For moderate values of 5, use 11.1.19-11.1.23. Example ‘7. Compute K&(x) to 5D for x=2
    For x sufficiently large, use the asymptotic ex- and r=O(1)5. We have
    pansions or the polynomial approximations
    11.1.2~11.1.31. rKi,+l(x) = -xKi,(x) + (r- l)Ki,-,(x) +xKL(x)

    Repeated Integrals of J,,(z)


    Ki-,(x)=&(x), Kio(x)==Ko(x), Ki,(x)=~mKo(t)dt
    For moderate values of x and r, use 11.2.4. and the functions on this last line are tibulated
    If r=l, see Example 1. For moderate values of
    Thus for x=2,
    x, use the recurrence formula 11.2.5. If x is large
    and x>r, see the discussion below. K,=.11389 39, K,=.13986 59, Kil=.09712 06
    Example 5. Compute jl, o(x)=j,(x) to 5D for
    x=2 and r=O(1)5 using 11.2.6. We have and
    Ki,=-2Ki,+2&=.08549 06
    rj,+l(x>=xj,(x)-(r-ll)j~-l(~)+~jfr--2(x)
    Similarly,
    f-1(2)=-Jl(x),jo(.)=Jo(z),j~(~)=~ Jo@)dt K&=.07696 36, K&=.07043 17, K&=.06525 22

    and the terms on this last line are tabulated. Thus If x/r is not large the formula can still be used
    for x=2, provided that the starting values are sufficiently
    accurate to offset the growth of rounding error.
    j-1=- .57672 48,jo=.22389 08,j,=1.4257703 For tables of Ki,(x), see [ll.ll].
    490 INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

    Apart from round-off error, the value of r needed


    jm(x)=x-‘“S=t~Ko(t)dt
    0 to achieve a stated accuracy for given x and m
    Now can be determined a priori. Let

    Then
    the latter following from 11.3.27 with v=l. In
    11.3.5, put a=l, b= -1, p=O and v=O. Let “-““=(~-1)~(~-3)~ . . . (r-2k+1)2
    p=m. Then
    ~,I[~K~(x)+x(T--~)Ko(~)I/(T--~)~
    M4=[@- 1>%-2(d--;F2~1(d since for x fixed, fi(x) is positive and decreases as T
    --Cm- 1)~0(41/~ (G-1) increases.
    Using tabular values off0 and fi, one can compute Example 9. Computef,(x) to 5D for x=3 and
    in succession fa, f3, . . . provided that m/x is not m=0(2)10. We have
    large.
    Example 8. Computef&) to 5D for x=5 and K,= .03473 95 K,=.04015 64
    m=0(1)6. We have, retaining two additional
    If r=16,
    decimals
    e1&.86* 1o-2 fiO<1.4’ 1o-6
    K,= .00369 11 K,=. 00404 46
    Taking g16=0, we compute the following values
    Thus jo=l. 56738 74 f1=. 19595 54 of Q14, g1a, * * *, go by recurrence. Also recorded
    are the required values off,,, to 5D.
    ja=.O5791 27, j,=.O1458 93, ja=.00685 36
    Similarly starting with fi, we can compute f3 and f5.
    If m>x, employ the recurrence formula in
    backward form and write
    fm-~(x~=~~~~(x)+~~l(x)+~(m-ll)Ko(;c)ll(m-ll)a
    In the latter expression, replacef, by g,,,. Fix x.
    Take r>m and assume g,=O. Compute g,+
    g,-4, etc. Then
    - -
    lim g+&x)=f,,,(x), m=r-2k
    r-f- For tables off,,,(x), see [11.21].
    References
    Texts [11.7] Y. L. Luke, An associated Bessel function, J. Math.
    [ll.l] H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables Phys. 31, 131-138 (1952).
    of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp. [ll.S] F. Oberhettinger, On some expansions for Bessel
    1, 247-252 (1943). See also Supplements I, II, integral functions, J. Research NBS 59, 197-201
    IV, same journal, 1,403-404 (1943) ; 2,59 (1946) ; (1957) RP 2786.
    2, 190 (1946), respectively. [11.9] G. Petiau, La thQrie des fonctions de Bessel
    [11.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions, (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
    vol. 2, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New Paris, France, 1955).
    York, N.Y., 1953). [ll.lO] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
    [11.3] A. Erdelyi et al., Tables of integral transforms, ~01s. functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
    1, 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, Cambridge, England, 1958).
    N.Y., 1954).
    [11.4] W. Griibner and N. Hofreiter, Integraltafel, II Teil Tables
    (Springer-Verlag, Wien and Innsbruck, Austria,
    1949-1950). [ll.ll] W. G. Bickley and J. Nayler, A short table of the
    Ill.51 L. V. King, On the convection of heat from small functions Kin(z), from n=l to n=16. Philos.
    cylinders in a stream of fluid, Trans. Roy. Soo.
    London 214A, 373-432 (1914). Mag. 7,20,343-347 (1935). Kir(z)=l-K&)&
    [11.6] Y. L. Luke, Some notes on integrals involving
    Ki.(z) = m K&,-l(t)&, n=1(1)16, ~=0(.05).2
    Bessel functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 27-30 J-
    (1950). (.1)2, 3, “9D.
    INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS 491
    [11.12] V. R. Bursian and V. Fock, Table of the functions [11.18] H. L. Knudsen, Bidrag til teorien for antenne-
    systemer med he1 eller delvis rotations-symmetri.
    I (Kommission Has Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen,
    Akad. Nauk, Leningrad, Inst. Fiz. Mat., Denmark, 1953). = J,(t)dt, n=0(1)8, z=
    s0
    Trudy (Travaux) 2, 6-10 (1931). jzmKo(t)dt,
    O(.Ol)lO, 5D. Also s J,(t)e*dt, a=t, a=%-t.
    s
    2=0(.1)12, 7D; e* z =io(t)dt, 2=0(.1)16, 7D; [11.19] Y. L. Luke and D. Ufforod, Tables of the function
    I
    ‘lo(t)&, 2=0(.1)6, 7D; e-= ’ zo(t)dt, x= i?o(z) = o=Ko(t)dt. Math. Tables Aids Comp.
    s s0 s
    O’(.l) 16, 7D. UMT 129. r&r)=-[[y+ln (z/2)lAl(z)+A&),
    [11.13] E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy funktsii Besselya ot A,(z), A&). s=O(.O1).5(.05)1, SD.
    deistvitel’ nogo argumenta i integralov ot [11.20] C. Mack and M. Castle, Tables of oaZo(z)dz and
    nikh (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR., MOSCOW, U.S.S.R., s
    mK&c)dz, Roy. Sot. Unpublished Math. Table
    1958). J,,(X), Y,,(X), lrn + dt, 5” y & s
    File No. 6. a=O(.O2)2(.1)4, 9D.
    n=o, 1; s=o(.o01)15(.01)100, 7D. [11.21] G. M. Muller, Table of the function
    Also tabulated are auxiliary expressions to facil-
    itate interpolation near the origin. Kj.(z)
    zu*Ko(u)du, =x-n
    s
    [11.14] A. J. M. Hitchcock, Polynomial approximations to Office of Technical Se&es, U.S. Department
    Bessel functions of order zero and one and to of Commerce, Washington, D.C. (1954).
    related functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp. n=0(1)31, z=O(.O1)2(.02)5, 8s.
    11, 86-88 (1957). Polynomial approximations [11.22] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of functions
    2 and zeros of functions, Applied Math. Series 37
    for Jo(t)dt and -Ko(t)dt.
    s sz (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
    [11.15] C. W. ‘Horton, A short table’ of Struve functions D.C., 1954). (1) pp. 21-31: ff Jo(t)dt, l Yo(t)dt,
    and of some integrals involving Bessel and
    Struve functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 56-58 z=O(.ol)lo, 10D. (2) pp. 33-39: m Jo(t)dt/t,
    sz
    (1950). C.(z)=~t”J,(t)dt,n=l(l)4,z=O(.l)lO,
    2=0(.1)10(1)22, 1oD; F(z) =sm Jo(t)dt/t

    4D; D,(z) =l t”E,(t)dt, n=0(1)4, z=O(.l)lO, +in (z/2), 2=0(.1)3, 10D; F(“(i)/n!, z=
    10(1)22, n=0(1)13, 12D.
    4D, where E,(z) is Struve’s function; see [11.23] National Physical Laboratory, Integrals of Bessel
    chapter 12. functions, Roy. Sot. Unpublished Math. Table
    [11.16] J. C. Jaeger, Repeated integrals of Bessel functions File No. 17. s,’ Jo(t)& s, Yo(t)dt, 2=0(.5)50,
    and the theory of transients in filter circuits,
    J. Math. Phys. 27, 210-219 (1948). fi(z)= 1oD.
    s” Jo(t)dt, f,(z) =lz f,-l(t)dk 2-‘f,(z), r=1(1)7, [11.24] M. Rothman, Table of OZ~(x)dz for 0(.1)20(1)25,
    0 s
    Quart. J. Mech. Appl.‘Math. 2, 212-21.7 (1949).
    z=O(1)24,8D. Also o.(z)=~mJo[2(zt)“]J.(t)dt, 8S-9s.
    a,,(x), a;(x), n=l(l)7, z=O(l;24, 4D. [11.25] P. W. Schmidt, Tables of ‘Jo(t)dt for large z,
    s
    [11.17] L. N. Karmazina and E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy J. Math. Phys. 34, 169-172 yl955). z=lO(.2)40,
    funktsii Besselya ot mnimogo argumenta i 6D.
    integralov ot nikh (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR., [11.26] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
    MOSCOW, U.S.S.R., 1958). e-zZ&), e-*11(z), functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam-
    bridge, England, 1958). Table VIII, p. 752:
    ezKo(z), eZZG(x), e=, e-2 = Zo(t)dt, es s - Ko(t)dt,
    s0 1 =
    5 Jo(t) dt, f j- =Y,(t)dt, x=0(.02)1, 7D, with
    2=0(.001)5(.005)15(.Ol)lOO, 7D exlept for ea s
    which is 75. Also tabulated are auxiliary expres- the” first 16 m:xima and minima of the integrals
    sions to facilitate interpolation near the origin. to 7D.
    492 INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

    Table 11.1 INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

    LYo (t)dt e-z ez - Ko (t) dt


    s 0 s ,li 10 (t) dt s
    0.00000 00000 0.00000 00000 0.00000 00 1.;7079 63
    0.09991 66979 -0.21743 05666 0.09055 92 1.35784 82
    0.19933 43325 -0.34570 88380 0.16429 28 1.25032 54
    0.29775 75802 -0.43928 31758 0.22391 79 1.17280 09
    0.39469 85653 -0.50952 48283 0.27172 46 1.11171 28
    0.48968 05066 -0.56179 54559 0.30964 29 1.06127 17
    0.58224 12719 -0.59927 15570 0.33929 99 1.01836 48
    0.67193 68094 -0.62409 96341 0.36206 71 0.98109 70
    0.75834 44308 -0.63786 88991 0.37910 05 0.94821 80
    0.84106 59149 -0.64184 01770 0.39137 42 0.91885 56
    0.91973 04101 -0.63706 93766 0.39970 88 0.89237 52
    0.99399 71082 -0.62447 91607 0.40479 52 0.86829 97
    1.06355 76711 -0.60490 26964 0.40721 52 0.84626 10
    1.12813 83885 -0.57911 12548 0.40745 78 0.82596 89
    1.18750 20495 -0.54783 19295 0.40593 39 0.80719 04
    1.24144 95144 -0.51175 90340 0.40298 85 0.78973 57
    1.28982 09734 -0.47156 13039 0.39891 09 0.77344 80
    1.33249 68829 -0.42788 62338 0.39394 29 0.75819 62
    1.36939 85727 -0.38136 24134 0.38828 68 0.74386 97
    1.40048 85208 -0.33260 04453 0.38211 11 0.73037 44
    1.42577 02932 -0.28219 28501 0.37555 57 0.71762 95
    1.44528 81525 -0.23071 32490 0.36873 67 0.70556 50
    1.45912 63387 -0.17871 50399 0.36174 98 0.69412 02
    1.46740 80303 -0.12672 97284 0.35467 38 0.68324 16
    1.47029 39949 -0.07526 50420 0.34757 29 0.67288 26
    1.46798 09446 -0.02480 29261 0.34049 93 0.66300 15
    1.46069 96081 +0.02420 24953 0.33349 48 0.65356 16
    1.44871 25408 0.07132 69288 0.32659 30 0.64452 98
    1.43231 16899 0.11617 78353 0.31981 99 0.63587 68
    1.41181 57386 0.15839 62206 0.31319 59 0.62757 60
    3. 0 1.38756 72520 0.19765 82565 0.30673 62 0.61960 34
    3. 1 1.35992 96508 0.23367 66986 0.30045 18 0.61193 74
    1.32928 40386 0.26620 20748 0.29435 04 0.60455 84
    ;*3 1.29602 59125 0.29502 36222 0.28843 67 0.59744 84
    3: 4 1.26056 17835 0.31996 99576 0.28271 31 0.59059 11
    1.22330 57382 0.34090 94657 0.27718 02 0.58397 14
    E 1.18467 59706 0.35775 03989 0.27183 70 0.57757 57
    3: 7 1.14509 13136 0.37044 06831 0.26668 11 0.57139 13
    1.10496 78009 0.37896 74266 0.26170 94 0.56540 66
    33:; 1.06471 52877 0.38335 61369 0.25691 78 0.55961 09
    4. 0 1.02473 41595 0.38366 96479 0.25230 18 0.55399 42
    4.1 0.98541 21560 0.38000 67672 0.24785 61 0.54854 72
    4. 2 0.94712 13375 0.37250 06552 0.24357 56 0.54326 15
    0.91021 52175 0.36131 69475 0.23945 46 0.53812 91
    t:; 0.87502 60866 0.34665 16398 0.23548 74 0.53314 27
    4. 5 0.84186 25481 0.32872 87513 0.23166 83 0.52829 52
    0.81100 72858 0.30779 77892 0.22799 15 0.52358 03
    E 0.78271 50802 0.28413 10351 0.22445 13 0.51899 19
    4: a 0.75721 10902 0.25802 06786 0.22104 21 0.51452 43
    4. 9 0.73468 94106 0.22977 58227 0.21775 83 0.51017 24
    5. 0 0.71531 19178 0.19971 93876 0.21459 46
    INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS 493
    INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS Table 11.1

    ,I,Jo (t)dt
    0.71531 19178
    so=Yo
    (t)dt
    0.19971 93876
    e-=
    s
    0.210459
    ’ l,,(t)dt
    46
    ez zp Ko(t)dt
    s
    0.50593 10
    0.69920 74098 0.16818 49405 0.21154 58 0.50179 55
    0.68647 10457 0.13551 34784 0.20860 68 0.49776 16
    0.67716 40870 0.10205 01932 0.20577 28 0.49382 50
    0.67131 39407 0.06814 12463 0.20303 89 0.48998 19
    5. 5 0.66891 44989 0.03413 05806 0.20040 08 0.48622 86
    0.66992 67724 +0.00035 67983 0.19785 40 0.48256 16
    267 0.67427 98068 -0.03284 98697 0.19539 44 0.47897 75
    0.68187 18713 -0.06517 04775 0.19301 81 0.47547 34
    55:: 0.69257 19078 -0.09630 01348 0.19072 13 0.47204 60
    0.70622 12236 -0.12595 06129 0.18850 02 0.46869 29
    2; 0.72263 54100 -0.15385 27646 0.18635 16 0.46541 11
    6:2 0.74160 64692 -0.17975 87372 0.18427 20 0.46219 83
    0.76290 51256 -0.20344 39625 0.18225 84 0.45905 20
    66:; 0.78628 33012 -0.22470 89068 0.18030 78 0.45596 99
    0.81147 67291 -0.24338 05692 0.17841 74 0.45294 98
    22 0.83820 76824 -0.25931 37161 0.17658 44 0.44998 97
    6:7 0.86618 77897 -0.27239 18447 0.17480 64 0.44708 76
    0.89512 09137 -0.28252 78684 0.17308 09 0.44424 15
    66:: 0.92470 60635 -0.28966 45218 0.17140 55 0.44144 97
    7. 0 0.95464 03155 -0.29377 44843 0.16977 82 0.43871 05
    0.98462 17153 -0.29486 02239 0.16819 68 0.43602 22
    3:: 1.01435 21344 -0.29295 35658 0.16665 93 0.43338 34
    1.04354 00558 -0.28811 49927 0.16516 39 0.43079 23
    ::i 1.07190 32638 -0.28043 26862 0.16370 89 0.42824 76
    1.09917 14142 -0.27002 13202 0.16229 24 0:42574 81
    ::2 1.12508 84628 -0.25702 06208 0.16091 30 0.42329 20
    1.14941 49299 -0.24159 37080 0.15956 91 0.42087 86
    7'8 1.17192 99830 -0.22392 52368 0.15825 93 0.41850 63
    7: 9 1.19243 33198 -0.20421 93575 0.15698 21 0.41617 40
    8. 0 1.21074 68348 -0.18269 75150 0.15573 64 0.41388 07
    1.22671 60587 -0.15959 61109 0.15452 08 0.41162 52
    8"-:. 1.24021 13565 -0.13516 40494 0.15333 42 0.40940 65
    8: 3 1.25112 88778 -0.10966 01934 0.15217 55 0.40722 37
    8.4 1.25939 12520 -0.08335 07540 0.15104 36 0.40507 56
    1.26494 80240 -0.05650 66385 0.14993 74 0.40296 15
    E 1.26777 58297 -0.02940 07834 0.14885 61 0.40088 04
    1.26787 83120 -0.00230 54965 0.14779 88 0.39883 15
    xl 1.26528 57796 +0.02451 01664 0.14676 44 0.39681 40
    8:9 1.26005 46162 0.05078 29664 0.14575 23 0.39482 69
    1.25226 64460 0.07625 79635 0.14476 16 0.39286 97
    ;*i 1.24202 70675 0.10069 08937 0.14379 16 0.39094 15
    9:2 1.22946 51666 0.12385 04194 0.14284 16 0.38904 17
    1.21473 08237 0.14552 02334 0.14191 08 0.38716 95
    9':: 1.19799 38314 0.16550 09969 0.14099 87 0.38532 41

    9.5 1.17944 18392 0.18361 20962 0.14010 46 0.38350 53


    1.15927 83464 0.19969 32017 0.13922 78 0.38171 20
    9':; 1.13772 05614 0.21360 56169 0.13836 79 0.37994 39
    1.11499 71504 * 0.22523 34059 0.13752 43 0.37820 03
    ;:; 1.09134 58985 0.23448 42919 0.13669 65 0.37648 06
    10. 0 1.06701 13040 0.24129 03183 0.13588 40 0.37478 43
    494 INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

    Table 11.2 INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

    0.0.
    X
    s tz 1 --Jo@)

    o.“ooooo
    &

    000
    Jz L

    0.00000 000 0.000000


    0.00124 961 -1.3;?38 382 0.00113 140 0.368126
    2: 0.00499 375 -0.43423 067 0.00409 877 0.460111
    0.01121 841 -0.05107 832 0.00835 768 0.506394
    0”:; 0.01990 030 +0.15238 037 0.01347 363 0.532910
    0. 5 0.03100 699 0.26968 854 0.01910 285 0.548819
    0.04449 711 0.33839 213 0.02497 622 0.558366
    ::76 0.06032 057 0.37689 807 0.03088 584 0.563828
    0.07841 882 0.39543 866 0.03667 383 0.566545
    ::"9 0.09872 519 0.40022 301 0.04222 295 0.567355
    0.12116 525 0.39527 290 0.04744 889 0.566811
    z! 0.14565 721 0.38332 909 0.05229 376 0.565291
    1:2 0.17211 240 0.36633 694 0.05672 080 0.563058
    1. 3 0.20043 570 0.34572 398 0.06070 995 0.560302
    1. 4 0.23052 610 0.32256 701 0.06425 420 0.557163
    0.26227 724 0.29769 696 0.06735 663 0.553745
    ::2 0.29557 796 0.27176 713 0.07002 797 0.550126
    0.33031 288 0.24529 896 0.07228 458 0.546364
    i-i 0.36636 308 0.21871 360 0.07414 688 0.542506
    1:9 0.40360 666 0.19235 409 0.07563 806 0.538587
    0.44191 940 0.16650 135 0.07678 298 0.534635
    ::1" 0.48117 541 0.14138 594 0.07760 744 0.530670
    0.52124 775 0.11719 681 0.07813 746 0.526711
    22'32 0.56200 913 0.09408 798 0.07839 884 0.522768
    2: 4 0.60333 248 0.07218 365 0.07841 674 0.518854
    0.64509 164 0.05158 229 0.07821 544 0.514976
    5-z 0.68716 194 0.03235 987 0.07781 809 0.511139
    2:7 0.72942 081 +0.01457 248 0.07724 664 0.507350
    0.77174 836 -0.00174 144 0.07652 168 0.503610
    ::i 0.81402 795 -0.01655 931 0.07566 245 0.499924
    3. 0 0.85614 669 -0.02987 272 0.07468 681 0.496292
    0.89799 596 -0.04168 613 0.07361 124 0.492717
    ;*; 0.93947 188 -0.05201 554 0.07245 090 0.489198
    3:3 0.98047 571 -0.06088 740 0.07121 963 0.,485736
    3.4 1.02091 428 -0.06833 756 0.06993 006 0.482332
    1.06070 032 -0.07441 025 0.06859 360 0.478984
    33:: 1.09975 277 -0.07915 722 0.06722 060 0.475694
    1.13799 707 -0.08263 683 0.06582 033 0.472459
    z 1.17536 536 -0.08491 323 0.06440 109 0.469280
    3:9 1.21179 667 -0.08605 553 0.06297 029 0.466155
    1.24723 707 -0.08613 706 0.06153 450 0.463085
    f-1" 1.28163 975 -0.08523 459 0.06009 952 0.460067
    4:2 1.31496 504 -0.08342 762 0.05867 042 0.457100
    1.34718 044 -0.08079 769 0.05725 166 0.454185
    44:43 1.37826 060 -0.07742 769 0.05584 708 0.451320
    4. 5 1.40818 716 -0.07340 123 0.05446 000 0.448503
    1.43694 870 -0.06880 199 0.05309 325 0.445734
    t:; 1.46454 052 -0.06371 317 0.05174 921 0.443012
    1.49096 446 -0.05821 690 O.(r5042 989 0.440335
    1:: 1.51622 864 -0.05239 371 0.04913 691 0.437703
    5. 0 1.54034 722 -0.04632 205 0.04787 161 0.435114
    12. Struve Functions and Related Functions
    MILTON ABRAMOWITZ~

    Contents

    Pege
    Mathematical Properties .................... 496
    12.1. Struve Function H,(z) ................. 496
    12.2. Modified Struve Function L,(z) ............. 498
    12.3. Anger and Weber Functions .............. 498
    Numerical Methods ...................... 499
    12.4. Use and Extension of the Tables ............ 499
    References .......................... 500
    Table 12.1. Struve Functioqs (OjzSa~) ............. 501

    (2/r) l t-‘E&)&t, x=o(.1)5,5D to 7D

    Table 12.2. Struve Functions for Large Arguments . . . . . . . . . 502

    Ho(x)-Y,(x), Hlw--l(4, sb; t&w-~cl(~)l~+w7d ln x

    Io(~>-L&>, Id+-h(x), Jo2 [L,(t)--I,(t)ldt-(2/lr) ln x

    zm [II&)-Y,(t)]t-‘&, x-l= .2(- .Ol)O, 6D


    s

    The author acknowledgesthe assistanceof Bertha H. Walter in the preparation and


    checkingof the tables.

    1National Bureau of Standards. (Deceased.)


    495
    12. Struve Functions and Related Functions
    Mathematical Properties
    12.1.11 Ii& (2/7r)--HI
    12.1. Struve Function H,(s)
    Differential Equation and General Solution
    12.1.12 -$ (2,H,)=z”H,4
    12.1.1
    22 dazu+2 dw+(22-va)w= 4(w+’
    dz2 dz 12.1.13 $ (2-,H”)=& 2,;(v+))-2-,H.,1
    J;;wJ+ 3)

    The general solution is

    12.1.2 w=aJ,(2)+bY,(2)+Hv(2) (a$, constants)

    where Z-“H”(2) is an entire function of 2.


    Power Series Expansion

    12.1.3

    FIGURE 12.1. Struve junctions.

    Integral Representations H.(z), n=0(1)3

    If 9v> -4,
    12.1.6

    5 o1(l-ty%in (zt) dt
    .6

    i
    12.1.7 %]a 2)”
    =&r(v+f) S 6
    sin (2 cos 0) sinaVBdO

    12.1.8 =Y. (2)

    --I’ (l+tn)‘-3d,

    -.6
    Recurrence Relations

    12.1.9 ($4” -.6


    E,-1+H.+,=~ l3,+
    h w+#)
    FIGURE 12.2. Struve junctions.
    12.1.10 H,-1--H,+I=BH;- (a2)”
    6 rb+io H,(z), -T&=1(1)3
    STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 497
    Struve*a Integral
    12.1.25
    4 *
    t-.H,(t)dt=~al(z)+~sm t-1 l.&(t)&
    r L
    -s I
    12.1.26
    2 - 2
    t-lE&)&=l-f
    *-s 1 [ -15.32.j
    zb
    1
    OI
    +1%3’.5’.5- ***

    st~-v-‘H,(t)dt
    =
    12.1.27
    r(j~)P-“-’ tan (3~~0
    0 w--~P+l>
    (I9Pl<h ~‘v>9k’--9)
    If j,(z)= 0SH,(t)t*dt
    s
    12.1.28
    FIGURE 12.3. Struve functions. f”+l= (2v+ l)f,< Z)--Z’+W”(Z)
    ++f
    E,(z), 2=3, 5 + (Y+i)2’+lr(~pyY+g) (wy>-43)
    Special Proper&x
    Asymptotic Expansions for Large 1x1
    12.1.14 H,(z) 2 0 (z>O and u> 3) 12.1.29
    r(k+3)
    12.1.15 H.(z)-Y.(z)=; zol *-d-R,
    (n an integer>O)
    r(v+3--k) (i)
    H-(,+),(z)= (-l)nJn+i(z)
    (larg 4<4
    12.1.16 H&)=(-g (1-cos 2) where R,,,=O(IZI~-*~-~). If Y is real, z positive *
    and m+ )- v 20, the remainder after m terms is
    12.1.17 of the same sign and numerically less than the
    first term neglected.
    12.1.30
    12.1.18 H,(zemr*)=e”‘n(r+*)ri H,(z) (m an integer) &(z)-yo(z)~~[~-~+q.&$~+~ . .]
    12.1.19 (larg 4<*)
    12.1.31
    x&(z)--Yl(z)-f [1+$-y+y- . . .]
    12.1.20
    (larg 4<4
    12.1.21 H,(z)= !!z’2)‘+1 IFS 3 3 z2 12.1.32
    1; z+~, &
    dr rG+*>
    s[Ho(t)--YoWW -5 [In cw+r1

    12.1.22
    a0
    st-1
    L(t)&=;
    Integrala

    0
    (See chapter 11) s0

    12.1.23 where *i=. 57721 56649 . . . is Euler’s constant.

    [g-m
    z4+A6- **-1
    s8Bb(t)dt=~
    0
    12.1.33

    12.1.24 * t-’ H.+l(w=2”&+p) - z-‘H,(Z)


    s0 (lw 4<4
    *setpage
    II.
    498 STRWE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders Asymptotic Expansion for Large )a i

    12.1.34
    2(32)” 2 k!b, 12.2.6 Lv(z)-I-p(z)
    H”(Z)-Y” (z)-&r(y+f) k=O 2+1

    k- 32 (-l’k+lr(k~v+l (jargzI<+a)
    (larg 4<hbl<l4 a kPor(Y++--k) (i)
    bo=l, h=2h, bz=6(~/2)~-&, b,=20(~/~)~-4(p/z’)
    Integrals
    12.1.35
    12.2.7
    2(W -jy!!s 4 (Iyl>lzl)
    =” (4 +iJ”(z) -&++$) k-o 2+1
    S 0
    ’ LoWt=f
    [
    $+12 .
    “3: .
    4+12 .
    32ze
    .
    52 . 6+---1
    12.2. Modified Struve Function L,(5)

    Power Series
    (VT
    Expansion 12.2.8
    SozM~~---Ldt)ldt-~ [In @d+rl
    12.2.1 L”(z)=--ie-TH”(iz)
    ($a*”
    =(4z)“+’k&r(k+4j)r(k+vt-3)
    Integral Representations

    ?
    12.2.9
    S 0
    ’ L&)dt=L,(z)-f z

    12.2.2
    2($3”
    Lv(z)=Gr(,+3)
    S o sinh (z cos 0) sin*v e& Relation

    12.2.10 L-(,++)
    to Modified

    (2)=1(,++)(z)
    Spherical Bessel Function

    (n an integer10)
    wv>--3)
    12.2.3
    12.3. Anger and Weber Functions
    I-,(s)-L,(z)= 2(z’2)”
    J;;w+3> S 0
    msin (tz)(l+t*)l-+

    my<3, c-0)
    dt
    Anger’s Function

    12.2.4 L”wI-L”+I=;
    Recurrence Relations

    L”+ (2/2)’
    12.3.1 J.(z)=-I
    n 0 S
    * cos (vO- z sin 0) de

    6 w+i8 12.3.2 J.(4=Jn(z) (n an integer)

    12.2.5 L”-l+L”+1=2L;- (2/2)’ Weher’s Function


    & w+*)
    L,(X) 12.3.3 E.(z)=ai
    n S 0
    Tsin (d- z sin 6) de

    Relations Between Anger’s and Weher’s Function

    12.3.4 sin (VT) JV(z)=cos (VT)EY(~)-E-Y(~)

    12.3.5 sin (VT) E,(z)=J-,(z)-cos (VT) J,(z)


    Relations Between Weher’s Function and Struve’s
    Function

    If n is a positive integer or zero,

    12.3.7
    FIGURE 12.4. Modijied Struve junctions.
    “+l[~lr(n-k-t)(aZ)-.+~+l
    E-,,(z)=+ C --H-,(z) *
    L(z), fn=C(1)5 k=O w+a
    STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 499
    12.3.8 E,,(z)=--Ho(z) 12.3.10 E&)=g-H&)

    12.3.9 El(z)=:-H,(z)

    Numerical Methods

    12.4. Use and Extension of the Tables We note that for n>6 there is a rapid loss of
    significant figures. On the other hand using 12.1.3
    Example 1. Compute L,(2) to 6D. From for x=4 we find H,(4)=.0007935729, H,,(4) =
    Table12.1 I,(2)-L,(2)=.342152; from Table 9.11 .00015447630 and backward recurrence with 12.1.9
    we have 1,,(2)=2.279585 so that L,(2)=1.937433. gives
    H,(4) = .00367 1495 H,(4)= .85800 94
    Example 2. Compute H,(lO) to 6D. From
    H,(4) =.01510 315 H,(4)=1.24867 6
    Table 12.2 for s-‘=.l. H,,(lO)-~Y,(10)=.063072;
    H,(4) = .05433 519 H,(4) = 1.06972 7
    from Table 9.1 we have Y,(10)=.055671. Thus,
    H,(4) =.16719 87 K(4)= .13501 4
    H,,(10)=.118743.
    H,(4) = .42637 43

    Example 3. Compute ‘Ho(t)& for 2=6 to Example 6. Compute L,(.5) for n=0(1)5 to
    s 8s. From 12.2.1 we find L,(.5) =9.6307462X lo-‘,
    5D. Using Tables 12.2, il.1 and 4.2, we have
    L,(.5) =2.1212342X 10m5. Then, with 12.2.4 we
    J)ut)dt=Jy YdWt +f In 6+fi (6) get
    L,(.5)=3.82465 03X10-’ L1(.5)=.05394 2181
    =-.125951+(.636620)(1.791759) L,(.5)=5.36867 34X1O-3 Lo(.5) =.32724 068
    + .816764
    Example 7. Compute L,(.5) for -n=0(1)5
    = 1.83148 to 6s. From Tables 12.1 and 9.8 we find L,(.5) =
    .327240, L,(.5) = .053942. Then employing 12.2.4
    Example 4. Compute H,(x) for x=4, -n= with backward recurrence we get
    O(l)8 to 6s. From Table 12.1 we have H,,(4)=
    .1350146, HI(4)=1.0697267. Using 12.1.9 we find L-,(.5) = .690562 L-,(.5) = -75.1418
    L-z(.5)=-l.16177 L-,(.5) = 1056.92
    H-,(4) = - .433107 H-,(4) = .689652
    Lb3(.5) = 7.43824
    H-,(4) = .240694 H-,(4) = - 1.21906
    H-3(4) = .152624 H-,(4) = 2.82066 Example 8. Compute L,(s) for x=6 and
    H-4(4) = - .439789 H-,(4) = - 8.24933 -n=0(1)6 to 8s. From Tables 12.2 and 9.8
    we fhd L,,(6)=67.124454, L,(6)=60.725011.
    Example 5. Compute H,(s) for x=4, n= IJsing 12.2.4 we get
    O(l)10 to 7s. Starting with the values of H,(4)
    and H,(4) and using 12.1.9 with forward recur- L-,(6)=61.361631 L-4(6)=16.626028
    rence, we get L-*(6) =46.776680 Lm5(6)= 7.984089
    L-a(6)=30.159494 L-,(6) = 3.32780
    H,(4)= .13501 46 Ha(4) =.05433 54
    H,(4) = 1.06972 67 H,(4) =.01510 37 We note that there is no essential loss of accuracy
    H,(4) = 1.24867 51 H,(4) =.00367 SS until n= -6. However, if furt.her values were
    H,(4)= .85800 95 HQ(4) =.00080 Od necessary the recurrence procedure becomes un-
    H,(4)= .42637 41 H,,,(4) = .00018 %5 stable. To avoid the instability use the methods
    H,(4)= .16719 87 described in Examples 5 and 6.
    500 STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FVNCTIONS

    References
    Texts Tables

    [12.1] R. K. Cook, Some properties of Struve functions, [12.8] M. Abramowitz, Tables of integrals of Struve
    J. Washington Acad. Sci. 47, 11, 365-363 (1957). functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 49-51 (1950).
    [12.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions, [12.9] C. W. Horton, On the extension of some Lommel
    vol. 2, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., integrals to Struve functions with an application
    New York, N.Y., 1953). to acoustic radiation, J. Math. Phys. 29, 31-37
    [12.3] A. Gray and G. B. Mathews, A treatise on Bessel (1950).
    functions, ch. 14 (The Macmillan Co., New York, [12.10] C. W. Horton, A short table of Struve functions
    N.Y., 1931). and of some integrals involving Bessel and
    [12.4] N. W. McLachlan, Bessel functions for engineers, 2d Struvefunctions, J. Math. Phys.29,56-58 (1950).
    ed. ch. 4 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1955). [12.11] Mathematical Tables Project, Table of the
    [12.5] F. Oberhettinger, On some expansions for Bessel Struve functions L.(z) and H,(z), J. Math.
    integral functions, J. Research NBS 59 (1957) Phys. 25, 252-259 (1946).
    RP2786.
    [12.6] G. Petiau, La theorie des fonctions de Bessel,
    ch. 10 (Centre National de la Recherche Scien-
    tifique, Paris, France, 1955).
    112.71 G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
    functions, ch. 10 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam-
    bridge, England, 1958).
    STRTJVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 501
    STRUVE FUNCTIONS Table 12.1

    X Ho(x) HI(X) s;Ho(W Io(+-b(4 II(X) -L1 (x) “fo(4 “j-” H$&
    * 2
    0.00000 00 0.00000 00 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.00000 1.000000
    K 0.06359 13 0.00212 07 0.003181 0.938769 0.047939 0.09690 0.959487
    0: 2 0.12675 90 0.00846 57 0.012704 0.882134 0.091990 0.18791 0.919063
    0.18908 29 0.01898 43 0.028505 0.829724 0.132480 0.27347 0.878819
    0":: 0.25014 97 0.03359 25 0.050479 0.781198 0.169710 0.35398 0.838843
    0. 5 0.30955 59 0.05217 37 0.078480 0.736243 0.203952 0.42982 0.799223
    0.36691 14 0.07457 97 0.112322 0.694573 0.235457 0.50134 0.760044
    2; 0.42184 24 0.10063 17 0.151781 0.655927 0.264454 0.56884 0.721389
    0.47399 44 0.13012 25 0.196597 0.620063 0.291151 0.63262 0.683341
    E. 0.52303 50 0.16281 75 0.246476 0.586763 0.315740 0.69294 0.645976
    1. 0 0.56865 66 0.19845 73 0.301090 0.555823 0.338395 0.75005 0.609371
    1.1 0.61057 87 0.23675 97 0.527058 0.80418 0.573596
    1. 2 0.64855 00 0.27742 18 i* Ez: 0.500300 is ::z 0.85553 0.538719
    1. 3 0.68235 03 0.32012 31 0:489655 0.475391 0:396290 0.90430 0.504803
    1. 4 0.71179 25 0.36452 80 0.559399 0.452188 0.412679 0.95066 0.471907
    1.5 0.73672 35 0.41028 85 0.631863 0.430561 0.427810 0.99479 0.440D86
    0.75702 55 0.45704 72 0.706590 0.410388 0.441783 1.03682 0.409388
    :*; 0.77261 68 0.50444 07 0.783111 0.391558 0.454694 1.07691 0;379057
    1: a 0.78345 23 0.55210 21 0.860954 0.466629 1.11518 0.351533
    1. 9 0.78952 36 0.59966 45 0.939643 is. :::z 0.477666 1.15174 0.324450
    0.79085 88 0.64676 37 1.018701 0.342152 0.487877 1.18672 0.298634
    2; 0.78752 22 0.69304 18 1.097659 0.327756 0.497329 1.22020 0.274109
    0.77961 35 0.73814 96 1.176053 0.314270 0.506083 1.25230 0.250891
    :*: 0.76726 65 0.78174 98 1.253434 0.301627 0.514194 1.28309 0.228992
    2:4 0.75064 85 0.82351 98 1.329364 0.289765 0.521712 1.31265 0.208417
    0.72995 77 0.86315 42 1.403427 0.278627 0.528685 1.34106 0.189168
    22:: 0.70542 23 0.90036 74 1.475227 0.268162 0.535156 1.36840 0.171238
    0.67729 77 0.93489 57 1.544392 0.258319 0.541164 1.39472 0.154618
    z 0.64586 46 0.96649 98 1.610577 0.249056 0.546746 1.42008 0.139293
    2:9 0.61142 64 0.99496 63 1.673465 0.240332 0.551933 1.44455 0.125242
    0.57430 61 1.02010 96 1.732773 0.232107 0.556757 1.46816 0.112439
    3:; 0.53484 44 1.04177 30 1.788248 0.224348 0.561246 1.49098
    0.49339 57 1.05983 03 1.839675 0.217022 0.565426 1.51305 t ZEi
    3: 3 0.45032 57 1.07418 63 1.886873 0.210099 0.569319 1.53440 o:oa1212
    3.4 0.40600 80 1.08477 74 1.929699 0.203553 0.572948 1.55508 0.073071
    3. 5 0.36082 08 1.09157 23 1.968046 0.197357 0.576333 1.57512 0.065992
    3.6 0.31514 40 1.09457 16 2.001847 0.191488 0.579492 1.59456 0.059928
    3. 7 0.26935 59 1.09380 77 2.031071 0.185924 0.582442 1.61343 0.054829
    3.8 0.22382 98 1.08934 44 2.055726 0.180646 0.585199 1.63176 0.050642
    3. 9 0.17893 12 1.08127 62 2.075858 0.175634 0.587776 1.64957 0.047311
    4. 0 0.13501 46 1.06972 67 2.091545 0.170872 0.590187 1.66689 0.044781
    0.09242 08 1.05484 79 2.102905 0.166343 0.592445 1.68375 0.042994
    i:: 0.05147 40 1.03681 86 2.110084 0.162032 0.594560 1.70017 0.041891
    +0.01247 93 1.01584 22 2.113265 0.157926 0.596542 1.71616 0.041414
    ::4' -0.02427 98 0.99214 51 2.112655 0.154012 0.598402 1.73176 0.041502
    -0.05854 33 0.96597 44 2.108492 0.150279 0.600147 1.74697 0.042096
    is -0.09007 71 0.93759 56 2.101037 0.146714 0.601787 1.76182 0.043139
    417 -0.11867 42 0.90729 01 2.090574 0.143309 0.603328 1.77632 0.044571
    4. a -0.14415 67 0.87535 28 2.077406 0.140053 0.604777 1.79049 0.046335
    4. 9 -0.16637 66 0.84208 90 2.061852 0.136938 0.606142 1.80434 0.048376
    5. 0 -0.18521 68 0.80781 19 2.044244 0.133955 0.607426 1.81788 0.050640
    [(-y] [c-y] I:
    (-;I6
    I [
    (97
    I 1.
    (412
    I
    Ho(x), HI(X), LO(Z), L1 (z), compiled from Mathematical Tables Project, Table of the Struve functions
    L,(x) and H,(x), J. Math. Phys. 25,252-259, 1946(with permission).

    s;Ho(l)dt, s;[r,(t)-b(t)]& is=- H+ dt, compiledfrom M. Abramowitz, Tablesof integralsof Struve

    functions, J. Math. Phys. 29,49-51,195O (with permission).


    502 STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 12.2 STRUVE FUNCTIONS FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

    X-’ Hoc@ - Y,(x) H,(x)- Y,(x) fdx) W) -Lo(x) I,(x)-L,(x) fdx) fA4 <x>
    0.20 0.123301 0.659949 0.819924 0.133955 0.607426 0.793280
    0.19 0.117449 0.657819 0.818935 0.126683 0.610467 0.794902 i* :21zi :
    0.18 0.111556 0.655774 0.817981 0.119468 0.796448 0: 113505 6
    0.17 0.105625 0.653818 0.817062 0.112319 i- 66:z 0.797910
    0.16 0.099655 0.651952 0.816182 0.105242 0: 618598 0.799279 00.
    . :Kz i
    0.15 0.093647 0.650180 0.815341 0.098241 0.620955 0.800551 0.094843
    0.14 0.087602 0.648504 0.814541 0.091318 0.623129 0.801721 0.088593
    0.13 0.081521 0.646927 0.813785 0.084474 0.625119 0.802787
    0. 12 0.075404 0.645452 0.813074 0.077706 0.626927 0.803750 i* %EB
    0.11 0.069254 0.644081 0.812411 0.071010 0.628558 0.804611 0: 069761
    0.10 0.063072 0.642817 0.811796 0.064379 0.630018 0.805374 0.063460 10
    0. 09 0.056860 0.811232 0.057805 0.631315 0.806047 0.057147 11
    0.08 0.050620 k T%5: 0.810722 0.051279 0.632457 0.806634
    0.07 0.044354 0: 639696 0.810266 0.044793 0.633450 0.807140 i* E%24 :z
    0. 06 0.038064 0.638888 0.809866 0.038340 0.634302 0.807572 0: 038152 17
    0.05 0.031753 0.638200 0.809525 0.031912 0.635016 0.807933 0.031805 20
    0. 04 0.025425 0.809244 0.025506 0.635596 0.808225 0.025451 25
    0.03 0.019082 ;- 66::%! 0.809023 0.019116 0.636045 0.808450 0.019093 33
    0. 02 0.012727 0: 636874 0.808865 0.012738 0.636365 0.808611 0.012731
    0. 01 0.006366 0.636683 0.808770 0.006367 0.636556 0.808706 0.006366 1%
    0.00 0.000000 0.636620
    0.000000 0.636620 0.808738
    0.808738 0.000000 CG
    c-y ‘-;I1
    1 1 c 1 [ 1 c 1 L- 1 [ 1 [(-;I2 1
    (-!)5 92 92 c-g)1
    s :[H,(1)-Y,(t)lat=~Inz+fi(x)

    1
    Ho(t)- Ye(t) dtzfo(x)
    t

    <x > = nearestintegerto 2.


    Startingwith H,(z) andH,(x), recurrenceformula12.1.9may be usedto generateH,(z) for n<O. ASlongas?<x/2
    (approx.),K(x) may be generatedby forward recurrence. Whenn>x/2, forwardrecurrenceis unstable. To avold the
    instability, choosen> >x, computeH,(x) and HI+l(x) with 12.1.3, andthen usebackwardrecurrencewith 12.1.9.
    If n>O, L,(z) mustbegeneratedby backwardrecurrence.If n < 0, L,(X) may be generatedby backwardrecurrence
    as long asL,(x) increases.If n<O and L,(x) is decreasing,
    forwardrecurrenceshouldbe used.
    iike Examples 4-8.
    13. Confluent Hypergeometric Functions
    LUCY JOAN SLATER l

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 504
    13.1. Definitions of Kummer and Whittaker Functions . . . . . 504
    13.2. Integral Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
    13.3. Connections With Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 506
    13.4. Recurrence Relations and Differential Properties . . . . . 506
    13.5. Asymptotic Expansions and Limiting Forms . . . . . . . 508
    13.6. Special Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
    13.7. Zeros and Turning Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
    Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
    13.8. Use and Extension of the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
    13.9. Calculation of Zeros and Turning Points . . . . . . . . . 513
    13.10. Graphing M(a, b, 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 514
    Table 13.1. Confluent Hypergeometric Function M(a, b, s) . . . . . 516
    2=.1(.1)1(1)10, a=-l(.l)l, b=.l(.l)l, 8s
    Table 13.2. Zeros of M(a, b, 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
    a=--l(l)-.I, b=.l(.l)l, 7D

    The tables were calculated by the author on the electronic calculator EDSACI in the
    Mathematical Laboratory of Cambridge University, by kind permission of its director, Dr.
    M. V. Wilkes. The table of M(a, b, z) was recomputed by Alfred E. Beam for uniformity
    to eight significant figures.

    1 University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge. (Prepared under contract with the


    National Bureau of Standards.)
    503
    13. Confluent Hypergeometric Functions
    Mathematical Properties
    13.1. Definitions of Kummer and Whittaker U(a, b, z) is a many-valued function, Its princi-
    Functions pal branch is given by - r< arg z 5 CT.
    Kummer’s Equation Logarithmic Solution
    13.1.6
    (-1)n+l
    13.1.1 2 %+(6-z) g-au=0 U(v+L Z)=n,r(amn) M(a,n+l, 2) In z
    [

    It has a regular singularity at z=O and an irregular +goc$$‘r,


    I *!tGz+79
    -WST)-W
    +n+r)
    I]
    singularity at CD.
    +(n-l)! z-“M(a-n , l-n J 2) n
    Independent solutions are r(a)
    Kummer’s Function for n=O,‘l, 2, . . ., where the last function is the
    13.1.2 sum to n terms. It is to be interpreted as zero
    when n=O, and $(a)=I”(a)/I’(a).
    a2 @ (4 &J
    Mb, h 2)=‘+7;+(b)$!+ . . . +(b),n!+ ... 13.1.7 U(a, l--n, 2)=2”U(a+n, l+n, 2)
    where
    As 9’z~a,
    (a)),=a(a+l)(a+2) . . . (a+n-l), (ah=l,
    13.1.8 U(a, b, 2)=~-~[l+O(lzJ-~)]
    and
    Analytic Continuation
    13.1.3 13.1.9
    lr
    Mb, 4 2) U(a, b, .~e*~‘) ==. em-L I MP-a, b, 4
    sm ab I‘(i+a--b)r(b)
    ‘la’ bJ z)~~ ’ r(l+a-b)r(b)
    -,,-eM(1+a--b,2--b, 211 e*‘*(l-b’zl-bM(l -a, 2-b, 2)
    r(a)I’(2-bb) I
    l?(a)r(2-b)
    Parameters
    (m, n positive integers) M(a, b, 4 where either upper or lower signs are to be taken
    b#--n a+-m a convergent series for throughout.
    all values of a, 1, and z
    13.1.10
    bie-n a=-m a polynomial of degree m
    in 2 U(a, b, ze2”i”)=[I-e-2~tb”] rfi:ii\) Mb, b, d
    b= -n a#-m
    b= -n a=-m, a simple pole at b= -n +e-2ribnU(a, b, z)
    m>n
    Alternative Notations
    b=-n a=-m, undefined $‘,(a; b; z) or *(a; b; 2) for M(a, b, z)
    m,<n P2Fo(a, 1 +a-b; ;- l/z) or *(a; b; 2) for U(a, b, z)
    U(a, b, z) is defined even when b-&n
    As JzJ-+co, Complete Solution

    13.1.4 13.1.11 y==AWa, b, 4+BU(a, 4 4


    where A and B are arbitrary constants, b ti -n.
    Mu, 6, z)=$j e’~~-*[l+U((z(-~)~ (wz>o)
    Eight Solutionr
    and
    13.1.12 y,=M(a, b, z)
    13.1.5
    13.1.13 y~=zt-eM(l+a-b, 2-b, z)
    Ma, 4 d =& (-4-41+0(14-‘)1 (92<0)
    13.1.14 y8=egM(b-a, b, -2)

    504
    iZONFL1TENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 505
    13.1.1.5 y,=zl-bezM(l-cz, 2--b, -2) 13.1.34

    13.1.16 ya=U(a, b, z) wK,fi(2)= r(+g-K)


    r(-2r) M,,,(z) + r(Ly:J-K) M% -/d2)
    13.1.17 y~=z’-“U(l+a--b, 2-b, 2) General Confluent Equation
    13.1.18 y,=e’U(b--a, b, -2)

    13.1.19 yg=21-berU(1-a, 2-b: -2)


    Wronskians

    If W(m, n}=y,yi-yy,yk and


    t=sgn (92)=1 if Jz>O,
    =-1 if J&O
    13.1.20 Solutions:
    W{l, 2}=W{3, 4}=W{l, 4}=-V’{2, 3} 13.1.36 Z-Ae-f(z)it4(a, b, h(Z))
    = (1 --b)zwbea
    13.1.21 13.1.37 Z-Ae-‘(z)U(a, b, h(Z))
    W{l, 3}=W{2,4}=W{5, 6)=W{7, 8)=0 13.2. Integral Representations
    13.1.22 W{ 1, 5}=-F(6)zmbe’/I’(a) .%b>Wa>O
    13.2.1
    13.1.23 W{ 1, 7} =,(b)ee**bz-bezlr(b-a)
    13.1.24 W{2, 5}= -r(2--b)2-be~/r(l+a-5) r(b;;y(a) M(a, b, 2)

    13.1.25 W{ 2, 7) = -r(2-b)2-be~/r(l-a)
    e: le~t~.-l(l-~)b-.-l&

    13.1.26 W{ 5, 7} =e’“f(b-a’z-be* s 0

    Kummer Tranaformations 13.2.2

    13.1.27 M(a, b, z)=e’M(b-a, b, -2) =21-bet’ l t1 e-t~~(l+t)b-‘-l(l--t)~-ldt


    s -1
    13.1.28 13.2.3
    2’-bM(l+a-b, 2-4 2)=2’-bezit4(1--a, 2--b, -2) =21-befz *e-t’ conesin”-9 cotb-% (if?) u!0
    s0
    13.1.29 U(a, b, 2)=21-aU(l+a-b, 2-4 2)

    13.2.4
    13.1.30
    =e -A.? ’ ez,(,-A),-l(B--t)b-“-ldt
    e’U(b-a, b, -2)=e(*1(1-b’e*21-bU(1--a, 2---b, -2) sA
    (A=B-1)
    Whittaker’s Equation L?Za>O, W2>0
    13.2.5
    13.1.31 !g+ [-;+;+Gp] WC0
    me-art”-‘(l+l)b-.-ldt
    r (a)U(a, b, 2) =
    s0
    Solutions:
    13.2.6
    Whittaker’s Functions m
    13.1.32 MI,r(2)=e-tE2ffrM(4+C(-K, 1+2p, 2)
    =e*s 1
    e-~‘(~-~)“-l~b-“-l&

    13.1.33
    13.2.7
    W~.r(2)=e-*z2t+rU(3+~-K, 1+2p, 2)
    e-t2 Cosh@sinhbwle cothb-” (@)& * ,
    (--n<arg 257r, ~=*b-a, p=#b-3)
    506 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    13.3.7
    13.2.8 r(a) U(a, b, z)
    OD
    =eAr
    Ma, b, 4 =e+z(+bz-uz)~-*b

    SA e-“(l-A)a-l(t+B)b-a-l~~
    I-(b)
    @=1---B) . neo A,(3z)tn(b-2a)-1nJb-1+,(J(2zb-4za))

    Similar integrals for MI,,,(z) and W,,,(z) can where


    be deduced with the help of 13.1.32 and 13.1.33.
    Ao=l, A1=o, A,=$b,
    Barnes-type Contour Integrale
    13.2.9 (n+l)A,,+l=(n+b-l)A,-,+(2a-b)A,-P,

    r$M(a, b,z)=& c+fm


    _ I-(-s)J?(a+d
    (-z)“js (a real)
    Sc 40 r(b+d 13.3.8

    for (arg (-z)l<+7r, a, b#O, -1, -2, . . . . The Ma, b, 4


    contour must separate the poles of r(--s) from r(b)
    those of r(a+s); c is finite. (D
    =eh’ C CnZ”(-az)i(l--b--n)J
    b-l+n@d--a&
    n-0
    13.2.10
    where
    r(a)r(l+a-b)zV(o, b, Z)
    1 C+1- CO=l, 4=-b& C,=-$(2h-l)a+$b(b+l)h*,
    r(--s)r(a+a)r(l+a--b+s)Pds
    =3z c-,oS (n+1)Cn+I=[(l-2h)n-bh]C,,
    +[(l-2h)a--h(h-l)(b+n-l)]C,-1
    for larg zI<$ a#O, -1, -2, . . ., b-afl, 2,
    --h(h- l)aC,-l (h real)
    3 The contour must separate the poles of
    r)(--6) from those of r(a+s> and r(1 +u-b+s). 13.3.9 Ma, b, 4=n~oG(a, b)In(z)
    13.3. Connections With Bessel Functions where
    (see chapters 9 and 10) Co= 1, Cl(u, b) =2u/b,
    Be-1 Functions as Limiting Cases Cn+l(a, b>=2aC&+l, b+l)/b-C.-l(a, b)
    If b and z are fixed, 13.4. Recurrence Relations and Differential
    Properties
    13.3.1 lim( M(u, b, z/u)/I’(b)} =d-fb~,-~(2,@
    0-w 13.4.1
    13.3.2 lim{M(a, b,-+)/r(b)} =d-tbJb-I(2d;i) (b-u)M(u-1, b, z)+(2u-b++)M(u, b, z)
    a+=
    13.3.3 -aM(u+l, b, z)=O

    lim
    a+0
    {r(i+a-b) U(a, b, z/u)} =2d-*b&,-~(2~ 13.4.2
    b(b-l)M(u, b-l, z)+b(l--b-z)M(u, b, z)
    13.3.4 +z(b-u)M(u, b+l, z)=O
    lim( I’(l+a-b)U(a, b, -z/u)) 13.4.3
    a-+-
    = -7rie~*bz+~bH~~:1,(2fi) (Yz>O) (l+u-b)M(a, b, z)-aM(u+l, b, z)
    13.3.5 +(b-l)M(u, b-l, z)=O
    Expaneiona in Series 13.4.4
    13.3.6
    bM(u, b, z)-bbM(u-1, b, z)-.&(a, b+l, z)=O
    M(u, b, z)=eW (b-u-$)(+)a-b++
    13.4.5
    . 5 (2b-2a-l),(b-%),(b--a-i+ n)
    * b(a+z)M(u, b, z)+z(u-b)M(u, b+l, z)
    n=O n!(b).
    (-1)’ I’,-a--f+“(+) (b#O,-l,-2,. . .) -abM(u+l, b, z)=O

    *see page II.


    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 507
    13.4.6 13.4.19
    (u+z)U(u, b, z)--zU(u, b+l, 2)
    (a-l$z)M(a, b, z>+@--aMa-1, 4 2)
    +u(b-u-1)U(u+1, b, z)=O
    t-(1--b)M(a, b-l, z)=O
    13.4.20
    13.4.7
    (u+z-l)U(u, b, z)-U(u-1, 6, 2)
    b(l--b+&t&, b, z)+b(b-l)M(a-1, b-l, z) +(l+u--b)U(u, b-l, z)=O
    -azA4(u+l, b-tl, z)=O
    13.4.21 U’(u, b, z)=-uU(u+l, b+l, z)

    13.4.8 k!‘(u, b, z)=+(u+l, b+l, z) 13.4.22

    $ KJ(% b, 4 1=(-l>“(u),U(a+~, b+% 4


    13.4.9 -g {it&, b, 2)) =& M(u+n, b+n, 2)
    n
    13.4.23
    13.4.10 ukqu+1, b, z)=uM(u,b, z)+zM’(u, b, 2) u(l+u--b)U(u+l, b, z)=uU(u, b, 2)
    fzU’(u, b, 2)
    13.4.11
    13.4.24
    (b-u)A4(u-1, b, z)=(b--a---z)M(u, b, 2) (l+u--b)U(u, b-1, z)=(l-b)U(u, b, 2)
    $zM’(u, b, 2) --ZU’(u, b, 2)
    13.4.12
    13.4.25 U(u, b+l, z)=U(u, 6, z)-U’(u, b, z)
    (b-u)M(u, bS1, z)=bM(u, b, 2)-4ikP(a, b, 2)
    13.4.26
    13.4.13 U(u-1, b, z)=(u-b+z)U(u, b, Z)-zU’(u, b, 2)
    (b- l)M(u, b- 1, 2) = (b- l)M(u, b, 2) 13.4.27
    +zM’b, 4 4 U(u-1, b-1, z)=(l--bfz)U(u, b, 2)
    13.4.14 --ZU’(u, b, 2)

    (b-l)M(u-1, b-1, z)=(b-1-z)M(u, b, 2)


    13.4.28 2~M.-t,,-t(z)-z~M,,,(z)=2~C1M~+t,r-t(~)
    +zM’(a, 4 4
    13.4.29
    13.4.15
    (1+2~+fK)M,+*,1r(Z)-(1+2E1-2K)Mr-1,p(Z)
    U(u-1, b, z)+(a-2u-z)U(u, b, 2)
    =2(2K-Z)M,,,(Z)
    +u(l+u-b)U(ufl, b, z)=O
    13.4.30
    13.4.16 W~+t,p(z)-Z*W.,r+f(%)+(K+I1)Wr--f,p(%)=O

    (b-a-l)U(fz, b-1, 2)+(1--~-2)U(u, b, 2)


    13.4.31
    +dqu, 63-1, z)=O
    (2K--2)~~,ll(Z)+W,+1,r(Z)
    13.4.17
    =(c(-K+a)(~+K-~)Wr-l,lc(Z)
    U(u, b, z)-uU(uf1, b, z)-U(u, b-l, z)=O
    13.4.32
    13.4.18
    (b-u)U(u, b, z>+U(u-1, b, 2)
    -zU(u, bfl, z)=O 13.4.33 ZW:,,(z)=(aZ-K)w,,,(z)--~r+l,~(Z)
    508 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    13.5. Asymptotic Expansions and Limiting r(1-b) +o((2(l- 9”)


    Forms 13.5.10 Ub, 4 2)=r(l+u-b)

    For Iz\ large, (a, b fixed)


    (O<gb<l)
    13.5.1 13.5.11 =&+Wlz In 4) @=O)
    wb h 2) =
    r(b) 13.5.12 =,fi~;~~)+“(iz,~
    Ezr&g; (ayy). (-z)-n+o(,Z,-R)} (WblO, bf0)
    For large a (b, 5 fixed)
    13.5.13
    M(u, b, z) =
    the upper sign being taken if-$r<axg z<#T, the r (b)etz(3bz-uz)t-tbJ~-, (~(2bz-dzz))
    lower sign if -g?r<arg z<-*n. P +fXlW--al -“>I
    where
    13.5.2
    U(u, b, 2) =2-a{Rs (“)*(l;a-b)n (-z)-” I+It b- a 1‘and a=min (l--p, $-#p), O_<p<j.
    n-0

    +WfR) 1k-i%<arg z<W 13.5.14


    Converging Factors for the Remainders M(u, b, z)=r(b)ee(3bz--az)t-tblr-1
    13.5.3 COB(d(2bz--4ux)-$bn++r)
    O(,2,-R)=(u)~(1+a-b)~ (-z)-R U+Wb--al-*)1
    R!
    as a+--cx, for b bounded, 2 real.
    L3+(b+tb-h+t2-ifR)
    2 + w4-2>1 13.5.15
    and U(u, b, z)=
    r(~b-u+#e+‘z+-+b[cos (u+Jb-l(,Q2bz-4uz))
    13.5.4
    -sin (ar)Yb--1(d(2bz-4uz))] [l+O((+b-ul-g)]
    o(14-s)= %--aMl-4s
    8, 2-.q
    where u is defined in 13.5.13.
    [#-b+2u+z-S+O(lzl-‘)I
    13.5.16
    where the R’th and S’th terms are the smallest in U(\cG,b, z)=r(3b--a+t)?r-,etz~t-tb
    the expansions 13.5.1 and 13.5.2. cos (d(2bz--4uz) -$b?r+ur+ts)
    For small z (a, b fIxed) P+Wl3b-4-W

    13.5.5 As 1++0, M(u, b, O)=l, bf--n as a+--ol for b bounded, CCreal.


    For large real a, b, x
    ret-l)
    13.5.6 U(u, b, z)=r(a) z‘-“+o(,2,9e-2) If cosh2 8=z/(2b-4u) so that z>2b-u>l,
    (9?b22, bf2) 13.5.17
    13.5.7 =qg z’-“+o(,ln 2,) A4(u, b, Z) =r(b) sin (a*)
    (b=2) exp [(b-%)(4 sinh 2&6+cosh* e)]
    [(b-2u) cash fp+[?r(3b-u) sinh 201-t
    13.5.8 2g &“+o(l)
    [1+0(13b--4-91
    (l<Wb<2) 13.5.18
    U(U, b, z)=exp [(b--t&)($ sinh 28--e+cosh* e)]
    13.5.9 =-& b z+#(4l+O(lzh 21) [(b-2u) cash e]l-b[($b-u) sinh 201-t
    (b=l) ~1+Wb-4-31
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 509

    If Z= (2b--4~)[l+t/(b--2a)~], so that 13.5.21


    xm2b-4a M(a, b, x) = r(b) exp { (b--u) cos* e}
    13.5.19
    [(b-2a) cos e]‘-“[r(+b-a) sin 281-4
    M(a, b, x)=etz(b-2u)f-bI’(b)[Ai(t) cos (ar)
    [sin (mr)+sin { (+b-a)(2&sin ae) +t~}
    +Bi(t) sin (ar)+O((+b--a(-*)]
    13.5.20 +o(13b-a(-1)]
    13.5.22
    V(a, b, ~)=et~+“-~“r(;)a-t~-* U(a, b, z)=exp [(b-2a) cos* e][(b-2u) cos e]l-”
    { h-tr(~)(bx-2ux)-f3f?r-~+O(l~b--a~-*)~ [(*b-a) sin 28]-t{sin [($b-a)
    If ~0s*e=x/(2b--4u) so that 2b--4a>x>O, (2B-sin 2e)+)T]+O(J)b-aJ-*))

    = = 13.6. Special Casee


    =

    I Wa, b, 4 I Relation Function


    a b
    .-

    13.6.1 v+t 2v+1 r(l +v)ei~&)-~J.(z) Bessel


    13.6.2 -v-k, -2v+1 IV -v)eis(+z) +ms (vr)J,(z) --sin (M) Y,(z)] Bes8el
    13.6.3 v+t 2v+1 IYl+v)e~OzPZ.(z) Modified Bessel
    13.6.4 n+l 2n+2 r(~+n)6i*(~t)--~J.+t(z> I Spherical Bessel
    13.6.5 -n -2n r(t-n)e’I(fz)“+tJ-.-t(z) ,
    I Spherical Bessel
    13.6.6 n+l 2n+2 r(q+n)eg(tz)-“-tZ.+,(t) * I Spherical Bessel
    13.6.7 n-l-3 2n-k1 r(l+n)e-*rr(fiz*)-n(ber. z+i bei. z) Kelvin
    13.6.8 L+l-is 2L+2 eizF&j, z)z-~-~/CL(S) Coulomb Wave

    13.6.9 -n a+1 & I) L’:‘(z) Laguerm

    13.6.10 a a+1 -@da, 2) Incomplete Gamma


    (nl)V
    13.6.11 -n 1+v--n Poieaon-Charlier
    (1 +v-n). Pn(v’ ‘)
    13.6.12 a a Exponential
    ,-is
    13.6.13 1 2 y sin 2 Trigonometric

    13.6.14 1 2 r sinh t Hyperbolic.

    13.6.15 -iv 3 2+ exp ( +za) Ez”) (2)


    Weber
    13.6.16 3-b B exp2jfr’) ,;1, (#I Pa%bolic Cylinder

    13.6.17 -n 4 &-j (-H-*fh&) Hermite

    13.6.18 -n r) & C-W” $ Hea,+lb) * Hermite

    rt
    13.6.19 + t - erf 2 Error Integral
    22
    &.-zn+n-I *
    13.6.20 tm+t 1+n er’T(m, n, r) Toronto
    r(bm+t)

    *see page II.


    510 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    13.6. Special Cases-Continued

    Uh b, 4
    - Relation Function
    a b 2
    -- --
    13.6.21 v+t 2v+1 20 r-fe*(22)-‘K,(z) Modified Bessel
    13.6.22 u+3 2v+1 -2it &,1,iMYS3) -~l(2z)-.~p(z)* EIankel
    13.6.23 2v+1 2iz 3*te-i[n(“St)-Zl(2z)-.HI*‘(zjL Hankel
    p+i

    13.6.24 n+l 2n+2 2t r-ter(2z)-“-tk,++(z) Spherical Bessel


    13.6.25 s 0 #z3’l &Z-I exp ($~3/~)2-2/~3~/@ Ai (z) Airy
    13.6.26 n+i Zn+l he i~~-tev5*(2&)-“[ker, z+i kei,, z] Kelvin

    13.6.27 -n a+1 2 (- l)%!LIp’ (2) Laguerre

    13.62% l-a l-a 2 eT(a, x) Incomplete Gamma


    13.6.29 1 1 -X -e-z Ei (2) Exponential Integral
    13.6.30 1 1 2 e=E~(x) Exponential Integral

    13.6.31 1 1 -1nx -2li (2) Logarithmic Integral

    13.6.32 *m-n l+m 2 r(l+n--m)e=-r4(1m-n)w., ,(x) Cunningham


    13.6.33 -b 0 2x r(l+fv)e”k.(z) for z>o Bateman
    13.6.34 1 1 ix eiz[-+*i+i Si (2)-Ci (z)] Sine and Cosine Integral
    13.6.35 1 1 4X e+l[fri-i Si (2) -Ci (z)] Sine and Cosine Integral
    13.6.36 -b t 3z1 2+es214D.(z) Weber
    13.6.37 f-b B w 2t+e*‘l’D. (2)/z ’ Pa$bolic Cylinder
    13.6.38 t-h pr 29 2-*H&c)/x * Hermite
    13.6.39 f 3 21 & exp (9) erfcz Error Integral
    - - -

    13.7. Zeros and Turning Values For the derivative,

    If jb--l,r is the r’th positive zero ofJbel(x), then 13.7.4


    a first approximation X0 to the r’th positive zero
    of M(a, b, 2) is M’(a, b, X,) =

    13.7.1 X,=j;-,.,{ l/(2&4a.>+O(l/(~b-a)*))

    A*(?-+ fb- 3)” If XA is the first approximation to a turning value


    13.7.2 xo-
    2b-4a f of M(a, b, r), that is, to a zero of M’(a, b, 2) then
    a better approximation is
    A closer approximation is given by

    13.7.3 XY,=Xo--M(u, b, Xo)/A4’(a, b, Xo)


    *see page II.
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 511
    The self-adjoint equation 13.1.1 can also be is an increasing or decreasing function of z, that is,
    written they form an increasing sequence for M(a, ZJ,z)
    if a>O, x<b--3 or if a<O, x>b--3, and a decreas-
    13.7.6 &be-z $$z&‘-‘e-‘w ing sequence if a>0 and x>b--3 or if a<0 and
    x<b-4.
    The Sonine-Polya Theorem The turning values of /WI lie near the curves

    The maxima and minima of IwI form an in- 13.7.7


    creasing or decreasing sequence according as
    w= f ~(b)?r-1~2e2~2(~bx-ax)~~~b~ 1-x/(2b-4a)}-1’4
    -,&b-le-2z

    Numerical Methods
    13.8. Use and Extension of the Tables In this way 13.4.1-13.4.7 can be used together
    Calculation of M(a, b, 2) with 13.1.27 to extend Table 13.1 to the range
    Kummer’s Transformation -lO<a<lO, -lOlb<lO, -lOsx<lO.
    Example 1. Compute M(.3, .2, - .l) to 7s. This extension of ten units in any direction is
    Using 13.1.27 and Tables 4.4 and 13.1 we have possible with the loss of about 1s. All the re-
    a=.3, b=.2 so that currence relations are stable except i) if a<O, b<O
    M(.3,
    .2, -.l)=e-.‘M(-.l, .2, .l> and bl>lbl, x>O, or ii) b<a, b<O, lb-al>lbl,
    x<O, when the oscillations may become large,
    = .85784 90. especially if 1x1also is large.
    Thus 13.1.27 can be used to extend Table 13.1 to Neither interpolation nor the use of recurrence
    negative values of 2. Kummer’s transformation relations should be attempted in the strips
    should also be used when a and b are large and b= --nf .l where the function is very large nu-
    nearly equal, for x large or small. merically. In particular M(a, b, x) cannot be
    Example 2. Compute M(17, 16, 1) to 7s. evaluated in the neighborhood of the points
    Here a=17, b=16, and a=-m, b=-n, m<n, as near these points
    M(17, 16, l)=e’M(-1, 16, -1) small changes in a, b or x can produce very large
    changes in the numerical value of M(a, b, x).
    =2.71828 18X1.06250 00
    Example 4. At the point (- 1, - 1, x), M(a, b, x)
    =2.88817 44. is undefined.
    Recurrence Relations
    When a=-1, M(-1, b, z)=l-zfor ati x.
    Example 3. Compute M(- 1.3, 1.2, .l) to 7s.
    Using 13.4.1 and Table 13.1 we have a= -.3, Hence:.mlM(-1, b,x)=l tx. ButM(b, b,x)=e”
    b=.2 so that for all x, when a=b. Heocek$l M(b, b, x)=8.
    M(-1.3,.2,.1)=2[.7M(-.3, .2, .l)-.3M(.7,.2, .l)] In the first case b+- 1 along the line a= - 1, and
    = .35821 23. in the second case b-+-l along the line a=b.
    By 13.4.5 when a= - 1.3 and b= .2, Derivatives

    M(-1.3,1.2,.1)=[.26 M(-.3, .2, .l) Example 5. To evaluate M’(-.7, -.6, .5) to


    -.24 M(-1.3, .2, .1)]/.15 7s. By 13.4.8, when a= -.7 and b= -.6, we have
    = .89241 08.
    M’(-.7, -.6, .5)=+4(.3, .4, .5)
    Similarly when a= - .3 and b=.2
    = 1.724128.
    M(--3, 1.2, .1)=.97459 52.
    Asymptotic Formulas
    Check, by 13.4.6,
    For x2 10, a and b small, M(a, b, 2) should be
    M(-1.3, 1.2, .1)=[.2 &Q-.3, .2, .l) evaluated by 13.5.1 using converging factors
    +1.2 M(-.3, 1.2, .1)]/1.5 13.5.3 and 13.5.4 to improve the accuracy if
    = .89241 08. necessary.
    CONFLUENT HYPERQEOMETRIC FUNCTIONB
    512
    Example 6. Calculate M(.9, .l, 10) to 7S, Hence
    using 13.5.1. U(.l, .2, 1)=5.344799(.371765--194486)
    = .94752.
    =- W) ,.erq()-.o cN Wn(1.8)n
    wg, 61, 10) Q-*8) n-0 n!(-lo)n Similarly
    U(- .9, *2, 1) = .91272.
    r(.l) &.101().8 5 (-*%w”+*(l(yN)
    +r(.9) n-0 n!lO” Hence by 13.4.15
    =-.198(.869)+1237253(.99190 285) U(1.1, *2, l)=[U(.l, .2, l)-U(-.s, .2, 1)]/.09
    -tom = .38664.
    =1227235.23-.17+0(l)
    = 1227235+ O(1) Example 10. To compute U’(- .9, -.8, 1) to
    5s. By 13.4.21
    Check, from Table 13.1, M(.9, .I, 10)=1227235.
    To evaluate M(a, 5, 2) with a large, z small and b U/(-.9, -.8, 1)=.9U(.l, .2, 1)
    small or large 13.5.13-14 should be used. =(.9)(.94752)
    = .85276.
    Example 7. Compute M(-52.5, .l, 1) to 3S,
    using 13.5.14. Asymptotic Formular

    M(-52.5, .l, 1)=I’(.l)e*6(.05+52.5)*a6’*06 Example 11. To compute U(1, .l, 100) to 5s.
    .5642 COB[(.2-4(-52.5))*“-.05~+.25s] By 13.5.2
    [1+O((.05+52.5)-*6)]=-16.34+0(.2)
    U(1, .l, loo)=&{ l-go+; 2go
    By direct application of a recurrence relation,
    M(-52.5, .l, 1) has been calculated as -16.447. -~jjjjj~+OwOb
    1.9 2.9 3.9
    To evaluate M(a, 5, 2) with z, a and/or b large,
    13.5.17,19 or 21 should be tried.
    Example 8. Compute M(-52.5, .l, 1) using =.Ol{ l-.019+.000551-.000021
    13.5.21 to 3S, cos 0=&210.2. +o(lo-e) 1,
    =.00981 53.
    M-(-52.5, J, 1)
    Example 12. To evaluate U(.l, -2, .Ol). For
    =r(,l)e106.1 oode L105.1 co0 e]+s1.5641 2 small, 13.5.6-12 should be used.
    52.55-i sin 2tI-*[sin (-52.5~)
    +sin { 52.55(2e--sin 2e) +ir> U(.l, *2, .Ol)= r(l,l-
    r(1--.2) q+“((.ol)l-‘a)
    +0((52.55)-‘)I=-16.47+0(.02)
    r(.8)
    =,o+o((.01)~8)
    A full range of asymptotic formulas to cover all
    possible cases is not yet known. =1.09 to 3S, by 13.5.10.
    Calculation of U(a, b, x)
    To evaluate U(a, 5, 2) with a large, z small and
    For -lO<z<lO, -1OSa110, -105&10 b small or large 13.5.15 or 16 should be used.
    this is possible by 13.1.3, using Table 13.1 and the To evaluate U(a, 5, z) with 2, a and/or b large
    recurrence relations 13.4.X-20. 13.5.18, 20 or 22 should be tried. In all these
    Example 9. Compute U(l.1, .2, 1) to 5~. cases the size of the remainder term is the guide to
    Using Tables 13.1, 4.12 and 6.1 and 13.1.3, we the number of significant figures obtainable.
    have
    Calculation of the Whittaker Functionr
    U(.l, .2; l)=
    Example 13. Compute M,-.,(l) and W.,,,-.,(l)
    M(.1,.2,1) M(.9,1.8,1) to 5s. By formulas 13.1.32 and 13.1.33 and
    ~GiifSj~ r(.9)r(.2) - r(.l)r(l.8) ]* Tables 13.1, 4.4
    But M(.9, 1.8, 1)=.8[M(.9, .8, 1)-iV(-.l, .8, l)] M.o,-.,(l)=e-~6M(.1, .2, 1)=1.10622,
    = 1.72329, using 13.4.4. W.o,-.,(1)=e-~6U(.l, .2, 1)=.5’7469.
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 513
    Thus the values of M,,,(x) and W,,,(Z) can M’(-3, .6,X;)
    always be found if the values of M(a, 5, 2) and xi=xA [l--3M(-3, .6,X;)]
    U(a, b, 2) are known. =X; [l-&Q-2,1.6, X;)/.6M(-3, .6,X;)]
    13.9. Calculation of Zeros and Turning Points =.9715X1.0163=.9873 to 4s.
    Example 14. Compute the smallest positive This process can be repeated to give as many
    zero of M( -4, .6,~). This is outside the range of significant figures as are required.
    Table 13.2. Using 13.7.2 we have, as a first
    approximation

    x0- (-55a)a 174


    -17.2=- *
    Using 13.7.3 we have

    X1=X0--M(-4, -6, X,)/M’(-4, -6, X0).

    But, by 13.4.8,

    iW(-4, .6, X0)=-(.15)-‘M(-3, 1.6, XJ

    Hence

    X,=X,+.15M(-4, .6,X,)/M(-3,1.6,X,,),

    =.174+ (.15) (.030004)


    = .17850 as a second approximation.
    b
    If we repeat this calculation, we find that
    FIQURB 13.1.
    x,=x,+.00002 99=.17852 99 to 7s.
    Figure 13.1 shows the curves on which M(o, 5, Z)
    Calculation of Maxima and Minima =0 in the cc, b plane when x=1. The function is
    positive in the unshaded areas, and negative in the
    Example 15. Compute the value of 2 at which
    shaded areas. The number in each square gives
    M(-1.8, - .2, Z) has a turning value. Using 13.4.8
    the number of real positive zeros of M(a;, b, Z) as a
    and Table 13.2, we find that M’(-1.8, --.2,x)
    function of 2 in that square. The vertical
    = 9M(--.8, .8, x) =0 when %=.94291 59.
    boundaries to the left are to be included in each
    Also M”(-1.8, -.2, x)=9M’(-.8, .8, x)= square.
    -9M(.2, 1.8, Z) and M(.2, 1.8, .94291 59)>0.
    13.10. Graphing M(u, b, x)
    Hence M(-1.8, - -2, a~)has a maximum in z when
    x= .94291 59. Example 17. Sketch M(-4.5, 1, 2). Firstly,
    Example 16. Compute the smallest positive from Figure 13.1 we see that the function has
    value of z for which M( -3, .6, Z) has a turning five, real positive zeros. From 13.5.1, we find
    value, Xi. This is outside the range of Table 13.2. that it&+-=, M’+--co as x++m and that
    Using 13.4.8 we have M++-, M’++a as x+-w. By 13.7.2 we
    have &s first approximations to the zeros, .3,1.5,3.7,
    M’(-3, .6, z)=-3M(-2, 1.6, x)/.6. 6.9, 10.6, and by 13.7.2 and 13.4.8 we find as first
    approximations to the turning values .9, 2.8, 5.8,
    By 13.7.2 for M(-2, 1.6, ;c), 9.9. From 13.7.7, we see that these must lie near
    the curves
    y=fe+“(5r))-~(l-r/ll)%r-+.
    This is a first approximation to XA for M( -3, .6, x).
    Using 13.7.5 and 13.4.8 we find a second approxi- From these facts we can form a rough graph of
    mation the behavior of the function, Figure 13.2.
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    60 -

    i4

    FIGURE 13.2. M(-4.5, 1, z).


    (From F. G. Tricomt, Funzionl, ipergeometrioh~ confluenti, Edlzionf.
    cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954, with permission.)
    M IO
    b=.5 -1.5
    4
    6

    0 I
    FIGURE 13.4. M(a, .5, 2).
    .5 I 1.5 2 2.5 (From E. Jahke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, Dover Publlcatlons,
    M Inc., New York, N.Y., 1945, with permiaslon.)

    References
    IO
    b=l
    6 Texts

    6 [13.1] H. Buchholz, Die konfluente hypergeometrische


    Funktion (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany,
    1953). On Whittaker functions, with a large
    bibliography.
    [13.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
    vol. 1, ch. 6 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
    York, N.Y., 1953). On Kummer functions.
    [13.3] H. Jeffreys and B. S. Jeffreys, Methods of mathe-
    matical physics, ch. 23 (Cambridge Univ. Press,
    Cambridge, England, 1950). On Kummer
    functions.
    [13.4] J. C. P. Miller, Note on the general solutions of the
    confluent hypergeometric equation, Math. Table6
    Aids Comp. 9,97-99 (1957).
    [13.5] L. J. Slater, On the evaluation of the confluent
    FIGURE 13.3. M(a, 1, z).
    hypergeometric function, Proc. Cambridge
    (From E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, Dover Publicatlon~,
    Inc., New York, N.Y., 1945, with permission.) Philos. Sot. 49, 612-622 (1953).
    .
    CONFLUENT HXPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 515
    [13.6] L. J. Slater, The evaluation of the basic confluent [13.12] J. R. Airey and H. A. Webb, The practical impor-
    hypergeometric function, Proc. Cambridge tance of the confluent hypergeometric function,
    Philos. Sot. 50, 404-413 (1954). Phil. Msg. 36, 129-141 (1918). M(a, 6, CT),
    113.71 L. J. Slater, The real zeros of the confluent hyper- a=-3(.5)4, b=1(1)7, ~=1(1)6(2)10, 45.
    geometric function, Proc. Cambridge Philos. [13.13] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, ch. 10,
    Sot. 52, 626-635 (1956). 4th ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
    [13.8] C. A. Swanson and A. ErdBlyi, Asymptotic forms N.Y., 1945). Graphs of M(a, b, 5) based on the
    of confluent hypergeometric functions, Memoir tables of [13.11].
    25, Amer. Math. Sot. (1957). [13.14] P. Nath, Confluent hypergeometric functions,
    [13.9] F. G. Tricomi, Funeioni ipergeometriche confluenti Sankhya J. Indian Statist. Sot. 11, 153-166
    (Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954). On (1951). M(a, b, z), a=1(1)40, b=3, 2=.02(.02)
    Kummer functions. .1(.1)1(1)10(10)50, 100, 200, 6D.
    [13.10] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of [13.15] S. Rushton and E. D. Lang, Tables of the confluent
    modern analysis, ch. 16, 4th ed. (Cambridge hypergeometric function, Sankhya J, Indian Statist.
    Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952). On Sot. 13, 369-411 (1954). M(a, b, z), a=.5(.5)40,
    Whittaker functions. b=.5(.5)3.5, ~=.02(.02).1(.1)1(1)10(10)50, 100,
    200, 7s.
    Tables [13.16] L. J. Slater, Confluent hypergeometric functions
    (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
    [13.11] J. R. Airey, The confluent hypergeometric function, 1960). M(a, 6, z), a=-l(.l)l, b=.l(.l)l,
    British Association Reports, Oxford, 276-294 s=.l(.l)lO, 8s; M(a, b, l), a=-11(.2)2,
    (1926), and Leeds, 220-244 (1927). M(a, b, z), b= -4(.2)1, 8s; and smallest positive values of
    a=-4(.5)4, b=), 1, 8, 2, 3, 4, ~=.1(.1)2(.2)3 I z for which Mfa, b, z)=O, a= -4(.1)-.l,
    (.5)8, 5D. I 6=.1(.1)2.5, 8s.
    516 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    Table 13.1 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

    z =O.l

    a/b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


    -1.0 0.00000 00 5.00000 00 (-1) 6.66666 67 II(-1 8.00000 00
    -0.9 -1 8.19391 07
    -0.8 -1 8.38915 99
    -0.7 -1 8.58575 33
    -0.6 -1 8.78369 61
    -0.5 i -1 / 4.88360 25 II -1 8.98299 40
    -0.4 -1 5.88807 94 -1 9.18365 22
    -0.3 -1 6.90191 26 -1 9.38567 64
    -0.2 (-1 7.92514 70 -1 9.58907 21
    -0.1 (-1 8.95782 77 -1 9.79384 48
    0.0 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00

    0 1.64549 07
    80 1.75647 99
    0 1.86845 49
    0 1.98142 05 II 0 1.21388
    1.19185
    1.16996
    1.14822
    1.12662 77
    34
    83
    22
    66
    0 2.09538 12

    0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    8.33333 33 (-1 -1) 8.75000 00
    8.49524 54 (-1 -1 8.87183 35
    8.65820 31 (-1 -1 8.99436 39
    8.82221 06 (-1 II-1 9.11759 38
    8.98727 18 (-1 -1 9.24152 56

    0.0 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00


    0.1 ( 0) 1.01725 53 I 0j 1.01289 17
    0 1.02585 56
    0 1.03889 21
    0 1.05200 13
    0.5 ( 0) 1.08736 79 ( 0 1.06518 35

    For Olzl 1, linear interpolation in a, b or z provides 3-4s. Lagrange four-point interpolation gives 7s in a! b or 5 over
    most of the table, but the Lagrange six-point formula is needed over the range 1 <s< 10. Any interpolation formula
    can be reapplied to give two dimensional interpolates in a and b, a and 2: or b and z. This calculation can be checked
    by being repeated in a different order.
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 517
    CONFLUENT HYPERCEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, ix) Table 13.1

    x=0.2

    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


    -1.0 0.00000 00 (-1) 5.00000 00
    -0.9 -2) 9.22415 48
    -0.8 -l)-6.30239 72 -1) 1.86164 63
    -0.7 -l)-4.39817 97 (-1 2.81785 03
    -0.6 -l)-2.45653 39 (-1 3.79118 64
    -0.5 -2)-4.77093 96
    -0.4 -1)+1.54050 87
    -0.3 -1) 3.59664 50
    -0.2 -1 5.69168 81
    -0.1 -1 7.82601 37
    0.0 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00

    0"::
    0:5
    E

    0.6
    0.7
    E
    l:o

    a\b 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5 II -1 8.97413 99
    -0.4 -1 9.17511 81
    -0.3 -1 9.37817 91
    -0.2 -1 9.58333 69
    -0.1 -1 9.79060 58
    0.0 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00
    0.1
    0:4
    E
    0.5
    0.6
    0.7
    8.:
    l:o
    518 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    Table 13.1 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, 2)

    x=0.3

    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


    -1.0
    -0.9 II-1O)-2.00000
    0 -1.73884
    -1.19153 00
    -1.46940
    -9.05127 94
    09
    81
    36 (-2) 0.00000
    8.90939 00
    59
    -0.8
    -0.7 I -1 I 4.54351
    5.66711 25
    5.09916
    4.00000 03
    00
    51
    -0.6 (-1) 6.24750 17

    ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00

    II0)
    0 1.17274
    1.71742 49
    1.53139
    1.34985
    1.90800 78
    94
    88
    56 II 0 1.11393
    1.34985
    1.23054
    1.59674 77
    1.47191 26
    88
    56

    a\b
    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    II-1)
    -1
    -1
    -1
    0.6
    5.00000
    5.45594
    5.92137
    6.39639
    00
    63
    29
    42
    0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

    -0.6 -1 6.88112 54
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0
    0"::

    i-:
    ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00
    II
    ( 0) 1.00000 00
    0 1.03645
    1.07349 27

    0 1.14937
    08

    1.11113 16
    40
    ( 0) 1.00000 00

    0:5 0 1.18822 61
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 519
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x) Table 13.1

    x=0.4
    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
    -1.0 O)-1.00000 00 -1 -3.33333 33 0.00000 00
    -0.9 -1 I -8.32139 43 I -1 j -2.19718 27 -2 8.63057 33
    -0.8 -1 -6.57495 96 -1 -1.01932 12 1-l I 1.75514 40
    -0.7 -1 -4.75937 91 -2 +2.01024 24 -1 2.67677 48
    -0.6 ( 0)-1.59134 63 -1 -2.87331 90 (-1 1.46463 65 -1 3.62847 08
    -0.5 I 0)-1.20063 19
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2 -2)+6.90415 20
    -0.1 (-1) 5.25850 66 -1) 7.66207 59

    0.1 ( 0) 1.49182 47 II 0 1.15892 34 II( 0 1.11772 81


    ::: 0 2.52986
    2.00166 27
    43 0 1.32283
    1.49182 47
    59 0 1.36358
    1.23890 28
    21

    0":: I 0I 3.07676
    3.64273 82
    38 0 1.66597
    1.84538 84
    67 0 1.49182
    1.62369 47
    00
    0 2.03014 00
    i-76
    0:8
    0
    0
    2.22033
    2.41605
    03
    02
    0 2.61739 39
    !:;1 0 2.82445 63

    a\b 0.6 0.7 1.0


    -1.0 -1 3.33333 33 -1) 6.00000 00
    -0.9 -1 3.92050 85 -1 I 6136214 28
    -0.8 -1 4.52459 74 -1 6.73238 89
    -0.7 -1 5.14587 62 -1 7.11085 21
    -0.6 -1 5.78462 40 -1 7.49764 78
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00
    0.1 j 0I 1.07691 20
    8:; 0 1.23671
    1.15580 59
    28
    0 1.31966 37
    0) 1.40469 04
    0.6 II 0 1.41655 50 0) 1.28326 80
    01 1.33388 28
    EG 0 1.56883
    1.49182 47
    03 0
    0:9 0 1.64759 75 0
    1.0 0 1.72815 18 0
    520 CONFLUENT HIYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONB

    Table 13.1 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

    r=0.5
    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
    -1.0 ( 0 -4.00000 00 0.00000 00
    -0.9 0 -3.61201 86 -2 8.38114 43
    -0.8 II 0 -3.20079 89 II -1 1.71019 66
    -0.7 0 -2.76573 85 -1 2.61697 96
    -0.6 0 -2.30622 47 -1 3.55920 78
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0

    i-z
    a:5
    ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00

    II
    ( 0) 1.00000 00

    0 1.31281
    1.15358 36
    0 1.64872
    87
    1.47782 42
    13
    0 1.82563 24
    ( 0) 1.00000 00

    1.0

    -1 4.44444 44 -1 5.00000 00
    $9”
    -0:s
    -0.7
    II -1
    -1
    4.92975 21
    5.42992 27
    5.94522 72
    II -1
    -1
    5.89284 21
    5.44007 39
    6.35854 17
    -0.6 -1 6.47594 62 -1 6.83739 50
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1

    0.1
    ::3
    Fl::
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 521
    CONFLUENT HYPERCEOMETRIC FUNCTION i)Z(a, b,x) Table 13.1

    z=O.6
    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ( 0.5
    II( 0 -1.77497
    -1.00575 51
    -1.27832
    -1.53457
    -2.00000 00
    65
    83
    96 ( O)-1.00000 00

    -0.6 ( 0)-3.05183 34

    ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.000b0 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00


    0.1 ( 0) 1.40083 55

    II 01 7.75149
    1.14187 48
    1.01404
    6.63788
    8.91853 04
    08
    45
    76

    a\b 0.6 n.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    -1.0 0.00000 00
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6

    85

    l:o
    8-98
    II0 1.69207
    1.82211 88

    0 2.09565
    45
    0 1.95661 34
    2.23934 57
    48
    II 0 1.54938
    1.46364 36
    57
    0 1.63767 83
    0
    0 1.72857
    22
    1.82211 88
    522 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    Table 13.1 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

    x=0.7
    a/b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5 Ii 0)-3.16446 06 II-1 2.05299 00
    -0.4 0 -2.44543 68 -1 3.48181 61
    -0.3 0 -1.67144 46 -1 4.98858 44
    -0.2 -1 -8.40541 00 -1 6.57561 66
    -0.1 -2 +4.92624 47 -1 8.24528 23
    0.0 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00
    0.1 II( 0 2.01375 27
    0.2 0 3.09264 92
    ki 0 4.23886
    5.45463 64
    06
    0:5 0 6.74221 79
    0.6 II 0 4.41274 94
    0.7 0 5.09565 95
    E 0 6.56853
    5.81389 43
    76
    l:o 0 7.36066 31

    a/b 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    -1.0 0.00000 00
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7 t-1) 1.22710 86
    -0.6 (-1) 2.30054 51 (-1) 3.43855 96
    -0.5 -1) 3.43109 52
    -0.4 -1 4.62042 36
    -0.3 -1 5.87022 82
    -0.2 -1 7.18224 16
    -0.1 -1 8.55823 13
    0.0 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00
    0.1 I 0) 1.15093 86 ( 0) 1.12744 17

    0.6 Ii II 0
    0
    0
    0
    2.01375
    2.20933
    2.41306
    2.62516
    27
    17
    50
    74
    0
    0
    0
    0
    1.85078
    2.01375
    2.18318
    2.35926
    59
    27
    94
    09
    0 2.84585 75 0 2.54213 50
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 523
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, .x) Table 13.1

    z =0.8

    d’\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4


    -1.0 (II 0 -7.00000 00 II( 0 -1.66666 67
    -0.9 0 -6.50401 48 0 -1.48461 68
    -0.8 0 -5.94785 78 0 -1.28563 99
    -0.7 0 -5.32888 96 0 -1.06906 32
    -0.6 0 -4.64439 77 -1 -8.34197 05
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00
    0.1
    8:;
    0"::
    II 0 1.38374
    2.22554 79
    1.79197
    2.68533 25
    39
    09
    ( 0) 3.17225 39

    8:;
    it:
    l:o

    n\b 0.6
    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00
    0.1
    00:;
    8:;

    II
    ( 0) 2.22554 09
    2;
    E 0 2.46668
    2.98352
    2.71923
    3.25992 24
    90
    56
    11
    l:o
    524 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    Table 13.1 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, 2)

    a\b 0.1 0.2

    t-11-9.35972 27

    -1 -8.20518 02
    -1 -5.12058 10
    (-1 -1.76920 97
    -1 I +1.86021 91
    t -1) 5.77931 14

    0 1.45345 52
    0j 1.93955 77
    0 2.45960 31
    0 3.01492 28
    i 01 3.60688 44
    0.6 I 1 I 1.16728 93 I 01 4.23689 27
    0.7 1 1.39370 17
    0.8 1 1.63551 72
    ki:; ( 1)
    1 189334
    2:16782 87
    94

    a\b 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    II-l)-5.00000
    -1 -3.93506
    -1 -2.78312
    -1 -1.54071
    -2 -2.04284
    00
    44
    29
    44
    74
    II -1
    -1
    -2
    -2
    -1
    -2.85714
    -1.92058
    -9.13906
    +1.65565
    1.32057
    29
    43
    92
    38
    89
    -2
    I -1
    -1
    -1
    I
    0.00000
    7.59274
    1.56725
    2.42566
    3.33625
    00
    35
    54
    24
    68
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00
    0.1
    00.:
    0:4
    0.5
    0
    I1.15190
    I 0 1.31197
    1.48048
    0 1.65771
    ( 0) 1.84394
    18
    31
    24
    19
    34
    0
    I
    1.11790
    j 0 1.37111
    1.24155
    0 1.50677
    0) 1.64871
    61
    02
    10
    14
    85

    0:8
    i-b7

    1"::
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 525
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x) Table 13.1

    -0.6 ( O)-6.38931 44 ( O)-2.62968 42

    II-1
    -3 +7.71680
    -2.72739
    -5.29840
    6.42974 30
    3.12589 94
    92
    36
    46
    ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00

    0.6 0.7
    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0) 1.00000 00
    II-1 6.28763 92
    8.08383
    4.60681
    3.03694
    1.57371 81
    41
    99
    08 II
    -1 5.27314
    4.25195
    8.71734 45
    7.50355
    6.35625 01
    07
    70
    83

    if:
    0:3

    8’76
    II
    8::

    0:8
    0.9
    1.0
    0 2.71828
    3.06961 97
    18
    0 3.44142 89
    0 3.83447 12
    0 4.24952 89
    0
    0I
    0
    0
    0
    2.21650
    2.46087
    2.71828
    2.98919
    3.27406
    01
    06
    18
    01
    39
    II0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    2.05491
    2.26515
    2.48615
    2.71828
    2.96190
    39
    76
    84
    18
    29
    526 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    Table 13.1 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

    x=2.0

    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


    -1.0
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.9 I
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00

    II0 3.07855
    7.38905 71
    5.77622
    4.34381
    1.96790 63
    17
    61
    05

    a\b 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    0 -1.00000 00

    II
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -9.19616
    -8.18288
    -6.94107
    -5.45057
    98
    30
    82
    11

    ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00

    II 0 1.52511
    4.35023
    2.78211
    2.11745
    3.52448 72
    19
    88
    92
    69
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 527
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x) Table 13.1

    x=3.0
    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5 1 -1.78256 05
    -0.4 1 -1.65079 47
    -0.3 1 -1.41549 22
    -0.2 1 -1.05876 41
    -0.1 0)-5.60854 66
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.0000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00

    2:
    82
    0:5
    0.6 2 2.05059 14
    K 2 2.65765
    3.36670 56
    66
    .i:'o 22) 4.18932
    5.13805 19
    80

    a\b 0.6 0.7 0.8


    -1.0 O)-4.00000 00
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    Ii0
    0
    0
    0
    -3.95879 09
    -3.47899 58
    -2.77784 38
    -1.82229 72
    -0.1 -1 -5.76188 60 -1)+2.46564 64
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00 ( 0) 1.00000 00

    1) 3.63241 26
    528 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    Table 13.1 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, 2)

    2=4.0
    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
    -1.0 II O)-9.00000 00
    -0.9 1 -1.10723 65
    -0.8 1 -1.28958 24
    -0.7 1 -1.43486 25
    -0.6 1 -1.52885 30
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00

    II 12 3.20473
    1.17799 42
    1.44217
    8.28815
    5.45981 65
    11
    50
    35

    0.6 2 6.58320 17
    2 8.74427 45
    ii:87 3I 1.13401 20
    3 1.44322 61
    Zl 3 1.80888 49

    a\b 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6 Oj-5:38234 50
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00
    0.1
    0"::
    i::
    CONFLUENT HYPlCRGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 529
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, z) Table 13.1

    x=5.0
    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

    $9" II 1 -1.56666
    -2.41382 67
    36
    -0:s 1 -3.23511 34
    -0.7 1 -3.98065 33
    -0.6 1 -4.58862 62
    -0.5 II 1 -4.98353 39 II 1 -2.33084 19
    -0.4 1 -5.07426 08 1 -2.33646 31
    -0.3 1 -4.75193 11 1 -2.15579 45
    -0.2 1 -3.88754 12 1 -1.73399 46
    -0.1 1 -2.32934 93 1 -1.00692 28
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00
    1 6.28624 01
    oo*:
    0:s II 2 2.62678
    1.48413 16
    96
    8:: 2 6.01287
    4.11434 26
    11

    a\b 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00

    1.0 ppE& pps& pfiztp pz& Poe&

    0.6

    t;:
    0:9
    Ii2 1.48413 16
    2 1.98603 96
    2 3.33018
    2.59579 43
    07
    II 1 6.77444 40
    1 8.98511 69
    2 1.48413
    1.16513 78
    16
    1.0 2 4.20801 74 2 1.86309 66
    530 CONFLUENT HYF'ERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    Table 13.1 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, 2)

    x=6.0
    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
    -1.0 1 -2.90000 00
    -0.9 1 -6.43961 14
    -0.8 2 -1.01116 95
    -0.7 Ii 2 -1.37008 05
    -0.6 2 -1.69209 38
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00

    8:: II 2 4.03428 07
    1.66280 79 il 21 2.23669
    9.26969 34
    33
    00*43 32 1.16700
    7.30095 48
    13 2 6.43121
    4.03428 79
    54
    0:5 3 1.73835 48 2 9.55746 91
    0.6 II 3 6.08625 44 II 3 1.35639 99
    00:: 43 1.12757 14
    8.38957 36 3 1.86253
    2.49428 97
    70
    1":; 4 1.48541
    1.92506 80
    91 3 4.23039
    3.27475 26
    92

    0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

    II
    a\b
    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8 10 -5.66666
    -1.56045 67
    -1.35713
    -1.11025
    -8.41150 64
    26
    62
    68
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00
    0.1
    II 1 4.32726
    9.80333
    2.48291 13
    1.10148
    6.73053 40
    09
    68
    56
    8:;
    i::
    0.6
    2:
    0:9
    1.0
    II2 2.34847
    4.03428
    1.73291
    5.15728 70
    3.10736 26
    33
    89
    79
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 531
    CONFLUENT HYPERGfEOMETRIC FUNCTION it&z, b, x) Table 13.1

    x=7.0

    a/b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6

    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00

    2:
    8'34
    0:5

    a\b 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7 j 1l)-4.98346
    0 I -9.00000
    -4.02257
    -2.96917
    -1.90770 41
    00
    88
    93
    95
    -0.6
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 001 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00

    0.6
    kz
    0:9
    1.0
    532 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    Table 13.1 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00

    82
    0:3
    8::

    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.jl0000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00

    2;
    i-98
    II 3 2.98095
    2.12243 80
    3 4.08075
    36
    5.47370 48
    63
    l:o 3 7.22067 87
    CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 533
    CONFLUENT HYPERG EOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, 2) Table 13.1

    z =9.0

    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00

    0"::
    8-i
    0:5
    4) 5.90279 86
    4 8.44810 69
    oo*sB ii 5 1.60777
    1.17771 16
    47
    l:o 5 2.15743 14

    a/b
    -1.0
    0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    -0.5
    -0.4
    -0.3
    -0.2
    -0.1
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00
    0.1
    00:;

    8.10308 5.69778 4.12286 2.30549


    1.15389
    1.60085
    8.10308
    1.12277
    5.85547
    8.10308
    z%E!
    5:98502
    3.26534
    4.50694
    2.17532 1.52385 1.09842 8.10308 6.09425
    2.90602 2.03337 1.46399 1.07870 8.10308
    534 CONFLUENT HYF'ERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
    Table 13.1 CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION M(a, b, x)

    x =lO.O

    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


    -1.0 l)-4.90000 00
    -0.9 3 -1.04774 98
    -0.8 II 3 -2.26606 51
    -0.7 3 -3.65315 21
    -0.6 3 -5.11412 18
    -0.5 3 -2.06370 40
    -0.4 3 -2.39329 23
    -0.3 3 -2.51877 45
    -0.2 3 -2.29844 83
    -0.1 II 3 -1.54205 59
    0.0 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00 ( 0)+1.00000 00
    4) 2.20264 66 3 8.52983 30
    00.: 4 5.69563 19 41 2.20264 66
    0:3 51 1.09330 93 4) 4.22272 41
    5 1.84869 24 4 7.13160 87
    5 2.90713 00 5 1.12016 64

    ::t 4 3.28620
    4.73642 65
    75
    4 6.64873 73
    l:o
    E II 4
    5 9.13874
    1.23458 32
    19

    a\b 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    -1.0
    -0.9
    -0.8
    -0.7
    -0.6
    CONFLUENT IIYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 535
    ZEROS OF M(a, b, r) Table 13.2

    a\b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


    -1.0 0.10000 00 0.20000 00 0.30000 00 0.40000 00 0.50000 00
    -0.9 0.11054 47 0.22012 64 0.32894 15 0.43713 15 0.54480 16
    -0. 8 0112357 83 0.24477 52 0.36411 44 0.48196 35 0.59858 98
    -0.7 0.14010 11 0.27567 24 0.40779 72 0.53721 21 0.66443 91
    -0.6 0.16173 42 0.31555 72 0.46354 99 0.60707 04 0.74705 02
    -0.5 0.19128 98 0.36906 09 0.53728 03 0.69839 96 0.85403 26
    -0.4 0.23411 73 0.44470 78 0.63961 58 0.82334 00 0.99868 55
    -0.3 0.30182 31 0.56019 88 0.79200 44 1.00591 69 1.20695 84
    -0.2 0.42537 31 0.75993 80 1.04632 32 1.30289 37 1.53918 36
    -0.1 0.72703 16 1.20342 40 1.58016 05 1.90320 51 2.19258 90

    a\b 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


    -1.0 0.60000 00 0.70000 00 0.80000 00 0.90000 00 1.00000 00
    -0.9 0.65203 19 0.75888 50 0.86541 05 0.97164 85 1.07763 19
    -0. 8 0.71419 38 0.82892 89 0.94291 59 1.05625 10 1.16901 22
    -0.7 0.78986 07 0.91376 55 1.03637 62 1.15786 85 1.27838 33
    -0.6 0.88415 45 1.01887 44 1.15158 21 1.28256 70 1.41205 79
    -0. 5 1.29771 21 1.57995 68
    -0.4 1.49044 27 1.79887 13
    -0.3 1.75960 56 2.10045 49
    -0.2 2.17271 84 2.55566 24
    -0.1 2.94434 51 3.38779 57
    Table 13.2 gives the smallest zeros in z of Jf(a, b, z), near a = b =O, that is, the smallest positive roots in
    z of the equation M(a, b, z) =O. Linear interpolation gives 3-4s. Interpolation by the Lagrange six-point
    formula in two dimensions gives 75.
    14. Coulomb Wave Functions
    MILTON ABRAMOWITZ l

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties .................... 538
    14.1. Differential Equation, Series Expansions ......... 538
    14.2. Recurrence and Wronskian Relations .......... 539
    14.3. Integral Representations ................ 539
    14.4. Bessel Function Expansions ............... 539
    14.5. Asymptotic Expansions ................ 540
    14.6. Special Values and Asymptotic Behavior ......... 542

    Numerical Methods ...................... 543


    14.7. Use and Extension of the Tables ............ 543
    References .......................... 544
    Table 14.1. Coulomb Wave Functions of Order Zero (.5 1~520,
    lIp120) . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . * . . . 546

    q=.5(.5)20, p= l( 1)20, 5s

    Table 14.2. Co(q)=e-*“~\I’(l+iq)I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 554


    q=O(.O5)3, 6s

    The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of David 9. Liepman in checking the
    formulas and tables.

    1 National Bureau of StEbndards (deceased).

    537
    14. Coulomb Wave Functions
    Mathematical Properties

    14.1. Differential Equation, Series Expansions


    14.1.12 FL=; F'!TI, P)=CL(~I)P’W~~,P)
    Dikl’erential Equation
    14.1.1
    14.1.13 #h, P,=~$,,, k&(dpk+’

    Irregular Coulomb Wave Function GLO), p)


    (P>O, - O3 <rl< OJ, L a non-negative integer)
    14.1.14
    The Coulomb wave equation has a regular
    singularity at p=O with indices L+l and -L; GL(T, P)=& Fdv, PNn ~P-I-@-@
    pL(q)l+~Lh, PI
    it has an irregular singularity at p= a. 0

    General Solution 14.1.15 flLh, P)=DL(dP-L#LL(tl, P)

    14.1.2
    w=GFds, P)+&%(T, P> (C,, Cz constants) 14.1.16 DLb)CL(d’&

    where FL(v, p) is the regular Coulomb wave OD


    function and a(~, p) is the irregular (logarithmic) 14.1.17 tiLbI,P)==~. 4x11> Pk+L
    -L
    Coulomb wave function.
    Regular Coulomb Wave Function FL((), p) 14.1.18
    14.1.3 atL=l, 4+1=0,
    F,(q, p)=CL(q)pL+le--f~M(L+l-iq, 2L+2,2ip) (k-L-1) (k+L)a:=2qu&-a:-,- (2k-1) pL(q)Af
    14.1.4
    =cLh) P”+wrl, P> 14.1.19

    PLO&L-if 2L ‘1-
    14.1.5 a(~, P) =,=Z+, AE(d P’+-] PLC4 a-1 s2+q2 s-1 s

    14.1.6
    A:+I=l , AL.+2==&
    (See Table 6.8.)
    (k+L) (k-L- 1)A: =2qA;-,-A;-* (k>L+2)
    14.1.20

    14.1.7 CL(O)=
    2Le-y Il?(L+l+itl)l
    r w+q
    rdd=w 91i&f2$~~’
    (See chapter 6.) +2”(iq-L)(iq-L+l)+
    (2L-1) (2!) ***
    14.1.8 ~(7])=27r~(ez*~-l)-1
    +2”(iq-L)(iq-L+1) . . . (iq+L-1)
    (2L)! 1
    14.1.9

    14.1.21
    14.1.10 (L2+v21f
    cL(77)=L(2L+1) c5-167)
    ,Qc&- -- 2q l+p-lFL(q, P> 1
    L dp GM
    pL(rl) (1+q2)(4+t12) * * * (L2+q2P
    14.1.11 -= +a% PI
    211 w+1)[w)u2
    538
    COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS 539
    14.2. Recurrence and Wronskian Relations
    14.1.22 S;=$ f&(7, P) =&L(v) P+%(v, P>
    Recurrence Relations

    14.1.23 If c=F’h, P> or WI, P>,

    14.2.1 L ~~=(L2+112)t~~-,-(~+q)~~

    GL.FL 14.2.2
    (L+l) ~=[~+,1u,-[(L+1)‘+121111,,,

    14.2.3

    L[w+1)2+v21f~ .+,=(2L+1)[,+L(LP+1)l%
    -(L+1)[L2+~21k.1
    Wronskian Relations

    14.2.4 F;GL- F,G;= 1

    14.2.5 FL--GL-FhGL--I=L(L2+q2)-*

    14.3. Integral Representations


    14.3.1

    14.3.2
    FIGURE 14.1. &(rl, P), &(?I, P>.
    FL-iGL=
    v=l, p=lO
    e-*q L+l
    (2L+1~IcL(q)
    S-yfm e-tP”(l-t)L-fl(l+t)L+i(lcEt
    FL, F; GL;G;
    . 14.3.3
    - 24

    - 22

    I.1 - - 20 m

    LO - - 16 ( (1- tanh2 QL+’ exp [-i(p tanh t-2~7t)]


    s 0
    .9 - - I6

    - I4
    +i(l+t2)L exp [--pt+2r] arctan t]}dt
    .6 -

    .7 - - 12 14.4. Bessel Function Expansions


    .6 - - IO
    Expansion in Terms of Bessel-Clifford Functions
    .s - -6

    .4- -6 14.4.1
    -4

    -2

    -0

    FIGURE 14.2. FL, FL, (IL and (2;.


    ?f= 10, p=20
    540 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

    14.4.3 j1= U/5)$

    b2~+1=1, hL+z=o, j2=f @f'+S)

    4q2(k-2L) b,+l+kb,-l+ b&-2=0 @x-=+2)


    j3=& (84?+1480~*+232Oz)
    14.4.4
    rn=-W5)~

    g2=& (7s6--309)

    (See chapter 9.)


    g3=ko (1056x6-11602-2240)
    Expansion in Terms of Spherical Bessel Functions

    14.4.5 (See chapter 10.)


    FL(% P) =
    1.3.5.. . C=+1) k%L
    ,&ds) I b, 4; Jk+tb)
    14.4.6
    b&=1, bL+,=2z 1
    14.5. Asymptotic Expansions
    W+l) Asymptotic Expansion for Large Values of p
    “=k(k+l)--L(L+l)
    14.5.1 FL=g cos flL+j sin eL
    (k--1)(k--2)--L&+1) bke2)
    I’hbn-,- 2k--3 14.5.2 GL=j cos e,--g sin eL
    (k>L+l) 14.5.3 FL=g* cos eL+j* sin 0,
    14.4.7
    FL(q, p)=1*3.5 . . . (2Lfl)PCdf) 14.5.4 G;=j* cos eL-g* sin e,, gj*-jg*=l

    II-
    14.5.5 eL=p-q In 2p-L -+uL
    2

    14.5.6 uL=arg l?(L+ l+iq)

    (See 6.1.27, 6.1.44.)


    14.4.8 b:=--- (k+2) b -(Ic-1) bksl
    (2k+3) ‘+I (2k--1)
    14.5.7 uL+,=uL+arctan &
    Expansion in Terms of Airy Functions

    sJ= @7FP)/h>“” I.c= (21)2’3, tt>>o (See Tables p.14, 6.7.)


    b--2Kh
    14.4.9 14.5.8 j-&k, g-2 sx,j*+& g*-& s:
    where

    +Ai’ (4 [r+~+
    Bi’(~) fl f2 ’ ’ ‘I } jo=l, go=o, jo*=O, go*=l-q/p

    fk+l=anfn-bngr
    14.4.10
    gk+l=akgk+bkfk
    FXrl, P) =--at(2q)-tIAW ,d+?h
    G,(q, P) Bib) P
    f:+l=akf:-bkgg:-fk+l/P
    +d+rfi+ . . .]+Ai’!d
    Bi, (2) 11 +q
    &+l=ak$+bkf:-gk+dP
    P2

    +i$e.&+ . . .]} ,=(zk+l)rl, bk= L(L+l)--k(k+l)+v2


    I (2k+2)p @k+2) p
    COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS 541

    Asymptotic Expansion for L=O, p=2q>>O

    14.5.10 F&d r(1/3)8"(lT 2 r(2/3) 1 32 leT 92672 r(2/3) 1 * . *I


    4&>/d3” 245 35 r(1/3) p4 8100 B 7371.104 r(1/3) a"-
    14.5.11
    3’: (271) -r(2/3){*1, 1 rm 1I 8 l+ 11488 W3) 1 I . , *)
    Gcw/d3 wa3~ 15 r(2/3) 82 56700 I36 18711.103 r(2/3) j3B
    a==(2vj/3)%, r(1/3)=2.6789 38534. . . , r(2/3)=1.3541 17939 . . .
    14.5.12
    F&d .70633 26373 04959 570165 .00888 88888 89
    GAW rv ( 1.22340 4016 l qw I 1 ~. q% -- D2
    JO245 51991 81 .00091 061
    F- P - 08958
    q4 L.T.00025 34684
    71
    'H 115 -. . .I
    14.5.13
    KOd .40869 57323 .17282 60369 .00031 74603 174
    E&W - ' -.70788 17734}@{lf qs -+ q2
    L.CJ0358 12148 50+.00031 17824 680k.00090 73966 427
    -L +. * .I
    7% q4 P

    FIGURE 14.3. F,(q, p). FIGURE 14.5. G,,(q, p).


    9=0, 1, 5, 10, P/2 . v=o, 1, 5, 10, P/2

    FIGURE 14.4. Fi(q, p). FIGURE 14.6. Gi(q, p).


    r)=o, 1, 5, 10, P/2 q=o, 1, 5, 10, p/2
    542 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

    14.6. Special Values and Asymptotic Behavior 14.6.10 L=O, h>>P


    14.6.1 L>O, p=o
    F,=O, FL=0 Fo-i Bea; Fi- (s++& t-“P] F.
    GL=w, (&--cm
    Go-Be-y Gi- { -a++& t-*p4} Go
    14.6.2 L=O, p=o
    F,=O, F”,=Co(q) t=P/$
    Go= 1/C,,(t), G;= --oo
    a=%{[t(l-t)]++arcsin i!+-&f}
    14.6.3 L+=
    J?L-%(~P~+~, GL’v~&I)P-~ 8= {t/(1-t)}*
    14.6.4 L=O, q=o 14.6.11 L=O, P>>%
    F,=sin p, F,‘=cos p
    Fo=cu sin 8; Fi=- t2(bFo-aGo)
    Q=cos p, GA=-sin p
    Go=a cos /3; Gi= - t*(aF,+bG,J
    14.6.5 P+=
    t=?!
    G,+iF,-exp i[p-q In 2p-$+nJ P

    14.6.6 L>O, q=o

    FL= GYP? A,++(P)

    CL= (- lY(3r~Y J-w) (P>

    14.6.7 a= P(l- t)‘, b=[8q(l- t)]-1


    L 20, h>>P

    14.6.12 rl>>% 217-p


    FL- (2L+1)!cdd
    @?P)+~12L+1wrlP)fl
    cwL+’

    2 WL
    (27lPwGL+1rw7lP)~l
    c”~(2LSl)!C,(q)

    14.6.8 L=O, %>>P

    Fo-e-“?(?rp>~~l,[2(2qp)tl x=(PL-P)[-&+
    1 W$l)]l,,
    p;

    F&e-“?(2aq)fI,,[2(2qp)*]
    14.6.13 s>>o, 29-p
    Go-2ecq 5 kwtlP)tl z= (2q- p) (2q) -I’3
    0

    G’ 0- -2 ??!’ [GoSiFoI wr1/2(2q)116[Bi(z)+iAi(x)]


    a e”~~0WrlpN
    0
    [G~+iF~]~-d/2(2q)-1~6[Bi’(~)+iAi’(z)]
    14.6.9 L=O, %>>P
    14.6.14 q>>o
    Fomk Bea; FL-a /?-lea PL=l+[112+uL+1)1”2

    Go-@-a; (Jim -b-‘e-a FL(PL) r (l/3)


    G&L)/&-T
    cr=2$i&-?rq
    FZPL) ~(213) E -1’6
    8= (P/w* G~PL>/& 2& 03 1
    COULOlkfB WAVE F’UNCTIONS 543
    14.6.15 P’h>>o 1 14.6.17 rl-*o
    FO r(1/3) 3 WE (r=Euler’s constant)
    dd --VI
    G,,/&-2J;; 03
    Fi r (213) C&) - 2LL!
    (2L+l)!
    -Gv&-2&(2~/3)“”
    14.6.18 L+=
    14.6.16 1l+Q)

    dd-ii+sOn v--l)1
    Co(T)) ‘v (2mj)%-*“, I
    (Equality to 8S for 7>3.)
    Numerical Methods
    14.7. Use and Extension of the Tables Example 2. Compute GL(q, p) and GL(q, p) for
    v=2, p=5, L=1(1)5.
    In general the tables as presented are not si.mply Using 14.2.2 and G,,(2, 5)= .79445, G,‘= - .67049
    interpolable. However, values for L>O may be from Table 14.1 we find G1(2, 5) = 1.0815. Then
    obtained with the help of the recurrence relations. by forward recurrence using 14.2.3 we find:
    The values of GL(q, p) may be obtained by
    applying the recurrence relations in increasing
    order of L. Forward recurrence may be used for L GL -CL *

    FL(v, p) as long as the instability does not produce -I I


    i 1. 0815
    4969 ..56619
    60286
    errors in excess of the accuracy needed. In this
    case the backwards recurrence scheme (see Ex- 3 2.0487
    .t 5.6298
    3.0941 4.5493
    1: 81?9
    ample 1) should be used.
    Example 1. Compute FL(q p) and F;(q, ,p) for
    q=2, p=5, L=O(1)5. Starting with Fg=l,
    The values of GL are obtained with 14.2.1.
    Ffi=O, where FZ=CF~, we compute from 14.2.3 in
    Example 3. Compute G,,(l, p) for ~=2, p=2.5.
    decreasing order of L:
    From Table 14.1, G,(2, 2)=3.5124, $(2, 2)
    (1) (2) (3) (4) = -2.5554. Successive differentiation of 14.1.1
    L FZ FL FL ,F;
    for L=O gives
    11 0.
    10 1.
    9 4.49284
    8 17.5225
    7 61.3603 Taylor’s expansion is w(p-/-Ap) =w(p) + (Ap)w’
    6 191.238 +@P)’
    Twq.... With w=G,,(v, p) and Ap=.5
    5 523.472 .090791 .091 1043
    4 1238.53 .21481 .215 : 2030 we get:
    3 2486.72 d&Go --(API k dkGo
    43130 .4313 .32:05 dpl k! dpk
    2 4158.46 172124 .72125 .3952 3.51i4
    3.5124
    1 5727.97 99346 .99347 3709 - 1.2777
    -2.5554
    0 6591.81 1: 1433 1. 1433 : 29380 .43905
    3.5124
    F,/F,*= 1.7344~ lo-‘=c-‘. -6.0678 -. 12641
    The values in the second column are obtained 12. 136 .03160
    from those in the first by multiplying by the -29.540 -. 00769
    normalization constant, F,/F,* where F. ie; the 83.352 .00181
    known value obtained from Table 14.1. -268.26 -. 00042
    Repetition starting with F&=1 and F&=0
    yields the same results. Go(2, 2.5)=2. 5726
    In column 3, the results have been given when As a check the result is obtained with TJ=~, p=3,
    14.2.3 is used in increasing order of L. Ap=-.5. The derivative Gi(q, p) may be ob-
    Ft. (column 4) follows from 14.2.2. tained using Taylor’s formula with w=GA(q, p).
    ‘See pageII.
    544 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

    References
    Texta Tables
    [14.1] M. Abramowitr and H. A. Antosiewicz, Coulomb [14.6] M. Abramowitz and P. Rabinowitz, Evaluation of
    wave functions in the transition region. Phys. Coulomb wave functions along the transition line.
    Rev. 96, 75-77 (1954). Phys. Rev. 96, 77-79 (1954). Tabulates F,, F&
    [14.2] Biedenharn, Gluckstern, Hull, and Breit, Coulomb Go, Go for ~=2z=O(.5)20(2)50, 8s.
    functions for large charges and small velocities. [14.7] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Coulomb
    Phys. Rev. 97, 542 (1955). wave functions, vol. I, Applied Math. Series 17
    [14.3] I. Bloch et al., Coulomb functions for reactions of (US. Government Printing Office, Washington,
    protons and alpha-particles with the lighter D.C., 1952). Tabulates
    nuclei. Rev. Mod. Phys. 23, 147-182 (1951).
    [14.4] Carl-Erik Froberg, Numerical treatment of Coulomb Mr], P>and JJ
    ’ (-f$’ ‘) for p=O(.2)5,
    wave functions. Rev, Mod. Phys. 27, 399-411
    (1955). 9=-5(1)5, L=O(1)5, 10, 11,20,21, 7D.
    [14.5] I. A. Stegun and M. Abramowit,z, Generation of
    Coulomb wave functions from their recurrence [14.8] Numerical Computation Bureau, Tables of Whit-
    relations. Phys. Rev. 98, 1851 (1955). taker functions (Wave functions in a Coulomb
    field). Report No. 9, Japan (1956).
    t14.9) A. Tuhis, Tables of non-relativistic Coulomb wave
    functions, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
    La-2150, Los Alamos, N. Mex. (1958). Values
    of Fo, Fb, Go,G;, P= 0(.2)40; z=O(.O5)12, 55.
    546 COULOMB WAVE FUNC!CIONS

    Table 14.1 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO


    Fo(?,P)
    rllP
    0.5
    ::5”
    $2
    i-5”
    4: 0
    4. 5
    5. 0 - 4) 2.8622

    2.:
    6: 5
    7.0
    5
    E
    9: 5
    10.0

    10. 5
    11. 0
    11. 5
    12. 0
    12.5
    13.0
    13. 5
    14. 0
    14. 5
    15.0
    15. 5
    16. 0
    16. 5
    17. 0
    17.5
    18.0
    18. 5
    19. 0
    19. 5
    20.0

    0. 5
    1. 0
    i:;

    ::i
    :*z
    5: 0

    10.5
    K
    ;;: ;
    13:o
    13. 5
    14. 0
    14. 5
    15. 0
    15. 5
    16. 0
    16. 5
    17.0
    17.5
    18. 0
    18. 5
    19. 0
    19.5
    20.0
    For use of this table ee Examples l-3.
    COULOMB WAVE FUNC.l’IONE) 547
    COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO Talde 14.1
    Go(T,P)

    x
    Ii5
    12.0
    :z
    13:5
    14.0
    :::i
    15.5
    2:
    ;;: ;
    1s:o
    18.5
    19.0
    19.5 :: k-E
    20.0 16 I 117969

    5 -2.0878
    5 -6.3080
    6 I -1.9295
    10.5
    :z
    12:o
    12.5
    13.0
    13.5
    14.0
    14.5
    15.0
    15.5 14 -4.66lO 11 -7.7763
    16.0 15 -1.15132 12 -2.6230
    16.5 15 I -6.61'?4 12 -8.8973
    13 -3.0340
    x 14 I -1.0399
    1e:o 14 -3.5813
    18.5 15 -1.2392
    19.0 15 -4.3069
    16 -1.5033
    :::: 16 I -5.2691

    *see page Il.


    548 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

    Table 14.1 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO


    8 6 9
    ( 0i -1.0286 (- i)+a.aaoz
    - 1 -1.fJ71a
    - 1 +a.7682
    0 it2850

    - 21 3.5181
    - 2 1.5740

    10. 5 - 5 1.5930
    11. 0 - 6 5.9782
    11. 5 - 6 2.2113
    12. 0 - 7 a.0697
    12. 5 - 7 2.9081
    13. 0
    13. 5
    14. 0
    14. 5 - 7 5.3814
    15. 0 - 7 2.0569
    15.5 -10 I 5.0935
    16. 0 -10 1.7129
    16.5 -11 5.7147
    17. 0 -ii 1.8924
    17.5 -12 I 6.2217
    18. 0 -12 2.0316
    18.5
    19. 0
    19. 5
    20. 0

    - 1 +6.5317
    - 1 -4.9515
    - 1I -a.7151

    - 1 I
    I : g-g;
    2:9346

    - 5 3.8880
    - 5 1.4803
    10.5 - 5 I 2.3388
    11. 0 - 6 9.0675
    11. 5 I - 76I 5.5384
    7.3981
    2.0392 - 6 3.4579
    12. 0
    12.5
    13.0
    13. 5
    14. 0
    14. 5
    15.0 - 9) 2.7940
    15. 5 - 8) 2.6629
    16.0
    16.5
    17. 0
    17.5
    18.0
    18. 5
    19. 0
    19. 5
    20. 0
    COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS 549
    COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO Table 14.1
    Go(v,P)
    6 7 8

    5.5
    6. 0
    6. 5
    7.0
    .i:'o
    2'0
    1:::
    10.5 3 1.9070
    11.0 3I 4.4437
    11.5 4 1.0570
    12.0 4 2.5623
    12. 5
    13.0
    13.5
    14.0
    14.5
    15. 0
    15.5
    16. 0
    16.5
    17. 0
    17.5
    18. 0
    18.5
    19. 0
    19.5
    20.0

    10.5 3I -1.4717
    11.0 4 -1.9033
    11.5 4 -4.9246
    12.0 5 -1.2929
    12.5 5 -3.4407
    13. 0
    13. 5
    14. 0
    14.5
    15.0
    15.5 8 -1.5573
    16. 0 6 -4.4670
    16.5 9 -1.2923
    17.0 9 -3.7692
    17. 5 10 i -1.1079
    18.0 10 I -3.2807
    18.5 10 -9.7640
    19.0 11 -2.9371
    19.5 11 -8.8779
    20.0 12 -2.6998
    550 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

    Table 14.1 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

    q\P 11
    0. 5 - l)-6.9792
    ::i
    z
    3: 0
    2-z
    4:5
    5.0

    - 2 4.3132
    - 2 I 2.2096
    - 2 1.0980
    10. 5
    11.0
    11. 5
    12. 0
    12.5
    13.0
    13.5
    22
    15: 0
    15. 5 1.2422
    16. 0 4.9601
    16.5 1.9580
    17. 0 7.6449
    17.5 2.9542
    18.0 1.1303
    18. 5 4.2845
    19.0 1.6095
    19.5 5.9943
    20.0 2.2143 - 9) 1.0052

    10. 5
    11. 0
    11.5
    12. 0
    12.5
    13.0
    13. 5
    14. 0
    14.5 - 5 7.9271
    15.0 - 5 3.5765
    15. 5
    16.0
    16.5
    17. 0
    17. 5
    18.0
    18. 5
    19.0
    19. 5
    20.0
    COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS 551
    COULOMB WAWE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO Table 14.1
    Go(w)
    12 13 15
    - 1 +8.9435
    -
    -
    -
    -
    1
    1
    1
    1
    I +3.4046
    -9.7085
    -6.2172
    +6.1593
    0
    - 1 I +1.1292
    +5.4881

    II - 01 -1.0783
    -8.5560
    -1.2510
    - 1
    0
    0 I
    -4.6254
    -1.1612
    -1.2413

    10.5
    11. 0
    11. 5
    2)
    2I
    3
    2.5735
    5.4370
    1.1780
    2I
    2
    2
    1.0506
    2.1519
    4.5?09
    1
    1
    I 5.0429
    9.6258
    2 1.8964
    12. 0 3 2.6115 2 9.6(54
    12. 5 3 5.9114
    13.0
    13.5 4 1.0421
    14. 0 4 7.6408 4I 2.35'53
    14.5 5 1.8544 4 5.55~78
    15. 0 5 I 4.5606 5 1.3286
    15. 5
    16.0
    16.5
    4) 9.7988 4
    4
    I 1.1531
    2.5494

    I
    4 5.7251
    17.0 5 1.3047
    17.5 5 3.0146
    18.0
    18.5
    19. 0
    19. 5
    20.0
    5
    6)
    6
    6
    I 7.0570
    1.6726
    4.0107
    9.7253
    7 2.3833

    - 1 +6.6972 - 1 +9.7040
    II - l)-4.6958
    - 1I -7.2341 - 2 +5.5060
    - 1 -7.2415 - 1 -9.1975
    - 1 +2.8479

    - 1 -1.4460

    - 1I -5.0324 I - 1 -5.3907
    I
    II
    - 1 -6.5243 (- l)-6.8002 - 1 -5.5683
    - 1 -5.8597 - 1 -5.4972 - 1 -6.7414
    - 1 -9.1132 - 1 -5.56,63
    -5.7431
    -4.9764 - 1 -4.9245 - 1 -6.2956
    0I -1.6356
    0 -3.0877
    0 -5.9776
    1I -1.1842
    1 -2.4038
    1 -5.0022
    2 -1.0663
    10.5 1I -8.8802 O)-7.7837
    11. 0 2 -1.8956
    11.5 2 -4.1335
    12.0 2 -9.1940
    12.5
    13.0
    13.5
    14.0 4 I -9.2211 3 1-8.4644
    14. 5 5 -2.3041 4 -1.9742
    15. 0 5 -5.8301 4)-4.6712

    I
    15. 5 6 -1.4929 5 -1.1203 4 -1.1531
    16. 0 6I -3.8658 5 -2.7217 4 -2.6329
    16.5 7 -1.0118 5 -6.6925 4 -6.0946
    17. 0 7 -2.6753 5 -1.4291
    17.5 7 -7.1420 5 -3.3924
    18. 0 8 -1.9243 5 -8.1473
    18. 5 8I -5.2302 6 1 -1.9785
    19. 0 9 -1.4335 6 -4.8557
    19.5 9 -3.9609 7 1-1.2038
    20.0 10 I -1.1028 7)-3.0133
    552 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

    Table 14.1 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO


    Fe(w)
    17 18

    (- 1) 1.8899 (- 1) 3.2134 (- 1) 5.0960 (- 1) 7.5308

    10. 5
    E
    12: 0
    12.5
    13. 0
    13. 5
    14. 0
    14. 5
    15. 0
    15. 5
    :s
    17:o
    17. 5
    18. 0
    18. 5
    19. 0
    19.5
    20.0

    (- l)-7.4641 - 2)+1.8327
    - l)-7.0977 - l)-5.3380

    10.5
    11. 0
    11.5
    12. 0
    12. 5
    13.0
    13. 5
    14.0
    14.5
    15. 0
    15. 5
    16.0
    16. 5
    17. 0
    17.5
    18. 0
    18. 5
    19.0
    19.5
    20.0
    COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS 553
    COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO Table 14.1
    16

    10. 5
    11.0
    11. 5
    12. 0
    12.5
    13. 0
    13.5
    14.0
    14. 5
    15. 0
    15. 5
    16. 0
    :Ei
    17: 5
    18.0
    18.5
    19. 0
    :E .
    554 COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

    Table 14.2 CO(~) =e-i”q IW+hY

    9 co(9) co(4 D co(1)


    0. 00 1.000000 1.00 2.00
    0.05 0.922568 1.05 2.05
    0.10 0.847659 1.10 2.10
    0.15 0.775700 1.15 2.15
    0.20 0.707063 1.20 (-2)6.33205 2.20
    0.25 0.642052 1.25 (-2)5.52279 2.25
    0.30 0.580895 1.30 (-2)4.81320 2.30
    0.35 0.523742 1.35 2.35
    0.40 0.470665 1.40 2.40 j -3 I 2.76623
    2.06392
    3.20136
    2.38968
    0.45 0.421667 1.45 2.45 -3)1.78218
    0.50 0.376686 1.50 2.50
    0.55 0.335605 1.55 2.55
    0. 60 0.298267 1. 60 2.60
    0.65 0.264478 1.65 2.65
    0.70 0.234025 1.70 2.70
    0.75 0.206680 1.75 2.75
    0.80 0.182206 1.80 2.80
    0.85 0.160370 1.85 2.85
    0.90 0.140940 1.90 2.90
    0.95 0.123694 1.95 2.95
    1. 00 0.108423 2.00 (-3)6.61992 3.00 (-4)3.50366

    II 1
    (-4)5

    For In J?(l+iy), see Table 6.7.


    15. Hypergeometric Functions
    FRITZ OBERHETTINGER 1

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
    15.1. Gauss Series, Special Elementary Cases, Special Values of
    the Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
    15.2. Differentiation Formulas and Gauss’ Relations for Contiguous
    Functions. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
    15.3. Integral Representations and Transformation Formulas . . . 558
    15.4. Special Cases of F(a, b; c; z), Polynomials and Legendre
    Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
    15.5. The Hypergeometric Differential Equation . . . . . . . . 562
    15.6. Riemann’s Differential Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
    15.7. Asymptotic Expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

    1 National Bureauof Standards. (Presently, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.)


    555
    15. Hypergeometric Functions
    Mathematical Properties

    15.1. Gauss Series, Special Elementary Cases, 15.1.7


    Special Values of the Argument
    F(i, 3; Q; -z2)=(1+z2)+F(1, 1; Q; -.z2)
    Gauss Series
    =2-l In [z+(l+z2)*]
    The circle of convergence of the Gauss hyper-
    geometric series 15.1.8 F(a, b; b; z)=(l-~)-~

    15.1.1 15.1.9 F(a, ++a; 3; z2)=~[(l+z)-2”$(1-z)-2a]

    F(a, b;c; 2) =zF1(a, b; c; 2) 15.1.10


    F(a, $+a; 4; z2)=
    &z-‘(1-2a)-’ [(l+~)‘-~“-(l-z)~-~~]

    I-(C) a r(a+n)r(b+n) 2” 15.1.11 q&q $mc, 13\i++J


    =r(a)r(b> %Fo r(C+12) ii! F(-a,a;~;-z2)=${[(1+z2)f+z]2a+[(1+z2)*-z]2a}
    is the unit circle ]z( =l. The behavior of this 15.1.12
    ( [y (,!i.i ‘i, \\ 0 c,,

    series on its circle of convergence is:


    (a) Divergence when 9 (c-a--b) 5 -1. F(a, l-a; +; -z2)=
    (b) Absolute convergence when 9Z (c-a--b)>O. ~(1+2’)-~{[(1+22)~+2]2~-~+[(1+~2)~-2]2~-~}
    (c) Conditional convergence when - 1 <kL? (c-a
    --b) =<0; the point z= 1 is excluded. The Gauss 15.1.13
    series reduces to a polynomial of degree n in z F(a, ++a; 1+2a; ~.)=2~“[1+(1--2)~]-~”
    when a or b is equal to -n, (n=O, 1, 2, . . . ) .
    (For these cases see also 15.4.) The series 15.1.1 =(l--z)+F(l+a, $+a; 1+2a; z)
    is not defined when c is equal to -m, (m=O, 1, 15.1.14
    2 . .), provided a or b is not a negative integer
    n’kth n<m. For c= -m F(a, $+a; 2a; z)=22a-1(1-z)-~[l+(1-z)~]1-2a
    sin [(2a- 1) z]
    15.1.2 15.1.15 F (a, l-a; Q; sin2 z)=~--1)~
    -!- F(a, b; c; z)=
    2k r(c) sin [(2a-2) z]
    15.1.16 F(a, 2-a; Q; sin2 z>= (a-l) sin (22)
    (&+1(b) n+l p+lF (a+m+l, b+m-kl; m+2; 2)
    (m+l>! 15.1.17 F(-a, a; 3; sin2 z)=cos (2~)

    Special Elementary Cases of Gauss Series co9 [@a-l)z]


    15.1.18 F(a, 1 -a; 4; sin2 z) = cos z
    (For cases involving higher functions see 15.4.)
    15.1.19 F(a, $+a; 3; -tan2 z)=coP z cos (2a.e)
    15.1.3 F(l, 1; 2; z)=-z-1 In (l-z) *

    Special Values of the Argument


    15.1.4 F(+, 1; Q; ,z?)=&-’ In (E)
    15.1.20
    15.1.5 F(+, 1; Q; -z~)=z-~ arct.an z r(c)r(c--a---b)
    F(a, b; c; l)=
    15.1.6 r(c-a)r(c--b)
    F(i, 4; Q; z’)=(l-z2)*F(1, 1; Q; .z~)=z-~ arcsin z (c#O, -1, -2, . . .) 9?(c-a--b)>O)
    ‘See page II.

    556
    WPEROE~METRE mcmo~s 557
    15.1.21 15.2. Differentiation Formulas and Gauss’
    Relations for Contiguous Functions

    Differentiation Formulas
    (l+a--b#O, -1, -2, . . .)
    15.2.1 ; F(u, b; c; z)=f F(uf1, b+l; c+l; z)
    15.1.22
    F(u, b; a-b+2;-1)=2-“7r”2(b-l)-‘r(a--b-+2)
    15.2.2

    [
    1 1
    r(3a>r(g+3a-b)-r(3+6a>r(l+~~--2;j 1 -$ F(u, b; c; z)=w F(u+n, b+n; c+n; z)
    (a--b+zzo, -1, -2, . . .)
    15.2.3
    15.1.23 F(l, a; a+l; -1)=3a[lC1(~+3u)-~(~u)]
    .$ [Za+n-l F(u, b; c; z) I= (a)&-‘F(ufn, b; c; 2)

    15.2.4

    (+u++p+~#O, -1, -2,. . .) -$ [z+F(u, b; c; z>l= (c-n),z”-“-‘F(u, b; c-n; z)

    15.1.25 15.2.5
    F(u, b; +u+g+i; 3)=2~(a--)-‘r(l+~u+~ib)
    g [Zc-atn-l (l-z)“+“-“F(a, b; c; z)]
    {[r(6~>r(B+3b)l-~-[r(3+4u)r(3b)i-~:I
    (~(u+b)+l#O, -1, -2, . . .) = (~-u),&-=-~(1-,z)“+~-~-“F(a-n, b; c; z)
    15.1.26 15.2.6
    F(u, l-u; b; *>=
    2?&(b) [r(;a+$b) r (~+++~a)]-1 g [(l--z) a+b-cF(u, b; c; z)]
    (b#O, -1, -2, . . .)
    -“-“;;;~-““’ (l-z)=+--“F(q b; c+n; z)
    15.1.27
    I-- FU, 1; a+l; 3>=4lt(3+%4-e41 15.2.7
    (a#-1, -2, -3,. . .)
    g [ (1- z)=+“-~F(u, b; c; z)]
    25.1.28
    ,.- e, a; a+l; 3>=~-‘a[~(3+~ua>-~(3a>l -(-l>“(Mc-b>n (l-z)=+F(u+n, b; cfn; z)
    (c)n
    (a#-1, -2, -3,. . .)
    15.2.8
    15.1.29
    F (a, t-ta; g-%;-+>=(#-2a ;g;g; -$ [z”-‘(l-z)~-“+“F(u, 6;~; z)]

    (g-2uf0, -1, -2,. . .> =(c---~),,~~-~-~(l-~)~-~F(u-n, b;c-n; z)


    15.1.30 15.2.9

    g [~~-‘(l--z)=+~-~F(u, b; c; z)]
    (g+gu#o, -1, -2, . . .>
    =(c-n),zc-“-yl-,z) a+b-c-nF(u-n, b-n; c-n; z)
    15.1.31
    F (a, &a+&; #.~a+#; ef*i3) Gauss’ Relations for Contiguous Functions

    The six functions F(u f 1, b; c; z), F(u, f3f 1; c; z),


    F(u, b; cf 1; z) are called contiguous to
    (+a# -S,--%--+f, . . J F(a, b; c; z). Relations between F(a, b; c; z) and
    558 HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    any two contiguous functions have been given by 15.2.21


    Gauss. By repeated application of these rela- [a-l-(c-b-l)z]F(u, b; c; 2)
    tions the function F(a+m, b+n; c+l; z) with
    +(c-u)F(u-1, b; c; 2)
    integral 171,n, Z(c+Z#O, -1, -2, . . .) can be
    expressed as a linear combination of F(a, b; c; z) -(C-l)(l-z)F(a, b; c-l; z)=O
    and one of its contiguous functions with coefficients 15.2.22
    which are rational functions of a, b, C, Z.
    [c--2b+(b--a)z]F(u, 6; c; 2)
    15.2.10
    +a(l-z)F(u, b+l; c; 2)
    (c--a)&-1, b; c; z)+(2a--c--az+bz)F(a, b; c; 2) -(C-b)F(u, b-l; c; z)=O
    +a(z-l)F(ufl, zq c; z)=O 15.2.23
    15.2.11 c[b-(c-u)z]F(u, 6; c; z)---bc(l-z)F(u, ?J+1; c; 2)
    (c--b)F(u, b-l; c; z)+(2!J-c-bz+uz>F(u, b; c; 2) +(c-u)(c-b)zF(u, 6; c+1; z)=O
    +b(z-l)F(u, bS1; c; z)=O 15.2.24
    15.2.12 (c--b-l)F(u, b; c; z)+bF(u, b+l; c; 2)
    c(c-l)(z-l)F(u, b; c-l; 2) -(C-l)F(u, b; c-l; z)=O
    Sc[c-l-(2c--a--b-l)z]F(u, l3; c; 2) 15.2.25
    +(c-u)(c-b)zF(u, 6; c+1; z)=O c(l-z)F(u, b; c; 2)-c&, k-1; c; 2)
    15.2.13
    * + (c-a)xF(u, 6; c+1; z)=O
    [C-2u-((b-u)z]F(u, 6; c; 2)
    15.2.26
    +u(l-z)F(u+1, b; c; 2)
    [b-1-(c--a-l)z]F(u, b; c; 2)
    -(c-u)F(u-1, b; c; 2.)=o
    +(C-b)F(u, b-1; c; 2)
    15.2.14
    -(C-l)(l-Z)F(U, b; c-l; z)=O
    (b-u)F(u, 6; c; z)+uF(u+l, b; c; 2)
    -bF(u, b+l; c; z)=O 15.2.27
    15.2.15 c[c- 1 - (2c--a--& l)z]F(u, 6; c; 2)
    (c-u4)F(u,.b; c; z)+u(l-z)F(u+1, b; c; 2) +(c-u)(c-6)zF(u, 6; cfl; 2)
    -(c-b)F(u, b-l; c; z)=O -C(C-l)(l-z)F(u, b; c-l; z)=O
    15.2.16
    c[u-(c-b)z]F(u, 6; c; z)-uc(l--z)F(uj-1, b; c; 2)
    +(c-u)(c-b)zF(u, 6; c+1; z)=O 15.3. Integral Representations and Transfor-
    mation Formulas
    15.2.17
    Integral Representations
    (c--a-l)F(u, b; c; z)+uF(u+l, b; c; 2)
    -(C-l)F(u, b; c-l; z)=O 15.3.1
    15.2.18 F(u, 6; c; z)=
    (c--a--b)F(u, 6; c; z)-(c-u)F(u-1, b; c; 2) 1
    w
    t~-‘(l---~)~-“-‘(l-Lz)-“dt
    +b(l--z)F(u, b+l; c; z)=O Jxb)r(c-bb) s cl
    15.2.19 (9c>g’b>o)
    (b-u)(l-z)F(u, b; c; z)-(c-u)F(u-1, b; c; 2) The integral represents a one valued analytic func-
    +(C--6)F(u, b-l; c; z)=O tion in the z-plane cut along the real axis from 1 to
    15.2.20 09 and hence 15.3.1 gives the analytic continua-
    tion of 15.1.1, F(u, b; c; z). Another integral
    a---)F(a, 6; c; z)--F(u-1, b; c; 2) representation is in the form of a Mellin-Barnes
    +(c-b>zF(u, 6; c+1; z)=O integral
    *seepagrn.
    HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 559
    r(c)
    + r(a)r(b)
    Here -r<arg(-z)<r and the path of integration is chosen such that the poles of I’(a+s) and
    r(b+s) i.e. the points s= -a-n and s=-b-m(n, m=O, 1, 2, . . .) respectively, are at its left
    side and the poles of csc(*s) or r(--s) i.e. s==O, 1, 2, are at its right side. The cases in which --a, -b
    or -c are non-negative integers or u-b equal to an integer are excluded.
    Linear Transformation Formulas

    From 15.3.1 and 15.3.2 a number of transformation formulas for F(a, b; c; z) can bederived.
    15.3.3 F(u, b; c; z)=(l--~)~-=-~F(c-u, c-b;, c; z)

    15.3.4 =(I-z)-‘F(a, c-b; c; ;>)

    15.3.5 =(I-z)-PF(b, c-u; c; -;-.&)

    15.3.6
    r(c)r(c-a-b) F(a, b; a+b-c+l; 1-z)
    ?(c---a)r(c-b)

    +(1-$-“-b
    r(c)r(a+b--c) F (c-u, c-b; c-a-b+l; 1-z)
    r (4 r(b)
    (larg Cl--z)l<d

    15.3.7 =;;;;;I;; (--z)-T(u, l-cfa; l-b+a; ;)

    +$&s (-z)-bF(b, l-c+b; I---a+b; ;) (larg (--4I<r>

    15.3.8 =(1--z)+ ;;;;;-; F(u, c-b; a-b+l; +-)


    .
    br (c) r (a- b)
    +(1--z)- r’(a)r(C-b) F b, c-a; b--a+l; & (kg Cl---z)l<d

    15.3.9 r(c)r(c-a-b) z-” F a u-c+l. a+b c+l. 1


    =r(c--@r&-b) ’ ) - )
    +r(C)r(a:+b-c)
    ______ (l--~)~-=-~z=--~ F(c-a, l--a; c--a-b+l; 1-i)
    rb)r@>
    (larg zl<~, larg Cl-z>l<d
    Each term of 15.3.6 has a pole when c=a+b:km, (m=O, 1, 2, . . .); this case is covered by

    WSb) 2 T-
    k&(b).
    ‘5*3*‘0 ‘(a, b;a+b; 2)=r(a)r(b) n=O (nv)2 [~(n+l)-~(u+n)-~(b+n)--In (l--z)l(l-~)~

    (lariz W-.4<*, P--21<1)


    Furthermore for m=l, 2, 3, . . .

    rh>W+b+m) m-l (Mb),


    15.3.11 F(% b; a+b+m; Z)=r(a+m)r(b+nE-j go n!(l-m), (1-z)“

    -IL(n+m+l).trl(a+n+m)+~(b+n+m)l (larg Cl--z)l<dl--zl<l)


    HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
    560

    F(a, 6; a+ b- m; z)= r(m>r(a+b-ml (l--z)-m ?iC (a-mL(b-m), (1-z)”


    15.3.12 n-0 n!(l-mm),
    W4M4
    (--l)‘Ua+b-mm) 2 (aL@)* (l-.#@ (l--z)-#(n+l)
    - r(a-m)r(b-m) n10 n!(n+m)!
    -rL(n+m+l)+~(a+n)+rL(b+n)l
    (Ia% o--z)l<*,ll-zl<l)
    Similarly each term of 15.3.7 has a pole when 5 =a f m or b -a= f m and the case is covered by

    15.3.13 F(a, a; c; z) = rca)r,(~& (-2)-a 2 ca)n’~$+a)n P[ln (-2)+2$(n+l>+(a+n)+(c-a-n)]


    (lax (-z>I<r, lzl>l, (c-a)+4 fl, f2,. . .I
    The case b-a=m, (m=l, 2, 3, . . .) is covered by

    15.3.14 F(a, a+m; c; z) = F(a+m, a; c; z)


    r(C>(-2)-a-m -g (4n+m(l-c+aL+m 2--))[In (-z>+N+m+n)+$(l+n)
    =r(a+m)r(c-a) n4 n!(n+m)!
    r(c) m-l r (m-n)(a),
    -rl(a+m+n)-~(c-a-m-n)l+(-z>-’ r(a+m) ~onlr(e-a-nn) 2-a
    (larg(--z)l<~Izl>l,(c--a)ZO,~1, f2,...)
    The case c-a=O, -1, -2, . . . becomes elementary, 15.3.3, and the case c-a=l, 2, 3, . . . can be
    obtained from 15.3.14, by a limiting process (see [15.2]).

    Quadratic Transformation Formular

    If, and only if the numbers *(l-c), &ta-b), f (a+b-c) are such, that two of them are equal
    or one of them is equal to 3, then there exists a quadratic transformation. The basic formulas
    are due to Kummer [15.7] and a complete list is due to Goursat [15.3]. See also [15.2].

    15.3.15 F(a,l;2b;z)=(l-z)-*F($a,b-$a; b+$;4&)

    15.3.16 =(l-+z)-“F($a, $+$a; b++; ~~(2-2)~~)

    15.3.17 -(#+3&i)-“F a,a-b+3; bS3;

    (1--111’--2)2
    15.3.18 =(l--z)-4°F a, 2b-a; b+& -
    ( 4Ji--z )
    l-;-G
    15.3.19 F(a, a+3; c;z>=(++&‘i%>-“F 2a, 2cc-c+l; c; -
    1+&-z

    15.3.20 =(lf&)-lOF (2a,c-3; 2c-1; =ks>)

    G-1
    15.3.21 2a, 2c-2a-1; c;
    26 >

    15.3.22 F(a,b; a+b+i;z)=F@a, 25; a+b+$; i-i=)

    15.3.23 =(++&/i=i)-” F(%, a--b++; .,b+:;E;:)


    HYPEROEOMETRIC FTJ-NCTIONS 561
    15.3.24 F(a, b; a+b-4; z)=(l--z)-)F(2a--l,2b--l;a+b--3;3-~J1--z)

    15.3.25 =(1-2)-f (&+gilyT(2a-l, a--d++; a+b--:;g+J


    2
    15.3.26 F(a, b; a--b+l; z)=(l+z)-“F($u, $a++; a--b+l; 42(1+~)-~)

    15.3.27 =(1*qz)-“F( a;, a--b+*; 2u--2b+l; *4Jz(lf$)-2)

    15.3.28 =(l-z)-“F($a, ~~-b+4;a--b+1;-42(1-2)-~)

    15.3.29 F (a, b; &a++b++; z)= (l-22) -“F (h, &+$; ha+@++; B)

    15.3.30 =F(&z, $b; ~~t+~b+~; 42-423

    15.3.31 F(a, l--a; c; 2)=(1-2>~-‘F(~c-&7a:, ~c++-~; c; 42-4z2)

    15.3.32 =(1-2)~-‘(1-22)“-‘CF ($c-$a, &-+a+& c; (4,s42)(1-22)-y

    Cubic transformations are listed in [15.:2] and [15.3].


    In the formulas above, the square roots are defined so that their value is real and positive when
    O<,z<l. AU formulas are valid in the neighborhood of z=O.
    15.4. Special Cases of F(a, b; c; 2)
    Polynomials

    When a or b is equal to a negative integer, then

    15.4.1 F(--m, b; c; z)=C m F,,,.,.c n $


    n-0

    This formula is also valid when c=-m-Z; m, Z=O, 1, 2, . . .

    1.5.4.2 F(-m, b;-m-l; z)=~$ :smm)lt-(lb::’5


    Some particular cases are
    15.4.3 F(-n, n; 3; z)=T,(l-22)

    15.4.4 F(-n, n+1; 1; z)=Pn(l--25)

    15.4.5 F -22, n+2a; a+f; 2 =$& Cfp)(:l-2x)


    >
    15.4.6 F(-n, cr+l+@+n; a+l; z)=&- P$fl)(l-22)
    n
    Here T,,, P,, CF’, Pg*@j d enote Chebyshev, Legendre’s, Gegenbauer’s and Jacobi’s polynomials re-
    spectively (see chapter 22).
    Legendre Functions

    Legendre functions are connected with those special cases of the hypergeometric function for which
    a quadretic transformation exists (see 15.3).
    15.4.7 F(a, b;2b; z)=22b-‘I’(&+b)z+-b (l-z)+cb-u-*)P:-:-t [(1-;)(l-d-q

    =22bT-# r(3+b) Z-b(l-_Z)f(b-a)e~‘(a-b) f’f~t


    15.4.8
    r(2b---a)

    15.4.9 F(a,b;2b;-~)=2*~7r -4 !$fd ,-b(]~+Z)W-a)e -**(a-b)P;zf


    562 HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    15.4.10 F(a, a+3;c; z)=2”-‘r(c)z’-~~(l-z)~~-=-~~~~~~[(l-z)-~]


    (larg zl<?~, larg (l--z)l<*, z not between 0 and - OD)
    15.4.11 F(u,u+~;c;2)=2”-‘r(c)(--z)~-~~(l--z)~~-”-’P:,4,[(1--2)-~] (-- O3<z<O)
    15.4.12 F(a, b; &+b+*; z)=20 +“-+r(~+u+6) (-z)‘(‘-“-“‘~-t-~[(l--)l]
    (larg (-z>l<?r, z not between 0 and 1)

    15.4.13 P(&, b; a+b+i; 2>=a+“-tr(~+a+b)zt’t-“-b)~~~~~[(l-Z)f] (O<x<l>

    15.4.14 F(&,~;a--b+i;d=r(a-b+i)2~b-r(i-2)-b~~~=

    (kg O-41< 1~~z not between 0 and - W)

    15.4.15 F(r,b;a--b+i;x)=r(a--b+i)(i-2)-b(-~)~b-~~b;~ (--- co<x<O)

    15.4.16 F(Q, 1--a;~; z)=I’(c)(--z)‘-~(1--z)~c-~~p’=,“(l-2z)


    (larg (-z)I<1p, larg (l-z)l<?r, z not between 0 and 1)

    15.4.17 F(u,L-u;c;2)= r(c)~~-t~(i-~)tc-'P~~~(i-22) (O<x<l)

    15.4.18 F(u, b; $B+#+$; z)=r(3+~+3b)[z(z-l)]t”-a-b)~~~~~~~~(l-2~)


    (larg z I<T, Iarg (z-l)l<~, z not between 0 and 1)

    15.4.19 F(~,b;$a+#b+); z)=r(~+3a+)b)(2-xz)t(1--.-b)~Pt~~~~:~(1-22) (O<x<l)


    15.4.20 F(a, Q;a+&$; 2)=2” +b-tr(u+6-~)(-z)t’t-“-b’(i-Z)-t~b~~~-bf[(l-Z))]
    (I arg (-z)l<?r, I arg(l--z)l<?r, .%?[(l-z)+]>O, z not between 0 and 1)

    15.4.21 F(cz, Q;a+&$; z)=20+b-tr(u+b-~)zr(i-a-b’(1-z)-tP1-oa-~[(l--z)l] (O<x<l)


    15.4.22 F(a,b;& 2)=?r-12a+b-fr()+a)r()+b)(2-i)I(t-o-b)[Pt=~~~~(Z))+~~~~~~(-2))1
    (larg zl<?r, I arg(z-l)[<r, z not between 0 and 1)

    15.4.23 F(a,b;~;~)=ct~+~-T()+a)r(3+b)(i--z) '('-"-"'[P~~~-t(x')+Pta--Ob--~(-x~)] (O<x<l)

    15.4.24 F(e, b; $;-z)=r-W-b-1r($+a)r(~-lJ)(2+1)-@-+be*i~ (*+) {~:;;-,[~t(l+~)-t]


    +z%;-l[--z’(l +zr+1j
    ( f according as Y,zSO, z not between 0 and OJ)
    *15.4.25 F(u, 6; 3;-x)=~-)20-b-1r(~+a)r(i--b)(l+s)-~-~b{~:;;_l[~~(l+x)-f]+~:;:-,[-X1~2(1+2)-t]}
    CO<%<c01
    15.4.26 F(a,b;4;z)=--?r-t2”+b-~r(a-~)r(b--3)x-l(l-x)t(;-a-b) {~~--:-~(~1)--~a-t-~(-~t) } (O<x<l)

    15.5. The Hypergeometric Differential Equation

    The hypergeometric differential equation

    15.5.1 z(l-2) $$+[C-(a+6Sl)zl $zbw=O

    *see page Il.


    HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 563
    has three (regular) singular points z=O, 1, 03. The pairs of exponents at these points are

    15.5.2 p;pi=o, l-c, p$=O, c-a-b, ~&)=a, b

    respectively. The general theory of differential equations of the Fuchsian type distinguishes between
    the following cases.
    A. None of the numbers c, c-a-b; a-b is equal to an integer. Then two linearly independent solutions
    of 15.5.1 in the neighborhood of the singular points 0, 1, m are respectively

    15.5.3 wl(,,)=F(u, b; c; z)=(l-z)C-a-bF(c--a, c-b; c; z)

    15.5.4 ~~~~~=z~-~F(u--e+l, b-c+l; 2-c; z)=zl-c(l-z)C-“-bF(l-a, l-b; 2-c; z)


    15.5.5 wIC1)=F(a, b; a+b+l-c; l-z)=&cF(l+b-c, l+a-c; a+b+l-c; l-2)

    15.5.6 wZ~l~=(l-z)C-a-bF(c-b,c-a;c-a--b+l; l-z)=zl-C(l-z)c-“-“F(l-a, 1-b;c-a-b+l; l-2)

    15.5.7 ?blCII))=~-BF(u, a-c+l; a-b+l; z--l)-lzb-C(z-l)C-“-bF(l-b, c-b; a-b+l; z-‘)

    15.5.8 toa =z- “F(b, b-c+l; b-a+l; z--l)=za-c(z-l)c-a-b~(l-a, c-u; b-&l; z-l)

    The second set of the above expressions is obtained by applying 15.3.3 to the first set.
    Another set of representations is obtained by applying 15.3.4 to J5.5.3 through 15.5.8. This
    gives 15.5.9-15.5.14.
    15.5.9 ~~~,,~=(l-z)-“F a, c-b; c; -)=(l-,z)-bF(b,
    zf1 c-a; c; --&)

    15.5.10 w~~~~=z~-~(~--z)~-~-~F a-c+l, 1-b; 2-c; 5 =z l-c(l--z)c-b-lF b-c+l, l-a; 2--e;A -


    > >
    15.5.11 WluI=PF(a, a-c+l; a+b-c+l; l-z-l)=z-bF(b, b-c+l; a+b-c+l; 1-z-l)
    15.5.12
    wm=2 =-c(,-z)-bF(c-u, l-u; c-u-b-t-1; l-z-l)=zb-C(l-z)c-a-bF(c-b, l-b; c-a-b+l; l-z-‘)

    15.5.13 w lC~~=(z-l)-‘F(a, c-b; a-b-l-1;; &)=(z-l)-bF(b, c-a; b-a+l; $--)


    15.5.14
    w4(a.)=2 l-c(~-l)C-a-lF (a-+1, 1-b; a--1+1; $--)=zl-C(z-l)C-b-lZi’ (b-c+l, l-a; b-a+l; $-)

    15.5.3 to 15.5.14 constitute Kummer’s 24 solutions of the hypergeometric equation. The analytic con-
    tinuation of wl ,z(O,(z) can then be obtained ‘by means of 15.3.3 to 15.3.9.
    B. One of the numbers a, b, c-a, c-b is an kteger. Then one of the hypergeometric series for
    instance wl ,2(0), 15.5.3, 15.5.4 terminates and the corresponding solution is of the form
    15.5.15 w=zQ(l-z)@p&)
    where p,(z) is a polynomial in z of degree n. This case is referred to as the degenerate case of the
    hypergeometric differential equation and its solutions are listed and discussed in great detail in [15.2].
    C. The number c-a-b is an integer, c nonintegral. Then 15.3.10 to 15.3.12 give the analytic continu-
    ation of wr ,2Co,into the neighborhood of z=: 1. Similarly 15.3.13 and 15.3.14 give the analytic continu-
    ation of wl ,2(0) into the neighborhood of z= 03 in case a-b is an integer but not c, subject of
    course to the further restrictions c-a=O, fl, f2 . . . (For a detailed discussion of all possible
    cases, see [l&2]).
    D. The number c=l. Then 15.5.3, 15.5.4 are replaced by

    15.5.16 wlto,=F(a, b; 1; z)
    564 HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

    - wmn
    15.5.17 wz(O)=F(a, b; 1; 2) In 2+g1 ~@,)a z”[~(a+n)-9(u)+~(b+n)-~(~)--2~(n+l)+2~(2)1 (l4<1)
    E. The number c=m+l, m=l, 2, 3, . . . . A fundamental system is

    15.5.18 wIcO)=F(a, b; m-t-1; z>


    - GMb)n
    15.5.19 wZcOj=JYa, b; m+l; 2) In z+gI cl+mj ~nl. z”[#(u+n)-Ku)++(b+n)+(b)-+(m+l+n)

    +Km+l)-~(11+1)+~(1)1-~~ ~~~~$--“d,: z-” (lzl< 1 and a,b#O, 1, 2, . . , (m-l))

    I’: The number c= 1 -m, m= 1, 2, 3, . . . . A fundamental system is


    15.5.20 wl(,,)=zmF(u+m, b+m; l-km; z)
    15.5.21
    w2~0~=z~F(u+m, b+m; l+m; 2) In z+z~$~z” cu~~)~j+J)n [G(u+m+n)-1L(u+m)+~(b+m+n)
    n *

    (lz/<l and a, b#O, -1, -2, . . . -(m-l))

    15.6. Riemann’s Differential Equation Special Cases of Riemann’s P Function

    The hypergeometric differential equation 15.5.1 (a) The generalized hypergeometric function
    with the (regular) singular points 0, 1, Q) is a

    w=p{;,
    ; “,.z}
    15.6.4
    special case of Riemann’s differential equation
    with three (regular) singular points a, b, c

    15.6.1

    (b) The hypergeometric function F(u, b; c; z)

    15.6.5
    0 OJ 1

    w=P 1 0 a 0 21
    11-c b c-u-b J
    (c) The Legendre functions P!(z), &:(z)
    The pairs of the exponents with respect to the
    singular points a; b; c are (IL,cr’; 6, B’; y, y’ respec- 15.6.6
    0 co 1
    tively subject to the condition
    w=P -4V 3P 0 (1-22)-1
    15.6.2
    r 1
    cr+a’+B+B’+r+Y’=l
    I%++ -3P t J
    (d) The confluent hypergeometric function
    The complete set of solutions of 15.6.1 is denoted
    by the symbol 15.6.7
    0 Q) c
    15.6.3 w=P +ku -c c-k z

    3-U 0 k
    provided lim c+= .
    HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 565
    Transformation Formulas for Riemann’s P Function

    a b c a b
    z-a k z-c ’ 8-k-l
    15.6.8 - -PiY B y a+k
    z-b
    (>( z-b I{
    a’ 8’ 7’ d-j-k 8,-k--l

    and A, B, C, D are arbitrary constants such that AD-BC#O.


    Riemann’s P function reduced to the hypergeometric function is

    The P function on the right hand side is G.auss’hypergeometric function (see 15.6.5). If it is replaced
    by Kummer’s 24 solutions 15.5.3 to 15.5.14 the complete set of 24 solutions for Riemann’s differential
    equation 15.6.1 is obtained. The first of these solutions is for instance by 15.5.3 and 15.6.5

    15.7. Asymptotic Expansions 15.7.2

    The behavior of F(a, b; c; z) for large (z] is F(a, b; c; z)=e-sm[r(c)/I’(c-a>] (bz)-“[l+O(lbz(-‘)]


    described by the transformation formulas of 15.3. +[r(c>lr(a)l e**(bz)O-“[l+O(lbzl-‘)I
    For fixed a, b, z and large ]c( one has [15.8]
    (-$< w (bz)<+r)
    15.7.3
    15.7.1 ?‘(a, b; C; z)=d@[r(c)/r(c--a)] (bz)-a[l+O(lbz(-l)l
    +~r~~>lr~~>l~bz~b~~-c~~+O~l~~l-‘>l
    F(a, b; c; z) =Cn~c~~+o(~cl-‘-‘)
    C-+~< arg b+Gb)
    For fixed a, c, z, (c#O, -1, -2, . . . , O</r:j<l) For the case when more than one of the param-
    and large lb1 one has [l&2] eters are large consult [15.2].

    References
    115.11 P. Appell and J. Kampe de F&et, Fonctions hyper- [15.4] E. Goursat, Propri&& generales de l’equation
    geometriques et hyperspheriques (Gauthiers- d’Euler et de Gauss (Actualit& scientifiques et
    Villars, Paris, France, 1926). industrielles 333, Paris, France, 1936).
    [15.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions, [15.5] J. Kampe de Feriet, La fonction hypergeom&rique
    vol. 1 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, (Gauthiers-Villars, Paris, France, 1937).
    N.Y., 1953).
    [15.6] F. Klein, Vorlesungen iiber die hypergeometrische
    [15.3] E. Goursat, Ann. Sci. Ecole Norm. Sup(2)19, Funktion (B. G. Teubner, Berlin, Germany,
    3-142(1881). 1933).
    566 HYPERGEOMETRIC FTJNCI’IONS

    [15.7] E. E. Kummer, Uber die hypergeometrische Reihe, [15.11] C. Snow, The hypergeometric and Legendre func-
    J. Reine Angew. Math. 15, 39-83, 127-172(1836). tions with applications to integral equations of
    [15.8] T. M. MacRobert, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Sot. 42, potential theory, Applied Math. Series 19 (U.S.
    84-88(1923). Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
    [15.9] T. M. MacRobert, Functions of a complex variable, 1952).
    4th ed. (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, [15.12] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
    England, 1954). modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
    [15.10] E. G. C. Poole, Introduction to the theory of linear Cambridge, England, 1952).
    differential equations (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
    England, 1936).
    16. Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta
    Functions
    L. M. MILNE-THOMSON 1
    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties .................... 569
    16.1. Introduction ..................... 569
    16.2. Classifiication of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions . . 570
    16.3. Relation of the Jacobian Functions to the Copdlar Trio . . 570
    16.4. Calculation of the Jacobian Functions by Use of the Arith-
    metic-Geometric Mean (A.G.M.) ........... 571
    16.5. Special. Arguments .................. 571
    16.6. Jacobian Functions when m=O or 1 ........... 571
    16.7. Principal Terms ................... 572
    16.8. Change of Argument ................. 572
    16.9. Relations Between the Squares of the Functions ..... 573
    16.10. Change of Parameter .................. 573
    16.11. Reciprocal Parameter (Jacobi’s Real Transformation) ... 573
    16.12. Descending Landen Transformation (Gauss’ Transforma-
    tion) ....................... 573
    16.13. Approximation in Terms of Circular Functions ...... 573
    16.14. Ascendling Landen Transformation ........... 573
    16.15. Approximation in Terms of Hyperbolic Functions .... 574
    16.16. Derivatives ...................... 574
    16.17. Addition Theorems .................. 574
    16.18. Double Arguments .................. 574
    16.19. Half Arguments ................... 574
    16.20. Jacobi’s Imaginary Transformation, ........... 574
    16.21. Complex Arguments ................. 575
    16.22. Leading Terms of the Series in Ascending Powers of u. .. 575
    16.23. Series IExpansion in Terms of the Nome p ........ 575
    16.24. Integrals of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions. ... 575
    16.25. Notation for the Integrals of the Squares of the Twelve
    Jacobian Elliptic Functions ............. 576
    16.26. Integrals in Terms of the Elliptic Integral of the Second
    Kind1 ....................... 576
    16.27. Theta .Functions; Expansions in Terms of the Nome p . . 576
    16.28. Relations Between the Squares of the Theta Functions . . 576
    16.29. Logarithmic Derivatives of the Theta Functions ..... 576
    16.30. Logarithms of Theta Functions of Sum and Difference . . 577
    16.31. Jacobi’s Notation for Theta Functions ......... 577
    16.32. Calculation of Jacobi’s Theta Function O(ulm) by Use of
    the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean ........... 577

    1 University of .Arizona. (Prepared under contract with the National Bureau of


    Standards.)
    567
    568 JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

    Page
    16.33. Addition of Quarter-Periods to Jacobi’s Eta and Theta
    Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
    16.34. Relation of -Jacobi’s Zeta Function to the Theta Functions. 578
    16.35. Calculation of Jacobi’s Zeta Function Z(ulm) by Use of the
    Arithmetic-Geometric Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
    16.36. Neville’s Notation for Theta Functions . . . . . . . . . 578
    16.37. Expression as Infinite Products. . . . . . . . ‘. . . . . 579
    16.38, Expression as Infinite Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
    Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
    16.39. Use and Extension of the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

    Table 16.1. Theta Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582

    ?Y,(rO\cYO),
    &iz s,(Eydq
    tYn(eO\aO),Jseccy tY,(E;\op)
    ~t=O~(5~)85~, e, e1=00(50)900, 9-10D

    Table 16.2. Logarithmic Derivatives of Theta Functions . . . . . . 584

    & In 8.(u) =f(~~\oP)

    $ In GC(u)= -f(e\c~‘)

    &In Sn(~)=g(to\aP)

    & In ad(u) = -g(ET\OP)

    c~=O~(5~)85~,t, el=00(50)900, 5-6D

    The author wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to his friend, the late Professor
    E. H. Neville, for invaluable assistance in reading and criticizing the manuscript. Pro-
    fessor Neville generously supplied material from his own work and was responsible for many
    improvements in matter and arrangement.
    The author’s best thanks are also due to David S. Liepman and Ruth Zucker for the
    preparation and checking of the tables and graphs.
    16. Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta Functions
    Mathematical Properties

    Jacobian Elliptic Functions Let p, q be any two of the letters s, c, d, n.


    Then p, q determine in the lattice a minimum
    16.1. Introduction rectangle whose sides are of length K and K’ and
    A doubly periodic meromorphic function is whose vertices s, c, d, n are in counterclockwise
    called an elliptic function. order.
    Definition
    Let m, ml be numbers such that
    The Jacobian elliptic function pq u is defined by
    m+ml=l. the following three properties.
    (i) pq u has a simple zero at p and a simple
    We call m the parameter, ml the complenientary pole at q.
    parameter. (ii) The step from p to q is a half-period of pq u.
    In what follows we shall assume that the param- Those of the numbers K, iK’, K+iK’ which differ
    eter m is a real number. Without loss of gen- from this step are only quarter-periods.
    erality we can then suppose that O_<m<l (see (iii) The coefficient of the leading term in the
    16.10, 16.11). expansion of pq u in ascending powers of u about
    We define quarter-periods K and iK’ by u=O is unity. With regard to (iii) the leading
    term is u, l/u, 1 according as u=O is a zero, a
    16.1.1
    pole, or an ordinary point.
    Thus the functions with a pole or zero at the
    origin (i.e., the functions in which one letter is s)
    =iK’=lis0*/a
    iK’(m) (l-mlsim
    de are odd, and the others are even.
    Should we wish to call explicit attention to the
    value of the parameter, we write pq (ulm) instead
    so that K and K’ are real numbers. K is called of pq u.
    the real, iK’ the imaginary quarter-period. The Jacobian elliptic functions can also be
    We note that defined with respect to certain integrals. Thus if
    16.1.2 K(m)=K’(mI)=K’(l-m).
    16.1.3 u=
    We also note that if any one of the numbers m,
    ml, K(m), K’(m), K’(m)/K(m) is given, all the the angle cpis called the amplitude
    rest are determined. Thus K and K’ can not
    both be chosen arbitrarily. 16.1.4 p=am u
    In the Argand diagram denote the points 0, K, and we define
    K+iK’, iK’ by s, c, d, n respectively. These
    points are at the vertices of a rectangle. The 16.1.5
    translations of this rectangle by M, giK’, where sn u=sin ip, cn u=cos ‘p,
    x , ccare given all integral values positive or nega-
    tive, will lead to the lattice dn u=(l-m sin2 ‘p>1/2=A((p),

    .S .S
    Similarly all the functions pq u can be expressed
    .n Zi .n :: in terms of cp. This second set of definitions,
    .S .C .S .C
    although seemingly different, is mathematically
    .n .d .n .d equivalent to the definition previously given in
    terms of a lattice. For further explanation of
    the pattern being repeated indefinitely on all notations, including the interpretation, of such
    sides. expressions as sn (V\(Y), cn (ulm), dn (u, k), see 17.2.
    569
    JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS
    570
    16.2. Classification of the. Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions
    According to Poles and Half-Periods

    Pole Pole Pole Pole


    iK’ K+iK’ K 0
    --
    Half period iK’ sn u cd u dc u ns u Periods 2iK’, 4K+4iK’, 4K
    -- --
    Half period K+iK’ cn u sd u nc u ds u Periods 4iK’, 2K+2iK’, 4K -
    - --
    Half period K dn u nd u SCu cs u Periods 4iK’, 4K+4iK’, 2K

    The three functions in a vertical column are


    copolar.
    The four functions in a horizontal line are
    coperiodic. Of the periods quoted in the last line
    of each row only two are independent.

    FIGURE 16.3. Jacobian elliptic junetiom


    SCu, es u, cd u, dc u
    FIQURE 16.1. Jacobian elliptic junctions
    sn u, cn u, dn u
    m=l 16.3. Relation of the Jacobian Functions to the
    2
    Copolar Trio sn u, cn u, dn u
    The curve for on (~13) is the boundary between those
    which have an inflexion and those which have not. 1
    16.3.1 cd u=E & u=dn” I-ISu=gn
    cn u
    1 & uzdnu
    16.3.2 sd u=E nc u=-
    cnu sn u
    snu cnu
    16.3.3 nd u=-&
    sc u=cn ca U=sn
    0 r"
    K ZK 3K 4K
    -.5 -
    And generally if p, q, r are any three of the letters
    s, c, 4 n,

    16.3.4
    FIGURE 16.2. Jacobian elliptic junctions
    ns u, nc u, nd u provided that when two letters are the same, e.g.,
    pp u, the corresponding function is put equal to
    unity.
    JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS 571

    16.4. Calculation of the Jacobian Functions by and then compute successively p+,, pNm2, . . .,
    Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean lpi, p. from the recurrence relation
    (A.G.M.)
    16.4.3 sin (24+,-&=~ sin q*,
    For the A.G.M. scale see 17.6.
    To calculate sn (ulm), cn (ulm), and dn (ulm) Then
    form the A.G.M. scale starting with 16.4.4
    16.4.1 ao=l, bo=Jm1, co=&, sn (ujm)=sin (potcn (ulm)=cos a
    terminating at the step N when cN is negligible to
    dn (ulm)=
    ‘OS PO
    the accuracy required. Find lpN in degrees where cos (Cpl-PoPg)’
    (oN=2NaNuIso0 From these all the other functions can be deter-
    16.4.2
    r mined.
    16.5. Special Art guments

    u Fm u cn u dn u

    16.5.1 0 0 1 1

    1 mP
    16.5.2 +K m$14
    (l+m:l’)“’ (l+mll’*)l’a

    16.5.3 K 1 0 rn+l¶

    im-‘I’ (1 + m1’*)1/2
    16.5.4 $K') mll’ (l+ml’*)L/*

    * 16.5.5 $K+~K!) 2-‘/z7+/‘[(l +,121/1)1/* 2 l”(l-i) If&l “‘[(I + m,l/2)1/*


    +.~(l--ml”)l”] ( > ( > -i(l-mmlUZ)l/2]

    16.5.6 K+;(iKt) m-1” -i (!-.IlE$)“’

    16.5.7 iK' co co

    16.5.8 f~+iKt (1 - m,1’2) -1’2 -i (j-+$)“’ - im,l/4

    16.5.9 K+iK' m-m 0

    16.6. Jacobian Functions when m=O or 1


    r =
    m=O m=l
    .-
    16.6.1 sin u tanh u
    16.6.2 co9 IL sech u
    16.6.3 1 sech u
    cd (ulm) COBu 1
    :t % sd (ulm) sin 2~ sinh u
    16:6:6 nd (ulm) 1 cash u
    16.6.7 do (u m) set u 1
    16.6.8 no (u m) set u cash u
    16.6.9 80 (ulm) tan u sinh u
    16.6.10 :ns (u m) csc u ,20th u
    16.6.11 (ds (u Im) csc u ,csch u
    16.6.12 (cablm> cot u ,osch u
    16.6.13 i~1x3
    (ulm) IL Ited u

    ‘See page II.


    -
    n s3- n P~~IW+- n s3- n up+-- n s3-- n s3 n 63 n 3sz11bu n 3szI,Qu- n x3zl,~~- n SD- n 63 21’8’91
    n SP n ~s~1wW.2 n sp- n nwc- n SP n sp- n sp- n 3uz,,h4d n 3uzllbk- n 3uz11bu n sp- n sp G 11’8’91
    n su- n PAVES n su n wow n su n su- n su- n 3~ n 3p- n 3~ n su- n su su 07’8’91
    n as- n UP~I~-W n as- n PUT n as- n 3s n 38 n s3zll--Iau n ~3~,~--1tu - n ~3~,~~hu - n as- n 3s 38 6’8’91
    n 3u n uw+~~-W n au- n ~w+ n x5-- n au- n au- n fwr-~~ n spzil-l~ n spz~I-r~ - n 311 n 3u 3U 8’8’91
    n op- n usyltu- n 3~ n P+~U n 3p- n 3p- n 3p- n su n su n su- n 3~ n 3~ 3P L’S’91

    n pu- n sa,,,~hu+ n pu- n 3s? n PU n PU n PU n UP~I~-~~ n UP~I~-~UJ n UP~I,-~~ n PU n Pu PU 9’8’91


    n Ps 1 SPzlr-%lI-w- n ps- n cm,,,-uq n PS n ps- n ps- n uIozIl--Itu I a u311,1~~zu- n ~3~~~--1au n @s- n PS S’S’91
    n pa-- n suzl,-UL- n ~3 n ~P~I~-w n p3- n pa- n p3- n us n us n us- n ~3 n ~3 ;: V’S’91
    n up- n 3szl,hu~ n up- n fpz- n UP n UP n UP n dude n PUPIL n PU~-J n UP n UP UP 6’8’91
    n u3 n 3uzll-~zl,k+-- n us- n wl-v- n u3- n us--- n m- n PW~ n PW~ n psd~-- n 013 n u3 U3 Z’S’91
    n us- n 3pg~l-m n us n suzI,--u1 n us n us- n us- n ~3 n p3 - n ~3 n us - n us us 1’8’91
    -- -

    ,szz +
    az+-n m+n+n I n2zfn ,n!+n n-nz az-n az+n n-n n--n n+n n- n
    - = --

    n 53 ZT’t’91
    n SP wL’9 t
    n su OI’L’91
    n 38 6’L’9T
    n 311 8’L’9T
    nap L’L’91

    npu 9’t’91
    n PS S’L’91
    n ~3 p’L.91
    nup s-L.91
    n u3 Z’L’91.
    n us I’t’9T.
    --

    =
    *pagddns aq 03 svq (“2-n) JOS!MP aq? c~eq$smam + pus
    pa!lddns aq 09 s’~q (“X--n) .ro~m3 aql ~‘t3q$smam X aJaqhi ‘sur.103asaqq sangI gsg &n~o~~o3 aq&
    -n bd 30 alod ‘13JO ‘oJaz B ‘gu!od Lmup~o 11’13
    s: Lx S’B Z?uyp.~oom(‘x-n)-+3 ‘(‘x-n) x& ‘8 sm.103
    aql 30 auo ssq pus ma2 pd!mvd aq$ panw st uo!susdxa aqq 30 rnsa%ys.~y aq$ ‘,xz+x ‘,x! ‘;y $0
    30 auo s! “x alaqM ‘&-n) 30 maMod Bmpuaoss uy papusdxa so n bd uo~~oun3Di$dma aq? uaq&
    smra& ~dpupd ‘t-91
    JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC :FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS 573
    16.9. Relations Between the Squares o:f the 16.12.1 /quay> a’&*’
    Functions
    then
    16.9.1 --dn2u+ml=-m cn2u=m sn2u-m
    16.12.2 sn (ul m) _ (1+c(‘/~) sn (4~)
    16.9.2 -mind2u+ml=-mmlsd2u=m d2u-m - 1+p1/2sn2 (VIP)

    16.9.3 mlsc2u+ml=m1nc2u=dc2u-m 16.12.3 cn (ul m) = cn @Id dn (4~)


    1+ j.P* SIP (81/A)
    16.9.4 cs2u+ml=ds2u=ns2u-m
    any~~p~-(i-p~~~~
    In using the above results remember that 16.12.4 * t”l m)= (1fpi/2) _ an2(ulpj *
    m+ml=l.
    If pq u, rt u are any two of the twelve functions, Note that successive applications can be made
    one entry expresses tq2u in terms of pq2u and conveniently to find sn (ujm) in terms of sn (01~)
    another expresses qt2u in terms of rt%. Since and dn (ulm) in terms of dn ($A), but that the
    tq% . qt2u= 1, we can obtain from the table the calculation of cn (ulm) requires all three functions.
    bilinear relation between pq2u and rt2u. Thus
    for the functions cd u, sn u we have 16.13. Approximation in Terms of Circular
    Functions

    16.93 nd2u=‘- m ca2U, dn2u=l-m sn2u When the parameter m is so small that we may
    ml
    neglect m2 and higher powers, we have the
    and therefore approximations

    16.9.6 (l-m Ca2U)(i-m sn*u) =ml. 16.13.1

    16.10. Change of Parameter sn (ulm) =sin u-a m(u-sin u co9 u) co9 u


    Negative Parameter
    16.13.2
    If m is a positive number, let
    cn (ulm) = cos u+a m(u-sin u co8 u) sin u
    1 U
    16.10.1 ,=A 1+ m’ Pl=l+mf v=;;;i (O<rr<l)

    16.13.3 dn (ulm) a l-f m sin2 u


    16.10.2 sn (u(-m)=w+sd (a[~)
    16.10.3 cn (uJ-m)=d (VIP) 16.13.4 am (ulm) =u-a m(u-sin u co9 u).
    16.10.4 dn (u(-m)=nd (O/P).
    One way of calculating the Jacobian functions
    16.11. Reciprocal Parameter (Jacobi’s Real is to use Laden’s descending transformation to
    Transformation) reduce the parameter sufficiently for the above
    16.11.1 m>O, p=m-l, v=um1f,2 formulae to become applicable. See also 16.14.

    16.11.2 sn (ujm) =p1/2sn (VIP) 16.14. Ascending Landen Transformation


    To in&ease the parameter, let
    16.11.3 cn (ulm>=dn (4~)
    16.11.4 dn (ujm) =cn (VIP) 16.14.1 r=(l$::1)2~~l= 1+
    (qz>: v= j-&G
    Here if m>l then m-l=p<l.
    Thus elliptic functions whose parameter is real 16.14.2 sn (ulm) = (l+~~“‘)
    sn C4r>cn 04~4
    can be made to depend on elliptic functions whose an (VIP)
    parameter liea between 0 and 1. i+j$/2 dn 2(~Ijb)-~,1~2
    ‘16.14.3 cn (ul m) =y
    16.12. Descending Landen Transformation an (44
    (Gauss’ Transformation) l-j&l”* dn* (OJP)+Prt’*
    16.14.4 dn (~1 m) = cc
    To decrease the parameter, let anbl~)
    574 JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

    Note that, when successive applications are to 16.17. Addition Theorems


    be made, it is simplest to calculate dn (ulm) since 16.17.1 sn(u+~)
    this is expressed always in terms of the same fnnc-
    tion. The calculation of cn (u/m) leads to that of =sn u-en v.dn v+sn vacn uedn u
    dn (4.4. 1 -m sn%.sn%
    The calculation of sn (u/m) necessitates the 16.17.2 cn(u+v)
    evaluation of all three functions.
    = cnu.cnv-snu.dnu.snv.dnv
    1 - m sn2u ‘sn3v
    16.15. Approximation in Terms of Hyperbolic
    Functions dnu+dnv-msnu.cnu.snv. cnv
    16.17.3 dn(u+v) =
    I- msn2u . sn2v
    When the parameter m is so close to unity that
    ml2 and higher powers of ml can be neglected we Addition theorems are derivable one from
    have the approximations another and are expressible in a great variety of
    forms. Thusns(u+v) comes from l/sn(u+v) in the
    16.15.1 form (l-msn2usn2v)/(snucnvdnv+snvcnudnu)
    from 16J7.1.
    sn (ulm) =tanh u+$m, (sinh u cash u-u) sech2 u
    Alternatively ns(u + v) =m112sn { (iK’ - u) -211
    16.15.2 which againfronr16.17.1 yields the form (ns u cs v dsu
    --nsvcsudsv)/(ns2u-ns2v).
    cn (ulm) =sech u
    The function pq(u+v) is a rational function of
    -- i ml (sinh u cash u-u) tanh u sechu the four functions pq u, pq v, pq’u, pq’v.
    16.18. Double Arguments
    16.15.3
    dn (ulm) =sech u 16.18.1 sn 2u
    1 = 2snu.cnu.dnu=2snu.cnu.dnu
    +- ml (sinh u cash u+u) tanh u sech u 1 - msn4u cn2u+sn2u. dn2u
    4
    16.15.4 16.18.2 cn 2u

    am (ujm) =gd u+i ml (sinh u cash u-u) sech u. = cn2u-sn2u. dn% cn2u-sn2u. dn2u
    l-msn4u = cn2u+sn2u. dn2u
    Another way of calculating the Jacobian func- 16.18.3 dn 2u
    tions is to use Landen’s ascending transformation =dn2u-msn2u.cn2u=dn2u+cn2u(dn%-1)
    to increase the parameter sufficiently for the above 1 - msn4u dn2u-cn2u(dn2u- 1)
    formulae to become applicable. See also 16.13. 16.18.4 1 -cn 2u sn2u . dn%
    l+cn 2u= cn2u
    16.16. Derivatives
    1 - dn 2u msn2u acn2u
    16.18.5
    Func- Derivative l+dn 2u= dn2u
    tion
    16.19. Half Arguments
    sn u cn u dn u
    :z% cn u --8n u an u Pole n 16.19.1
    16:16:3 dn u -m sn u cn u
    16.16.4 cd u -ml sd u nd u
    16.16.5 sd u cd u nd u Pole d 16.19.2
    16.16.6 nd u m sd u cd u
    16.16.7 dc u ml sc u nc u m,+dn u-kmcn u
    16.16.8 nc u SC u dc u Pole c 16.19.3 dn21yu=
    16.16.9 SCu dc u nc u lfdn u
    16.16.10 ns u -ds u cs u 16.20. Jacobi’s Imaginary Transformation
    16.16.11 ds u -cs u ns u Pole 8
    16.16.12 csu -na u da u 16.20.1 sn(iulm)=isc(ulmJ
    1620.2 cn(iujm)=nc(uJ ml)
    Note that the derivative is proportional to the
    product of the two copolar functions. 16.20.3 dn(iulm)=dc(ul m,)
    JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS 575
    16.21. Complex Arguments 16.23.6

    With the abbreviations nd @lm>=sK+ SKl g1 (-l)y&.eos 2nv


    16.21.1
    16.23.7
    s=sn(zIm), c=cn(z~m), d=dn(zlm), sl=sn(yIml),
    dc (ulm)=&sec v
    cl=cn(ylml), dl=ddylmd
    s . dl+ic. de 51. cl +g F. (-1)” & CO8 (2nfl)v
    16.21.2 sn(z+iylm) =
    c:+ms2 a9.: 16.23.8
    c. cl--is. d +51. dl nc (ul m) =2---& set v
    16.21.3 cn(z+iyj m) = 1
    cf + ms2 . st
    d . cl. d,--ims . c . s1 -m+& C-1)” $q cos @n+l)v
    16.21.4 dn(z+iy)m)=
    cT+ ms2 ast 1623.9
    16.22. Leading Terms of the Series in Ascending SC (u Im) =2+K tan v
    Powers of u 1

    16.22.1 sKmcl (-1)” &sin 2nv


    +

    sn(ulm)=u-(lfm) $+(l+14m+m2) $ 1623.10

    -(1+135m+135m2+ma) $+ ... 11s(4m>=& cscv-x2u n=O


    2 Q2n+l
    l-p2n+l sin (2n+l)v
    16.23.11
    16.22.2
    ds (ulm)=&csc v-- g go $g-- sin (2n+l)v
    cn(ujm)=l -$+(1+4m) $
    16.23.12
    -(1+44m+16m2) $i- ... cs blm> =z2K cot v-- g gl +ft+ sin 2nv
    16.22.3
    16.24. Integrals of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic
    dn(ulm)=l-m $I-m(4+m) $ Functions

    - m(16+44m-k m2) $t ... 16.24.1 Jsn u du=m-lt2 In (dn u-m’f2cn u)


    16.24.2 $ cn u du=m-1J2 arccos (dn u)
    No formulae are known for the general coeffi-
    cients in these series. 16.24.3 Jdn u du=arcsin (sn u)

    16.23. Series Expansions in Terms of the Nome 16.24.4 $ cd u du=m-‘12 In (nd u+m112sd u)
    q=t?‘--*K”K and the Argument v=?ru/(2hr) 16.24.5 Jsd u du= (mmJ-1’2 arcsin (-m1’2cd u)

    16.23.1 sn (ulm)=- 27r 2 pn+1/2 sin (27bfl)v 16.24.6 Jnd u du=mI-112 arccos (cd u)
    rn1i2K n=O I- p2n+1
    16.24.7 Jdc u du=ln (nc u+sc u)
    16.23.2 cn (ul m) = - 2* 5 p.n+1/2 cos (2n.+l)v 16.24.8 Jnc u du=m;“2 In (dc u+m:bc U)
    m1/2K n=O1 + p2n+l

    2lrm n 16.24.9 Jsc u du=m;li2 In (dc ufm:t2nc u)


    16.23.3 dn (ul m) =&+z g1 1 +pq2,, cos 2nv
    16.24.10 $ ns u du=ln (ds u-cs u)
    16.23.4 16.24.11 $ ds u du=ln (ns u-cs u)
    (-l)“p+l/2
    cd (ul m)=x 2 cos (2nfl)v 16.24.12 f cs u du=ln (ns u-ds u)
    m1/2K n=O 1-p2”+l
    16.23.5 In numerical use of the above table certain re-
    n+r/z
    sd (ulm)=(m~~~,2~~~(-l)n~~*2~+~s~ (2n4-1)v strictions must be put on u in order to keep the
    arguments of the logarithms positive and to avoid
    576 JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

    trouble with many-valued inverse circular func- 16.27.3 &(z, a)=&(z) =1+2 $, qn2 cos 2nz
    tions.
    16.27.4
    16.25. Notation for the Integrals of the Squares
    of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions tJ4(2, *)=tY,(z)=l+2 2 (-l)“qn2 cos 2ti.2
    n=1

    Pqu= Upq2t dt when q#s Theta functions are important because every
    16.25.1
    s0 one of the Jacobian elliptic functions can be ex-
    pressed as the ratio of two theta functions.
    16.25.2 Ps u=s,’ (pq2t-$) dt-t See 16.36.
    The notation shows these functions as depend-
    Examples ing on the variable z and the nome p, 1~1<l.
    In this case, here and elsewhere, the convergence
    Cdu=
    S 0
    ’ cd2t dt, Ns u=l(ns2t-$)dt-t is not dependent on the trigonometrical terms.
    In their relation to the Jacobian elliptic functions,
    we note that the nome p is given by
    16.26. Integrals in Terms of the Elliptic Inte-
    gral of the Second Kind (see 17.4) P=e--*K’IK 7
    16.26.1 mSn u= -E(u) +u where K and iK’ are the quarter periods. Since
    16.26.2 mCn u=E(u) -mlu Pole n q=q(m) is d et ermined when the parameter m is
    given, we can also regard the theta functions as
    16.26.3 Dn u=E(u) dependent upon m and then we write
    16.26.4 mCd u= -E(u) +u+msn u cd u f%(z, a>=Wlm>, a=l, 2, 3, 4
    16.26.5 but when no ambiguity is to be feared, we write
    mm,Sd u=E(u) -mlu-msn u cd u Pole d 9,( 2) simply.
    The above notations are those given in Modern
    16.26.6 m,Nd u=E(u) -msn u cd u
    Analysis [16.6].
    16.26.7 DC u= -E(u) +u+sn u dc u There is a bewildering variety of notations, for
    example the function G,(z) above is sometimes
    16.26.8
    denoted by 8,(z) or b(z); see the table given in
    mlNc u= -E(u) +miu+sn u dc u Pole c Modern Analysis [16.6]. Further the argument
    u=2Kz/~ is frequently used so that in consulting
    16.26.9 m$c u= -E(u) +sn u dc u
    books caution should be exercised.
    16.26.10 Ns u=-E(u)+u-cn u ds u
    16.28. Relations Between the Squares of the
    16.26.11 Theta Functions
    Ds u=-E(u)+mlu-cn u ds u Pole 8
    16.28.1 ~~(z)s:(O)=s:(z)~:(O)-s:(z>st(O>
    16.26.12 Cs u=-E(u)-cn u ds u
    16.28.2 S:(z)S:(O)=~:(z)9:(0)--61(z)9~(0)
    All the above may be expressed in terms of
    Jacobi’s ieta function (see 17.4.27). 16.28.3 S:(z)r9:(0)=191(~)(93(0)-d:(z)9:(0)

    16.28.4 9:(+9:(O) =S:(z)ti:(O) -19;(z)@(O)


    Z(u) =E(u) -gu, where E=E(K)
    16.28.5 f%(O) +fm =WO)
    16.27. Theta Functions; Expansions in Terms
    of the Nome p Note also the important relation
    16.27.1 16.28.6 ti;(O)=&(O)&(O)&(O) Or 6;=t9,6&
    b,(z, *)=~,(z)=2p1~‘~~(-l)“q”‘“c” sin (2nfl)z 16.29. Logarithmic Derivatives of ’ the Theta
    Functions
    16.27.2
    8,(z, *)=92(2)=29”4~~p.(“+l) cos (%+l)z 16.29.1 $$=cot u+4 $ & sin 2~
    1 I
    JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC l?UNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS 577
    1629.2 16.31. Jacobi’s Notation for Theta Functions

    8; (4
    -=-tan u-j-4 n$l (-1)” i-C+ sin 2nu 16.31.1 ~(u~m)=O(u)=29&), +
    fJ*(u>
    16.31.2 ~,(u~m)=0~(~)=83(v)=@(u+K)
    16.29.3 ‘$$=4 2 (-1)” ha sin 2nU
    3 It=1
    16.31.3 H(ulm)=H(u)=t$(v)

    16.29.4 16.31.4 H,(u~m)=H,(u)=&(v)=H(u+K)

    16.32. Calculation of Jacobi’s Theta Function


    16.30. Logarithms of Theta Functions of !%.un
    @(ulm) by Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric
    and Difference
    Mean
    16.30.1
    Form the A.G.M. scale starting with
    ln &(a+P)-ln sin (a+@)
    ts,- sin ((Y-P) 16.32.1 u()=l, b,=Jm,, co= &ii

    terminating with the Nth step when cN is negligible


    to the accuracy required. Find VN in degrees,
    16.30.2 where
    180’
    In sab+a)-1, cos bfB) 16.32.2 QN= 2”aNu -
    cos (a--/3) T
    KGB--
    and then compute SUcceSSiVely QN-1, QN-~, . . .,
    +4 5 -iq
    (-‘)” @” sin 272~~sin 2nfi Q~, Q. from the recurrence relation
    n-1 n
    16.30.3
    16.32.3 Sin (&9.-1-Q,,)=~ Sin Qn.
    - (-1)” p”
    ln$3=4C-- sin 2 na! sin 2nf3 Then
    +I n 1-p

    16.30.4 16.32.4

    +i ln Set (2Qo-Ql) i$ ln SeC (2Q1-(02) + . . .


    The corresponding expressions when /3=i:r are
    easily deduced by use of the formulae 4.3.55 and 1
    + 2N+
    - 1 In set C&N-I-QN)
    4.3.56.
    16.33. Addition of Quarter-Periods to Jacobi’s Eta and Theta Functions
    =
    U --u u+K u+2K u+iK' uf2iK' u+K+iK' u+2K+2iK'
    --
    16.33.1
    H(u) --B(u) HI (4 -H(u) iM(u) O(u) -N(u)Wu) MW01(4 N(u) H(u)
    16.33.2
    HI(U) H,(u) --H(u) --H,(u) M(u) @l(U) N(u) HI (4 -iM(u)O(u) - N(u) HI (4
    16.33.3
    @l(U) @l(U) O(u) @l(U) M(u)HI(u) NC.4 O,(u) iM(u)H(u) N(u) @l(U)
    16.33.4
    O(u) O(u) O,(u) O(u) iM(u)H(u) - N(u) e(u) fif(U)Hl(U) -N(u) O(u)
    -
    where 1 H(u) and H,(u) have the period 4K. O(u) and
    M(u) =[ exp (-$)I r-z-*, &(u) have the period 2K.
    2iK’ is a quasi-period for all four functions,
    that is to say, increase of the argument by SK’
    N(u)=[exp (-$)I p-1
    multiplies the function by a factor.
    JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS
    578
    16.34. Relation of Jacobi’s Zeta Function to the .6.36.2
    Theta Functions

    If A, P are any integers positive, negative, or


    Z(u) =& In O(u) sero the points uJ-2xK-l-2piK’ are said to be
    mngruent to ti.

    cnudnu 8,(u) has zeros at the points congruent to 0


    16.34.1 Z(u)=& ?Tu - 6,(u) has zeros at the points congruent to K
    sn u
    ” (6)2K 8,(u) has zeros at the points congruent to iK’
    8,(u) has zeros at the points congruent to
    K+iK’

    16.34.2 Thus the suffix secures that the function 8,(u)


    has zeros at the points marked p in the intro-
    ductory diagram in 16.1.2, and the constant by
    which Jacobi’s function is divided secures that the
    sn u cn u leading coefficient of 8,(u) at the origin is unity.
    16.34.3 dn u Therefore the functions have the fundamentally
    important property that if p, q are any two of the
    Letters s, c, n, d, the Jacobian elliptic function
    pq u is given by
    16.34.4 16.36.3

    These functions also have the property


    16.35. Calculation of Jacobi’s Zeta Function
    16.36.4 m;“4cP,(K-u)=8,(~)
    Z(ulm) by Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric
    Mean 16.36.5 m;“48~(K-U)=8n(~),
    Form the A.G.M. scale 17.6 starting with
    for complementary arguments u and K--u.
    16.35.1 h=l, b,=JG, c,,=& In terms of the theta functions defined in 16.27,
    let v=n-u/(X), then
    terminating at the Nth step when CN is negligible
    to the accuracy required. Find PN in degrees 2Kt9, Cd 92 (4
    16.36.6 tYJu)= b;(o) ’ m’s,(o)
    where
    63 (VI fJ4(v)
    16.36.7 sd(u)=s,o’ ~Au>=---.
    194(O)

    and then compute successively (p&l, $?V+Z,. . .,


    (pl, (p,, from the recurrence relation

    16.35.3 sin (Z(p,-,-(p.)=z sin opt.


    Then
    16.35.4

    Z(ulm)=cl sin a+c2 sin (pz+ . . . +cnr sin (ON.


    16.36. Neville’s Notation for Theta Functions

    These functions are defined in terms of Jacobi’s FIQURE 16.4. Neuiue’s thetajunctions
    theta functions of 16.31 by
    fi,(u), G,(u), @d(u), &&)

    H&SK) 1
    16.36.1 s.(lL)=g$$ S,(u)= m=-
    H(K) 2
    JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS 579
    1.0
    r \. \ 16.38. Expression as Infinite Series

    Let v=4(2K)

    16.38.1

    8,(u) =[m~~$~K]l’z 2 (--l)fQp(n+l) sin (2ni+l)v

    16.38.2 tpC(u)=
    [ 1‘$2 “’ n$O qncn+l) cos (2n+l)v

    l/2
    FIGURE 16.5. Logarithm@
    junctions
    derivatives of theta 16.38.3 &(u)=
    c1& { 1+2 gI qn2cos 2nvj

    16.38.4

    h(u)=[eK] 11+Gg (-1Pqn2cos


    1’2 2?b}

    16.37. Expression as Infinite Products 16.38.5 (2K/7r)“2=1+2p+2q4+2qe+ . . . =11)3(0, q)


    a=abO, v=7r74@K)
    16.37.1 16.38.6
    8*(u)=(~)1’6 sin v nt, (l-2qzn cos 2v+q4”) (2K’/?r)1’2=1f2p1+2~+2q;+ . . . =&(O, il>
    16.37.2
    16.38.7
    co9 v “,= (1+2p cos 2vfq49
    16.37.3 (2m1~2K/7r)1~2=2q1~4(1+q2+q6+q12+q20+. . .)

    (1+2p-’ cos 2v+p4”-2) =w4 n>


    16.37.4 16.38.8
    l/12 m
    r&(u)=
    ( >
    m
    lW4
    l-l (l--2q+l
    r=~
    co9 2v+q4”-3
    (2m~‘2K/7r)1’2=1-2p+2p4-2q9+. . . =fi4(0/, q).

    Numerical Methods
    16.39. Use and Extension of the Tables
    =lO-‘X7.67
    Example 1. Calculate nc (1.996501.64) to 4s.
    From Table 17.1,1.99650=K+.OOl. From the which is negligible.
    table of principal terms From 16.12.4

    nc u=-m;1f2/(u-K)+ . . . dn2 [.I9 I($)]-(1-i) ,

    nc (KS .OOlI.64) =-(:yo)l-“‘+ ... dn(*20’-1g) =(l++jnf- -19 1(hyl

    10000 Now from 16.13.3


    =-s+ **. dn [.19 1(A)]=.999951
    =-1667+. ..
    whence dn (.201.19)=.996253.
    and since the next term is of order .OOl this value Example 3. Use the ascending Landen trans-
    -1667 is correct to at least 4s. formation to calculate dn (.20).81) to 5D.
    Example 2. Use the descending Landen trans- From 16.14.1
    2
    formation to calculate dn (.20(.19) to 6D. 4(.9) 360
    C(=(1.9)2=gg Pl’
    Here m=.19, m:12=.9 and so from 16.12.1
    1 2

    Also
    cc=-
    0
    19 ’
    1+p==$? w=.19.
    & is negligible to 4D. Thus
    580 JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

    Example 4. Use the ascending Landen trans-


    1g dnz(.19) $$)+A formation to calculate cn (.20).81) to 6D.
    dn (.20] .Sl) =5X Using 16.14.4, we calculate dn (.20(.81) and
    dn(.l9IE) ’ deduce cn (.20].81) from 16.14.3 settling the sign
    From J-6.15.3 from Figure 16.1.
    As in-the preceding example, we reduce the
    dn
    (’
    19 3*
    1361)
    =sech (.lg)+tX& tanh .19 sech .19
    [sinh .19 cosh.19+.19]
    calculation
    when
    of dn (.20).81) to that of dn

    =.982218+:X& (.187746)(.982218) dn (.19/%)=.982267

    [(.191145)(1.01810)$.19] dn (.20].81)=.984056
    = .982218+;X& (.184408)[ .384605] cn (.20].81) = .980278.
    = .982218+ .000049=.982267.
    Thus dn (.20] 31) = .98406.
    Example 5. Use the A.G.M. scale to compute dc (.672].36) to 4D.
    From 16.9.6 we have dc2(.672].36) =.36+l-snZ(~72, 36)* We now calculate sn(.672].36) by the
    I.
    method given in 16.4. Form the A.G.M. scale

    ?l a, bn G C” (Pn sin (Pi sin C&-1 - cd 2+%-I--Pn


    a,
    -_______ _______
    0 1 8 6 .6 S%” . 60952
    I 9 : 89443 : 1 . 11111 1: . 93452 . 10383 . 10402
    2 89721 ii;;: 00279 00311 2. 4117 . 66679 00207 00207
    3 . 89721 : 0’ 0’ 4. 8234 -. 99384 0’ 0’

    vn = 2na,u cpa=23(.89721)(.672) =4.8234


    continuing until c,=O to 5D.
    Then complete as indicated in 16.4 to find q. and so sn u and hence dc u,
    cpo= .65546 sn u= .60952 dc u=1.1740.
    Example 6. Use the A.G.M. scale to compute @(.6(.36) to 5D.
    We use the method explained in 16.32 with a~= 1, b,,=.8, co=.6.
    Computing the A.G.M. as explained in 17.6, we find
    (For values of a,, b,, c,, see Example 5.)
    .
    71 ‘pn sin cp, sin C&h.-1- 4 h?k-I-- cp, set C&-1- A &lnsec G~-~-(PI)

    0 58803 . 55472
    a 2.
    1: 0780
    1533 83509
    88101 00260
    09789 00260
    09805 1. 0048 . 00120
    . 1.
    3 4. 3066 -. 91879 0’ 0’ 1. i

    ztnd then complete the calculation outlined in 16.32 to give


    In @(+I)=-.05734+.02935+.00120
    = - .02679
    O(ulm> =.97357.
    The series expansion for 0 is preferable.
    JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS 581
    Example 7. Use the q-series to compute Ip,(30°\450)=.59128
    cs (.53601 62l.09). (set 45°)~9,(300\450) = 1.02796.
    Here we use the series16.23.12, K= 1.60804 862,
    Therefore
    p.00589 414, v=g=%dians or 30’.
    SC(.61802j.5)=# (set 45’)$
    Since d is negligible to 8D, we have to 7D
    cs (.53601 621.09) = .68402.
    2
    =-r cot 300-2”K -ltq2sin 60’ Example 10. Find sn (.75342(.7) by inverse
    2K { ) interpolation in Table 17.5.
    = (.97683 3852) (1.73205 081) This method is explained in chapter 17, Example
    -3.90733 541[(.00003 4740)(.86602 5404)] 7.
    Example 11. Find u, given that cs (u1.5)=.75.
    =1.69180 83.
    From 16.9.4 we have
    Example 8. Use theta functions to compute
    1
    sn (.61802/.5) to 5D. sn2u=1 -I+cs 2u

    Here K($)=1.85407 Thus


    sn2 (u/.5)=.64
    and
    sn (u1.5)=.8.
    We have therefore replaced the problem by
    9, (30°\450) that of finding u given sn (u/m), where m is known.
    sn L618021.5) z9 (300\450) If (o=am u
    n
    .59128 sin cp=sn u and so
    =- = .56458
    1.04729
    from Table 16.1. p=.9272952 radians or’53.13010’.
    Example 9. Use theta functions to compute From Table 17.5,
    SC (.61802/.5) to 5D.
    As in the preceding example
    s0=300 , p=45o Alternatively, starting with the above value of
    so that (owe can use the A.G.M. scale to calculate F(~\(Y)
    as explained in 17.6. This method is to be pre-
    ferred if more figures are required, or if CYdiffers
    We use Table 16.1 to give from a tabular value in Table 17.5.

    References
    Texts Tables
    [16.1] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental funetions, [16.7] E. P. hdams and R. L. Hippisley, Smithsonian
    vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, mathematical formulae and tables of elliptic
    N.Y., 1953). functions, 3d reprint (The Smithsonian Institu-
    [16.2] L. V. King, On the direct numerical calculation of tion, Washington, D.C., 1957).
    elliptic functions and integrals (Cambridge [16.8] J. Hoiiel, Recueil de formules et de tables nume-
    Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1924). riques (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France, 1901).
    [16.9] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
    [16.3] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formulas and
    theorems for the special functions of mathe- ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
    1945).
    matical physics (Chelsea Publishing Co., New
    York, N.Y., 1949). [16.10] L. M. Milne-Thomson, Die elliptischen Funktionen
    von Jacobi (Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany,
    [16.4] E. H. Neville, Jacobian elliptic functions, :2d ed. 1931).
    (Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1951). [16.11] L. M. Milne-Thomson, Jacobian elliptic function
    [16.5] F. Tricomi, Elliptische Funktionen (Akademische tables (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
    Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany, 1948). N.Y., 1956).
    116.61 E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, .4 course of [16.12] G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian elliptic
    modern analysis, chs. 20, 21, 22, 4th ed. ((Cam- function tables, Smithsonian Miscellaneous COI-
    bridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952). lection, vol. 109 (Washington, D.C., 1947).
    582 JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

    0 5 10 15 20 25
    0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000
    0.08715 5743 0.08732 1966 0.08782 4152 0.08867 3070 0.08988 7414 0.09149 5034
    0.17364 8178 0.17397 9362 0.17497 9967 0.17667 1584 0.17909 1708 0.18229 6223
    0.25881 9045 0.25931 2677 0.26080 4191 0.26332 6099 0.26693 4892 0.27171 4833
    0.34202 0143 0.34267 2476 0.34464 3695 0.34797 7361 0.35274 9211 0.35907 2325
    25 0.42261 8262 0.42342 4343 0.42586 0446 0.42998 1306 0.43588 2163 0.44370 5382 65
    0.50000 0000 0.50095 3708 0.50383 6358 0.50871 3952 0.51570 1435 0.52497 0857 60
    :; 0.57357 6436 0.57467 0526 0.57797 7994 0.58357 6134 0.59159 9683 0.60225 0597 55
    40 0.64278 7610 0.64401 3768 0.64772 1085 0.65399 8067 0.66299 9145 0.67495 6130 50
    45 0.70710 6781 0.70845 5688 0.71253 4820 0.71944 3681 0.72935 6053 0.74253 3161 45
    0.76604 4443 0.76750 5843 0.77192 5893 0.77941 4712 0.79016 4790 0.80446 5863
    0.81915 2044 0;82071 4821 0.82544 2256 0.83345 4505 0.84496 1783 0.86028 0899
    0.86602 5404 0.86767 7668 0.87267 6562 0.88115 1505 0.89332 9083 0.90955 llbb
    0.90630 7787 0.90803 6964 0.91326 9273 0.92214 2410 0.93489 7610 0;951as 9199
    0.93969 2621 0.94148 5546 0.94691 1395 0.95611 4956 0.96935 0025 0.98700 0216
    75 0.96592 5826 0.96776 8848 0.97334 6839 0.98281 0311 0.99642 3213 1.01458 4761 15
    80 0.98480 7753 0;98668 6836 0.99237 4367 1.00202 5068 1.01591 0350 1.03444 0908 10
    85 0.99619 4698 0.99809 5528 1.00384 9133 1.01361 2807 1.02766 2527 1.04641 6011 5
    90 1.00000 0000 1.00190 8098 1.00768 3786 1.01748 5224 1.03158 9925 1.05041 7974 0

    E\QI 30 36 40 45 50 55 45
    0' 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 90"
    0.09353 4894 0.09606 0073 0.09914 2353 0.10287 9331 0.10740 5819 0;11291 2907
    1: 0.18636 3367 0.19139 9811 0.19754 9961 0.20501 0420 0.21405 3194 0.22506 4618 :50
    0.27778 4006 0.28530 3629 0.29449 2321 0.30564 8349 0.31918 5434 0.33569 3043 75
    :: 0.36710 5393 0.37706 5455 0.38924 7478 0.40405 4995 0.42204 9614 0.44403 4769 70
    0.45365 1078 0.46599 3521 0.48110 6437 0.49950 2749 0.52189 9092 0.54932 5515 65
    0.53676 4494 0.55141 5176 0.56937 7735 0.59127 8602 0.61799 6720 0.65080 1843
    0.61581 3814 0.63268 1725 0.65339 2178 0.67868 8658 0.70961 8904 0.74770 4387 EE
    0.69019 6708 0.70917 3264 0.73250 7761 0.76106 3101 0.79606 0581 0.83928 2749 50
    0.75934 4980 0.78030 3503 0.80611 4729 0.83776 1607 0.87664 1114 0.92480 2089 45
    0.82272 9031 0.84552 4503 0.87364 0739 0.90817 9128 0.95071 1025 1.00355 1297
    :; 0.87986 2121 0.90433 1298 0.93455 6042 0.97175 1955 1.01765 9399 1.07485 2509
    60 0.93030 4365 0.95626 6326 0.98837 8598 1.02796 3895 1.07692 1759 1.13807 1621
    65 0.97366 6431 1.00092 3589 1.03467 8996 1.07635 2410 1.12798 8100 1.19262 9342
    70 1.00961 2870 1.03795 2481 1.07308 5074 1.11651 4503 1.17041 0792 1.23801 2299
    75 1.03786 5044 1.06706 1179 1.10328 blO0 1.14811 2152 1.20381 2008 1.27378 3626
    1.05820 3585 1.08801 9556 1.12503 6391 1.17087 7087 1.22789 0346 1.29959 2533
    s850 1.07047 0366 1.10066 1511 1.13815 8265 1.18461 4727 1.24242 6337 1.31518 2322
    90 1.07456 9932 1.10488 6686 1.14254 4218 1.18920 7115 1.24728 6586 1.32039 6454

    ta\ 60 65 70" 75 80 85”


    0" 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000 0.00000 0000
    5 0.11968 1778 0.12814 8474 0.13904 1489 0.15372 0475 0.17522 3596 0.21321 7690
    0.23861 4577 0.25558 9564 0.27741 6571 0.30706 5715 0.35063 9262 0.42844 3440
    :: 0.35604 4091 0.38160 3032 0.41467 2740 0.45960 9511 0.52633 5260 0.64743 4941
    20 0.47120 6153 0.50544 4270 0.54994 7578 0.61082 7702 0.70219 9693 0.87146 4767
    25 0.58332 3727 0.62633 5361 0.68254 9331 0.76005 8920 0.87783 8622 1.10111 6239
    30 0.69160 6043 0.74345 9784 0.81164 3704 0.90647 6281 1.05251 4778 1.33612 3616
    35 0.79525 0355 0.85596 1570 0.93630 8263 1.04907 2506 ii22511 1680 1.57526 8297
    40 0.89344 6594 0.96294 9380 1.05553 5305 1.18666 0037 1.39412 6403 1.81633 9939
    45 0.98538 4972 1.06350 5669 1.16824 3466 1.31788 6740 1.55769 2334 2.05616 7815
    50 1.07026 6403 1.15670 Ob87 1.27329 7730 1.44126 6644 1.71363 1283 2.29072 3417
    1;14731 5349 1.24161 0747 1.36953 6895 1.55522 4175 1.85953 2258 2.51529 0558
    65: 1.21579 4546 1.31733 9855 1.45580 7011 1.65814 9352 1.99285 2358 2.72469 4161
    65 1.27502 0900 1.38304 3549 1.53099 8883 1.74846 0610 2.11103 3523 2.91357 4159
    70 1.32438 1718 1.43795 3601 1.59408 7380 1.82467 1332 2.21162 7685 3.07668 6743
    75 1.36335 0417 1.48140 2159 1.64417 0149 1.88545 5864 2.29242 2061 3.20921 2227
    1;39150 0813 1.51284 3876 1.68050 3336 1.92971 0721 2;35155 6149 3.30704 7313
    2 1.40851 9209 1.53187 4716 1.70253 2036 1.95660 6998 2.38762 2438 3.36705 9918
    90 1.41421 3562 1.53824 6269 1.70991 3565 1.96563 0511 2.39974 3837 3.38728 7004

    In calculating elliptic functions from theta functions, when the modular angle exceeds about 60”, use
    the descending Landen transformation 16.12 to induce dependence on a smaller modular angle.
    Compiled from E. P. Adams and R. L. Hippisley, Smithsonian mathematical formulae and tables of
    elliptic functions, 3d reprint (The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1957) (with permission).
    JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FTJNCTIONS 583
    TIIETA FUNCTIONS Table 16.1
    a&\4
    5 lo” 15 20 25
    1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000 1.0000000000 1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000
    1.00001 44942 1.00005 83670 1.00013 28199 1.00023 99605 1.00038 29783
    1.00005 75362 1;00023 16945 1.00052 72438 1.00095 25510 1.00152 02770
    1.00012 78184 1.00051 47160 1;00117 12875 1.00211 61200 1.00337 73404
    1.00022 32051 1.00089 88322 1.00204 53820 1.00369 53131 1.00589 77438
    1.00034 07982 1.00137 23717 1.00312 29684 1.00564 21475 1.00900 49074
    1.00047 70246 1.00192 09464 1.00437 13049 1.00789 74700 1.01260 44231
    1.00062 77451 1.00252 78880 1.00575 24612 1.01039 27539 1.01658 69227
    1.00078 83803 1.00317 47551 1.00722 44718 1.01305 21815 1.02083 14013
    1.00095 40492 1.00384 18928 1.00874 26104 1.01579 49474 1.02520 88930
    1.00111 97181 1.00450 90305 1.01026 07491 1.01853 77143 1.02958 63905
    1.00128 03532 1.00515 58975 1.01173 27599 1.02119 71444 1.03383 08852
    1.00143 10738 1.00576 28392 1.01311 39167 1.02369 24323 1.03781 34098
    1.00156 73002 1.00631 14139 1.01436 22536 1.02594 77596 1.04141 29561
    1.00168 48932 1.00678 49535 1.01543 98405 1.02789 45992 1.04452 01522
    1.00178 02800 1.00716 90696 1.01631 39354 1.02947 37972 1.04704 05862
    1.00185 05621 1.00745 20912 1.01695 79795 1.03063 73701 1.04889 76746
    1.00189 36042 1.00762 54187 1.01735 24037 1.03134 99632 1.05003 49895
    ; 1.00190 80984 1.00768 37857 1.01748 52237 1.03158 99246 1.05041 79735

    30" 35 40 45" 50" 55


    1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000
    1.00056 64294 1.00079 66833 1.00108 26253 1.00143 67802 1.00187 71775 1.00243 05914
    1.00224 85079 l.00316 25308 1.00429 76203 1.00570 35065 1.00745 17850 1.00964 88003
    1.00499 51300 1.00702 56701 1.00954 73402 1.01267 06562 1.01655 47635 1.02143 61311
    1.00872 28461 1.01226 87413 1.01667 23379 1.02212 67193 1.02891 00179 1.03743 56974
    1.01331 83978 1.01873 24599 1.02545 62012 1.03378 46028 1.04414 27466 1.05716 29130
    1.01864 21583 1.02622 04548 1.03563 21191 1.04729 03271 1.06179 07561 1.08002 00285
    1.02453 23743 1.03450 52308 1.04689 09786 1.06223 37524 1.08131 84270 1.10531 40947
    1.03081 00797 1.04333 50787 1.05889 07481 1.07816 10137 1.10213 29153 1.13227 78297
    1.03728 45330 1.05244 17208 1.07126 68617 1.09458 82886 1.12360 21058 1.16009 27802
    1.04375 90125 1.06154 84606 1.08364 32917 1.11101 64844 1.14507 37802 1.18791 40899
    1.05003 67930 1.07037 85902 1.09564 39724 1.12694 63970 1.16589 54205 1.21489 61356
    1.05592 71242 1.07866 37978 1.10690 42279 1.14189 38846 1.18543 40490 1.24021 82552
    1.06125 10260 1.08615 23221 1.11708 18582 1.15540 45920 1.20309 54999 1.26310 97835
    1.06584 67280 1.09261 66042 1.12586 75438 1.16706 77783 1.21834 25328 1.28287 36204
    1.06957 45853 1.09786 02047 1.13299 42539 1.17652 88244 1.23071 12287 1.29890 75994
    1.07232 13226 1.10172 37756 1.13824 53698 1.18350 00363 1.23982 51648 1.31072 29838
    1.07400 34764 1.10408 99048 1.14146 12760 1.18776 94140 1.24540 69243 1.31795 95033
    1.07456 99318 1.10488 66859 1.14254 42177 1.18920 71150 1.24728 65857 1.32039 64540

    60 65" 70 75 80” 85
    1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000 1.ooooc~ 00000 1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000 1.00000 00000
    1.00313 85295 1.00406 92257 1.00534~ 44028 1.00720 88997 1.01026 06485 1.01663 88247
    1.01245 94672 1.01615 50083 1.02121 95717 1.02862 79374 1.04076 43440 1.06618 38299
    1.02768 16504 1.03589 51569 1.047151 56657 1.06363 90673 1.09068 07598 1.14751 59063
    1.04834 57003 1.06269 75825 1.0823Ei 38086 1.11122 86903 1.15864 11101 1.25875 62174
    1.07382 76019 1.09575 73598 1.12585 71388 1.17001 24008 1.24276 19421 1.39725 25218
    1.10335 71989 1.13408 00433 1.17627 97795 1.23826 96285 1.34068 05139 1.55957 26706
    1.13604 11010 1.17651 06705 1.23214. 31946 1.31398 80140 1.44960 33094 1.74151 57980
    1.17088 93642 1.22176 77148 1.291761 91861 1.39491 71251 1.56636 90138 1.93815 19599
    1.20684 51910 1.26848 10938 1.35335' 85717 1.47863 07744 1.68752 66770 2.14389 95792
    1.24281 67937 1.31523 31927 1.41504 43413 1.56259 67789 1.80942 88493 2.35264 71220
    1.27771 04815 1.36060 17261 1.47494 78592 1.64425 25175 1.92833 82823 2.55792 12198
    1.31046 39783 1.40320 31647 1.53123 64694 1.72108 41609 2.04054 54606 2.75309 84351
    1.34007 a9457 1.44173 53793 1.58218s 06891 1.79070 70015 2.14249 29245 2.93165 25995
    1.36565 16965 1.47501 81348 1.62620 90720 1.85094 39670 2.23090 12139 3.08742 47870
    1.38640 11169 1.50203 00916 1.66195 87940 1.89989 92030 2.30289 04563 3.21489 91220
    1.40169 28947 1.52194 10514 1.68832 00831 1.93602 35909 2.35609 12550 3.30946 52989
    1.41105 92570 1.53413 83232 1.70447 27784 1.95816 92561 2.38873 86793 3.36764 82512
    1.41421 35624 1.53824 62687 1.70991 35651 1.96563 05108 2.39974 38370 3.38728 70037

    In calculatingelliptic functionsfrom theta functions,whenthe modularangleexceeds


    about 60’, usethe
    descending
    Landentransformation16.12 to inducedependence
    on a smallermodularangle.
    584 JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

    Tuhle 16.2 LOGARITHMIC DERIVATIVES OF THETA FUNCTIONS

    $&lnWu)=f(t\a)
    ‘\a 0 5 10” 15 20 25 a/4
    O0 0
    11.4m3005 ll.iia29 11.;306 11.2:449 ll.iil275 10.8~811 li
    1; 5.67128 5.62812 5.57427 5.49902 5.40253 80
    3.73205 :%z 3.70365 3.66823 3.61876 3.55536 75
    2105 2.74748 2174225 2.72658 2.70051 2.66414 2.61756 70
    25 2.14451 2.14043 2.12820 2.10787 2.07952 2.04325
    1.73205 1.72875 1.71888 1.70248 1.67962 1.65041 66:
    ;50 1.42815 1.42543 1.41729 1.40378 1.38497 1.36096 55
    40 1.19175 1.18949 1.18270 1.17143 1.15577 50
    45 1.00000 0.99810 0.99240 0.98296 0.96985 '0%:
    . 45
    50 0.83910 0.83750 0.83273 0.82481 0.81383 0.79987
    0.70021 0.69489 0.68830 0.67915 0.66754
    2: 0.57735 oo*% 0.57297 0.56754 0.56001 0.55047
    65 0.46631 0:46542 0.46277 0.45839 0.45232 0.44464
    70 0.36397 0.36328 0.36121 0.35779 0.35306 0.34708
    75 0.26795 0.26592 0.26340 0.25992 0.25553 15
    80 0.17633 KZ 0.17499 0.17334 0.17105 10
    0.08749 0:08732 0.08683 0.08600 0.08487 KKi
    98: 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 o:ooooo i

    c\a 30 35 40 45" 50 55
    O0
    5 10.6m5083 10.?7113 lO.om4914 9.;479 9.;7764 a.;657
    5.28496 5.14645 4.98711 4.80696 4.60585 4.38332
    :i 3.47816 3.38730 3.28290 3.16502
    20 2.56090 2.49430 2.41789 2.33179 %%E
    . ;z!.
    25 1.99919 1.88828 1.82172 1.74793 1.66695 65
    30 1.61498 :%t;3 1.52607 1.47292 1.41419 1.35001
    1.33189 1:29791 1.25919 1.21591 1.16828 1.11647 565"
    iz 1.11167 1.08352 0.97687 0.93462 50
    45 0.93301 0.90958 xz. E595:
    . 0.82139 0.78679 45
    0.78307 0.76355 0.74151 0.71714 0.69066 0.66232 40
    0.65359 0.61923 0.57749 0.55441
    0.53902 Lx;93 0.51093 :z3:28 0.47705 0.45846 :i
    0.43543 ;:M; 0.41292 0:39991 0.38595 25
    0.33992 . 0.32248 0.31242 0.30168 i%::
    . 20
    75 0.25028 0.24424 0.23151 0.23017 0.22235 0.21419 15
    0.16471 O.lb076 0.15634 0.15155 0.14645 0.14114 10
    ii 0.08173 0.07977 0.07759 0.07522 0.07270
    90 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 %oooo~
    . z

    ta
    \ 60 65" 70” 75 80" 85"
    00
    5 a.;941
    4.13843
    ;.f;;;; ;A;: 6.4009756
    3.24056
    5.7:041
    2.85790
    4.7?263
    2.37760
    :i
    20
    2.72935
    2.01530
    p;;
    . 2:36323
    1.75208
    2.15026
    1.60057 YEf
    .
    1.60605
    1.22261
    25 1.57876 1.13996 65
    ;50
    1.28047
    1.06066
    E%
    1:00096
    Xf
    0193737
    1.26603
    tzs5 %27E
    0.99169
    0.83453
    5";
    40 0.88940 0.84142 0.79086 p;'9"4: 0:68225 :*x
    45 0.75000 0.71131 0.67101 . 0.58682 0:54358 2
    50 0.63242 0.60125 0.56918 0.53662 0.50411 0.47247
    0.53023 0.50526 0.47987 0.45454 0.42988 0.40690
    2; 0.43911 0.41932 0.39943 0.37992 0.3b140 0.34488
    65 0.35605 0.34063 0.32532 0.31054 0.29684 0.28513
    70 0.27885 0.26719 0.25574 0.24484 0.23497 0.22685
    75 0.20584 0.19749 0.18935 0.18170 0.17490 0.16949
    0.13572 0.12026 0.11601 0.11272
    i50 0.06742 8%:~~ Oo.Ef 0.05988 0.05784 0.05628
    90 0.00000 o:ooooo o:ooooo 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

    In calculatingelliptic functionsfrom theta functions,whenthe modularangleexceedsabout


    60”,usethedescending Landentransformation16.12 to inducedependenceon a smallermod-
    ular angle.
    JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS 585
    LOGARITHMIC DERIVATIVES OF THETA FUNCTIONS Table 16.2

    5” :to" 15” 20" 25"


    0.000000 o.oc~oooo 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
    0.000331 O.OCll324 0.002984 0.005318 0.008337
    O.OCl2607 0.005875 0.010466 0.016401
    K%z O.OC13811 0.008583 0.015283 0.023933
    0:001224 O.OCl4897 0.011024 0.019616 0.030690
    0.001458 "o.mm;;: 0.013124 0.023332 0.036462 65
    0.001649 0.014819 0.026318 0.041075
    0.001788 o:oc17147 0.016057 0.028487 sbs
    0.001874 O.OC17486 0.016804 0.029776 E%4: 50
    0.001903 O.OCf7596 0.017037 0.030154 0:046846 45
    0.001873 O.OCl7476 0.016753 0.029616 0.045938
    0.001787 O.OCl7129 0.015962 0.028185 0.043654
    0.001647 O.OCt6566 0.014691 0.025912 0.040077
    0.001457 O.OC~5805 0.012979 0.022871 0.035328
    0.001222 O.OCl4868 0.010879 0.019154 0.029556
    0 0.000951 0.003786 0.008455 0.014877 0.022935 15
    0.000650 O.OCi2589 0.005780 0.010165 0.015661 10
    i 0.000330 0.002933 0.005157 0.007942
    0 0.000000 oo%E
    . 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 2

    30" 35 4OO" 45 50" 55" Q/c,


    0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0
    0.000000
    0.012059 0.016511 0.021734 0.027787 0.034760 8-E% ii:
    0.023711 0.032444 0.042671 0.054498 0.068087 0:083685 80
    0.034569 0.047248 0.06'2057 0.079124 0.098650 0.120939 75
    0.044277 0.060427 0.079221 0.100783 0.125308 0.153099 70
    0.052528 0.071558 0.093605 0.118758 0.147169 0.179081
    0.059074 0.104784 0.132533 0.163627 0.198206
    0.063730 00'00~8~4028 0.112477 0.141791 0.174358 0.210188
    0.066384 0:089827 0.116544 0.146411 0.179298 0.215082
    0.066987 0.090424 0.116978 0.146447 0.178606 0.213212
    0.065561 0.088287 0.113888 0.142097 0.172615 0.205102 40
    0.062183 0.083549 0.107483 0.133678 0.161784 0.191402
    0.056989 0.076408 0.098051 0.121592 0.146658 0.172831 2
    0.050157 0.067122 0.085943 0.106302 0.127835 0.150136 25
    0.041905 0.055989 0.071553 0.088310 0.105932 0.124058 20
    0.032483 0.043344 0.055309 0.068143 0.081578 0.095321
    0.022163 0.029545 0.037660 0.046339 0.055395 0.064622
    0.011235 0.014968 0.019067 0.028000 0.032631
    0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 Ki%o3;fo"3
    . 0.000000 0.000000

    60" 65" rr(0 0 75" 80" 85


    0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
    0.052098 0.063034 0.076222 0.092860 0.115687 0.153481
    0.101680 0.122704 0.147856 0.179233 0.221544 0.289421
    0.146471 0.176024 0.210938 0.253725 0.395712
    0.184635 0.220691 0.262588 0.312762 EE
    . 0.467893
    0.214885 0.255225 0.301193 0.354775 0.420046 0.507818 65
    0.236514 0.278976 0.326329 0.379918 0.442452 0.520777 60
    0.249349 0.292010 0.338517 0.389553 0.446532 0.512966
    0.253651 0.294931 0.338908 0.385698 0.435687 0.490013 z50
    0.250000 0.288691 0.325990 0.370590 0.413176 0.456422 45
    0.239181 0.274426 0.3113353 0.346389 0.381811 0.415539 40
    0.253326 0.28,4538 0.315020 0.343874 0.369741
    E;:",: 0.226549 0.25.2950 0.278119 0.301140 0.320668 5:
    01172751 0.195171 0.215820 0.237026 0.254956 0.269431
    0.142285 0.160167 0.17'7204 0.192823 0.206331 0.216780 ;5
    rl.109049 0.122405 0.13,1996 0.146375 0.156015 0.163217 15
    0.073794 0.082664 0.090960 0.098382 0.104574 0.109083 10
    0.037222 0.041645 0.045763 0.052449 0.054618 5
    0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 K%o3
    . 0.000000 0.000000 0

    In calculatingelliptic functionsfrom theta functions,whenthe modularangleexceedsabout


    60”,usethe descending Landentransformation16.12 to inducedependenceon a smallermod-
    ular angle.
    17. Elliptic Integrals
    L. M. MILNE-THOMSON 1

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties .................... 589
    17.1. Definition of Elliptic Integrals ............. 589
    17.2. Canonical Forms ................... 589
    17.3. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds . . 590
    17.4. Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds . 592
    17.5. Landen’s Transformation ................ 597
    17.6. The Process of the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean ...... 598
    17.7. Elliptic Integrals of the Third Kind ........... 599

    Numerical Methodls ....................... 600


    17.8. Use and IExtension of the Tables ............ 600
    References .......................... 606
    Table 17.1. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds
    and the Nome p With Argument the Parameter m ......... 608

    K(m), K’(m), 15D; n(m), nl(m>, 15D; E(m), E’(m), 9D


    m=O(.Ol)l
    Table 17.2. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds
    and the Nome p With Argument the Modular Angle (Y ...... 610

    WY), K’(a), ab>, PIN), W4, E’b), 151~


    (r=o”(10)900
    Table 17.3. Parameter m With Argument K’(m)/K(m) ....... 612
    K’(m)/K(m)=.3(.02)3, 10D
    Table 17.4. Auxiliary Functions for Computation of the Nome p and the
    Parameter m ......................... 612

    Qh>=alh>h, 15D

    L(m)=-K(m),tKT l,(s), 10D

    ml=0(.01).15

    Table 17.5. Elliptic Integral of the First Kind F((P\cz) . . . . . . . 613


    a=o”(20)900, 5’3(100)850, o=o”(50)900, 8D
    Table 17.6. Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind E((P\~) . . . . . . 616
    a=O”(20)900, 5”(10°)850, (p=oo(50)900, 8D

    1 University of Arizona. (Prepared under contract with the National Bureau of


    Standards.)
    587
    588 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Page
    Table 17.7. Jacobian Zeta Function Z(~\CY) . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
    Values of K(cr)Z( ~\a)
    cY=o”(20)900, 5°(100)850, (p=o”(50)900, 6D
    Table 17.8. Heuman’s Lambda Function A,,(q\a) . . . . . . . . . . 622

    A0 (rp\or)=F(~\go0-a)+2K(a) 2(,\90°-a), 6D
    K’(a) 7r
    a=0°(20)900, 5°(100)850, (p=O“(5°)900
    Table 17.9. Elliptic Integral of the Third Kind lT(n; q\(y) . . . . . . 625
    n=o(.l)l, cp,a=0°(150)900, 5D

    The author acknowledges with thanks the assistance of Ruth Zucker in the computa-
    tion of the examples, Ruth E. Capuano for Table 17.3, David S. Liepman for Table 17.4,
    and Andreas Schopf for Table 17.9.
    i89

    17. Elliptic Integrals


    Mathematical Properties
    17.1. Definition of Elliptic Integrals 17.1.5

    If R(x, y) is a rational function of x anld y, (2--s)boJ,-s+3b1(3--2s)J,-z+bz(l--s)J,-l


    where y* is equal to a cubic or quartic polyno:mial +$b3(1-2~)Js-~b4Js+l=y(x-~)-S
    in z, the integral
    (s=l, 2, 3, . . .)
    17.1.1 R(x,y)dx
    S
    By means of these reduction formulae and cer-
    is called an elliptic integral. tain transformations (see Examples 1 and 2)
    The elliptic integral just defined can not’, in every elliptic integral can be brought to depend
    general, be expressed in terms of elementary on the integral of a rational function and on three
    functions. canonical forms for elliptic integrals.
    Exceptions to this are
    (i) when R(x, y) contains no odd powers of y. 17.2. Canonical Forms
    (ii) when the polynomial yy2has a repeated factor. Definitions
    We therefore exclude these cases. 17.2.1
    By substituting for yz and denoting by p&c) a m=sin2 a!; m is the parameter,
    polynomial in x we get 2 a! is the modular angle

    17.2.2 x=sin (0=sn u

    JPl(4+YP2bN km-YPh>lY 17.2.3 cos cp=cn u


    { [P3(X)12-Y2[P4(X) I’1 Y
    17.2.4
    =PdX) +YPdx) =R (x)+Iljp!dd
    1 (1-m sin2 v)*=dn u=A(cp), the delta amplitude
    YPh) Y
    where RI(x) and R2(x) are rational functions of x. 17.2.5 q=arcsin (sn u)=am u, the amplitude
    Hence, by expressing R,(x) as the sum of a poly-
    nomial and partial fractions Elliptic Integral of the First Kind

    JR(x, y)dx=SR,(x)dx+Z,A,Sx”yU1: 17.2.6 F(~\~)=F(alm)=~‘(1--sinlcr sin28)-+d0


    +z,B,
    S [ (x-c)‘y]-‘dx
    17.2.7
    = ‘[(l-t”)(l-mt2)]-+dt
    Reduction Formulae s0

    =St4
    Let
    17.1.2 dw=u
    0
    y2=aG’+a1$+a2z8+a3x+a4 (la01+ Iad +O>
    Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind
    =b,(~-C)4+b!(x-C)3+b&-C)2+b&-c)+t’4
    (lbol+
    hl$0) 17.2.8 E(~\a)=E(a~m)=~z(1-t2)~~(l-mt2)~dt
    1’7.1.3 I,=
    s
    xsy-‘dx, J,=
    S [y(x-c)s]-‘dx

    = y1-
    0

    By integrating the derivatives of yx” and 17.2.9 sin2 cysin2 O)ide


    y(~-c)-~ we get the reduction formulae s0

    17.1.4
    (s+2)a0~~+3+3a,(2s+3)I,+2+a2(s+1)1,+,
    17.2.10 = S 0
    Udn2wdu,

    +3~(2s+1)Is+sa4111_l=x~y (s=O, 1, 2, . . .) u
    a See [17.7] 22.72. 17.2.11 =m++m
    S 0
    cn2 w dw
    590 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    u In computation the modulus is of minimal im-


    17.2.12 E((P\a)=u- m s1-2w dw
    s 0 portance, since it is the parameter and its comple-
    ment which arise naturally. The parameter and
    T 8:(42K)+E(m)u the modular angle will be employed in this c’hapter
    17.2.13 =-
    2K(m) &b@K) K(m) to the exclusion of the modulus.
    (For theta functions, see chapter 16.) The Characteristic 11

    Elliptic Integral of the Third Kind The elliptic integral of the third kind depends
    17.2.14
    on three variables namely (i) the parameter,
    n(n;P\4=Jo~ Cl- n sin2 6)-l [l -sin2 (Ysin2 B]-1’2dB (ii) the amplitude, (iii) the characteristic n.
    When real, the characteristic may be any number
    If 2=sn (ulm), in the interval (- 03, a). The properties of the
    integral depend upon the location of the charac-
    17.2.15 teristic in this interval, see 17.7.
    n(n;ulm)=
    S’ (l-nt2)-1[(l-t2)(l-mt2)]-1/2dt
    0
    17.3. Complete Elliptic
    and Second
    Integrals
    Kinds
    of the First

    17.2.16 =
    S
    o” (l- n sn2 (wlm))-ldw

    The Amplitude p
    Referred to the canonical forms of 17.2, the ellip-
    tic integrals are said to be complete when the
    amplitude is +n and so z=1. These complete in-
    17.2.17 cp=am u=arcsin (sn u) =arcsin z tegrals are designated as follows
    can be calculated from Tables 17.5 and 4.14. 17.3.1
    The Parameter m
    [K(m)]=K=~1[(l-t2)(l-mt2)]-1~2dt
    Dependence on the parameter m is denoted by a
    vertical stroke preceding the parameter, e.g., =S 0
    *I2
    (l-m sin2 O)-1/2dB
    Fblm>.
    Together with the parameter we define the 17.3.2 K=F($rlm)=F(%r\cr)
    complementary parameter ml by
    17.3.3
    17.2.18 m+ml= 1
    E[K(m)]=E=~01(l-t2)_‘Il(l_mt2)112dt
    When the parameter is real, it can always be
    arranged, see 17.4, that 0 <rn < 1. =S 0
    *I2
    (I- m sin2 e)‘i2d8
    The Modular Angle cc
    17.3.4 E=E[K(m)]=E(m)=E(&\F\ol)
    Dependence on the modular angle (Y, defined in
    terms of the parameter by 17.2.1, is denoted by a We also define
    backward stroke \ preceding the modular angle,
    thus E((P\(Y). The complementary modular angle 17.3.5
    is r/2--a or 90°--a! according to the unit and rt !
    thus ml=sin2 (90°-a)=cos2 LY. K’=K(m,)=K(l-mm)=
    S 0
    (l-ml sin2 8)-1/2d8

    The Modulus k 17.3.6 K’=F(&rjm,)=F($r\$7r--m)


    In terms of Jacobian elliptic functions (chapter 17.3.7
    16), the modulus k and the complementary *I2
    modulus are defined by E’=E(m,)=E(l-mm)=
    S 0
    (1 -ml sin2 e)lj2d0
    17.2.19 k=ns (K+iK’), k’=dn K.
    17.3.8 E’=EIK(m,)]=E(mI)=E($r\h-4
    They are related t,o the parameter by k2=m,
    k’2=m K and iK’ are the (‘real” and “imaginary”
    Depkndence on the modulus is denoted by a quurter-periods of the corresponding Jacobian
    comma preceding it, thus II&; u, k). elliptic functions (see chapter 16).
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Relation to the Hypergeometric Function


    (see chapter 15) 17.3.22 K=f ,r+~2~ 2 A?.!-
    a=1 l+qzs
    17.3.9 K=$ rF($, 3; 1; m) 17.3.23

    17.3.10 E=*aF(-*, 3; 1; m)

    Infinite Series
    17.3.11 17.3.24 am u=v+g 2’ sin 2sv where v=ru/(2K)
    .9=1 SC1+a’“>
    K(m)=& [l+c>’ rn+(Ey m2 Limiting Values

    17.3.25 lii K’(E-K) =o


    +(e6>” m3+ . . .] (Iml<U
    17.3.26 52 [K-4 In (16/m,)]=O
    17.3.12
    17.3.27 lim m-‘(K-E)=lim m-‘(E-mm,K)=r/4
    E(m)=& [l-(;y y-(&g f m-10 m-10
    17.3.28 lim p/m=lim ql/m,=1/16
    m-90 ml+1
    -(F6)y-- . . .] (I4-G) Alternative hvaluations of K and E (see also 17.5)
    Legendre’s Relation 17.3.29
    K(m)=2[1+m~‘2]-1K[(l-m~~2)/(i+m~~2)]2
    17.3.13 cEK’+E’K--K.K’=;a
    17.3.30
    Auxiliary Function
    E(m)=(l+mj~2)E([(l-m~~2)/(i+m~~2)]2)
    17.3.14 L(m)= KG In $-K(m) -2m~~2(1+m~~2)-1K([(1-m~~2)/(i+m~~2)]~)
    17.3.31 K(cu)=2F(arctan (sec1/2 &)\a)
    17.3.15. m= 1- 16 exp [--r(K(m) + L(m))/K’(m)]
    17.3.32 I%(Q) =2E(arctan (sec’12 CX)\CX)
    -1 fcos Q
    17.3.16 m= 16 exp [--*(K’(m) + L(ml))/K(m)]
    Polynomial Approximations 3 (0 5 m< 1)
    The function L(m) is tabulated in Table 17.4. 17.3.33
    q-Seriee K(m)=[~+alm,+azm:l+[bo+blm,
    +b2mfl In OlmJ+c(m>
    The Nome q and the Complementary Nome p1
    le(m)j13X10-6
    17.3.17 q=q(m) =exp [-rK’/Kj ao= I. .38629 44 b,,= .5
    al= .11197 23 bl=.12134 78
    17.3.18 ql=q(m,)=exp [-rK/K’] az= .07252 96 bz= .02887 29

    17.3.19 17.3.34
    K(m)-[ao+arml+ . . . +a4m~l+[bo+bIm,+ ...
    17.3.20 +b4mtl ln Wml>+4m>
    le(m)l12XlO-*
    log,, i log,, i= (?rlog,, e)a= 1.86152 28349 to 10D
    ao= 1.38629 436112 bo= .5
    al= .09666 344259 b,= .12498 593597
    17.3.21 a~= .03590 092383 b2= .06880 248576
    a3= .03742 563713 b3= .03328 355346
    q=exp [--lrK’/K]=E+8 (Gy+y (zy a(= .01451 196212 b4= .00441 787012
    8 The approximations 17.3.33-17.3.36 are from C. Has-
    +992 g 4+ . . . (Id<l) tings, Jr., Approximations for Digital Computers, Prince-
    0 ton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J. (with permission).
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
    592
    17.3.35
    ~(m)=[l+a~m~+azm~l+[blm,+bzm~l In (lh>
    f&d
    Jr(m)J<4X10S6
    al= .46301 51 b1= .24527 27
    a,=.10778 12 b2=.04124 96

    17.3.36
    E(m)=[l+aIm,+ . . . +a4mf]+[blmI+ . ..
    +b4m:] In (l/m,) +6(m)
    Ie(m)1<2X10-g
    al= .44325 141463 bl= .24998 368310
    a3= .06260 601220 bz= .09200 180037
    a3= .04757 383546 ba= .04069 697526
    al=.01736 506451 bd= .00526 449639

    17.4. Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First


    and Second Kinds
    Extension of the Tables

    ,,SL I I I I I I I I I I t I I I 1 1 1 1 .Q Negative Amplitude


    00 100 20’ 300 400 500 600 700 600 90’
    17.4.1 R--h4 = --F(colm)
    FIGURE 17.1. Complete elliptic integral of the first
    kind. 17.4.2 EC- cplm) = --E(h)

    Amplitude of Any Magnitude

    17.4.3 F(s?rf cp[m) =2sKfF(cp(m)

    i 17.4.4 E(u+2K) =E(u)+2E


    1.6 c 17.4.5 E(uf2X’) =E(u) +2i(K’--E’)

    17.4.6
    E(u+2mK+2niK’) =E(u) +2mE+2ni(K’-E’)
    17.4.7 E(K-u) =E-E(u)+msn u cd u
    Imaginary Amplitude

    If tan @=sinh cp
    17.4.8 F(icp\cY) =iF(B\&r-a)

    17.4.9
    E(+\a) = -iE(e\+-cz) +iF(e\+-a)
    +i tan e(i -cos2 ar sin2 e>i
    Jacobi’s Imaginary Transformation

    17.4.10
    E(iulm) =&+dn(ulmI)sc(ulml) -E(ulmdl
    Complex Amplitude
    FIWRE 17.2. Complete elliptic ini%grd of the
    second kind. 17.4.11 F(q+i$lm) =F(Xlm)+iF(~ImI)
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL& 593
    where cot2 X is the positive root of the equation Parameter Greater Than Unity
    x2-[cot2 cp+m sinhv csc2p--mJx-ml cot:“(a=O 17.4.15 F(cp(m)=m-+F(Olm-l), sin O=m* sin cp
    and m tan2 PI= tan2p cot2X- 1.
    17.4.16 E(ulm) =mtE(um~lm-l) - (m- 1)~
    17.4.12
    by which a parameter greater than unity can be
    E((P+i#\cY) =E(X\a) -iE(p\90°-a) replaced by a parameter less than unity.
    +iF(p\90°-a)+qp
    Negative Parameter
    where 17.4.17
    bl=sin2 a sin X cos X sin2 ~(l-sin2 (Ysin2 A)*

    bz=(l -sin2 a! sin2 A) (1 - cos2 LYsin2 ~)4 sin j.6mcosP


    -(l+m)+F G--PI m(l+m)+)
    b3=cos2 p+sin2 (11sin2 X sin2 P
    17.4.18
    Amplitude Near to s/2 (see also 17.5)
    If cos LYtan (0 tan $= 1
    17.4.13 F((P\a) +F(l/\a) =F(?r/2\cY) =K
    cd(u(l +m)*lm(l +m)-l)}
    17.4.14
    whereby computations can be made for negative
    E((p\a) +@#\a) =E(?T/~\cY) +sin2a sincp sin+ parameters, and therefore for pure imaginary
    modulus.
    Values when cpis near to lr/2 and m is near to unity
    can be calculated by these formulae.

    I.0-

    .6 -
    406
    .6 -
    30”
    .4-
    2o”
    .2 -
    IO’
    0 I, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I <---,a 00,00
    0o IO’ 20° 3o” 4o” so” 60° 7o” 60° 9’f 100 200 ,o* 4OQ 300 600 70* SO’ SO’

    FIGURE 17.3. Incomplete elliptic integral qf the FIGURE 17.4. Incomplete elliptic integral of the
    first kind. .first kind.
    F(v\d, p constant F(y~\4, a constant
    594 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    2
    I.2 - 60'

    2 7.5.
    1.0 - .

    .6 -

    I
    .6 -

    I
    .4 -

    I
    0' IO' 20' 30' 40° 50' 60' 70' 60' 90' '

    FIGURE 17.7. Incomplete elliptic integral of the


    second kind.
    E(9\4, aconstant

    goe.ELQp-Q.

    F((P\~ a! constant.
    FIGURE 17A. p-90’ 7~

    1.6 -

    LO -

    .6 - 500

    10~ 200 3CP 400 SO0 6Q m' 60' SO0

    E((o\4
    FIGURE 17.8. 90’ 7-q’ (Yconstant.

    17.4.21
    F((p\90°) =ln (set pftan .p) =ln tan

    FIGURE 17.6. Incomplete elliptic integral of the 17.4.22 F(icp\SOO) =i arctan (sinh (p>
    second kind.
    E(v\a), 9constant 17.4.23 Eb\O) = cp
    Special Casee 17.4.24 E@o\O) =ilp

    17.4.19 F(v\O) = cp 17.4.25 E(v\900) =sin lp

    17.4.20 F(icp\O) =icp 17.4.26 E(i(p\90’) =i sinh cp


    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 595
    Jacobi’s Zeta Function Heuman’s Lambda Function
    17.4.39
    l-7.4.27 Z(,\CY) =E(cp\cu) -E(cr)F(+o\dK(c.~)
    F(qY\90°-a) 2
    17.4.28 Z(+-L)=Z(u)=E(u)-uuE(m)/K(m) Aob\4 = K’(a) +; K(a) Zb\90° -a)

    17.4.29 Z( -u) = -Z(u)


    17.4.44I =~{K(a)&Y\90°-cY)
    17.4.30 Z(u + 2K) = Z(u)

    17.4.31 Z(K-u)=-z(K+u) -[K&l --E(4 lQ\90°--a) 1


    r0fcpa)
    17.4.32 Z(u)=Z(u--K)--msn(u--K)cd(u--IQ
    t
    Special Values *
    17.4.33 Z(u(0) =o

    17.4.34 Z(uIl)=tanh u
    Addition Theorem
    17.4.35
    Z(u+v)=Z(u)+Z(v)--msn u sn 2, sn(u+E)
    Jacobi’s Imaginary Transformation
    17.4.36
    iZ(iu~m)=Z(zllm,)+~,-dn(ulml)sc(zllm,) .2 -

    Relation to Jacobi’s Theta Function .I -


    5’

    17.4.37 Z(u)=@‘(u)/C3(u)=~ln O(u)


    FIGURE 17.10. Heuman’s lambda junction A,(p\a).
    q-Series
    Numerical Evaluation of Incomplete Integrals of the
    27r (ID First and Second Kinds
    17.4.38 Z(u) =K8s f(l- p**)-* sin (?rsu/K>
    For the numerical evaluation of an elliptic
    integral the quartic (or cubic 4, under the radical
    KlalZlp\oJ should first be expressed in terms of t*, see
    Examples 1 and 2. In the resulting quartic there
    are only six possible sign patterns or combinations
    of the factors namely
    (t*+a*)(t*+b*), (a*-t*)(t*-b*),
    (a*-t*)(ZP-t*), (t*-a*)(t*-b*), (t*+a”>(t*-b*),
    (t*+a*)(b*-P).
    The list which follows is then exhaustive for
    integrals which reduce to F(p\a) or E(p\a).
    The value of the elliptic integral of the first
    kind is also expressed as an inverse Jacobian
    elliptic function. Here, for example, the notation
    u=sn-I2 means that z=sn u.
    The column headed “t substitution” gives the
    Jacobian elliptic function substitution which is
    appropriate to reduce every elliptic integral which
    contains the given quartic.
    4 For an alternate treatment of cubits see 17.4.61 and
    FIGURE 17.9. Jacobian zeta junction K(ar)Z(+~\a). 17.4.70.
    *seepageII.
    Equivalent Inverse
    &~\a) Jacobian Elliptic yo t Substitution Wv\a)
    Function
    -
    17.4.41
    Ia Z dt
    SC-* ($y) tan q=i l=b SC v
    IJ 0 [(F+d)(ta+ba)]1’2
    cos a = b/a < 17.4.42
    a>b
    m= (aa-P)/aa a s .m[(P+a2)fj+P)]*12 m-1 ($y) tan +T=% l=a cs v
    17.4.43
    E dt
    nd-l(ily)
    a s b [(aa-ta)(P-bz)]*‘4

    dn-1 (ZIy) at-x2 -1 a Pdt


    sin2 cp=- l=a dn v
    aa--ba a s = [(az-F)(F-P)]l’z
    I
    a0 dl
    s [(a2-P)(bl--ta)]*'a sin c=? b t=bsnv 1 = (aa - t*) dl
    ii s 0 [(aa-ta)(ba-t2)]1’2
    17.4.46

    sin (I = b/a (a
    cd-1
    (I >
    ? b”
    b a2 ~a2(P-x2) l=b
    I &la~=bqa2Lx2) cd v
    a>b
    m = Plaa 17.4.47
    &-I " !! sin2 (p=-
    x2-ae t=a dc v
    (I)a a2 39-F

    ns-*(Ixb2
    -a-aa
    > sin +J=: t=a ns v aJzrn( 7) [(P--a2);lLP)]*~”

    b t=b nc v ba z ta+a2
    cota=- ab 17.4.50
    cos ‘p=i (aa+b2)*” s b ta [(P+a2)(EP)]l/*
    m=as/(as+bl)
    sin* cp=-d+bn t=(d+P)*f*dsv dt
    I a2+xa (a2+@‘qm& [(p+aa)(&2-~)]l/’

    xa(aa+ P)
    sina p= p(a2+xs)
    t=(aa+P)Ila
    ab sdv 1
    aa(aa+W1’z s o’(f2+a*)
    dt
    [(c+aZ)@2-@)]1/2

    CO8 $2 t=bcnv
    b
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS ~597
    Some Important Special Cases
    Z!Z =
    fF(9\4 008 9 a &(9\4 co9 (p
    _- _-
    17.4.53 17.4.57
    - dt X2-1 - dt 2-l-h
    45O
    s + (1Sl”P x2+1 s z (ta-i)* x-1+&
    17.4.34 17.4.58
    = dt l-29 = dt &+1-x
    45O
    s 0 u+w 1+x1 s 1 (ta-i)+ &1+x

    L s-
    2 “1
    17.4.55
    = dt
    * (P-l)+
    1
    X
    45O
    17.4.59
    ’
    s I (1-W
    dt &-1+x
    &+1-x
    17.4.56 17.4.60
    1-43-x
    1-2 111 1 dt X 45O dt
    s 0 (l---t’)4 s d-(1--P)+ 1+&x
    -

    Reduction of dt@ where P=P(t) is a cubic Reduction of s&/p when P=P(t)=t3fa,t2


    s
    polynomial with three real factors P= +a2t+e is a cubic polynomial with only ones real
    0-h) (t-&> 0-h) where A>A>h Write root t=@. We form the first and second dehiva-
    tives P’(t), P”(t) with respect to t and then jvrite
    17.4.61

    x=;(81-83)1’2, m=sin2 a=-,62-Sa


    17.4.70 X2=[P’(/3)]i/2, m=sin2 a=$-;
    =
    s2

    ml=ccps2 ~=k& 17.4.71


    A-83 = dt K-(x-8) ~
    x s u JF
    F(v\4 co* ‘=p+(,+)
    17.4.62

    sina--x-83
    = dt 17.4.72
    A 9-B2-83
    s4 (x-8) -AZ
    F(9\4 CO8 9=(x-p)+p
    17.4.63
    x h dt (81-/%)(x-A)
    s JF cos8
    9=(h-83)(81-4
    17.4.64
    * dt x--81
    A F(v\4 sin’ 17.4.74
    s 81 JF
    9=-
    z-82 u dt
    A --
    s z J(-P) F(cD\W’-4)
    17.4.63
    A F(v\a) COB%X-81
    (p=- -
    x-83 17.5. Landen’s Transformation
    17.4.66
    Descending Landen Transformation 6
    F(v\ (90” -a”))
    Let CY*,CY,,+~be two modular angles such thpt
    17.4.67
    17.5.1 (1 +siIl (Y&I) (1 +cos CYJ=2 (%‘+I $a”)
    on-63
    F(v\ (90” - ~‘1) cod c-81-2
    and let Q,,, Q,,+~ be two corresponding amplithdes
    17.968 such that
    = dt b--Ba)@--8s)
    X- F(9\ (90” -a”))
    s 8s d-P sin’ 9=(8*-/9*)(x-883j 17.5.2 tan (Q,,+~- an>=cos (Y, tan pn (vn+l>cp.)
    17.4.69 5 The emphasis here is on the modular angle sine
    x h dl is an argument of the Tables. All formulae
    -- Z-81
    s- = CP
    cosla ‘-&-& Landen’s transformation may also be expressed in
    of the modulus k=mi=sin a and its complement k’
    =cos (1.
    598 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Thus the step from n to n+ 1 decreases the modular With ~,=cr we have
    angle but increases the amplitude. By iterating
    17.5.13 F(cp\ru) =2(l+sin ff)-lF&\~~~)
    the process we can descend from a given modular
    angle to one whose magnitude is negligible, when
    17.4.19 becomes applicable. 17.5.14 F(cp\ol) =2n 2: (1 +sin a,)-lF((p,\(y,)
    With LY~=(Ywe have
    17.5.3 17.5.15 F(Cp\cY) = 8i,(1 +cos CYJF((On\(Y,)

    F(cp\cr)=(l+cos 4-1F(P1\LYl)
    17.5.16 F(p\a)=[ csc or8Qsin (r8]$In tan ($?r+*@)
    =Hl+sin +Y(P~\~
    17.5.17 *=lim (pn
    17.5.4 F(p\~4=2-“~~~(l+sinol,)F(q,\a,) n+m
    Neighhorhood of a Right Angle (see also 17.4.13)

    17.5.5 I%\4 = Cpjl (1 +sin a,> When both (p and (Y are near to a right angle,
    interpolation in the table F(cp\a) is difficult.
    Either Landen’s transformation can then be used
    17.5.6
    with advantage to increase the modular angle and
    decrease the amplitude or vice-versa.
    17.5.7 K=F(b\a)=$r 8tI (l+sin a,)
    17.6. The Process of the Arithmetic-Geometric
    Mean
    17.5.8 F&\a) =27r-‘Ka
    Starting with a given number triple (a,, b,,, c,)
    17.5.9 we proceed to determine number triples
    (al, h, cd, (a~, b2, cd, . . . , (aN, bN, CN) according to
    I&\,) =F((p\a) [ 1 -i sin2 (Y(1 +f sin cyl the following scheme of arithmetic and geometric
    1 means
    -tF sin a1 sin K+ . . .)]+sinct![a (sinar,)1/2sin~,

    +i2 (sin (Yesin 1y2)l’* sin pz+ . . ,


    1
    17.5.10

    E=K l-f sin* (Y l+f sin a,-$ sin a1 sin a2


    [ ( ev=Hkl+bN-l) bN=(aN-lbN-l)f

    1
    )I
    co
    +Psinculsina2sinaQ+. ..
    cl=3 (ao--bo)

    c2=3 (al-h)
    Ascending Landen Transformation

    Let (Y,, anfl be two modular angles such that


    17.5.11 (l-+-sin cu,)(l+cos cy,+J =2 (ar,+I>or,)
    and let (on, vn+l be two corresponding amplitudes We stop at the Nth step when aN=bN, i.e., when
    such that cN=O to the degree of accuracy to which the num-
    bers are required.
    17.5.12 sin (2cp,+,--,J =sin ~~,sin (Pi (v~+,<& To determine the complete elliptic integrals
    K(a), E(a) we start with
    Thus the step from n to n+l increases the
    modular angle but decreases the amplitude. By 17.6.2 ~=l, b,,=cos LY,c,,=sin (Y
    iterating the process we can ascend from a given whence
    modular angle to one whose difference from a right
    angle is so small that 17.4.21 becomes applicable. 17.6.3 K(a) =&
    N
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 599
    1, 6 4 w-4 -m4
    17.7.4
    . . =z 1 [c”o+26+2*c;+ . . . +-2Ncz,]
    K(a)
    s*(v+a>
    -=!2 5*31 a-‘@(1 - q2S)-1 sin 2sv sin 2s/3
    To determine K’(a), E’(a) we start with + It1 S*(v+3)

    17.6.5 aA=l, bi=sin LY,ch=cos a! 17.7.5

    whence &(8)
    ---Cot fl+4 5 Q2S(1-2q28 cos 2fi+q*“)-l sin 2j3
    $1 (P) a=1

    17.6.6 K’(a)=&
    In the above we can also use Neville’s theta
    functions 16.36.
    17.6.7
    17.7.6 n(n\~)=K(ar)+~lK(cu)Z(e\cr)
    =z1 [c;~+2c:*+2%;*+
    K’(a)-,??(a)
    . . . $2%&2,21
    K’ (4 Case (ii) Hyperbolic Case n> 1
    To calculate F(cp\cr), E(cp\cy) start from 17.5.2 The case n>l can be reduced to the case
    which corresponds to the descending Landen O<N<sin* (Yby writing
    transformation and determine cpl, cpz, . . , q,V
    successively from the relation 17.7.7 N=n-’ sin2 cr, pl=[(n-l)(I-nn-1sin2 cw)]’
    17.6.8 tan (cpn+l-cpJ=(bn/~n> tan G, CPO=(O 17.7.8
    Then to the prescribed accuracy H(n; (~\a, = -n(N; (~\a, +F(v\d
    17.6.9 F(v\4 =v%/(2%nr) *
    +&In1 [(A(v) -I-& tan cp>
    (A(v)--P, tan (PI-Y
    17.6.10
    where A(q) is the delta amplitude, 17.2.4.
    a\4 = E(cp\4 - u-m7 F(cp\4
    * =cl sin (Pl+c2 sin qn+ . . . +cN’sin @ 17.7.9 &\a> =KW -WV\4

    17.7. Elliptic Integrals of the Third Kind Case (iii) Circular Case sin* ff<n< I

    17.7.1 e=arcsin [(l --n)/cos* (u]’ O<B<+U

    II(n; (p\a)= p (l- n sin2 0) -‘(l -sin* (Ysin2 0) %13 j3=$aF(t\90°---a)/K(a)


    s0
    P=!m
    17.7.2 II (n; 4 ~\a) = II (n\a)
    17.7.10
    Case (i) Hyperbolic Case O<n< sin2 a
    v=$~F(cp\a)/K(a), b2=[n(1-n)-1(n-sin2 cu)-l])
    B=arcsin (n/sin* cr)‘, 016<$A
    17.7.11 H(7L; (P\(Y) =6,(ii--4~V)

    17.7.12

    !I= d4 X=arcta.n (tanh ,5 tan v)

    v = 3~G\OI)PW, +2 2 (-l)~-1~--lp2s(l-p2a)-1 sin 2su sinh 2s/3


    .?=l
    61=[n(l-n)-1(siny CY--~)-~]+

    17.7.3
    17.7.13

    p=
    C2 .a@*sinh 2sfi I[ 1+2 2 q”” cash 1
    2s/3
    -1

    a=1 a-1
    Ww\4=~1 I-3 ln [&(v+@/~&-i31
    17.7.14 n(n\a)=K((y)+3as2[1-~o(~\a)]

    where & is Heuman’s Lambda function, 17.4.39.


    *see p*ge II.
    600 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Special Cases

    17.7.18 n=O
    no% (0\4 =Fb\4
    17.7.19 n=O, a=0
    NO; cp\O) =cp

    17.7.20 cY=o
    n.l.y=45’

    1.0 n(n; cp\O)=(l---n)-+ arctan [(l-n)4 tan cp], *


    n- O.p-45.
    n<l
    = (n- 1)-t arctanh [(n- 1)” tan cp],
    n>l
    =tan cp n=l
    FIGURE 17.11. Elliptic integral of the third kind
    NW cp\a). 17.7.21 (Y’S/2
    Case (iv) Circular Case n<O II(n; (p\r/2) = (1 -n)-‘[ln (tan p+sec cp)

    The case n<O can be reduced to the case -f d In (l+n+ sin cp)(l-n) sin cp)-‘1 n#l
    sin2 a<N< 1 by writing
    17.7.22 n= fsin (Y
    17.7.15 (1Tsin (~){2II(fsin ar; cp\cx)--F(cp\cr)}
    N= (sin2 a-n) (1 -TX)-’ =arctan [(lTsin CY)tan +LY/A(c,o)]

    p2=[-n(l--n)-‘(sin2 cw-n)]g 17.7.23 n=l &cos (Y


    2 cos cJI(lfcos a; cp\or)=&$ln[(l+tan cp
    17.7.16
    -A(cp>)(l-tan ~A((P))-~l-ki In [(A(v)
    [(1--n)(l--n-l sin2 cy)]+II(n; (P\CY)
    +cos cr. tan q)(A(cp>-cos CYtan cp>-‘]
    =[(l-N)(l-N-l sin2 CY)]~II(N; cp\a) 7 (17 cos a)F((P\a)
    -I-p;’ sin2&‘((~\a) +arctan &p2 sin 2p/A((p)]
    17.7.24 n=sin2 cx
    17.7.17 II(sin2 cu;~\a)=sec2~E(~\~)-(tan2 CYsin2p)/(2A((p))
    II(~\CY) = (-n cos2a) (1 -n)-*(sin2 a-n)-l II(N\~) 17.7.25 n=l
    +sin2 ar(sin2CY--n)+K(cr) ~(l;cp\ol)=~(cp\or)- sec2~~E((p\a)+sec~ (Ytan cpA(cp)

    Numerical Methods
    17.8. Use and Extension of the Tables
    (10+8X)2-4(3+X)(9+10X)=0; i.e., if X=-i or f
    Example 1. Reduce to canonical form y-l&c,
    s and then
    where
    y2=-3x4+3423-1192+1722-90 Q,+; Q2=; (z--1)2, Q,-f Q2=; +2)2
    By inspection or by solving an equation of the
    fourth degree we find that Solving for Q1and Qz we get

    y2=QlQ2where Q1=3x2-10x+9, Q2=-22+8x-10 Ql=(2-1)2+2(2-2)2, Q2=2(z--1)2-3(2-2)2

    First Method The substitution t = (z- 1)/(x-2) then gives


    Q~-XQ2=(3+X)~2-(10+8X)~+9+10x is a per-
    fect square if the discriminant ~y-1dz=i-~[(t2+2)(2t2-3)]-+dt
    *see page n.
    EL:LIPTIC INTEGRALS 601
    If the quartic y2=0 has four real roots in z The discriminant of Q2w- Q1=Zw- (2wf 1)x+ 1
    (or in the case of a cubic all three roots are real), is
    we must so combine the factors that no root of 4 w= (2wf 1)2-4w=4w2+ 1
    C&=0 lies between the roots of Q2=0 and no root
    so that
    of Q2=0 lies between the roots of Q,=O. Provided
    this condition is observed the method jus,t de- W=Au++Bw+C where A=l, B=O, C=i
    scribed will always lead to real values of X. These
    and if we write z2= W/w and
    values may, however, be irrational.
    Second Method Z2=(B-z2)2-4AC=(z2)2-1=(z2-1)(z2+1),
    Write J1/-‘dx=+z2-l)(z2+l)J-“Pda
    t2-Q~- 3x2-10x+9
    Q2 -x2+8x-10
    The first method of Example 1 fails with the
    and let the discriminant of Q#-Q1 be above values of Q, and Q2 since the root of Ql=O
    lies between the roots of Q2=0, and we get
    4T2=(8t2+10)2-4(t2+3)(10t2+9) imaginary values of X. The method succeeds,
    =4(3t2+2) (2t2-1) however, if we take Q1=x, Q2=(2-l)(2-2), for
    Then then the roots of Ql =0 do not lie between those
    of Q2=0.

    S-l s s
    y dx= f T-‘dt= f [(3t2+2)

    This method will succeed if, as here, T2 as a


    (2t2-1)1-f& Example 3. Find K(80/81).
    Fkst Method

    Use 17.3.29 with m=80/81, ml=1/81, m:l’=1/9.


    function of t2 has real factors. If the coefficients Since [(l-mm:la) (1 +m:‘“)-‘J2=.64, K(80/81) =
    of the given quartic are rational numbers, the 1.8 K(.64)=3.59154 500 to 8D, takingK(.64) from
    factors of T2 wiIl likewise be rational. Table 17.1.
    Third Method
    Write Second Method
    Q1 3x2--10x+9 Table 17.4 giving L(m) is useful for computing
    w=~=--s2+8x-10 K(m) when m is near unity or K’(m) when m is
    and let the discriminant of Q2w-Ql be near zero.
    K(80/81)=: K’(80/81) In (16X81)--L(80/81).
    4W=4(3w+2) (2w- 1) =4(AW2+Bw+ c:)
    By interpolation in Tables 17.1 and 17.4, since
    Then if 80/81=.98765 43210,
    z2=W/w and Z2=(B-z2)2-4AC=(22-1)2-t48
    K’(80/81) =1.57567 8423
    $y-ldz= iSZ-‘dz L(80/81) =.00311 16543
    K(80/81) =~r-‘(1.57567 8423)(7.16703 7877)
    However, in this case the factors of 2 are complex -.00311 16543
    and the method fails.
    Of the second and third methods one will always =3.59154 5000 to 9D.
    succeed where the other fails, and if the coeffic.ients Third Method
    of the given quartic are rational numbers, the
    factors of T2 or 22, as the case may be, will be The polynomial approximation 17.3.34 gives to
    8D
    rational.
    Example 2. Reduce to canonical form ,y-lds K(80/81) =3.59154 501
    s
    where y2=2(2- 1) (z-2). Fourth Method, Arithinetic-Geometric Mean
    We use the third method of Example 1 taking Here sin2 a=80/81 and we start with
    &1=(x-l), Q~=z(z-2) and writing
    uo=l, a,=;, co= m 2.99380 79900
    Q, x-1
    w=a;=- giving
    602 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    =
    The computation could also be made using
    n a, b, c, common logarithms with the aid of 17.3.20. The
    I -_
    point of this procedure is that it enables us to
    0 1.00000 00000 .lllll 11111 .99380 79900 calculate p1 without the loss of significant figures
    1 .55555 55555 .33333 33333 .44444 44444
    2 .44444 44444 .43033 14829 .11111 11111 which would result from direct interpolation in
    3 .43738 79636 .43733 10380 .00705 64808 Table 17.1. By this means In (l/al) can be found
    .43735 95008 .43735 94999 .00002 84628
    d .43735 95003 .43735 95003 0 without loss of accuracy.
    - - Example 6. Find m to 10D when K’/K=.25
    1
    and when K’/K=3.5.
    Thus K(80/81)=; ?ru,-l=3.59154 510(Il. From 17.3.15 with K’/K=.25 we can write the
    iteration formula
    Example 4. Find E(80/81).
    First Method m(“+“= 1- 16em4” exp [ --~rL(m(“‘)/K’(m’“‘)].
    Use 17.3.30 which gives, with m=80/81 Then by iteration using Tables 17.1 and 17.4

    E(80/81)=; E(.64)-5 K(.64) &I’


    n
    =1.01910 6047
    0 1.
    taking P(.64) and K(.64) from Table 17.1. .99994 42025
    i .99994 42041
    Second Method 3 .99994 42041

    Polynomial approximation, 17.3.36 gives


    E(80/81)=1.01910 6060. The last two figures Thus m= .99994 42041.
    must be dropped tokeep within the limit of From 17.3.16 with K’/K=3.5 we can write the
    accuracy of the method. iteration formula,
    Third Method
    m(“+‘)= 16e--3.br exp [ -rL(m,‘“))/K(m’“)) ]
    Arithmetic-geometric mean, 17.6. The numbers
    were calculated in Example 3, fourth method, and &a)
    n
    we have
    0 0
    .(3)26841 25043
    i .(3)26837 65
    3 .(3)26837 65
    =; [1.43249 712981

    = .71624 85649. Thus m= .00026 83765.


    The above methods in conjunction with the
    Using the value of K(80/81) found in Example 3, auxiliary Table 17.4 of L(m) enable us to extend
    fourth method, we have Table 17.3 for K’/K>3, and for K’lKC.3.
    E(80/81) = 1.01910 6048 to 9D. Example 7. Calculate to 5D the Jacobian
    Example 5. Find p when m=.9995. elliptic function sn (.753421.7) using Table 17.5.
    Here ml = .0005 and so from Table 17.4 Here

    Q(m) =.06251 563013 m=sin’ a=.7, a=‘56.789089’.


    ql=mlQ(m) =.00003 12578 15.
    Thus, sn (.753421.7)=sin Q where (p is determined
    From 17.3.19 from
    F(cp\56.789089’)= .75342.
    ln (i)=dln @=4/10.37324 1132
    Inspection of Table 17.5 shows that 9 lies
    = .95144 84701 between 40” and 45’. We have from the table
    q=.38618 125. of F(9\d
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 603
    Second Method, Numerical Quadrature
    a 58’ 60’
    56’
    v Simpson’s formula with 11 ordinates and interval
    \
    .l gives .141117.
    % 0 : 63803
    73914 . 63945 . ;;;;;
    Example 9. Evaluate
    45’ .84450 : E::: : 85122
    50’ .95479 .95974 .96465
    4 [ (t”-2) (t2-4)]-tdt.
    s2
    From this we form the table of F((p\56.789089’) First Method, Reduction to Standard Form and
    - Bivariate Interpolation
    P F A A3 A3

    -I I- I- Here we can use 17.4.48 noting that a2=4,


    35’ . 63859 b2=2, and that
    10144
    4o” . 74003 437
    10581 72 4 [(P-2) (P-4)]-+&= I- -
    45’ .84584 509 s2 s s
    11090
    50’ .95674 =f [F(q~~\45’) “F&45’) ]

    =f [1.854075-.535623]=.659226
    A rough estimate now sEows that Qlies between
    where
    40’ and 41’. We therefore form the following 2 2 2
    table of F(q\56.789089’) by direct interpolation sin (o~=--I sin p2=-7 sin2 a=--’
    2 4 4
    in the foregoing table Thus
    F
    4o:oo .74003 Second Method, Numerical Integration
    40.5O .75040
    41.0° .76082 If we wish to use numerical integration we must
    observe that the integrand has a singularity at
    whence by linear inverse interpolation t=2 where it behaves like [8(t--2)1-t.
    We remove the singularity at t=2, by writing
    $0=40.5Of.5O
    .75342- .75040 =40 644go
    .76082- .75040 ’ 1
    and so sin cp=.65137=sn (.75342].7).
    This method of bivariate interpolation is given
    where
    merely as an illustration. Other more dfiect
    methods such as that of the arithmetic-geomletric f(t)=[(t2-2)(t2-4)]-f-[8(t-2)]-*.
    mean described in 17.6 and illustrated for the
    Jacobian functions in chapter 16 are less laborious. If we definef(2)=0,
    Example 8. Evaluate

    3 [(2Pfl) (P-2)]-“W.
    S‘f (W
    2

    s2 , can be calculated by numerical quadrature. Also


    First Method, Bivariate Interpolation

    From 17.4.50 we have S 2


    4 [8(t-2)]-*dt=[$ (t-z)*]‘+

    and thus we calculate the integral as

    where
    l+
    S4f
    2
    (t)dt=l-.340773=.659227.

    1 Example 10. Evaluate


    4 cos (p2=--
    sin2 (Y=-I co9 (oi=-~ Jz
    5 3 2
    Thus (r=26.56505 12’, (pi=61.87449 43’, lp2=45’,
    F((~~\~~)=1.115921 and F(a\a)=.800380 and
    u=
    S 17
    - (z3-7z+6)-*ddz.

    2--7x+6=(x-l)(z--2)(z+3) and we use 17.4.65


    therefore the integral is equal to .141114. with &=2, p2=1, p3=-3,
    604 ELLIPTIC

    TYi=Sit12 &=4/s, ~=-&2,C0S2 Q=3/4. the integral=F(90°\300) =i (1.071797) (1.001292)


    Thus cr=63.434949’, Q=30’ and =1.68575 to 5D.
    u=2(5)-+F(30”\63.434949°)
    Second Method, Amending Transformation
    =2(5)-fi(.543604)=.486214 from Table 17.5.
    We use 17.5.11 to give
    The above integral is of the Weierstrass type and
    in fact 17= @(&A; 28, -24) (see chapter 18). 1+cos CY,+~=2/(l+sin cr,)
    Example 11. Evaluate

    S 0
    20
    (24-12t+2t2-ta)-1'2 dt. n co9alI I sin Q*

    We have ; :02943
    33333 333
    725 .99956 904
    .94280 663
    3. 00021 673 .99999 998

    There is only one real zero and we therefore sin (2~~-90°)=sin 30°, Qpl=60°
    use 17.4.74 with P(t)=t?-22t2+12t-24, fl=2 so sin (2Q2-Q1)=Sin. al sin (01, lp2=57.367805'
    that P’(2)=16, P”(2)=8, X=2 and therefore
    Sin (2Qa-&=Sin a2 Sin e, Q~= 57.348426'
    m=sh2 ,=I, a=30° Sin (2Qp-Q~)=Si.tl cU3 Sin Qa, ~,=57.348425'=@.
    4
    From 17.5.16
    Therefore the given integral’is
    2
    F(go0\300) =A . 1 .942:O 904 1.999:6 663
    ,:,=; [F(Q,\~Q~)--F(Q~\~Q~)~
    s-s0
    where
    1 =1.37288 050 In tan 73.674213’
    CO8 Ql=--1 ~,=70.52877 93’
    3
    =1.37288 050(1.22789 30)
    1 F(90°\300) = 1.68575 to 5D.
    CO9 Q2=-, ~2=6O'
    2 Example 13. Find the value of F(89.5’\89.5’).
    and the integral=3[1.510344-1.212597]=.148874. First Method
    Example 12. Use Landen’s transformation to
    evaluate This is a case where interpolation in Table 17.5
    is not possible. We use 17.4.13 which gives
    F(89.5°\89.50) = F(90’\89.5’) - F(#\89.5O)
    First Method, Descending Transformation where
    We use 17.5.1 to give cot $=sin (.5O) cot (.5O)=cos (.5O)
    $=45.00109 084O
    2
    1 +sin cxl= .=1.071797 and F($\89.5’) = .881390 from Table 17.5.
    1+cos 30
    cos ,,=[(l-sin CYJ(1 +sin CXJ]~/~= .997419 F(90’\89.5’) =K(sin2 89.5’) =K(.99992 38476)
    =6.12777 88
    1 +sin (Ye= 2 = 1.001292 ; co9 CY2=.999999
    1 +cos al Thus F(89.5q89.5’) z5.246389.

    Second Method
    1 +sin cys= 1 +cos (Y2= 1 .oooooo
    2
    Landen’s ascending transformation, 17.5.11,
    Thus from 17.5.7, gives
    ELlUPTIC INTEGRALS 605
    CO8 Cq=(l-sin 89.5°)/(l+sin 89.5O) This is case (i) of integrals of the third hind,
    sin q=[(l-cos CYJ(l+cos q)]*=.99999 99997 O<n<sin2 (Y, 17.7.3

    CO8 as=0
    n=$ (0=45~,ar=30~,
    sin rYz=l.
    17.5.12 ‘then gives c=arcsin (n/sin2 0r)*=30°,
    sin (2~--89.5°)=sin 89.5Osin 89.5’ /3= $rF(30°\300)/K(300) = .49332 60
    =.99992 38476 V=&rIq45°\300)/K(300)=.74951 51,
    2+q-89.5°=89.29290490, q,=89.39645 24L5' 61= (16/45)*

    sin (2+9-tpcp,)=sin a1 sin fi, n=89.39645 602' and so from 17.7.3


    sin(2$o~-~)=sin~, Qs=fi=@.
    rl (A; 450\30°) =
    Thus 17.5.16 gives
    (16/45)* -3 In m+$$ C}
    F(89.5’\89.5’) = 1

    q= .01797 24.
    1 t
    In (tan 89.69822 801°)=5.24640.
    .99996 19231 > Using the q-series, 16.27, for the d functions we get
    Example 14. Evaluate
    II (A; 45’\30’) = (16/45)+ { - .02995 89

    S 1
    * [(9-P)(16+ta)3]-fdt to5D.
    Table
    +(1.86096 21)(.74951 51)) =.813845.
    17.9 gives .81385 with 4 point Lagrangian
    From 17.4.51 the given integral interpolation.

    =ssa- ,l=f W(Ql\4


    0
    -mQ2\4 Example
    integral
    16. Evaluate the complete elliptic

    where rI &\30°) to 6D.


    sin cy=& a=36.86990’ From 17.7.6 we have

    sin QlD1=4fi, II (&\30”) =K(30°) + (16/45)“2K(~)Z(e\300)


    pl=48.18968°
    where e=arcsin(n/sin2@=300. Thus using
    5
    lp2=23.84264'. Table 17.7
    s* p2=m’
    l-l (&\30”> = 1.743055.
    By bivariate interpolation in Table 17.6 we
    find that the given integral Table 17.9 gives 1.74302 with 5 point Lagran-
    gian interpolation.
    =;[.80904-.41192]=.00496. Example 17. Evaluate

    Simpson’s rule with 3 ordinates gives II (g-; 450\30°)


    ~[.00504+.01975+.005]=.00496. =
    S 0
    r/4
    (1-g sin2 0)-l (1-a sin2 ey2 &I
    Example 15. Evaluate to 6D.
    lT($45°\300)=
    This is case (iii) of integrals of the third hind,
    r/4 sir? ff<n< 1,
    S 0
    (1-f sin”e)-yl-~ sinae)-+de to 6D.
    !I&=#, Q=45’, a=30°
    606 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    e=arcsin [(1-n)/cos2 ~$=45~


    Here n=i, (p=45’, (r=30° and since the character-
    ,9=~~rF(45"\60~)/K(30")=.70317 74
    istic is greater than unity we use 17.7.7
    v=$rF(45°\300)/K(300)= .74951 51
    62= (40/g)* N=n-’
    sin2 (~=.2, p,=(1/5)*
    q= .01797 24 II (2; 450\30°) = -H( 2; 45’\30’) + F (450\30°)
    and so from 17.7.11 (7/w+ (l/5)1
    +(‘I@ In (T/8)+- (l/5)+
    II ($; 450\30°)= (40/9)“yx-4jLv)
    =--83612t.80437
    =2.10818 51{ .55248 32-4(.03854 26)
    (.74951 51)) =.921129.

    Table 17.9 gives .92113 with 4 point Lagrangian


    interpolation. =1.13214.
    Example 18. Evaluate the complete elliptic
    integral Numerical quadrature gives the same result.
    II (9\30’) to 5D. Example 20. Evaluate

    From 17.7.14 we have IL (-*; 450\30°)

    II (~\30°)=K(300)+;~~ [1-~~(e\30~)]
    =S 0
    */4
    (l++ sin2 @-‘(l-t sin2 0)-k&
    to 5D.
    where e=arcsin [(~--~)/cos~cx]~~~=~~~. Thus using Here the characteristic is negative and we there-
    Table 17.8
    fore use 17.7.15 with n=-i, sin2 cx=i
    l-I ($\3OO) =2.80099.

    Table 17.9 gives 2.80126 by 6 point Lagrangian N=(l--n)-‘(sin2 a-n)=.4, ~~~=fi


    interpolation. The discrepancy results from in-
    terpolation with respect to n for (o=90° in Table and therefore
    17.9.
    (5/2)* II (-;; 45’\30’) =(9/4O)*II (6; 45’\30°)
    Example 19. Evaluate
    +$5/2)*F(45°\300) farctan (35)-t
    H (f ; 450\30°)
    =S (l-90
    *I4
    sin2 c?)-‘(1-a sin2 19)~“~d0 Using Tables 4.14, 17.5, and 17.9 we get
    to 5D. II (-#; 45’\30’) = .76987

    References
    Texts [17.6] F. Tricomi, Elliptische Funktionen (Akademische
    Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany, 1948).
    [17.1] A. Cayley, An elementary treatise on elliptic
    functions (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, [17.7] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
    N.Y., 1956). modern analysis, chs. 20, 21, 22, 4th ed. (Cam-
    [17.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions, bridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
    vol. 2, ch. 23 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
    New York, N.Y., 1953). Tables
    [17.3] L. V. King, On the direct numerical calculation of
    [17.8] P. F. Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of
    elliptic functions and integrals (Cambridge
    elliptic integrals for engineers and physicists
    Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1924).
    (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1954).
    [17.4] E. H. Neville, Jacobian elliptic functions, 2d ed.
    (Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1951). [17.9] C. Heuman, Tables of complete elliptic integrals,
    [17.5] F. Oberhettinger and W. Magnus, Anwendung der J. Math. Phys. 20, 127-206 (1941).
    elliptischen Funktionen in Physik und Technik [17.10] J. Hoiiel, Becueil de formules et de tables numb-
    (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1949). riques (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France, 1901).
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 607
    [17.11] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th [17.14] L. M. Milne-Thomson, The Zeta function of
    ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y., Jacobi, Proc. Roy. Sot. Edinburgh 52 (1931).
    1945). [17.15] L. M. Milne-Thomson, Die elliptischen Funktionen
    [17.12] L. M. Milne-Thomson, Jacobian elliptic function von Jacobi (Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany,
    tables (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1931).
    N.Y., 1956). [17.16] K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete
    (17.131 L. M. Milne-Thomson, Ten-figure table of the elliptic integrals (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam-
    complete elliptic integrals K, K’, E, E’ and a bridge, England, 1934).
    1 [17.17] G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian elliptic
    table of 8&, sm, Proc. London IMath. function tables, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
    sot. 2, 33 (1931). lection, vol. 109 (Washington, D.C., 1947).
    608 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    T&k 17.1 COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS
    AND THE NOME p WITH ARGUMENT THE PARAMETER m

    K(m)=Jj (1-msin2B)-‘cl0 K’(m)=K(m,)


    E(m)=Jj (l-m sin*O)‘dfl E’(m)=E(n/])
    g(m)=exp [-sK’(m)/K(m)] ql(m)==9(w)
    1,L K(m) K’(m) 9(1”) ml
    0. 00 1.57079 63267 94897 0.00000 00000 00000 1.00
    0. 01 1.57474 55615 17356 3.69563 73629 89875 0.00062 81456 60383 0.99
    0. 02 1.57873 99120 07773 3.35414 14456 99160 0.00126 26665 23204 0.98
    0.03 1.58278 03424 06373 3.15587 49478 91841 0.00190 36912 69025 0.97
    0. 04 1.58686 78474 54166 3.01611 24924 77648 0.00255 13525 13689 0.96
    0.05 1.59100 34537 90792 2.90833 72484 44552 0.00320 57869 70686 0.95
    0.06 1.59518 82213 21610 2.82075 24967 55872 0.00386 71356 22010 0.94
    0.07 1.59942 32446 58510 2.74707 30040 24667 0.00453 55438 98018 0.93
    0. 08 1.60370 96546 39253 2.68355 14063 15229 0.00521 11618 66885 0.92
    0.09 1.60804 86199 30513 2.62777 33320 84344 0.00589 41444 34269 0.91

    0.10 1.61244 13487 20219 2.57809 21133 48173 0.00658 46515 53858 0.90
    0.11 1.61688 90905 05203 2.53333 45460 02200 0.00728 28484 49518 0. a9
    0.12 1.62139 31379 80658 2.49263 53232 39716 0.00798 89058 49815 0.88
    0.13 1.62595 48290 38433 2.45533 80283 21380 0.00870 30002 35762 0. a7
    0.14 1.63057 55488 81754 2.42093 29603 44303 0.00942 53141 02678 0.86
    0.15 1.63525 67322 64580 2.38901 64863 25580 0.01015 60362 37153 0. a5
    0.16 1.63999 98658 64511 2.35926 35547 45007 0.01089 53620 10173 0.84
    0.17 1.64480 64907 98881 2.33140 85677 50251 0.01164 34936 87540 0. a3
    0.18 1.64967 82052 94514 2.30523 17368 77189 0.01240 06407 58856 0.82
    0.19 1.65461 66675 22527 2.28054 91384 22770 0.01316 70202 86392 0.81
    0.20 1.65962 35986 10528 2.25720 53268 20854 0.01394 28572 75318 0.80
    0.21 1.66470 07858 45692 2.23506 77552 60349 0.01472 83850 66891 0.79
    0.22 1.66985 00860 83368 2.21402 24978 46332 0.01552 38457 56320 0. 78
    0.23 1.67507 34293 77219 2.19397 09253 19189 0.01632 94906 37206 0.77
    0.24 1.68037 28228 48361 2.17482 70902 46414 0.01714 55806 74605 0.76
    0.25 1.68575 03548 12596 2.15651 56414 99643 0.01797 23870 08967 0.15
    0.26 1.69120 81991 86631 2.13897 01837 52114 0.01881 01914 93399 0.74
    0.27 1.69674 86201 96168 2.12213 18631 57396 0.01965 92872 66940 0. 73
    0.28 1.70237 39774 10990 2.10594 83200 52758 0.02051 99793 66788 0.72
    0.29 1.70808 67311 34606 2.09037 27465 52360 0.02139 25853 82708 0. 71
    0.30 1.71388 94481 78791 2.07536 31352 92469 0.02227 74361 57154 0.70
    0. 31 1.71978 48080 56405 2.06088 16467 30131 0.02317 48765 35013 0. 69
    0.32 1.72577 56096 29320 2.04689 40772 10577 0.02408 52661 67250 0.68
    0.33 1.73186 47782 52098 2.03336 94091 52233 0.02500 89803 73177 0. 67
    0.34 1.73805 53734 56358 2.02027 94286 03592 0.02594 64110 66576 0.66
    0.35 1.74435 05972 25613 2.00759 83984 24376 0.02689 79677 51443 0. 65
    0.36 1.75075 38029 15753 1.99530 27776 64729 0.02786 40785 93729 0.64
    0.31 1.75726 85048 82456 1.98337 09795 27821 0.02884 51915 76181
    0. 38 1.76389 83888 a3731 1.97178 31617 25656 0.02984 17757 44138 kz
    0.39 1.77064 73233.33534 1.96052 10441 65830 0.03085 43225 51033 0: 61
    0.40 1.77751 93714 91253 1.94956 77498 06026 0.03188 33473 13363 0. 60
    0. 41 1.78451 88046 81873 1.93890 76652 34220 0.03292 93907 86003 0.59
    0.42 1.79165 01166 52966 1.92852 63181 14418 0.03399 30208 70043 0.58
    0.43 1.79891 80391 87685 1.91841 02691 09912 0.03507 48344 66773 0. 57
    0.44 1.80632 75591 07699 1.90854 70162 81211 0.03617 54594 93133 0.56
    0.45 1.81388 39368 16983 1.89892 49102 71554 0.03729 55570 75822 0. 55
    0.46 1.82159 27265 56821 1.88953 30788 53096 0.03843 58239 43468 0.54
    0.47 1.82945 97985 64730 1.88036 13596 22178 0.03959 69950 38753 0.53
    0.48 1.83749 13633 55796 1.87140 02398 11034 0.04077 98463 75263 0.52
    0.49 1.84569 39983 74724 1.86264 08023 32739 0.04198 51981 67183 0. 51
    0. 50 1.85407 46773 01372 1.85407 46773 01372 0.04321 39182 63772 0.50
    ml K’(m) K(nd 91(m) m

    &XZ Examples 3-4.


    r.(73 1
    E(m) and E’(m) from L. M. Milne-Thomson, Ten-figure table of the complete elliptic integrals
    1 1
    K, K’A E’ and a table of -p
    s;(olv) 7’
    Ji (o,v) Proc. London Math. Soc.(2)33,1931(with permission).
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
    COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS Table 17.1
    AND THE NOME q WITH ARGUMENT THE PARAMETER m

    X(m=Jj (l-m sin2O)-IdO K’(m)=K(m,)

    E(m)=Jj (l-m sin28)‘dO E’(m)=E(q)


    q(m)=exp [-rK’(m) /K(m)] CIl (m)=cJ(w)
    7n 41 (nl) E(m) E’(m) ill,

    0. 00 1.00000 0000000000 1.57079 6327 1.00000 0000 1.00


    0. 01 0.26219 6267917709 1.56686 1942 1.01599 3546 0.99
    0.02 0.22793 4574067492 1.56291 2645 1.02859 4520 0. 98
    0. 03 0.20687 9810847842 1.55894 8244 1.03994 6861 0.97
    0.04 0.19149 6308209940 1.55496 8546 1.05050 2227 0.96
    0.05 0.17931 6006955723 1.55097 3352 1.06047 3728 0.95
    0.06 0.16920 7531146133 1.54696 2456 1.06998 6130 0.94
    0.07 0.16055 4201073011 1.54293 5653 1.07912 1407 0.93
    0.08 0.15298 1481009741 1.53889 2730 1.08793 7503 0.92
    0.09 0.14624 4269473236 1.53483 3465 1.09647 7517 0.91
    0. 10 0.14017 3126954262 1.53075 7637 1.10477 4733 0.90
    0.11 0.13464 5884592091 1.52666 5017 1.11285 5607 0.89
    0.12 0.12957 1469520553 1.52255 5369 1.12074 1661 0.88
    0.13 0.12488 0122352049 1.51842 8454 1.12845 0735 0.87
    0.14 0.12051 7195728729 1.51428 4027 1.13599 7843 0.86
    0.15 0.11643 90607 17472 1.51012 1831 1.14339 5792 0.85
    0.16 0.11261 0316423363 1.50594 1612 1.15065 5629 0.84
    0.17 0.10900 1833023834 1.50174 3101 1.15778 6979 0.83
    0.18 0.10558 9345798477 1.49752 6026 1.16479 8293 0.82
    0.19 0.10235 2423513544 1.49329 0109 1.17169 7053 0.81
    0.20 0.09927 3697338825 1.48903 5058 1.17848 9924 0.80
    0.21 0.09633 8274965990 1.48476 0581 1.18518 2883 0.79
    0.22 0.09353 3288880648 1.48046 6375 1.19178 1311 0.78
    0.23 0.09084 75434 60707 1.47615 2126 1.19829 0087 0.77
    0.24 0.08827 12359 87862 1.47181 7514 1.20471 3641 0.76
    0.25 0.08579 5733702195 1.46746 2209 1.21105 6028 0.75
    0.26 0.08341 3393883117 1.46308 5873 1.21732 0955 0.74
    0.27 0.08111 7417341165 1.45868 8155 1;22351 1839 0.73
    0.28 0.07890 1728126084 1.45426 8698 1.22963 1828 0.72
    0.29 0.07676 0874004317 1.44982 7128 1.23568 3836 0.71
    0.30 0.07468 9943537179 1.44536 3064 1.24167 0567 0. 70
    0. 31 0.07268 4496537110 1.44087 6115 1.24759 4538 0.69
    0. 32 0.07074 0505387511 1.43636 5871 1.25345 8093 0. 68
    0.33 0.06885 4305247167 1.43183 1919 1.25926 3421 0.67
    0.34 0.06702 25515 69108 1.42727 3,821 1.26501 2576 0.66
    0.35 0.06524 21836 78738 1.42269 1133 1.27070 7480 0.65
    0. 36 0.06351 0393400746 1.41808 3394 1.27634 9943 0.64
    0.06182 45979 15898 1.41345 0127 1.28194 1668 0.63
    i-z 0.06018 2416179938 1.40879 0839 1.28748 4262 0.62
    0: 39 0.05858 1648356838 1.40410 5019 1.29297 9239 0. 61
    0.40 0.05702 0257814610 1.39939 2139 1.29842 8034 0.60
    0.41 0.05549 6355309081 1.39465 1652 1.30383 2008 0.59
    0.42 0.05400 8185043499 1.38988 2992 1.30919 2448 0.58
    0. 43 0.05255 4112342653 1.38508 5568 1.31451 0576 0.57
    0. 44 0.05113 2612721764 1.38025 8774 1.31978 7557 0.56
    0.45 0.04974 2262164574 1.37540 1972 1.32502 4498 0.55
    0.46 0.04838 1728453289 1.37051 4505 1.33022 2453 0.54
    0.47 0.04704 9763416424 1.36559 5691 1.33538 2430 0.53
    0.48 0.04574 5195980149 1.36064 4814 1.34050 5388 0.52
    0.49 0.04446 6925925028 1.35566 1135 1.34559 2245 0. 51
    0.50 0.04321 3918263772 1.35064 3881 1.35064 3881 0.50
    ml ?(4 E’(m) E(m) nc
    (94
    II 3
    610 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Table 17.2 COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS
    AND THE NOME q WITH ARGUMENT THE MODULAR ANGLE a

    R(.)=Jj (l-sin2 01sin2 8)-‘d0 K’(a)=K(g~-c2)

    E’(a)=E(90%)
    ql(“)=q(9V-a)
    Kc4 K’ (4 Q(Q)
    1.57079 63267 94897 0.00000 00000 00000
    1.57091 59581 27243 5.43490 9m8296 25564 0.00001 90395 55387
    1.57127 49523 72225 4.74271 72652 78886 0.00007 61698 24680
    1.57187 36105 14009 4.33865 39759 99725 0.00017 14256 42257
    1.57271 24349 95227 4.05275 81695 49437 0.00030 48651 48814
    1.57379 21309 24768 3.83174 19997 84146 0.00047 65699 16867
    1.57511 36077 77251 3.65185 59694 78752 0.00068 66451 27305
    1.57667 79815 92838 3.50042 24991 71838 0.00093 52197 97816
    1.57848 65776 88648 3.36986 80266 68445 0.00122 24470 64294
    1.58054 09338 95721 3.25530 29421 43555 0.00154 85045 16579
    1.58284 28043 38351 3.15338 52518 87839 0.00191 35945 90170
    1.58539 41637 75538 3.06172 86120 38789 0.00231 79450 15821
    1.58819 72125 27520 2.97856 89511 81384 0.00276 18093 29252
    1.59125 43820 13687 2190256 49406 70027 0.00324 54674 43525
    1.59456 83409 31825 2.83267 25829 18100 OiOk76 $2262 86978
    1.59814 20021 12540 2.76806 31453 68768 0.00433 34205 09983
    1.60197 85300 86952 2.70806 76145 90486 0.00493 84132 64213
    1.60608 13494 10364 2.65213 80046 30204 0.00558 45970 58517
    1.61045 41537 89663 2.59981 97300 61099 0.00627 23946 95994
    1.61510 09160 67722 2.55073 14496 27254 0.00700 22602 97383
    1.62002 58991 24204 2.50455 00790 01634 0.00777 46804 16442
    1.62523 36677 58843 2.46099 94583 04126 0.00859 01752 53626
    1.63072 91016 30788 2.41984 16537 39137 0.00944 92999 75082
    1.63651 74093 35819 2.38087 01906 04429 0.01035 26461 44729
    1.64260 41437 12491 2.34390 47244 46913 0.01130 08432 78049
    1.64899 52184 78530 2.30878 67981 67196 0.01229 45605 27181
    1.65569 69263 10344 2.27537 64296 11676 0.01333 45085 07947
    1.66271 59584 91370 2.24354 93416 98626 0.01442 14412 80638
    1.67005 94262 69580 2.21319 46949 79374 0.01555 61584 97708
    1.67773 48840 80745 2.18421 32169 49248 0.01673 95077 33023
    1.68575 03548 12596 2.15651 56474 99643 0.01797 23870 08967
    1.69411 43573 05914 2.13002 14383 99325 0.01925 57475 39635
    1.70283 59363 12341 2.10465 76584 91159 0.02059 05967 10437
    1.71192 46951 55678 2.08035 80666 91578 0.02197 80013 16901
    1.72139 08313 74249 2.05706 23227 97365 0.02341 90910 88188
    1.73124 51756 57058 2.03471 53121 85791 0.02491 50625 23981
    1.74149 92344 26774 2.01326 65652 05468 0.02646 71830 76961
    1.75216 52364 68845 1.99266 97557 34209 0.02807 67957 17219
    1.76325 61840 59342 1.97288 22662 74650 0.02974 53239 19583
    1.77478 59091 05608 1.95386 48092 51663 0.03147 42771 20286
    1.78676 91348 85021 1.93558 10960 04722 0.03326 52566 95577
    1.79922 15440 49811 1.91799 75464 36423 0.03511 99625 22096
    1.81215 98536 62126 1.90108 30334 63664 0;03704 02001 87133
    1.82560 18981 35889 1.88480 86573 80404 0.03902 78889 26607
    1.83956 67210 93652 1.86914 75460 26462 0.04108 50703 79885
    1.85407 46773 01372 1.85407 46773 01372 0.04321 39182 63772
    K'(a) KM 9lH

    cI
    C-i’9

    Compiled from G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian elliptic function tables, Smithsonian


    Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 109, Washington, D.C., 1947 (with permission).
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 611
    COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS Table 17.2
    AND THE NOME q WITH ARGUMENT THE MODULAR ANGLE a

    K(a)=Jj (l-&n2 a sin2 O)-Bdfl

    E(a)=f (l- km2


    * 01sin2 O)“dO E'(a)=E(gOL)
    4(4=exp [-rK’@)/K(4] q1 (a) =q(90"-a)

    4164 -w E’(a)
    1.00000 00000 00000 1.15707963267 94897 1.00000 00000 00000
    0.40330 93063 38378 l.!j7067 67091 27960 1.00075 15777 01834
    0.35316 56482 96037 l.fi7031 79198 97448 1.00258 40855 27552
    0.32040 03371 34866 l.!i6972 01504 23979 1.00525 85872 09152
    0.29548 83855 58691 l.!i6888 37196 07763 1.00864 79569 07096
    0.27517 98048 73563 1.15678090739 77622 1.01266 35062 34396
    0.25794 01957 66337 l.!i6649 67877 60132 1.01723 69183 41019
    0.24291 29743 06665 l.!i6494 75629 69419 1.02231 25881 67584
    0.22956 71598 81194 1.56316 22295 18261 1.02784 36197 40833
    0.21754 89496 99726 l.!j6114 17453 51334 1.03378 94623 90754
    0.20660 97552 00965 l.!i5688 71966 01596 1.04011 43957 06010
    0.19656 76611 43642 l.!i5639 97977 70947 1.04678 64993 44049
    0.18728 51836 10217 1.55368 08919 36509 1.05377 69204 07046
    0.17865 56628 04653 1.55073 19509 84013 1.06105 93337 53857
    0.17059 45383 49477 l.!i4755 45758 69993 1.06860 95329 78401
    0.16303 35348 21581 l.!i4415 04969 14673 1.07640 51130 76403
    0.15591 66592 65792 1.54052 15741 27631 1.08442 52193 72543
    0.14919 73690 67429 1.53666 97975 68556 1.09265 03455 37715
    0.14283 65198 36280 1.53259 72877 45636 1.10106 21687 57941
    0.13680 08474 28619 1.52830 62960 54359 1.10964 34135 42761
    0.13106 18244 99858 1.52379 92052 59774 1.11837 77379 69864
    0.12559 47852 09819 1.51907 85300 25531 1.12724 96377 57702
    0.12037 82455 07894 1.51414 69174 93342 1.13624 43646 84239
    0.11539 33684 49987 1.50900 71479 16775 1.14534 78566 80849
    0.11062 35386 78854 1.50366 21353 53715 1.15454 66775 24465
    0.10605 40201 85996 1.49811 49284 22116 1.16382 79644 93139
    0.10167 16783 93444 1.4.9236 87111 24151 1.17317 93826 83722
    0.09746 47524 70352 1.4!8642 68037 44253 1.18258 90849 45384
    0.09342 26672 88483 l.d.8029 26638 27039 1.19204 56765 79886
    0.08953 58769 52553 1.4.7396 98872 41625 1.20153 81841 13662
    0.08579 57337 02195 1.4.6746 22093 39427 1.21105 60275 68459
    0.08219 43773 66408 1.4.6077 35062 13127 1.22058 89957 54247
    0.07872 46415 92073 1.4.5390 77960 65210 1.23012 72241 85949
    0.07537 99738 58803 1.4,4686 92406 95183 1.23966 11752 88672
    0.07215 43668 98737 1.4,3966 21471 15459 1.24918 16206 07472
    0.06904 22996 09032 1.43229 09693 06756 1.25867 96247 79997
    0.06603 86859 10861 1.4.2476 03101 24890 1.26814 65310 65206
    0.06313 88302 96461 1.4,1707 49233 71952 1.27757 39482 50391
    0.06033 83890 33716 1.4,0923 97160 46096 1.28695 37387 83001
    0.05763 33361 79494 1.40125 97507 85523 1.29627 80079 94134
    0.05501 99336 98829 1.39314 02485 23812 1.30553 90942 97794
    0.05249 47051 04844 1.2~848865913 75413 li31472 95602 64623
    0.05005 44121 29953 1.3'7650 43257 72082 1.32384 21844 81263
    0.04769 60340 17056 1.26799 91658 73159 1.33286 99541 17179
    0.04541 67490 83529 1.35937 69972 75008 1.34180 60581 29911
    0.04321 39182 63772 1.35064 38810 47676 1.35064 38810 47676
    d") E'(a) E(4
    C-95)3
    [I 1
    612 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Table 17.3 PARAMETER m WITH ARGUMENT K’(m)/K(m)


    K’ A-’ K’
    m ,,a
    K K K
    0. 30 0.99954 69976 1.20 0.30866 25998 2.10 0.02158 74007
    0.32 0.99912 85258 1.22 0.29292 52811 2.12 0.02028 61803
    0.34 0.99844 79307 1.24 0.27782 39170 2.14 0.01906 26278
    0.99740 80762 1.26 0.26335 17107 2.16 0.01791 21974
    E 0.99590 01861 1.28 0.24949 94512 2.18 0.01683 05990

    0. 40 0.99380 79974 1.30 0.23625 58558 2.20 0.01581 37845


    0. 42 0.99101 23521 1.32 0.22360 78874 2.22 0.01485 79356
    0. 44 0.98739 58502 1.34 0.21154 10467 2.24 0.01395 94517
    0.46 0.98284 72586 1.36 0.20003 96393 2.26 0.01311 49385
    0.48 0.97726 54540 1.38 0.18908 70181 2.28 0.01232 11967

    0.50 0.97056 27485 1.40 0.17866 58032 2.30 0.01157 52117


    0.52 0.96266 75125 1.42 0.16875 80773 2.32 0.01087 41433
    0.54 0.95352 60602 1.44 0.15934 55603 2.34 0.01021 53165
    0.56 0.94310 38029 1.46 .0.15040 97635 2.36 0.00959 62118
    0.58 0.93138 57063 1.48 0.14193 21249 2.38 0.00901 44574
    0. 60 0.91837 61134 1.50 0.13389 41273 2.40 0.00846 78199
    0. 62 0.90409 80105 1.52 0.12627 73987 2.42 0.00795 41974
    0.64 0.88859 18214 1.54 0.11906 38004 2.44 0.00747 lb117
    0. 66 0.87191 38254 1.56 0.11223 54993 2.46 0.00701 82011
    0. 68 0.85413 42916 1.58 0.10577 50300 2.48 0.00659 22140
    0. 70 0.83533 54217 1.60 0.09966 53447 2.50 0.00619 20026
    0.72 0.81560 91841 1.62 0.09388 98538 2.52 0.00581 60167
    0.74 0.79505 51193 1.64 0.08843 24583 2.54 0.00546 27984
    0.76 0.77377 81814 1.66 0.08327 75739 2.56 0.00513 09763
    0.78 0.75188 66711 1.68 0.07841 01486 2.58 0.00481 92610
    0.80 0.72949 03078 1.70 0.07381 56747 2.60 0.00452 64398
    0.82 0.70669 84707 1.72 0.06948 01950 2.62 0.00425 13725
    0. a4 0.68361 86358 1.74 0.06539 03054 2.64 0.00399 29873
    0. 86 0.66035 50204 1.76 0.06153 31533 2.66 0.00375 02764
    0. 88 0.63700 74395 1.78 0.05789 64327 2. b8 0.00352 22924
    0.90 0.61367 03730 1.80 0.05446 83767 2.70 0.00330 81448
    0.92 0.59043 22404 1.82 0.05123 77481 2.72 0.00310 69966
    0. 94 0.56737 48621 1.84 0.04819 38272 2.74 0.00291 80blO
    0.96 0.54457 30994 1.86 0.04532 63995 2.76 0.00274 05988
    0.98 0.52209 46531 1.88 0;04262 57408 2,78 0.00257 39151
    1. 00 0.50000 00000 1.90 0.04008 26022 2.80 0.00241 73568
    1 02 0.47834 24497 1.92 0.03768 81947 2. a2 0;00227 03103
    1.04 0.45716 83054 1.94 0.03543 41720 2.84 0.00213 21990
    1.06 0.43651 71048 1.96 0.03331 26147 2.86 0.00200 24811
    1.08 0.41642 19278 1.98 0.03131 60134 2.88 0.00188 06475
    1.10 0.39690 97552 2.00 0.02943 72515 2.90 0.00176 62198
    1.12 0.37800 18621 2.02 0.02766 95892 2.92 0.00165 87487
    1.14 0.35971 42366 2.04 0.02600 66464 2.94 0.00155 78119
    1.16 0.34205 80100 2.06 0.02444 23873 2.96 0.00146 30127
    1.18 0.32503 98919 2.08 0.02297 11038 2.98 0.00137 39785
    1.20 0.30866 25998 2.10 0.02158 74007 3.00 0.00129 03591

    K’
    c 1 (-32
    K’
    For K >3.0, K < 0.3, see Example 6.

    Table 17.4
    AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF THE NOME q AND THE PARAMETER m
    y(m)2$
    9 Q (4 L(m) ml Q(4 ’ L(4
    0. 00 0.06250 00000 00000 0.00000 00000 0.08 0.06513 95233 36060 0.02111 58281
    0. 01 0.06281 45660 38302 0.00251 65276 0. 09 0.06549 04937 14101 0.02392 34345
    0.02 0.06313 33261 60188 0.00506 66040 0.10 0.06584 b5155 38584 0.02677 14110
    0.03 0.06345 63756 34180 0.00765 09870 0.11 0.06620 77131 77434 0.02966 07472
    0.04 0.06378 38128 42217 0.01027 04595 0.12 0.06657 42154 15123 0.03259 24678
    0;06411 57394 13714 OiO1292 58301 0.13 0.06694 61556 59704 0.03556 76342
    0.06445 22603 66828 0.01561 79344 0.14 0.06732 36721 61983 0.03858 73466
    0.06479 34842 57396 0.01834 76360 0.15 0.06770 69082 47689 0.04165 27452

    See Examples
    [5716 1
    3, 5 and 6.
    c(-;I6 3
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 613
    ELLIPTIC INTEGBlAL OF THE FIRST KIND F(v\a) Table 17.5

    F(c\Q)=J~’ (l-sin2 a sin2@)+dO


    5” 10” 15” 20” 25” 30”
    0.08726 646 0.17453 293 0.26179 939 0.34906 585 0.43633 231 0.52359 878
    0.08726 660 0.17453 4011 0.26180 298 0.34907 428 0.43634 855 0.52362 636
    0.08726 700 0.17453 72:l 0.26181 374 0.34909 952 0.43639 719 0.52370 903
    0.08726 767 0.17454 25!j 0.26183 163 0.34914 148 0.43647 806 0.52384 653
    0.08726 860 0.17454 999 0.26185 656 0.34919 998 0.43659 086 0.52403 839
    0.08726 980 0.17455 94') 0.26188 842 0.34927 479 0.43673 518 0.52428 402
    0.08727 124 0.17457 lo;! 0.26192 707 0.34936 558 0.43691 046 0.52458 259
    0.08727 294 0.17458 451. 0.26197 234 0.34947 200 0.43711 606 0.52493 314
    0.08727 407 0.17459 99:. 0.26202 402 0.34959 358 0.43735 119 0.52533 449
    0.08727 703 0.17461 714 0.26208 189 0.34972 983 0.43761 496 0.52578 529
    0.08727 940 0.17463 611. 0.26214 568 0.34988 016 0.43790 635 0.52628 399
    0.08728 199 0.17465 67!i 0.26221 511 0.35004 395 0.43822 422 0.52682 887
    0.08728 477 0.17467 89!i 0.26228 985 0.35022 048 0.43856 733 0.52741 799
    0.08728 773 0.17470 261 0.26236 958 0.35040 901 0.43893 430 0.52804 924
    0.08729 086 0.17472 76i! 0.26245 392 0.35060 870 0.43932 365 0.52872 029
    0.08729 413 0.17475 386 0.26254 249 0.35081 868 0.43973 377 0.52942 863
    0.08729 755 0.17478 110 0.26263 487 0.35103 803 0.44016 296 0.53017 153
    0.08730 108 0.17480 950 0.26273 064 0.35126 576 0.44060 939 0.53094 608
    0.08730 472 0.17483 0611 0.26282 934 0.35150 083 0.44107 115 0.53174 916
    0.08730 844 0.17486 840 0.26293 052 0.35174 218 0.44154 622 0.53257 745
    0.08731 222 0.17489 88i' 0.26303 369 0.35198 869 0.44203 247 0.53342 745
    0.08731 606 0.17492 96i' 0.26313 836 0.35223 920 0.44252 769 0.53429 546
    0.08731 992 0.17496 07:; 0.26324 404 0.35249 254 0.44302 960 0.53517 761
    0.08732 379 0.17499 185' 0.26335 019 0.35274 748 0.44353 584 0.53606 986
    0.08732 765 0.17502 30C1 0.26345 633 0.35300 280 0.44404 397 0.53696 798
    0.08733 149 0.17505 392' 0.26356 191 0.35325 724 0.44455 151 0.53786 765
    0.08733 528 0.17508 44E1 0.26366 643 0.35350 955 0.44505 593 0.53876 438
    0.08733 901 0.17511 455~ 0.26376 936 0.35375 845 0.44555 469 0.53965 358
    0.08734 265 0.17514 397' 0.26387 020 0.35400 269 0.44604 519 0.54053 059
    0.08734 620 0.17517 26Cl 0.26396 842 0.35424 101 0.44652 487 0.54139 069
    0.08734 962 0.17520 024' 0.26406 355 0.35447 217 0.44699 117 0.54222 911
    0.08735 291 0.17522 69C1 0.26415 509 0.35469 497 0.44744 153 0.54304 111
    0.00735 605 0.17525 232 0.26424 258 0.35490 823 0.44787 348 0.54382 197
    0.08735 902 0.17527 64C' 0.26432 556 0.35511 081 0.44828 459 0.54456 704
    0.08736 182 0.17529 90: 0.26440 362 0.35530 160 0.44867 252 0.54527 182
    0.08736 442 0.1 532 010 0.26447 634 0.35547 959 0.44903 502 0.54593 192
    0.08736 681 0.1 ! 533 949 0.26454 334 0.35564 377 0.44936 997 0.54654 316
    0.08736 898 0.17535 712 0.26460 420 0.35579 326 0.44967 538 0.54710 162
    0.08737 092 0.17537 289 0.26465 883 0.35592 721 0.44994 944 0.54760 364
    0.08737 262 0.17538 672 0.26470 671 0.35604 488 0.45019 046 0.54804 587
    0.08737 408 0.17539 a54 0.26474 766 0.35614 560 0.45039 699 0.54842 535
    0.08737 528 0.17540 830 0.26478 147 0.35622 881 0.45056 775 0.54873 947
    0.00737 622 0.17541 594 0.26480 795 0.35629 402 0.45070 168 0.54898 608
    0.08737 689 0.17542 143 0.26482 697 0.35634 086 0.45079 795 0.54916 348
    0.08737 730 0.17542 473 0.26483 842 0.35636 908 0.45085 596 0.54927 042
    0.08737 744 0.17542 583 0.26484 225 0.35637 851 0.45087 533 0.54930 614
    [ (7)3] [ (-l)3] [ (-f)l] [ (-!)2] [ (-f)5] [ (-yq

    0.08726 730 0.17453 962 0.26182 180 0.34911 842 0.43643 361 0.52377 095
    0.08727 387 0.17459 198 0.26199 739 0.34953 092 0.43722 998 0.52512 754
    0.08728 623 0.17469 061 0.26232 912 0.35031 330 0.43874 792 0.52772 849
    0.08730 289 0.17482 397 0.26277 965 0.35138 244 0.44083 848 0.53134 425
    0.08732 185 0.17497 630 0.26329 709 0.35261 989 0.44328 233 0.53562 273
    0.08734 084 0.17512 935 0.26382 007 0.35388 123 0.44580 113 0.54009 391
    0.08735 756 0.17526 454 0.26428 466 0.35501 092 0.44808 179 0.54419 926
    0.08736 998 0.17536 525 0.26463 238 0.35586 223 0.44981 645 0.54735 991
    0.08737
    _ . 659 . 0.17541 895 0.26481 840 0.35631 976 0.45075 457 0.54908 352
    The table can also be usedinversely to find cp=amu where u=F(lp\a) and so the Jacobian elliptic
    functions, for example sn u=sin (D, cn u=cos IP, dn u= (l-sin2 a sin2 P) 112. See Examples 7-11.
    Compiled from K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete elliptic integrals, Cambridge
    Univ. Press,Cambridge,England, 1934(with permission). Known errorshave beencorrected.
    614 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Table 17.5 ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND F(v\a)


    F(e\a)=K (l-sin2 01
    sin20)-*&I
    ace
    \ 35” 40” 45” 50” 60"
    55”
    0
    1.04719 755
    2" 0.61086 524
    0.61090 819 0.69819
    0.69813 170
    436 0.78548
    0.78539 509
    816 0.87266
    0.87278 463
    045 0.96008
    0.95993 109
    037 1.04738 465
    4 0.61103 691 0.69838220 0.78574 574 0.87312 784 0.96052 821 1.04794 603
    1.04888 194
    : 0.61125 108
    0.61155 010 0.69913 484 0.78678
    0.69869 161 0.78617 644
    974 0.87451
    0.87370 649
    593 0.96231
    0.96127450
    911 1.05019 278
    10 0.61193 318 0.69969 159 0.78756 494 0.87555 545 0.96366 180 1.05187 911
    12 0.61239927 0.70037 358 0.78851 403 0.87682 412 0.96530 224 1.05394 160
    :"b 0.61294 707
    504 0.70117 730
    608 0.78963 221
    768 0.87832 076 0.96723 438
    998 1.05638 099
    0.61357 0.70209 0.79091 0.88004 389 0.96947 1.05919 813
    18 0.61428140 0.70313 511 0.79236 827 0.88199 174 0.97200 462 1.06239 384
    20 0.61506 406 0.70428 706 0.79398 143 0.88416 214 0.97482 960 1.06596 891
    2': 0.61592871
    071 0.70555 037 0.79575 422 0.88655 254 0.97794 790 1.06992 405
    0.61684 0.70692 183 0.79768 324 0.88915 992 0.98135 773 1.07425 976
    :i 0.61784 515
    682 0.70839 451
    788 0.79976 461 0.89198 071 0.98505 681 1.07897 628
    0.61890 0.70997 0.80199 389 0.89501 076 0.98904 227 1.08407 347
    30 0.62003 018 0.71164 728 0.80436 610 0.89824 524 0.99331 059 1.08955 067
    1.09540 656
    :: 0.62244138
    0.62121 622 0.71341
    0.71526 124
    098 0.80687
    0.80951 558
    599 0.90167
    0.90530852
    415 0.99785
    1.00267 743
    749 1.10163 899
    :i 0.62373 019
    840 0.71719 052 0.81228 024
    039 0.90911 465
    148 1.00776 438 1.10824 474
    0.62505 0.71919 335 0.81516 0.91310 1.01311 039 1.11521 933
    40 0.62642 563 0.72126 235 0.81814 765 0.91725 487 1.01870 633 1.12255 667
    t% 0.62782 630 0.72338 982 0.82123 227 0.92156 370 1.02454 127 1.13024 880
    0.62925 446 0.72556 741 0.82440 346 0.92601 535 1.03060 230 1.13828 546
    ft 0.63070 385 0.72778 615
    640 0.82764 941 0.93059 558 1.03687 427 1.14665 369
    0.63216 783 0.73003 0.83095 712 0.93528 835 1.04333 948 1.15533 731
    50 0.63363 947 0.73230 789 0.83431 247 0.94007 568 1.04997 735 1.16431 637
    z24 0.63511 150 0.73458 970 0.83770 010 0.94493 756 1.05676 412 1.17356 652
    0.63657 639 0.73687 028 0.84110 344 0.94985 177 1.06367 248 1.18305 833
    2s" 0.63802 636 0.73913 751 0.84450 468 0.95479 381 1.07067 128 1.19275 650
    0.63945 343 0.74137 870 0.84788 483 0.95973 682 1.07772 516 1.20261 907
    :; 0.64084944 0.74358 071 0.85122 375 0.96465 156 l..O8479 434 1.21259 661
    0.64220 613 0.74572 998 0.85450 024 0.96950 647 1.09183 436 1.22263 139
    :i 0.64351 521 0.74781 266
    471 0.85769 220 0.97426 773 1.09879 601 1.23265 660
    0.64476 839 0.74981 0.86077 677 0.97889 946 1.10562 535 1.24259 576
    68 0.64595 751 0.75172 208 0.86373 057 0.98336 406 1.11226 392 1.25236 238
    :2" 0.64707458
    189 0.75352 078 0.86652 996 0.98762 253 1.11864 920 1.26185 988
    0.64811 0.75519 716 0.86915 135 0.99163 507 1.12471 530 1.27098 218
    :z 0.64906 209
    829 0.75673 800
    076 0.87157 159 0.99536166 1.13039 401 1.27961 482
    0.64991 0.75813 0.87376 830 0.99876 287 1.13561 610 1.28763 696
    78 0.65067 415 0.75936 376 0.87572 037 1.00180 067 1.14031 304 1.29492 436
    :2" 0.65132 394 0.76042 640 0.87740 833 1.00443 942 1.14441 892 1.30135 321
    0.65186 270 0.76130 931 0.87881481 1.00664.678 1.14787 262 1.30680 495
    8": 0.65228 622 0.76200 457
    582 0.87992 495 1.00839 470 1.15062 010 l.31117 166
    0.65259 116 0.76250 0.88072 675 1.00966 028 1.15261 652 1.31436 170
    88 0.65277 510 0.76280 846 0.88121 143 1.01042 658 1.15382 828 1.31630 510
    90 0.65283658 0.76290 965 0.88137 359 1.01068 319 1.15423 455 1.31695 790
    [‘-y] [(-i)3] [‘-;‘“I [‘-p-1 [‘-;“I c-y
    [ 1
    0.61113 335 0.69852 295 0.78594 111 0.87338828 0.96086 405 1.04836 715
    0.61325114 0.70162198 0.79025 416 0.87915 412 0.96832 014 1.05774 229
    0.61733 857 0.70764702 0.79870 514 0.89054 388 0.98317 128 1.07657 042
    0.62308 236 0.71621 617 0.81088 311 0.90718 679 1.00518 803 1.10489 545
    0.62997 691 0.72661 222 0.82601 788 0.92829 036 1.03371 296 1.14242 906
    0.63730 374 0.73800 634 0.84280 548 0.95232 094 1.06716 268 1.18788 407
    0.64414 930 0.74882 464 0.85924 936 0.97660 210 1.10223 077 1.23764 210
    0.64950 235 0.75745 364 0.87269 924 0.99710 535 1.13306 645 1.28370 993
    0.65245 368 0.76227 978 0.88036 502 1.00908 899 1.15171 457 1.31291 870
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 615
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND F(+e\a) Table 17.5
    P(l.\a)=~P(l-sina~sin2e)-‘de

    65” 70” 75” 80” 85” 90”


    1.13446 401 1.22173 048 1.30899 694 1.39626 340 1.48352 986 1.57079 633
    1.13469 294 1.22200 477 1.30931 959 1.39663 672 1.48395 543 1.57127 495
    1.13537 994 1.22282 810 X.31028 822 1.39775 763 1.48523 342 1.57271 244
    1.13652 576 1.22420 180 1.31190 491 1.39962 909 1.48736 769 1.57511 361
    1.13813 158 1.22612 810 I..31417 314 1.40225 598 1.49036 470 1.57848 658
    1.14019 906 1.22861 010 I..31709 778 1.40564 522 1.49423 361 1.58284 280
    1.14273 032 1.23165 180 1.32068 514 1.40980 577 1.49898 627 1.58819 721
    :z
    18
    1.14572 789
    1.14919 471
    1.15313 409
    1.23525 808
    1.23943 470
    1.24418 827
    I..32494 296
    1.32988 047
    I..33550 840
    1.41474 871
    1.42048 728
    1.42703 700
    1.50463 742
    1.51120 474
    1.51870 904
    1.59456 834
    1.60197 853
    1.61045 415
    1.15754 967 1.24952 627 1.34183 901 1.43441 578 1.52717 445 1.62002 590
    $2” 1.16244 535
    1.16782 525
    1.25545 700
    1.26198 957
    I..34888 616
    I.35666 531
    1.44264 399
    1.4$174 466
    1.53662 865
    1.54710 309
    1.63072 910
    1.64260 414
    228 1.17369 362
    1.18005 472
    1.26913 385
    1.27690 045
    1.36519 359
    1.37448 981
    1.41174 360
    1.4 266 958
    1.55863 334
    1.57125 942
    1.65569 693
    1.67005 943
    1.18691 274 1.28530 059 1.38457 455 1.48455 455 1.58502 624 1.68575 035
    1.19427 162 1.29434 605 1.39547 013 1 49743384 1.59998 406 1.70283 594
    1.20213 489 1.30404 906 I..40720 064 1.51134
    1 644 1.61618 906 1.72139 083
    1.21050 542 1.31442 210 1.41979 198 1,52633 523 1.63370 398 1.74149 923
    1.21938 520 1.32547 772 1.43327 179 1.54244 734 1.65259 894 1.76325 618
    1.22877 499 1.33722 824 1.44766 938 ~1.55973441 1.67295 226 1.78676 913
    1.23867 392 1.34968 545 1.46301 $65 1.57825 301 1.69485 156 1.81215 985
    1.24907 904 1.36286 013 1.47934 287 1.59806 493 1.71839 498 1.83956 672
    1.25998 475 1.37676 148 1.49668 437 1.61923 762 1.74369 264 1.86914 755
    1.27138 210 1.39139 640 1.51507 416 1.64184 453 1.77086 836 1.90108 303
    50 1.28325 798 1.40676 855 1.53454 619 1.66596 542 1.80006 176 1.93558 110
    52 1.29559 414 1.42287 717 1.55513 354 1.69168 665 1.83143 068 1.97288 227
    1.30836 604 1.43971 560 1.57686 709 1.71910 125 1.86515 414 2.01326 657
    1.32154 149 1.45726 935 1.59977 378 1.74830 880 1.90143 591 2.05706 232
    1.33507 910 1.47551 372 1.62387 409 1.77941 482 1.94050 873 2.10465 766
    1.34892 643 1.49441 087 1.64917 867 1.81252 953 1.98263 957 2.15651 565
    1.36301 803 1.51390 609 1.67568 359 1.84776 547 2.02813 570 2.21319 470
    1.37727 323 1.53392 332 1.70336 398 1.88523 335 2.07735 219 2.27537 643
    1.39159 384 1.55435 972 1.73216 516 1.92503 509 2.13070 052 2.34390 472
    1.40586 195 1.57507 940 1.76199 085 1.96725 237 2.18865 839 2.41984 165
    1.41993 796 1.59590 624 1.79268 736 2.01192 798 2.25177 995 2.50455 008
    1.43365 925 1.61661 644 1.82402 292 2.05903 582 2.32070 416 2.59981 973
    1.44684 001 1.63693 134 1.85566 175 2.10843 282 2.39615 610 2.70806 762
    1.45927 266 1.65651 218 1.88713 308 2.15978 295 2.47892 739 2.83267 258
    1.47073 163 1.67495 873 1.91779 814 2.21243 977 2.56980 281 2.97856 895
    1.48098 006 1.69181 489 1.94682 231 2.26527 326 2.66935 045 3.15338 525
    1.48977 975 1.70658 456 1.97316 666 2.31643 897 2.77736 748 3.36986 803
    1.49690 410 1.71876 033 1.99562 118 2.36313 736 2.89146 664 3.65185 597
    1.50215 336 1.72786 543 2.01290 452 2.40153 358 3.00370 926 4.05275 817
    1.50537 033 1.73350 464 2.02384 126 2.42718 003 3.09448 898 4.74271 727
    1.50645 424 1.73541 516 2.02758 942 2.43624 605 3.13130 133 m
    [ (-;‘“] [c-:)5] [ ‘;yJ] [ ‘;$2] [ (-3Y]

    5 13589544 22344604 1.31101 537 1.39859 928 1.48619 317 1.57379 213
    ::
    II*
    14740244
    1: 17069811
    :: 23727471
    26548460
    1.32732 612
    1.36083 467
    1.41751 762
    1.45663 012
    1.50780 533
    1.55273 384
    1.59814 200
    1.64899 522
    1. 20625 660 :: 30915104 1.41338 702 1.51870 347 1.62477 858 1.73124 518
    i: 1. 25446 980 36971948 1.48788 472 1.60847 673 1.73081 713 1.85407 468
    31490567 :: 44840433 1.58817 233 1.73347 444 1.88296 142 2.03471 531
    2: :: 38443225 54409676 1.71762 935 1.90483 674 2.10348 169 2.30878 680
    75 45316 359 :* 64683711 1.87145 396 2.13389 514 2.43657 614 2.76806 315
    85 :: 49977412 1: 72372395 2.00498 776 2.38364 709 2.94868 876 3.83174 200
    616 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Table 17.6 ELLIF’TIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND E((o\a)


    E(~\Ix)=J~’ (l-sin2asin28)‘tls
    5” 10” 15” 20” 25” 30”
    0.08726 646 0.17453 293 0.26179 939 0.34906 585 0.43633 231 0.52359 878
    0.08726 633 0.17453 185 0.26179 579 0.34905 742 0.43631 608 0.52357 119
    0.08726 592 0.17452 864 0.26178 503 0.34903 218 0.43626 745 0.52348 a56
    0.08726 525 0.17452 330 0.26176 715 0.34899 025 0.43618 665 0.52335 123
    0.08726 432 0.17451 587 0.26174 224 0.34893 181 0.43607 403 0.52315 981
    0.08726 313 0.17450 636 0.26171 041 0.34885 714 0.43593 011 0.52291 511
    0.08726 168 0.17449 485 0.26167 182 0.34876 657 0.43575 552 0.52261 a21
    0.08725 999 0.17448 137 0.26162 664 0.34866 055 0.43555 106 0.52227 039
    0.08725 806 0.17446 599 0.26157 510 0.34853 954 0.43531 765 0.52187 317
    0.08725 590 0.17444 879 0.26151 743 0.34840 412 0.43505 633 0.52142 828
    0.08725 352 0.17442 985 0.26145 391 0.34825 492 0.43476 831 0.52093 770
    0.08725 094 0.17440 926 0.26138 485 0.34809 262 0.43445 488 0.52040 357
    0.08724 al6 0.17438 712 0.26131 056 0.34791 800 0.43411 749 0.51982 a27
    0.08724 521 0.17436 353 0.26123 141 0.34773 la7 0.43375 767 0.51921 436
    0.08724 208 0.17433 a62 0.26114 778 0.34753 510 0.43337 709 0.51856 461
    0.08723 881 0.17431 250 0.26106 005 0.34732 a63 0.43297 749 0.51788 193
    0.08723 540 0.17428 529 0.26096 a67 0.34711 342 0.43256 075 0.51716 944
    0.08723 187 0.17425 714 0.26087 405 0.34689 050 0.43212 880 0.51643 040
    0.08722 824 0.17422 al7 0.26077 666 0.34666 093 0.43168 368 0.51566 820
    0.08722 453 0.17419 852 0.26067 697 0.34642 580 0.43122 748 0.51488 638
    0.08722 075 0.17416 835 0.26057 545 0.34618 625 0.43076 236 0.51408 a62
    0.08721 692 0.17413 779 0.26047 261 0.34594 343 0.43029 055 0.51327 866
    0.08721 307 0.17410 700 0.26036 a93 0.34569 a50 0.42981 431 0.51246 037
    0.08720 920 0.17407 613 0.26026 492 0.34545 266 0.42933 594 0.51163 767
    0.08720 535 0.17404 531 0.26016 110 0.34520 710 0.42885 776 0.51081 454
    0.08720 152 0.17401 472 0.26005 795 0.34496 302 0.42838 212 0.50999 501
    0.08719 774 0.17398 449 0.25995 600 0.34472 162 0.42791 134 0.50918 310
    0.08719 402 0.17395 477 0.25985 574 0.34448 409 0.42744 775 -0.50838287
    0.08719 039 0.17392 571 0.25975 765 0.34425 159 0.42699 368 0.50759 a31
    0.08718 686 0.17389 745 0.25966 224 0.34402 529 0.42655 138 0.50683 341
    0.08718 345 0.17387 013 0.25956 996 0.34380 631 0.42612 308 0.50609 207
    0.08718 017 0.17384 388 0.25948 126 0.34359 575 0.42571 097 0.50537 all
    0.08717 704 0.17381 a83 0.25939 660 0.34339 465 0.42531 712 0.50469 523
    0.08717 408 0.17379 511 0.25931 640 0.34320 404 0.42494 358 0.50404 700
    0.08717 130 0.17377 283 0.25924 104 0.34302 487 0.42459 224 0.50343 686
    0.08716 a71 0.17375 210 0.25917 090 0.34285 805 0.42426 495 0.50286 804
    0.08716 633 0.17373 302 0.25910 634 0.34270 443 0.42396 339 0.50234 359
    0.08716 416 0.17371 568 0.25904 767 0.34256 478 0.42368 913 0.50186 633
    0.08716 223 0.17370 018 0.25899 519 0.34243 984 0.42344 363 0.50143 a86
    0.08716 053 0.17368 659 0.25894 917 0.34233 022 0.42322 817 0.50106 351
    0.08715 909 0.17367 498 0.25890 983 0.34223 650 0.42304 389 0.50074 232
    0.08715 789 0.17366 539 0.25887 737 0.34215 915 0.42289 175 0.50047 707
    0.08715 695 0.17365 789 0.25885 195 0.34209 857 0.42277 258 0.50026 923
    0.08715 628 0.17365 250 0.25883 370 0.34205 507 0.42268 700 0.50011 993
    0.08715 588 0.17364 926 0.25882 271 0.34202 889 0.42263 547 0.50003 003
    0.08715 574 0.17364 ala 0.25881 905 0.34202 014 0.42261 826 0.50000 000

    [ 1
    (-i)4 [ (-l)3] [‘-p”] [‘f’“] [ (-;)“I
    [c-y1
    0.08726 562 0.17452 624 0.26177 698 0.34901 329 0.43623 105 0.52342 670
    0.08725 905 0.17447 391 0.26160 165 0.34860 188 0.43543 791 0.52207 785
    0.08724 671 0.17437 550 0.26127 157 0.34782 632 0.43394 028 0.51952 597
    0.08723 006 0.17424 275 0.26082 567 0.34677 648 0.43190 776 0.51605 197
    0.08721 113 0.17409 157 0.26031 693 0.34557 562 0.42957 525 0.51204 932
    0.08719 220 0.17394 015 0.25980 639 0.34436 714 0.42721 938 0.50798 838
    0.08717 554 0.17380 680 0.25935 592 0.34329 797 0.42512 769 0.50436 656
    0.08716 317 0.17370 770 0.25902 064 0.34250 043 0.42356 271 0.50164 622
    0.08715 659 0.17365 493 0.25884 192 0.34207 467 0.42272 556 0.50018 720
    See Example 14.
    Compiled from K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete elliptic integrals, Cambridge Univ.
    Press, Cambridge, England, 1934 (with permission). Known errors have been corrected.
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 617
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND E(p\ol) Table 17.6
    J:(v\a)=Jl(l-sin2 n sin2 S) ‘do
    a(P
    \ 35” 40” 45” 50” 55” 60”
    0 0.61086 524 0.69813 170 0.78539 al6 0.87266 463 0.95993 109 1.04719 755
    2” 0.61082 230 0.69806 905 0.78531 125 0.87254 a83 0.95978 la4 1.04701 051
    4 0.61069 365 0.69788 136 0.78505 085 0.87220 la3 0.95933 459 1.04644 996
    6 0.61047 983 0.69756 935 0.78461 792 0.87162 487 0.95859 083 1.04551 764
    a 0.61018 171 0.69713 427 0.78401 409 0.87081 998 0.95755 301 1.04421 646
    0.60980 055 0.69657 784 0.78324 162 0.86979 001 0.95622 460 1.04255 047
    :2” 0.60933 793
    0.60879 577
    0.69590 226
    0.69511 023
    0.78230 343
    3.78120 308
    0.86853 863
    0.86707 031
    0.95461 005
    0.95271 478
    1.04052 491
    1.03814 615
    :“6
    la
    0.60817 636
    0.60748 229
    0.69420 492
    0.69318 999
    D.77994473
    3.77853323
    0.86539 034
    0.86350 481
    0.95054 522
    0.94810 a78
    1.03542 177
    1.03236 049
    20 0.60671 652 0.69206954 il.77697 402 0.86142 062 0.94541 386 1.02897 221
    22 0.60588 229 0.69084 al4 10.77527316 0.85914 545 0.94246 984 1.02526 804
    0.60498 319 0.68953 083 0.77343 735 0.85668 781 0.93928 709 1.02126 023
    :z 0.60402 308 0.68812 308 0.77147 387 0.85405695 0.93587 699 1.01696 224
    28 0.60300 616 0.68663 077 0.76939 059 0.85126 295 0.93225 la6 1.01238 a73
    0.60193 687 0.68506 023 0.76719 599 0.84831 663 0.92842 504 1.00755 556
    0.60081 994 0.68341 al7 Cl.76489908 0.84522 958 0.92441 083 1.00247 977
    0.59966 035 Oi68171170 Cl.76250947 0.84201 414 0.92022 452 0.99717 966
    0.59846 332 0.67994 830 Cm.76003726 0.83868 340 0.91588 234 0.99167 469
    0.59723 431 0.67813 578 k75749 309 0.83525 115 0.91140 150 0.98598 560
    0.59597 a97 0.67628 229 0.75488 a09 0.83173 189 0.90680 017 0.98013 430
    0.59470312 0.67439 630 0.75223 383 0.82814 080 0.90209 742 0.97414 397
    0.59341278 0.67248 651 0.74954 234 0.82449 369 0.89731 325 0.96803 a99
    0.59211 406 0.67056 191 0.74682 605 0.82080 700 0.89246 a58 0.96184 497
    0.59081 324 0.66863 167 0.74409 773 0.81709 775 0.88758 513 0.95558 a73
    0.58951 664 0.66670 515 0.74137 047 0.81338 346 0.88268 551 0.94929 830
    0.58823 065 0.66479 la3 0.73865 766 0.80968 217 0.87779 305 0.94300 285
    0.58696 171 0.66290 130 0.,73597286 0.80601 230 0.87293 la4 0.93673 272
    0.58571 622 0.66104 317 O-73332979 0.80239 262 0.86812 660 0.93051 931
    0.58450 056 0.65922 707 0.,73074229 0.79884 217 0.86340261 0.92439 505
    0.58332 103 0.65746 255 0.72822 416 0.79538 015 0.85878 561 0.91839 329
    0.58218 382 0.65575 905 0.72578 915 0.79202 582 0.85430 169 0.91254 a21
    0.58109 497 0.65412 585 0.72345 085 0.78879 a39 0.84997 709 0.90689 460
    0.58006 032 0.65257 197 0.72122 260 0.78571 685 0.84583all 0.90146 778
    0.57908 549 0.65110 612 0.71911 737 0.78279 987 0.84191 082 0.89630 323
    0.57817 584 0.64973 667 0.71714 767 0.78006 562 0.83822 090 0.89143 642
    0.57733 641 0.64847 154 0.71532 545 0.77753 157 0.83479 335 0.88690 237
    0.57657 la9 0.64731 al2 0.71366196 0.77521 434 0.83165223 0.88273 530
    0.57588 663 0.64628 328 0.71216 766 0.77312 952 0.82882 031 0.87896 al0
    0.57528 450 0.64537 322 0.71085210 0.77129 143 0.82631 a79 0.87563 la5

    “8:
    a4
    0.57476 897
    0.57434 302 0.64459
    0.64394 347
    879 0.70972
    0.70879 381
    019 0.76840
    0.76971 298
    544 0.82416
    0.82238 694
    177 0.87275
    0.87036 520
    381
    0.57400 912 0.64344 316 0.70805 745 0.76737 830 0.82097 770 0.86847 970
    it 0.57376 921
    0.57362 470 0.64307
    0.64286 973
    075 0.70721
    0.70753 289
    050 0.76663
    0.76619 912
    339 0.81996
    0.81935 631
    604 0.86712
    0.86629 990
    068

    90 0.57357 644 0.64278 761 0.70710 678 0.76604 444 0.81915 204 0.86602 540
    [ (-;)l] [ Qw] [ (-i)3] [ (-l)4] [ (-i)5] [(-(y]

    5 0.61059 734 0.69774 083 0.78485 586 0.87194 199 0.95899 964 1.04603 012
    0.60849 557 0.69467 152 0.78059 337 0.86625 642 0.95166 385 1.03682 664
    :: 0.60451 051 0.68883 790 0.77247 109 0.85539 342 0.93760 971 1.01914 662
    35 0.59906 618 0.68083 664 0.76128 304 0.84036 234 0.91'807la6 0.99445 152
    0.59276 408 0.67152 549 0.74818 650 0.82265 424 0.89489 714 0.96495 146
    5”: 0.58633 563
    0.58057 051
    0.66196 758
    0.65333 a44
    0.73464 525
    0.72232 215
    0.80419 500
    0.78723 a20
    0.87052 066
    0.84788 276
    0.93361 692
    0.90415 063
    ;:a5 0.57621 910
    0.57387 732
    0.64678 548
    0.64324 351
    0.71289 304
    0.70776 799
    0.77414 195
    0.76697 232
    0.83019 625
    0.82042 232
    0.88079 972
    0.86773 361
    618 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Table 17.6 ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND E(a\a)


    qP\4=[“p (l-
    65” 70” 75” 85”
    1.13446 401 1.22173 048 1.30899 694 1.39626 340 1.48352 986 1.57079 633
    1.13423 517 1.22145 628 1.30867 442 1.39589 024 1.48310 448 1.57031 792
    1.13354 929 1.22063 443 1.30770 767 1.39477 lb5 1.48182 929 1.56888 372
    1.13240 a37 1.21926 717 1.30609 91b 1.39291 030 1.47970 717 1.56649 679
    1.13081 573 1.21735 a20 1.30385 297 1.39031 062 1.47674 288 1.56316 223
    1.12877 602 1.21491 274 1.30097 484 1.38697 886 1.47294 312 1.55888 720
    1.12629 522 1.21193 748 1.29747 215 1.38292 302 1.46831 652 1.55368 089
    1.12338 066 1.20844 065 1.29335 393 1.37815 292 1.46287 363 1.54755 458
    1.12004 099 1.20443 195 1.28863 089 1.37268 017 1.45662 693 1.54052 157
    1.11628 624 1.19992 262 1.28331 541 1.36651 a23 1.44959 085 1.53259 729
    1.11212 778 1.19492 542 1.27742 153 1.35968 233 1.44178 179 1.52379 921
    1.10757 a34 1.18945 465 1.27096 502 1.35218 961 1.43321 al3 1.51414 692
    1.10265 204 1.18352 618 1.26396 337 1.34405 903 1.42392 023 1.50366 214
    1.09736 439 1.17715 743 1.25643 578 1.33531 146 1.41391 049 1.49236 a71
    1.09173 228 1.17036 745 1.24840 326 1.32596 967 1.40321 335 1.48029 266
    1.08577404 1.16317 686 1.23988 a58 1.31605 a41 1.39185 532 1.46746 221
    1.07950 942 1.15560 796 1.23091 635 1.30560 436 1.37986 503 1.45390 780
    1.07295 961 1.14768 469 1.22151 305 1.29463 629 1.36727 328 1.43966 215
    1.06614 728 1.13943 273 1.21170 705 1.28318 499 1.35411 306 1.42476 031
    1.05909 660 1.13087 946 1.20152 a70 1.27128 343 1.34041 965 1.40923 972
    1.05183 322 1.12205 408 1.19101 036 1.25896 675 1.32623 Obb 1.39314 025
    1.04438 435 1.11298 760 l.laola 648 1.24627 240 1.31158 614 1.37650 433
    1.03677 875 1.10371 291 1.16909 366 1.23324 019 1.29652 865 1.35937 700
    1.02904 677 1.09426 484 1.15777 077 1.21991 241 1.28110 340 1.34180 606
    1.02122 034 1.08468 023 1.14625 a99 1.20633 398 1.26535 a37 1.32384 218
    1.01333 305 1.07499 796 1.13460 200 1.19255 255 1.24934 449 1.30553 909
    1.00542 010 1.06525 908 1.12284 604 1.17861 a73 1.23311 580 1.28695 374
    0.99751 a35 1.05550 682 1.11104 010 1.16458 621 1.21672 971 1.26814 653
    0.98966 632 1.04578 671 1.09923 b04 1.15051 210 1.20024 724 1.24918 lb2
    0.98190414 1.03614 663 1.08748 883 1.13645 710 1.18373 339 1.23012 722
    0.97427 354 1.02663 689 1.07585 669 1.12248 590 1.16725 747 1.21105 603
    0.96681 780 1.01731 023 1.06440 132 1.10866 752 1.15089 364 1.19204 568
    0.95958 158 1.00822 192 1.05318 al4 1.09507 580 1.13472 145 1.17317 938
    0.95261 084 0.99942 966 1.04228 653 1.08178 986 1.11882 b5a 1.15454 bb8
    0.94595 256 0.99099 354 1.03176 998 1.06889 476 1.10330 172 1.13624 437
    0.93965 447 1.02171 634 1.05648 221
    0.98297 583 1.08824 773 1.11837 774
    0.93376 462 781 1.04465
    0.97544
    1.01220 068 133 1.07377 505 1.10106 217
    0.92833 088 0.96845 360
    1.00333 091 1.03350 951 l.ObOOO556 1.08442 522
    0.92340 024 0.96208 074 0.99517 606 1.02317 331 1.04707 504 1.06860 953
    0.91901 a02 0.95638 776 0.98783 b70 1.01376 904 1.03513 640 1.05377 692
    0.91522 691 0.95143 a47 0.98140 781 1.00543 295 1.02436 393 1.04011 440
    0.91206588 0.94729297 0.97598 331 0.99831 000 1.01495 896 1.02784 362
    0.90956 905 0.94400 544 0.97165 228 0.99255 019 1.00715 650 1.01723 692
    0.90776 445 0.94162 171 0.96849 392 0.98830 025 1.00123 026 1.00864 796
    0.90667 305 0.94017 677 0.96657 142 0.98568915 0.99748 392 1.00258 409
    0.90630 779 0.93969 262 0.96592 583 0.98480 775 0.99619 470 1.00000 000
    [qw] [‘-y]
    ['-;'"] ['-$11
    [
    C-i)3
    1 [ 1 ($4

    1.13303 553 1.22001 a78 1.30698 342 1.39393 358 1.48087 384 1.56780 907
    1.12176 337 1.20649 962 1.29106 728 1.37550 358 1.45984 990 1.54415 050
    1.10005 236 1.18039 569 1.26026 405 1.33976 099 1.41900 286 1.49811 493
    1.06958 479 1.14359 al3 1.21665 a53 1.28896 903 1.36076 208 1.43229 097
    1.03292 bb0 1.09900 a29 1.16345 846 1.22661 050 1.28885 906 1.35064 388
    0.99358 365 1.05063 981 1.10513 448 1.15755 065 1.20849 656 1.25867 963
    0.95606 011 1.00378 508 1.04769 389 1.08838 943 1.12673 373 1.16382 796
    0.92579 978 0.96518 626 0.99915 744 1.02823 305 1.05342 b32 1.07640 511
    0.90857 a73 0.94269 al3 0.96992 212 0.99022 779 1.00394 027 1.01266 351
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 619
    JACOBIAN ZETA FUNCTION +-\a) Table 17.7

    K(,)z(~\,)=K(,)E(,\o)-E(~)F(~\\n)
    K(gO”)2(~\a)=K~~90’)Z(~~~l)=K(9~) tanh IL=- for all ?L
    5” 10” 15” 20” 25” 30”
    0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
    0.000083 0.000164 :- K% 0.000308 0.000367 0.000414
    0.000332 0.000655 0:000957 0.001231 0.001467 0.001658
    0.000748 0.001474 0.002155 0.002770 0.003302 0.003734
    0.001331 0.002621 0.003832 0.004928 0.005875 0.006644
    0.002080 0.004098 0.007706 0.009188 0.010393
    0.002997 0.005905 t "OK;;: 0.011107 0.013246 0.014987
    0.004082 0.008043 0:011765 0.015136 0.018055 0.020433
    0.005337 0.019796 0.023621 0.026740
    0.006761 it. EE! is. E:E 0.025094 0.029951 0.033919
    0.008357 0.016470 0.024105 0.031035 0.037055 0.041981
    0.010125 0.019958 0.029216 0.037627 0.044942 0.050941
    0.012067 0.02379-I 0.034834 0.044878 0.053626 0.060814
    0.014186 0.027972 0.040968 0.052799 0.063119 0.071617
    0.016483 0.032508 0.047624 0.061401 0.073438 0.083373
    0.018962 0.037403 0.054811 0.070696 0.084599 0.096103
    0.021625 0.042664 0.062540 0.080700 0.096624 0.109834
    0.024476 0.048298 0.070823 0.091430 0.109534
    0.027520 0.054315 0.079674 0.102905 0.123356 is :GE;
    0.030761 0.060725 0.089108 0.115148 0.138120 0:157347
    0.034205 0.067540 0.099145 0.128185 0.153860
    0.037860 0.074774 0.109807 0.142046 0.170614 00.:z;
    0.041734 0.082444 0.121118 0.156765 0.188428 0:215197
    0.045835 0.090569 0.133109 0.172383 0.207353 0.237025
    0.050177 0.099172 0.145813 0.188947 0.227450 0.260240
    0.054771 0.108280 0.159273 0.206513 0.248789 0.284929
    0.059634 0.117925 0.173536 0.225145 0.271452 0.311193
    0.064786 0.128146 0.188661 0.244921 0.295538 0.339150
    0.138989 0.204716 0.265933
    : . EZ 0.150510 0.221785 0.288294 "0.
    . ::zl: i*. z%
    0.082227 0.162776 0.239971 0.434726
    0.088818 0.175872 t :::'b:i t 34707sK 0.471170
    0.095876 0.189901 i* z;; 0:364981 0:442321 0.510371
    0.103468 0.204994 0:302637 0.478462 0.552710
    0.111676 0.221320 0.326895 i*. :z;: 0.517644 0.598675
    0.120612 0.239097 0.353322 0.461145 0.560402 0.648900
    0.130420 0.258615 0.382351 0.499384 0.607444 0.704225
    0.141301 0.280272 0.414575 0.541857 0.659739 0.765737
    0.153537 0.304631 0.450832 0.589673 0.718657 0.835238
    0.167542 0.332519 0.492356 0.644462 0.786214 0.914934
    0.183967 0.365230 0.541075 0.708771 0.865556
    0.203902 0.404937 0.600229 0.786884 0.961976 :- E56E
    0.229402 0.455734 0.675918 0.886859 11268462
    0.265091 0.781873 1.026844 :* E%! 1.472953
    0.325753 2. E: 0.962000 1.264856 1:552420 1.820811
    m m 00 m al m

    0.000519 0.001023 0.001496 0.001923 0.002592


    0.004688 0.009238 0.013513 0.017387 0.023479
    0.013105 0.025838 0.048754 0.066098
    0.025973 0.051258 t E'7i 0.097073 0.132373
    0.043755 0.086448 0:127026 0.164459
    0.067477 0.196567 0.255266 i* :::E:
    0.099601 is E8O: 0.291216 0.379430 0:531121
    0.147228 0:292070 0.432134 0.565011
    0.245478 0.487761 0.723644 0.949910 !*. :E+:
    &I? Example 16.
    Compiled from P.F. Byrd and M.D. Friedman, Handbook of elliptic integrals for engineers
    and physicists, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1954 (with permission).
    620 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Table 17.7 JACOBIAN ZETA FUNCTION Z(P\=)


    K(~)z(~\~>=K(or)E((p\u)-E(a)F(~\p\a)
    R(SV)Z(v\P\(r)=K(900)Z(ull)=K(900) tanh u=m for all u
    35” 40” 45” 50” 55” 60”
    0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
    0.000450 0.000471 0.000479 0.000471 0.000450 0.000415
    0.001800 o.ooiaa6 0.001916 0.001887 0.001800 0.001659
    0.004052 0.004248 0.004314 0.004250 0.004056 0.003739
    0.007212 0.007561 0.007681 0.007567 0.007224 0.006660
    o.oli284 o.olia33 0.012023 0.011849 0.011313 0.010433
    0.016276 0.017073 0.017353 0.017106 0.016337 0.015070
    0.022197 0.023293 0.023683 0.023354 0.022312 0.020588
    0.029060 0.030505 0.031029 0.030610 0.029257 0.027006
    0.036876 0.038728 0.039411 0.038897 0.037194 0.034347
    0.045662 0.047979 0.048850 0.048238 0.046150 0.042639
    0.055435 0.058279 0.059372 0.058663 0.056156 0.051912
    0.066216 0.069655 0.071005 0.070203 0.067246 0.062203
    0.078026 0.082132 0.083783 0.082895 0.079461 0.073551
    0.090893 0.095744 0.097742 0.096782 0.092844 0.086003
    0.104844 0.110525 0.112924 0.111909 0.107447 0.099613
    0.119914 0.126515 0.129375 0.128330 0.123327 0.114438
    0.136138 0.143758 0.147147 0.146103 0.140549 0.130548
    0.153557 0.162305 0.166300 0.165296 0.159186 0.14aoia
    0.172220 0.182211 0.186898 0.185983 0.179319 0.166934
    0.192178 0.203541 0.209016 0.208248 0.201042 0.187395
    0.213492 0.226365 0.232738 0.224459 0.209512
    0.236228 0.250764 0.258158 Fl-ZE 0.249691 0.233413
    0.260466 0.276831 0.285383 01285531 0.276871 0.259243
    0.286295 0.304671 0.314535 0.315196 0.306156 0.287169
    0.313816 0.334405 0.345755 0.347064 0.337723 0.317383
    0.343151 0.366173 0.379203 0.381317 0.371776 0.350108
    0.374438 0.400138 0.415067 0.418166 0.408552 0.385601
    0.407844 0.436490 0.453565 0.457861 0.448328 0.424167
    0.443565 0.475457 0.494956 0.500691 0.491428 0.466161
    0.481836 0.517310 0.539547 0.547003 0.538238 0.512007
    0.522947 0.562378 0.587709 0.597211 0.589220 0.562214
    0.567251 0.611064 0.639896 0.651822 0.644933 0.617399
    0.615191 0.663870 0.696670 0.711460 0.706068 0.678320
    0.667330 0.721434 0.758741 0.776910 0.773487 0.745922
    0.724397 0.784577 0.827024 0.849178 0.848294 0.8214il
    0.787359 0.854390 0.902728 0.929590 0.931931 0.906356
    0.857536 0.932355 0.987491 1.019938 1.026343 1.002860
    0.936789 1.020563 1.083621 1.122735 1.134246 1.113848
    1.027859 1.122089 1.194508 1.241670 1.259612 1.243568
    1.135017 1.241721 1.325428 1.382470 1.408589 1.398577
    1.265447 1.387516 1.485245 1.554749 1.591484 1.589820
    1.432669 1.574623 1.690632 1.776579 1.827639 1.837791
    1.667113 1.837147 1.979107 2.088611 2.160541 2.188502
    2.066078 2.284127 2.470622 2.620801 2.729164 2.788909
    m m al m m co

    0.002813 0.002948 0.002994 0.002949 0.002815 0.002594


    0.025510 0.026774 0.027228 0.026855 0.025662 0.023683
    0.071991 0.075754 0.077249 0.076403 0.073210 0.067742
    0.144695 0.152865 0.156547 0.155518 0.149686 0.139108
    0.248154 0.263583 0.271538 0.271473 0.263028
    0.390865 0.418002 0.433972 0.437641 0.428046 8* 24%
    0.590735 0.636916 0.667669 0.680968 0.674774 0:647089
    0.895883 0.975016 1.033955 1.069585 1.078397 1.056317
    1.538234 1.692810 1.820471 1.916972 1.977347 1.995386
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 621
    JACOBIAN ZETA FUNCTION Z(v\a) ‘Table 17.7
    K(+(,~\~)=K(+E(v\~)-E(~)F(~\~)
    R(9OO)Z(~\a)=K(900)Z(u~l)=K(90”) tanh u=- for all u
    65” 70 75” 80" 85” 90”
    0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
    0.000367 0.000308 0.000239 0.000083 8
    0.001468 0.001232 0.000958 it 8E~ 0.000333
    0.003308 0.002776 0.002160 0:001477 0.000750 8
    0.005893 0.004946 0.003849 0.002633 0.001337 0

    0.007751 0.006032 0.004127 0.002096


    t w: 0.011202 0.008718 0.005966 0.003030 00
    0:018231 0.015312 0.011920 0.008158 0.004143
    0.023922 0.020098 0.015649 0.010713 0.005442 8
    0.030438 0.025581 0.019924 0.013642 0.006930 0

    0.037803 0.031783 0.024763 0.016959 0.008617


    0.046047 0.038732 0.030188 0.020680 0.010509 8
    0.055206 0.046459 0.036225 0.024823 0.012617
    0.065319 0.055000 0.042905 0.029411 0.014952 8
    0.076431 0.064397 0.050260 0.034466 0.017526 0

    0.088594 0.058332 0.040018 0.020354


    0.101867 t 87sE16 0.067164 0.046099 0.023454 :
    0.116315 01098224 0.076808 0.052747 0.026845
    0.132015 0.111585 0.087324 0.060004 0.030550 00
    0.149053 0.126114 0.098779 0.067920 0.034595 0

    0.167527 0.141905 0.111254 0.076554 0.039011 0


    0.187551 0.159064 0.124839 0.085973 0.043833 0
    0.209254 0.177713 0.139641 0.096255 0.049104
    0.232785 0.197996 0.155784 0.107493 0.054874 i
    0.258315 0.220078 0.173414 0.119798 0.061201 0

    0.286045 0.244154 0.192704 0.133299 0.068157


    0.316206 0.270454 0.213858 0.148154 0.075826 8
    0.349070 0.299246 0.237121 0.164550 0.084312
    0.384960 0.330854 0.262789 0.182720 0.093745 8
    0.424255 0.365664 0.291220 0.202947 0.104281 0

    0.467411 0.404143 0.322854 0.225584 0.116121 0


    0.514976 0.446860 0.358236 0.251076 0.129521
    0.567621 0.494517 0.279993 0.144812 i
    0.626169 0.547987 : tE58 0.313069 0.162430 0
    0.691653 0.608372 0:494668 0.351277 0.182965 0

    0.765385 0.677086 0.554038 0.395917 0.207230 0


    0.849072 0.755975 0.623195 0.448779 0.236382
    0.944993 0.847508 0.704762 0.512376 0.272114 i
    1.056298 0.955095 0.802400 0.590350 0.317015
    1.187535 1.083634 0.921408 0.688163 0.375226 00

    1.345674 1.240571 1.069839 0.814374 0.453784


    1.542281 1.438150 1.260828 0.983236 0.565578 Ii
    1.798909 1.698985 1.518315 1.220780 0.736684
    2.163806 2.073357 1.894760 1.583040 1.028059 8
    2.790834 2.721008 2.555104 2.241393 1.628299 0

    m on 0 m L-a

    0.002295 0.001926 0.001498 0.001025 0.000520


    0.020975 0.013718 0.009390 0.004769 8
    0.060141 i- oa157066:: 0.039483 0.027060 0.013755 0
    0.124003 0:104764 0.081953 0.056296 0.028657 0
    0.220781 0.187640 t y;w; 0.101748 0.051923
    0.366615 0.314676 0.173397 0.088901 00
    0.596098 0.520463 0:419877 0.295957 0.153297
    0.998480 0.899033 0.751288 0.549278 0.293208 00
    1.962673 1.866624 1.686113 1.380465 0.860811 0
    622 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Table 17.8 HEUMAN’S LAMBDA FUNCTION ~&\a)

    AO(P\4 =- F(p’go”-~)+~K(~)Z(p\90”-~)=H
    K’(ol) {K(rr)E(v\90”-a)-[K(a)-E(~)]qco\SOo-+
    a%+
    \0 5” 10” 15” 20” 25” 30”
    0.087156 0.173648 0.258819 0.342020 0.422618 0.500000
    F! 0.087129 0.173595 0.258740 0.341916 0.422490 0.499848
    4 0.087050 0.173437 0.258504 0.341604 0.422104 0.499391
    0.086917 0.173173 0.258111 0.341084 0.421462 0.498633
    86 0.086732 0.172804 0.257562 0.340359 0.420566 0.497574

    0.086495 0.172332 0.256858 0.339430 0.419419 0.496219


    0.086206 0.171757 0.256001 0.338299 0.418024 0.494572
    0.085866 0.171080 0.254994 0.336969 0.416385 0.492638
    0.085476 0.170303 0.253838 0.335445 0.414506 0.490424
    0.085037 0.169429 0.252536 0.333729 0.412394 0.487937

    20 0.084549 0.168458 0.251092 0.331827 0.410054 0.485184


    22 0.084013 0.167393 0.249509 0.329743 0.407492 0.482176
    0.083432 0.166236 0.247790 0.327483 0.404717 0.478920
    $2 0.082806 0.164991 0.245941 0.325052 0.401736 0.475428
    28 0.082136 0.163661 0.243966 0.322458 0.398558 0.471710
    30 0.081425 0.162247 0.241870 0.319707 0.395191 0.467777
    32 0.080674 0.160755 0.239657 0.316806 0.391645 0.463642
    0.079884 0.159187 0.237335 0.313764 0.387930 0.459316
    ;"b 0.079058 0.157548 0.234908 0.310587 0.384057 0.454813
    38 0.078198 0.155842 0.232383 0.307286 0.380037 0.450147
    40 0.077307 0.154073 0.229767 0.303869 0.375880 0.445330
    0.076385 0.152246 0.227068 0.300346 0.371600 0.440378
    It 0.075436 0.150367 0.224292 0.296727 0.367209 0.435306
    46 0.074463 0.148439 0.221447 0.293022 0.362720 0.430127
    48 0. 073469 0.146470 0.218543 0.289242 0.358145 0.424860
    0.072455 0.144464 0.215587 0.285399 0.353500 0.419519
    0.071426 0.142428 0.212589 0.281505 0.348799 0.414121
    0.070385 0.140370 0.209558 0.277573 0.344057 0.408685
    0.069336 0.138295 0.206506 0.273616 0.339290 0.403228
    0.068281 0.136211 0.203443 0.269648 0.334516 0.397769

    0.067226 0.134126 0.200380 0.265684 0.329751 0.392328


    0.066175 0.132049 0.197331 0.261739 0.325015 0.386926
    0.065131 0.129989 0.194307 0.257832 0.320328 0.381586
    0.064100 0.127955 0.191324 0.253979 0.315710 0.376331
    0.063088 0.125958 0.188396 0.250200 0.311185 0.371186
    0.062100 0.124009 0.185540 0.246517 0.306778
    7720 0.061143 0.122121 0.182774 0.242952 0.302515 00.z::2"
    0.060223 0.120307 0.180119 0.239531 0.298427 0: 356706
    :i 0.059348 0.118583 0.177596 0.236282 0.294547 0.352309
    78 0.058528 0.116967 0.175231 0.233238 0.290914 0.348194
    0.057773 0.115479 0.173054 0.230436 0.287571 0.344410
    8820 0.057095 0.114143 0.171099 0.227922 0.284573 0.341017
    0.056508 0.112988 0.169410 0.225750 0.281983 0.338088
    2 0.056034 0.112053 0.168043 0.223992 0.279887 0.335718
    88 0.055698 0.111392 0.167078 0.222751 0.278408 0.334046
    90 0.055556 0.111111

    [ 1 [(-y-1 [c-y1 [c-y1 [c-y1


    0.166667 0.222222 0.277778 0.333333
    C-55)2 c-p
    [1 I
    5 0.086990 0.173318 0.258327 0.341370 0.421815 0.499050
    0.085677 0.170704 0.254434 0.336231 0.415475 0.491565
    E 0.083124 0.165625 0.246882 0.326288 0.403252 0.477203
    35 0.079476 0.158377 0.236134 0.312192 0.386013 0.457086
    45 0.074953 0.149408 0.222878 0.294884 0.364976 0.432729
    0.069861 0.139334 0.208034 0.275597 0.341676 0.405958
    2; 0.064614 0.128968 0.192809 0.255897 0.318009 0.378946
    75 0.059779 0.119433 0.178839 0.237883 0.296459 0.354475
    a5 0.056256 0.112490 0.168682 0.224814 0.280867 0.336826
    Compiled from C. Heuman, Tables of complete elliptic integrals, J. Math. Phys. 20, 127-206,
    1941 (with permission).
    ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS 623
    HEUMAN’S LAMBDA FUNCTION +\a) Table 17.8

    35” 40” 50” 55” 60”


    0.573576 0.642788 0.707107 0.766044 0.819152 0.866025
    0.573402 0.642592 0.706891 0.765811 0.818903 0.865762
    0.572878 0.642006 0.706247 0.765113 0.818157 0.864975
    0.572009 0.641032 0.705177 0.763956 0.816922 0.863674
    0.570795 0.639674 0.703687 0.762347 0.815210 0.861876
    0.569244 0.637940 0.701786 0.760298 0.813034 0.859602
    0.567360 0.635836 0.757822 0.810416 0.856877
    0.565150 0.633373 is E% 0.754937 0.807375 0.853731
    0.630561 0:693729 0.751660 0.803935 0.850194
    t . %% 0.627412 0.690306 0.748011 0.800123 0.846297
    0.556657 0.623939 0.686540 0.744012 0.795963 0.842073
    0.553238 0.620157 0.682450 0.739683 0.791483 0.837553
    0.549546 0.616080 0.678054 0.735049 0.786709 0.832766
    0.545591 0.611725 0.673372 0.730130 0.781667 0.827743
    0.541389 0.607107 0.668422 0.724951 0.776384 0.822510
    0.536953 0.602244 0.663225 0.719533 0.770883 0.817093
    0.597153 0.657801 0.713900 0.765190 0.811517
    is :;:z 0.591851 0.652170 0.708073 0.759326 0.805804
    0:522388 0.586356 0.646351 0.702074 0.753314 0.799976
    0.517165 0.580687 0.640365 0.695923 0.747177 0.794052
    0.511786 0.574862 0.634231 0.689642 0.740932 0.788051
    0.506266 0.568898 0.627970 0.683251 0.734602 0.781992
    0.500622 0.562815 0.621600 0.676769 0.728203 0.775891
    0.494873 0.556632 0.615142 0.670217 0.721756 0.769764
    0.489034 0.550366 0.608615 0.663613 0.715277 0.763627
    0.483125 0.544038 0.602038 0.656976 0.708785 0.757496
    0.477164 0.537668 0.595432 0.650326 0.702298 0.75-1385
    0.471170 0.531275 0.588817 0.643682 0.695832 0.745310
    0.465163 0.524879 0.582212 0.637064 0.689405 0.739286
    0.459163 0.518502 0.575640 0.630491 0.683037 0.733329
    0.453192 0.512167 0.569122 0.623985 0.676745 0.727455
    0.447272 0.505895 0.562680 0.617567 0.670549 0.721680
    0.441428 0.499711 0.556339 0.611258 0.664469 0.716024
    0.435683 0.493642 0.550124 0.605085 0.658528 0.710504
    0.430065 0.487715 0.544062 0.599072 0.652749 0.705142
    0.424604 0.481959 0.538183 0.593247 0.647159 0.699961
    0.419332 0.476408 0.532519 0.587641 0.641784 0.694985
    0.414284 0.471098 0.527106 0.582290 0.636659 0.690244
    0.409500 0.466070 0.521985 0.577231 0.631818 0.685770
    0.405026 0.461371 0.517202 0.572511 0.627303 0.681601
    0.400915 0.457055 0.512813 0.568181 0.623166 0.677782
    0.397229 0.453189 0.508883 0.564307 0.619464 0.674368
    0.394049 0.449853 0.505494 0.560967 0.616276 0.671427
    0.391477 0.447157 0.502754 0.558268 0.613700 0.669053
    0.389662 0.445255 0.500823 0.556366 0.611884 0.667379
    0.388889
    0.444444 0.500000 0.555556 0.611111 0.666647

    c 1 [(-j)l1
    (-;I1 [
    c-y
    I [(-p1 [
    (-$)l
    I [c-y1
    0.572487 0.641567 13.705765 0.764592 0.817600 0.864388
    0.563926 0.632010 13.695307 0.753346 0.805703 0.852010
    0.547600 0.613936 11.675748 0.732623 0.784220 0.830282
    0.524935 0.589127 0.649283 0.705094 0.756337 0.802903
    0.497760 0.559735 11.618381 0.673501 0.724985 0.772830
    0.468167 0.528076 0.585512 0.640369 0.692612 0.742291
    0.438541 0.496661 11.553214 0.608153 0.661480 0.713246
    0.411857 0.468546 0.524506 0.579721 0.634200
    0.392679 0.448417 0.504034 0.559529 0.614903
    624 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Table 17.8 HEUMAN’S LAMBDA FUNCTION ~,+\ol)

    65 70" 75” 80 85" 90”


    0.906308 0.939693 0.965926 0.984808 0.996195
    0.906032 0.939407 0.965633 0.984511 0.995903 :
    0.905210 0.938559 0.964769 0.983652 0.995130
    0.903857 0.937172 0.963376 0.982315 0.994063 11
    0.901997 0.935282 0.961512 0.980599 0.992833 1

    0.899660 0.932934 0.959244 0.978597 0.991511 1


    0.896881 0.930177 0.956638 0.976384 0.990135
    0.893699 0.927061 0.953755 0.974016 0.988727 :
    0. a90152 0.923634 0.950646 0.971534 0.987299
    0. a86280 0.919940 0.947355 0.968969 0.985858 :

    0.882119 0.916018 0.943918 0.966343 0.984410


    0. a77704 0. 91.1904 0.940364 0.963671 :
    0.873068 0.907630 0.936718 0.960968 i- K”o:
    0. a68240 0.903221 0.933000 0.958241 0: 980054 :
    0.863249 0.898703 0.929226 0.955500 0.978604 1

    0. a58117 0. a94095 0.925409 0.952751 0.977159


    0. a52869 0. a89416 0.921563 0.949998 0.975719 :
    0. a47523 0.884681 0.917695 0.947247 0.974286
    0. a42100 0.913817 0.944502 0.972861 :
    0. a36615 : . t:E:: 0.909935 0.941766 0.971445 1

    0.831085 0. a70277 0.906056 0.939042 0.970039


    0. a25524 0.865449 0.902188 0.936335 0.968644 :
    0.819946 0.860625 0.898337 0.933647 0.967262 1
    0.814365 0. a55814 0. a94508 0.930981 0.965894
    0.808792 0.851026 0.890708 0.928341 0.964540 :

    0.803241 0.846269 0.886942 0.925731 0.963204


    0.797724 0. a41553 0.883216 0.923152 0.961885 i
    0.792252 0. a36887 0. a79537 0.920610 0.960586
    0.786839 0.832280 0. a75911 0.918108 0.959309 :
    0.781496 0. a27742 0. a72345 0.915649 0.958055 1

    0.776237 0.823283 0. a68846 0.956826


    0.771077 0. ala913 0.865421 is 99E: 0.955626 :
    0.766029 0.814645 0. a62080 0: 908588 0.954457
    0.761110 0.810490 0. a58831 0.906357 0.953321 1’
    0.756338 0.806464 0.855685 0.904198 0.952223 1

    0.751731 0.802581 0.852654 0.902119 0.951166


    0.747312 0.798860 0. a49751 0.900129 0.950154 i
    0.743104 0.795319 0.846990 0.898237 0.949193
    0.739137 0.791983 0. a44390 0.896456 0.948288 :
    0.735442 0.788877 0. a41 972 0.894800 0.947446 1

    0.732059 0.786036 0. a39759 0.893286 0.946677


    0.729036 0.783497 0.837783 0. a91933 0.945990 1’
    0.726434 0.781312 0. a36083 0. a90770 0.945400
    0.724333 0.779549 0. a34711 0.889831 0.944923 :
    0.722852 0.778307 0. a33745 0.889170 0.944587 1

    [(-p1 [(-y 1 [(-i)7 1 c(-!)5 1 [ 1


    0.722222 0.777778 0. a33333 0.888889 0.944444 1
    t-y

    0.904599 0.937930 0.964135 0.983037 0.994624


    0.891969 0.925384 0.952226 0.972787 0.988015 :
    0.870676 0.905441 0.934867 0.959607 0.980779 1
    0.844820 0.882297 0.915757 0.945873 0.973573
    0.817155 0. a58217 0.896419 0.932311 0.966576 :
    0.789537 0.834576 0. a77717 0.919353 0.959944 1
    0.763552 0.812552 0.860443 0.907464 0.953885
    0.741089 0.793624 0.845669 0. a97332 0.948733 :
    0.725315 0.780373 0.835352 0.890270 0.945145 1
    ELIJPTIC INTEGRALS 625

    ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE THIRD KIND n (n; +‘\a) Table 17.9

    an;v\+sop(l- 72sin2 @-'[l--sin2 LYsin2 0]+ds


    15" 30" 45" 60" 75" 90
    0.26180 0.52360 0.78540 1.04720 1.30900 1.57080
    0.26200 0.52513 0.79025 1.05774 1.32733 1.59814
    0.26254 0.52943 0.80437 1.08955 1.38457 1.68575
    0.26330 0. 53562 0.82602 1.14243 1.48788 1.85407
    0.26406 0 542413 0.85122 1.21260 1.64918 2.15651
    0.26463 0: 54736 0.87270 1.28371 1.87145 2.76806
    0.26484 0. 54991 0.88137 1.31696 2.02759 06
    0.26239 0.52820 0.80013 1.07949 1.36560 1.65576
    0.26259 0.52975 0.80514 1.09058 1.38520 1.68536
    0.26314 0.53412 0.81972 1.12405 1.44649 1.78030
    0.26390 0.54041 0.84210 1.17980 1.55739 1.96326
    0.26467 0.54712 0.86817 1.25393 1.73121 2.29355
    0.26524 0.55234 0.89040 1.32926 1.97204 2.966101
    0.26545 0.55431 0.89939 1.36454 2.14201 co
    0.26249 0.53294 0.81586 1.11534 1.43078 1.75620
    0.26319 0. 5345.2 0.82104 1.12705 1.45187 1.78850
    0.26374 0.53896 0.83612 1.16241 1.51792 1.89229
    0.26450 0. 545315 0.85928 1.22139 1.63775 2.09296
    0.26527 0.55217 0.88629 1.30003 1.82643 2.45715
    0.26585 0.90934 1.38016 2.08942 3.20448
    0.26606 !*. zt13 0.91867 1.41777 2.27604 m
    0.26359 0.53784 0.83271 1.15551 1.50701 1.87746
    0.26379 0.53945 0.83808 1.16791 1.52988 1.91309
    0.26434 0.54396 0.85370 1.20543 1.60161 2.02779
    0.26511 0.55046 0.87771 1.26812 1.73217 2.25038
    0.26588 0.55739 0.90574 1.35193 1.93879 2.65684
    0.26646 0.56278 0.92969 1.43759 2.22876 3.49853
    0.26667 0.56483' 0.93938 1.47789 2.43581 al
    0.26420 0.54291 0.85084 1.20098 1.59794 2.02789
    0.26440 0.54454 0.85641 1.21419 1.62298 2.06774
    0.26495 0.54912 0.87262 1.25419 1.70165 2.19629
    0.26572 0.55573 0.89756 1.32117 1.84537 2.44683
    0.26650 0.56278 0.92670 1.41098 2.07413 2.90761
    0.26708 0.56827 0.95162 1.50309 2.39775 3.87214
    0.26729 0.57035 0.96171 1.54653 2.63052 m
    0.26481 0.54814 0.87042 1.25310 1.70919 2.22144
    0.26501 0.54980 0.87621 1.26726 1.73695 2.26685
    0.26557 0.55447 0.89307 1.31017 1.82433 2.41367
    0.26634 0.56119 0.91902 1.38218 1.98464 2.70129
    0.26712 0.56837 0.94939 1.47906 2.24155 3.23477
    0.26770 0.57394 0.97538 1.57881 2.60846 4.36620
    0.26792 0.57606 0.98591 1.62599 2.87468 00
    0.26543 0.55357 0.89167 1.31379 1.85002 2.48365
    0.26563 0.55525 0.89770 1.32907 1.88131 2.53677
    0.26619 0.56000 0.91527 1.37544 1.98005 2.70905
    0.26696 0.56684 0.94235 1.45347 2.16210 3.04862
    0.26775 0,57414 0.97406 1.55884 2.45623 3.68509
    0.26833 0.57982 1.00123 1.66780 2.88113 5.05734
    0.26855 0.58198 1.01225 1.71951 3.19278 00

    [ C-f)5
    1 c 1 [
    c-:)4 (-72
    1 [C-f)7
    1
    $3~ Examples 15-20.
    626 ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

    Table 17.9 ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE THIRD KIND n(n; ~\a)

    Nn; v\a,=JJ (l- n sin2 e)-'[l-sin2 a sin2 e]-*dfI


    n ff\P 30" 45" 60" 75" 90”
    15”
    0.7 O0 0.26605 0.55918 0.91487 1.38587 2.03720 2.86787
    15 0.26625 0.56090 0.92116 1.40251 2.07333 2.93263
    0":: 30 0.26681 0.56573 0.93952 1.45309 2.18765 3.14339
    45 0.26759 0.57270 0.96784 1.53846 2.39973 3.56210
    i:: 60 0.26838 0.58014 1.00104 1.65425 2.74586 4.35751
    0.26897 0.58592 1.02954 1.77459 3.25315 6.11030
    i:: ;o' 0.26918 0.58812 1.04110 1.83192 3.63042 03

    0.26668 0.56503. 0.94034 1.47370 2.30538 3.51240


    0.26688 0.56676 0.94694 1.49205 2.34868 3.59733
    0.26745 0.57168 0.96618 1.54790 2.48618 3.87507
    0.26823 0.57877 0.99588 1.64250 2.74328 4.43274
    0.26902 0.58635 1.03076 1.77145 3.16844 5.51206
    0.26961 0.59225 1.06073 1.90629 3.80370 7.96669
    0.26982 0.59449 1.07290 1.97080 4.28518 w

    0.26731 0.57106 0.96853 1.58459 2.74439 4.96729


    8-Z 0.26752 0.57284 0.97547 1.60515 2.79990 5.09958
    0:9 0.26808 0.57785 0.99569 1.66788 2.97710 5.53551
    0.9 0.26887 0.58508 1.02695 1.77453 3.31210 6.42557
    0.26966 0.59281 1.06372 1.92081 3.87661 8.20086
    iE 0.27025 0.59882 1.09535 2.07487 4.74432 12.46407
    0: 9 0.27047 0.60110 1.10821 2.14899 5.42125 m
    1.0 0.26795 0.57735 1.00000 1.73205 3.73205 a,
    0.26816 0.57916 1.00731 1.75565 3.81655 00
    ::: 0.26872 0.58428 1.02866 1.82781 4.08864 00
    0.26951 0.59165 1.06170 1.95114 4.61280 00
    i-i 0.27031 0.59953 1.10060 2.12160 5.52554 co
    1: 0 0.27090 0.60566 1.13414 2.30276 7.00372 00
    1. 0 0.27112 0.60799 1.14779 2.39053 8.22356 co

    [ Q5)5
    1 [ C-$5
    1 [(-f)l1
    18. Weierstrass Elliptic and Related
    Functions
    THOMAS H. SOUTHARD ’

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties ............ + ....... 629
    18.1. Definitions, Symbolism, Restrictions and Conventions . . 629
    18.2. Homogeneity Relations, Reduction Formulas and Processes. 631
    18.3. Special Values and Relations ............. 633
    18.4. Addition and Multiplication Formulas ......... 635
    18.5. Series Expansions. .................. 635
    18.6. Derivatives and Differential Equations ......... 640
    18.7. Integrals, ...................... 641
    18.8. Conformal Mapping ................. 642
    18.9. Relations with Complete Elliptic Integrals K and K’ and
    Their Parameter m and with Jacobi’s Elliptic Functions , 649
    18.10. Relations with Theta Functions ............ 650
    18.11. Expressing any Elliptic Function in Terms of Q.3 and @’ , . 651
    18.12. Case A=0 ...................... 651
    18.13. Equianharmonic Case (g2=0, g3= 1) ........... 652
    18.14. Lemniscatic Case (g,=l, g3=O). ............ 658
    18.15. Pseudodemniscatic Case (g,= - 1, g3=O) ....... 662

    Numerical Methods ...................... 663


    18.16. Use and Extension of the Tables ............ 663

    References .......................... 670

    1 University of California, National Bureau of Standards, and California State College


    at Hayward.
    627
    628 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 18.1. Table for Obtaining Periods for Invariants g2 and g3 Page
    G2=g2g3-2fi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673

    Non-Negative Discriminant (3 I z2 5 03)

    wgY, f$f+g ln(J2-3); T2=3(.05)3.4, 7D

    wg;le, w’g:“/i; ;2=3.4(.1)5(.2)10, 7D


    wg;‘eg:‘4, w’g:‘“ij:“/i; ?;I=.1 (-.Ol)O, 7D
    Non-Positive Discriminant (- a0 5J2 5 3)
    w2gY61&p4, w’zg:‘eljj$‘4/i; J;‘=O(-.01)--.2, 7D
    wzg;“, w;g:‘6/i; J;‘=-.2(-.05)-l, 7D

    w2gi”, + g:‘“+$ h(3-y,); J2=-1(.2)3, 7D

    Table 18.2. Table for Obtaining @, @’ and 5 on Oz and Oy (Unit


    Real Half-Period- Period Ratio a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
    Positive Discriminant (0 5s 5 1, 0 <y <a)
    z2 p(z), 2 @j’(z), zf(z),u=l, 1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 4
    2=0(.05)1, y=O(.O5) 1.1, 1.2 (.2) a, 6--8D
    Negative Discrimiuant (0 5x 5 1, 0 -<y <a/2)

    2 g(z), 2 @‘(z>, z{(z),a=l, 1.05,1.15,1.3, 1.5, 2, 4


    x=0(.05)1, y=O(.O5)1 (.l)b(bla/2), 7D

    Table 18.3. Invariants and Values at Half-Periods (1 <~<m) (Unit


    Real Half-Period). 680
    a=i(.o2)i.s(.d5)‘z.~(.i)‘q,‘oD, S--&b ’ ’ * * ’ ’ ’ * ’ * ’ * ’
    Ndn-Negative Discriminant
    s2, g3, el= @ (0, e3= @ (4, v=SO>, tl’/~=lbW, 4), 4W, &J
    Non-Positive Discriminant
    92, s3, el, a=W>, d/~=W)/~, u(l), u(w#, u(w’)

    The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance and encouragement of the personnel
    of Numerical Analysis Research, UCLA (especially Dr. C. B. Tompkins for generating the
    author’s interest in the project, and Mrs. H. 0. Rosay for programming and computing,
    hand calculation and formula checking) and the personnel of the Computation Laboratory
    (especially R. Capuano, E. Godefroy, D. Liepman, B. Walter and R. Zucker for the prepara-
    tion and checking of the tables and maps).
    629
    18. Weierstrass Elliptic and Related Functions

    Mathematical Properties

    18.1. Definitions, Symbolism, Restrictions and Invarlants ~8 and g3


    Conventions Let W=2Mw+2Nw‘, M and N being integers.
    Then
    An elliptic function is a single-valued doubly
    periodic function of a single complex variable 18.1.1. ga=6OZ’W-’ and g3=1402’Wse
    which is analytic except at poles and whose only
    are the INVARIANTS, summation being over all
    singularities in the finite plane are poles. If w and
    pairs M, N except M=N=O.
    w’ are a pair of (primitive) half-periods of such a
    function f(z), then f(z+2il4~+2Nw’)=f(z), M Alternate Symbolism Emphasising Invariants
    and N being integers. Thus the study of any
    18.1.2 @ (4 = @ (2; $72,93)
    such function can be reduced to consideration of
    18.1.3 @‘(4=P’(z; 92, Sal
    its behavior in a fundamental period paradelo-
    18.1.4 e9=T(z; 92, Sal
    gram (FPP). An elliptic function has a finite
    18.1.5 “M=&; g2, gal
    number of poles (and the same number of zeros)
    in a FPP; the number of such poles (zeros) (an Fundamental Differential Equation, Discrim,inant and
    irreducible set) is the order of the function (poles Related Quantities
    and zeros are counted according to their multi- 18.1.6 9 “k+=4 ~“(4-92 @ (4-93
    plicity). All other poles (zeros) are called con-
    18.1.7
    gruent to the irreducible set. The simplest (non-
    trivial) elliptic functions are of order two. One =4( P (4---ed( @ Cd--e2)( P (4-e3)
    may choose as the standard function of order two 18.1.8
    either a function with two simple poles (Jacobi’s
    choice) or one double pole (Weiemtrass’ choice) A=&-27&=16(e2-e3)2(e3-e1)2(e1-e2)2
    in a FPP. 18.1.9
    Wekrstrass’ @-Function. Let W, w’ denote a ga=--4(elea+ele3+e2e3)=2(et+e:+e~)
    pair of complex numbers with Jf(w’/w)>O. Then
    18.1.10 g3=4ele2e3=#(ef+e:+e~)
    p(z)= @ (zlw, w’) is an elliptic function of order
    two with periods 20, 2w’ and having a double pole 18.1.11 el+e2+e3=0
    at z=O, whose principal part is zwa; @ (z) - .z-’ is 18.1.12 eHf#-ei=gV3
    analytic in a neighborhood of the origin and ‘van-
    18.1.13 4et-gsel-g3=0(i=l, 2, 3)
    ishes at z=O.
    Weierstrass’ ~-Function j(z) = f(zIw, w’) satisfies Agreement ahout Values of Invariants (and Discrim-
    the condition l’(z) = - @ (z) ; further, c(z) has a inant)
    simple pole at z=O whose principal part is 2-I; We shall consider, in this chapter, only recal g2
    {(2)-z-’ vanishes at z=O and is analytic in a and g3 (this seems to cover most applications)-
    neighborhood of the origin. t(z) is NOT an hence A is real. We shall dichotomize most of
    elliptic function, since it is not periodic. However, what follows (either A>0 or A<O>. Homoge-
    it is quasi-periodic (see “period” relations):, so neity relations 18.2.1-18.2.15 enable a further
    reduction to FPP is possible. restriction to non-negative g3 (except for one case
    Weierstrass’ u-Function u(z) = u(zIw, w’) satisfies when A=O).
    the condition u’(z)/u(z)=~(z); further, u(z) is an
    entire function which vanishes at the origin. Note on Symbolism for Roots of Complex Numbers and
    for Conjugate Complex Numbers
    Like t, it is NOT an elliptic function, since it is
    not periodic. However, it is quasi-periodic (see In this chapter, elln
    _ (n a positive integer) is used
    “period’, relations), so reduction to FPP is pos- to denote the principal nth root of z, as in chapter
    sible. 3; 5 is used to denote the complex conjugate af z.
    630 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    FPP’s, Symbols for Periods, etc.

    A>0 Y A<0

    2w’ 202
    J

    R2 R3

    co'
    R,= R4
    +FPP

    r r WX
    0 w 2w

    RECTANGLE FIGURE 18.1 RHOMBUS

    w1=w

    w=wfw’ w&w’-w

    w=w’

    w REAL wa REAL
    w’ PURE IMAG. w; PURE IMAG.
    1W’ 12 w, since g3 Z 0 Iw:I 2 02, since ga2 0
    Fundamental Rectangles

    Study of all four functions (,f$ , @ ‘t 1, u) can be reduced to consideration of their values in a Funda-
    mental Rectangle including the origin (see 18.2 on homogeneity relations, reduction formulas and
    processes).
    A>0 A<0

    Fundamental Rectangle is i FPP, which has ver- Fundamental Rectangle has vertices 0, w2, w&$

    tices 0, w, waand w’

    UP

    FUNDAMENTAL
    RECTANGLE
    (+ FPP)

    -x

    FIGURE 18.2
    There is a point on the right boundary of Fundamental Rectangle where @ =O. Denote it by 4.
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 631
    18.2. Homogeneity Relations, Reduction The Case ga<O

    Formulas and Processea Put t=i and obtain, e.g.,


    Homogeneity Relations (Suppose t # 0)
    Note that Period Ratio is preserved. 18.2.16 @(z; 92, gJ = - @‘(iz; ga, -ga)
    18.2.1 @‘(tzlto, h’)=t-3@‘(ZIq 0’) Thus the case g3<0 can be reduced to one where
    18.2.2 @ (tzltw, tw’) =t-‘$p (z/w, w’) sa>o*
    18.2.3 {(tzltw, tw’) =t-‘{(zlw, 0’) “Period” Relations and Reduction to the FPP (M,N
    integers)
    18.2.4 u(tzlkd, ta’) =tu(zIw, 0’)
    18.2.17 p(Z+2&+2Nw’)~ p(z)
    18.2.5 g*(tw, to’) =f4g2(w, w’)
    18.2.18 @ (z+2Mo+2Nw’) = p (2)
    18.2.6 g&w tf.4 = f-%b, 4
    18.2.7 e,(tw, td)=te2et(w, w’), i=l, 2, 3 18.2.19
    18.2.8 A&o, tw’) =t-“A(w, w’) c(z+2Mw+2Nw’) =@) +2Mq+2N$
    18.2.9 H,(tw, t~‘)=t-~H~(w, w’), i=l, 2, 3 18.2.20
    (See 18.3)
    u(z+2Mw+2Nw’)
    18.2.10 !I@% iw=!&, 4 (See 18.10)
    =(-1) M+N+MNu(~) exp [(z+Mw+Nw’)(2Mq
    18.2.11 m(tw, tw’)=m(w, w’) (See 18.9)
    +24w1
    18.2.12 @‘(tz; t-4g2, t-“g3) =t+ @‘(z; gz, ga)
    18.2.21 where q={(w), q’={(w’)
    18.2.13 @ (tz; t-‘g2, t-Oga)=t-“@ (z; 92, ga)
    “tin jugate” Values
    18.2.14 f&z; t-4gs, t-“gJ =t-‘{(z; ga, ga)
    j(Z)=J<z), where j is any one of the functions
    18.2.15 a(&; t-‘ga, t+ga) =tu(z; ga, ga)
    @, P, 6, Q*

    Reduction to ‘/ FPP (See Figure 18.1)


    A>0 Ah<0
    (Z denotes conjugate of s)
    Point ~4 in R,
    18.2.22 a’=---$mBw) JI.qI,)=-p’(2C@--z4)

    18.2.23 g (4 = 3 @w- 24) Lw4)=PcG=a


    --
    18.2.24 rw = --J@w-4 +a ~(2,)=-~(2w2-223+2(~+~‘)
    --
    18.2.25 u(zJ=u(2w-2,) exp [2q(z,--w)] ~(23 =$GZj exp Dh+rl’) (a--41
    Point 5a in Ra
    18.2.26 @‘&a)=- @‘me-4 @‘(za)= --@‘&r~~
    18.2.27 9 6%)= @ Gk?- za) @ @a) = @ ch- 4
    18.2.28 l(za> = --1er-%za)+~h+B’~ ea)=--~(2~-zJ+2(q+q’)
    18~%~ ~(4 =u@w-4 exp Ph+r13 b-w31 u(za)=u(2@2-22) exp P(ll+ll’)(%---o2)1
    Point 53 in RI
    18.2.30 @‘(z$) =~$pizo’) Gw2)=m2)
    18.2.31 @ (4 =B G=zo’) mz1)=PGl
    --
    18.2.32 s%) =fh--2w’) +%I’ m-J =m
    --
    18.2.33 u(zg)= -u(z+2w’) exp [2T&?3-w’)] 4%) =x2)
    632 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    !W’
    Reduction from l/r FPFa; T;u<ngdamental Rectangle in

    We need only be concerned with the case when


    z is in triangle A2 (therefore 2w’--z is in triangle
    1 AI>.
    JP + $ 18.2.34 @(z)=&D(2d-2)
    18.2.35 @p’(z)=--@‘(20’-2)
    18.2.36 Z(z)=2?f---5(26+-z)
    18.2.37 u(z)=u(~w’-2) exp [24(2-a’)]
    -x
    2
    FJGURE 18.3

    Reduction to Case where Real Half-Period is Unity

    (preserving period ratio)

    00 A<0
    (w*=w+w’)

    18.2.38

    18.2.39

    18.2.40

    18.2.41

    18.2.42

    18.243 .g3(0, w’)=w-6g3

    18.2.44

    (i=1,2,3) (i=1,2,3)

    18.2.45 A(w, w’)=w-l*A

    NOTE: New real half-period is


    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 633

    18.3. Special Values and Relations


    Values at Periods

    @‘, @‘9 and { are infinite, u is zero at 2.=2w1, i=1,2,3 and at 2oi(A<O).

    00 A<0
    Half-Periods

    18.3.1 $I) (wl)=eI(i=1,2,3)

    18.3.2 @‘(wJ=O(i=1,2,3)

    18.3.3 vf=s(4(i=l, 2,3)


    18.3.4 tl1=:7, m=rl++, l)a=rl’

    18.3.5 E=2e3+e,ek (i, j, k=l, 2,3; i#j, i#k, j#k)

    18.3.6 = (et- e,) (er-en) =2et+4-j=3e+$


    f
    18.3.7 e: real ea real and non-negative
    18.3.8 el>O2 e2>ea (es=0 when g,=(I)

    (equality when ga=O) el=-fx+ig, e3=Z1

    where C-Z>0, /3>0


    (equality when ga=O)

    18.3.9 ~>0 d=l(4=1’-11

    18.3.10 $l$O if

    18.3.11 (o’l/~~1.91014 050 (approx.) &i$O if jw#$3.81915 447 (approx.)

    18.3.12 Hl>O, Ha>0 Ha>0

    18.3.13 Hg = im r/4<arg(HJ I?r/2 (equality if ga=O) ; H,=a


    18.3.14 u(o)=erUIS/Hf/’ ~(0~) = eW21z/P2fa

    18.3.15 ~(w’)=ie”‘~“~/@~‘~ b(&) =~eq~w~‘a/~l~

    18.3.16 Qe(w2)=e~2W2/(-H2) ti(w’)=eq’@‘/(-Ha)

    18.3.17 [u(wJ]=+- tfw 7r


    arg arg[u(w’)]=4i iwa+” 2-2 1 ar g( eg+H$-et)
    2

    Quarter PerioQ

    18.3.18 @ (w/2)=el+H~>e~ @ b@)=es+H,>el

    18.3.19 @‘(w/2)=--2H&&& QJ ‘(wJ2) = -2Hjd2H,+3e,

    18.3.20 z(w/2)=4h+d%i34 Zba/2)=3hr+@zTa


    634 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FTJWCTIONS

    A>0 A<0

    ew18 er291~
    18.3.21 a(w/2)=21/4~/8(2H1+3e1)l/8 ~(~2~2)=21,4~/8(2~2+3,2)1/8

    18.3.22 @ W/2) =e3-&<e3<0 @ bib3 =e2--H2= @ (w2+4/2> <es<0


    18.3.23 @‘(w’/2) = -2H,i4-3 @‘(w;/2)=-2H,i,/~=@‘(w,+w;/2)

    18.3.24 [(0’/2) =~[q’---iJm Hw&‘) =H&d2H2--3ezl= -T(wa+~P)+W

    ~&fI~
    18.3.25 u(w’~2)=21/4H~“(2H3-3e3)1/8

    =dw2+W;/2) exp [--rl’~~l


    18.3.26 @ (w2/2)=e2-Ha 6 (w’/2)=e3-Ha

    18.3.27 @‘(~/2) = -2Hsi(2Hz-33e,)+ ,(P’(w’/2) = -2iH,(2H,-3e#

    18.3.28 T(oz/2)=3[r12-i(2H2-3e2)11 r(w’/2) =$[q’--i(2H,--3e#]


    e920~la&d4
    18.3.29 u(w2’2)=[~(2H2-&?2)]1’8

    One-Third Period Relations

    At z=2w,/3(i=l, 2, 3) or 20;/3,@“~=12@@‘~;

    equivalently :

    18.3.30 4g@4--24g2@2-48g3@ -d=O


    00 A-0

    18.3.31 {(2w/3) =2+[ @(y’3)] {(2w2/3)=F+[ @(,,,,]t

    18.3.32 *(2w~,3)=!!!&[ @(,‘j3)]

    18.3.33 @w2/3) =%+[ @ (F’3)]1

    18.3.34 u(2w/3) = --exp Pvd91 --exp P72w2/91


    4243) =
    W(243) 7 @ ‘@~~/3)
    -exp [2q’w’/9] -exp P&d/91
    18.3.35 u(2w’/3) = u(2w;/3) =
    [ @ ‘(2w’/3)]1/3e2*1’3 [@ ‘(2w~/3)]‘13e2~*‘”

    -exp P72wJ91 -exp [2q’w’/9]


    18.3.36 u(2w2/3) = [ @‘(2w2/3)]1’3e2rf13 u(2w’/3) =
    [ @ ‘(2w’/3)]1/3e2Tg13
    Legendre’e Relation

    18.3.37 I]w’- lfw=ui/2 q2w;-lj;wz=ti

    (also valid for A<O)


    Relations Among the Hi

    18.3.38 E+z+G=Ql2/4

    18.3.39 WW-~P3+~~=0
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 635
    18.3.40 LT;H;fl= --A/l 6

    18.3.41 16H:-l:!gzH:+A=O(i=l, 2, 3)

    18.4. Addition and Multiplication Formulas


    Addition Formulasa (51# 52)

    18.4.1

    18.4.2

    18.4.3

    18.4.4 ~(~I+~2)~(~1-22)~=-~2(Zl)u2(Z2)[lP (ZJ-@ (z2)l

    Duplication and Triplication Formulas

    Note that@“=6@2(z)-$j @‘“(z)=4@,“(z)-g2@(z)-g 3 and @“‘(z)=lZ$B(z)g’(z)]


    L-

    18.4.5

    18.4.6 p ‘(22)=

    18.4.7 m4 =X(z) + @“W/2 lP’c4


    1
    18.4.8 u(22) == - gJ’(z)B(z)

    18.4.9 4 09 ‘3(2>
    ~(32)=3Kz)i-~,(,)~,,,(~)- gj”“&.)

    18.4.10 u(32)= - p”“(z)u”(z)[@ (22) - P(z)]

    18.5. !3eries Expansions


    ILaurent Series

    18.5.1 g.+z-2+& ckza-2

    18.5.2 where ca=g2/20, ca=g3/28

    and
    18.5.3

    18.5.4

    18.5.5

    18.5.6

    * Formulas for { and u are nof true algebraic add.ition formulas.


    636 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    18.5.7 where a,,=1 and

    18.5.8 a~,,=3(m+l)a~+,,.-I+~ (n+l)a,_S..+l-; (2m+3~-1)(4m+6n-1)u,,+~,.,

    it being understood that a,,,= 0 if either subscript is negative.


    (The radius of convergence of the above series for @--z-‘, @ ‘+2zm3 and l-z-’ is equal to the
    smallest of 12~1,12w’I and (2wf2w’l; series for u converges for all 2.)
    Values of Coefficients3 CL in Terms of ca and c3

    18.5.9 c*=cy3

    18.5.10 cs=3c2c3/11

    18.5.11 cs= [2$+3c;]/39

    18.5.12 c,=2&3/33

    18.5.13 cs=5c~(11&+36c~)/7293

    18.5.14 c,=c,(29c;+llc:)/2717

    18.5.15 clo= (242$+1455&)/240669

    18.5.16 c,,=14c,c~(389c;+369c;)/3187041

    18.5.17 c~2=(114950c~+1080000c;cc:+166617c~)/891678645

    18.5.18 c,,=10c~c3(297c;+530c~)/l1685817

    2c2(528770c!:+7164675c;c;+2989602cj)
    18.5.19 c14=
    (306735) (215441)

    4c3(62921815cs,+179865450c;c~+14051367c’,)
    18.5.20 c15= (179685) (38920531)

    cl~=cj(58957855c~+1086511320c~~+875341836c~)
    18.5.21
    (5909761)(5132565)

    c,,,czc~(30171955c:+126138075c~c~+28151739c:)
    18.5.22
    (920205)(6678671)

    18.5.23

    c1o=2c~c3(3365544215c~+429852433.45c~cf+8527743477c~)
    18.5.24
    (91100295)(113537407)
    J NOTES: 3. cl0 is given incorrectly in [18.12] (factor 13 is
    1. c,-clp were computed and checked independently missing in denominator of third term of bracket) ;
    by D. H. Lehmer; these were double-checked by this value was computed independently.
    substituting ga=20 CZ, g3=28 cz in values given in 4. No factors of any of the above integers with more
    [18.10]. than ten digits are known to the author. This is not
    2. clrcls were derived from values in [18.10] by necessarily true of smaller integers, which have, in
    the same substitution. These were checked (numer- many instances, been arranged for convenient use
    ically) for particular values of gz, ga. with a desk calculator.
    Value * of Coefficients a,, n
    = = = = = =
    1 I,
    -2.3. 6.69
    3
    .107893773

    I 10 I 1,
    -2.3. 6.23 -2.3. 6.69
    7
    .257.13049 .107896773

    6 II 8 10
    -2:&.~ -2.3. 6.7 -2.3. 6.7

    2.57 131.1699 ~41.6947

    .13049 2803 ,4922497

    li 10
    2:3% &:f#.~ -2.3. b -2$’ 6.7
    6 ,nc*r\.nn
    ii .0:03 .*-n,?on Nulyuy In .m,l
    .“il.l,O
    t
    J42ql

    II, 1 10 t
    2.3.6 2:3:6.9103 -2!&.7 -2f3fb.691 -2!3:6.11.31 -2.3. 6.7.2.3
    4
    .31 13.37.41 33609 313.190337 263.43489b3 .17b2630144977

    IO
    2f3f23 2.3.6.31 : zf35.17 -&&.,j3 -2!3:b.b03 -2:3:3$ -2!3:6.7.11.29 -2!3$.7.613
    a
    .109 3911 166217 ,316939669 a33.1129.9bbl .176052%081

    -2.3’ 2f3i3 : !:3:b.b3 i3s.37 -2.3:5X -2f3h.151 -213’ -2f3k17.63 -2.3yb.71117 ;a!&;
    2
    167 3037 ,853 2337260103 .2967.41X39 R7.19b6blObQ 35866647631801

    -2.3’ zI59 !!3f311 l~b.‘XJN7 -2.3:11 -3f17 -2f3t7.13 -3’ -2.3:6.7:193 %Q

    2609 .1678267 .2742.%7 13679.274973 39bbbew341079

    -1 1.107 sJ7.23.37 33313.503 -3f7 3,fll.37 -347.23.14337 -3f71 -3f7.11.23’ sf7124733


    y i, Id? ’ ’ a5973 267981 40763 ~1763ca760639 a3.739.13539 19392278bsll
    \ ?,?
    / ” I
    \bOj ;fi, (_ t
    1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

    +m

    ‘Value3 Of a.. .I in unfactored form for 4m+‘3n+113b are given in k3.251, p. 7; of (ar, n)3-m in factored form in [13.15], Vol. 4, p. 89 for 4m+6n+l<25. Additional values were computed and cheeked on
    de& calculators; primality of large factors was established with the aid of SWAC (National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer).
    638 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Reversed Series6 for Large [@ 1 Reversed Series for Large ( @ ‘(

    18.5.25 18.5.29 z=Alu+A5~5+A,~7+Ag~9+ ...

    1 ru2 18.5.30 where u=( @‘1/3)--lefr’3


    zy 2u+c,u~+c,u7+3 U9f,- km u 11
    [ 18.5.31 4=2113

    +& (3*~+5a:)u1~+Q3u”+~ (12&+7a;)u”


    18.5.32

    +2 (a;+7a:)U’g+f+j (3a:+10a:)d1 A =-+a+%


    18.5.33 -I-
    7
    +35W3
    92 (9a;+4& uB 18.5.34 Ag=O

    18.5.35 All=8a2a3A~/11
    7
    +zoo (33~~+lS0~~~~+10~~)Uz6
    18.5.36 A13=% (az”+S&)
    +?$ (lla;+loa~) u2’
    18.5.37 AIS= -96&a3/175

    +g9 (143a;+1155&~~+21Oa;) u29 18.5.38 A = 14a2AT


    17 -51 (d+lW)

    +g (143a~+220a;a~+6aol:)u31 18.5.39 where &=g2/6, a3=g3/6


    Reversed Series for Large 1f 1

    18.5.4Q z=ufAguSfA,u’+A,us+. . .
    18.5.41 where u= {-’
    + s; . . (195a~+456&;+42a:)U3~
    18.5.42 &=---6&I

    18.5.43 A,= -4J7


    18.5.44 Ag= &i/7
    18.5.45 &=36,6,/11

    18.5.4.6 A Is’& (--86:+7%)

    f$$$ (1615a~+7140a~+2520a$&-24a~)~43 18.5.47 Alb= -41&J&/91

    18.5.48 82 (13496;-41166;)
    + o(u4y
    1f
    A17=9163

    (1154316;--2256861,)
    18.5.26 where a2=g2/8 18.5.49 A,,=&

    18.5.27 as=gt& 18.5.50 where 62=g2/12


    18.5.28 u=( p -‘)i 18.5.51 63=g3/20

    b In this and other series a choice of the value of the


    root has been made so that z will be in the Fundamental
    Rectangle(Figure 18.2). whenever the value of the given
    function is appropriate.
    WEIERSTRASS ELLL-PTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 639
    Other Series Involving @ 18.5.57 where u= (z- wJ2

    Seriesnear z. [@(zo)=Ol Other Series Involving @ ’


    18.5.52 Series near z,

    ~~~;u[1--3e2u4~-4e,u'+~2L8+~u~lo
    18.5.58
    (P w=[-
    +702+-5&
    13
    un 4@3c:~3~14
    33
    +u2 -5cy--14c3u2
    1 [ lOc2u-56c3u3+

    +(84Oca,-1OOci) u8 54524~~ u,l


    30c:us+ 264~~4~~’

    84c;- 10~; u8, 1363~;~~~‘~ 3 11


    +5c:u4+33czc3ue+
    3 33
    +70q(55&2316d) u13
    +
    5c~(55c;-2316c2,)u12
    143 1jr*.. 143 1
    18.5.53 + @ ;[ - 15C3U4- 28C3Ue+ 3oC;U3+ 1 14C3C3d”

    where u=(z-z,),@o)= @‘(zo)=i&


    18.5.54 +7(12+5~)u’~-~u’Ll+. ..

    u= @,l[v+av”+2u2v”+ q+5a3) d+f (3@$


    ( 18.5.59 where u= (z--zo)
    +15g3@~2+70a3)2P+22(2@~4+7g3@~2+21a3)z+
    18.5.60
    !J3@‘0
    +( ++ { d+20a3} @i4+15a2g3@i2+132a8)a’ (z--zo)=A-bA3- ‘9 A4+3(ca+b2)As

    +15a (* “+ { !f+fjas} @;a+? pi2 + lot’@ a’--3[36c3-3@ ;+4b3]A7

    +F) dJ+$f (;g.y+15g3@;~


    -3P 6f c2+21 b2)As+$ (285Q2c2

    +100+279@ i2b+132b4 A”+. ..


    + { 154a3+33d} @;4+2002a”5ss @i2+57ke) ~9 >

    18.5.61 where A= (,f$ ‘- @ 6)/(- 10~2)


    +a (3Wa3+i73 ~6*+llg3~9~a3+& @3
    18.5.62 and b = 4g3/g2
    +2002a3 {ya3+d}Pi4
    Series near wi

    + 16016a6g3@ A”+ 19448 a”) VI”]+ . . . 18.5.63


    18.5.55 where v= @ /(Q.J 6)” and a=g2/4 @ ‘=2(3e+5c2)(u+4(10c2ei+21e3)(r3+6(7ti2ei
    Series near wi
    +21c3e,+5~~)~sS24(6c3e~t10c~e,
    18.5.56
    22f$ei+92c2c3ei+105C
    (@ -ei)=(3e?-&&t (loC2eit21C3)U2+ (7C3t!:

    +21c3ef+5ci)u3+(18cae:+30c~ei -~)u’+24(~~2~3e:+~~e,
    +3h&)U4+ 22c~~+92c2c3ei+105~
    ( +42c$e,+E dc3) a?'+70 (g de:
    -y Us+ ‘z w~e~+~4e,+84&
    > ( +gc$e:+T c$eset+E c24+& 4) al3

    + F 2c3) u”+(gde:+J$ c$ej


    t . .. ,
    d+ . . .,
    > 18.5.64 where a= (z-w<).
    640 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FTJNCTIONS

    Other Series Involving r 18.6. Derivatives and Differential Equations

    Series near a [ @ (20) = 01 Ordinary (c2=gd20, ca=gJ28)


    18.6.1 s’W=- 9 (4
    18.6.2 a’ W&> =I(d
    18.6.3
    +(5c;-1%;)

    7c3u”
    26
    5&L’
    u,4+61&3u’6
    66 I[ + 5s~~
    3
    ~““(2)=4~3(z)-g*~(z)-g~=4(~3-~c*~-7c3)
    18.6.4 QY’(z)=6~2(z)-~g~=6@2-10cz
    llczc& (loc;-84c%) ul* @“‘(Z) = 12
    +2-F-- 18.6.5 @Q’
    --3-+ 33

    1 ...
    18.6.6
    1363&a ,,+&316+-55~~) utg +
    + 429 429 @(4)(2)=12( QQ”, @‘@‘>

    18.5.66 where u= (Z-G), =5! @3--3c@ -y


    [
    18.6.7
    18.5.67 ~o=eo)
    gP(z)=12(@~“‘+2@‘~“+ @” @“>
    Series near wi
    =3.5!@‘[p-cz]
    18.6.8
    @‘“‘(~)=12(~@(~)+3~‘@“‘+3~“~”
    +@,“‘@‘I)
    _ (7cae:+21c3e,+5c~)d
    18.6.9 ==7![ ~4-4c*p--4c3@+5c~/7]
    7
    18.6.10 @‘7~(z)=4~7!~‘[~a-2c~~-c~]
    -(6c~e~+10c~e~+llc~&ze
    3 18.6.11
    ~(‘“‘(2)=9![~6-5C2~a-5ca~~
    (22c&$+92cflae1+105c&j
    11
    ci
    >
    o?I
    18.6.12
    +(lOc:~+~lc*ca>/3l

    ~(‘“‘(2)=5.9!~‘[~‘-33~z~~-2ca~ +2c1,/3]
    18.6.13
    ~~“0’(z)=ll![~“-6c~~4-6c~@8+7~~a
    + (342cgQ +84+ lOc,8)/33]
    18.6.14
    +x681 c%3el+~9150 wi+~ 5 4 > &- --.,
    ~‘“‘(z)=6~11!~‘[~*-4c~~8-3cg~2
    18.5.69
    where a= (z- WJ + (774 L? +57cd331
    18.6.15
    Reversed Series for Small 1~1
    p’yZ)=13![&07-7c~p-7ca@4+35C$p/3
    18.5.70 +210c~a~2/11+(84c+35c~))/13-1363&~/4291
    18.6.16
    ~‘~~~(z)=7.13!~‘[~~-5q~4-4c*~~
    +5~~2+60c~c~~/11+(12+55Q)/13]
    1%2% u 11 +3fW+W+ ula+ 18.6.17
    +- . . . ,
    55 6006
    ~(14)(z)=15![~8-8c&P-8c~$iP+52~~4/3
    18.5.71 where -ya= gal48 +32&m @ “Ill + (444&---3284) @ *I39
    -488&s@ /33+s(55+2316eo,)/429]
    18.5.72 Ya=gdl20 18.6.18
    For reversion of Maclaurin series, see 3.6.25 and ~‘1s~((z)=8~15!~‘[~7-6c&‘6-5ca~4+26e’,~’/3
    [18.18]. f123~q @a/11+(111t+82c$@ /39-61&/33]
    WEIERSTRASS ELILIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 641
    Partial Derivatives with Respect to Invariants y”= [a @ (2) +a]y (LamtYs equation&see 118.81,
    2.26
    18.6.19 For other (more specialized) equations (of
    orders l-3) involving p(z), see [18.8], nos.
    A~=~‘(3g2l-~g~z)+6g2~‘-9$~~~-$~ 1.49, 2.28, 2.72-3, 2.439-440, 3.9-12.
    For the use of @ (z) in solving differential equa-
    18.6.20 tions of the form y’“+A(z,y)=O, where A(a,y) is
    a polynomial in y of degree 2m, with coefficients
    A~=~‘(-;g&+$)-9g.lP’+$+;gzg~ which are analytic functions of z, see [18.7],
    p. 312ff.
    18.6.21 18.7. Integrals
    hfk$nite
    d”--33.($2P +&)
    Adg,- 18.7.1 @P(z)dz=; @ W+~ $22
    s
    +; 2 (%I@ +;,,>-; $2P

    18.6.22 x7.2 @ 3(2)d2=&o @ “‘(z)-& gas(z) +b gaz


    s
    A~=;,(sss@+$) (formulas for higher powers may be derived by
    integration of formulas for @ (a) (2) )
    -ij $22 ($ $2 P +i $3)+: !?a P ’ For f @“(z)dz, n any positive integer, see
    [18.15] vol. 4, pp. 108-9.
    18.6.23 A E=; g2uf’+; garr+; g;z2,-; gtza’
    If @ ‘(a)#0
    18.6.24
    18.7.3
    bu 9 1
    A bg,= -4 gau” --4 gg-- 1”8asaz2u+; $W
    @ ‘@) j-9 (2)f% (a)

    here ’ denotes =& =22f(a)+ln u(z-a)-ln u(z+a)


    ( >
    Differential Equations For Jdz/[ @ (z)- Ip (a)]“, ( @ ‘(a) #O) n any posi-
    18.6.25 tive integer, see [18.15], vol. 4, pp. 109-110.
    Equation solution DeJnite
    y’“=yyy-a)’ y=;+g @’ ( g; 0, -g A>0 A<0
    >
    18.6.26
    18.7.4

    Y’a=w-3aY2+3Y)2 Y”,-3 @ T(2; 0, ga)’

    4:-3a2 18.7.5
    $a =-- 27
    18.6.27

    (y+a)“(y+b)”
    w’=i
    s #3

    -Jqj
    - dt

    Y ‘,=y Y=~@~(z; $2, W-b, 18.7.6 where t is real and


    2
    s2=-, (a-b)
    18.7.7 s(t)=4P-g2t-$2
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
    64‘2
    18.8 Conformal Mapping

    w=@ (a) maps the Fundamental Rectangle w=@(z) maps th e Fundamental Rectangle
    onto the half-plane vI0; if Iw’l=&7~=0), the onto the half-plane ~50; if jw:)=wz(g3=O), the
    isoscelestriangle Owwzis mapped onto ~20, vIO. isosceles triangle OQW’ is mapped onto ~10,
    VlO.
    w=@‘(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle w=@ ‘(2) maps the Fundamental Rectangle
    onto the w-plane less quadrant III; if lw’l=u, the onto most of the w-plane less quadrant III; if
    triangle Owwzis mapped onto v 20, a 2~. jwil =w2, the triangle Owzw’is mapped onto v 20,
    v2u.
    (a = period ratio)
    w={(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto w={(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto
    the half-plane ~20. If a 11.9 (approx.), ~50; the half-plane u>O. The image is mostly in
    otherwise the image extends into quadrant I. quadrant IV for small a, entirely so for (approx.)
    For very large a, the image has a large area in 1.3 la I3.8. For very large a, the image has a
    quadrant I. large area in quadrant I.
    w=a(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto w=a(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto
    quadrant I if a < 1.9 (approx.), onto quadrants quadrant I if a<3.8 (approx.), onto quadrants I
    I and II if t.9 <a<3.8 (approx.). For large and II if 3.8<a<7.6 (approx.). For large
    a, w&d41 =z; consequently the image winds a, arg[r (az+$)]-$ consequently the image
    around the origin for large a. winds around the origin for large a.
    Other maps are described in [18.23] arts. 13.7 Other maps are described in [18.23] arts, 13.8
    (square on circle), 13.11 (ring on plane with 2 (equilateral triangle on half-plane) and 13.9
    slits in line) and in [18.24], p. 35 (double half (isoscelestriangle on half-plane).
    equilateral triangle on half-plane).
    Obtaining @ ’ from @ ‘2

    Fundamental Rectangle Fundamental Rectangle


    A >O A<0
    FUNDAMENTAL RECTANGLE FUNDAMENTAL RECTANGLE

    I I I
    -X X
    0 .4 w=1
    FIGURE 18.4
    In region A In region A
    LZ?(@‘) 20 if ~2.4 andxS.5; 9(@‘) 20 elsewhere (1) If ~~11.05, use criterion for region A for
    A>O.
    (2) If 1 $z<1.05: a(@‘) 20 if ~2.4 and
    x1.4, -1~/4<arg (@‘)<3*/4 if .4< ~1.5 and
    .4<z<.5. Y(@ ‘) 1 0 elsewhere
    WEXERSTRASS ELLLPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 643
    In region B In region B
    The sign (indeed, perhaps one or more significant Use the criterion for region B for A>O.
    digits) of @ ’ is obtainable from the first term,
    -21.9, of the Laurent series for @‘.

    (Precisely similar criteria apply when the real half-periodf 1)

    A>0 w=l
    Map: @(z)=u+iv

    Near zero : @ (2) =$+c,

    w'=1*4i

    -4 * -3 -2 -I 0 I 2 3

    1.5
    4

    --
    __
    --_
    --
    -
    ----
    -
    -/I[[
    _._ - -
    - -
    ”

    -
    - -
    -
    r
    &_
    -

    -- - - -
    - _ - -
    1.0 - - - i -
    - - -
    /.3 ’
    ,‘.3i - L
    Ltd-~-i
    -- c--
    - -t -
    .5- M --

    0’=2.Oi
    l--y’ I
    0 1.0 I
    FIGURE 18.5
    644 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    A<0 wa=l

    Map: @ (z)=u+iv

    wj=1.5i

    -2 -

    -5-
    lE,l5 .07
    4=2.oi
    lC215 .03
    -6- Iv
    FIGURE 18.6
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 645

    00 w=l

    Map: c(z)=u+iv

    FIGURE 18.7
    646 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED F’TJNCTIONB

    Map:

    Near zero:

    Y
    strq--y
    -1
    -__-
    -
    ___
    ###L
    0 .5 1.0 x.

    If, IS.04
    IQ .0002

    w&i

    "
    .5 I.0 I.5 -_2&L2.5 3.0 3.5 ”
    0 ’ .9 H .7- 6 .5 i--or---
    _ Y
    -.
    I I (I -. ._
    -.5 ,, \\ -.
    (1’ .75 _ _- 1 _-
    4si!F \ ‘\ ‘-, .li
    1 ; I _ _ -_
    ‘.
    .75i, \ ’ .5 - 1
    -1.0 _ _ _-
    I’ \
    “!7i ,I. ’ _ _-
    xi2i I __ - _
    ‘I I “& ,!5i j \
    I.31 \ -. --
    1.41
    -4.5 - ,.’ , kik __
    _- & ’ .3 \ 0 .5 -i.o x
    \
    ,I ,: ’ 1
    : ,
    -2.0 _--* I
    /’ I
    ,’ :’

    -2.5 ------ ., .2
    #’
    ,/
    0
    I’
    -3.0 b

    ;=1.5i __---
    *-
    /’

    -3.5 -

    0;=2.oi
    -3.5 t-----G

    FIGURE 18.8
    WEIERSTRASS ELLWTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 647
    00 w=l

    Map: “(2) =u+iu

    1.0
    lI--~l
    ---_-- --
    kY ---_--__--.
    _
    -
    - _
    I.0

    --
    .5--------- --_-_
    -_-
    -------- --.
    .5

    w’=2
    .
    0
    -
    - ---_-- - .5 I.0 x

    ,\J,’ . ,1.2i jy
    1.4 - - -- -- --
    --- --
    -- - _
    - --
    1.0 - - -- -
    -- -__
    -i-d---/.81
    -- - -- _
    -- - _
    - - - -
    0.5- -- -
    -- -- -

    -#I
    . - a !4i
    --
    .2i
    /ill!!l~
    --
    --
    --

    - -

    0 - .5 -- co x

    2.Oi ’ 1.8i
    r, I\I ’
    ‘6i
    2.0
    IY
    ------ --~ -_--.

    i i I Ai -----,-se -.. -._ -

    ---- -- ---- -_.- --

    -._--.- --.- -- -

    -..- -- .--- ..- _

    1.5 ---- -- .--- -- -


    -_--.. --- _
    ---- -.-
    -----.--.v_
    1.0 -:‘.”
    ------ _-._ -- -
    --.- -
    ---_-- ---- -- -
    - --- - -.---..-
    --.- -.--- --
    -5 ---.--- --_.--_ -
    ----_. --.- __
    --.-mm.- ---
    ---. --- - .---
    -.--- --.- -- -
    w’=2.Oi --- -- - -- -
    1.0 u 0 .5 1.0
    FIGURE 18.9
    648 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    A<0 t&=1

    It-1
    Map: u(z) =u+iv
    .5i Y

    1.liiiiit
    #’’ \ .ai
    *5 - --- -
    - -- _
    ---- -_ _
    -- - -
    --- _
    0- -- -- -
    .5 7.0 x

    1.0 1.2

    0 .5 1.0

    U
    0 .2 .4 .6 .8 I.0

    BB~
    V - -
    1.0
    - -- -- -
    -- ---
    -- -- -
    - - --
    .5 -- ---
    - - - -
    - -
    _-- - - -
    -- -
    0 - .5- - I.0 x

    U
    0 *2 .4 .6 .u 1.0

    FIGURE 18.10
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 649
    18.9. Relations with Complete Ellipltic Integrals K and K' and Their Parameter m

    and with Jacobi’s Elliptic Functions (see chapter 16)


    (Here K(m) and K’(m) =K(l-mm) are complete elliptic integrals of the 1st kind; see chapter 17.)

    A>0 A<0

    -mW(m)
    18.9.1 e1=(2 3w2

    (2m-l)IC(m) 2(1--2m)Kym)
    18.9.2 e2= e2=
    3wa 34

    m-1)-6iJm-m2
    18.9.3 e3=(2 3w2 - JWd
    a

    gl,4w-m+l~K4(m) gl=4(16mz-16m+l)K4(m)
    18.9.4
    30’ 34

    g3=4(m-2)(2m-l)(m+l)~(m) g,,8(2m-1)(32mz-32m-l)IP(m)
    . .
    18 9 5

    27~’ 274

    A~16ma(m-1)a~2(m)
    18.9.6 A =-256(m-m2)K12(m)
    WI2 Wp

    iK’(m)w iK’( m)w2


    18.9.7
    w’= K(m) w’= K(m)

    18.9.8 w=K(m)/(eI-eJ1/2 e=K(m)/a12

    1 3e2
    18.9.9 m= (e2-e3Y(el-e3)
    m=Z-4H,
    18.9.10 D<m I*, f&e g3201
    18.9.11 ~(z>=e3+(el-e3>/sn”(z*lm) @Yz)=e2+& :+z[z:/ti
    -
    18.9.12
    @‘(z)=-2(el-e3)3/2 ~cn(z*~m)dn(z*~m)/sn3(z*~n) -4IWsn( z’ Im)dn( z’ Im)
    P(z)=
    [l-cn(z’(m)]2
    where where
    z*=(el-e3)b .z~=22Hp

    18.9.13 ~=t(w)=- Kiz’ W(m)+(m--2Mm)l r2=rcw*,=K* [6E(m)+(4m--5)K(m)l

    18.9.14 q’=l(w’)=SW’;W

    [E(m) is a complete elliptic integral of the 2d kind (see chapter l?).]


    650 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FIJWCTIONS

    18.10. Relations with Theta Functions (chirpter 16)


    The formal definitions of the four 9 functions are given by the series 16.27.1-16.27.4 which converge
    for all complex z and all p defined below. (Some authors use ?FZ,instead of z, as the independent variable.)
    These functions depend on z and on a parameter p, which is usually suppressed. Note that
    8:(O) =S2(0)8,(O)84(O), where 6,(O) =Gr(O, q).

    A>0
    18.10.1 r=w‘/w
    18.10.2 p,eir+,e-rK‘lK
    18.10.3
    q is real and since g320(]o’]20), O<q_<eBr P & q-;e-$2@av andsinceg~2O(Iw~I2wl),
    P-
    18.10.4 (v=7rz/2w) (v=rz/2wJ

    j=l,2,3

    18.10.7

    18.10.8 c(z)=? exp -w2 NV>


    ( 20 > qq
    18.10.9 12w2eI=+[t9:(0) +0:(O)] 12w:e1=?r2[6:(0)-89:(O) ]
    18.10.10 12w2e2=lr”[8~(0)-8:(O)] 12wie2=79[9:(0) +8:(O)]
    18.10.11 12w2e3=-+[9:(0) +6$(O)] 12w:ea=--Ir”[tP:(0) +r9pb(O)]

    18.10.12 (e2-e#=-;(e,-e2)*=&@(0) (e2-es)f=i(e,-e2)+=22:(0)

    18.10.13 (e~-et)+=-i(es-eI)+==~~~(o) h- e#=i(e,-e,)i=a:(0)

    18.10.14 (eI-e2)+=-i(e2-e,)+=f$$)) (e2-e#=-i(el-e2)*=2:(0)

    18.10.15 g2=;(@':(0)+@(0)+~:(0)]

    18.10.16 g3=4eIe2e3
    18.10.17 Ai=-&2(0) (-A)i=&8;2(0)e-(r/4
    2

    7&?:"(o)
    18.10.18 m4=-12wg;(0) &;“(o)
    Ir2=r(~2~=-12y&(o)

    18.10.19 +f(~')="~';~
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCYl’IONSr 651
    Series

    18.10.20 81(O) =o

    18.10.21 ll)a(o)=zq~[l+q~‘2+q2’3+d~4+ . . . +q*(“+‘)+ . . .]

    18.10.22 tPg(0)=l+:l[q+$+qQ+ . . . +qG+ . . .]


    18.10.23 ~4(o)=1+2[--p+$--q9+ . . . +(-l)“p~2+ . . .]
    Attainable Accuracy
    A>0 A-0

    Note: a,(O)>O, j=2,3,4 Note: &(O) =Aefr/8, A>6;

    9z&(O)>O; 84(0)=s3o

    85 (0) : 2 terms give at least 5s 2 terms give at least 3s

    j=2,3,4 3 terms give at least 11s 3 terms give at least 5s


    4 terms give at least 21s 4 terms give at least 10s
    18.11 Expressing any Elliptic Function in Terms of @ and @ ’

    If f(z) is any elliptic function and P(Z) has same periods, write

    18.11.1 f(z>=3[f(z)+f(-:?)l+3[(f(z)-f(-z)l {JY’(4~-‘l@‘W.


    Since both brackets represent even elliptic functions, we ask how to express an even elliptic func-
    tion g(z) (of order 2k) in terms of @ (2). Because of the evenness, an irreducible set of zeros can be
    denoted by a, (i=l, 2, . . . , k) and the set of points congruent to -a2 (i=l, 2, . . . , k); correspond-
    ingly in connection with the poles we consider the points fbi, i= 1,2, . . . , k. Then

    18.11.2 3 where A is

    a constant. If any a, or b, is congruent to the origin, the corresponding factor is omitted from the
    product. Factors corresponding to multiple poles (zeros) are repeated according to the multiphcity.

    18.12. Case A=O(c>O) 18.12.9 !I=19 m=l


    Subcase I .18.12.10 u(o)=0
    18.12.1 g2>0, g9<O: (eI=ez=c, e3= -2~)
    18.12.11
    18.12.2 Hl=Hs=o, H,=3c

    18.12.3 18.12.12

    @(z; 12dL,-gc3)=c+3c{sinh [(~c)+z]}-~ 18.12.13


    18.12.4 18.12.14
    l(z; 12c2,-8~+)=-~+(3c)+ coth [(3c)iz] 18.12.15
    18.12.5
    18.12.16
    a(~; 12c2,--88) =(3c)-* sinh [(3c)+z]e-“‘l”
    18.12.17
    18.12.6 co==, w’=(12c)-+lri
    18.12.7 18.12.18
    ~=~(w)=--o>

    18.12.8 q’=f(w’) = -co’ 18.12.19


    652 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    &,*2/96~ 18.12.46 ~‘bm=O


    18.12.20 a(w’/Z)=
    T
    cw
    18.12.47 +,/z)=-+i m
    18.12.21 g (42)=c 2

    18.12.22 @‘(~*/2)=0 18.12.48 u(w,/2) =o

    18.12.23 l(w*/Z)=- ca co’ Subcase III


    -2
    18.12.49 g2=0, g3=0(el=e2=e3=O)
    18.12.24 a(w,/Z)=O
    18.12.50 @(z; 0, O)=z-’
    Subcase II
    18.12.51 t(z; 0, 0) =2-l
    18.12.25
    18.12.52 u(z; 0, O)=r
    g2>0, g3>O: (el=2c, e2=e3= -c)
    18.12.53 UC -&‘=a0
    18.12.26 &=3c, H*=H,=O
    18.13. Equianharmonic Case (g,=O, g,=l)
    18.12.27 @(z; 12c*, 8c3)=-c+3c{sin [(3c)*z]}-*
    If g2=0 and g3>0, homogeneity relations allow
    18.12.28 us to reduce our considerations of @ to@ (z; 0, 1)
    {(z; 128, 8c3)=cz+(3c)* cot [(3c)*z] (@ ‘, r and u are handled similarly). Thus
    @(z;0,g3)=g:/3QJ(zg~‘o;0, 1). The case g2=0,
    18.12.29 g3=l is called the EQUIANHARMONIC case.
    u(z; 128, 8~s) = (3c)-1 sin [(3c)*z]eCP’*
    1 FPP; Reduction to Funo!wnentd Triangle
    18.12.30 w= (12c)-+lr, w’=&
    A1=AOo2z,, is the Fundamental Triangle
    18.12.31 Tj=[(u) =cw
    Let Bdenote etTJ3throughout 18.13.
    18.12.32 q’=(+,J) &xl
    wzl.5299 54037 05719 28749 13194 17231’
    18.12.33 !2=0, m=O
    ‘Joer2/24
    18.12.34 u(co)=y

    18.12.35 u(d) =o

    18.12.36 u(q) =o

    18.12.37 g (w/Z) = 5c

    18.12.38

    18.12.39

    18.12.40 e**/%Jz
    u(w/Z)=
    7r
    18.12.41 @(d/2)=-c
    18.12.42 @‘(d/2)=0
    FIGURE 18.11
    18.12.43 {(d/2) = +im
    18.12.44 u&‘/2) =o 6 This value was computed and checked by multiple
    precision on a desk calculator and is believed correct to
    18.12.45 @ 6.d~) = --c 30s.
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 653

    Reductionsfor ,Q in A$ zl=t& is in AI. Special Values and Formulas


    18.13.9
    -
    18.13.1 @ (4 = @P (4 A= -27, H,=&4-1’3)Z,

    18.13.2 g ‘(22)= - ml, H2=&(4-“3), H3=,h(4-1/3),

    18.13.10 m=sin2 15°=2*j -*ti/j/z


    18.13.3 z(zz> = ~-lf(~l) q=ie

    18.13.4 u(zJ =t&> 18.13.11 Q2(0) = Aeir18

    is in Al 18.13.12 0,(O) = Aeir/z4


    Reduction.for z3 in A3: zl=e-'(2w'-~)
    18.13.5 @(z3>=@Lw1) 18.13.13 G4(0) = Ae-i*124
    18.13.14
    18.13.6 @‘(z3)= P’W
    where A= (~~/l~)'/2~'~3~'~~1.0086 67
    18.13.7 {(Za) = -t-‘{(ZJ +2$, ‘I’= CC@‘)
    18.13.8 &3) =d%) exp [k3-4 cw)l 18.13.15 3114
    u2=K(W1/3-r3W3) 4n
    Values at Half-periods
    =
    .- .- --
    I
    __
    i-

    18.13.16
    W=Wl 0

    18.13.17
    w 0

    18.13.18
    W"6.Q 0

    18.13.19
    Y' 0

    - - -- -
    values ’ along (0, wJ
    = = =
    .P’
    _- _- --
    18.13.N
    - p[ GG-GF + 4/cos 407
    20*/9
    i/cos-- 2/‘m 4o”
    18.13.21
    WI3 l/(21”- 1) - p(21”+ 1)/(2’!‘- 1)
    18.13.22
    - P[ 2/cos + Qcos so01
    402/9
    D- %:os 80”
    18.13.23
    WI2 a+&
    18.13.24
    ad3 1
    18.13.25
    8wl9

    7 Value& at 2w2/9, 4w1/9 and 8ws/9 from 118.141.


    654 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED F’UNCTIONS

    Values along (0, zO)

    18.13.26
    2012 -21/ae2 3i

    18.13.27
    32014 l a(ez - HZ) i(3”‘) &qi

    18.13.28
    20 0 i

    Duplication Formulas where tan 4=@‘(z), 0<2<20~ and we must


    choose C$in intervals
    18.13.29 @(2@$$7~
    <
    (-iE)969$)9($7$)toget
    2~6(2)-lo~3(2)-1
    18.13.30 @‘(22)=
    t @‘(z>P
    @ (g), @ (g+?), @ (:+2), respectively.
    18.13.31 rczz,=zrc,,+~
    Complex Multiplication

    18.13.32 a(22)=- ~‘(2)u4(2)


    18.13.35 gB(EZ)=e--2@(2)
    Trisection Formulas (x real)
    18.13.36 JD’(ez)=-p’(z>

    18.13.37 l(a) = c-‘&g

    18.13.38 u(ez) = CU(2)

    In the above, E denotes (as it does throughout


    section 18.13), ei*fi. The above equations are useful
    as follows, e.g. :
    If z is real, EZ is on 00’ (Figure 18.11); if tz
    were purely imaginary, z would be on Oz, (Figure
    18.11).

    Conformal Maps
    -60’ .2 .4 .6 .6 1.0 1.2 I.4
    Equianharmonic Case

    Map: f(z)=u+iw

    4 i I\ +-----‘\, ‘..
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTION& 655

    .2 .4 .6 .6 1.0 1.2
    0

    s-(z)
    1 -.4
    Near zero: {(z)=,+q
    x

    -.6

    1.5, I 5 .007

    -3 (.$*I 5 I x10-5

    t”

    v
    1.0 1.6

    .8

    FIGURE 18.12
    656 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Coefficients for Laurent Series for @, @ ’ and {


    (cm=0 for mf3k)

    k EXACT cab APPROXIMATE cxs

    :\~~3.2s) = l/10192 3.
    9.8116
    5714 28571
    16954 42857
    47409 733iZx %88X lo-6
    l/(13.19.28”) = l/5422144 1.8442 88901 21693 55885 78983X10-’
    3/(5.13’.19.28’)=234375/(7709611X10*) 3.0400 36650 35758 61350 20301X lo-10
    4/(5.13*.19.31.28’)=78125/(16729 85587X 108) 4.6697 95161 83961 00384 33643X10-1’
    (7.43)/(13”~19*.31.37.283 6.8662 18676 79393 36788 98X10-‘@
    (6.431)/(5.13”.19’.31.37.43.28’) 9.7990 31742 57961 41839 66X10-”
    (3.7.313)/(5’.13’.19’.31.37.43.28*) 1.3685 06574 79360 13026 87X10-n
    (4.1201)/(5*.134.1~.31.37.43.280) 1.8800 72610 01329 79236 40X10-x’
    (2’.3.41.1823)/(5.13’.19*.31’.37.43.61.28i”) 2.5497 66946 68202 63683X10+
    (3.79.733)/(5.13’.196.31’.37.43.61.67.28”) 3.4222 48599 51463 05316X lo-80
    3.1153.13963.29059
    4.5541 38864 99184 3O391X1O-J”
    53.136.194.31s.37s.43.61.67.73281’
    2’.3*.7.11.2647111
    6.0171 15776 98241 99591 X 10-s’
    5’.13’.19’.31s.37s.61.67.73.79.28’6

    First 5 approximate values determined from exact values of cxk; subsequent values determined by using exact ratios
    cak/c3k+ using at least double precision arithmetic with a desk calculator. All approximate c’s were checked with the
    use of the recursion relation; cx -CH are believed correct to at least 215; C~O-C~O are believed correct to 205.
    Ca
    c3k< 13k-1 . 2@-1t k=2, 3, 4, . . .

    Other Series Involving @ 18.13.46

    Reversed Series for Large I@ 1

    18.13.39

    18.13.47 where w =( @ -&)/3ea

    Other Series Involving @’


    18.13.40 where u=&B-“/S and z is in the Funda- Reversed Series for Large 1@ ’ (
    inental Triangle (Figure 18.11) if @ has an appro- 18.13.48
    priate value.
    Series near ~0 z=21/a( @‘1/8)-l&/3 1-g (@‘)-2
    18.13.41

    18.13.42 z being in the Fundamental Triangle (Figure 18.11)


    if @ ’ has an appropriate value.

    Series near SO
    18.13.43 where u=(z-z,J 18.13.49

    18.13.44
    Series near w2 (Lo’--i)==x[-
    2-ir+A x2+$ a++o(xq]

    (@ --e2)=&?& [1+X+2’+; X3 18.13.50 where z= (z-z,J3

    +; x4+;x6+$ x~+o(xq, 18.13.51 x=2a! l-k-;


    13s
    cu2+- 7 +o(u4)
    1 ’

    18.13.6 where u=( z-w)~, z=e2u 18.13.52 where U= (@ ‘--i)/(-4)


    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 657
    Series near w2 27.36.52.31 28*3vi.9103
    18.13.53 + 25! 226+ zal
    31!
    @‘=6ei(z--w2) 1+2u+3d+~ d - 212.3Q-5-229.2683 237
    37!

    +F v4+7 v6+2$ v~+o(v7)], - 214.310.5*23.257.18049 243


    43!
    18.13.54 where v=h(z--w2)’ 215*312*5*59*107895773
    24g+‘o( P)
    49!
    18.13.55
    18.13.66
    (z-w2)=( @‘/6e;) [1-2~+9~+0 d
    a7 I 41d3 13*337$9
    2=a+2a.3.5.7 27.32.52.11.13+210.34.5a.ll.l7.ig

    18.13.56 where w= @’ ‘2/9


    +330w4-2268w’+
    212058
    - 13 we+O(W’)
    1
    t
    31.101u”
    +2’5.35.5.112.17.23 +#0($7

    Other Series Involving t Economized Polynomials (0 <x < 1.53)

    Reversed Series for Large IfI


    18.13.57 18.13.67 cc2@(z)=$ ~,J?“+c(z)

    z=p 1-?+17y2 le(z)~<2XlO-’


    , 143 -4g+o(rq],
    [
    a,=(-1)9.99999 96 a4= - (-9)2.20892 47
    18.13.58 y= p-y20
    aI= (-2)3.57143 20 at,=(-10)1.74915 $5
    Series near 50
    18.13.59 a2= (-5)9.80689 93 aB= - (- 12)4.46863 93

    (l-{o)=i [-~+~-~]+~~-~]+0(2117), Ua= (-7)2.00835 02

    18.13.60 where u= (z-z,,)


    18.13.68 2”@ ‘(z)=$ a,cP+e(s)
    Series near w2
    18.13.61 le(z)j<4X10-7
    (l-72)=-2(2- c-02) 1+0+; ua,; va+; v4
    [ ao= - 2 .OOOOO00 a(= -(-9)2.12719 66

    +g ?Y+g ti+g v7+o(v))], aI=(-1)1.42857 22 us=(- 10)6.53654 $7


    a2= (-4)9.81018 03 a(=--(-11)1.70510 78
    18.13.62 v=e2(z-cdJ2
    aa=(-6)3.00511 93
    18.13.63
    (r-92) 12w2 267d 139~’
    (z--02)=- l-w+5-35+5-
    -2 18.13.69 a$(~)=$ a,$!*+&>

    ~c(z)~<3xlo-~

    18.13.64 w= (t-722)2/e2
    *=(-1)9.99999 98 a4= (- 10)6.12486 14

    Series Involving v aI=-(-3)7.14285 86 a,=(-11)4.66919 $5


    18.13.65
    al=-(-6)8.91165 65 a,=(-12)1.25014 65
    2.3 &,7 2a*3a 26~3~.23 1g
    u=z-y- 13! z13+- 2
    191 tZa=-((-8)1.44381 84
    658 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    18.14. Lemniscatic Case tFPP; Reduction to Fundamental Triangle


    (g2=1, ga=O) A1= AOwwzis the Fundamental Triangle
    If ga>O and g3=0, homogeneity relations allow w ~1.8540 74677 30137 1928
    us to reduce our consideration of @ to @ (z; 1, 0) Reducticm for zz in 4: zl=a& is in A1
    (@ ‘, j- and u are handled similarly). Thus QJ (z; 18.14.1 m%)=-ml)
    g2, O)=g2’@(zg2~; 1, 0). The case ga=l, g3=0
    is called the LEMNISCATIC case. 18.14.2 g ‘(22) =@@d
    18.14.3 ea) = -m
    18.14.4 &)=iQ(zJ
    Special Values and Formulae
    18.14.5
    A=l, Hl=Ha=2-4, H,=i/2,
    w’ (=
    m=f&P 45O=3, q=e--
    18.14.6 &(O)=&(O)=(w&+; &(O)=(~W/?T)

    18.14.7 w=K(sin2 45O)=p=k where


    - \* Jz
    3~2.62205 75542 92119 81046 48395 89891 11941
    36827 54951 43162 is the Lemniscate constant

    FIGURE 18.13 correct to 18s.

    Values at Half-periods

    18.14.8
    w-0, a=3 0 y=*/4w e*b(21/4)

    18.14.9
    w-a a-0 0 7+4 erl4(~&4*/4

    18.14.10
    co’=01 s--t 0 ‘)’ = - *i/40 &/8(21/4)

    Valuesalong(O,w)

    18.14.11
    WI4 &$&+ 2’14) (1 + 21’4)

    18.14.12
    ,r1”‘(21/16)
    42 aI2 --Q l+Q
    8w 2&i af
    18.14.13
    edla(31/.9)
    2013 ,m -G55*
    & (2+ &)l’l’
    18.14.14
    3014 $(&-2$(1+2f)

    a=1+fi
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
    659
    Values along (0, zO)

    P r

    18.14.15
    -
    %I4 -&++Jz,)
    18.14.16
    42 -i/2
    18.14.17

    @ (2.zo/3) ‘la
    22013 2 dsec 30”- 1
    3 I
    18.14.18
    32014 -- ; (a-&q

    Duplication Formulas 18.14.24


    18.14.19 @ (22)
    u (~)=~‘(2)~[2~(2)+fli~(r)-?
    =[@“(d+tl”/{ Q%9[4P(d--lU
    -[2@(~)--31JP(~>f3
    18.14.20
    -2@'"/"(z,) (See [18.13].)
    ~‘(2~)=(P+l)(P~-68+1)/[32~‘~(~)1, 0=4@“(z)
    [Use - on O<xlw, + on ~52<2f.0]
    18.14.21 Complex Multiplication

    18.14.22 18.14.25 @(iz)=-P,(Z)


    a(22)=-@'(z)d(z)

    Bisection Formulas (O<Z<~W) 18.14.26 ~‘(iz)=i@‘(z)


    18.14.23
    18.14.27 I(k)=-i{(z)

    18.14.28 a(iz)=iu(z)

    The above equations could be used as follows,


    [Use + on O<x<o, - on o<x<2w] e.g.: If z were real, iz would be purely imaginary.

    Conformal Maps

    Lemniscatie Case

    Map: f(z)=u+iu
    P(z)
    Near zero: @(z)=-$+c,

    md=$+g+~2, lzl<l

    Near z,,: ~(~)=-(‘h’~)~+~~,

    I---zol<&
    ~(~)~-(~-~o)2+(z-zo)6+6,
    4 80
    660 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    --(z-z32
    Near z,,: g’(z)= +Q
    Near zero: @ ‘( z)=$+Q
    -(2-2cJ+3(2-20)6+c,
    P’(z)= 2 40

    l(z)
    1
    Near zero: c(z)=--+Q -.2

    -.4

    (z-zo)3
    Near 20: T(z)=T~+T+Q, -.6

    12-r I

    &.)=ro ; (.-zo)3 (z--20)’ ‘I er -.6


    12 560 t ”

    FIGURE 18.14
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 1661
    Coefficients for L.aurent Series for !?,@‘,andI
    Cc,.=0 for m odd)
    Z-Z

    k EXACT c2k APPROXIMATE Czk


    .-

    l/20 .05
    l/(3.202) = l/1200 .8333 , .~.
    . . . x10-3
    2/(3.13.203) = l/156000
    5/(3.13.17.20’) = l/21216000 .641025
    .47134 23831
    641025 07bi8’ ;8::X 10-T
    2/(3z.13.17.205) = 1/(31824X 105) .31422 82554 04725 99296X10-Q
    10/(33.13*.17.206)=1/(4964544X 105) .20142 83688 49183 32882% lo-11
    4/@132.17.29.2d’) =‘ij(7998432X 167) .12502 45048 02941 37651X10+3
    2453/(3’.11.132.172.29.2o8)=9582O3125/(1262OO2599X 10’6) .75927 19109 76468 59917X 10-l”
    2.5.7.61/(33.13a.172.29.37.2O~)=833984375/(18:194643943X 10’7) .45338 43533 93461 06092X 10-I”

    c&+9 z k=l, 2, . . .

    Other Series Involving ,f$ Other Series Involving .@ ’


    Reversed Series for Large 1@ Reversed Series for Large I@ ’1
    18.14.38
    ,/ 18.14.29

    3wK 231~’ 429~~ 18.14.39 A=2113, v=Au4/6, and z is in the


    - -195~~ Fundamental Triangle (Figure 18.13) if @’ has
    +7+x+ 464 + 128
    an appropriate value.
    1215520~ 4618920’~
    + 10496
    +o(w”)
    1
    )
    18.14.4
    Series near a0

    bp/ 18.14.30 w= g-“/S, and z is in the Fundamental


    Triangle (Figure 18.13) if @ has an appropriate Q&f (2-20) [ -1+3w-~+~+o(w~)],
    value.
    Series near ~0
    18.14.41 w=(z--zo)4/m
    18.14.42
    18.14.31 2 @= -5+;-~+&+0(~+‘)~
    (z-zo)=2@’ [l+~+y+8g+O(u4)],

    18.14.32 z=(z-20)2/2 18.14.43 u=4@‘4


    d 7wh
    18.14.33 x=- w+,+~++$+ O(w”)
    1 18.14.44
    Series near w

    Series near w
    18.14.34 18.14.45 5=(2--w)
    18.14.46

    18.14.35 v=(z-co)%
    SO@”
    ___- 819@‘l’
    18.14.36 8 +O(@‘13)
    + 3
    f)=y 1-y+6yz-@ 1 172Y4
    [ 5 5 75 Other Series Involving {
    Reversed Series for Large [rj
    52@ 1064g
    -ij+ 195 +wi7>
    1 , 18.14.47 z=c-’
    18.14.37 !I=(@-ed 18.14.48 v=t-4112
    662 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Series near a9 Economized Polynomials (0 5% 5 1.86)


    18.14.49
    18.14.5’7 2@(x)=$z.x4”+c(x)
    (S-i-o)=a(z-zJ3[;-;+g-&+o(vq,
    18.14.50 v= (z-%J)4/20 (e(x)C)(<2X10-7

    Series near 0 ao= (- 1)9.99999 98 a4= (-8)4.81438 20


    18.14.51 al= (-2)4.99999 62 as= (- 10)2.29729 21
    a2= (-4)8.33352 77 ae=(-12)4.94511 45
    a,=(-6)6.49412 86
    ---- 2" 112’3
    -qo(xq,
    825 31200 9750

    18.14.52 x= (z-w)
    18.14.58 SC”@‘(x) =~a,x4n+a(x)
    18.14.53
    Ie(x):)1<4x10-7
    x=w-p+~-~+~-‘+g~~~~~~3
    891
    ao= -2.00000 00 a,=(-7)6.58947 52
    + O(d5) al=(-l)1.00000 02 a,=(-9)5.59262 49
    18.14.54 w= -2( c-7) a2=(-3)4.99995 38 as=(-11)5.54177 69
    Series Involving (r u3= (--5)6.41145 59
    18.14.55
    25 3%+’ -3.23~~~ 3~107~‘~+3~~7~23~37z~~
    ~
    a=z--2.5!-22.91+ 23.13! + 24.17! 25.21!
    18.14.59 x{(x) =&7.x4’+E(x)
    +
    (e(x)[<3X10-8
    18.14.56
    f&=(-1)9.99999 99 a4= - (-9)2.57492 62
    aI=-(-2)1.66666 74 a,=-(-11)5.67008 00
    a2=-(-4)1.19036 70 a,=(-13)9.70015 80
    a,=-(-7)5.86451 63

    18.15. Pseudo-Lemniscatic Case


    (gz=---1, g,=O)

    If g2<0 and g3=0, homogeneity relations allow


    us to reduce our consideration of @ to @ (z; -1,
    0). Thus

    18.15.1 @(z; gz, 0) = Ig$‘“@ (zlgzf1’4;-1, 0)

    [ @ ‘, { and u a,re handled similarly]. Because of


    its similarity to the lemniscatic case, we refer to
    the case g2= - 1, g3=0 as the pseudo-lemniscatic
    case. It plays the same role (period ratio unity)
    for A< 0 as does the lemniscatic case for A>O.

    u,=&x (real h aIf -period for lemniscatic case) 2w


    =i; (the Lemniscate Constant-see 18.14.7) FIGURE 18.15
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 663
    Special Values and Relations

    18.15.2 A=-1, g2=-1, g,=O 18.15.4

    18.15.3 &(O) = R21/4ei*/8,6,(O) = Rein’*, a,(O) = Re-*~/8,

    HI= --;/,I$ Hz=+, H,=i@, m=$, q=&-‘2 18.15.5 where R= ~&Z/T

    Values at Half-Periods

    18.15.6 w = 01 i/2 0 fh2-?2’)

    18.15.7 w2 0 92 = d2w2
    18.15.8 CO’ = 03 -i/2 8 f(B2+$2’)
    18.15.9 02’ 0 0 112’
    = --ill,

    Relations with Lemniscatic Values

    18.15.10 @I (z; -1, 0)=i@(zefX’4; 1, 0) 18.15.12 {(z; -1, O)=eiH’4[(zei*/4; 1, 0)

    18.15.11 @‘(z; -1, 0)=e3nf’4@‘((ze”W/4; 1, 0) I 18.15.13 a(~; -1, 0)=e-fr’4u(ze2r’4; 1, 0)

    Numerical Methods
    18.16. Use and Extension of the Tables

    Example 1. Lemniscat.ic Case


    (a) Given z=z+iy in the Fundamental Triangle, find @(@‘,{,u) more accurately than can be
    done with the maps.
    u-Use Maclaurin series throughout the Fundamental Triangle. Five terms give at least six
    significant figures, six terms at least ten. @, {-Use Laurent’s series directly ‘(near” 0, (if IdI< 1, four
    terms give at least eight significant figures for @, nine for {; five terms at least ten significant figures for
    @, eleven for 0. Use Taylor’s series directl,y “near” z,,. Elsewhere (unless approximately seven or
    eight significant figures are insufficient) use economized polynomials to obtain @ (x), P’(Z) and/or [s(z)
    as appropriate. To get @(;y), @‘(;y) and/or {(iy), use Laurent’s series for “small” y, otherwise use
    economized polynomials to compute @ (y), ,fp ‘(y) and/or l(y), then use complex multiplication to
    obtain @ (iy), @ ‘(iy) and/or [(iy) . Finally, use appropriate addition formula to get @ (z) and/or c(z).
    @‘-Use Laurent’s series directly “near” 0 (if lzl< 1, four terms give at least six significant figures,
    five terms at least eight significant figures). Ekewhere, either use economized polynomials and addition
    formula as for @ and {, or get @“2=4@3- @ and extract appropriate square root (g@ ‘2 0).
    (b) Given P (@I ‘, l, u> corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Triangle, compute z more
    accurately than can be done with the maps. Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use
    of any of the given (truncated) reversed series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series.
    For greater accuracy, use inverse interpolation procedures.
    Example Equianharmonic Case
    2.
    (a) Given z=z+iy in the Fundamental Triangle, find @ (@‘, [, U) more accurat,ely than can be
    done with the maps.
    u-Use Maclaurin series throughout the Fundamental Triangle. Four terms give at least eleven
    significant figures, five terms at least twenty one.
    @J--Use Laurent’s series directly “near” 0 (if lzj< 1, four terms give at least 10s for @, 11s for {;
    five terms at least 13s for @, 14s for l). Elsewhere (unless approximately seven or eight significant
    figures are insufficient) use economized polynomials to obtain $9 (z), P’(Z) and/or T(z), as appropriate.
    To get @ (iy), @ ‘(iy) and/or I, use Laurent’s series. Then use appropriate addition formula to get
    @ Cd and/or W.
    664 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    @‘-Use Laurent’s series directly “near” 0 (if Izi< 1, four terms give at least 8S, five terms at least
    11s). Elsewhere, either proceed as for @ and {, or get @‘2=4@3-1 and extract appropriate square
    root (g@‘ZO>.
    (b) Given @ (@‘,l,a) corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Triangle, compute z more
    accurately than can be done with the maps. Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use
    of any of the given (truncated) reversed series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series.
    For greater accuracy, use inverse interpolation procedures.
    Example 3. Given period ratio a, find parameters m (of elliptic integrals and Jacobi’s functions
    of chapter 16) and p (of 6 functions).
    m-In both the cases A>0 and A<O, the period ratio is equal to K’(m)/K(m) (see 18.9). Knowing
    K’/K, if I< K’/Ks 3, use Table 17.3 to find m; if K’/K>3, use the method of Example 6 in chapter 17.
    An alternative method is to use Table 18.3 to obtain the necessary entries, thence use

    m= (e2-e3)/(el-e3) in case A>O,


    m = 4 - 3e2/4Hz in case A< 0 a

    q----In both the cases A>0 and A<O, the period ratio determines the exponent for p[p=e+ if A>O,
    p=ie+j2 if A<O]. Hence enter Table 4.16 [e+, zc=O(.Ol)l] and multiply the results as appropriate
    [e.g., e-4.72r= (e-r)4(e-.72r)]a

    Determination of Values at Half-Periods, Invariants and Related Quantities from Given Periods (Table 18.3)

    A>0 A<0
    Given w and u’, form ~‘/iw and enter Table 18.3. Given w2 and w2’, form w2’/zIw2and enter Table
    Multiply the results obtained by the appropriate 18.3. Multiply the results obtained by the appro-
    power of w (see footnotes of Table 18.3) to obtain priate power of w2 (see footnotes of Table 18.3)
    value desired. to obtain value desired.
    Example 4. Example 4.

    Given w=lO, w’=lli, find ef, gt, and A. Given w2=10, w2’=lli, find ef, gc and A.
    Here w’/iw= 1.1, so that direct reading of Table Here w3w2= 1.I, so that direct reading of Table
    18.3 gives 18.3 gives
    el(l)=1.6843 041 cl(l) = -.2166 2576+3.0842 589i
    e2(l)=-.2166 258 (=-el--e3) e2(1)=.4332 5152=--2LS(eJ
    e3(l) = - 1.4676 783 e3(l) =&Cl>
    92(l) = 10.0757 7364 g2(1) = -37.4874 912
    ga(1) =2.1420 1000. g3(1) = 16.5668 099.

    Multiplying by appropriate powers of w=lO we Multiplying by appropriate powers of w2=10


    obtain we obtain
    e1=.01684 3041 el= - .00216 62576+ .03084 25893
    e2= - .00216 6258 e2=.00433 25152
    e3= - .01467 6783 e3=Zl
    gz=1.0075 77364 x 1O-3 g2=-3.7487 4912 x lo-$
    g,=2.1420 1ouo x 10-B g3=1.6566 8099 x 1O-6
    whence whence
    A=8.9902 3191 x lo-lo A=-6.0092 019 x 1O-8
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 065
    Example 5. (A>O) (A<O)
    Example 5.
    Given w=lO, w’=55i, find q, q’, u(w), u(:w’) Given wz=lOOO, wz’=1004i, find q2, qz’, a(&,
    and u(wJ. a(~~‘) and u(w’).
    Forming w’/iw=5.5 and entering Table 18.3 we
    obtain q=.82246704, u(w) = .96045 40. Using With w$w,=1.004, four point interpolation in
    Legendre’s relation we find q’=qw’-k/2=2.9527 Table 18.3 gives q2= 1.5626 756, qi= - 1.5726 664i,
    723i. Since interpolation for ~(0’) and u(w+w’) u(w2)=1.1805 028, u(w:)=1.1901 52i and u(w’)
    is difficult, use is made of 18.3.15-18.3.17 together = .475084 f .476717i.
    with 18.3.4 and 18.3.6. Values of g2, g3 and el can Multiplying the results obtained by the appro-
    be read directly to eight significant figures and e3 priate powers of w2 gives q2=.00156 26756, qi
    to about five significant figures giving gz=8.1L74
    243, g3=4.4508 759, e,=1.6449 341, and e3 = - .00157 266643, u(w2)= 1180.5028, 44
    =-.82247. Use of 18.3.6 ields H,=.OO174 69 =1190.152i and u(w’)=475.084+476.717i.
    and Hz=.00174 69i. App %‘cation of 18.3.S
    18.3.17 yields u(w’)/i=.OO71177 and u(wJ
    = -.002016-.01055i. Multiplying the results
    obtained by the appropriate powers of w we ob-
    tain q = .08224 6704., q’= .29527 7233, u(w) =9.6045
    40, u(w’)=.O71177% and a(~~)=-.02016-.1055i.
    Determination of Perk& from Given Invariants (Table 18.1.)

    A<0
    Given g2>0 and g3>0 such that A=d-27gi’>O Given g2 and g3>0 such that A=d--27d<O! (if
    (if g3=0, Jw’J= w ; see lemniscatic case), compute g3=0, Jw2’l= WZ;see pseudo-lemniscatic case), com-
    &=g2gr2”. From Table 18.1, determine wg;/e pute j2=g2gi21a. From Table 18.1, determine
    and w’g3lt8, thence w and w’. w2g3’ I6 and w2’g31/6,thence w2 and w’.

    Example 6. Example 6.
    Given g2=10, g3=2, find w and w’. With g2= Given 2= -10, g3=2, find Q and w;l. With
    g2g3-2/a=6.2996 05249, from Table 18.1 wg3’16= g2z-g2g3-2L - 1O/1.5874 0105=-6.2996 053, from
    1.1267 806 and w’g3‘16=1.2324 295i whence w= Table 18.1 w2g31/6= 1.5741 349 and wkg31’6=1.7J24
    1.003847 and w’= 1.09797Oi. 396i whence w2=1.40239 48 and wj=1.52561 02i.

    Example 7. Example 7.
    Given g2=8, g3=4, find w and w’. With Given g2=7 s=6, find w2 and 0;.
    J2=g2g3-2/a=3.1748 02104, from Table 18.1 wg31’B= With &=g2g3-2 9 =7/3.3019 2725=2.119974, from
    1.2718 310 and w’g,“6=1.8702 425i Table 18.1 w2g31’6=1.3423 442 and w2’gJ’6=3.1441
    whence w=1.009453 and w’=1.484413i. 141i whenoew2=.99579 976 and wi=2.33241 83ti.

    Computation of @, @I, or f for Given z and arbitrary g2, ga

    (or arbitrary periods from which g2 and g3 can be computed-


    in any case, periods must be known, at least approximately)
    First reduce the problem (if necessary) to computation for a point z in the Fundamental Rectangle
    by use of appropriate results from 18.2.

    FIGTJEE 18.16
    666 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Method 1 (as accurate as desired)


    If both 2 and y are “small,” (point in double-cross hatched region) use Laurent’s series in z directly.
    If either z or y is ‘L1arge,” use Laurent’s series on Ox, then on Oy and finally use an addition formula.
    (For 9 j an alternative is to get @, then compute the appropriate root of @‘z=4 p3-g2@ -ga; see18.8.)

    A>0 A<0
    Method 2 (for @ or @ ’ only) Method 2 (for @ or @ ’ only)
    Compute et(i= 1,2,3) (if only 92, g3 are given Compute e2 and Hz (if only g2,g3 are given, use
    use Table 18.1 to get the periods, then get ei in Table 18.1 to get the periods, then get e( in
    Table 18.3; if periods are also given, use Table 18.3 Table 18.3; if periods are also given use Table 18.3
    directly). In any case, obtain m(=[ez-es]/ directly). In any case, obtain m(=$--3e2/4H2)
    [el- e3]), thence Jacobi’s functions sn(z*jm), thence Jacobi’s functions sn(z’)m), cn(z’lm),
    cn(z*lm), dn(z*)m), from 16.4 and 16.21 and dn(z’jm), from 16.4 and 16.21 and @ or @ ’ from
    @ or @,’ from 18.9.11-18.9.12. 18.9.11-18.9.12.

    Method 3 (accuracy limited by Table 4.16 of Method 3 (accuracy limited as in the case A>O).
    eenz and by the method of getting periods). Obtain periods, their ratio a, thence q2=e+J2
    Obtain periods, their ratio a, then q=e-” from from Table 4.16. Then proceed as in the case
    Table 4.16. Hence get St(O), i=2,3,4 from A>O, using corresponding formulas.
    truncated series 18.10.21-23. Compute appro-
    priate d functions for z=x and for z=iy, whence
    get P(x), @‘(4 and/or JW), Q (in), @ ‘(iy>
    and/or [(iy), then use an addition formula (if
    either x or y is “small”, it is probably easier to
    use Laurent’s series).

    Example 8. Given 2=.07+.li, g2=10, g3=2, Example 8. Given z=.1+.03i, g2=-10, g3=2,
    find @. find@.
    Using Laurent’s series directly with Using Laurent’s series directly with
    cz=.5 C2=-.5
    c,=.O7142 85714 ~a=.07142 85714
    cq= .08333 33333 ch= .80333 33333
    c5= .00974 02597 z.-2=76.59287 938-50.50079 960i
    2-2= -22.97193 820-63.06022 25i c&= - .00455 ooo- .00300 oooi
    + c2z2= - .00255 000+ .00700 OOi c3z4= $ .OOOOO 334 + .OOOOO 780i
    +c3z4=- .OOOOl214- .OOOOl02i c4z6= - .OOOOO 002 + .OOOOO 01 li
    fc4z6= f .OOOOO 024- .OOOOO Oli
    @ (z)=76.58833 270-50.50379 169i.
    @ (z) = -22.97450 010-63.05323 28i.

    Example 9. Given z=15+73i, g2=8, g3=4, Example 9. Given 2=1.75-t-3.6( g2=7, g3=6,
    find @. From Example 7, w=1.009453, c,+= find @. From Example 7, o2=.99579 98, &=
    1.484413i. From Table 18.3, e,=1.61803 37, 2.33241 83i. Using 18.2.18 with M= 1, N= 1,
    e3= -.99999 96, whence m=.14589 79. From @(1.75+3.6i)=@(-.24159 96-l.O64836i)=
    18.2.18 with M=7 and N=24, 9(.867658+ @(.24159 96+1.0648 36i). WithA<O fromTable
    1.748176i)=@(l5+73i). Since z lies in Rz, by 18.3,el=-.81674362+.50120 90i,e2=1.63348 724,
    18.2.31 @(15+73i)=F(.867658+1.220653). e,=-.81674 362--50120 9Oi whence m=.01014
    From 16.4 with z*=1.40390+1.97505i, sn(z*lm) 3566, Hi=1.58144 50, so that z’=2zH!=.76415
    =2.46550+1.96527i. Using 18.9.11, ,f$(15+733) 29+3.367959i. From 16.4, cn(z’lm)=4.00543 66
    = - .57743t .067797i. -12.32465 69i. Applying 18.9.11, @ (1.75+3.6i)
    = - .960894- .383068i.
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 667
    A>0 A<0

    Example 10. Given w=lO, w’=2Oi, find Example 10. Given wZ=5, wi=7i find
    {(9+19i) by use of theta functions, 18.10 and @‘(3+2i) by use of theta functions, 18.10 and
    addition formulas. addition formulas.
    For the period ratio a=w’/wi=2 with the aid of With the use of Table 4.16 and 18.10.2, q=ie-.‘r
    Table 4.16, p=e-2”=.00186 74427. =.11090 12784i.
    Using the truncated approximations 18.10.21- The theta functions are computed for argument
    18.10.23 we compute the theta functions for zero using 18.10.21-18.10.23 and the theta
    argument zero. Using 16.27.1-16.27.4 we com- functions for arguments vl and vz corresponding
    pute the theta functions for arguments v where to z=zlfzz using 16.27.1-16.27.4. Using 18.l.O.5-
    Z=X and z=iy. Then, with 18.10.5-18.10.7 18.10.6 together with 18 10.10, we find @ (3) =
    together with 18.10.9 and 18.10.18 we obtain .10576 946, @ (2i) = -.24497 773, @’ (3) =
    l(9) =.09889 5484, s(19i) = -.00120 0 155i, - .07474140, Q ‘(Zi) = - .25576 007i. The addi-
    @ (9) = .01706 9647, p’(9) = - .00125 3460, tion formula 18.4.1 yields @(3+2i)=.O1763 210
    @ (19i) = -.00861 2615, @‘(19i) = -.00003 :757i. -.07769 187i, and 18.4.2 yields @‘(3+21)=
    Using the addition formula 18.4.3, we obtain -.00069 182 t.04771 305i.
    [(9 + 19i) = .07439 49- .00046 8%.
    Use of Table 18.2 in Computing @, @‘, r for Special Period Ratios
    If the problem is reduced to computing @ , @ ‘, { in the Fundamental Rectangle for the case when the
    real half-period is unity and pure imaginary half-period is ia, for certain values of a Table 18.2 may be
    used. Consider @ as an example. If Iz( is “small”, then use Laurent’s series directly for @ (z) [invar-
    iants for use in the series are given in Table 118.31.
    If 2 is “large” and y “small” use Table 18.2 to obtain x2@ (2) and S?@‘(X), thence @ (x) and g’(x) ;
    use Laurent’s series to obtain @ (iy) and @‘(iy) ; finally, use addition formula 18.4.1.
    For z “small” and y “large”, reverse the procedure. For both 2 and y “large,” use Table 18.!2 to
    obtain JB (x), P’(X), @ (iy) and @‘(iy), thence use addition formula 18.4.1.
    Similar procedures apply to @ ’ or [. For @ ‘, one can also first obtain $J5, then compute @ I2
    =4&?‘--g,@ -g3 and extract the appropriate square root (see 18.8 re choice of sign for @‘).
    A>0 A<0
    Example 11. Compute @(.8+i) when a==1.2. Example 11. Compute @(.9+.li) for a=1.05.
    Using Table 18.2 or Laurent’s series 18.5.1-4 with Using Table 18.2 or Laurent’s series 18.5.1-4 #with
    g2=9.15782 851 and g2=-42.41653 54 and
    g,=3.23761 717 from Table 18.3, g3=9.92766 62 from Table 18.3,
    @(.8)=1.92442 11, @ (.9) = .34080 33,
    @‘(A) = -2.76522 05, @‘(.9) = -2.164801,
    @ (i) = - 1.40258 06 and @ (.li) = -99.97876,
    p’(i)=-1.19575 5%. Using the addition for- @‘(.li) = -2000.4255i. With the addition for-
    mula 18.4.1 mula 18.4.1
    @(.8+i)=-.3 81433-.149361i. @(.9+.1i)=.231859-.215149i.
    Example 12. Compute ((.02+3i) for (2~4. Example 12. Compute @‘(.4+.9i) for o=2.
    Using Table 18.2 or Laurent’s series 18.5.1-5 with Using Table 18.2 or Laurent’s series 18.5J-4,
    g2=8.11742 426 with
    g3=4.45087 587 g,=4.54009 85,
    from Table 18.3, g,=8.38537 94
    [(.02) =49.99999 89, from Table 18.3,
    @ (.02) =2500.00016, @ (.4) =6.29407 07,
    @‘(.02) = -249999.98376, @‘(.4) = -30.99041,
    p(3i) = .89635 173i, @ (.9i) = - 1.225548,
    @(3i)=-32326 511, @,‘(.9i) = -3.19127 03i.
    @ ‘(3i) = - .00249 829i. Using the addition formulas 18.4.1-2,
    Applying the addition formula 18.4.3, 9’(.4+.9i)=1.10519 76-.56489 OOi.
    {(.02+3i)=.O16465+.89635i.
    668 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Computation of s for Given z and Arbitrary g, and g3

    (or periods from which g2 and g3 can be computed-in any case, periods must be known, at least
    approximately)
    First reduce the problem (if necessary) to computation for a point z in the Fundamental Rectangle
    (see 18.2). After final reduction let z denote the point obtained.
    A>0 A<0
    If $?a>~/2 or, If $?z>w,@ or
    $z>w:/4, use duplication formula as in case
    Nz>w’/2, use duplication formula A>O. Otherwise, use Maclaurin series for u
    directly.

    obtaining u(P@) by use of Maclaurin series for u


    and @‘(z/2) by method explained above. Other-
    wise, simply use Maclaurin series for u directly.
    An alternate method is to use theta functions 18.10 first computing p and S<(O), i=2,3,4.
    A>0 A<0
    Example 13. Compute u(.4+1.3i) for g2=8, Example 13. Compute
    u(.8+.4i) for ga=7,
    g3=4. From Example 7, w=1.009453 and w’ g3=6. From Example 7, w,=.99579 976, w:
    =1.484413i. Since Yz>w’/2, the Maclaurin se- =2.33241 83i. Since k%‘z>w2/2, the Maclaurin
    ries 18.5.6 is used to obtain “(z/2) =a(.2+.65i) series 18.5.6 is used to obtain u(z@)=u(.4+.2i)
    = .19543 86+ .64947 28i, the Laurent series 18.5.4 =.40038 019-j-.19962 017i, the Laurent series
    to obtain @‘(.2+.65i)=5.02253 80-3.56066 93i. 18.5.4 to obtain @‘(.4+ .2i) = -3.70986 70
    The duplication formula 18.4.8 gives u(.4+1.3i) +22.2185444. The duplication formula 18.4.8
    = .278080+ 1.272785i. gives u(.8+.4$=.81465 765-k.38819 473i.
    Given Q(@, P’, C> corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Rectangle, as well as g2 and g3 or
    the equivalent, find z.
    Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use of any of the given (truncated) reversed
    series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series. For greater accuracy, use inverse
    interpolation procedures.
    If t,he given function does not correspond to a value of z in the Fundamental Rectangle (see Con-
    formal Maps) the problem can always be reduced to this case by the use of appropriate reduction for-
    mulas in 18.2. This process is relatively simple for g(z), more difficult for the other functions (e.g. if
    A>0 and @=a+ib, where h>O, simply consider &a--ib and find z1 in RI [Figure 18.11; then com-
    pute z2=ZL+2w’, the point in R2 corresponding to the given @).
    A>0 A<0
    Example Given @=1-i,
    14. g2=10, g3=2, Example Given J? = 1 -t-i, g2= - 10, g3=2,
    14.
    find z. Using the first three terms of the reversed find z. From Example 6, w,=1.40239 48 and
    series 18.5.25 z1= .727+.423i. The Laurent series 0:=1.52561 02i. Since b>O, z exists in R2 and z
    18.5.1 gives is computed with <E. Using 18.5.25 with a2= -
    1.25, a3=.25, u=[(@)-‘]‘/~ and the coefficients c,
    and @(z,)= @‘(.727+.423i)=.825-.895i
    from Example 8
    @ (22)= @ (.697 + .393&)= .938- 1.038i. 2u= 1.55377 3973 f .64359 424933
    Inverse interpolation gives c2u5= .08044 9281-.19422 17466i
    (I)= .707 + .38Oi. Repeated applications
    21 of the
    above procedure yield 2= .706231+.379893i. c3u7=-.01961 9359f.00812 660473
    dUS
    -=-* 10115 7160- so419006673i
    3
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 669

    A>0 A<0

    Stopping with the term in u7, z1 ~.81+~23i.


    Assuming AZ= -.03-.Oli, using 18.5.1, @(.81-l-
    .23i)=.91410 95-.86824 37i, @(.78+.2&)=
    1.03191 60- .91795 22i; with inverse interpolation
    zi” =. 7725 + .2404i. Repeated applicationg of
    inverse interpolation yield z=. 772247-.239$58i.

    Example 15. Given {=lO-15i, g2=8, 9:$=4, Example 15. Given a=.4+.li, g2=7, g$=6,
    find Z. Using the reversed series 18.5.40 with find z. Using the reversed series 18.5.70 with
    y,=.14583, y3=.05
    A5= -.I3333 333,
    u= +.40000 000+.10000 oooi
    A,= - .02857 14286,
    $=+.OOOll 783+.00032 696i
    u= .03076 923076+.04615 38461%

    A&= - .OOOOO001402 + .OOOOO00686Oi Yd


    T=-.OOOOO 208+.00001 432i
    A&= - .OOOoO 000004- .OOOOO000003i
    3-&J9
    -= - .OOOOO093 + .OOOOO126i
    z= .03076 921670+.04615 391472&. 14

    w2Y3~11 = -.OOOOO 013+.00000 006i


    55
    z=.40011 469+.10034 260i
    -
    Methods of Computation of @ (@‘, f or U) for Given ratio a is not too large. However, if aZ&A>O)
    a and Given gz, g3 (or the equivalent), with the Use or a 22$(A<O), the series will diverge at the
    of Automatic Digital Computing Machinery
    far corner of the Fundamental Rectangle, so that
    (a) Integration of Differential Equation use may be made of an appropriate duplication
    @ and @’ may be generated for any z close formula. Alternatively, one may compute the
    enough to a “known point” z*( @ (z*) and @“(z*) functions on Ox and Oy, then use an addition
    being given) by integrating @“=6 p2-g2/2. formula. Even so, the series will diverge at
    A program to do this on SWAC, via a modifica- z=ia if aZ2(A>O) and at z=ia/2 if uh4(A<O).
    tion of the Hammer-Hollingsworth method For great accuracy, multiple precision operations
    (MTAC, July 1955, pp. 92-96) due to Dr. P. might be necessary. Double precision flo&ting
    Henrici, exists at Numerical Analysis Research, point mode has been used in a program, written
    UCLA (code number 00600, written by W. L. for SWAC, to compute @ , @ ’ and {.
    Wilson, Jr.). The program has been tested For computation of u, use of the Maclwrin
    numerically in the equianharmonic case, using series throughout the Fundamental Rectanghe is
    integration steps of various sizes. For example, probably simplest (series converges for all z).
    if one starts with z*=02, using an “integration Mention should be made of the possible u$e of
    step” (h,k), w h ere h and k are respectively the the series defining the 6 functions. These sleries
    horizontal and vertical components of a step, converge for all complex V, and the comput&tion
    with (h,k) having one of the six values (&2&O), of @, @‘, c and u by 18.10.5-18.10.8 could easily
    (fh,,fk,J, &=w2/2000, ko=~w~~/2000, one can be mechanized. The series involved have the
    expect almost 8S in @ and 7S in @,’ after 1000 advantage of converging very fast, even in case
    steps, unless 2 is too near a pole. A<O, where lalse-X’2(q6 e-’ if A>O).
    (b) Use of Series
    The process of reducing the computation prob- Use of Maps
    lem to one in which z is in the Fundamental If the problem (of computing @, @‘, J‘ or u for
    Rectangle can obviously be mechanized. Inside given z) is reduced to the case where the real bdf-
    the Fundamental Rectangle the direct use of period is unity and imaginary half-period is one
    Laurent’s series is appropriate when the period of those used in the maps in 18.8 inspection of the
    670 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    appropriate figure will give the value of P(Z) approximation to (zol by Graeffe’s process, we
    [c(z) or u(z)] to 2-35. If @’ is wanted instead, may use the fact that z,,=wi-iyo(A>O), zo=w2
    get @, use 18.6.3 to obtain @ I2 and select sign (s) +ivo(A<O) to obtain an approximation to zoJ.
    of @ ’ appropriately. (See Conformal Mapping It is noted that ye/w is a monotonic decreasing
    (18.8) for choice of sign of square root of @ “>. function of (period ratio) a2 1 for A>0 and

    Computation of z. [lz y,,/w>i arccosh fi( x .7297)].


    Given gz, g3 (or equivalent)

    Since z$@ (zo) =O, the Laurent’s series gives yo/wz is a monotonic increasing function of a for
    A<0 and
    O=1+C&&L3+C~U4+ . . .
    [0 5 yo/wz<z arccosh fl]
    where u= .zt. We may solve this equation [by
    Graeffe’s (root-squaring) process or otherwise] Further data is available from Table 18.2 or from
    for its absolutely smallest root [having found an Conformal Maps defined by .Cp(2).

    References
    Texts and Articles [18.14] E. S. Selmer, A simple trisection formula for the
    elliptic function of Weierstrass in the equian-
    [18.1] P. Appell and E. Lacour, Principes de la theorie des harmonic case, Norske Vid. Selsk. Forh. Trond-
    fonctions elliptiques et applications (Gauthier- heim 19, 29, 116-119 (1947).
    Villars, Paris, France, 1897).
    [18.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions, [18.15] J. Tannery and J. Molk, Elements de la theorie des
    vol. 2, ch. 13 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., fonctions elliptiques, 4 ~01s. (Gauthier-Villars,
    New York, N.Y., 1953). Paris, France, 1893-1902).
    [18.3] E. Gmeser, Einfiihrung in die Theorie der ellip- [18.16] F. Tricomi, Elliptische Funkt.ionen (Akademische
    tischen Funktionen und deren Anwendungen Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany, 1948).
    (R. Oldenbourg, Munich, Germany, 1950). [18.17] F. Tricomi, Funzioni ellittiche, 2d ed. (Bologna,
    [18.4j G. H. Halphen, Trait6 des fonctions elliptiques et Italy, 1951).
    de leurs applications, 1 (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, [l&18] C. E. Van Orstrand, Reversion of power series,
    France, 1886).
    Phil. Mag. (6) 19, 366-376 (Jan.-June 1910).
    [18.5] H. Hancock, Lectures on the theory of elliptic
    functions, vol. 1 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New [l&19] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
    York, N.Y., 1910, reprinted, Dover Publica- modern analysis, ch. 20, 4th ed. (Cambridge
    t,ions, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1958). Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
    [18.6] A. Hurwite and R. Courant, Vorlesungen iiber
    allgemeine Funktionentheorie und elliptische
    Funktionen, 3d ed. (Springer, Berlin, Germany, Guides, Collections of Formulas, etc.
    1929).
    [18.7] E. L. Ince, Ordinary differential equations (Dover [18.20] P. F. Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of
    Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1944). elliptic integrals for engineers and physicists,
    j18.81 E. Ksmke, Differentialgleichungen, LBsungs- Appendix, sec. 1030 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
    methoden und Liisungen, vol. 1, 2d ed. (Akade- Germany, 1954).
    mische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany [18.21] -4. Fletcher, Guide to tables of elliptic functionst
    1943). Math. Tables Aids Comp. 3, 247-249 (1948-49).
    (18.91 D. H. Lehmer, The lemniscate constant, Math. [18.22] S. Fliigge, Handbuch der Physik, vol. 1, pp. 126
    Tables Aids Comp. 3, 550-551 (1948-49). 146 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1956).
    [18.10] S. C. Mitra, On the expansion of the Weierstrassian
    and Jacobian elliptic functions in powers of the j18.231 H. Kober, Dictionary of conformal representations
    argument, Bu!l. Calcutta Math. Sot. 17, 159-172 (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
    1952).
    (1926).
    [lS.ll] F. Oberhettinger and W. Magnus, Anwendung der [18.24] L. M. Milne-Thomson, Jacobian elliptic function
    elliptischen Funktionen in Physik und Technik tables (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
    (Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1949). N.Y., 1950).
    (18.12) G. Prasad, An introduction to the theory of ellipt,ic [18.25] K. Weierstrass and H. A. Schwarz, Formeln und
    functions and higher transcendentals (Univ. of Lehrsiitze zum Gebrauche der elliptischen Func-
    Calcutta, India, 1928). tionen. Nach Vorlesungen und Aufzeichnungen
    (18.13) U. Richard, Osservazioni sulla bisesione delle des Herrn K. Weierstrass bearbertet und
    funzioni ellittiche di Weierstrass, Boll. Un. Mat. herausgegeben von H. A. Schwarz, 2d ed.
    Ital. 3, 4, 395-397 (1949). (Springer,Berlin, Germany, 1893).
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 671
    Tables [18.28] T. H. Southard, Approximation and table of the
    [18.26] Chih-Bing Ling, Evaluation at half-periods of Weierstrass @J function in the equianhatmonic
    Weierstrass’ elliptic function with rectangular case for real argument, Math. Tables Aids IComp.
    primitive period-parallelogram, hlath. Comp. 149 11, 58, 99-100 (Apr. 1957). f(u)=@(u)-$
    69, 67-70 (19GO). Values of ei (i-1, 2, 3) to 15D
    for various period ratios in case A>O. to 7D . with modified central differences,
    [18.27] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th 1~=0(.1).8(.05)1.55.
    ed., pp. loo-106 (Dover Publications, Inc., New
    York, N.Y., 1945). Equianharmonic case, real [18.29] D. A. Strayhorne, A study of an elliptic function
    (Thesis, Chicago, Ill., 1946). Air Documents
    argument,.P(u),P (4, T(u),u (u),u=O (go) Division T-2, AMC, Wright Field, Micro-
    film No. Rc-734F15000. @,(a; 37, -42), 4D,
    $ mostly 4D.
    z= .04i(.O4i) 1.36i.
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 673
    Table 18.1
    TABLE FOR OBTAININC: PERIODS FOR INvARIANTS g, AND g,

    @2-=&G 3
    Non-Negative Discriminant Non-Positive Discriminant

    1.28254 98 1.52168 83 A- o -0.00 2.62205 76 2.62205 76 - cc


    1.27944 73 1.51892 22 -0. 01 2.62025 54 2.62304 98 -100 ,
    1.21637 43 1.51685 48 -0.02 2.61693 53 2.62710 11 - 50
    1.27333 03 1.51505 45 -0.03 2.61258 67 2.63126 10 - 33
    1.27031 49 1.51342 84 -0.04 2.60737 43 2.63611 20 - 25
    3.25 1.26732 80 1.51193 18 -0.05 2.60137 48 2.64151 34 - 20
    3.30 1.26436 90 1.51053 84 -0.06 2.59464 00 2.64735 75 - 17
    3.35 1.26143 77 1.50923 08 -0.07 2.58720 37 2.65355 47 - 14
    3.40 1.25853 38 1.50799 63 -0.08 2.57909 05 2.66002 55 - 13
    -0.09 2.57032 09 2.66669 74 - 11
    -0.10 2.56091 33 2.67350 25 - 10
    4 ' 6. -0.11 2.55088 61 2.68037 66
    wg3 WiT 3/z
    -0.12 2.54025 86 2.68725 00 I ;
    1.25853 38 1.69503 33
    1.25280 64 1.64719 87 -0.13 2.52905 23 2.69409 09
    1.24718 42 -0.14 2.51729 09 2.70081 77 I 7"
    1.60789 93
    1.24166 45 1.57451 65
    1.23624 47 1.54548 31 -0.15 2.50500 11 2.70738 70 - 7
    1.23092 23 1.51978 54 -0.16 2.49221 23 2.71375 03
    -0.17 2.47895 70 2.71986 26 1 ;
    4. 0 1.22569 47 1.49672 94 -0.18 2.46527 01 2.72568 31
    1.22055 95 1.47581 06 -0.19 2.45118 90 2.73117 52 I ;
    ::: 1.21551 44 1.45668 57 -0.20 2.43675 29 2.73630 70 - 5
    1.21055 69 1.43905 10
    i:: 1.20568 50 1.42269 63
    1.20089 62 1.40744 84
    ::2 1.19618 86 1.39316 72 ?J
    1.19156 00 1.37973 79 OPg3 Wig t Ii <&?>
    2; 1.18700 83 1.36706 51 -P;, ' 1.62955 49 1.82987 88
    4:9 1.18253 18 1.35506 88 -0:25 1.66926 74 1.94863 05 I :
    -0.30 1.68880 94 2.04569 84
    5. 0 1.17812 83 1.34368 10 -0.35 1.69574 71 2.12452 34 1 :
    1.16953 35 1.32250 70 -0.40 1.69529 14 2.18836 07 - 3
    ::: 1.16120 96 1.30316 60
    1.15314 34 1.28537 08 -0.45 1.69080 53 2.24023 31
    ::i 1.14532 23 1.26889 69 -0.50 1.68433 20 2.28267 03 1 2'
    -0.55 1.67705 44 2.31773 31 - 2
    1.13773 46 1.25356 57 -0.60 1.66962 98 2.34701 74
    2; 1.13036 91 1.23923 29 -0.65 1.66240 65 2.37174 42 I :
    1.12321 55 1.22577 96
    t-2 1.11626 38 1.21310 78 -0.70 1.65555 57 2.39284 34
    6: 8 1.10950 49 1.20113 41 -0.75 1.64914 98 2.41102 56 I :
    -0.80 1.64320 64 2.42683 68
    1.10293 00 -0.85 1.63771 44 2.44070 05 I :
    1.18978 83
    1.09653 11 1.17901 03 -0.90 1.63264 84 2.45294 80 -1
    11.09030 03 1.16874 82
    1.08423 04 1.15895 67 -0.95 1.62797 70 2.46384 40
    1.07831 46 -1.00 1.62366 67 2.47359 62 1 :
    1.14959 65
    1.07254 63 1.14063 29
    1.06691 95 1.13203 51
    1.06142 83 1.12377 59
    1.05606 74 1.11583 09 w2g t w4$ In (3-g,)
    1.05083 15 g2
    1.10817 84
    -1.0 1.62366 67 3.03954 85
    1.04571 58 1.10079 87 -0.8 1.60646 93 3.05518 40
    1.04071 56 1.09367 40 -0.6 1.58820 63 3.06892 24
    1.63582 65 1.08678 83 -0.4 1.56918 06 3.08070 50
    1.03104 44 1.08012 69 -0.2 1.54967 81 3.09053 50
    1.02636 52 1.07367 66
    1.02178 54 1.06742 51 1.52995 40 3.09846 47
    1.51022 67 3.10458 18
    1.49067 44 3.10899 55
    1.47143 75 3.11182 48
    w’g$g b/i 1.45262 13 3.11318 95
    .&-I %!FF$ cg,>
    0.10 1.81>01 99 1.8981E"01 1.43430 15 3.11320 22
    0.09 1.82207 90 1.89119 06 :i 1.41652 88 3.11196 36
    0.08 1.82696 90 1.80476 56 1.39933 41 3.10955 78
    0.07 1.83165 87 1.87888 68 :: 1.38273 24 3.10604 84
    0. 06 1.83611 17 1.87354 40 17 1.36672 71 3.10147 38
    0.05 1.84028 47 1.86873 53 1.35131 24 3.09584 00
    0.04 1.84412 45 1.86447 02 1.33647 63 3.08910 74
    0.03 1.84756 35 1.32220 24 3.08116 35
    0.02 1.85050 78 1.85769
    1.86077 72
    37 :z 1.30847 11 3.07175 37
    0. 01 1.85280 73 1.85534 90 100 1.29526 10 3.06025 10

    [‘;;I-11
    0.00 1.85407 47 1.85407 47 - 1.28254 90 3.04337 67 a- 0

    [ 1
    (,3)3
    i:
    1s=0.20412 4145 $‘=0.40824 829
    674 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 18.2 TABLE FOR OBTAINING @, P’ AND I ON Ox AND Oy


    (Positive Discriminant--Unit Real Half-Period)
    zV(z)
    z=r\,, 1.00 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.0 4.0
    0.00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00
    0.05 1.00000 37 1.00000 34 1.00000 32 1.00000 29 1.00000 26 1.00000 25 1.00000 25
    0.10 1.00005 91 1.00005 41 1.00005 05 1.00004 59 1.00004 22 1.00004 08 1.00004 07
    0.15 1.00029 91 1.00027 41 1.00025 59 1.00023 31 1.00021 46 1.00020 75 1.00020 73
    0.20 1.00094 57 1.00086 77 1.00081 12 1.00074 02 1.00068 25 1.00066 02 1.00065 97
    0.25 1.00230 98 1.00212 32 1.00198 79 1.00181 79 1.00167 98 1.00162 64 1.00162 51
    0. 30 1.00479 35 1.00441 61 1.00414 21 1.00379 79 1.00351 80 1.00340 97 1.00340 71
    0.35 1.00889 27 1.00821 33 1.00772 00 1.00709 99 1.00659 56 1.00640 03 1.00639 57
    0.40 1.01520 23 1.01408 14 1.01326 70 1.01224 31 1.01140 98 1.01108 69 1.01107 93
    0.45 1.02442 50 1.02269 65 1.02144 00 1.01985 94 1.01857 24 1.01807 36 1.01806 19
    0.50 1.03738 54 1.03486 08 1.03302 47 1.03071 36 1.02883 08 1.02810 10 1.02808 38
    0.55 1.05504 92 1.05152 36 1.04895 81 1.04572 73 1.04309 40 1.04207 28 1.04204 87
    0.60 1.07855 23 1.07381 21 1.07036 11 1.06601 29 1.06246 70 1.06109 15 1.06105 91
    0.65 1.10923 99 1.10307 22 1.09857 95 1.09291 64 1.08829 58 1.08650 29 1.08646 07
    0.70 1.14872 15 1.14092 35 1.13524 09 1.12807 45 1.12222 46 1.11995 41 1.11990 05
    0.75 1.19894 38 1.18933 40 1.18232 81 1.17348 94 1.16627 18 1.16346 98 1.16340 37
    0.80 1.26229 01 1.25071 86 1.24227 98 1.23162 95 1.22292 96 1.21955 14 1.21947 17
    0.85 1.34171 37 1.32807 28 1.31812 18 1.30556 03 1.29529 60 1.29130 97 1.29121 57
    0.90 1.44091 81 1.42515 17 1.41364 80 1.39912 31 1.38725 23 1.38264 14 1.38253 27
    0.95 1.56460 22 1.54671 40 1.53366 04 1.51717 65 1.50370 31 1.49846 94 1.49834 59
    1.00 1.71879 62 1.69885 59 1.68430 41 1.66592 77 1.65090 68 1.64507 17 1.64493 41
    [(-;‘“I [ (-i’4] [(-i’“] [(-;‘“I [(-i’4] [(-i’4] [(-;‘“I

    CTi-!/\,l 1.00 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.0 4.0


    0.00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00
    0. 05 1.00000 37 1.00000 34 1.00000 31 1.00000 29 1.00000 26 1.00000 25 1.00000 25
    0.10 1.00005 91 1.00005 40 1.00005 03 1.00004 57 1.00004 19 1.00004 05 1.00004 04
    0.15 1.00029 91 1.00027 31 1.00025 42 1.00023 05 1.00021 13 1.00020 39 1.00020 37
    0.20 1.00094 57 1.00086 20 1.00080 14 1.00072 54 1.00066 38 1.00063 99 1.00063 94
    0.25 1.00230 98 1.00210 14 1.00195 05 1.00176 15 1.00160 81 1.00154 88 1.00154 75
    0.30 1.00479 35 1.00435 08 1.00403 04 1.00362 91 1.00330 38 1.00317 81 1.00317 52
    0.35 1.00889 27 1.00804 86 1.00743 81 1.00667 40 1.00605 50 1.00581 59 1.00581 03
    0.40 1.01520 23 1.01371 37 1.01263 dl 1.01129 28 1.01020 38 1.00978 33 1.00977 34
    0.45 1.02442 50 1.02194 93 1.02016 25 1.01792 92 1.01612 33 1.01542 64 1.01540 99
    0.50 1.03738 54 1.03345 04 1.03061 34 1.02707 18 1.02421 09 1.02310 77 1.02308 17
    0.55 1.05504 92 1.04901 44 1.04466 92 1.03925 21 1.03488 20 1.03319 83 1.03315 85
    0.60 1.07855 23 1.06955 87 1.06309 37 1.05504 64 1.04856 45 1.04606 96 1.04601 09
    0.65 1.10923 99 1.09614 60 1.08675 16 1.07507 92 1.06569 47 1.06208 70 1.06200 18
    0.70 1.14872 15 1.13001 89 l.11663 04 1.10003 09 1.08671 44 1.08160 18 1.08148 16
    0.75 1.19894 38 1.17264 63 1.15387 03 1.13065 03 1.11207 03 1.10494 84 1.10478 09
    0.80 1.26229 01 1.22578 78 1.19980 68 1.16777 18 1.14221 52 1.13243 76 1.13220 79
    0.85 1.34171 37 1.29157 86 1.25602 53 1.21233 97 1.17761 18 1.16435 46 1.16404 34
    0.90 1.44091 81 1.37264 39 1.32443 52 1.26544 15 1.21873 89 1.20095 66 1.20053 95
    0.95 1.56460 22 1.47224 79 1.40736 61 1.32835 02 1.26610 10 1.24247 14 1.24191 74
    1.00 1.71879 62 1.59449 89 1.50769 66 1.40258 06 1.32024 17 1.28909 73 1.28836 81
    1.05 1.74462 36 1.62902 39
    1.10 1.77589 10
    [(-;‘4] [(-:‘3] [(-;‘3] [‘-$11 [‘-:‘“I [(-;‘“I [(-;‘6]

    Z.I iL!/\rr 1.00 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.0 4.0


    :*i 1.71879 62 1.59449 89 1.50769 66 1.85616
    1.40258 29
    06 1.32024
    1.61789 95
    17 1.52970
    1.28909 17
    73 1.527649
    1.288368
    1:4 2.09401 44 1.86127 05 1.855916
    1.6 2.28676 23 2.273495
    1. 8 2.80921 52 2.777516
    2.0 3.43759 29 3.363868
    4.028426
    :*:
    2: 6 If the real half-period ~1, see 18.2 Homogeneity Relations. Interpolation with z: :$~~~
    2.8 respect to II will, in general, be difficult because of the non-uniform subintervals ‘* 459856
    3.0 involved. Aitken’s interpolation may be used in this ease. As few as 3s may 7.409386
    z’ i be obtained. For the computation of P’, 9’ or c at z=.r+i!l, an addition formula 98. $$~~~
    ;: ; may be used (18.4 and Examplea 11-12). lo:660867
    11.877621
    4: 0 13.160574
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 675
    TABLE FOR OBTAINING 9, Pi’ AND r ON Ox AND 0, Table 18.2
    (Positive Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)
    _.W(:)
    ;=s\fl 1.00 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.0 4.0
    0.00' -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.oooao 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00
    0.05 -1.99999 26 -1.99999 32 -1.99999 37 -1.99999 43 -1.99999 47 -1.99999 49 -1.99999 49
    0.10 -1.99988 18 -1.99989 17 -1.99989 a9 -1.99990 80 -1.99991 53 -1.99991 a1 -1.99991 a2
    0.15 -1.99940 16 -1.99945 07 -1.99948 63 -1.99953 10 -1.99956 73 -1.99958 14 -1.99958 17
    0.20 -1.99810 75 -1.99825 79 -1.99836 70 -1.99850 41 -1.99861 55 -1.99865 86 -1.99865 97
    0.25 -1.99537 33 -1.99572 57 -1.99598 17 -1.99630 33 -1.99656 50 -1.99666 63 -1.99666 08
    0.30 -1.99038 23 -1.99107 69 -1.99158 17 -1.99221 67 -1.99273 38 -1.99293 42 -1.99293 89
    0.35 -1.98210 95 -1.98332 00 -1.98420 07 -1.98530 95 -1.98621 31 -1.98656 35 -1.98657 17
    0.40 -1.96928 90 -1.97121 06 -1.97260 99 -1.97437 35 -1.97581 22 -1.97637 02 -1.97638 34
    0.45 -1.95036 :3 -1.95319 16 -1.95525 47 -1.95785 77 -1.95998 33 -1.96080 a2 -1.96082 78
    0.50 -1.92339 01 -1.92730 50 -1.93016 21 -1.93377 03 -1.93671 95 -1.93786 53 -1.93789 23
    0.55 -1.88593 a3 -1.89106 43 -1.89480 97 -1.89954 33 -1.90341 73 -1.90492 32 -1.90495 86
    0.60 -1.83488 99 -1.84127 27 -1.84594 09 -1.85184 a2 -1.85668 71 -1.85856 93 -1.85861 37
    0.65 -1.76619 53 -1.77376 97 -1.77931 45 -1.78633 a9 -1.79209 a0 -1.79433 95 -1.79439 25
    0.70 -1.67451 43 -1.68307 45 -1.68934 72 -1.69729 96 -1.70382 60 -1.70636 76 -1.70642 75
    0.75 -1.55271 74 -1.56189 13 -1.56861 96 -1.57715 61 -1.58416 75 -1.58689 93 -1.58696 39
    0.80 -1.39118 65 -1.40041 70 -1.40713 15 -1.41579 29 -1.42286 23 -1.42561 79 -1.42568 30
    0.85 -1.17683 20 -1.18536 53 -1.19163 25 -1.19959 24 -1.20613 88 -1.20869 13 -1.20875 17
    0.90 -0.89169 al -0.89858 la -0.90361 00 -0.91006 69 -0.91535 50 -0.91741 70 -0.91746 57
    0.95 -0.51095 a7 -0.51505 33 -0.51806 28 -0.52188 70 -0.52503 45 -0.52626 26 -0.52629 14
    1.00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00 0.0000'3 00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00
    [C-32] [‘-321 [(72] [!-;‘“I [C-j’“] [(-;‘“I [‘3’2]

    z/i=?/\u 1.00 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.0 4.0


    0.00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00
    0.05 -1.99999 26 -1.99999 32 -1.99999 37 -1.99999 43 -1.99999 48 -1.99999 49 -1.99999 49
    0.10 -1.99988 18 -1.99989 21 -1.99989 95 -1.99990 a9 -1.99991 65 -1.99991 94 -1.99991 95
    0.15 -1.99940 16 -1.99945 48 -1.99940 33 -1.99954 15 -1.99958 07 -1.99959 59 -1.99959 62
    0.20 -1.99810 75 -1.99828 08 -1.99840 62 -1.99856 33 -1.99869 07 -1.99873 99 -1.99874 11
    0.25 -1.99537 33 -1.99581 31 -1.99613 14 -1.99652 94 -1.99685 19 -1.99697 66 -1.99697 95
    0.30 -1.99038 23 -1.99133 a2 -1.9920;! a9 -1.99289 25 -1.99359 12 -1.99386 12 -1.99386 76
    0.35 -1.98210 95 -1.98398 06 -1.98533 03 -1.98701 63 -1.98837 91 -1.98890 48 -1.98891 71
    0.40 -1.96928 90 -1.97268 69 -1.9751:; 44 -1.97818 68 -1.98065 01 -1.98159 94 -1.98162 la
    0.45 -1.95036 13 -1.95619 80 -1.96030 48 -1.96561 82 -1.96982 60 -1.97144 57 -1.97148 38
    0.50 -1.92339 01 -1.93299 a4 -1.93989 10 -1.94845 17 -1.95533 26 -1.95797 74 -1.95803 95
    0.55 -1.88593 a3 -1.90123 75 -1.91218 25 -1.92574 23 -1.93661 23 -1.94078 35 -1.94088 17
    0.60 -1.83488 99 -1.85861 50 -1.87553 39 -1.89643 16 -1.91313 16 -1.91952 74 -1.91967 77
    0.65 -1.76619 53 -1.80221 44 -l.a278(1 48 -1.85930 08 -1.88437 77 -1.89395 96 -1.89418 46
    0.70 -1.67451 43 -1.72827 05 -1.76629 64 -1.81290 09 -1.84984 78 -1.86392 68 -1.86425 71
    0.75 -1.55271 74 -1.63184 71 -1.6875? 62 -1.75545 41 -1.80902 61 -1.82937 52 -1.82985 21
    0.80 -1.39118 65 -1.50639 22 -1.5869E 80 -1.68471 79 -1.76134 96 -1.79034 89 -1.79102 80
    0;85 -1117683 20 -1.34312 50 -1.45865 26 -1.59780 32 -1.70615 96 -1.74698 46 -1.74793 96
    0.90 -0.89169 al -1.13018 63 -1.29452 95 -1.49093 la -1.64263 75 -1.69950 14 -1.70082 95
    0;95 -0.51095 a7 -0.85145 23 -1.08387 84 -1.35912 08 -1.56972 20 -1.64818 82 -1.65001 75
    1.00 0.00000 00 -0.48485 79 -0.81220 52 -1.19575 58 -1.48600 58 -1.59338 a5 -1.59588 68
    1.05 o.uoooo 00 -0.45984 59
    1.10 0.00000 00
    [(-;I”] [‘-y] [!-p] [(-i’4] [‘-;“I [(-i!4] [‘-$)“]

    z/i=y\a 1.00 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.0 4.0


    1. 0 0.00000 00 -0.48485 79 -0.81220 52 -1.19575 58 -1.48600 58 -1.59338 85 -1.59588 68
    -_-
    1.2 0.00000 00 -0.99449 51 -1.34717 40 -1.35527 93
    1.4 0;OOOOO00 -iii7521 03 -1;09935 a3
    -0.78786 76 -0.85550 88
    ::i -0.46104 27 -0.64191 20
    0.00000 00 -0.46669 27
    -0.33022 92
    -0.22828 a9
    :*64 -0.15467 43
    21 a -0.10296 79
    3.0 -0.06745 48
    3.2 -0.04346 22
    3.4 -0.02734 75
    -0.01629 07
    -0.00795 66
    0.00000 00
    676 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 18.2 TABLE FOR OBTAINING @, P AND r ON Or AND 0,


    (Positive Diswiminant-Unit Real Half-Period)
    S(i)
    :=LY\, 1.00 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.0 4.0
    0.00 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000
    0.05 0.99999 876 0.99999 887 0.99999 895 0.99999 905 0.99999 912 0.99999 915 0.99999 915
    0.10 0.99998 031 0.99998 198 0.99998 319 0.99998 471 0.99998 595 0.99998 643 0.99998 644
    0.15 0.99990 029 0.99990 871 0.99991 481 0.99992 246 0.99992 868 0.99993 109 0.99993 115
    0.20 0.99968 483 0.99971 119 0.99973 030 0.99975 429 0.99977 377 0.99978 130 0.99978 148
    0.25 0.99923 041 0.99929 399 0.99934 010 0.99939 799 0.99944 501 0.99946 321 0.99946 364
    0.30 0.99840 360 0.99853 355 0.99862 782 0.99874 617 0.99884 235 0.99887 957 0.99888 045
    0.35 0.99704 076 0.99727 741 0.99744 912 0.99766 478 0.99784 008 0.99790 793 0.99790 954
    0.40 0.99494 715 0.99534 298 0.99563 028 0.99599 122 0.99628 469 0.99639 831 0.99640 099
    0.45 0.99189 577 0.99251 583 0.99296 602 0.99353 179 0.99399 196 0.99417 016 0.99417 438
    0.50 0.98762 541 0.98854 726 0.98921 683 0.99005 855 0.99074 340 0.99100 867 0.99101 490
    0.55 0.98183 783 0.98315 105 0.98410 521 0.98530 511 0.98628 174 0.98666 012 0.98666 904
    0.60 0.97419 386 0.97599 894 0.97731 096 0.97896 146 0.98030 531 0.98082 605 0.98083 833
    0.65 0.96430 782 0.96671 478 0.96846 489 0.97066 726 0.97246 106 0.97315 633 0.97317 272
    0.70 0.95174 028 0.95486 674 0.95714 079 0.96000 343 0.96233 582 0.96324 002 0.96326 132
    0. 75 0.93598 819 0.93995 720 0.94284 503 0.94648 146 0.94944 525 0.95059 446 0.95062 155
    0. 80 0.91647 208 0.92140 960 0;92500 321 0;92952 973 0;93322 007 0.93465 128 0.93468 503
    0. 85 0.89251 910 0.89855 136 0.90294 299 0.90847 617 0.91298 848 0.91473 876 0.91478 003
    0.90 0.86334 108 0.87059 177 0.87587 177 0.88252 588 0.88795 364 0.89005 936 0.89010 902
    0.95 0.82800 562 0.83659 307 0.84284 790 0.85073 222 0.85716 486 0.85966 076 0.85971 964
    1.00 0.78539 822 0.79543 267 0.80274 283 0.81195 906 0.81947 977

    [(-jP1
    0.82239 820 0.82246 703
    ['-;'"I ['-j'"] ['-;I"] ['-;'"] [c-y]

    z/i=y\a 1.00 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.0 4.0


    0.00 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 1.00000 000
    0.05 0.99999 876 0.99999 887 0.99999 895 0.99999 905 0.99999 912 0.99999 915 0.99999 916
    0.10 0.99998 031 0.99998 200 0.99998 322 0.99998 476 0.99998 601 0.99998 649 0.99998 650
    0.15 0.99990 029 0.99990 891 0.99991 516 0.99992 299 0.99992 935 0.99993 181 0.99993 187
    0.20 0.99968 483 0.99971 234 0.99973 226 0.99975 725 0.99977 752 0.99978 537 0.99978 555
    0.25 0.99923 041 0.99929 836 0.99934 758 0.99940 928 0.99945 935 0.99947 871 0.99947 917
    0.30 0.99840 360 0.99854 660 0.99865 014 0.99877 991 0.99888 517 0.99892 586 0.99892 682
    0.35 0.99704 076 0.99731 033 0.99750 544 0.99774 989 0.99794 811 0.99802 472 0.99802 653
    0.40 0.99494 715 0.99541 639 0.99575 586 0.99618 100 0.99652 557 0.99665 871 0.99666 184
    0.45 0.99189 577 0.99266 485 0.99322 092 0.99391 695 0.99448 077 0.99469 855 0.99470 368
    0.50 0.98762 541 0.98882 817 0.98969 725 0.99078 438 0.99166 445 0.99200 425 0.99201 225
    0.55 0.98183 783 0.98364 988 0.98495 820 0.98659 357 0.98791 646 0.98842 700 0.98843 902
    0.60 0.97419 386 0.97684 238 0.97875 291 0.98113 896 0.98306 740 0.98381 123 0.98382 874
    0.65 0.96430 782 0.96808 373 0.97080 464 0.97419 926 0.97694 003 0.97799 651 0.97802 138
    0.70 0.95174 028 0.95701 320 0.96080 810 0.96553 710 0.96935 061 0.97081 949 0.97085 406
    0.75 0.93598 819 0.94322 518 0.94842 600 0.95489 807 0.96010 986 0.96211 557 0.96216 276
    0.80 0.91647 208 0.92626 102 0.93328 385 0.94200 908 0.94902 381 0.95172 061 0.95178 405
    0.85 0.89251 910 0.90559 833 0.91496 295 0.92657 574 0.93589 412 0.93947 230 0.93955 644
    0. 90 0.86334 108 0.88063 688 0.89299 175 0.90827 878 0.92051 815 0.92521 144 0.92532 176
    0.95 0.82800 562 0.85068 069 0.86683 386 0.88676 908 0.90268 849 0.90878 307 0.90892 628
    1.00 0.78539 822 0.81491 420 0.83587 315 0.86166 128 0.88219 209 0.89003 731 0.89022 154
    1.05 0.77237 164 0.79939 419
    1.10 0.75655 714
    [‘-;‘“] [‘-i’s] [(-;)3] [(-941 [(-;)3]
    [ 1(Vi)3
    r.
    (93
    I
    zli=y\a 1.00 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.0 4.0
    1. 0 0.78539 822 0.81491 420 0.83587 315 0.86166 128 0.88219 209 0.89003 731 0.89022 15
    1.2 0.71573 454 0.76897 769 0.78909 505 0.78956 60
    1.4 0.59293 450 0.64073 496 0.64184 73
    0.43846 099 0.44095 77
    ::"8 +0.17708 802 to.18250 43
    2. 0 -0.14800 012 -0.13652 01
    2; 2 -0.51809 61
    2. 4 -0.96348 97
    -1.47349 03
    22:: -2.04858 lb
    3. 0 -2.68905 52
    :2
    3:6
    -3.39508
    -4.16677
    38
    17
    -5.00417 86
    -5.90734 21
    20” -6.87630 32
    [(-3’s] [(j;)g]
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 677
    TABLE FOR OBTAINING, L?‘, @’ AND I ON Ox AND Oy Table 18.2
    (Negative Discriminant-unit Real Half-Period)
    A~(:)
    z=r\c, 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.3 1.5 2.0 4.0
    0.00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00
    0.05 0.99998 52 0.99998 68 0.99998 98 0.99999 38 0.99999 75 1.00000 14 1.00000 25
    0.10 0.99976 37 0.99978 83 0.99983 74 0.99990 10 0.99996 06 1.00002 30 1.00004 07
    0.15 0.99880 40 0.99893 08 0.99918 15 0.99950 43 0.99980 51 1.00011 a3 1.00020 71
    0.20 0.99622 33 0.99663 32 0.99743 55 0.99845 77 0.99940 30 1.00038 24 1.00065 92
    0.25 0.99079 63 0.99182 47 0.99381 16 0.99631 17 0.99860 26 1.00096 01 1.00162 38
    0.30 0.98097 a2 0.98317 67 0.98736 11 0.99255 06 0.99725 51 1.00205 83 1.00340 46
    0.35 0.96495 11 0.96915 65 0.97703 14 0.98664 20 0.99525 02 1.00396 14 1.00639 11
    0.40 0.94070 57 0.94811 25 0.96174 61 0.97810 01 0.99255 94 1.00705 13 1.01107 17
    0.45 0.90617 03 0.91839 70 0.94051 05 0.96656 45 0.98928 71 1.01183 11 1.01805 02
    0.50 0.85939 83 0.87853 56 0.91254 55 0.95189 16 0.98573 01 1.01895 42 1.02806 66
    0.55 0.79882 11 0.82744 45 0.877,14 80 0.93426 12 0.98244 30 1.02925 89 1.04202 47
    0.60 0.72356 52 0.76469 39 0.83537 63 0.91429 23 0.98031 24 1.04381 01 1.06102 67
    0.65 0.63382 07 0.69080 48 0.78725 05 0.89316 80 0.98063 64 1.06395 05 1.08641 83
    0.70 0.53123 69 0.60756 14 0.734'35 90 0.87276 38 0.98521 20 1.09136 32 1.11984 70
    0. 75 0.41930 23 0.51830 a4 0.681!,5 50 0.85577 68 0.99643 13 1.12815 05 1.16333 76
    0.80 0.30366 33 0.42820 16 0.63143 16 0.84585 35 1.01739 07 1.17693 44 1.21939 20
    0.85 0.19233 10 0.34438 12 0.59046 32 0.84771 96 1.05201 81 1.24098 76 1.29112 16
    0.90 0.09574 08 0.27605 07 0.56611 51 0.86731 78 1.10523 21 1.32440 72 1.38242 38
    0.95 0.02666 27 0.23446 42 0.56753 12 0.91197 25 1.18314 77 1.43234 85 1.49822 24
    1.00 0.00000 00 0.23286 11 0.6051>3 48 0.99060 83 1.29335 96 1.57134 70 1.64479 64
    [ C-l)“3 [C-i)51 [ ‘-;;)5] [C-83)4] [C-83)4] [C-i)41 [(-R3)4]

    zji=?j\o 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.3 1.5 2.0 4.0


    0.00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.000(10 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00
    0.05 0.99998 52 0.99998 67 0.99998 98 0.99999 37 0.99999 75 1.00000 14 1.00000 32
    0.10 0.99976 37 0.99978 76 0.99903 59 0.99989 93 0.99995 93 1.00002 24 1.00004 04
    0.15 0.99880 40 0.99892 27 0.99916 47 0.99948 51 0.99978 96 1.00011 15 1.00020 35
    0.20 0.99622 33 0.99658 78 0.99734 10 0.99834 96 0.99931 61 1.00034 41 1.00063 88

    0.25 0.99079 63 0.99165 20 0.9934.5 16 0.99589 95 0.99827 12 1.00081 39 1.00154 61


    0.30 0.98097 a2 0.98266 22 0.98628 83 0.99132 10 0.99626 60 1.00162 14 1.00317 22
    0.35 0.96495 11 0.96786 42 0.97423 43 0.98354 71 0.99275 81 1.00285 94 1.00580 47
    0.40 0.94070 57 0.94525 04 0.95576 47 0.97122 41 0.98701 30 1.00459 41 1.00976 35
    0.45 0.90617 03 0.91264 56 0.92846 67 0.95268 27 0.97806 19 1.00684 49 1.01539 36

    0.50 0.85939 83 0.86784 46 0.89009 57 0.92592 17 0.96465 71 1.00955 92 1.02305 58


    0. 55 0.80881 13 0.83817 66 0.88861 10 0.94522 83 1.01258 51 1.03311 90
    0.60 0.77024 24 0.83812 71 0.91784 50 1.01563 95 1.04595 22
    0.65 0.77163 28 0.88019 00 1.01827 41 1.06191 71
    0. 70 0.82955 45 1.01983 61 1.08136 14

    0.75 0.76286 31 1.01942 61 1.10461 36


    0.80 1.01585 25 1.13197 83
    0.85 1.00758 28 1.16373 23
    0.90 0.99269 39 1.20012 24
    0.95 0.96882 29 1.24136 39
    1.00 0.93312 29 1.28763 91
    [‘-;I”] [p”] [C-i’“3 [‘-921 [‘-923 ['-;'I] [(-yq

    z/i=y\u 4.0
    1.1 _1.39585
    ____^ 80
    ^^
    , 1.5Z55Y tlu
    ::1 3 1.67719 97
    1.' 1 If the real half-period ~1, see 18.2 Homogeneity Relations. Interpolation with 1.85056 87
    1.5 2.04521 26
    respect to ‘6 will, in -general, be diflicult because of the non-uniform subintervals
    I. 6 involved. Aitken’s interpolation may be used in this case. As few as 3s may 2.26025 62
    $z be obtained. For the computation of @, Ip’ or I at z-.r+,!/, an addition formula
    ;: i may be used (18.4 and E&plea 11-12).
    2.0
    678 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 18.2 TABLE FOR OBTAINING P, 9 AND r ON Ox AND Oy


    (Negative Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)
    3cP(r)
    r=r\,, 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.3 1.5 2.0 4.0
    0.00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00
    0.05 -2.00002 95 -2.00002 65 -2.00002 04 -2.00001 24 -2.00000 50 -1.99999 71 -1.99999 49
    0.10 -2.00047 25 -2.00042 27 -2.00032 37 -2.00019 63 -2.00007 74 -1.99995 34 -1.99991 83
    0.15 -2.00239 01 -2.00212 89 -2.00161 92 -2.00097 17 -2.00037 44 -1.99975 65 -1.99958 21
    0.20 -2.00753 43 -2.00667 30 -2.00502 56 -2.00297 32 -2.00110 66 -1.99919 66 -1.99866 07
    0.25 -2.01829 41 -2.01608 73 -2.01196 38 -2.00694 49 -2.00246 05 -1.99793 23 -1.99667 11
    0.30 -2.03755 78 -2.03274 55 -2;02197 $9 -2.01358 73 -2.00448 84 -1.99544 16 -1.99294 36
    0.35 -2.06843 88 -2.05907 94 -2.04247 95 -2.02334 71 -2.00696 68 -1.99095 74 -1.98657 99
    0.40 -2.11379 74 -2.09713 03 -2.06835 37 -2.03614 78 -2.00922 15 -1.98338 63 -1.97639 65
    0.45 -2.17550 18 -2.14789 87 -2.10148 48 -2.05106 10 -2.00992 37 -1.97120 64 -1.96084 72
    0.50 -2.25339 16 -2.21047 72 -2.14013 46 -2.06592 49 -2.00685 64 -1.95234 05 -1.93791 93
    0.55 -2.34395 53 -2.28098 85 -2.18023 97 -2.07692 41 -1.99665 49 -1.92399 70 -1.90499 42
    0.60 -2.43881 27 -2.35140 73 -2.21466 43 -2.07815 03 -1.97452 31 -1.88246 83 -1.85865 81
    0.65 -2.52318 49 -2.40840 49 -2.23248 50 -2.06116 83 -1.93392 01 -1.82286 83 -1.79444 54
    0.70 -2.57463 40 -2.43241 27 -2.21839 89 -2.01460 73 -1.86620 81 -1.73878 53 -1.70648 76
    0.75 -2.56240 86 -2.39712 18 -2.15233 79 -1.92378 08 -1.76023 25 -1.62181 13 -1.58702 84
    0.80 -2.44770 16 -2.26959 69 -2.00933 39 -1.77031 11 -1;6017a 75 -1;46089 21 -1;42574 81
    0.85 -2.18496 84 -2.01105 50 -1.75959 77 -1.53168 32 -1.37288 13 -1.24141 08 -1.20881 20
    0.90 -1.72414 78 -1.57813 99 -1.36864 82 -1.18057 88 -1.05066 42 -0.94387 76 -0.91751 44
    0.95 -1.01321 01 -0.92423 16 -0.79716 03 -0.68374 39 -0.60580 78 -0.54202 52 -0.52632 04
    1.00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00 0.00000 00
    [c-y] [ (-3 [c-y]

    i/i=?/\cl 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.3 1.5 2.0 4.0


    0.00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 -2.00000 00
    0.05 -2.00002 95 -2;00002 65 -2.00002 05 -2.00001 25 -2.00000 50 -1.99999 72 -1.99999 49
    0.10 -2.00047 25 -2.00042 55 -2.00032 97 -2.00020 30 -2.00008 28 -1.99995 58 -1.99991 95
    0.15 -2.00239 01 -i:iO216 ii -2.00168 65 -2.00104 a7 -2.00043 62 -1.99978 38 -1.99959 6t
    0.20 -2.00753 43 -2.00685 42 -2.00540 32 -2.00340 55 -2.00145 41 -1.99935 00 -1.99874 22
    0.25 -2.01829 41 -2.01677 67 -2.01340 12 -2.00859 22 -2.00378 54 -1.99851 75 -1.99698 24
    0.30 -2.03755 78 -2.03479 40 -2.02825 59 -2.01849 50 -2.00844 10 -1.99718 99 -1.99387 40
    0.35 -2.06843 88 -2.06420 40 -2.05319 59 -2.03567 60 -2.01691 87 -1.99536 97 -1.98892 95
    0.40 -2.11379 74 -2.10841 06 -2.09200 85 -2.06346 12 -2;03134 51 -ii99123 08 -ii98164 4i
    0.45 -2.17550 18 -2.17036 66 -2.14879 02 -2.10597 25 -2.05462 43 -1.99120 21 -1.97152 19
    0.50 -2.25339 16 -2.25173 01 -2.22747 67 -2.16805 61 -2.09057 56 -1.99006 63 -1.95810 18
    0.55 -2.35170 68 -2.33108 42 -2.25504 79 -2.14403 61 -1.99107 16 -1.94097 97
    0.60 -2.46061 76 -2.37230 39 -2.22089 13 -1.99605 96 -1.91982 80
    0.65 -2.52442 19 -2.32798 29 -2.00760 83 -1.89440 95
    0.70 -2.47283 02 -2.02919 12 -1.86458 73
    0.75 -2.66308 69 -2.06534 90 -1.83032 90
    0; 80 -2;12ii7 04
    0. a5 -2.20596 83
    0.90 -2.32643 60
    0.95 -2.49375 12
    1.00 -2.72008 43
    [ c-p3 [C-i)31 [‘-;‘4]
    IIC-i)61
    zii=q\n 4.0
    1.1 -1.48398 95
    ::‘3 -1.36337
    -1.24144
    47
    17
    ::“5 -1.12345
    -1.01509
    13
    75
    1.6 -0.92286 21
    1. 7 -0.85472 55
    1.8 -0.82134 27
    -0.83783 54
    ::i -0.92645 86
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 679
    TABLE FOR OBTAINING 9, P AND f ON 0.x AND Oy Table 18.2
    (Negative Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)
    :r(:)
    z=r\n 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.3 1.5 2.0 4.0
    0.00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00
    0.05 1.00000 49 1;00000 44 1;00000 34 1;00000 21 1.00000 08 0.99999 95 0.99999 92
    0.10 1.00007 88 1.00007 06 1.00005 43 1.00003 31 1.00001 32 0.99999 24 0.99998 65
    0.15 1.00039 88 1.00035 70 1.00027 40 1.00016 65 1.00006 60 0.99996 10 0.99993 12
    0.20 1.00125 98 1.00112 60 1.00086 16 1.00052 15 1.00020 48 0.99987 51 0;99978 17

    0.25 1.00307 33 1.00274 09 1.00208 94 1.00125 79 1.00048 81 0.99968 98 0.99946 41


    0.30 1.00636 38 1.00566 06 1.00429 54 1.00256 91 1.00098 15 0.99934 32 0.99888 13
    0.35 1.01176 23 1.01043 07 1.00787 32 1.00467 27 1.00175 16 0.99875 38 0.99791 11
    0.40 1.01999 45 1.01767 00 1.01325 74 1.00779 77 1.00285 61 0.99781 57 0.99640 37
    0.45 1.03186 18 1.02805 07 1.02090 50 1.01217 02 1.00433 47 0.99639 49 0.99417 86
    0.50 1.04821 35 1.04227 15 1.03127 19 1.01799 52 1.00619 68 0.99432 31 0.99102 12
    0.55 1.06990 78 1.06102 21 1.04478 39 1.02543 63 1.00840 79 0.99139 16 0.98667 79
    0.60 1.09776 14 1.08493 81 1.06180 26 1.03459 22 1.01087 54 0.98734 37 0.98085 06
    0.65 1.13248 70 1.11454 88 1.08258 64 1.04547 13 1.01343 17 0.98186 55 0.97318 91
    0.70 1.17462 06 1.15021 58 1.10724 76 1.05796 45 1.01581 69 0.97457 57 0.96328 27

    0.75 1.22444 09 1.13570 79 1.07181 59 1.01765 94 0.96501 30 0.95064 87


    0.80 1.28188 76 1.16765 25 1.08659 33 1.01845 50 0.95262 09 0.93471 88
    0. 85 1.34648 26 1.20.248 62 1.10165 80 1.01754 41 0.93672 94 0.91482 13
    0. 90 1.41726 20 1.23'329 22 1.11613 35 1.01408 58 0.91653 15 0.89015 86
    0.95 1.49272 42 1.271579 52 1.12887 36 1.00702 73 0.89105 46 0.85977 85
    1.00 1.57079 62 1.31332 66 1.13842 65 0.99506 76 0.85912 29 0.82253 59

    [ 1
    (-p4 [‘-;‘“] [C-i'"3

    zli=v\n 1 nn 1.05 1.15 1.3 1.5 2.0 4.0


    0: oo- 'l.Oooii, 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00
    0.05 1.00000 49 1.00000 44 1.00000 34 1.00000 21 1.00000 08 0.99999 95 0.99999 92
    0.10 1.00007 88 1.00007 08 1.00005 46 1.00003 34 1.00001 35 0.99999 25 0.99998 65
    0.15 1.00039 88 1.00035 86 1.00027 73 1.00017 04 1.00006 91 0.99996 24 0.99993 19
    0.20 1.00125 98 1.00113 51 1.00088 05 1.00054 31 1.00022 22 0.99988 28 0.99978 57

    0.25 1.00307 33 1.00277 55 1.00216 14 1.00134 04 1.00055 43 0.99971 90 0.99947 96


    0.30 1.00636 38 1.00576 38 1.00451 03 1.00281 53 1.00117 94 0.99943 06 0.99892 78
    0.35 1.01176 23 1.01069 02 1.001341 42 1.00529 28 1.00225 03 0.99897 41 0.99802 83
    0.40 1.01999 45 1.01824 62 1.01445 97 1.00917 72 1.00396 67 0.99830 68 0.99666 50
    0.45 I.. 03186 18 1.02921 31 1.02333 32 1.01496 03 1.00658 42 0.99739 10 0.99470 88

    0.50 1.04821 35 1.04444 39 l.O3!i81 72 1.02322 84 1.01042 41 0.99619 89 0.99202 03


    0.55 1.06483 58 1.05;!77 97 1.03466 71 1.01588 39 0.99471 80 0.98845 10
    0.60 1.07515 67 1.05006 29 1.02344 73 0.99295 77 0.98384 63
    0.65 1.07029 97 1.03369 45 0.99095 58 0.97804 63
    0. 70 1.04730 93 0.98878 64 0.97088 86

    0.75 1.06508 51 0.98656 79 0.96221 00


    0; 80 0.98447 25 0.95184 75
    0.85 0.98273 54 0.93964 06
    0.90 0.98166 56 0.92543 21
    0. 95 0.98165 63 0.90906 94
    1.00 0.98319 64 0.89040 57
    C-216
    [ I [‘-;‘“I [‘--;I’] [‘-;‘“] [(-;‘“I [(-i’2]
    c(-$)3 I
    ZJi=Y\U 4.0
    0.84561 98
    ::: 0.79003 67
    0.72274 36
    :*i 0.64295 89
    1:5 0.55003 38

    ::; 0.44345
    0.32282
    14
    70

    i-98
    2:o
    0.18790
    +0.03858
    -0.12508
    92
    90
    40
    680 WJGIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    ‘I’ulh! 18.3 1NVARlANTS AND VALllES AT HALF-PERIODS


    (Non-Negative Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)
    n=d/i I/? II3 (‘1= P(l) ‘:(=[P(w’) q=r(l) n’/i=r(u’)/i
    1. 00 11.01704 500 0.00000 000 1.71079 64 -1.71079 64 0.70539 016 -0.70539 02
    1.02 11.37372 304 0.55310 992 1.71005 96 -1.66130 15 0.70979 710 -0.76520 32
    1.04 10.90419 107 1.03405 699 1.70235 77 -1.60703 69 0.79367 192 -0.74537 75
    1. 06 10.64177 347 1.45404 521 1.69556 79 -1.55707 59 0.79700 535 -0.72500 50
    1. 00 10.34065 794 1.02151 090 1.60950 10 -1.51123 63 0.00009 279 -0.70669 61
    1.10 10.07577 364 2.14201 000 1.60430 41 -1.46767 03 0.00274 203 -0.60777 92
    1.12 9.04269 105 2.42241 937 1.67965 00 -1.42690 19 0.00507 017 -0.66910 00
    1.14 9.63754 049 2.66790 153 1.67554 00 -1.30094 40 0.00713 637 -0.65066 09
    1.16 9.45693 072 2.00320 000 1.67193 04 -1.35330 12 0.00095 045 -0.63241 30
    1.10 9.29709 413 3.07195 910 1.66074 05 -1.32011 96 0.01054 949 -0.61434 79
    1.20 9.15702 051 3.23761 717 1.66592 77 -1.20900 20 0.01195 906 -0.59644 54
    1.22 9.03445 117 3.30300 317 1.66344 74 -1.25900 23 0.01320 160 -0.57069 03
    1.24 0.92575 043 3.51000 223 1.66126 03 -1.23262 55 0.01429 717 -0; 56106 78
    1.26 0.02999 055 3.62320 977 1.65933 17 -1.20710 65 0.01526 299 -0.54356 50
    1.20 0.74560 130 3.72197 756 1.65763 09 -1.10320 95 0.01611 453 -0.52616 97
    1.30 0.67123 169 3.00005 265 1.65613 11 -1.16002 70 0.01606 533 -0.50007 14
    1.32 0.60560 620 3.00529 056 1.65400 06 -1.13905 91 0.01752 732 -0.49166 03
    1.34 0.54791 374 3.95256 351 1.65364 22 -1.12021 33 0.01011 103 -0.47452 75
    1.36 0.49690 090 4.01170 462 1.65261 37 -1.10100 31 0.01062 572 -0.45746 53
    1.30 0.45209 746 4.06392 070 1.65170 67 -1.00454 05 0.01907 950 -0.44046 65
    1.40 0.41252 263 4.10905 014 1.65090 60 -1.06037 47 0.01947 977 -0.42352 46
    1.42 0.37763 305 4.15029 019 1.65020 13 -1.05321 20 0.01903 269 -0.40663 39
    1.44 0.34607 203 4.10593 045 1.64957 92 -1.03099 50 0.02014 309 -0.30970 91
    1.46 0.31975 220 4.21732 430 1.64903 06 -1.02566 55 0.02041 031 -0.37290 56
    1.40 0.29503 997 4.24490 720 1.64054 60 -1.01316 45 0.02066 031 -0.35621 91
    1.50 0.27475 500 4.26936 502 1.64012 02 -1.00144 04 0.02007 370 -0.33940 50
    1.52 0.25616 404 4.29004 965 1.64774 39 -0.99044 37 0.02106 i$i -0.32270 22
    1. 54 0.23977 191 4.30970 602 1.64741 20 -0.90012 04 0.02122 707 -0.30610 4
    1.56 0.22531 604 4.32647 752 1.64711 94 -0.97045 19 0.02137 423 -0.20945 55
    1. 50 0.21257 036 4.34119 120 1.64606 13 -0.96137 37 0.02150 329 -0.27202 11
    1.60 0.20133 033 4.35416 210 1.64663 30 -0.95205 64 0.02161 711 -0.25620 90
    1.65 0.17070 300 4.30026 291 1.64617 54 -0.93379 17 0.02104 620 -0.21475 00
    1.70 0.16217 907 4.39931 441 1.64504 00 -0.91752 00 0.02201 364 -0.17337 32
    1.75 0.15011 147 4.41322 294 1.64559 63 -0.90365 10 0.02213 509 -0.13205 05
    1.00 0.14129 012 4.42337 010 1.64541 70 -0.09100'0? 0.02222 516 -0.09079 10
    1.05 0.13406 127 4.43079 360 1.64520 73 -0.00169 76 0.02229 030 -0.04955 91
    1.90 0.13016 001 4.43620 096 1.64519 21 -0.07306 52 0.02233 000 -0.00035 41
    1.95 0.12672 634 4.44016 375 1.64512 25 -0.06569 37 0.02237 201 +O. 03203 07
    2.00 0.12421 044 4.44305 205 1.64507 17 -0.05939 02 0.02239 020 0.07400 01
    2. 05 0.12230 671 4.44516 152 1.64503 45 -0.05402 10 0.02241 676 0.11515 00
    2.10 0.12104 003 4.44670 219 1.64500 74 -0.04942 70 0.02243 032 0.15630 73
    2.15 0.12007 164 4.44702 746 1.64490 76 -0.04550 41 0.02244 022 0.19745 01
    2.20 0.11935 791 4.44064 934 1.64497 32 -0.04215 20 0.02244 745 0.23050 01
    2.25 0.11003 660 4.44924 963 1.64496 26 -0.03920 00 0.02245 274 0.27972 23
    2.30 0.11045 503 4.44960 000 1.64495 49 -0; 03604 11 0.02245 659 0.32005 30
    0.11797 459 4.45024 222 1.64494 51 -0.03296 37 0.02246 146 0.40311 12
    2; 0.11771 705 4.45053 705 1.64494 00 -0.03013 20 0.02246 406 0.40536 30
    2: 6 0.11750 007 4.45069 555 1.64493 71 -0.02006 54 0.02246 546 0.56761 39
    0.11750 702 4.45077 969 1.64493 57 -0; 02655 50 0.02246 619 0.64906 24
    22:; 0.11746 004 4.45002 457 1.64493 49 -0.02545 33 0.02246 659 0.73211 01
    0.11744 004 4.45004 052 1.64493 45 -0.02464 01 0.02246 600 0.01435 74
    :-z 0.11743 694 4.45006 130 1.64493 43 -0.02406 01 0.02246 691 0.09660 44
    3: 1 0.11743 103 4.45006 011 1.64493 42 -0.02363 06 0.02246 690 0.97005 13
    0.11742 707 4.45007 174 1.64493 41 -0.02331 60 0.02246 701 1.06109 01
    ::3' 0.11742 619 4.45007 360 1.64493 41 -0.02300 70 0.02246 702 1.14334 40
    0.11742 529 4.45007 472 1.64493 41 -0.02292 04 0.02246 703 1.22559 16
    0.11742 401 4.45007 520 1.64493 41 -0.02279 02 0.02246 703 1.30703 03
    0.11742 455 4.45007 556 1.64493 41 -0.02270 09 0.02246 703 1.39000 50
    0.11742 441 4.45007 572 1.64493 41 -0.02264 37 0.02246 704 1.47233 17
    0.11742 434 4.45007 501 1.64493 41 -0.02259 61 0.02246 704 1.55457 04
    0.11742 430 4.45007 505 1.64493 41 -0.02256 13 0.02246 704 1.63602 51
    0.11742 426 4.45007 507 1.64493 41 -0.02253 59 0.02246 704 1.71907 10
    0.11742 426 4.45007 590
    cc-p
    1.64493 41 -0.02246 70 0.02246 704

    ,- 1 [95 I
    [(-j"] [c-y] [c-y]
    Forn=l: ,j2=d, q3=U, q=&‘/Z,
    ^
    I?:,=-02/2,~=*‘4, n’jr=-r/4.
    .
    For a=-: 92-r4/12, 9s-(i/216, c, =r2/6, ‘;I = -+/12, v&/12, v’/;= m.
    (w= 1.85407 4677 is the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)
    -For 4<n<
    . -, .to obtain V’ use Legendre’s relation q’ = W’ -+/2.
    ‘ro obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities when the real half-period o+l,
    multiPIY 92 by u-4, !lR by w-6, ei by o--2 and 7 by w--l.
    WEIERSTRASS ELtLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 681

    INVARIANT!5 AND VALUES AT HALF-PERIODS Table 18.3


    (Non-Negative Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)
    o(w’), i m+Jz) y44
    1.50 0.949i9 88 0.949899 1.182951 1.182951
    1. 02 0.95114 80 0.967481 1.170397 1.218650
    1. 04 0.95224 92 0.984884 1.157316 1.253864
    1. 06 0.95321 98 1.002097 1.143695 1.288619
    1.08 0.95407 54 1.019107 1.129522 1.322935
    1.10 0.95482 97 1.035904 1.114782 1.356827
    1.12 0.95549 47 1.052476 1.099457 1.390301
    1.14 0.95608 10 1.068811 1.083531 1.423362
    1.16 0.95659 79 1.084899 1.066989 1.456007
    1.18 0.95705 36 1.100727 1.049814 1.488231
    1.20 0.95745 55 1.116285 1.031991 1.520022
    1.22 0.95780 98 1.131562 1.013507 1.551369
    1. 24 0.95812 22 1.146546 0.994349 1.582254
    1.26 0.95839 77 1.161227 0.974506 1.612657
    1.28 0.95864 07 1.175594 0.953970 1.642557
    1.30 0.95885 49 1.189636 0.932733 1.671930
    1.32 0.95904 38 1.203344 0.910790 1.700750
    1.34 0.95921 04 1.216707 0.888138 1.728989
    1.36 0.95935 73 1.229716 0.864776 1.756618
    1.38 0.95948 68 1.242361 0.840704 1.783607
    1.40 0.95960 10 1.254633 0.815927 1.809925
    1.42 0.95970 18 1.266522 0.790449 1.835542
    1.44 0.95979 06 1.278021 0.764278 1.860425
    1.46 0.95986 89 1.289120 0.737425 1.884541
    1.48 0.95993 80 1.299811 0.709900 1.907860
    1.50 0.95999 90 1.310087 0.681719 1.930348
    0.96005 27 1.319941 0.652896 1.951974
    :* :: 0.96010 01 1.329364 0.623452 1.972707
    1: 56 0.96014 19 0.593404 1.992515
    1.58 0.96017 87 :: EE 0.562777 2.011370
    0.96021 13 1.354990 0.531593 2.029242
    :-66; 0.96027 67 1.373224 0.451372 2.069439
    1: 70 0.96032 45 1.388539 0.368286 2.102914
    1.75 0.96035 94 1.400869 0.282840 2.129313
    1.80 0.96038 49 1.410170 0.195588 2.148344
    1.85 0.96040 35 1.416408 0.107125 2.159783
    _~~ .~.
    1.90 0.96041 71 1.419573 +o. 018074 2.163478
    1.95 0.96042 70 1.419665 -0.070918 2.159353
    2. 00 0.96043 43 1.416707 -0.159199 2.147412
    2. 05 0.96043 96 1.410733 -0.246114 2.127732
    2.10 0.96044 35 1.401800 -0.331019 2.100473
    2.15 0.96044 63 1.389977 -0.413290 2.065864
    2.20 0.96044 84 1.375349 -0.492330 2.024211
    2. 25 0.96044 99 1.358018 -0.567579 1.975882
    2.30 0.96045 10 1.338098 -0.638522 1.921308
    0.96045 24 1.291016 -0.765682 1.795415
    ::z 0.96045 31 1.235264 -0.870782 1.650936
    0.96045 35 1.172151 -0.951807 1.492779
    z 0.96045 37 1.103091 -1.007808 1.326086
    2: a 0.96045 38 1.029557 -1.038896 1.155967
    2.9 0.96045 39 0.953025 -1.046157 0.987255
    0.96045 40 0.874937 -1.031530 0.824296
    ::1" 0.96045 40 0.796655 -0.997636 0.670787
    0.96045 40 0.719428 -0.947586 0.529666
    ::: 0.96045 40 0.644360 -0.884775 0.403050
    0.96045 40 0.572395 -0.812687 0.292246
    ::"5 0.96045 40 0.504299 -0.734720 0.197780
    0.96045 40 0.440663 -0.654024 0.119493
    33'; 0.96045 40 0.381903 -0.573398 0.056643
    31 a 0.96045 40 0.328268 -0.495196 +o. 008033
    3.9 0.96045 40 0.279851 -0.421291 -0.027857
    4.0 0.96045 40 0.236623 -0.353075 -0.052740
    0.96045 40 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
    2=*-o

    w2=l+o', ez=(P (l+J')=-(e,+e$, 12=I(l+w')=1+1'.


    [ 1
    (-i)3
    cc-y 1
    For a= 1: u(1) =eR/821/4,$ ~(a’) =i+l), +J =$@$#‘4/,.
    For a= oD. #(I) = !&~*‘*4+r, U(J) = 0, u(~*) =o
    (~=1.854& 4677 is the real half-period in-the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)
    To obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities when the real half-period
    0~1, multiply g by w
    682 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

    Table 18.3 INVARIANTS AND VALUES AT HALF-PERIOD>


    (Non-Positive Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)
    .RPe,= <(If?,=
    a=o;/i Q2 93 g+;) E?(;-;) 112=<(l) $/i=f(w$/i
    1. 00 -47.26818 00 0.00000 00 0.00000 000 3.43759 29 1.57079 63 -1.57079 63
    1.02 -45.35272 19 4.41906 00 -0.04867 810 3.36827 69 1.53091 63 -1.58005 81
    1.04 -43.40071 30 8.23156 58 -0.09452 083 3.29802 68 1.49282 30 -1.58905 67
    1.06 -41.42954 84 11.49257 28 -0.13769 202 3.22711 39 1.45647 87 -1.59772 52
    1.08 -39.45420 53 14.25448 26 -0.17834 547 3.15578 40 1.42184 01 -1.60600 53

    1.10 -37.48749 12 16.56680 99 -0.21662 576 3.08425 89 1.38885 99 -1.61384 68


    1.12 -35.54027 17 18.47603 08 -0.25266 894 3.01273 84 1.35748 74 -1.62120 68
    1.14 -33.62168 02 20.02550 17 -0.28660 315 2.94140 17 1.32766 96 -1.62804 93
    1.16 -31.73930 91 21.25543 82 -0.31854 915 2.87040 90 1.29935 18 -1.63434 46
    1.18 -29.89938 64 22.20294 45 -0.34862 086 2.79990 29 1.27247 81 -1.64006 85
    1.20 -28.10693 45 22.90208 34 -0.37692 571 2.73000 96 1.24699 24 -1.64520 18
    1.22 -26.36591 62 23.38397 82 -0.40356 512 2.66084 07 1.22283 82 -1.64973 00
    1.24 -24.67936 58 23.67693 85 -0.42863 481 2.59249 39 1.19995 95 -1.65364 28
    1.26 -23.04950 83 23.80660 45 -0.45222 513 2.52505 44 1.17830 09 -1.65693 36
    1.28 -21.47786 60 23.79610 09 -0.47442 139 2.45859 58 1.15780 77 -1.65959 88

    -19.96535 52 23.66620 08 -0.49530 414 2.39318 14 1.13842 65 -1.66lb3 82


    :*'3; -18.51237 lb 23.43548 95 -0.51494 941 2.32886 49 1.12010 52 -1.66305 38
    1:34 -17.11886 71 23.12052 98 -0.53342 897 2.26569 11 1.10279 31 -1.66384 99
    1.36 -15.78441 82 22.73602 29 -0.55081 058 2.20369 72 1.08644 09 -1.66403 31
    1.38 -14.50828 67 22.29496 60 -0.56715 817 2.14291 32 1.07100 10 -1.66361 13
    1.40 -13.28947 27 21.80880 22 -0.58253 209 2.08336 24 1.05642 75 -1.66259 42
    1.42 -12.12676 19 21.28756 31 -0.59698 926 2.02506 27 1.04267 bl -1.66099 26
    1.44 -11.01876 70 20.74000 36 -0.61058 339 1.96802 64 1.02970 43 -1.65881 85
    1.46 - 9.96396 40 20.17372 81 -0.62336 513 1.91226 13 1.01747 14 -1.65608 44
    1.48 - 8.96072 32 19.59530 70 -0.63538 226 1.85777 09 1.00593 83 -1.65280 40
    1.50 - 8.b0733 71 19.01038 59 -0.64667 980 1.80455 50 0.99506 76 -1.64899 13
    1.52 - 7.10204 36 18.42378 52 -0.65730 023 1.75261 00 0.98482 36 -1.64466 08
    1.54 - 6.24304 63 17.83959 12 -0.66728 357 1.70192 94 0.97517 21 -1.63982 76
    1.56 - 5.42853 20 17.26123 98 -0.67666 751 1.65250 41 0.96608 09 -1.63450 65
    1.58 - 4.65668 53 lb.69159 27 -0.68548 761 1.60432 26 0.95751 90 -1.62871 26
    1.60 - 3.92570 12 16.13300 57 -0.69377 734 1.55737 16 0.94945 69 -1.62246 17
    1.65 - 2.26537 64 14.79653 23 -0.71238 375 1.44527 36 0.93130 88 -1.60493 31
    1.70 - 0.82241 58 13.56033 77 -0.72831 198 1.34049 21 0.91571 53 -1.58487 67
    1.75 + 0.42844 48 12.43388 94 -0.74194 441 1.24271 21 0.90232 74 -1.56251 97
    1.80 1.51045 44 11.41927 28 -0.75360 961 1.15159 40 0.89084 07 -1.53807 94
    1.85 2.44471 18 10.51370 92 -0.76358 973 l.Obb78 48 0.88099 10 -1.51175 93
    1.90 3.25015 81 9.71138 21 -0.77212 691 0.98792 73 0.87254 91 -1.48374 94
    1.95 3.94365 25 9.00473 54 -0.77942 883 0.91466 65 0.86531 67 -1.45422 51
    2.00 4.54009 85 8.38537 94 -0.78567 351 0.84665 46 0.85912 29 -1.42334 69
    2.05 5.05259 79 7.84470 38 -0.79101 353 0.78355 46 0.85382 00 -1.39126 17
    2.10 5.49261 57 7.37428 09 -0.79557 957 0.72504 25 0.84928 11 -1.35810 23
    2.15 5.87014 76 6.96611 56 -0.79948 352 0.67080 91 0.84539 69 -1.32398 93
    2.20 6.19388 05 6.61278 90 -0.80282 119 0.62056 06 0.84207 37 -1.28903 05
    2.25 6.47134 49 6.30752 86 -0.80567 458 0.57401 95 0.83923 09 -1.25332 31
    2.30 6.70905 42 6.04422 78 -0.80811 383 0.53092 40 0.83679 93 -1.21695 43

    2.4 7.08692 59 5.62231 14 -0.81198 137 0.45410 32 0.83294 16 -1.14253 28


    7.36377 30 5.31058 54 -0.81480 718 0.38831 56 0.83012 09 -1.06629 03
    ::2 7.56643 61 5.08099 59 -0.81687 lb7 0.33200 75 0.82805 92 -0.98863 87
    7.71470 39 4.91228 49 -0.81837 985 0.28383 23 0.82655 25 -0.90990 09
    ::; 7.82312 83 4.78851 39 -0.81948 158 0.24262 75 0.82545 16 -0.83032 82
    7.90239 07 4.69782 05 -0.82028 636 0.20739 21 0.82464 72 -0.75011 58
    ;:: 7.96032 11 4.63142 26 -0.82087 422 0.17726 58 0.82405 96 -0.66941 39
    8.00265 32 4.58284 25 -0.82130 361 0.15151 09 0.82363 03 -0.58833 07
    :: 8.03358 32 4.54731 53 -0.82161 725 0.12949 50 0.82331 67 -0.50697 92
    3:s 8.05618 01 4.52134 25 -0.82184 634 0.11067 62 0.82308 77 -0.42540 32
    8.07268 80 4.50235 93 -0.82201 368 0.09459 10 0.82292 04 -0.34366 33
    ::z 8.08474 69 4.48848 72 -0.82213 590 0.08084 29 0.82279 82 -0.26179 91
    8.09355 57 4.47835 14 -0.82222 517 0.06909 25 0.82270 89 -0.17984 06
    2; 8.09999 01 4.47094 62 -0.82229 038 0.05904 97 0.82264 37 -0.09781 10
    3: a 8.10469 00 4.46553 65 -0.82233 800 0.05046 65 0.82259 61 -0.01572 75
    3.9 8.10812 30 4.46158 47 -0.82237 279 0.04313 08 0.82256 13 +O. 06639 64
    4. 0 8.11063 05 4.45869 80 -0.82239 820 0.03686 13 0.82253 59 +0.14855 08
    co 8.11742 43 4.45087 59 -0.82246 703 0.00000 00 0.82246 70
    A=0
    J
    Fora=l:q2=-4d,g3=U,
    (7)3
    1 [(-;)8]
    &,=U,
    ^-
    [(-;)4]
    Ye,=~~,?~=~l/2,?;/i=-rr,2.
    [‘-;“I [(-;)“I [T-:)3]

    For a=-: g2=?r4/12, c7s=i+/216, G?e,= -7+2/12, Se, =o, 7,=+/12, $/;=-.
    (m= 1.8540’7 4677 is the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)
    For 4<a< -, to obtain 11;use Legendre’s relation ni = tt&*i.
    To obtain the corresponding values of tabu!ated quantities when the real half-period wz+1,
    multiply c12by OF*, 83 by G6, ei by $? and 7 by 02’.
    WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 683
    INVARIANTS AND VALUES AT HALF-PERIODS Table 18.3
    (Non-Positive Discriminant-Unit Real Half-Period)
    u(cq/i R+‘) Su(w’)
    1.00 1.18295 13 1.182951 0.474949 0.474949
    1.02 1.17091 79 1.219157 0.475654 0.483826
    1.04 1.15940 62 1.255842 0.476433 0.492792
    1.06 1.14841 45 1.292964 0.417275 0.501851
    1. 08 1.13793 68 1.330480 0.478169 0.511006
    1.10 1.12796 39 1.368342 0.479107 0.520259
    1.12 1.11848 38 1.406502 0.480078 0.529611
    1.14 1.10948 26 1.444910 0.481074 0.539064
    1.16 1.10094 49 1.483513 0.482085 0.548616
    1.18 1.09285 44 1.522257 0.483104 0.558268
    1.20 1.08519 40 1.561089 0.484122 0.568019
    1.22 1.07794 61 1.599952 0.485132 0.577866
    1.24 1.07109 31 1.638790 0.486126 0.587809
    1.26 1.06461 72 1.677548 0.487098 0.597843
    1.28 1.05850 11 1.716167 0.488041 0.607968
    1.30 1.05272 75 1.754591 0.488949 0.618179
    1.32 1.04727 97 1.792765 0.489817 0.620474
    1.34 1.04214 12 1.830630 0.490639 0.638850
    1.36 1.03729 63 1.868133 0.491410 0.649302
    1.38 1.03272 96 1.905218 0.492126 0.659828
    1.40 1.02842 64 1.941832 0.492783 0.670422
    1.42 1.02437 26 1.977922 0.493376 0.681082
    1.44 1.02055 48 2.013437 0.493902 0.691804
    1.46 1.01696 00 2.048327 0.494357 0.702582
    1.48 1.01357 57 2.082544 0.494739 0.713414
    1.50 1.01039 05 2.116040 0.495045 0.724295
    1.52 1.00739 28 2.148771 0.495272 0.735221
    1.54 1.00457 23 2.180693 0.495418 0.746189
    1.56 1.00191 88 2.211766 0.495480 0.757192
    1.58 0.99942 27 2.241950 0.495458 0.76a229
    1.60 0.99707 51 2.271208 0.495348 0.779295
    1.65 0.99179 98 2.340071 0.494687 0.807059
    1.70 0.98727 79 2.402437 0.493456 0.834917
    1.15 0.98340 36 2.457895 0.491645 0.862812
    1.80 0.98008 56 2.506120 0.489246 0.890687
    1.85 0.97724 49 2.546866 0.486255 0.918490
    1.90 0.97481 36 2.579972 0.482673 0.946170
    1.95 0.97273 30 2.605345 0.478503 0.973680
    2.00 0.97095 31 2.622973 1.000975
    2.05 0.96943 05 2.632902 2 E," 1.028011
    2.10 0.96812 82 2.635245 0.462516 1.054750
    2.15 0.96701 46 2.630169 0.456054 1.081151
    2.20 0.96606 23 2.617892 0.449041 1.107179
    2.25 0.96524 80 2.598678 0.441488 1.132799
    2.30 0.96455 19 2.572828 0.433405 1.157978
    2.4 0.96344 79 2.502604 0.415693 1.206881
    2.5 0.96264 13 2.410244 0.395997 1.253647
    2.6 0.96205 18 2.299090 0.374417 1.298044
    0.96162 12 2.172666 0.351055 1.339858
    ;:7: 0.96130 65 2.034544 0.326022 1.378884
    0.96107 67 1.888235 0.299435 1.414929
    0.96090 89 1.737097 0.271420 1.447812
    0.96078 62 1.584242 0.242114 1.477367
    0.96069 67 1.432486 0.211664 1.503441
    0.96063 12 1.284291 0.180224 1.525899
    0.96058 34 1.141740 0.147962 1.544621
    0.96054 86 1.006520 0.115052 1.559512
    0.96052 31 0.879924 0.081678 1.570495
    0.96050 44 0.762869 0.048028 1.57751a
    0.96049 08 0.655914 +0.014297 1.580552
    0.96048 09 0.559298 -0.019318 1.579595
    0.96047 37 0.472982 -0.052618 1.574671
    0.96045 40 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

    [(93
    1 [. 1
    -(-;I2
    [(95
    1
    &;+$ ,>:{=,p f+$ +, /,,=a’ (1) = -2Be,, f-f ;+f =f (v2+ni).
    ( > ( )
    g~~i: .(i)d+, +;)=b(i), ~(W,)=pXIRp’~/4/21i4~.
    =: .(1)=2&4/r, ++o, +‘)=o.
    (w=1.85407 4677 is the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)
    To obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities when the real half-period
    wzfl, multiply c by 02.
    19. F’arabolic Cylinder Functions
    J. C. P. MILLER l

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6i6
    19.1. The Pare.bolic Cylinder Functions, Introductory . . . . . 686
    The Equation G- ($z”+a)y-0

    19.2 to 19.6. Power Series, Standard Solutions, Wronskian and


    Other Relations, Integral Representations, Recurrence
    Relations . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 686
    19.7 to 19.11. Asymptotic Expansions . . . . , . . . . . . . . 689
    19.12 to 19.15. Connections With Other Functions . . . . . . 691
    The Equation g+(as2---a)y=0

    19.16 to 19.19. Power Series, Standard Solutions, Wronskian and


    Other Relations, Integral Representations . . . . . . . . 692
    19.20 to 19.24. Asymptotic Expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
    19.25. Connections With Other Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 695
    19.26. Zeros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
    19.27. Bessel Functions of Order & 2, + $ as Parabolic Cylinder
    Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

    Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697


    19.28. Use and Extension of the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

    Table 19.1. U(a, 2) and V(a, x) (O$c15) . . . . * . * . . . . 702


    &u=o(.l)l(.5)a; x=0(.1)5, 5s

    Table 19.2. W(a, &x) (0<2<5). . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . 712


    fa=0(.1)1(1)5; x=0(.1)5, 4-5D or S

    Table 19.3. Auxiliary Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . ~720

    The author acknowledges permission from H.M. Stationery Office to draw freely from
    [19.11] the material in the introduction, and the tabular values of W(a, 5) for a= -51(1)5,
    +2=0(.1)5. Other tables of W(a, z) and the tables of U(a, 2) and V(a, z) were prepared on
    EDSAC 2 at the University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge, England, using a program
    prepared by Miss Joan Walsh for solution of general second order linear homogeneous
    differential equations with quadratic polynomial coefiicients. The auxiliary tables ‘were
    prepared at the Computation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards.

    1 The University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge, England. (Prepared u/rider


    contract with the National Bureau of Standards.)
    685
    19. Parabolic Cylinder Functions
    Mathematical Properties

    19.1. The Parabolic Cylinder Functions 19.2.1

    Introductory
    These are solutions of the differential equation
    =e -L”(1-t(a++) $+(a++) (uf8) $+ . . .}
    d*
    19.1.1 a+y (ax2+~x+c)Y=o
    =e-fz2,F~(+a+j-; $; +x2)
    with two real and distinct standard forms
    19.2.2
    d2y
    &*-- ($x”+a)y=o
    19.1.2
    =e~x2M(-&a++, 4, --$X2)

    19.1.3 g+ (4x2-a) y=o =e fz2(1+ (a-+) ;+ (u-3) b-9) $+ . * .}

    The functions 19.2.3


    19.1.4 y,=xe-fz2M(+a+2, 8, +x2)
    da, 2) Y(U, -2) Y(-a, ix) y(-a, -ix)
    =e -fz2 x+(a++)$+(a+*)(afG) $+ ...
    are all solutions either of 19.1.2 or of 19.1.3 if any 1 c. 1
    one is such a solution. 19.2.4
    Replacement of a by --ia and x by xefir converts
    19.1.2 into 19.1.3. If y(a, x) is a solution of 19.1.2, =xdZ2M(-~a+~, Q, -4x”)
    then 19.1.3 has solutions:
    =e fZ2 z+(a-+g ;;+(a-@(a-g) $+ ...
    { 1
    19.1.5 *
    y(--ia, xefir) y(--ia, -xefi*) these series being convergent for all values of x
    (see chapter 13 for M(a, c, 2)).
    Y( ia, -xe-ftw) y(ia, xe-ii”)
    Alternatively,
    Both variable x and the parameter a may take
    on general complex values in this section and in 19.2.5
    many subsequent sections. Practical applications
    appear to be confined to real solutions of real equa- ?h=1+a $+(az+i) $+(as+S u) $
    tions; therefore attention is confined to such solu-
    tions, and, in general, formulas are given for the +(a4+lla3+~)~+(a~+25a3+~ a)$+ . . .
    two equations 19.1.2 and 19.1.3 independently.
    The principal computational consequence of the
    19.2.6
    remarks above is that reflection in the y-axis
    produces an independent solution in almost all
    .=x+a$+(a3+3g+(a3++);
    cases (Hermite functions provide an exception),
    SO that tables may be confined either to positive
    x or to a single solution of 19.1.2 or 19.1.3. +(a4+17a’+~)$+(a~+35a3+5+a)~+ . . .

    The Equation dA in which non-zero coefficients a, of x”/n! are


    dx2-(i x2+a) YE0 connected by
    19.2. Power Series in x
    19.2.7 a,,+z=a . an+; n(n-1) an-2
    Even and odd solutions of 19.1.2 are given by
    686
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS $87
    19.3. Standard Solutions 19.4.4

    These have been chosen to have the asymptlltic r($-+u) cos n(++$u)
    &2&-f
    yI=2 sin n($++u).Y,
    behavior exhibited in 19.8. The first is Whit-
    taker’s function [19.8, 19.91 in a more symmetrical =U(u, 2) +U(u, -c-x)
    notation.
    19.4.5
    19.3.1
    - r(f-+uj sin?r($++a)
    y2=2 cos a($++z)-Yz
    u(a,2)=D~,~~(2)=COSa(~+~a)~Y~ J;;2w:
    -sina(~+&z) .Y, =U(u, 2) -U(u, y>

    19.4.6
    19.3.2
    $zrU(--a, iiz)=
    V(a, 5)=& {sin7r($++u).Y1
    2 r(g+u) (e-i”‘@-t’U(u, *z) +ei”‘+f’U(u, rix) }
    scos n(~+$u)*:F~j
    in which 19.4.7

    l9 3 3 y =’ r(t-34 set 7r($+$u) &TrU(u, xtz)=


    . . 1 J;; 2wt ?A=fi 21a+tr(f+4u) y1

    csc n(;++a)
    19.3.4 Yz=& “;*:2”’ yz=fi 2~a-t~(5+3u) yz
    19.5. Integral Representations
    19.3.5 A full treatment is given in [19.11] section 4.
    fi Representations are given here for U(u, z)
    U(“F0)=2#a+tr(p+$u) others may be derived by useof the relations
    19.4.
    4%
    u’(“‘o)=-2*=-,r(a+~u)
    r (B-4 e+
    19.3.6
    2@+t sin?r(z-$3)
    19.5.1 U(u, Z)=F
    S (I ers-lsaSa-td,y I

    V(u, o>= r($-*u)


    2@+t sina(+--$2)
    -
    19.5.2
    =2nieSBe-Q2(Z+t)a-4d
    r(3-4 tza

    V’(u, O)=
    r($-+u) where (Yand p are the contours shown in Figares
    19.1 and 19.2.
    In terms of the more familiar D,(X) of Whit-
    taker, When a++ is a positive integer these integrals
    become indeterminate; in this case
    19.3.7 U(u, 2)=D-a-*(2) m
    19.3.8 19.5.3 U(u, z)=& e -pa
    S 0
    e-zs-+8zsa-+dsi

    V(U,X)=~ r(++u){sin ~u.D_,-~(~)+D_,-~(-:~>}

    t PLAN4
    19.4. Wronskian and Other Relations S PLANE

    19.4.1 W{U, V) =@Yr a


    c
    19.4.2
    L P
    rV(a, 2) = r (++a) {sin TU.U(U, S> +U(a, -2) }
    --Z
    L
    19.4.3
    I
    ua+w(a, 4= 7r see* *a { V(u, -2) FIGURE19.1 FIGURE19.2 ~
    -sin 7mV(a, 2) ] -*<wz a<* --r<arg (z+O>r
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS
    688

    --IJ+~sls-a-~ds 19.5.9
    19.5.4 U(a, z)=~-& efr’ (e
    s U(a, 4
    =iIyf-+a>
    19.5.5 =Jz;;;
    ,ca-ud

    S
    efz2 (3 ezs+@‘S-a%?S 2wtr Sml) 3ze-fzaf(l+t)-f”-f(r-t)~-fdt

    19.5.10
    19.5.6 =iIy*-$a) e-“(tz”+v)-‘“-‘(tz”-v)f”-‘dv
    21W~ S ‘11

    where E, e3 and e4 are shown in Figures 19.3 and The contour cl is such that (+z2+v) goes from
    19.4. coevfr to mei* while v= is2 is not encircled ;
    s PLANE ($z2-v)+-t has its principal value except pos-
    sibly in the immediate neighborhood of the
    branch-point when encirclement is being avoided.
    Likewise ql is such that (a~“-v) goes from me*,
    to me -** while encirclement of v= -2~” is simi-
    larly avoided. The contours (11) and (sl) may be
    obtained from cl and qI by use of the substitution
    v=$z”t.
    The expressions 19.5.7 and 19.5.8 become inde-
    terminate when a=~, 8, J+, . . .; for these values
    FIGURE 19.3 FIGURE 19.4 19.5.11
    -t*<arg s<h On ea I*<arg a<;s

    19.5.7
    On r, --:r<arg a<-**
    rl
    Ub, Z)=r(&a) m-f22 me-~~~o-f(Z2+2S)-ta-tds S 0

    Again 19.5.9 and 19.5.10 become indeterminate


    ;r(a, 2)=
    Iyq-+>
    2$a+tr;
    S(fl) eql+t)ia-t(l-t)-wfdt
    when a=&, #,#, . . .; for these values

    19.5.8 19.5.12
    =W--;;‘S,, ~2e~(~22+v)ta-f(~z2-v)-*a--1dv
    U(a, ~)=~(~l+~~)
    S
    e-tr2 ,me-‘s~a-~(Z2+2s)-to-tdg

    Barnee-Type Integrals

    19.5.13 U(a, 2)=x


    e-b2 +
    2
    S +mf r (4 r @+a--2.4
    -mrl r #+a>
    tGzJ28ds
    (larg 4<Bd

    where the contour separates the zerosof r(s) from those of l’(a+$-2s). Similarly

    19.5.14 V(a, z) =,/; 2 za-f_+.; r (‘) $--;2s) (Jzz)** cos sr ds

    19.6. Recurrence Relations 19.6.7


    19.6.1 U’(a,z)+&S7(a,a$+(a+~)U(a+l,z)=O 2V’(a,2)-v(a+1,2)-(a-~)V(a-1,2)=0
    19.6.2 ??(a, z)-$ST(a, z)+U(a-1, x)=0
    19.6.8
    19.6.3 2U’(a, z)+U(a-1, z)+(a+~)U(a+l, x)=0
    zV(a,2)-V(u+l,z)+(a-~)V(a-l,2)=0
    19.6.4 zU(a, z)-U(a-1, z)+(a+$)U(a+l, cc)=0
    These are also satisfied by U(a, z)/I’($-a)
    These are also satisfied by r(+a)V(a, z).
    19.6.5 V’(a,z>-3zV(ap)--(a-+>V(a-l,z)=o 19.6.9 y;(a,2)+3~yl(a,2)=(a+3)ya(a+1,2)

    19.6.6 V’(a,z)+&sV(a,z)-V(a+l,s)=o 19.6.10 y;(a,z)-$q/~(a,z)=(a-i)yz(a-1,~)


    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS I 689

    19.6.11 ~;(~,~)+3~yz(~,~)=y~(~+1,~) sense of Watson [19.6], although valid for a wider


    range of ]arg z] in Poincare’s sense; the second
    19.6.12 yxa, xl--bY21/2(% x)=Yl(@--1,x) series is completely valid only for x real and posi-
    the.
    Asymptotic Expansions
    19.9. Expansions for a Large With z Mod rate
    19.7. Expressions in Terms of Airy Functions t
    (i) a positive
    When a is large and negative, write, for
    OIx< m When u>>x2, with p=& then
    2=2JH[ t= (4lul)G
    19.7.1 19.9.1 Ub, 2) =2,“+l& Ia) exp (-px+s) ~
    4 2
    T=-(gs,y
    Jr
    19.92 U(-)=2*a+‘r($t)a) exp (px t v2)
    where I
    19.7.2 19.9.3
    $(4x)” ($2)”-+3x-- : (3x)5
    v1J%- %--- (2P)2 -I-- (2 >”
    T=+@w
    +md’* ($8W-4(3x)‘+ . . .
    &=+ l’JsZ-ds=$~,/~-+ arccosh 5 ({2 1) 04 (2P)5
    S
    (a++ a>
    Then for 220, a+- 0~
    The upper sign gives the first function, and the
    19.7.3 lower sign the second function.
    U(a, ~))--2-+@~ ($--+a) ‘Ai (ii) a negative
    I
    19.7.4 When -a>>~~, with p=d?i, then
    r (&-a) V(a, 2) -2-*-W (*-+a) ‘Bj (t) 19.9.4
    U(u, 2) +ir (9-a) .V(u, 2)
    Table gives T as a function of [.
    19.3 eir(t+ta) r ($-$a)
    See [19.5] for further developments. = etpz exp (v,-t&J
    2+++
    19.8. Expansions for z Large and a Moderate where
    When z>> ]a] 19.9.5
    19.8.1 (32>” 2(3x)4
    -- 9(~x)‘--$8(~x)”
    %- + (2p)“+ (2p)4 (2p)fl -*..

    g($x)3I 3x+~(3x)“+-$B(fx)“-to7_ .;,


    vt-- 2p
    +(a+))(u+~)(a+~)(u+D_ . . . (2P)3 (‘2P)5
    2 * 4x4 > (a-v- a)
    (x+-t a> Further expansions of a similar type wi$ be
    19.8.2 found in [19.11].
    19.10. Darwin’s Expansions

    (i) a positive, x2+4u large. Write


    19.10.1 x=Jiiqz
    (x+t m> ’ Xdx=+xX+u In sf ~
    0=4a& (x/2&) =a
    These expansions form the basis for the choice of S0 I
    standard solutions in 19.3. The former is valid
    =z J&jZ+u arcsinb ,z&
    for complex x, with (arg s]<h, in the complete
    690 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    (see Table 19.3 for &), then 19.10.11

    V(a, s) =
    19.10.2 U(a, z)=~% exp
    2
    ear sin { +s++7ra+e+v,}
    (27r)tJl?(+-a)
    19.10.3 U(a, -z)=~% exp {e+v(a, -2))
    where
    where
    19.10.12 vlm-& In Y-$+$&. ..
    19.10.4
    d3 -- &
    v(a, x)-- *In X-kg1 (-1>“d3JX3* “f-y3 yg+ *. . (x2+4a-+- m)

    (a>O, x2+4a-++ a)
    In each case the coefficients d3r are given by
    and d3a is given by 19.10.13.
    19.10.13
    (ii) a negative, x2+4a large and positive. Write

    19.10.5 X=Jx2--4la( d3=k ($++ ax)

    e=dlal~,(x/2Jiiil)=~S~;, da=% x2-2a


    a Xdx=+xX+a In x&z

    =+xdw+a arccosh 5 do=ii( -A0 xg-go ax7-go a2x5


    2&q

    (see Table 19.3 for &), then +3’ a3x3-19a4x


    12 >
    d 12=i!!? x4-186ax2+80a2
    19.10.6 U(a, x)=-(~~)~,~ exp { ++v(a, x) } 8

    19.10.7 See [19.11] for d15, . . ., d24, and [ 19.51 for an


    alternative form.
    V(a, x)= 2 exp Ie+v(a, -2) 1
    (27r)“4Jm 19.11. Modulus and Phase

    where again When a is negative and Ixl<2Jlal, the func-


    tions U and V are oscillatory and it is sometimes
    19.10.8
    convenient to write
    v(a, x)-- * In X+x (-l)“d3JX3S
    a=1 19.11.1 U(a, x)+ir($-a)V(a, x)=F(a, x)efxca*“’
    (a<O, x*+4a-++ ~0) 19.11.2 U’(a, x)+iI’($-a)V’(a, x)=-G(a, x)e*‘@**’
    and d3J is given by 19.10.13. Then, when a<0 and lal>>x’,
    (iii) a large and negative and x moderate. Write
    19.11.3
    19.10.9 Y=&q=P +W-ta) eD,
    ga+tJ;7 ’ x=(~+~>?r+px+vt
    e=41aP4(x/Ni$

    =S
    + ‘YG%=txY
    0
    + Ial arcsin 2.L.
    24 al
    where v,, vr are given by 19.9.5 and p=1/--a.
    Alternatively, with p=Jla(, and again -a>>x2,

    (see Table 19.3 for 84=&r-83), then 19.11.4

    19.10.10

    U(a , x) =2w
    (27r)“4
    ear co9 ++*?ra+e+v, +w -144x2
    1 1 (4p)B + ’ * *)
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS 691

    2/c*-16 19.12.2 U(a, ~)=2-+“x-‘iW-~, &x2)


    19.11.5 x- (+a+$T+px 1 ---p-3x2
    { (4zv L4P)4
    19.12.3
    -+x6-y,*-
    (4PY *.) U(a *x)=dG2-:-w~z
    , M(jYaS$, +,+x2)
    r(f+3u>
    ,JYS-+a) x2 $54
    19.11.6 p9,i~ l-gp-.(qp)
    -$x6-176z2
    (4p)G -... 19.12.4

    19.11.7 9- (+a -ga+px l-~*-~Yf$ U(a, 2)=2-f-:“e-f’*CT(3a+4,+, ix’)


    1
    =2-?-@xe- tz”U(+a+$, 4, ix”)
    -+x6+yx*- .
    (4PY * *> Expressions for V(a, x) may be obtained from
    Again, when x2+4a is large and negative, with these by use of 19.4.2.
    Y=d4ja] -x2, then
    19.13. Connection With Hermite Polynomials
    19.11.8 and Functions

    &w3 en7 x=$r+&ra+f?+v, When n is a non-negative integer


    (2r) f
    19.13.1
    where 13, v, and v$ are given by 19.10.9 and
    19.10.12. U(-n-4, x)=e-fz2Hen(x)=2-~“e-~““H,(x/~~)
    Another form is
    19.13.2
    19.11.9
    V(n+$, ~)=J~e~“~He~(x)=2-~“e~“~H~(x/&)
    3 5a 621
    l+4y4+j%+32ys+ *’ * in which H,(x) and He,(x) are Hermite poly-
    kc*+4a+- w) nomials (see chapter 22) while
    19.11.10
    19.13.3 He:(x)=e-+“’ d$ &*= (--i)“He,(ix)
    5 7a
    835
    ‘--4y4-F-32yB -- ’’ ’
    cw ez2= (-i)“H,(ix)
    19.13.4 H*,(x)=e-“* &
    (2*+4a+- w)
    while $ and x are connected by This gives one elementary solution to 19.1.2 when-
    ever 2a is an odd integer, positive or negative.
    19.11.11

    *-x--+T-+ (1+$*+gf+gg+ . . .j 19.14. Connection With Probability Integrals


    and Dawson’s Integral (see chapter 7)
    If, as in [19.10]
    Connections With Other Functions Hh-,(x) =e+*
    19.14.1
    19.12. Connection With Confluent Hypergeo-
    19.14.2
    metric Functions (see chapter 13)
    19.12.1 Hh, (x) = ~mH~~-l(t)dt=(l/n!)~m(~-x)‘e-i’2~t
    z
    (G20)
    then
    +21-+x-t
    r(‘+la) M-ta.dW 19.14.3 U(n+$, x)==ef’*Hh,,(x) (n>,-1)
    4 2
    692 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Correspondingly 19.15.14 V(-1, x)=(tx>+(Y~+Y$)

    19.14.4 V(+,s) =meiz2 19.15.15 v(-2, x)=$($x)“(~Y*+~&-$~)

    and 19.15.16
    V(-3, x)=8. 5(3x):(5~~+g9.~~-5~~--~)
    19.14.5
    -
    19.15.17 U(-+, x)=Ja/~($x)K+
    V(-n-3, x)=e-fz2
    19.15.18 U(-3, ~)=&$(32)~2K~
    -__- sin ina
    ~ WO)
    aW(3n+l) > 19.15.19 U(-8, x)=&$~($z)~(~K~-K;)
    Here V(-a, 2) is closely related to Dawson’s 19.15.20 VC+, x>= (3x> (It+I-d
    integral

    Set2at
    z
    19.15.21 V&, x) = (+r)“(2r*+2I+)
    0
    19.15.22 V(;, x) = ($x)“(514+51-+-I;-I-;)
    These relations give a second solution of 19.1.2
    whenever 2a is an odd integer, and a second solu-
    tion is unobtainable from U(a, 2) by reflection in The Equation $$+(i +-a) y=O
    the y-axis.
    19.16. Power Series in x
    19.15. Explicit Formula in Terms of Bessel
    Functions When 2a Is an Integer Even and odd solutions are given by 19.2.1 to
    19.2.4 with -ia written for a and xeii* for x;
    Write the series involves complex quantities in which the
    imaginary part of the sum vanishes identically.
    19.15.1 I-,--I,=(2/?r) sinna. K, Alternatively,
    19.15.2 I-,fI,=cos 7m * 9, 19.16.1
    where the argument of all modified Bessel func- yl=l+a $+(a’ -&) $+(a3-fa) $
    tions is ax2. Then

    19.15.3 U(1, z)=2d($x):(-Kt+Ks) +(a”-lla2+y) $+(a5-25a3+*) $+. ..

    19.15.4 U(2, x)=2. $T-~($x)*(~K~-~K~+K~) 19.16.2


    X3 X5 X7
    19.15.5 y2=x+a g+ W-E9 3+ (a”--!?a) fl
    U(3, x)=2. $. $r-+(&z);(-5Kt+9Ki-5K;+K;)
    +(a”-17a2+q) $+(a5-35a3+~~a) $+. ..
    19.15.6 v(1,2)=~(42)~(~--~~)

    19.15.7 v(2, 2)=4(32)~(2~*-3~~++~) in which non-zero coefficients a, of xn/n! are


    connected by
    19.15.8 V(3, z) =3(32):(5~~-9~~+55~--~)
    19.16.3 an+2= a. an-tn(72-l)an-2
    19.15.9 U(0, z)=?r-+(+x)fKt
    19.17. Standard Solutions (see L19.41)
    19.15.10 U(-1, z>=d(3x);(Ki+Kt)
    19.15.11 19.17.1 W(a,*x)=(co$,“a)’ (G~~I+‘%~YJ
    d
    i7(-2, iz$=?r-~(~z):(2Kt+3K~--K~)

    19.15.12 19.17.2 =2-314 (-\iZ ?/,rg y2)

    U(-3, z)=T-~(+T):(~K~+~K~-~K;-K;) where

    19.15.13 V(0, x)=3(32)*4 19.17.3 G1=II’(4+3i4 G3=Ir<t+%)I


    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS 693

    At x=0, 19.20.1
    T=-(~a,y

    19.20.2

    T= +(9w
    Complex Solutiom3

    19.17.6 E(a, x)=k-)W(a, x)+ik*W(a, -2) &,=i arccosh 5 (21)

    19.17.7 E*(a, 2)=/k-~W(a, 2)-iik+W(a, -2) Then for x>O, a++ 0~


    where 19.20.3

    19.17.8 k= &i?= era l/k.=Jl+e”““t era W(U, x)~~(4~)-t,-r~~(EZ4i)tBi(-tj


    In terms of U(a, x) of 19.3,
    19.20.4
    19.17.9 E(a, x) =$Zetra+*i*++fQz U(ia, xe-*‘“)
    ~(a, -2) -2&4a)-*e+”
    with

    19.17.10 &=arg l?(++iu) Table 19.3 gives r as a function of t. ; See


    [19.5] for further developments.
    where the branch is defined by &=O when a=0
    and by continuity elsewhere.
    Also 19.21. Expansions for x Large and a Moderate

    19.17.11 When x>>kl,


    Jz?rU(ia, xe- ~fi)=l?(+ia) { eha-tf*u(-ia, xe:t”*)
    19.21.1
    +e-)‘a+~f”U(-ia,-x,!fi*)}
    E(a, x)=y’2/2 exp {i(ax”-a In x+&+$~)]SQa, x)
    19.18. Wronskian and Other Relations I
    19.21.2
    19.18.1 w{W(a,x),W(a,-x)j=l
    W(u, ~)=J~{s,(a, 2) cos ($x2-a In x+$7&&)
    19.18.2 W{E(a, x), E*(a, 5)) =-2i
    --~(a, x) sin (ix’--a In xftnf~~) ]

    19.18.3 41 +e’*‘E(a, x) =e@E*(a, x) +iE*(a,--2) 19.21.3

    19.18.4 E*(a, x)=e-%+f~‘E(-a, ix) W(a,-x)=Ji@ii{s,(a, 2) sin ($x2-a In x+$+3&)


    +~,(a, 2) cos ($x2-a In x+$*+16) ]
    19.18.5

    JF($TqE*(a, x)=e-fqiygG&q-a, i.r) where & is defined by 19.17.10 and

    19.19. Integral ReprFsentations 19.21.4 s(a, 2) =%(a, 2) +is,ca, 4


    19.21.5
    These are covered for 19.1.3 as well as for
    19.1.2 in 19.5 (general complex argument).

    Asymptotic Expansions 19.21.6


    19.20. Expressions in Terms of Airy Funcl;ions
    s,(a, x):>-----1!2x2
    u2 v4 +i!!L+L!!L- .).
    2!22x4 3!23x6 4!24xs
    When a is large and positive, write, for O_<x< w
    with
    x=2*( t= (4a)?7 b4- m>
    694 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    19.21.7 u,+iv,=r(r+~+ia)/r(~+ia) (see Table 19.3 for S,), then.

    19.23.2 V’(a, x) = &ke+ cos (&+e+v,)

    19.23.3 W(a, -cc) = meor sin ($n+fI+z+)


    19.22. Expansions for a Large With 2 Moderate
    where
    (i) a positive
    19.23.4 v,- -i-In X d!+d12
    xB xI2-. . .
    When a>>x2, with p = &, then
    19.22.1 W(a, cc)= W(a, 0) exp ( -ps+vl) up-g+gg+. . .
    19.22.2 W(a,-cc)= W(a, 0) exp (ps+vz) (x2--4a+ a)
    and d3r is given by 19.23.12.
    where W(a, 0) is given by 19.17.4, and
    (ii) a positive, 4a-x2>>0
    19.22.3
    Write
    %(Bx)3 I (t”)21tr+% (4x)5
    Vl,w-f 2p
    (2PY (2P)3 19.23.5

    cl2Sz
    $2 Gx)“, -$s($x)3++ (6x)’ Y=J4a-x2 8=4~6,(~//2&)
    (2P)4 (2p)5 + ***
    Ydx=+xY+a arcsin 2
    0 2&
    The upper sign gives the first function, and the (see Table 19.3 for S4=+r-G3), then
    lower sign the second function.
    (ii) a negative 19.23.6 W(a, x)=exp{ --8+v(a, x)}
    When -a>>x2, with p=JTi, then 19.23.7 W(a, --2)=exp{e+v(a, -2)}
    19.22.4 where
    W(a, x)+iW(a, -x)
    19.23.8
    =JzW(a, 0) exp {v,+i(pz+r+vJ }
    v(u, x)-- 6 da do
    + In Y+p+y~+p+ ...
    where W(a, 0) is given by 19.17.4, and
    (x2--4a+- a)
    19.22.5 and d3, is again given by 19.23.12.
    -- (6x)” 2k44
    __- 9(+x)2+v (&z)B+ (iii) a negative, x2-4a>>O
    &- (zp)“+ (2p)4 (2p)6 ..’
    Write
    ,*,t(M3 Bx+8&Y +wBd3+w’- . .
    2P (2P) 3 (2P)5 19.23.9
    (a+- ~0)
    x=J22+4/a/ e=4[albl(z/2y’la[)=+~ Xdx
    Further expansions of a similar type will be found
    in [19.3].
    19.23. Darwin’s Expansions =+xX-a In -x+x
    2m
    (i) a positive, x2--4a>>O
    Write = ~x~x2+41ul - a arcsinh --?--
    Niq
    19.23.1 (see Table 19.3 for 0,) then

    19.23.10 W(a, 2) =J%e”r cos (b+e+v,)

    =*xX-a In -x+x 19.23.11 W(a, -x)=J22e‘+ sin (b+e+u,)


    2&
    = +x4--a where v, and vI are again given by 19.23.4. In
    arccosh A!--
    2& each case the coefficients d3r are given by
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS ~695

    19.23.12 19.24.8

    8x4+8 J$xe+152x2 i
    d3=-; ($ax) -&+(4p)i- (4p)6 + . * ’

    d6=%xz+ 2a 19.24.9
    $2' ~x4+16++x6+yx2
    lfo”-(4p)4 (4p)B - . i. .
    h=$ &j ~~-~~az’+~a~x~+~ a3x3+19a4x
    ( > 19.24.10
    d12=- 153 x4+186ax2+80a2 +
    $x6+168x2
    (4p)6 - . . .
    8
    19.24.11
    See [19.11] for d15, . . ., d24, and [19.5] for an al-
    ternative form. $x4--16
    +- (4p)4 +
    19.24. Modulus and Phase

    When a is positive, the function W(a, x) is Again, when a<O, x2-4a>O, with X=dx2m,
    oscillatory when x< - 2&i and when x>:!JZ; then
    when a is negative, the function is oscillatory for 19.24.12 F---\i%?“r x=$r+e+vi
    all x. In such cases it is sometimes convenient
    to write where 8, v, and vr are given by 19.23.4 and 19.23.9.
    Another form also when a>O, x2--4a+m is
    19.24.1
    19.24.13
    k-W(a, x)+ikhW(a,-x)=E(a, x)=Fe”” (XX)

    19.24.2 F-

    k-t dWa,
    dx 4 +ikt my(~~mx)=,f(a, x)=-Gc!W 19.24.14

    (XX) G-
    Then, when x2>>lal,
    19.24.3 while J, and x are connected by

    F- 19.24.15

    J/-X-
    19.24.4
    4a2-3 4a3-19a+ 19.25. Connections With Other Functionp
    X-4x2---a In x+#~++T+,,+ 8x4 ...
    Connection With Confluent Hypergeometric and Be/ssel
    Functions
    19.24.5
    19.25.1
    G- zz +y-14a;;663a- ...
    J( > W(a, &x)=2-f $ H(-$7 +a, +x2)
    (J 3

    19.24.6
    4a2+5+4a3+29a
    *- $x-j-a In x+$#~~-$r+- + ... where
    8x2 8x4
    where +2 is defined by 19.17.10. 19.25.2
    H(m, n, x) =e-fZIFl(m+ 1 --in; 2m+2; 2i;c)~
    When a<O, lal>>x”
    19.24.7 19.25.3 =e- fZM(m+l-iin, 2m+2, 2ix) 1
    F~&W(a, 0) eor
    19.25.4
    where V, is given by 19.22.5 with p=J=o. AIso
    W(0, ~x)=2-~~?rz{J-t(4x2)fJ~(i~2) I (xqx
    696 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    19.25.5 integer for W(a, x) or its derivative, or an even


    integer for W(a,-2) or its derivative, the zeros
    & W(0, ~2)=-2-tz~{J*(t22)fJ_*(a22)} fc, stc’ have expansions
    (X20)
    19.26. Zeros 2d--3a+52~~~-240~~~+315a+
    19.26.4 c z;-~
    48~ 768OpQ ---
    Zeros of solutions U(a, s), V(a, cc) of 19.1.2 occur
    only for ]z]<Zfi when a is negative. A single j3 2a”+ 38+52f15+ 280fi3-285/3+
    exceptional zero is possible, for any a, in the gen- 19.26.5 c’ =;-”
    48~ 7680~~ *”
    eral solution; neither U(a, CC)nor V(a, z) has such
    a zero for x>O. When x is large and a moderate, we may solve
    Approximations may be obt,ained by reverting inversely the series 19.24.4 or 19.24.6 with
    the series for # (or x for zeros of derivatives) in a=+ (m-+a-&), /3=$ (r7r++qi2), r odd or even
    19.11, giving 9 (or x) values that are multiples of as above; the presence of the logarithm makes it
    +a, odd multiples for V(a, x), even multiples for inconvenient to revert formally.
    V(a, 2). Writing The expansions 19.26.4 and 19.26.5 fail when x
    a=(gr-+-$r is in the neighborhood of 2m. When a is
    positive, a zero c of W(a,-x) is obtained approxi-
    as an approximation to a zero of the function, or mately by solving

    19.26.6
    as an approximation to a zero of the derivative,
    we obtain for the corresponding zero c or c’, with
    -a =p2 t,he expressions
    c=BJii[ (a>>01
    19.26-J ,,;+!&$+52a5-240a3$315a+ ...
    768Op with the aid of Table 19.3. For a zero of W(a, x)
    we replace a, by b,. When a is negative we solve,
    19.26.2 c’ = P
    - 2/33+3P+52P5+280/33-285/3+ again with the aid of Table 19.3,
    P+-- 48p5 7680~~ ’ ’’
    These expansions, however, are of little value 19.26.7
    in the neighborhood of the turning point x=2-a.
    zr),=+{[Jl2+1+arcsinh [} =@$$@
    Here first approximations may be obtained by
    use of the formulas of 19.7. If a, (negative) is a
    zero of Ai( the corresponding zero c of U(a, 2) c=wl45 (--a>>01

    is obtained approximately by solving


    where n=l, 2, 3, . . . for an approximate zero
    19.26.3 of W(a, -x), and n=+, Q, 8, . . . for an approxi-
    mate zero of W(a, x). Further developments are
    tY3=+{ arccos f-s-} =w given in [19.5].
    Any of the approximations to zeros obtained
    c=Nm (a<<@ above may readily be improved as follows:
    This may be done by inverse use of Table 19.3. Let c be a zero of y, and c’ a zero of y’, where y
    For a zero of V(a, x), a, must be replaced by b,, is a solution of
    a zero of Bi(t). For further developments see
    [19.5]. 19.26.8 Y "-Iyd-J
    Zeros of solutions W(a, 2), W(a,-z) of 19.1.3 Here I=uf+x2, I’= f&x, I”= &$; the method is
    occur for ]x I>2fi when a is positive; the general
    general and the following formulae may be used
    solution may, however, have a single zero between
    whenever I”‘= 0. Then if y, y’ are approxima-
    -2& and +2& If a is negative, zeros are
    tions to the zeros c, c’ and
    unrestricted in range.
    Approximations may be obtained by reverting 19.26.9 u=y(r)/y’(r) v=y’W)l~YW)
    the series .for $ (or x) in 19.24. With -a=p2,
    cr=($r-t)*, S=($r+i)?r, rl0 being an odd with 1=1(r) or I=l(r’) respectively, then
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS I697
    19.26.10
    19.27.1 J&2,=$ {W(O, -2) rW(0, z) 1 ~
    Cy-u-*IU3+*I’U4
    ~($aI”+~P)u5 +&$II’d+ . . .
    19.27.2 J&z’) = g (W(O,x)&W(O, -x)}~
    19.26.11 -
    y’(c)-y’(y) { l-~Iu2$~I’u3 Functions of other orders may be obtaine by
    - (~I”+~I~)u4+&II’u5+ . . .) use of the recurrence relation 10.1.22, which ere
    “,
    19.26.12 becomes
    c’-~‘-Iv-~II’v2+(~121”-~II’~-~Iq? 19.27.3 a~“JY+1(4rz)-2~JY(:5’) +&z?J~-~(~z2)+0
    + ($JTI”--fJI’“--&J~I’)v4+ . . .
    Again
    19.26.13 2
    19.27.4 I-&x2) + I&x2) =: v (0,x)
    y(c’) -y(g) { 1--4pb--gPI’v3 4X
    - (+I3I’2--gJ4I”+gI~)v4+ . . .) 19.27.5
    The process can be repeated, if necessary, using 8F K~(~22)=I-~(tx*)-I&x2)=& U(0, 2)
    as many terms at any stage as seems convenient.
    Note the relations, holding at zeros,
    19.27.6 I-&x2)+I&x2)=-4 d V(O,z)
    19.26,14 U’(u,c>=--@pqv(a,c) x& dx

    19.26.15 V’(u, c’) =&$/U(u, c’) 19.27.7

    19.26.16 W’(a,c)=-l/W(a, -c) f &(+x2)=I-*(fx2)-I&x2)

    19.26.17 =
    -sx g “‘f, $1
    wa, c’)=U{ -%(a,
    da: -x) 1 z-c’ =-l/W’(a, --c’) I
    As before, Bessel functions of other orders ma Jt be
    19.27. Bessel Functions of Order f 2, f 2 as obtained by use of the recurrence relation 10.21.23,
    Parabolic Cylinder Functions which here becomes
    Most applications of these functions refer to 19.27.8 ~221y+l(~x2)+2~I~(~x2)-~x21v-~(~x2) =fj
    cases where parabolic cylinder functions would be
    more appropriate. We have 19.27.9 ~xz~,+,(~x2)-2~~v(~x2)-~x2~v~,(~x2)~=0

    Numerical Methods
    19.28. Use and Extension of the Tables reverse direction, from arbitrary starting va ues
    (often 1 and 0) for two values of a some hat
    For U(u, x), V(u, x) and W(u, x), interpolation
    beyond the last value desired. This is because4 the
    x-wise may be carried out to 5-figure accuracy
    almost everywhere by using 5-point or 6-point recurrence relation is a second order homogen ous
    Lagrangian interpolation. For la] 5 1, com.pa- linear difference equation, and has two i de-
    rable accuracy u-wise may be obtained with 5- or pendent solutions. Loss of accuracy by cant lla-
    6-point interpolation. tion occurs when the solution desired is diminis i: ing
    For [aI> 1, U(u, x) and V(u, x) may be obtained as a varies, while the companion solution is in-
    by use of recurrence relations from two values, creasing. By reversing the direction of prog ess
    possibly obtained by interpolation, with Ial :I 1; in a, the roles of the two solutions are in er-
    such a procedure is not available for W(u,. &a), changed, and the contribution of the desired s lu-
    lal> 1. tion now increases, while the unwanted solu ion
    In cases where straightforward use of the a-wise diminishes to the point of negligibility. By st rt-
    recurrence relation results in loss of accuracy by ing sufkiently beyond the last value of a for w ich
    cancellation of leading digits, it may be worth the function is desired, we can ensure that the
    while to remark that greater accuracy is usuSally unwanted solution is negligible but, because : the
    attainable by use of the recurrence relation in the starting values were arbitrary, we have an un-
    698 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    known multiple of the solution desired. The com- selations 19.6.1-2. If less accuracy is needed they
    putation is then carried back until a value of a :an be found by use of mean central differences of
    with (al < 1 is reached, whan the precise multiple U(u, s), V(a, x) and also of W(u, x) with the formula
    that we have of the desired solution may be deter-
    du
    mined and hence removed throughout. Compare hu’=h &=& -~pccs3u+&63u- . . .
    also 9.12, Example 1.

    Example 1. Evaluate U(a, 5) for u=5, 6, 7, using h= .l; this usually gives a 3- or 4-figure
    . . ., using 19.6.4. value of duldx.
    If greater accuracy is needed for dW(u, x)/dx it
    (a++) U(a+ 1,~) +zU(a, 2) - U(a- 1,z) =0
    may be obtained by evaluating d2W/d2 with the
    help of the differential equation satisfied by W
    a Forward Backward Final Values and integrating this second derivative numerically.
    Recurrence Recurrence
    This requires one accurate value of dW/dx to
    start off the integration; we describe two methods
    3 (-6) 5. 2847’ 12) 1. 59035 (-6) 5.2847**
    4 (-7) 9. 172* 11) 2. 76028 (-7) 9. 1724 for obtaining this, both making use of the differ-
    5 i-7j 1. 5527 10) 4. 67131 (-7) 1. 55227 ence between two fairly widely separated values
    9) 7. 72041 (-8) 2.5655
    ; [I;; 2. 5609
    4. 1885 9) 1. 24785 ( -9) 4. 1466 of W, for example, separated by 5 or 10 tabular
    8 (-10) 6. 2220 8) 1. 97488 (- 10) 6.5625 intervals.
    9 (-lO)+l. 2676 7) 3. 06369 (-10) 1.01806
    10 (-11)-O. 1221 6) 4.66352 (-11) 1. 5497 (i) Write j,, j& j:’ for W(u, xO+rh) and its
    11 (-ll)+l. 2654 0) 697082 (-12) 2. 3164
    12 (-12)-5.6079 102444 (-13) 3.404 first two derivatives, then j: may be found from
    13 (-12)+3. 2555 14789 (-14) 4.91
    14 2111 (-15) 7.01
    15 292 (-16) 9.7 hj;-& (jn-j-.)-gm$ (n-r)(j:‘-ji’?)
    16 42
    17 5
    18 1+ h2
    -- 2n
    19 I +-& s2+* 64- . . .} (f;--jQ

    *From tables. +Starting values. -h2{+&--~~~3+&&+-. . .} j;’


    **This value was used to obtain the constant multiplier
    d _(-6)5.2847
    =(-18)3.32298 for converting the pre- (ii) Consider a solution y of the differential
    F-- (12) 1.59035
    vious column into this one. equation for W(u, x), namely y”= (-&r”+u)y.
    If we are given values y and y’ at a particular
    The second column shows forward recurrence x=x,, and write T,=H”y’*‘/n!, T-l==T-2=0, then
    starting with values at a=3,4 from Table 19.1. we may compute T2, T3, T4, . . . in succession by
    Backward recurrence starts with values 0 and 1 use of the recurrence relation obtained from the
    at a=19 and 18, containing a multiple kU(u, 5) differential equation,
    and a subsequently negligible multiple of the other
    solution I?($-a) V(u, 5). Rounding errors con-
    vert kU(u, 2) into k*U(u, z) without uflecting the
    values in the lust column. The value of l/k* is --W2T,-21
    identified from the known value of U(3,5), and
    used to obtain the final column by multiplying These are computed, to a fixed number of decimals
    throughout by l/k*. The improvement in U(5,5) until they become negligible, thus giving
    is evident by comparison with Table 19.1.
    y(x,fH)=TofT~+TsfTa+ . . .
    Derivatives. These are not tabulated here.
    Since the functions U(u, z), V(u, s) and W(u, z) This may be applied, with H=rh, h being the
    satisfy differential equations, values of derivatives tabular interval, and r a small integer, say r=5,
    are often required. to the solutions y=y], y=y2 having
    For all these functions the equation is second
    order with first derivative absent, so that secom Yl (ZJ = W@, ZJ YI (20)= w*‘(a, x0)
    derivatives may be readily obtained from function Y2(xo)=O Y;:(x0) = 1
    values by use of the differential equation.
    First derivatives can be obtained for CJ(a,x) and in which W*‘(u, so) is an approximation to
    V(a, s) by applying the appropriate recurrenct W’(a, x0), not necessarily a good one; it may be
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER F’UNCTIONS 1699
    obtained from differences, for example. We thus Thus W’(-3, l)=-.74453. This might have an
    obtain y1(G AH) and yz(~0 f H> . error up to about li units in the last figure but is,
    Now suppose in fact, correct to 5 decimals.
    (ii) Using the second method, with
    W’(u, x0) = w*‘(u, x0) +x
    then, for all z yl(l)=W(-3, l)=-.61113 to 5 de&n@
    y;(l)=-.745 to about 3 decimals
    Wb, 4 =y1 (4 + XY2 (4
    and in particular the following values result, with H=.5,
    wa, ~ofH)=Yl(~ofH)+~Y,(~ofH) W( -3, $1 =l/*+bh
    To T .61113 .oEoo At x=1.5
    The values of W(a, z. f H) may be read from the Tl - .37250 + .5000 X-. 695223 + .4423X
    tables and two independent estimates of X ob- = - .69502
    tained, whence T2 + .24827 2 .oooo A= .000203/.43213
    W’(u, so) = W*‘(u, X0)+x T3 $ 5680 9 - 677 = .000470
    T, - 1407 4 - 26 so W/(-3, 1)
    to a suitable accuracy.
    =-.745fX
    Example 2. Evaluate W’(-3, 1) using r=5. = - .744530
    From Table 1.9.2 Ts - 279 3 + 24 At x=.5
    W(-3, .5)=-.05857 W(-3, l)=-.61113 Te + 134 + 2 -.058363-.4371X
    = - .05857
    W(-3, 1.5)=-.69502
    T, -I- 54 X= .000207/.4371
    (i) Using the first method TB f 5 = .000474
    = =
    y(1.5)-.695223 + .4323 so W’(-3, I)
    X W-3,x) v”(-3,x: 6 6” SE’
    y(.5) -.058363 -.4371 =-.745 +x
    .- _- --
    = - .744526
    0. 4
    t-0: ;;;“5’: +131
    :: : -. 18832 Thus W’(-3, 1) = - .74453 which is correct to
    -. 31226 5 decimals.
    KS -. 42646
    34081
    0. 9 -. 52722 1.68842 Example 3. Evaluate the positive zero1 of
    29775 - 1095 U(-3, x).
    . 1. 0 -. 61113 1.98617
    24374 - 1032 We use 19.7.3 to obtain a Crst approximatEon,
    1. 1 -. 67522 2.22991 see 19.26.3. The appropriate zero of Ai is at
    17941
    -. 71706 2.40932
    ::i -. 73488 2.51513 t=(4lul)f~=-2.338
    -. 72761 whence
    :2 -. 69502 ; E8~~ -9129 T=-(2.338)X(12)-1=-.4461
    1: 6 -. 63774 2: 32137
    Hence, from Table - 19.3, [= .3990 and the approxi-
    The fifth decimal in W”( -3, X) is only a guard mate zero is x=26ju15=1.382.
    figure which is hardly needed. Only the difl’er- We improve this by using 19.26.10, but takei for
    ences needed have been computed. convenience, Z= 1.4 as an approximation, so that
    Then the value of Scan be read directly from the tables.
    +JW’(-3,1) U’ can be obtained as in the section following
    =A(--.69502+.05857) -k. (10.38874) Example 1.
    We tind
    -&- {A (2.29664)-k. (-.09260)} U(-3, 1.4) =.02627 U/(--3, 1.4) =2.06317

    -- 1 & (.54149) -Go (-.02127) Then 19.26.9 gives


    100
    u= U/U’=.012730 I= -2.51
    =-.0636450-.0103887-.0001918-.00022;’2
    I’=.7 I”!=.5
    = - .0744527 and
    700 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    c=1.4-.012730+,000002=1.38727 y'(c)=2.0637(1+.000203)=2.0641

    which is correct to 5 decimals, while 19.26.11 gives compared with the correct value 2.06416.

    References
    Texts [19.9] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
    modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ.
    [19.1] H. Buchholz, Die konfluente hypergeometrische
    Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
    Funktion (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany,
    1953). Tables
    [19.2] C. G. Darwin, On Weber’s function, Quart. J.
    Mech. Appl. Math. 2, 311-320 (1949). [19.10] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
    [19.3] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions, Mathematical Tables, vol. I, Circular and hyper-
    vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, bolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine
    N.Y., 1953). integrals, factorial (gamma) and derived func-
    [19.4] J. C. P. Miller, On the choice of standard solutions tions, integrals of probability integral, 1st ed.
    to Weber’s equation, Proc. Cambridge Philos. (British Association, London, England, 1931;
    Sot. 48, 428-435 (1952). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
    [19.5] F. W. J. Olver, Uniform asymptotic expansions for 2d ed., 1946, 3d ed., 1951).
    Weber parabolic cylinder funcjions of large [19.11] National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber
    order, J. Research NBS 63B, 2,131-169 (1959), parabolic cylinder functions. Computed by
    RP63B2-14. Scientific Computing Service Ltd. Mathemati-
    [19.6] G. N. Watson, A theory of asymptotic series, Philos. cal Introduction by J. C. P. Miller. (Her
    Trans. Roy. Sot. London, A 211,279-313 (1911). Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, England,
    [19.7] H. F. Weber, Ueber die Integration der partiellen 1955).
    Differential-gleichung: &@a?+ @r&1/2+ k*u=O, [19.12] National Physical Laboratory Mathematical
    Math. Ann. 1, l-36 (1869). Tables, vol. 4, Tables of Weber parabolic cyl-
    (19.81 E. T. Whittaker, On the functions associated with inder functions and other functions for large
    the parabolic cylinder in harmonic analysis, Proc. arguments, by L. Fox (Her Majesty’s Stationery
    London Math. Sot. 35, 417-427 (1903). Office, London, England, 1960).
    702 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Table 19.1

    T c’(-5.0, x) U(-4.5, z) U(-4.0, x) lJ-3.5, .A) U(-3.0, r) u(-2.5, x) U(-2.0, x) U(-1.5, x)


    0) 1.5204 0.0000 ( 0)-0.8721
    ::L” 0 1.1869
    -1 8.0608
    0”.:
    0:4
    -1 I +3.9325
    -1 -0.3518
    0) 1.4678 -1 1-4.6224
    -1 I 8.8615 -1 -8.7118
    -1 +2.6550 0 1-1.2462
    -1 -3.6676 0 -1.5731
    -1 -9.8321 0)-1.8397

    0)-3.0982
    0 I -3.0617
    0 -2.9073
    0 -2.6435
    0 -2.2824

    :*: i 0I 4.3739
    4.8038
    314 0 5.1246

    5.0 ( 0) 1.8800 (-1) 9.2276 (-1) 4.4586 (-1) 2.1235 (-2) 9.9802 -2) 4.6331 (-2) 2.1262 (-3)9.6523
    For interpolation, see19.28.
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS : 703

    Tab14 19.1

    V(p5.0, z) V(-4.5, .r) V(-4.0, .r) TT(-3.5,J) V(-3.0, cc) V(-2.5, z) l7-2.0, z)
    (-2)-5.8311 0.0000 0.0000 -1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    1.8125 (-1) 1.5812 - .5385
    (-1) 1.1580 r; - .9387
    -1 - .2553
    -1 - .4995
    -1 ii - .6835
    1.0 6.7728 i-2 -7.b762

    :-: -0.3303 l-1 -1.6465


    1:3 -3.9309 I'-1 -2.0148
    1.4 -7.3916
    +3.2819 ('-1
    i-1 I -2.3214
    -1.2266 I
    1.5

    :*;
    1:8
    1.9

    -l)-1.0927
    -2 1 -6.9034
    -2 -2.7540
    -2 +1.4424
    -2) 5.6116

    -1 3.4421
    -1 1 3.7545
    -1) 4.0712

    -1) 3.8093
    -1) 4.1462

    t-78
    4:9 -1) 5.5449
    5.0 (-1) 1.8370 (-1) 3.3533 (-1) 6.2047 ( 0) 1.1734 ( 0) 2.2757 ( 0) 4.5254 ( 0) 9.2067 ( 1) 1.9107
    704 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Table 19.1

    x U(-1.0,s) U( - 0.9,5) U(-O&2) U(-0.7,x) U(-0.6,~) U(-0.5,x) ix-0.4,s)


    0.0
    0.1
    0.2
    i:: il -10 1.0594
    9.7698
    1.0035
    1.0261
    1.0448

    2.0
    2.1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    -1
    I
    4.9754
    4.5701
    4.1741
    3.7910 II II II II
    -1 4.2938
    2.8559
    3.1876
    3.5391
    3.9086 -1 2.9165
    3.2511
    3.6054
    3.9779
    2.6029 -1 2.3693
    2.6647
    3.3204
    3.6788
    2.9820 -1 ;*;;;;
    1,' 2.4313
    2:7312
    2.1538
    214 (-lj3.7407 -1 3.4238
    2.5
    f:4

    3.0
    3.1
    3.2
    z*z
    .
    II
    -1 1.8488
    -1 1.6124
    -1 1.3985
    -1 1.2064
    1.0351
    3.5
    3.6
    3.7
    3.8
    3.9 II II
    1; 4.4657
    -2 2:5638
    ;.:;g
    5.3190
    -2 4.6771
    r; 2:7052
    2.2315
    33';;;; II -2 3.4324
    1.9411
    2.3589
    4.1098
    2.8525

    t*10
    4:2
    4.3
    4.4
    4.5
    ii
    -2 3.6903
    1.6688
    2.0512
    2.5079
    3.0502
    (-2j1.1618 -3 I 9.9881
    Ii-2 2.4280
    1.9923
    1.0676
    1.3211
    1.6265 Ii
    -2
    -3 1.7268
    9.1898
    1.1397
    2.1094
    1.4064

    4.6
    4.7
    t:9"
    5.0 (-3)4.3375
    II
    -3 9.3333
    4.6914
    5.9310
    7.4594
    (-3)3.6919
    -3 8.0067
    -3 6.3856
    -3 5.0667
    -3 3.9996
    (-3)3.1412
    II
    -3 6.8657
    3.4085
    4.3266
    8.5831
    5.4641
    (-3)2.6716 (-3)2.2714 (-3)1.9305 (-3)1.6401
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS RO5
    Table 119.1

    V(-1.0,x) V( - 0.9,x) V(-0.8,~) V( - 0.7,x) V(-0.6,~) V(-0.5,x) V(--014,s)

    I I0.0000
    -1 3.1502
    0.7972
    2.3760
    1.5905

    iI
    -1 3.3194
    5.0435
    4.1939
    (-1) 6.0492
    (-1) 6.4993

    :-: (-1) 5.8660 -1) 8.5594


    1:4 (-1) 6.6605 -1) 9.2113

    I 0) 1.3191 f Oj1.3881

    2.3
    2.4
    2.5 ( 0) 1.5902 t 0) 1.7975
    0) 1.9338
    22::
    22:: ( 0) 2.4881
    3.0 t 0) 2.1558
    3.1
    ;::

    3.5
    3.6

    9.9377
    1.1805
    1.4113

    ( 1) 4.0344 ( 1) 4.6937 ( 1) 5.4639 ( 1) 6.3641 ( 1) 7.4168 ( 1)8.6484 ( 2)1.tjO90


    706 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Table 19.1

    U( -0.2,x) U(O.3,x)

    Ii -10 1.0421
    9.8431
    1.1000
    1.1581
    1.2163

    82
    2;
    0:9
    1.0 t-1)6.8072
    :::
    (-lj4.9087
    1.5

    II -1 4.0657
    3.6765
    4.4769
    3.3102
    (-1)2.9673 (-1)2.5142

    (-lj1.3136 II
    -1 1.8627
    1.0695
    1.2363
    1.4232
    1.6315
    2.5

    ii
    II
    il -1
    -2 1.0248
    6.4422
    5.4703
    7.5534
    8.8173 -2 9.2134
    5.7406
    6.7502
    7.9031
    4.8608
    2.9 (-2)6.9114

    II
    3.0
    -2 4.0978
    1.9799
    2.3907
    2.8739
    3.4393
    ;-21
    3:3
    3.4 -2 4.4006
    2.5730
    5.2146
    3.0912
    3.6967
    t-213.1669 t-2)2.7772 t-2)2.4340 f-2)1.8659
    22
    32

    II ii
    3:9

    II
    4.0
    -3 5.8057
    2.3371
    2.9546
    4.6568
    3.7179
    -3)7.7613
    -3 3.1779
    4.0011
    5.0135
    6.2526 -3 4.3184
    3.4390
    5.3973
    6.7143
    2.7259

    II
    t:;
    4.5 (-3J3.9954 t-3)2.9336 t-3)2.5122 t-3)2.1504
    -3 2.4912
    -3' 3.1626
    1.5233
    1.9528
    i-87
    4:9
    4.6
    5.0
    I
    -3 2:9173
    2.2914
    -3 1.7909
    I'I:';.;G;l"
    (-3)1.3929 (-3)1.1825 (-3)1.0035 (-4)8.5136 (-4)7.2201 (-4)6.1210 (-4)5.1875
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS 707
    Table 14.1

    Ij II
    -1)5.7994
    -1 6.2358
    -1 I 6.6661
    -1 4.5280
    5.0724
    5.6069
    6.1307 -1 7.0905
    (-1 6.6436 -1 7.5093 -1 7.5184
    8.1782
    7.1901
    6.8621
    7.8474
    t-1)6.1992 t-1)7.1460 -1)7.92:38

    Ii -1 8.3353
    9.15138
    8.7460
    (-lj8.4321 (-lj9.0756 (-1)9.5771
    (-1)8.9640 0 I 1.0591
    0 1.1013
    0 1.1490
    II -10 1.0019
    1.1100
    1.0553
    9.4914

    0I 1.25:,3
    0 1.3147
    00 y:!;;
    II 0 1.2839
    0 1.3515
    0 1.5142
    1.4277
    II 0 1.3115
    0 1.3848
    00 :2:;
    0 1.2032
    0)1.2649
    0)1.3353
    0 1.4160
    0 1.5085
    0 1.6150
    0
    0
    0
    0
    I 1.35 i
    1.44
    1.54
    1.66
    9
    6
    9
    2
    0 1:55:!2 0 1.6130 0 1:6738 0 I 1.7379 0 1.80, 0

    I
    II 0 1.5886
    1.6941
    1.8149
    2.1153
    1.9541
    Ii 0 1.8799
    2.7195
    2.4589
    2.2360
    2.0446
    0 2.1614 Oj2.4576 I Oj2.6278 ( Oj2.8159 ( Oj3.0247 0 3.25 I 2
    0 2.3551 0 3.66 7
    0 2.5818 0 4.14 5
    2; 0 2.8478 II 0 2.3028
    3.0803
    2.7785
    2.5218
    3.4366 0 4.70 4
    2:9 II 0 3.1612 0 5.38 0
    3.0
    3.1

    1)1.0158
    3.5 0I 6.7730 II 0 7.5658 0 I 8.4638 ( Oj9.4818 ( 1)1.0637
    3:; 0 9.1860
    7.8635 10 1.0340
    8.8182 0 9 90213
    1 1:1653

    II II II ii
    2; 1 1.0797
    1.2766 1 1.4470
    1.2196
    ; ;.;m;
    .

    t-l 1 2.2395
    2.7041 1 2.5539
    3.0927 1 3.5401
    2.9150 1 3.33 f 04
    4.05
    4:2 1 3.2829 1 3.7653 1 4.3219 1 4.96 4

    4.5
    2;
    29"
    II II II II
    1
    1
    4.0073
    4.9179
    1 6.0680
    1 7.5270
    9.3866
    2 1.4831
    1.1768
    1
    1
    4.6086
    5.6708
    1 7.0147
    21 1.0904
    8.7230
    2 1.3703
    1.7309
    1
    1
    5.3040
    6.5433
    1 8.1143
    2 1.0115
    1.2674
    2 1.5964
    2.0211
    1
    1
    6.10 5
    7.55 0
    1 9.39 I 1
    2 1.47
    1.17 60
    2 2.36
    1.86 81

    5.0 ( 2)1.1778 ( 2)1.3756 ( 2)1.6073 ( 2)1.8791 ( 2)2.1979 ( 2)2.5720 ( 2)3.01$2


    708 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Table 19.1

    x U(O.4,x) U(O.5,x) U(0.6,~) U(O.7,x) U(0.8,~) U(O.9,x) U(l.O,x)


    0.0 0)1.2579 0)1.1627
    0)1.1672
    0":: 0)1.0811
    -1)9.9946 -1)8.4523
    24' -1)9.2205 -1)7.5790
    (-1)8.2327
    (-1)7.5219
    t-1)6.8555

    (-1)4.8280 -1)4.2896
    (-1)4.3327
    -1)3.0003
    -1)2.6475
    (-1)2.9390 (-1)2.7238 (-1)2.5204 -1)2.1487 -1)1.9797

    1.9 (-1)1.9402 (-1)1.6216


    t-112.2177

    (-1)1.4798 (-1)1.3487
    I -1)1.8774
    -1 1.6351
    -1 11.4193
    (-1)1.2278
    I -1 I 1.7240
    1.2948
    1.4965
    (-1)1.1165
    2.0 (-1)1.7003

    t-21713793
    (-2)6.2874 (-2j5.0508
    2.5 t-2)8.2754

    II
    2:9 i-2)4:3157

    -2 2.5078
    2.0830
    1.4189
    1.7228

    (-2)1.1636
    3.5 -3)9.5009
    3.6
    3.7
    3.8
    3.9 il-3 8.2868
    3.4952
    4.3655
    5.4288
    6.7217
    t-314.3344 f-3)3.7425
    -3 2.9826
    -3 I 2.3663
    -3 1.8689
    -3 1.4693

    5.0 (-4)4.3948 (-4)3.7221 (-4)3.1512 (-4)2.6671 (-4)2.2566 (-4)1.9086 (-4)1.6138


    PARABOLIC! CYLINDER FUNCTIONS 709
    Table 14.1

    5 V(O.4,x) V(O.5,x) V(0.6,~) V(O.7,x) V(OB,x) w.oJ$

    0.5 -1)8.4934
    0.6 -1 I 8.7302
    0;7 -1 9.0186 -1 7.1733
    -1 9.3633 -1 17.8124
    ::9" -1 9.7698 -1)8.5344
    -1 I 9.7713
    0 1.0488
    0 1.1309
    0 1.2251
    0) 1.3024 ( 0)1.3158 0 1.3330
    1.5
    1.6 II
    ( 0)1.3779
    0 1.4784
    0I 1.4949
    0 1.6542
    0 1.8373
    :*i 0 1.5943
    1.7281 0 2.0484
    1:9 0 1.8829 0)2.1703 0)2.2926
    2.0 t Oj2.0622 ( 012.1689 ( Oj2.28116 0)2.7481

    II
    0I 3.1169
    0 3.5483
    0 4.0548
    00' 2.6757
    3.3676
    2.9943
    2.4030 0)3.6363 0)4.2741 0 4.6517
    2.5 II 0 3.5166 0 4.4944
    0 5.1536
    ;:"7 0 3.9749
    4.5165 0 5.9365
    0I 6.8696
    ;:t 0 5.1589
    5.9235 0 7.9862
    3.0 1 1.0378
    1 1.2220
    111.4455

    I
    3.5 1 1.7060
    1 2.0373
    3:8
    3'2 1 1 2.4452
    2.9495
    3.9 1)3.5756 Ii 1 4.65
    6.99i 6
    5.69
    3.82
    3.15' 5

    4.3
    4.4
    4.5
    i-7"
    4:8
    4.9
    5.0 ( 2)3.5270 ( 2)4.1331 ( 2)4.8456 ( 2)5.6833 ( 2)6.6688 ( 2)7.8285 ( 2)9.19b8
    710 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Table 19.1

    2 U(1.5,x) lJ(2.0,x) U(2.5~) U(3.0,2) U(3.5,x) U(4.0,x) U(4.5,x) U(5.0,x)

    -1 I 1.9302
    -1 1.6146
    -1 1.3490
    -1 1.1256
    II II II II
    -1
    -1
    -2
    -2
    1.2931
    1.0674
    8.8019
    7.2491
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -2
    8.4374
    6.8788
    5.6025
    4.5579
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -2
    5.3758
    4.3316
    3.4869
    2.8040
    -2
    -2
    -2
    -2
    3.3518
    2.6707
    2.1262
    1.6910
    -2 9.3785 -2 5.9624 -2 3.7035 -2 2.2523 -2 1.3434

    -2 I 1.7849
    -2 1.4503
    II II II
    -2
    -3
    1.0327
    8.2953
    -3
    -3
    5.8705
    4.6645
    -3
    -3
    3.2833
    2.5816

    I II
    -2 1.1759 -3 6.6500 -3 3.6991 -3 2.0262
    -3 9.5127 Ii: ;.;g -3 2.9276 -3 1.5873
    -3 7.6780 . -3 2.3122 -3 1.2409
    -3 3.3818 -3 1.8222 -4 i 9.6810
    -3 2.6869 -3 1.4328 -4 7.5364
    -3 2.1296 -3 1.1240 -4 5.8538

    2.5
    z.7"
    2:8
    II II
    -2 2.3966
    -2 1.6441
    1.9886
    -2 1.3544
    -2 1.3223
    -2 1.0837
    -3 8.8509
    -3 7.2040
    -3
    -3
    1.6837
    1.3277
    -4
    -4
    8.7960
    6.8665
    -4 4.5364
    -4)3.5071

    2.9 -2 1.1116 -3 5.8431

    3.5
    3.6

    -4
    -5
    I
    II II I II
    1.2259
    9.3061
    -5
    -5
    5.4198
    4.0787
    -5
    -5
    -5
    -5
    -5
    -5
    7.3727
    5.5875
    4.2185
    3.1726
    9.6913
    2.3767
    1.7736
    -5 3.3191
    1; :*:;;:
    II-5 1:3920
    -5
    -6
    4.4015
    1.0342
    7.6538
    -5
    -5
    -6
    II-6
    -5
    1.4817
    1.1039
    8.1946
    6.0609
    1.9818
    ii -6 4.4663
    -6 3.2790
    IIII III
    -6
    -6
    -6
    -6
    -6
    -6
    6.5617
    4.8485
    3.5701
    2.6194
    8.8495
    1.9150
    1.3949
    -7
    -7
    8.1539
    5.8942
    -5 7.0352 -5 3.0571 -5 1.3183 -6 5.6428 -6 2.3983 -6 1.0124 -7 4.2455
    -5 5.2961 -5 2.2819 -6 9.7593 -6 4.1440 -6 1.7475 -7 7.3205 -7 3.0469
    -5 3.9701 -5 1.6964 -6 7.1961 -6 3.0315 -6)1.2685 -7 5.2737 -7 2.1788
    5.0 (-5)6.9418 (-5)2.9634 (-5)1.2558 ( -6)5.2847 (-6)2.2089 (-7)9.1724 (-7)3.7849 (-7)1.5523
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS 711
    Table 19.1

    2 V(1.5,x) V(2.0,x) V(2.5,~) V(3.0,x) V(3.5,x) V(4.0,x) V(4.5,x) V(5.0,s)


    0.0 0.0000 0.0000

    I -1 I 1.6118
    3.3218
    2.4481
    0.7999
    -10 2.4076
    Ii -1 1.0497
    7.5647
    4.8999

    0)5.2778

    1) 3.0195
    1) 3.7699
    1 I 4.7150
    I 1) 5.1442
    1) 6.4978
    1 8.2198
    1 5.9076
    1 7.4155 i 2 1 1.0415
    2) 1.3218
    0)6.7480
    0 I 7.9725
    ( 1)3.0364
    1) 3.7393
    ( 1)5.2689
    1)6.5656
    1)9.3262 ( 2) 1.6806
    2) 2.14108
    0 9.4452
    1 1.1222
    1) 1.3374 1) 2.276El ( 1) 3.9709 (
    1 j 4.6150
    1 5.7092
    1) 7.0801 I
    1 1 8.1989
    2 1.0262
    2)1.2873
    i( 12 2.73125
    2 3.49148
    2)4.4794

    2 1) 8.8025 (
    :2 I(
    2:9 I
    I (
    1) 9.2982
    I( ( 3)2.9574 I
    2) 9.1055 3) 8.10129
    4 1.07’22
    4 1 1.42’32
    I( ( 3)5.4084 4) 1.1642 I 4 1.89’50
    4) 2.53113

    i
    4 1 6.7384
    4 9.1425
    5I 1.2450
    ( 5 1.7018
    5)2.3348 I
    5.0 ( 3)2.0666 ( 3)4.6909 4) 1.0746 ( 4)2.4833 ( 4)5.7864 ( 5)1.3589 ( 5)3.2156 ( 5)7.6639
    712 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Table 19.2

    5 W(-5.0,X) W(-4.0,x) W(-3.0,x) W(-2.0,x) W(-5.0,-z) W(-4.0,-z) W(-3.0,-x) W(-2.0,-x)


    0.50102 0.53933 0.60027 0.47348 0.50102 0.53933 0.60027
    E 0.47348
    0.35697 0.39190 0.43901 0.51126 0.56641 0.59017 0.62350 0.67730
    i*: +0.07727
    0.22267 0.26715 0.32555 0.41203 0.63113 0.65576 0.68900 0.74078
    +0.13172 0.20231 0.30453 0.66435 0.69515 0.73381 0.78939
    0:4 -0.07200 -0.00899 +0.07298 0.19088 0.66434 0.70666 0.75649 0.82206

    -0.14933 -0.05857 +0.07334 0.63099 0.68972 0.75622 0.83798


    i:: -0.21764
    -0.35231 -0.28362 -0.18832 -0.04569 0.56583 0.64485 0.73285 0.83665
    -0.46911 -0.40634 -0.31226 -0.16377 0.47199 0.57370 0.68690 0.81785
    -0.56198 -0.51236 -0.42646 -0.27838 0.35408 0.47898 0.61955 0.78173
    -0.62597 -0.59713 -0.52722 -0.38697 0.21799 0.36441 0.53268 0.72875

    1.0 -0.65752 -0.65688 -0.61113 -0.48704 +0.07061 0.23458 0.42880 0.65975


    -0.68881 -0.67522 -0.57617 -0.08044 +0.09483 0.31103 0.57594
    ::: -0.61732
    -0.65470 -0.69121 -0.71706 -0.65204 -0.22724 -0.04897 0.18303 0.47890
    -0.66357 -0.73488 -0.71255 -0.36189 -0.19063 +0.04890 0.37059
    2: -0.54700
    -0.44716 -0.60670 -0.72761 -0.75583 -0.47700 -0.32388 -0.08688 0.25333
    -0.52270 -0.69502 -0.78031 -0.56602 -0.44262 -0.21962 0.12978
    :t -0.32290
    -0.18077 -0.41495 -0.63774 -0.78484 -0.62369 -0.54122 -0.34454 +0.00294
    1:7 -0.02851 -0.28803 -0.55733 -0.76869 -0.64634 -0.61480 -0.45694 -0.12397
    +0.12535 -0.14758 -0.45625 -0.73166 -0.63218 -0.65945 -0.55237 -0.24749
    0.27194 -0.00009 -0.33785 -0.67412 -0.58147 -0.67250 -0.62680 -0.36405

    0.40253 +0.14739 -0.20633 -0.59707 -0.49661 -0.65271 -0.67684 -0.47006


    21" 0.50907 0.28751 -0.06661 -0.50217 -0.38212 -0.60042 -0.69989 -0.56198
    0.58468 0.41299 +0.07581 -0.39174 -0.24445 -0.51764 -0.69432 -0.63649
    :*: 0.62416 0.51702 0.21503 -0.26879 -0.09171 -0.40802 -0.65962 -0.69061
    214 0.62438 0.59364 0.34495 -0.13696 +0.06678 -0.27680 -0.59652 -0.72184

    0.58460 0.63810 0.45960 -0.00046 0.22095 -0.13062 -0.50704 -0.72830


    Ei 0.50668 0.64722 0.55333 +0.13603 0.36067 +0.02276 -0.39454 -0.70889
    0.39507 0.61968 0.62119 0.26749 0.47637 0.17482 -0.26363 -0.66340
    ?i 0.25669 0.55625 0.65920 0.38872 0.55973 0.31672 -0.12008 -0.59265
    2:9 +0.10057 0.45985 0.66463 0.49459 0.60434 0.43980 +0.02936 -0.49853

    3.0 -0.06260 0.33555 0.63631 0.58021 0.60627 0.53615 0.17727 -0.38404


    3.1 -0.22123 0.19042 0.57472 0.64123 0.56451 0.59915 0.31588 -0.25332
    -0.36354 +0.03320 0.48225 0.67411 0.48124 0.62397 0.43747 -0.11153
    -0.47850 -0.12614 0.36312 0.67637 0.36184 0.60808 0.53481 +0.03530
    -0.55672 -0.27701 0.22333 0.64681 0.21471 0.55155 0.60167 0.18042

    -0.59128 -0.40886 +0.07050 0.58576 +0.05079 0.45725 0.63325 0.31672


    -0.57849 -0.51196 -0.08654 0.49519 -0.11714 0.33088 0.62663 0.43701
    -0.51836 -0.57820 -0.23816 0.37883 -0.27544 0.18074 0.58111 0.53447
    Z-8 -0.41490 -0.60177 -0.37452 0.24205 -0.41066 +0.01731 0.49849 0.60305
    3:9 -0.27601 -0.57982 -0.48622 +0.09180 -0.51073 -0.14737 0.38313 0.63793

    -0.11306 -0.51295 -0.56500 -0.06370 -0.56615 -0.30058 0.24189 0.63597


    :*i! +0.05995 -0.40534 -0.60443 -0.21535 -0.57098 -0.42985 +0.08387 0.59605
    412 0.22741 -0.26474 -0.60059 -0.35365 -0.52367 -0.52406 -0.08010 0.51937
    0.37359 -0.10210 -0.55252 -0.46937 -0.42750 -0.57448 -0.23812 0.40960
    0.48406 +0.06923 -0.46263 -0.55413 -0.29056 -0.57571 -0.37804 0.27290

    4.5 0.54726 0.23443 -0.33674 -0.60118 -0.12531 -0.52643 -0.48847 +0.11769


    44:; 0.55583
    0.50770 0.37847 -0.18393 -0.60601 +0.05237 -0.42982 -0.55975 -0.04573
    0.48758 -0.01604 -0.56693 0.22465 -0.29363 -0.58492 -0.20576
    0.55059 +0.15314 -0.48549 0.37342 -0.12977 -0.56059 -0.35036
    ::9" 0.26226
    0.40664 0.56028 0.30893 -0.36666 0.48233 +0.04660 -0.48753 -0.46788

    0.51440 0.43707

    [(-y 1 [(-f)7
    5.0 0.08936 -0.21874 0.53861 0.21827 -0.37095 -0.54818

    1 [996 1 [ 1 [(-y 1 [53P31 [53161 [ 1


    ($3)5 (-!)5

    Values of W( a,z),for integral values of a are from National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder func-
    tions. Computed by Scientific Computing Service Ltd. Mathematical Introduction by J. C. P. Miller. Her Majesty’s
    Stationery Office, London, England, 1955 (with permission).
    PARABOLI:C CYLINDER FUNCTIONS 713
    Table 19.e

    x W(2.0,x) W(3.0,x) W(4.0,x) W(5.0,x) W(2.0,-2) W(3.0, -4 W(4.0,-2) W(5.0,~2j

    1.8377
    1.4984
    1.2246
    1.0035
    a.2455

    i 1 I 1.4686
    1.6117 I 1 \ 3.0749
    3.5113

    5.0 (-2)-1.9179 t-31-3.8449 (-4)-1.4564 (-4)1.1577 ( 0)-9.6664 ( 1)6.6590 ( 2)5.9987 ( 3)2.8528i


    For interpolation, see 19.28.
    714 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Table 19.2

    x W(-1.0,x) W(-0.9,x) W(-0.8,~) W(-0.7,x) W(-0.6,~) W(-0.5,x) W(-0.4,x)

    0.0 0.73148 0.75416 0.77982 0.80879 0.84130 0.87718 0.91553


    0.65958 0.68457 0.71267 0.74421 0.77940 0.81803 0.85912
    0”:: 0.58108 0.60881 0.63980 0.67441 0.71281 0.75477 0.79925
    0.49671 0.52750 0.56175 0.59981 0.64187 0.68766 0.73610
    8:: 0.40726 0.44133 0.47908 0.52089 0.56693 0.61696 0.66984

    0.31359 0.35102 0.39240 0.43811 0.48837 0.54293 0.60064


    :*56 0.21659 0.25734 0.30233 0.35200 0.40658 0.46584 0.52866
    0:7 0.11723 0.16111 0.20958 0.26311 0.32198 0.38601 0.45409
    +0.01657 +0.06324 0.11490 0.17206 0.30379 0.37715
    E -0.08429 -0.03529 +0.01912 +0.07954 8EE
    . 0.21956 0.29811

    -0.18412 -0.13342 -0.07684 -0.01369 +0.05650 0.13380 0.21727


    :*: -0.28164 -0.23002 -0.17198 -0.10679 -0.03384 +0.04704 0.13503
    1:2 -0.37549 -0.32384 -0.26523 -0.19880 -0.12386 -0.04009 +0.05185
    -0.46422 -0.41357 -0.35538 -0.28870 -0.21269 -0.12687 -0.03172
    ::i -0.54635 -0.49783 -0.44119 -0.37536 -0.29933 -0.21246 -0.11502

    1.5 -0.62034 -0.57517 -0.52130 -0.45753 -0.38270 -0.29594 -0.19728


    -0.68464 -0.64409 -0.59431 -0.53393 -0.46162 -0.37627 -0.27764
    ::; -0.73771 -0.70310 -0.65875 -0.60317 -0.45231 -0.35510
    -0.77808 -0.75070 -0.71317 -0.66382 :;*'b;;1:; -0.52280 -0.42857
    ::: -0.80439 -0.78547 -0.75611 -0.71446 -0:65854 -0.58645 -0.49684

    2.0 -0.81541 -0.80610 -0.78618 -0.75365 -0.70628 -0.64186 -0.55864


    2.1 -0.81014 -0.81144 -0.80212 -0.78003 -0.74273 -0.68765 -0.61261
    -0.78787 -0.80054 -0.80282 -0.79238 -0.76654 -0.72243 -0.65738
    5-G -0.74822 -0.77279 -0.78741 -0.78960 -0.77649 -0.74486 -0.69156
    2:4 -0.69124 -0.72790 -0.75531 -0.77089 -0.77153 -0.75373 -0.71385

    2.5 -0.61743 -0.66601 -0.70633 -0.73570 -0.75086 -0.74799 -0.72301


    -0.52785 -0.58777 -0.64071 -0.68391 -0.71398 -0.72686 -0.71801
    $2 -0.42412 -0.49436 -0.55918 -0.61582 -0.66079 -0.68984 -0.69802
    -0.30847 -0.38753 -0.46303 -0.53224 -0.59164 -0.63684 -0.66256
    22:: -0.18374 -0.26968 -0.35416 -0.43455 -0.50739 -0.56821 -0.61149

    3.0 -0.05335 -0.14378 -0.23506 -0.32474 -0.40948 -0.48485 -0.54517


    +0.07873 -0.01339 -0.10884 -0.20540 -0.29995 -0.38820 -0.46444
    t: 0.20811 +0.11741 +0.02083 -0.07973 -0.18146 -0.28034 -0.37075
    313 0.33006 0.24412 0.14977 +0.04850 -0.05729 -0.16395 -0.26614
    3.4 0.43974 0.36198 0.27340 0.17504 +0.06875 -0.04232 -0.15327

    3.5 0.53233 0.46613 0.38695 0.29527 0.19236 +0.08071 -0.03541


    0.60334 0.55184 0.48557 0.40440 0.30891 0.20083 +0.08365
    E 0.64885 0.61476 0.56460 0.49761 0.41360 0.31342 0.19963
    3:8 0.66575 0.65118 0.61986 0.57035 0.50168 0.41373 0.30797
    3.9 0.65207 0.65834 0.64786 0.61858 0.56868 0.49706 0.40397

    4.0 0.60721 0.63466 0.64616 0.63904 0.61072 0.55906 0.48303


    4.1 0.53214 0.58002 0.61356 0.62958 0.62476 0.59598 0.54088
    4.2 0.42952 0.49593 0.55042 0.58939 0.60892 0.60496 0.57391
    4.3 0.30382 0.38565 0.45874 0.51923 0.56270 0.58437 0.57944
    4.4 0.16115 0.25422 0.34234 0.42158 0.48725 0.53398 0.55599

    4.5 +0.00918 +0.10831 0.20677 0.30072 0.38544 0.45522 0.50355


    4.6 -0.14329 -0.04397 +0.05918 0.16266 0.26194 0.35129 0.42375
    -0.28674 -0.19348 -0.09193 +0.01497 +0.12315 0.22716 0.31998
    t-i -0.41153 -0.33057 -0.23720 -0.13360 -0.02310 +0.08947 0.19740
    4:9 -0.50861 -0.44572 -0.36694 -0.27352 -0.16782 -0.05374 +0.06277

    5.0 -0.57025 -0.53023 -0.47182 -0.39516 -0.30146 -0.19341 -0.07580


    [(-/'"I [(-;'7
    [(-l)4
    1 [(-;)"I [(-;)4]
    1 1 [
    (-i)4 (-l)4
    1
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS 715
    Table 19.2

    W(-1,0,-x) W(-0.9,-x) W(-O&-x) W(-0.7,-z) W(-0.6,-z) W(-0.5,-z) W(-0.4,-z)


    0.73148 0.754i6 0.77982 0.80879 0.84130 0.87718 0.91553
    0.79607 0.81697 0.84073 0.86771 0.89814 0.93193 0.96827
    0.85267 0.87241 0.89490 0.92053 0.94958 0.98201 1.01711
    0.90067 0.91990 0.94182 0.96682 0.99522 1.02707 1.06178
    0.93946 0.95892 0.98099 1.00612 1.03467 1.06677 1.10197
    0.96849 0.98892 1.01192 1.03797 1.06749 1.10070 1.13729
    0.98722 1.00940 1.03413 1.06191 1.09323 1.12843 1.16736
    0.99521 1.01990 1.04713 1.07745 1.11143 1.14951 1.19170
    0.99202 1.01997 1.05048 1.08414 1.12160 1.16343 1.20981
    0.97734 1.00923 1.04374 1.08151 1.12325 1.16966 1.22114
    0.95092 0.98738 1.02655 1.06912 1.11589 1.16769 1.22511
    0.91262 0.95418 0.99859 1.04657 1.09904 1.15695 1.22112
    0.86244 0.90952 0.95962 1.01355 1.07228 1.13693 1.20855
    0.80055 0.85341 0.90954 0.96978 1.03523 1.10714 1.18680
    0.72729 0.78603 0.84835 0.91515 0.98760 1.06714 1.15529
    0.64322 0.70774 0.77623 0.84963 0.92923 1.01659 1.11351
    0.54911 0.61912 0.69355 0.77341 0.86006 0.95525 1.06102
    0.44603 0.52099 0.60091 0.68684 0.78025 0.88304 0.99750
    0.33528 0.41443 0.49914 0.59053 0.69014 0.80004 0.92281
    0.21849 0.30081 0.38936 0.48532 0.59032 0.70659 0.83697
    +0.09757 0.18179 0.27298 0.37236 0.48166 0.60326 0.74025
    -0.02528 +0.05934 0.15171 0.25309 0.36531 0.49090 0.63319
    -0.14758 -0.06427 +0.02758 0.12930 0.24278 0.37070 0.51665
    -0.26660 -0.18651 -0.09709 +0.00305 +0.11588 0.24419 0.39182
    -0.37941 -0.30459 -0.21967 -0.12323 -0.01322 +0.11327 0.26028
    -0.48297 -0.41552 -0.33731 -0.24685 -0.14203 -0.01983 +0.12398
    -0.57415 -0.51623 -0.44698 -0.36487 -0.26774 -0.15248 -0.01472
    -0.64990 -0.60356 -0.54551 -0.47416 -0.38730 -0.28178 -0.15309
    -0.70733 -0.67449 -0.62975 -0.57149 -0.49748 -0.40451 -0.28802
    -0.74387 -0.72615 -0.69663 -0.65363 -0.59492 -0.51729 -0.41615
    -0.75737 -0.75605 -0.74331 -0.71748 -0.67629 -0.61660 -0.53384
    -0.74633 -0.76219 -0.76738 -0.76019 -0.73841 -0.69897 -0.63739
    -0.70996 -0.74323 -0.76692 -0.77937 -0.77841 -0.76108 -0.72310
    -0.64841 -0.69863 -0.74077 -0.77320 -0.79386 -0.79994 -0.78743
    -0.56281 -0.62881 -0.68862 -0.74065 -0.78300 -0.81309 -0.82721
    -0.45542 -0.53525 -0.61114 -0.68160 -0.74490 -0.79874 -0.83985
    -0.32961 -0.42059 -0.51016 -0.59701 -0.67961 -0.75603 -0.82349
    -0.18992 -0.28860 -0.38867 -0.48899 -0.58833 -0.68515 -0.77725
    -0.04191 -0.14423 -0.25086 -0.36092 -0.47349 -0.58750 -0.70141
    +0.10799 +0.00657 -0.10208 -0.21739 -0.33883 -0.46582 -0.59756
    0.25266 0.15702 +0.05134 -0.06416 -0.18934 -0.32421 -0.46872
    0.38471 0.29976 0.20225 +0.09203 -0.03124 -0.16811 -0.31938
    0.49679 0.42722 0.34303 0.24366 +0.12831 -0.00420 -0.15545
    0.58208 0.53205 0.46597 0.38285 0.28140 +0.15987 +0.01587
    0.63477 0.60759 0.56372 0.50171 0.41981 0.31572 0.18634
    0.65055 0.64841 0.62979 0.59285 0.53543 0.45473
    0.62708 0.65075 0.65910 0.64997 0.62083 0.56851 Ez:
    0.56440 0.61301 0.64846 0.66833 0.66982 0.64950 0:60280
    0.46513 0.53614 0.59705 0.64531 0.67800 0.69154 0.68125
    0.33464 0.42379 0.50672 0.58085 0.64328 0.69050 0.71794
    0.18091 0.28240 0.38215 0.47771 0.56635 0.64481 0.70889

    [(-i)5 1 c 1 [ (-;)5 (-l)5


    1 Ii 1 [ 1 [(-l)5 (-i)5 t-z’6
    1 II 1 C-l’6
    716 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Table 19.2

    W(-0.3,x) W(-0.2,x) W(-0.1,x) we-4 4 W(O.l,x) W(O.2,s) W(O.3,x)


    0.95411 0.98880 1.01364 1.02277 1.01364 0.98880 0.95411
    0.90030 0.93725 0.96381 0.97388 0.96480 0.93920 0.90311
    0.84377 0.88381 0.91299 0.92496 0.91691 0.89145 0.85480
    0.78461 0.82851 0.86116 0.87595 0.86984 0.84540 0.80896
    0.72293 0.77137 0.80828 0.82673 0.82344 0.80084 0.76536
    0.65878 0.71237 0.75426 0.77719 0.77753 0.75757 0.72375
    0.59225 0.65150 0.69902 0.72716 0.73192 0.71533 0.68386
    0.52341 0.58875 0.64245 0.67647 0.68637 0.67388 0.64540
    0.45236 0.52410 0.58445 0.62496 0.64067 0.63296 0.60809
    0.37924 0.45756 0.52493 0.57244 0.59459 0.59228 0.57163
    0.30421 0.38918 0.46383 0.51877 0.54790 0.55160 0.53573
    0.22751 0.31906 0.40111 0.46381 0.50038 0.51063 0.50010
    0.14946 0.24734 0.33677 0.40744 0.45186 0.46915 0.46446
    +0.07042 0.17425 0.27090 0.34961 0.40217 0.42691 0.42854
    -0.00912 0.10007 0.20361 0.29032 0.35118 0.38374 0.39209
    -0.08857 +0.02522 0.13514 0.22960 0.29883 0.33945 0.35491
    -0.16725 -0.04982 +0.06577 0.16760 0.24510 0.29393 0.31679
    -0.24435 -0.12443 -0.00407 0.10454 0.19006 0.24713 0.27761
    -0.31894 -0.19788 -0.07387 +0.04073 0.13384 0.19904 0.23725
    -0.38999 -0.26933 -0.14299 -0.02340 0.07667 0.14975 0.19569
    -0.45633 -0.33779 -0.21066 -0.08731 +0.01891 0.09941 0.15296
    -0.51674 -0.40219 -0.27600 -0.15034 -0.03902 +0.04828 0.10917
    -0.56989 -0.46135 -0.33802 -0.21170 -0.09655 -0.00327 0.06450
    -0.61444 -0.51400 -0.39560 -0.27048 -0.15300 -0.05478 +0.01926
    -0.64903 -0.55882 -0.44755 -0.32569 -0.20756 -0.10567 -0.02617
    -0.67233 -0.59448 -0.49261 -0.37619 -0.25934 -0.15523 -0.07129
    -0.68311 -0.61966 -0.52947 -0.42082 -0.30731 -0.20267 -0.11551
    -0.68033 -0.63315 -0.55686 -0.45833 -0.35040 -0.24709 -0.15811
    -0.66313 -0.63385 -0.57356 -0.48749 -0.38745 -0.28749 -0.19829
    -0.63097 -0.62088 -0.57846 -0.50710 -0.41729 -0.32283 -0.23518
    -0.58369 -0.59365 -0.57063 -0.51607 -0.43878 -0.35203 -0.26783
    -0.52157 -0.55190 -0.54943 -0.51344 -0.45085 -0.37401 -0.29526
    -0.44541 -0.49584 -0.51451 -0.49851 -0.45256 -0.38777 -0.31648
    -0.35655 -0.42613 -0.46594 -0.47084 -0.44315 -0.39239 -0.33055
    -0.25697 -0.34402 -0.40427 -0.43039 -0.42215 -0.38713 -0.33663
    -0.14924 -0.25134 -0.33055 -0.37754 -0.38941 -0.37148 -0.33401
    -0.03654 -0.15050 -0.24643 -0.31318 -0.34517 -0.34523
    +0.07742 -0.04453 -0.15413 -0.23871 -0.29013 -0.30852 I"o';;g;;
    0.18846 +0.06302 -0.05645 -0.15612 -0.22549 -0.26190 -0:27027
    0.29213 0.16814 +0.04330 -0.06794 -0.15299 -0.20639 -0.23072
    0.38382 0.26651 0.14132 +0.02278 -0.07486 -0.14349 -0.18313
    0.45904 0.35370 0.23354 0.11257 +0.00615 -0.07518 -0.12880
    0.51364 0.42535 0.31572 0.19762 0.08689 -0.00389 -0.06948
    0.54413 0.47744 0.38368 0.27395 0.16386 +0.06754 -0.00733
    0.54793 0.50658 0.43357 0.33764 0.23342 0.13597 +0.05511
    0.52370 0.51029 0.46212 0.38503 0.29194 0.19809 0.11504
    0.47151 0.48726 0.46690 0.41300 0.33601 0.25059 0.16948
    0.39312 0.43762 0.44663 0.41921 0.36270 0.29037 0.21549
    0.29197 0.36308 0.40138 0.40237 0.36981 0.31476 0.25027
    0.17327 0.26703 0.33274 0.36248 0.35608 0.32171 0.27144
    0.04376 0.15455 0.24393 0.30095 0.32145 0.31009 0.27719

    [ 1 II 1 II 1 [ 1 II 1 [
    (-$)4 (-l)3 (-l)3 (-;)3 (-2)3 c-y
    1
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS 717
    Table 19.2

    x W(-0.3,-z) W(-0.2,-z) W(-0.1,--z) W(O, -4 W(O.l,-z) W(O.2,~2) W(O.3,~2)


    0.95411 0.98880 1.01364 1.02277 1.01364 0.98880 0.95411
    E 1.00506 1.03835 1.06245 1.07165 1.06348 1.04037 1.00797
    1.05296 1.08581 1.11016 1.12050 1.11435 1.09399 1.06483
    00-32 1.09759 1.13097 1.15665 1.16924 1.16622 1.14968 1.12477
    0:4 1.13868 1.17362 1.20172 1.21771 1.21899 1.20741 1.18782
    1.17589 1.21344 1.24510 1.26568 1.27248 1.26706 1.25396
    8-Z 1.20884 1.25007 1.28645 1.31285 1.32644 1.32845 1.32307
    0:7 1.23706 1.28307 1.32534 1.35884 1.38053 1.39129 1.39494
    0.8 1.26006 1.31193 1.36129 1.40315 1.43429 1.45520 1.46928
    0.9 1.27725 1.33606 1.39368 1.44521 1.48719 1.51968 1.54567
    1.0 1.28802 1.35480 1.42185 1,48433 1.53855 1.58412 1.62356
    1.1 1.29171 1.36744 1.44504 1.51974 1.58760 1.64775 1.70224
    1.2 1.28761 1.37321 1.46241 1.55054 1.63341 1.70967 1.78087
    1.27501 1.37129 1.47304 1.57575 1.67498 1.76885 1.85841
    ::: 1.25320 1.36083 1.47598 1.59429 1.71113 1.82408 1.93366
    1.5 1.22150 1.34098 1.47020 1.60502 1.74059 1.87401 2.00522
    1.6 1.17926 1.31091 1.45469 1.60672 1.76201 1.91713 2.07150
    1.12596 1.26983 1.42841 1.59813 1.77390 1.95181 2.13072
    :*a7 1.06115 1.21705 1.39039 1.57800 1.77474 1.97628 2.18093
    119 0.98458 1.15200 1.33973 1.54509 1.76299 1.98870 2.22000
    2.0 0.89620 1.07426 1.27565 1.49825 1.73709 1.98714 2.24569
    2.1 0.79618 0.98365 1.19757 1.43644 1.69557 1.96968 2.25565
    0.68503 0.88026 1.10510 1.35882 1.63706 1.93446 2.24752
    z.3 0.56357 0.76448 0.99819 1.26478 1.56041 1.87972 2.21894
    2:4 0.43300 0.63710 0.87711 1.15405 1.46471 1.80390 2.16770
    0.29492 0.49932 0.74256 1.02673 1.34942 1.70575 2.09177
    22 0.15140 0.35277 0.59571 0.88342 1.21444 1.58440 1.98946
    +0.00489 0.19959 0.43825 0.72523 1.06021 1.43949 1.85956
    z*e7 -0.14168 +0.04242 0.27241 0.55388 0.88776 1.27129 1.70140
    2:9 -0.28503 -0.11563 +0.10100 0.37173 0.69887 1.08078 1.51507
    -0.42150 -0.27098 -0.07258 +0.18182 0.49606 0.86979 1.30151
    z! -0.54722 -0.41967 -0.24442 -0.01213 0.28264 0.64105 1.06267
    3:2 -0.65815 -0.55742 -0.41011 -0.20574 +0.06279 0.39827 0.80159
    3.3 -0.75027 -0.67978 -0.56487 -0.39404 -0.15855 +0.14618 0.52249
    3.4 -0.81974 -0.78229 -0.70368 -0.57158 -0.37567 -0.10952 +0.23083
    -0.86311 -0.86067 -0.82147 -0.73259 -0.58228 -0.36221 -0.06670
    -0.87754 -0.91101 -0.91331 -0.87118 -0.77162 -0.60449 -0.36232
    -0.86098 -0.93010 -0.97470 -0.98158 -0.93674 -0.82836 -0.64721
    -0.81248 -0.91559 -1.00185 -1.05844 -1.07077 -1.02554 -0.91187
    -0.73233 -0.86631 -0.99193 -1.09719 -1.16728 -1.18779 -1.14634
    -0.62227 -0.78249 -0.94343 -1.09434 -1.22069 -1.30732 -1.34070
    -0.48559 -0.66595 -0.85640 -1.04786 -1.22662 -1.37730 -1.48554
    -0.32717 -0.52024 -0.73270 -0.95753 -1.18240 -1.39231 -1.57256
    -0.15346 -0.35070 -0.57611 -0.82515 -1.08743 -1.34891 -1.59514
    +0.02771 -0.16437 -0.39249 -0.65483 -0.94350 -1.24610 -1.54901
    4.5 0.20739 +0.03014 -0.18962 -0.45301 -0.75508 -1.08573 -1.43285
    4.6 0.37594 0.22299 +0.02291 -0.22843 -0.52942 -0.87285 -1.24877
    0.52351 0.40359 0.23414 +0.00810 -0.27649 -0.61582 -1.00271
    i-87 0.64069 0.56113 0.43218 0.24408 -0.00874 -0.32626 -0.70462
    4:9 0.71919 0.68534 0.60494 0.46598 +0.25940 -0.01876 -0.36835
    5.0 0.75259 0.76721 0.74090 0.65996 0.51219 +0.28970 -0.01132

    [5316
    1 1 1 [(-p5 (-l)5
    1 [ (-l)5
    1 [ 5316
    1 c(-[I71 [(-;P1
    718 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Table 19.2

    x W(O.4,2) W(O.5,2) W(O.6,s) W(O.7,x) W(0.8,~) W(O.9,x) W(l.O,x)


    0.0 0.91553 0.87718 0.84130 0.80879 0.77982 0.75416 0.73148
    0.1 0.86271 0.82232 0.78433 0.74973 0.71874 0.69116 0.66667
    0.2 0.81331 0.77155 0.73205 0.69590 0.66339 0.63436 0.60852
    0.3 0.76709 0.72456 0.68408 0.64687 0.61328 0.58321 0.55639
    0.4 0.72376 0.68104 0.64007 0.60222 0.56794 0.53718 0.50970
    0.5 0.68304 0.64064 0.59964 0.56155 0.52692 0.49578 0.46791
    0.6 0.64462 0.60305 0.56244 0.52446 0.48979 0.45853 0.43051
    3.7 0.60820 0.56793 0.52810 0.49058 0.45614 0.42499 0.39703
    0.8 0.57347 0.53495 0.49629 0.45952 0.42558 0.39476 0.36704
    0.9 0.54011 0.50380 0.46666 0.43095 0.39774 0.36745 0.34013
    1.0 0.50782 0.47414 0.43889 0.40452 0.37228 0.34271 0.31594
    1.1 0.47630 0.44567 0.41266 0.37992 0.34888 0.32020 0.29412
    1.2 0.44523 0.41808 0.38765 0.35682 0.32720 0.29960 0.27435
    1.3 0.41435 0.39108 0.36358 0.33494 0.30697 0.28063 0.25634
    1.4 0.38338 0.36438 0.34015 0.31399 0.28790 0.26299 0.23981
    1.5 0.35206 0.33771 0.31709 0.29370 0.26973 0.24643 0.22451
    1.6 0.32018 0.31084 0.29416 0.27382 0.25219 0.23071 0.21019
    1.7 0.28752 0.28354 0.27111 0.25410 0.23506 0.21559 0.19662
    1.8 0.25395 0.25561 0.24773 0.23433 0.21812 0.20085 0.18361
    1.9 0.21934 0.22689 0.22384 0.21430 0.20115 0.18629 0.17094
    2.0 0.18363 0.19726 0.19927 0.19384 0.18398 0.17173 0.15845
    2.1 0.14682 0.16665 0.17390 0.17280 0.16644 0.15700 0.14595
    2.2 0.10899 0.13504 0.14767 0.15107 0.14841 0.14195 0.13331
    2.3 0.07029 0.10248 0.12054 0.12857 0.12976 0.12647 0.12038
    2.4 +0.03094 0.06908 0.09255 0.10528 0.11045 0.11045 0.10707
    2.5 -0.00872 0.03504 0.06378 0.08121 0.09043 0.09385 0.09330
    2.6 -0.04827 +0.00063 0.03440 0.05645 0.06972 0.07662 0.07900
    2.7 -0.08719 -0.03378 +0.00466 0.03113 0.04840 0.05879 0.06416
    2.8 -0.12486 -0.06773 -0.02513 +0.00547 0.02659 0.04042 0.04879
    2.9 -0.16058 -0.10069 -0.05457 -0.02025 +0.00447 0.02163 0.03296
    -0.19356 -0.13202 -0.08319 -0.04569 -0.01769 +0.00259 0.01677
    ?Y -0.22295 -0.16105 -0.11043 -0.07041 -0.03960 -0.01649
    3:2 -0.24788 -0.18700 -0.13568 -0.09392 -0.06087 -0.03531 :;*;g;;
    3.3 -0.26746 -0.20910 -0.15826 -0.11569 -0.08106 -0.05355 -0:03216
    3.4 -0.28083 -0.22656 -0.17749 -0.13511 -0.09969 -0.07080 -0.04774
    3.5 -0.28722 -0.23861 -0.19265 -0.15158 -0.11623 -0.08664 -0.06242
    3.6 -0.22598 -0.24455 -0.20307 -0.16446 -0.13014 -0.10061 -0.07581
    3.7 -0.27664 -0.24381 -0.20814 -0.17317 -0.14088 -0.11222 -0.08750
    3.8 -0.25895 -0.23596 -0.20735 -0.17718 -0.14793 -0.12101 -0.09707
    3.9 -0.23299 -0.22079 -0.20033 -0.17604 -0.15084 -0.12652 -0.10411
    4.0 -0.19913 -0.19835 -0.18692 -0.16946 -0.14922 -0.12836 -0.10824
    4.1 -0.15813 -0.16901 -0.16717 -0.15730 -0.14284 -0.12624 -0.10912
    4.2 -0.11115 -0.13343 -0.14143 -0.13965 -0.13162 -0.11996 -0.10653
    4.3 -0.05975 -0.09266 -0.11032 -0.11684 -0.11566 -0.10948 -0.10030
    4.4 -0.00585 -0.04811 -0.07481 -0.08947 -0.09531 -0.09494 -0.09046
    4.5 +0.04828 -0.00149 -0.03614 -0.05843 -0.07112 -0.07669 -0.07716
    4.6 0.10016 +0.04518 +0.00411 -0.02485 -0.04392 -0.05525 -0.06075
    4.7 0.14714 0.08968 0.04416 +0.00985 -0.01477 -0.03141 -0.04174
    4.8 0.18659 0.12967 0.08203 0.04406 +0.01506 -0.00614 -0.02086
    4.9 0.21607 0.16286 0.11567 0.07604 0.04414 +0.01943 +0.00100
    5.0 0.23350 0.18712 0.14307 0.10399 0.07092 0.04399 0.02281

    c 1 [!-;I11 [c-y1 [(-217 1 [t-y 1 IIc-y1 IIt-y 1


    (-;I2
    PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS P19
    Table 19.2

    5 W(O.4,-2) W(O.5, -x) W(0.6,-:e) W(O.7, -x) W(O.8,-2) W(O.9, -2) W(l.O,-z)
    0.0 0.91553 0.87718 0.84130 0.80879 0.77982 0.75416 0.73148
    0.97201 0.93642 0.90331 0.87352 0.84714 0.82396 0.80361
    0”:: 1.03235 1.00031 0.97072 0.94433 0.92122 0.90115 0.88375
    1.09671 1.06911 1.04386 1.02166 1.00258 0.98636 0.97265
    E 1.16520 1.14300 1.12302 1.10591 1.09173 1.08022 1.07106
    0.5 1.23789 1.22215 1.20846 1.19746 1.18917 1.18338 1.17975
    1.31475 1.30664 1.30040 1.29663 1.29538 1.29644 1.29949
    i:; 1.39567 1.39648 1.39896 1.40371 1.41079 1.42000 1.43106
    1.48046 1.49158 1.50419 1.51888 1.53574 1.55459 1.57519
    E 1.56879 1.59174 1.61602 1.64225 1.67051 1.70068 1.73254
    1.0 1.6602 1.6966 1.7343 1.7738 1.8153 1.8586 1.9037
    1.1 1.7541 1.8057 1.8586 1.9133 1.9700 2.0286 2.0891
    1.2 1.8497 1.9184 1.9884 2.0603 2.1345 2.2107 2.2891
    1.9460 2.0337 2.1230 2.2144 2.3083 2.4048 2.5037
    ::: 2.0418 2.1506 2.2613 2.3746 2.4909 2.6102 2.7327
    1.5 2.1358 2.2677 2.4020 2.5397 2.6811 2.8264 2.9756
    1.6 2.2263 2.3833 2.5437 2.7083 2.8777 3.0520 3.2316
    2.3115 2.4956 2.6843 2.8785 3.0788 3.2856 3.4991
    287 2.3891 2.6023 2.8216 3.0480 3.2823 3.5249 3.7762
    1:9 2.4570 2.7009 2.9529 3.2141 3.4854 3.7674 4.0605
    2.0 2.5125 2.7886 3.0752 3.3737 3.6849 4.0097 4.3487
    2.5529 2.8623 3.1853 3.5231 3.8770 4.2479 4.6368
    22.: 2.5754 2.9188 3.2793 3.6583 4.0573 4.4775 4.9201
    2:3 2.5770 2.9546 3.3532 3.7748 4.2209 4.6931 5.1930
    2.4 2.5548 2.9660 3.4030 3.8678 4.3624 4.8889 5.4490
    2.5 2.5061 2.9496 3.4241 3.9321 4.4760 5.0582 5.6811
    2.4283 2.9018 3.4124 3.9626 4.5555 5.1940 5.8811
    22.; 2.3192 2.8196 3.3634 3.9538 4.5944 5.2887 6.0405
    218 2.1772 2.7001 3.2734 3.9007 4.5863 5.3346 6.1502
    2.9 2.0013 2.5413 3.1389 3.7984 4.5251 5.3240 6.2008
    3.0 1.7914 2.3419 2.9573 3.6430 4.4050 5.2495 6.1832
    1.5484 2.1015 2.7270 3.4312 4.2211 5.1041 6.0883
    ;*: 1.2746 1.8213 2.4478 3.1612 3.9697 4.8822 5.9081
    3:3 0.9733 1.5038 2.1206 2.8324 3.6486 4.5794 5.6359
    3.4 0.6496 1.1529 1.7487 2.4466 3.2576 4.1934 5.2669
    3.5 +0.3098 0.7746 1.3369 2.0074 2.7987 3.7241 4.7985
    -0.0381 iO.3767 0.8923 1.5210 2.2767 3.1746 4.2315
    33:; -0.3848 -0.0314 +0.4244 0.9962 1.6994 2.5511 3.5700
    -0.7198 -0.4385 -0.0553 +0.4445 1.0779 1.8636 2.8225
    ;:: -1.0317 -0.8319 -0.5332 -0.1199 +0.4263 1.1259 2.0016
    -1.3084 -1.1977 -0.9940 -0.6804 -0.2378 +0.3558 1.1251
    t:l" -1.5382 -1.5216 -1.4209 -1.2184 -0.8941 -0.4249 +0.2152
    -1.7095 -1.7893 -1.7966 -1.7136 -1.5199 -1.1915 -0.7013
    t *: -1.8124 -1.9871 -2.1039 -2.1453 -2.0907 -1.9160 -1.5936
    4:4 -1.8391 -2.1032 -2.3268 -2.4930 -2.5817 -2.5692 -2.4280
    -1.7844 -2.1283 -2.4513 -2.7376 -2.9685 -3.1213 -3.1692
    2: -1.6469 -2.0567 -2.4668 -2.8632 -3.2291 -3.5437 -3.7818
    -1.4292 -1.8870 -2.3670 -2.8579 -3.3452 -3.8110 -4.2326
    f-i -1.1387 -1.6231 -2.1513 -2.7153 -3.3040 -3.9027 -4.4924
    4:9 -0.7876 -1.2742 -1.8252 -2.4359 -3.0995 -3.8054 -4.5392
    5.0 -0.3927
    -0.8557 -1.4010 -2.0281 -2.7346 -3.5149 -4.3599
    c-p (-;I1 C-f)1
    [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [(-;I3 1
    C-f)2 c-y c-y
    720 PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

    Table 19.3 AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS

    The functions 8,. 82,83of 19.10 and 19.23 are neededin Darwin’s expansionand also
    the function Tof 19.7 and 19.20.
    $1 93 z 81 62 7

    0.00000 0.39270 -0.70270 6.9519 5.5506 4.1079


    0.05008 0.34278 -0.64181 7.2093 5.7981 4.2291
    0.10066 0.29337 -0.57855 7.4716 6.0507 4.3511
    0.15222 0.24498 -0.51304 7.7388 6.3084 4.4738
    0.20521 0.19817 -0.44540 8.0109 6.5712 4.5972
    0.26006 0.15355 -0.37574 8.2880 6.8391 4.7213
    E 0.31713 0.11182 -0.30415 8.5700 7.1120 4.8461
    0.37678 0.07387 -0.23071 8.8569 7.3901 4.9716
    i-i 0.43929 0.04088 -0.15549 9.1487 7.6732 5.0977
    0:9 0.50492 0.01468 -0.07857 9.4454 7.9614 5.2246

    E 192 T 81 92 7
    0.57390 0.00000 0.00000 9.7471 8.2546 5.3521
    ::1" 0.64640 0.01513 0.08015 10.0537 8.5530 5.4803
    0.72261 0.04341 0.16185 10.3652 8.8564 5.6092
    :*: 0.80265 0.08086 0.24502 10.6817 9.1649
    1:4 0.88666 0.12617 0.32964 11.0031 9.4784 :*. 'BEi
    0.97473 0.17866 0.41566 11.3295 9.7970 5.9996
    ::2 1.06696 0.23786 0.50304 11.6608 10.1207 6.1310
    1.16344 0.30347 0.59175 11.9970 10.4494 6.2631
    :*i 1.26422 0.37527 0.68175 12.3382 10.7832 6.3958
    1:9 1.36937 0.45309 0.77300 12.6843 11.1220 6.5290
    1.47894 0.53679 0.86549 13.0354 11.4659 6.6629
    21" 1.59299 0.62626 0.95917 13.3914 il.8148 6.7974
    1.71155 0.72142 13.7524 12.1688 6.9325
    z 1.83466 0.82220 :- l":tt:: 14.1183 12.5278 7.0682
    2:4 1.96236 0.92853 1:24716 14.4892 12.8919 7.2045
    2.5 2.09467 1.04036 1.34539 14.8651 7.3414
    2.23163 1.15764 1.44470 15.2459 :t 26%
    ::7" 2.37325 1.28034 1.54506 15.6316 14:0144 :* E9'
    2.51956 1.40843 1.64646 16.0223 14.3987 717555
    2: 2.67058 1.54187 1.74888 16.4180 14.7880 7.8947
    3. 0 2.82632 1.68063 1.85229 16.8186 15.1823 8.0344
    2.98681 1.82470 1.95669 17.2242 15.5817 a.1747
    ::: 1.97406 2.06206 17.6348 15.9861 a.3155
    :- :::o": 2.12867 2.16837 18.0503 16.3956 8.4569
    33:; 3149688 2.28853 2.27562 18.4708 16.8101 8.5989
    3.5 3.67648 2.45363 18.8962 a.7413
    3.86089 2.62394 :* i9":;; 19.3266 ::- ;:2 8.8844
    333 4.05011 2.79946 2:60281 19.7620 la:0838 9.0279
    4.24416 2.98017 2.71365 20.2024 18.5184 9.1720
    ::: 4.44305 3.16606 2.82536 20.6477 18.9581 9.3166
    4. 0 4.64678 3.35712 2.93791 21.0980 19.4028 9.4617
    4.85537 3.55335 3.05131 21.5532 19.8525 9.6074
    ::: 5.06880 3.75474 3.16554 22.0135 20.3073 9.7535
    5.28711 3.96127 3.28058 22.4787 20.7671 9.9002
    44:: 5.51028 4.17295 3.39643 22.9488 21.2319 10.0474
    4. 5 5.73833 23.4240 21.7017 10.1951
    5.97126 44.22 :* Z~ 23.9041 22.1766 10.3433
    44:: 6.20908 4183875 3174872 24.3892 22.6565 10.4920
    6.45178 5.07093 3.86770 24.8792 23.1414 10.6411
    ::9" 6.69938 5.30822 3.98743 25.3742 23.6314 10.7908
    5. 0 6.95188 5.55062 4.10792 25.8742 24.1264 10.9410
    [ 5W.3 [ '-;'"] (-y
    . . . . _ [ . .. I
    When interpolating for 92and 83for 6near unity, it is better to interpolate for + and then
    use
    ti2 = f r312 or a3 = i (-.)3/Z.
    20. Mathieu Functions
    GERTRUDE BLANCH 1

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Praperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
    20.1. Mathieu’s Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
    20.2. Determination of Characteristic Values . . . . . . . . . 722
    20.3. Floquet’s Theorem and Its Consequences . . . . . . . . 727
    20.4. Other Solutions of Mathieu’s Equation . . . . . . . . . 730
    20.5. Properties of Orthogonality and Normalization . . . . . . 732
    20.6. Solutions of Mathieu’s Modified Equation for Integral v . . 732
    20.7. Representations by Integrals and Some Integral Equations . 735
    20.8. Other Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
    20.9. Asymptotic Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
    20.10. Comparative Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

    Table 20.1. Characteristic Values, Joining Factors, Some Critical


    Values (O<a<m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
    Even Solutions

    b, d(O, a), se, (ljr *)p 84 ($ cz), (Jn>f go,4d, (4P)If,, I(a)
    q=O(5)25, 8D or S

    G+RI- (4~+2) Ji h+2q- (4+-2) 45


    q-+=.16(-.04)0, 8D
    ?+=o, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15

    Table 20.2. Coefficients A, and B, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

    p=5, 25; r=O, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 9D

    1 Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

    721
    20. Mathieu Functions
    Mathematical Properties

    20.1. Mathieu’s Equation a= - &”


    1 (k2-c) $
    d2gs+--.2- cos 2v
    Canonical Form of the Differential Equation

    d2y where a is a constant. The above are equivalent


    a+(a-2q cos 2v)y=O
    to 20.1.1 and 20.1.2. The constants c and a are
    often referred to as separation constants, due to the
    Mathieu’e Modified Differential Equation
    role they play in 20.1.5 and 20.1.6.
    20.1.2 ‘z2-(a-2q cash 2u)f =0 (v=iu, y=f) For some physically important solutions, the
    function g must be periodic, of period r or 2~.
    It can be shown that there exists a countably
    Relation Between Mathieu’s equation and the Wave
    Equation for the Elliptic Cylinder infinite set of churacteristic values a,(q) which yield
    even periodic solutions of 20.1.1; there is another
    The wave equation in Cartesian coordinates is
    countably infinite sequence of characteristic values
    b,(q) which yield odd periodic solutions of 20.1.1.
    20.1.3 g;+gp$+k’W=o
    It is known that there exist pei :odic solutions of
    period kr, where k is any positive integer. In
    A solution W is obtainable by separation of vari- what follows, however, the term character&tic
    ables in elliptical coordinates. Thus, let value will be reserved for a value associated with
    solutions of period r or 2r only. These character-
    x=p cash u cos v; y=p sinh u sin v; 2=2;
    istic values are of basic importance to the general
    p a positive constant ; 20.1.3 becomes theory of the differential equation for arbitrary
    parameters a and q.
    20.1.4
    SW 2 An Algebraic Form of Mathieu’s Equation
    *m+ p2 (cash 2u-cos 2v) 20.1.7
    Assuming a solution of the fprm (1-t2) 9-t $+(a+2*-4*P)y=O (co9 v= t>

    w= &)f(u)dv) Relation to Spheroidal Wave Equation

    and substituting the above into 20.1.4 one obtains,


    after dividing through by W, 20.1.8 (1-P) ‘$-2(btl)t $+(c--4@‘)Y=o *

    1 d2cp Thus! Mathieu’s equation is a special case of


    (oz2+G=o 20.1.8, with E=-4, c=a+2q.
    where 20.2. Determination of Characteristic Values
    2
    *G=
    p2 (cash 2u-cos 2v) A solution of 20.1.1 with v replaced by 2, having
    period u or 2r is of the form
    Since 2, U, v are independent variables, it follows
    that 20.2.1 y=mgo (A,,, cos mz+ B,,, sin mz)

    20.1.5
    where B, can be taken as zero. If the above is
    substituted into 20.1.1 one obtains
    where c is a constant.
    20.2.2
    Again, from the fact that G=c and that u, v
    are independent variables, one sets $i2 [(a--m2)A,-q(A,-2+A,+2)1 ~09 m2 ’
    20.1.6
    +m$-I [(a-m2)Bm-q(Bm-2+Bm+2)] sin mz=O
    * a=d2f A+ (k2Lc) p2co& 2u
    du2f 2 A+,,, B-,=0 m>o
    722 *seepage
    n.
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS ~723
    Equation 20.2.2 can be reduced to one of four 20.2.18 K=Goc, for odd solutions of perio$ R,
    simpler types, given in 20.2.3 nnd 20.2.4 below along with 20.2.15 I
    These three-term recurrence relations amon the
    20.2.3 yo=~oA2,+, ~0s @m+p)z, p=O or 1
    coefficients indicate that every G, can be devel ped
    into two types of continued fractions. 1 hus
    20.2.4 yl=go Bz,+n sin (2m+p)z, p==O or 1 20.2.15 is equivalent to
    20.2.19 )
    If p=O, the solution is of period S; if p= 1, the
    solution is of period 2x.
    Recurrence Relations Among the Coefficients I
    20.2.20
    Even solutions of period ?r: I

    Gm+2=Vm- UC,,,
    20.2.5 aAo-qAz=O
    1
    = v m--vm-,-l- . * * vo;+‘pl (mtZ3)
    20.2.6 (a--4)Ar-q(2A,+A,) =0 VffI-2-
    where I
    20.2.7 (u-m2)A,-q(A,~2+Am+2) =0 (mL3)
    pl=d=O; (po=2, if G,,+2=A21/A21-2
    Even solutions of period 27r:
    q,=d=+q,=O, if G,,,+z=B2,/B2,-2
    20.2.8 ’ (a-lb%-&%+&=Oj
    a=-1; cpo=d=l, if G,,,+~=A2a+JA~r--l ~
    along with 20.2.7 for m 2 3. cPr=d=&=l, if Gn+2=&a+J&a-1 I
    Odd solutions of period ?r: The four choices of the parameters (pl, (p, d
    20.2.9 correspond to the four types of solutions 20. .3-
    (a-4)B,--qB,=O
    20.2.4. Hereafter, it will be convenient to ep-
    * 20.2.10 (a-m2)B,--(B,_,+B,+,)=O (m>3! arate the characteristic values a into two m i jor
    subsets:
    Odd solutions of period 2~
    u=u,, associated with even periodic solutions
    20.2.11 (a-l)&+q(B,-Bd=o,
    a = b,, associated with odd periodic solution
    along wit,11 20.2.10 for m > 3.
    If 20.2.19 is suitably combined with 20.2.13-20. .18
    Let there result four types of continued fractions, the
    20.2.12 Ge,=A,IA,+ Go,=B,IB,-2; roots of which yield the required character’ 2 tic
    values
    G,,,=Ge, or Go,,, when the same operations apply 2 1 1
    to both, and no ambiguity is likely to arise. 20.2.21 vcl _-__v,- v,- -ve- . . . =0 Roots:1 az,
    Further let
    20.2.22
    20.2.13 V,= (a-m2>/q.
    _--- 1 1 1
    VI-1 v,- v,- Jr,- * * * =0 Roots: uC,+1
    Equations 20.2.5-20.2.7 are equivalent to

    20.2.14 Ge2= Vo; Gel= Vz-$ 20.2.23 V2


    ----v,-1 1
    v,-
    1
    vs- - . . =O Roots:~ bz,
    2

    20.2.15 G,=l/(V,-Gm+p) Cm2 31, 20.2.24


    _---v,-1 1 1
    for even solutions of period ?r. VI+1 v,- v,- . * . =o Roots: b’,+l
    f
    Similarly
    If a is a root of 20.2.21-20.2.24, then the co re-
    20.2.16 VI-- 1 =Ge,; for even solutions of period
    sponding solution exists and is an entire func { ion
    21r, along with 20.2.15
    of 2, for general complex values of p.
    20.2.17 VI+ 1= Goog,for odd solutions of period If p is real, then the Sturmian theory of second
    2r, along with 20.2.15 order linear differential equations yields the
    *seepageII.
    724 MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    following: Power Series for Characteristic Values

    (a) For a fixed real p, characteristic values a, and 20.2.2s


    b, are real and distinct, if p#O; ao<bl<al
    <b2<a2< . . ., p>O and dn>, b,(q) ap-
    preach r2 as p approaches zero.
    (b) A solution of 20.1.1 associated with a, or b, llq6
    al(++n-92+9-L-- __49q6
    has T zeros in the interval 0 5 z<?T, (a real). 8 64 1536 36864+589824
    (c) The form of 20.2.21 and 20.2.23 shows that if h(a)
    a2, is a root of 20.2.21 and p is different from 55q' 83n"
    --m-35389440+ -' *
    zero, then a2, cannot be a root of 20.2.23;
    similarly, no root of 20.2.22 can be a root of
    20.2.24 if q#O. It may be shown from other b,(P)=4-b+~4-7g~2~2~o
    considerations that for a given point (a, n)
    there can be at most one periodic solution of 21391ps
    period ?r or 2u if q#O. This no longer holds '+458647142400+ ' ' *
    for solutions of period S?T,s 23; for these all 1002401$
    solutions are periodic, if one is. a2(*) =J+5$-si+ 7g626240

    16690684Olq8
    -458647142400+ ' ' *

    32 - / a3(-*)=g+92-93+13p4 5q6
    16 64 20480+16384
    b&d
    28 - 1961 p6 609q'
    -23592960+104857600+ ..'
    24 -

    b,(p)=16+~-~+27~l~o~o~o+ ...

    37qe
    +891813888+ ' ' *

    5861633q'
    b&)=36+2+ 187q4
    70 43904000-92935987200000+. **

    6743617q'
    a&)=36+2+ 187q4
    70 43904000+92935987200000+ ' *'

    For ~27, and IpI not too large, a, is approxi-


    mately equal to b,, and the following approxima-
    tion may be used

    20.2.26

    a, (59+7) q4
    br ="+2(:-1)a+ 32(~~-1)~(r~-4)
    -24L
    (9r4+58++29) $
    FIGURE 20.1. Characteristic Values a,, b, 1,=0,1(1)5 +64(+1)"(+4)(+9)+ ' ' '
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS p25
    The above expansion is not limited to integral
    se2(2,q)=sin%-- &g+n’(e!.&eg9+. ..
    values of r, and it is a very good approximation
    for r of the form n++ where n is a.n integer. In
    case of integral values of r=n, the series holds 20.2.28
    only up to terms not involving r2-n2 in the
    denominator. Subsequent terms must be derived
    specially (as shown by Mathieu). Mulholland
    cdz,n>=cos
    se,k
    d ~1
    4(r+l)
    (rz--p(r/2)) --p
    1
    cos (r+2) 2-q E
    [

    and Goldstein [20.38] have computed character-


    istic values for purely imaginary Q and found that
    a, and a2 have a common real value for IpI in the
    -cos
    [(r-22)z-p(~/2)]
    4(r-1)
    I
    neighborhood of 1.468; Bouwkamp [20.5] has i
    computed this number as qo= l i 1.46876852 to 8 +a” cos[(r+4)~-pW)l+cos [@-4)2--p(+)]
    decimals. For values of -iq>-iqo, a0 and a2 1 Wr+ 1)(r+2) 32(r-1) (r-2) ~
    are conjugate complex numbers. From equation -cos,rz,,2)l[~~~:t!]}~. ,.
    20.2.25 it follows that the radius of convergence
    for the series defining a0 is no greater than \qol.
    It is shown in [20.36], section 2.25 that the radius with p=O for ce,(z, q), p=l for se,(z, a), r23.
    of convergence for a2,,(q), n22 is greater than 3.
    Furthermore
    a,-b,=O(qr/rr-l), r+ co.
    Power Series in q for the Periodic Functions (for
    sufficiently small 1q I)
    20.2.27

    ceo(z, q)=2-1 1-i cos 2z+a2 ‘*-&


    [ ( >

    -a” &g-” ;;; 2z)+. . .]


    cel(z, q)=cos z--S cos 32
    8

    sq(z, q) =sin z-z sin 32


    8

    FIGURE 20.2. Even Periodic Mathieu Functions, Orders1 O-6


    q=l.

    ce2(z, q) =cos 22-q (s!p)+, (E.&l9;;;2~)+. ..


    726 MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    IE

    I .4

    Ii

    IC

    .a

    .E

    .4

    .2
    -.2 -

    C
    -.4 -

    -.2
    :6-

    :4
    -6 -

    55
    -1.0 -

    FIGURE 20.3. Odd Periodic Mathieu Functions, Orders 1-5 -.6


    q-l.
    -I 0

    FIGURE 20.5. Odd Periodic dfathieu Functions, Orders 1-5


    cr q= 10.
    1.6
    e For coefficients associated with above functions
    20.2.29
    A;(O)=2-~; A;(O)=B;(O)=l, r>O
    A;,=[(-l)“q”/s! s! 22*-1] A;+ . . ., s>O
    A:+,, =[(-l)“r! @/4”(r+s)! s!] c:+ . . .
    B:+s.
    rs>o,C:=A; orB;

    Asymptotic Expansion for Characteristic Values, q>l

    Let w=2r+l, p=w*p, (oreal. Then


    20.2.30
    w2+1
    a - br+1 --2p+2w&-~----
    w?
    4
    -----~ 4 d, ---. 4 ..
    212p 217$/2 ~20~2 22bqb/2

    where

    FIGURE 20.4. Even Periodic Mathieu Functions, Orders O-5 33 410 405
    q= 10. d2=w++-g
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS t727

    proportional to F, (-2) ; the second, independent


    solution of 20.3.1 then has the form

    20.3.6 y2=zce,(z, q)+kg &kfP sin Pk+p)z, )


    associated with ce,(& a)
    20.2.31 b,+~-ar~24r+6~gtr+fe-4~/~!, !Fa
    20.3.7 yz=zser(z, q)+g j2k+P cos (2k+p)z, ~
    (given in [20.36] without proof.) ,
    associated with 8eJ4, a)
    20.3. Floquet’s Theorem and Its Consequences
    The coefficients IL+~ and jit+P depend on the p-
    Since the coefficients of Mathieu’s equation responding coefficients A, and B,, respectiqly,
    of 20.2, as well as on a and p. See [20.301, set ion
    20.3.1 y”+ (a-2q cos 22)y=O
    (7.50)-(7.51) and [20.58], section V, for det ils.
    are periodic functions of Z, it follows from the If v is not an integer, then the Floquet solut i ons
    known theory relating to such equations that F”(z) and Fy(-z) are linearly independent. I It
    there exists a solution of the form is clear that 20.3.2 can be written in the form
    20.3.2 F”(Z) =efV(z), 20.3.8
    where v depends on a and q, and P(z) is a periodic
    function, of the same period as that of the From 20.3.8 it follows that, if v is a proper fraciion
    coefficients in 20.3.1, namely A. (Floquet’s ml/mz, then every solution of 20.3.1 is perio ic,
    and of period at most 2?rm,. This agrees ith
    theorem; see 120.161 or [20.22] for its more general
    results already noted in 20.2; i.e., both indepen ent
    form,) The constant v is called the characteristic
    exponent. Similarly solutions are periodic, if one is, provided the pe* iod
    is different from A and 27r.
    20.3.3 F,(--z)=e-“““P(-2)
    Method of Generating the Characteristic Expone4t
    sat.isfies 20.3.1 whenever 20.3.2 does. Both F”(z) Define two linearly independent solutionsi of
    and FJ-z) have the property 20.3.1, for fixed a, 9 by
    20.3.4 y,(o)=l;y:(o)=o.
    y(z+k3f~=Cky(d, y=F,(z) or FA-z), 20.3.9
    C=e’“” for F”(z), C=e-‘v* for FJ-2) ys(O)=O; yi(O)=l.

    Solutions having the property 20.3.4 will hereafter Then it can be shown that
    be termed Floquet solutions. Whenever F.(z) 20.3.10 cos w-y/1(7r)=O
    and Fy(--z) are linearly independent, the general
    solution of 20.3.1 can be put into the form 20.3.11 cos nv-1-2~; 6) yz (‘;-)=o ;
    20.3.5 y=AFv(z)+BFv(-z)
    Thus v may be obtained from
    If AB#O, the above solution will not be a Floquet
    solution. It will be seen later, from the method y1 (r) or from a knowledge of both
    for determining v when a and q are given, that For numerical purposes 20.3.11 may be
    there is some ambiguity in the definition of v; desirable because of the shorter range of inte
    namely, v can be replaced by v+2k, where k is an tion, and hence the lesser accumulation of rou d-
    arbitrary integer. This is as it should be, since off errors. Either V, -v, or f v+2k (k an a Fbi-
    the addition of the factor exp (2ikz) in 20.3.2 still trary integer) can be taken as the solutioni of
    leaves a periodic function of period r for the 20.3.11. Once v has been fixed, the coefficiebts
    coefficient of exp ivz. of 20.3.8 can be determined, except for an arbitr ry
    It turns out that when a belongs to the set of multiplier which is independent of z. it
    characteristic values a, and b, of 20.2, then v is The characteristic exponent can also be
    zero or an integer. It is convenient to associate puted from a continued fraction, in a
    V=T with a,(q), and v=--T with b,(q); see [20.36]. analogous to developments in 20.2, if a sufficie
    In the special case when v is an integer, F,(z) is close first approximation to v is available.
    728 MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    systematic tabulation, this method is considerably 0


    A
    faster than the method of numerical integration. 4.0
    Thus, when 20.3.8 is substituted into 20.3.1,
    there result the following recurrence relations:
    3.5 -
    20.3.12 V*nC2n=CZn4+C2n+l ------.-*
    IJ-H’-
    where 3.0 - --‘/-
    ___------
    -0--
    20.3.13 Vz,,=[a- (2n+~)~]/q, --CD <n<=. _/-
    2.5 - e I.&‘-- *-
    When Y is complex, the coefficients V,,, may also C-
    ,/--
    .I’-
    __---
    be complex. As in 20.2, it is possible to generate .I
    the ratios 2.0 -
    LO,/
    ./

    G,,,=c,,Jc,-a and H-m=c+,,-~/c-,,, .’


    I.5 - ./
    from the continued fractions .’
    20.3.14 1.0 (
    -- 1 1
    m20
    Gm-vm- v,,,-- . . .’ ‘\
    .5 - ‘\I.0
    , m20.
    H-m=V-,‘_,- v- m?4- . . .
    From the form of 20.3.13 and the known properties
    of continued fractions it is assured that for
    sufficiently large values of ]mJ both ]Gn] and
    IH-,,,j converge. Once values of G,,, and H-, are
    available for some sufficiently large value of m,
    then the finite number of ratios G,,,+ G,,,-,, . . ., G0
    can be computed in turn, if they exist. Similarly
    for H++*, . . ., Ho. It is easy to show that Y is
    the correct characteristic exponent, appropriate
    for the point (a, q), if and only if H,,G,,= 1. An
    iteration technique can be used to improve the FIQURE 20.6. Characteristic Exponent-First Two Stable
    value of v, by the method suggested in [20.3]. Region8 y=e’*“P(x) where P(z) is a periodic function of
    period r.
    One coefficient cj can be assigned arbitrarily; the
    rest are then completely determined. After all Definition of v;
    Zn first etable region, 0 Iv 5 1,
    the cj become available, a multiplier (depending Zn second stable region, 15 Y 5 2.
    on q but not on z) can be found to satisfy a (Constructed from tabular values supplied by T. Tamir, Brooklyn
    prescribed normalization. Polytechnic Institute)
    1% is well known that continued fractions can a
    be converted to determinantal form. Equation
    20.3.14 can in fact be written as a determinant
    with an infinite number of rows-a special case of
    Hill’s determinant. See [20.19], [20.36], [20.15],
    or [20.30] for details. Although the determinant
    has actually been used in computations where
    high-speed computers were available, the direct
    use of the continued fraction seems much less
    laborious.
    Special Cases (a, q Real)
    Corresponding to q=O, yI=cos $iz, y*=sin ,lZz;
    the Floquet solutions are exp(iaz) and exp(-&z). FIGURE 20.7. Characteristic Exponent in First Unstable
    Region. Differential equation: y” + (a- 2q cos 22) 1/ = 0.
    As a, q vary continuously in the q-a plane, The Floquet solution y=e’ *v*P(z), where P(z) is a periodic
    Y describes curves; Y is real when (q, a), q >O function of period T. In the first unstable region, v=iN;
    lies in the region between a,(q) and b,+,(q) and CIis given for a 2 - 5. (Constructed at NBS.)
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS ‘729
    .6 .? .0 .9 1.0 I.1 1.2 1.3 I,4 I.5
    2.01 , , , ” I \ ,I,\\\\vl\\‘l\\\k\\ h I I I I 1~ I I I O.,
    ‘I - I -4i6

    1.8

    I.6

    -- 29 FIGIJRE~ 20.8
    0

    .5 .6 .7 .0 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 I.3 1.4 l5 1.6


    --) da

    2.0

    1.6

    1.2
    m-2q FIGURE 120.9
    0
    I.0

    .6

    I
    --+
    1.7 I.6 1.9 21) 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 28 2.9 4

    Charts of the Characteristic Exponent.


    (From 8. J. Zamdny, An elementary review of the Matbieu-Hill equation of real variable based on numerical solu-
    tions, Ballistic Researob Laboratory Memo. Rept. 878, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1955, with permission.)
    s=eii*=constant; in unstable regions
    - - - - v=constant; in stable regions
    -.-* - Lines of constant values of -9.
    730 MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Expansions for Small q ([20.36] chapter 2)
    II I I I I I I I1
    If v, p are fixed:
    20.3.15
    c5v2+v q4
    z+
    a=V2+2(~f-1) 32(~~-l)~(v~--4)
    1.6
    (9v4f5sv2+29)q6
    +64(v2-1)5(v2-4)(v2-g)+ . . . (Vf1J2J3).

    For the coefficients czj of 20.3.8


    20.3.16 ’
    ___- (vz+4v+7)a”
    CZ/Co=4(;-l) 128(v+1)3(v+2)(v-l)+ . **
    (v#l,2)
    c4/Co=q2/32(v+1)(v+2)+ . . .
    C2*/CO=(-1)8q*r(v+l)/2%!r(v+S+1)+ . . .
    .6 20.3.17
    F”(z)=co
    [efcq{$-g-G}]+ ...
    (v not an integer)

    3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5


    For small values of a
    3.1

    ---da 20.3.18

    FIGURE 20.10. Chart of the Characteristic Exponent. a# a2r4


    cos v7r= l-T+=+ . . .
    (From S. J. Zaroodny, An elementary review of the Msthieu-Hill equation ( >
    of real variable based on numerical solutions, Ballistic Research Laboratory
    Memo. Rept. X78, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1955, with permission) -q,,,(l-;)+ . . .]
    s = e”‘= constant; in unstable regions
    ---- Y= constant; in stable regions +q(;-g+...)+...
    - . - . - Lines of constant values of -4.

    20.4. Other Solutions of Mathieu’s Equation


    all solutions of 20.1.1 for real z are therefore
    bounded (stable); v is complex in regions between Following Erdelyi [20.14], [20.15], define
    b, and a,; in these regions every solution becomes
    20.4.1 cpn(z)=[ err cos (z-b)/cos (z+b)]tkJk(j)
    infinite at least once; hence these regions are
    termed “unstable regions”. The characteristic where
    curves a,, b, separate the regions of stability.
    For negative q, the stable regions are between 20.4.2 j=2[q cos (z-b) cos (z+b)]!,
    bzr+, and b2r+2,az, and a2,+l ; the unstable regions are and J,Jj) is the Bessel function,of order k; b is a
    between a2r+l and b2r+l, a2, and bzr. fixed, arbitrary complex number. By using the
    In some problems solutions are required for real recurrence relations for Bessel functions the follow-
    values of 2 only. In such cases a knowledge of ing may be verified:
    the characteristic exponent v and the periodic
    function P(z) is sufficient for the evaluation of 20.4.3
    the required functions. For complex values of z,
    however, the series defining P(z) converges slowly. ~$-2&3 2z)(o,+P(M-2+M+2)+~~~=0.

    Other solutions will be determined in the next


    section; they all have the remarkable property It follows that a formal solution of 20.1.1 is given
    that they depend. on the same coefficients c,,, by
    developed in connection with Floquet’s theorem
    20.4.4 y= 5 C2?&72n+v
    (except for an arbitrary normalization factor). 9&c--”
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS I731
    where the coefficients c,, are those associated with where j satisfies 20.4.2. An examination of ~the
    Floquet’s solution. In the above, v may be ratios #Z/Zn+v/fi2LZn+v-2
    shows that
    complex. Except for the special case when v is
    an integer, the following holds:

    QZ?k+"--9 Q-2n+v -4n2


    -ly-rv (n-4 will be a solution provided
    Qzn+u Q-zn+v+z q [cos (z-b)]2
    (cos (z-b)j>l; (cos (z+b)l>l.
    If v and n are integers, J-,,+,(f>=(-l)yJzn-,,(f>.
    The above two conditions are necessary iven
    [Qz2n+v/Qzb2n+v-z] - - [cos (z-b)]zq/4n2 when v is an integer. Once b is fixed, the reg ions
    [~-2~+~/~-2~+~+21 - -4d/q [cos (~-b)]~ in which the solutions converge can be rer dily
    established.
    On the other hand Following [20.36] let

    CPn C--2n -q 20.4.7


    (n-p OJ)
    CZn-C-2n+2-GF
    JP (cc)= p (2) ; Y, (2) = 2:) (2) ;
    It follows that 20.4.4 converges absolutely and I-p (ix) = 2:) (2) ; Hf’ (2) = z& (ix)
    uniformly in every closed region where If z is replaced by --iz in 20.4.5 and 20 .4.6
    Ices (z-b)l>&>l. solutions of 20.1.2 are obtained. Thus
    20.4.8
    There are two such disjoint regions:
    y:“(z)= 5 cz,(-l)'%ifn:y(2& cash z)
    It=--m
    (1) ~b-b)>4>0; (Ices b---b)l>dl>l)
    (bosh 4bl>
    (II) JJ(z--b)<--d,<O; (jcos (z-b)j>dl>l) 20.4.9
    If v is an integer 20.4.4 converges for all values of yP(z)= 2 c~,J;$+~(~& sinh z)
    7&3--m
    2. Various representations are found by special- (Isinh zl>l, j=l, 2, 4)
    izing b.
    The relation between ?/i”(z) and yP(z) ca be
    20.4.5 determined from the asymptotic properties of ,the
    Bessel functions for large values of argument. It
    1
    If b=o, yl=e+12 $- cos 4
    czn(-1w2n+“w$ can be shown that
    (1~0s zl>l, larg 2& cos zl-<?r) 20.4.10
    20.4.6
    y1(‘)(2)/y6’)(2)= [F”(o)/F”@e’““/2 (9zz 0).
    If a=$ y= 5 c~,J~~+~(%&~ sin 2)
    n--m When v is not an integer, the above solut’ons
    1
    ([sin zl>l, larg 2J;j sin 2[<7r) do not vanish identically. See 20.6 for inte ral
    g
    values of v.
    If b-+-i, y reduces to a multiple of the solution Solutions Involving Products of Bessel Functiods
    20.3.8. The fact that 20.3.8, 20.4.5, and 20.4.6
    20.4.11
    are special cases of 20.4.4 explains why it is t’hat
    these apparently dissimilar expansions involve y:‘)(z)=I 2 &(-lyZ(‘) n+Y+J(~eiZ)J,-,(~e-~i’>
    c2s?&=--m
    the same set of coeffiaents czn. I (j=l, 2,3j, 4)
    Since 20.4.4 results from the recurrence proper-
    ties of Bessel functions, Jk(f) can be replaced by satisfies 20.1.1, where Zy) (u) is defined in 20. .7,
    Hij’(f), j= 1, 2, where Hi” is the Hankel function, the coefficients czn belong to the Floquet solut on,
    at least formally. Thus let and s is an arbitrary integer, c2,f: 0. The solu I,ion
    converges over the entire complex z-plane if q
    &=[d* cos (z-b)/cos (z+b)] Wij’(f) Written with z replaced by --iz, one
    solutions of 20.1.2.
    732 MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    20.4.12 20.5.4
    2A”,+A;+ . . . =A;+A:+ ...
    =B;L+E+ . . . =B2,+Ba,+ . . . =l.
    It can be verified from 20.4.8 and 20.4.12 that 20.5.5
    2r
    AZ=- 1
    2*
    ce2,(z, q)dz; Ai=: ce,(z, q) cos nzdz
    20.4.13 M$-&)=E:(0))

    provided cza$0. If cZJ=O, the coefficient of l/czs


    L%%>O)
    B;=i
    s2+ *
    2r s 0

    0
    = s0

    se,(z, q) sin nzdz n#O


    in 20.4.11 vanishes identically. For details see
    [20.43], [20.15], [20.36]. For integral values of v, the functions ce,(z, a)
    If s is chosen so that Ic2sl is the largest coefficient and se,(z, q) form a complete orthogonal set for
    of the set /I+(, then rapid convergence of 20.4.12 the interval 0 5 2 5 2~. Each of the four systems
    is obtained, when L%?‘z>O. Even then one must cezl(z), ce21+l(z), se2,(z), se21+1(z) is complete in the
    be on guard against the possible loss of significant smaller interval 0 5 z<+?r, and each of the systems
    figures in the process of summing the series, cc,(z), se,(z) is complete in O<zl*.
    especially so when q is large, and ]z] small. (If If p is not real, there exist multiple roots of
    j#l, then the phase of the logarithmic terms 20.3.10; for such special values of a(a), the integrals
    occurring in 20.4.12 must be defined, to make the in 20.5.3 vanish, and the normalization is therefore
    functions single-valued.) impossible. In applications, the particular nor-
    malization adopted is of little importance, except
    20.5. Properties of Orthogonality and possibly for obtaining quantitative relations be-
    Normalization tween solutions of various types. For this reason
    the normalization of Fy(z), for arbitrary complex
    If a(v+2p, a), a(v+2s, a) are simple roots of
    values of a, p, will not be specified here. It is
    20.3.10 then
    worth noting, however, that solutions
    20.5.1 or FY+21)(~)FY+21(-~)d~=0, if p#s. cw(z, d, Bs&, n>
    s
    Define defmed so that
    ace,(O, p) = 1; [i L%(z, *I] z1o=1
    20.5.2 42, *I=; [F~(z)+Fv(-z)l;
    are always possible. This normalization has in
    se,(z, q)=-i f [F”(z)-FJ-z)] fact been used in [20.59], and also in (20.581,
    where the most extensive tabular material is
    ceV(z, q), seV(z, a) are thus even and odd functions available. The tabulated entries in [20.58] sup-
    of z, respectively, for all v (when not identically ply the conversion factors A=l/a, B=l/& along
    zero). with the coefficients. Thus conversion from one
    If v is an integer, then ce,(z, CJ), ae,(z, n) are normalization to another is rather easy.
    either Floquet solutions or ident,ically zero. In a similar vein, no general normalization will
    The solutions ce,(z, a) are associated with a,; be imposed on the functions defined in 20.4.8.
    se,(z, CJ)are associated with b,; T an integer.
    20.6. Solutions of Mathieu’s Modified Equation
    Normalization for Integral Values of Y and Real q
    20.1.2 for Integral v (Radial Solutions)

    20.5.3 s,” [ce,(z, q)lzdz=Jozr [se&, q)]%z=?r Solutions of the first kind
    20.6.1
    For integral values of v the summation in
    20.3.8 reduces to the simpler forms 20.2.3-20.2.4; Ce2r+r(z, a) =ce2t+p(iz, q>
    on account of 20.5.3, the coefficients A,,, and B,
    (for all orders r) have the property ==po A;;$; (q) cash (2k+p)z
    associated with a,
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS 733

    20.6.2 LS&+~(Z, p)=--i~e~,+~(iz, q) =gO @;T;(q) sinh (2k+p)z, associated with b,

    writing A$f; (q)=Azr+l, for brevity; similarly for Bzn+p; p=O, 1,

    ce2,
    20.6.3 Ce2k a) = &, z. (- 1)‘LA2,J&fi cash 4 = ““‘$j *) p0 A2JJ2,(2,iTj sinh z)

    I
    cezr+l
    20.6.4 Ce2r+l(z, a> = fiAf,+~ go (--~>“+‘&+~z~+ICW? cosh4

    ce2,+l@, cl)
    = &-;,+‘- coth zgO (2k+1)A2k+IJ2t+l(2fi sinh z)

    20.6.5 Se2,(z, a) 7 - ks (-1>k2kB,sJs(2& cash z)


    !m
    =sd@, a> coth z & 2k&JJ,,(2& sinh z)
    !-I&’

    20.6.6 Se2,+h, a)= tanh z k$ (-1)‘(2k+l)Bzk+,J2,+,(2~ cash 2)

    =se;r+l(O,@ 2 B2k+I J2k+1(2fi sinh z)


    ,hjB:‘+’ kc,-,
    See [20.30] for still other forms.
    Solutions of the second kind, as well as solutions of the third and fourth kind (analogous to Hankel
    functions) are obtainable from 20.4.12.

    20.6.7 ~c,‘f,)(z, d=& (-1>‘+“A~;(~>[Jk-~(ul>~~‘~~(Uz)+Jk+~(u~)~~~l,(uz>l/eaA::


    where eo=2, t8= 1, for s= 1, 2, . . .; s arbitrary, associated with a2,

    20.6.8

    20.6.9 Ms$(z, q)=& (-1)k+‘Ba”~(Q)[Jk-,(u,)~~~~!,(U2)-Jk+a(U~)~~~,(U2)]/B~~, associated with bzr

    20.6.10

    where
    ul=fiee-g, ua=&e’, Bijl++pP,A::fj’#O, p=O, 1.
    See 20.4.7 for definition of Zg’ (x).
    Solutions 20.6.7-20.6.10 converge for all values of z, when q#O. If j=2, 3, 4 the logarithmic terms
    entering into the Bessel functions Y,(u2) must be defined, to make the functions single-valued. This
    can be accomplished as follows:
    .DeCne (as in [20.58])
    I
    20.6.11 ln (fie”>=ln t&)+2
    See [20.15] and [20.36], section 2.75 for derivation.
    734 MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    Other Expressions for the Radial Functions (Valid Over More Limited Regions)

    20.6.12 Mc$(z, q)=[ce2,(0, q)l-’ & (-1>“+‘&(q).Gf(2~ co& z>

    20.6.13 Ms$)(z, q)=[se:,(O, q)]-’ tanh z g (-1)“+‘2kB,2;(q)Z~P(2~ cash z)

    Ms:;!,, (2, q) =[se’ zr+l(O, a)]-’ tanh k k% (-1)“+‘(2k+l)B~;~:(q)Z~I,:,(2~ cash z)


    Valid for %z>O, ]cosh zl>l; if j=l, valid for all z. They agree with 20.6.7-20.6.10 if the Bessel
    functions Y,(2q” cash z) are made single-valued in a suitable way. For example, let
    y,(u)=~ On u>Jm(u> +4(u)
    where 4(u) is single-valued for all finite values of u. With u=2q+ cash z, define
    20.6.14 In (2q’ cash z)=ln 2q*+z+ln +(l+e-zz) -g <arg $(l+e-““) 5;
    (If q is not positive, the phase of In 2qi must also be specified, although this specification will not
    affect continuity with respect to z. If Y,(u) is defined from some other expression, the definition
    must be compatible with 20.6.14.)

    FIGURE 20.13. Radial Mathieu Function of the Second Kind.


    (From J. C. Wiltse and hf. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The
    Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1958,
    FIGURE 20.11. Radial Mathieu Function of the First Kind. with permission)
    (From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The
    Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1959, & (” (Z.-q)
    Ms2
    with permission)

    /y $, hld; (z,q)
    3-

    2-

    I-

    -3-
    cl:2 25
    FIGURE 20.12. Derivative of the Radial Mathieu Function
    of the First Kind. FIGURE 20.14. Radial Mathieu Function of th,e Third Kind.
    (From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Derivatives, zeros, and other data per‘ (From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The
    taining to Mathieu functions, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Lab- Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1958,
    oratory Tech. Rept. AF-57, 1955, with permission) with permission)
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS 735
    If j= 1, A@;:, and Ms!‘!,,, p=O, 1 are solutions 20.6.19
    of the first kind, proportional to Celr+p and Sezl+P,
    Mc:‘(-z, q>=-Mc:“(z, q)-2f,.,McI”(z, IJ)
    respectively.
    Thus 20.6.20
    20.6.15 Ms:‘(-zz, q>=MsP’(z, q)-2f,,,M$)(z, a)
    ?r
    ce2, ipz ce240, a> where
    ( >
    Ce24z, a>= MczY’(z, n>
    (-l)‘&’ 20.6.21
    n- fe, ,= --Mcs2’(0, q)/McS”(O, q>
    ce&+l Z’P ce2t+1@,a>
    ( >
    Cb+l(z, n>= (-l)‘+l,/‘ijA;‘+l M&‘+,(z, a)

    See [20.58].
    4, (0, abei, 3 p In particular the above equations can be ushd to
    ( >
    Sdz, n>= (-l)‘&’ Ms2 (2, n> extend solutions of 20.6.12-20.6.13 when g&<O.
    For although the latter converge for 9&<0,
    s&+l(Q, dse2,+l Ej p provided only jcosh zl>l, they do not reprkt
    ( > the same functions as 20.6.9-20.6.10.
    Se2,+l(z, n) = (-l)‘&jBy+ M&)+1(2, a>
    20.7. Representations by Integrals and Some
    The Mathieu-Hankel functions are Integral Equations
    20.6.16 Let
    Mi3’(z, q)=Mp’(z, q)+iMp’(z, q) 20.7.1 G(u) =$ K(u, t)V(t)dt I
    Mt”(z, q)=Mt”(z, a>--iMY’(z, q) ‘c
    M$“=Mc;” orMs’?‘. be defined for u in a domain U and let the co tour
    C belong to the region T of the complex t- 4lane,
    From 20.6.7-20.6.11 and the known properties
    with t=yo as the starting point of the co tour
    of Bessel functions one obtains
    and t=y, as its end-point. The kernel K & , t)
    20.6.17 and the function V(t) satisfy 20.7.3 and1 the
    M%,(z+im, a> hypotheses in 20.7.2.

    =(-l)"p[ME+,(z, ~)+24W+,(z, n>l 20.7.2 K(u, t) and its first two partial derivqtives
    with respect to u and t are continuous for t pn C
    Mi?+,(z+in~, n> dV
    =(-l)“p[W3!,,(~, a>- 2nM6::&, a>1 and u in U; V and - are continuous in t.
    dt
    M!?+,(z+in~, n> 20.7.3
    = (--l)nPIW:,(~, c-d+‘JnM:?+&, n>l
    where M=Mc
    equations.
    or Ms throughout any of the above C~V-d~K]l’=o;~+(a--Zgcos
    70
    2t)V+o.

    Other Properties of Characteristic Functions, q Real If K satisfies


    (Associated With ar and b,)
    Consider 2. 7 4 b2K b2K
    . . a+dt2+2&osh 2u-cos 2t)K=O
    20.6.18
    Xl=-M@(z, q)+Mc:‘(-z, q); then G(u) is a solution of Mathieu’s mojlified
    X,=MS:~‘(Z, ~)-Ms$~)(-z, q) equaiion 20.1.2.
    If K(u, t) satisfies
    Since X1 is an even solution it must be proportional
    to McI”(z, a); for 20.1.2 admits of only one even
    solution (aside from an arbitrary constant factor). 20.7.5 $$+%;+2q(cos 2u-cos 2t)K=O
    Similarly, X2 is proportional to Msj” (z, q). The
    proportionality factors can be found by considering then G(u) is a solution of Mathieu’s equbtion
    values of the functions at z=O. Define, therefore, 20.1.1, with u replacing v.
    736 MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    Kernels KI(z, t) and Kz(a, t) where F”(t) is the Floquet solution 20.3.8. The
    path C is chosen so that G(z, t, a) exists, and
    20.7.6 Kl(z, t)=Z$‘)(u)[M(z, t)]-““, @z>O)
    20.7.2, 20.7.3 are satisfied. Then it may be
    where verified that K3(z, t, a), considered as a function
    of z and t, satisfies 20.7.4; also, considered as a
    20.7.7 u=1/2q(cosh 2z+cos 2t) function of a and t, K3 satisfies 20.7.5. Conse-
    20.7.8 M(z, t)=cosh (z+it)/cosh (z-a) quently G(z, p, a)=Y(z, &/(a, a), where Y and y
    satisfy 20.1.2 and 20.1.1, respectively.
    To make M-i” single-valued, define Choice of Path C. Three paths will be defined:
    20.7.9 20.7.16
    cash (z+&r) =ek cash z
    Path C3: from -d,+im to d2--ia, dI, dz real
    cash (z-i?r)=e+cosh z
    M(z, 0) = 1 -dl<arg [&{ cash (z+b) f 1 }I<*-do
    [M(z, 7r)]+=e-iv*M(z, 0) -d2<arg [&{ cash (z-k) f 1 }]<?r-d2
    Let
    20.7.17
    20.7.10 G(z, p)=;f: j-Or Kl(u,t)Fv(t)dt, (9 z>O)
    Path C4: from d2--ico to 2~+i~ -d,
    where F,(t) is defined in 20.3.8. It may be verified
    (same dI, d2 as in 20.7.16)
    that K,F, satisfies 20.7.3, K satisfies 20.7.2 and
    20.7.4. Hence G is a solution of 20.1.2 (with z 20.7.18
    replacing u). It can be shown that KI may be re-
    placed by the more general function 4;
    20.7.11 F&)Mi(z, ql=k e2’AwF,(t)dt j=3,4
    SFci
    Kz(z, t)=Z’?+zs(u)[M(z, t)]-+Af’, s any integer.
    where M?(z, q) is also given by 20.4.12.
    See 20.4.7 for definition of Z(!)+,,(u).
    20.7.19 Path C.i: from -d,+ia to 2r-dl+im
    From the known expansions for El,)+.,,(u) when
    8,s is large and positive it may be verified that 4”;

    20.7.12 F”(a)M?(z, q)=k e2’~~wFv(t)dt

    M!“(z, q)=
    See [20.36], section 2.68.
    If Y is an integer the paths can be simplified;
    for in that case F,(t) is periodic and the integrals
    exist when the path is taken from 0 to 2~. Still
    further simplifications are possible, if z is also real.
    where MY (z, q) is given by 20.4.12, s=O, 1, . . ., The following are among the more important
    cza#O, and F”(t) is the Floquet solution, 20.3.8. integral representations for the periodic functions
    Kernel K&, t, a) ce,(z, n), se,(z, n) and for the associated radial
    solutions.
    20.7.13 K&z, t, a)=e2+
    where Let r=2s+p, p=O or 1

    20.7.14 w=cosh z cos a cos t+sinh z sin a sin t 20.7.20

    20.7.15 ce,(z,p)=p,~‘,s(2~cos zcost-p;) cf+(t, q)o!t


    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS 737
    r12
    20.7.21 ce,(z, n>= 6 cash (24 sin z sin t)[(l-p)+p cos z cos t]ce,(t, q)dt
    s
    20.7.22 se,(z, ql=irl'2 sin
    . ( 2Jq cos 2 cos t+p a sin 2 sin t se& q)dt
    >
    *12
    20.7.23
    where
    se&, n> = Q,
    S 0
    sinh (2&sin z sin t)[(l-p) cos z cos t+p]se,(t, q)dt

    2 R -2
    20.7.24 ~~=;ce~~ 2’ p I&(q); p=Op,=;- cei,+l ;, p /,iijAF+l (q) if p=l, for functions ce,(z, *)
    ( > ( >

    p,=t’ se:, $ p /fiE*(q>; P,=: se2*+1 $ p /e+‘(q), for functions se,(z, q)


    ( > ( >

    CT,=: cezs(O,q)/&(q) if p=O; c,,=4 ce2s+l(0, q)/A:“+‘(q), if p-l; associated with functions ce,(jz, q)
    R

    G=! )&Es(q), uI=; 2 se2a+l(0,


    I
    q)/&e+‘(q), if p=l; associated with se,(z, q)
    R s4,(0,q if p=O;

    Integrals Involving Bessel Function Kernels


    Let
    20.7.25 u= 42q(cosh 2z+cos 27), (9cosh 22>1; if j=l, valid also when z=O)
    20.7.26

    Mf$)(z,q)=* J’ &$j)(u)ce,,(t,
    *)&;M&)+l(z,*)=(-1)‘8d
    ,A;‘+’
    ‘Osh’ J” zP’(u)‘OSt 032.+~(t,~&& U
    0 0

    (-l)‘+%q sinh 22 t .Q)(u) s’in 2t sen,(t, p)dt


    20.7.27 Ms:!’ k5 !7>=- ?rB2,
    2 S 0 u2

    Msil,)+l(z, q)=(-1)r84j
    =B27+1
    1
    sinh z
    S 0
    a W(U) sin t w,+l(t,
    U
    ddt

    In the above the j-convention of 20.4.7 applies and the functions MC, Ms are defined in 20/.5.1-
    20.5.4. (These solutions are normalized so that they approach the corresponding Bessel-Hankel
    functions as 9?2+ 0 .)
    Other Integrals for Mc!“(a, q) and Msj”(s, q)

    20.7.28 cos ( 2~5 cash z cos t-p E) ce,(t, q>dt

    20.7.29 cash z cos t] cos (2& sinh z sin t)ce,(t, q)dt

    2
    20.7.30 ~~~f)+,(Z, q)=; sin (2rq sinh z sin t)se2,+l(t, q)dt

    4 J-(-l)’ Z
    20.7.31 Jw+,(z, a)=-
    = s&+l(O, a> ST 0
    sinh z sin t cos (2Jq cash z cos t)se2,+l(t, q)dt

    a t) t
    20.7.32 M&‘(z, q)=z 4j ;e;;;‘d,, S 0
    sin (2Jq cash z cos [sinh z sin ae2, (t, n>ldt

    20.7.33
    S’ ’ sm (2& sinh z sin t)[cosh z cos t ses,(t, q)ldt
    738 MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    Further with w=cosh z cos cr cos t+sinh z sin (Ysin t


    (-l)“(i)-p
    20.7.34 ce,(a, dMc!“(z, d= 2?r ‘*ezifi %e,(t, q)dt
    s0
    (-l)“(-i)P
    20.7.35 =,(a, dM4”(5 a)= 2n
    S 0
    ‘*e2idiwge,(t, a)dt.

    The above can be differentiated with respect to (Y,and we obtain

    20.7.36 cet(ct, q)Mc~l)(z, q)=(-l)‘(~mp+lfi szre2idw $ ce,(t, p)dt


    0

    (-lp(ip+‘JTi
    20.7.37 se:& q)M+)(z, q)= 2”e2idw g se,(t, q)dt
    a s0

    Integrals With Infinite Limits

    r=2s+p

    In 20.7.38-20.7.41 below, z and p are positive.

    20.7.38 MC?’ (2, a>=-Yr m sin 2 &j cash z cash t+p;) McS”(t, q)dt
    s0 (

    yT =2ce28

    MsY(z,
    a>
    =Yr m t
    20.7.39
    S 0
    sinh z sinh 24 cash z cash t-p Ms:“(t, q)dt

    -4se:, g2 p /?~@+l, if p=l

    a0
    -yT= ;I p /@rlP, if p=O x= -4se2,+1
    ( > ( >

    20.7.40 McJ2”(2, q)=-f,

    y,= -2ce2,(+r,
    s(
    q)/rAi8, if p=O
    cos 24 cash z cash t-p ;) Mcl”(t,

    yr=2ce;s+1(4u, q)/qiTjA?+‘,
    q)dt

    if p=l

    20.7.41 Ms?' (2, n>=-rr m sin 24 cash z cash t+p t) sinh z sinh t Ms’:’ (t, q)dt
    s0 (
    Y,=-4sei,($u, q)& ?rBa2*,if p=6 ~,=4se2,+1(&r, ~)/TB~~‘+~, if p=l

    Additional forms in [20.30], 120.361, [20.15]. 20.8.2


    20.8. Other Properties 4-v, n>=4v, -q)=a(v, q), v not an integer

    Relations Between Solutions for Parameters q and -p c;,(-a)=~(-l)?&(q), v not an integer


    Replacing z by +a- z in 20.1.1 one obtains (c2, defined in 20.3.8) and p depending on the
    20.8.1 y”+ (a42p cos 2z)y=O normalization ;
    Hence if u(z) is a solution of 20.1.1 then u&-z)
    satisfies 20.8.1. It can be shown that FJz, -q)=pe-
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS 739
    20.8.3
    azr(-q>=a2,(q>;
    b21(-q>=b2r(a>,
    forintegraly
    ~2r+l(--d=bzr+1(q), bzl+l(-d=azr+l(d
    +~~+,+1(~d&-,(9-42)1 A2s+1
    /
    20.8.4 where I,,,(z), K,(z) are the modified Bessel &unc-
    tions, ul, u2 are defined below 20.6.10. Sbper-
    ce2&, -q>=(-l>'ce21(i~-z, q>
    scripts are omitted, c,=2, if s=O, es=1 if s#lO.
    ce2,+l(z, -q)=(-lI)'se2,+l(~?r--, a) Then for functions of first kind:
    se2,+l(z, -q>=(-l>'ce2,+l(~?r--, q>
    20.8.10
    se2,k -q)=(-l)‘-‘se2,(+7r-2, n)
    M&)(z, -q>=(-l>‘h(z, q>
    For the coefficients associated with the above
    solutions for integral Y: M&‘(z, --a)=(-l)‘Ioz,(z, q) ~

    20.8.5 Mc~)+~(z, -q>=(--l)‘~~e~~+~(~, a) ’

    A;:(-q)=(-l)“-‘A;&(q); Ms:‘!,,(z, -~)=(-1)‘i1oo2,+,(z, q)


    E:(-q)=(---l)“-‘Edq)
    A~~~:,‘,(-qP)=(--l)~-‘~~~;t,:(q);
    For the Mathieu-Hankel function of first kind:
    ~~~ll(-q)=(-l)“-‘A:~::,‘,(q). 20.8.11
    I
    For the corresponding modified equation M&)(z, -q)=(--‘)‘f1ifKe2r(z, q)
    I
    20.8.6 y”-(a+2q cash 2z)y=o
    Ms,‘:)@, -q)=(-1)‘++02,(z, q) ~
    20.8.7
    I
    ML’)@, - q) = M;” (z+ !I))
    Mez’?+,(z, --4=(-l)

    Mij) (z, q) defined in 20.4.12.


    For integral values of Y let M#+l(z, -n)=(-l)‘+‘~Ko,,+l(z, a> ~

    20.8.8 For M:“(z, -q), j=2, 4, one may use the dbfini-
    lez,(z, n,=& (-l)“+‘Azt[l~-~(ul)Z+~(uz)
    tions

    +I~+s(ut>l~-s(u2>1/Az,e, My)= -i(M$3)-Mp)) ; M,=Mc, or Ms4

    IO2&, *,=g (-1)“+“Bzn[l~-~(ul>~~+*(~2) also

    -I~s(~l)~~-*(~2>1/~2, My’@, -q)=2MI”(z, -q)-MM13’(z, --p i

    h2,+l(z, n)=po (-- l)“+*B2,+,[1,-,(2(,)I,+,+,(~,) M=Mc or Ms;for real z, p, M?’ (z, -q)l
    +I~~+l(a)l~-,(zL2)1/~2~+~ are in general complex if j=2,4.
    Zeros of the Functions Xoor Real Values of 4.~
    102,+1(~, q,=$ (-1)“+“A2~+~[~~--s(u~)~~+s+~(u2)

    -In+r+~(u~)~~-,(~z)I/A2a+,
    See [20.36], section 2.8 for further results.
    20.8.9 Zeros of ce,(s, q) and se,(z, q), Mc!"(5, q), Ms!')@, q).

    In O<Z<,T, ce,(z, n) and se,(z, n) have d real *


    zeros.
    There are complex zeros if q>O.
    If zo=zo+iy, is any zero of ce,(z, q), se,(qp) in

    -~<z,<~~ then k?rf q, ka f z,,

    are also zeros, k an integer.


    740 MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    In the strip -;<xO<$ the imaginary zeros of McJ”(o,


    a)=
    ce,(z, q), se,(z, q) are the real zeros of Ce,(z, q),
    Se,(z, q), hence also the real zeros of MC:) (z, q)
    and MS’,‘) (z, q), respectively.
    For small p, the large zeros of Ce,(z, q), Se,@, q)
    approach the zeros of J,(2&cosh z).
    Tabulation of Zeros

    Ince [20.56] tabulates the first “non-trivial”


    zero i.e. differentfrom 0, z, 7r for M,(Z), se,(z),
    ( >
    r=2(1)5 and for se,(z) to within “10m4, for q=O(l) MsP(z, a)=-go,r(d 4:
    10(2)40. He also gives the “turning” points
    (zeros of the derivative) and also expansions for The functions j,,, ,, go.,, jc,,, gc,, are tabulated in
    them for small p. Wiltse and King [20.61,2] tabulate
    [20.58] for q<25.
    the first two (non-trivial) zeros of A@)(z, q) and
    Msp)(z, q) and of their derivatives r=O, 1, 2 for 20.9. Asymptotic Representations
    6 or 7 values of p between .25 and 10. The graphs
    reproduced here indicate their location. The representations given below are applicable
    Between two real zeros of Mcp)(z, q), Ms~)(z, q) to the characteriskic solutions, for real values of p,
    there is a zero of McP’(z, q), Msj”‘(z, q), respec- unless otherwise noted. The Floquet exponent v
    tively. No tabulation of such zeros exists yet. is defined below, as in [20.36] to be as follows:
    Available tables are described in the References.
    In solutions associated with a,: v=r
    The most comprehensive tabulation of the char-
    In solutions associated with b,: v=-r.
    acteristic values a,, b, (in a somewhat different
    notation) and of the coefficients proportional to For the functions defined in 20.6.7-20.6.10:
    A, and B, as defined in 20.5.4 and 20.5.5 can be
    found in [20.58]. In addition, the table contains 20.9.1
    certain important “joining factors”, with the aid ~c?‘(z, a>
    of which it is possible to obtain values of (-l)‘MSf3’(2) p)
    Mcji’ (z, q) and Ms:” (z, q). as well as their deriva- e+fieosh +T-f) .& D,
    tives, at x=0. Values of the functions ce,(z, q)
    m=,,[-4i&(cosh z-u)],,’
    and se,(x, q) for orders up to five or six can be -&114(cosh z--a)*
    found in [20.56]. Tabulations of less extensive
    character, but important in some aspects, are out- where D-1=D-2=O; DO=l, and the coefficients
    lined in the other references cited. In this D,,, are obtainable from the following recurrence
    chapter only representative values of the various formula :
    functions are given, along with several graphs. 20.9.2
    Special Values for Arguments 0 and i

    20.8.12
    +2p-a] D,,,+( m-i) [16q(l-~~)-%fi urnID,-1
    +4q(2m-3) (2m-~)~(l--a2)D,,+~=0
    20.9.3
    c&+1 ;I P =(-l)‘+lgc,z,+l(q)A:‘+’ (!-I> &I
    ( > Mcl”‘(% a>
    (-l)‘Ms’:‘(z, q)
    n-
    se&
    (
    2’ q =(-1)‘g0,2r(q)B~‘(p).q
    > -\i
    ; e--t[2+m z-++] o dm
    - ?r+q”4(coshz-u) 4 go [4i ,@(cosh z-u)]”
    n-
    se2,+1 5’ P =(-1>‘g~.2r+l(dB1 2r+1(!d &7
    ( > d-I=d-z=O; d,=l, and
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS 741

    20.9.4 20.9.9

    (m+l)dm+l+[(m+;)l+(m+;) &&a
    Fo(Z)-l+-w-
    ! S&j Gosh2z
    +2*-+,+(m-;) [16p(l-u*)+8i~am]d,-,
    __ 1 w4+c%6w~~lo5

    +4q(2m-3)(2m-l)(l--a2)d,-2=0. +2048p [
    - (w5+14w3+33w) i
    In the above + 16384~~‘~
    l cosh2 z

    I
    -2?r<arg fi cash z<?r
    lcosh z-uj>lufl(, Sz>O,
    - (zw5+124w3+1122w)+3w5+290w3+1627p
    cosh4 z coshe z
    ,
    1 ..
    +

    but u is otherwise arbitrary. If u2=1, 20.9.2 and 20.9.10


    20.9.4 become three-term recurrence relations.
    Formulas 20.9.1 and 20.9.3 are valid for arbi-
    F,(z)
    trary a, p, provided v is also known ; they give
    multiples of 20.4.12, normalized so as to approach
    the corresponding Hankel functions H?‘(fie”),
    II?’ (&ez), as 2-m . See [20.36], section 2.63. - (w6-47w4+667w2+2835)
    12 cosh2 z
    The formula is especially useful if jcosh z/is large
    and p is not too large ; thus if u= - 1, the absolute +(w~+505w*+12139w2+10395J
    ratio of two successive terms in the expansion is 12 cosh4 z
    essentially
    See [20.18] for details and an added erm in
    Jn+”
    m 4&i
    +2 /(cash z+l) .
    P -6/2; a correction to the latter is noted in t,[20.58].
    The expansions 20.9.7 are especially usef 1 when
    p is large and z is bounded away from zer . The
    If a, p, z, v are real, the real and imaginary order of magnitude of Mc:(O, q) cannot be clbtained
    components of M$‘(z, q) are Mcp)(z, q) and from the expansion. The expansion can [also be
    Mcy’(z, q), respectively; similarly for the com- used, with some success,for z=ix, when p 115large,
    ponen ts of &Ls$~‘(z, q). If the parameters are
    if lcos xj>>O; they fail at zc=i ?r. Thus, if q, x are
    complex
    real, one obtains I
    20.9.5 Mcs”(z, a)=$ [Mca’(z, q)+Mcy’(z, q)]
    20.9.11
    20.9.6 Mc~)(z, q)=-f [Mci3’(z, q)-Mcy’(z, q)]

    Replacing c by s in the above will yield corre-


    sponding relations among MS? (z, q) .
    Formulas in which the parameter a does not 20.9.12
    enter explicitly :
    Goldstein’s Expansions

    20.9.7 In the above, P,,(Z) and P,(Z) are obtainable


    Mf$‘(z, q)-iMSp:,(z, q) from FO(z), F,(z) in 20.9.9-20.9.10 by Ireplacing
    = [F,(z)--iF~(z)]e’~/~~qt(cosh z)+ cash z with cos x and sinh z with sin 12. Thus
    P,,(x) = F,(k) ; P,(x) = --iFI : :
    where
    20.9.13
    20.9.8
    Wl=e 2zliisinz [cos (+x+~n)]“‘+’ /(COS~X)‘f’
    t$=2 Jq sinh z-k (2rSl) arctan sinh z,

    9’>0, q>>l, w=2rfl W2=e-2dPshz [sin ($x+$7r)]“‘+‘/ (cO$ x)‘+*


    742 MATHIEU FUNCZ’IONB

    20.9.14 20.926

    41
    (2~+3)J7~+4W-. ..
    64& 1024q
    r’+2P-121rZ-122r-84 -?4
    See 20.9.23-20.9.24 for expressions relating to
    ce,(O, q) and se:(O, q). When ]cos z]>dw/p’,
    20.9.11-20.9.12 are useful. The approximations
    + 2048q + ii&@+-
    j ** 1
    j2=216+5r4-416?-629T1-1162r-476
    become poorer as r increases.
    Expansions in Terms of Parabolic Cylinder Functions It should be noted that 20.9.15 is also valid as an
    approximation for se,+l (2, q), but 20.9.16 may give
    (Good for angles close to $s, for large values of *
    slightly better results. See [20.4.]
    p, especially when ]cos s]<2t/q’.) Due to Sips
    [20.44-20.461. Explicit Expansions for Orders 0, 1, to Terms in q-*I*
    (9 Lw34
    20.9.15 4x, n>-CWX4+%(41 20.9.21 For r=O:
    20.9.16
    Z,,- D,,-
    se,+~(x,n)-fCK&)--Z~(41 sin 5, a=2pf co9 5.
    1
    Let Dk=Dk(a)=(-l)“e’a”s e-+u2. - (-$+gp&)+ ...
    +64p
    20.9.17

    Z,b)-Dr+&j[ -++i (i) Dr-41


    +kq pgp+;;Dr+4+; (P-l) (r;)D,-4
    20.9.22 For r=l :

    ++y@*]+ .. .

    20.9.18 1
    - (-g+;-2&)+. ..
    1
    Z,(a)-@
    C
    -4 ’ Dr+2
    -9 Drm2
    1 +64p

    +kq rq+ ($12;-36) D,+2


    1530, 350, DII
    64
    +r(r-l)(-fl-27r+lO) D r_
    2-4 6
    45 0 r D r-6 + . . . 1 Formulas Involving
    32 +256-2048

    ce.(O,h) and se,(O, q)


    20.9.19
    20.9.23

    r’+213+263?+262r+lOS -54 ceo(O,n> -21/Z ee2fi l+


    + 2048~~ + ii&p+*
    j ** 1 cedh,
    ce2(0,
    n)
    d ---321$2 e-2fi
    ce2&, n)
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS ;743

    For higher orders, these ratios are increasi gly


    more difficult to obtain. One method of esti t at-
    ing values at the origin is to evaluate both 2019.11
    20.9.24 and 20.9.15 for some x where both expansion$ are
    I
    satisfactory, and so to use 20.9.11 as a means to
    sei@, d -4q&iee2& l- solve for ce,(O, q); similarly for se:(O, q).
    se1 (ia, n) (
    Other asymptotic expansions, valid over various
    21 17 regions of the complex z-plane, for real values of
    s&O, a> ----64q@t~-~~ l- ----+ ...
    16,hj 128q > a, p, have been given by Langer 120.251. It i not
    sdh, !I> (
    always easy, however, to determine the li“n ea,r
    sd(O, d combinations of Langer’s solutions which coincide
    seX$r, a> with those defined here.
    20.10. Comparative
    =
    Notation8
    - s
    Tbie Volume :omments
    StrattEi2se- t. etc
    --
    Paremet8rs in 24X1.1 _-_---- I a
    , 9
    I or
    I R
    Periodic solutions, of 20.1.1
    Even ___________. _______ &aNotel.
    Odd ---------_- - -- -- -- -- -
    Co~~~knta in Perk&c 80111

    A: (9) AVDL * A:, -4:


    Odd.. ___ _- _- _- _- _. - - - - B:(Q) B’FL * B: B:
    v’dz, y Is the Stander 1 (A’)-’ or (B’)-, 1 1 See Note 1.
    lolutlon of 20.1.1.
    Flcquet’s Solutfom 20.3.lI.. F&l h)
    Cbwecterlstic Exponent..- p=b
    N&om&elilons of Floquet’ Lpeclded

    80~om&Modi0ed Equa Ag.. .QJer(c, cash I)


    . . .
    ~,w~, 0 ~r(~, 9)

    MC ,(I) (2 9 A)

    Ms”’ I (I I 9) Mu .(I’ (z, A)

    A4d2)(Z,
    I g) id2; , (z, A)

    Ad2+z,
    r 9) Ma;2’(z, A)

    Jofniug Fectors __.___.______ XmMc &/MC t(I’ (0 ’ A) SW Note 2.


    r(I’ (0’9)

    &@[M,” (2,9)ld ,&/$fdL (L A)],-o


    ‘dr ’ dz ’ ’

    dMs
    ‘I’
    ;i;
    -MC

    (2,
    q) ,I(n (0 g)/ikfc ,I(I’ (0 g) --Mc~” (0, A)/bfe .(” (0, A) &eNotea.

    [gMI’:’
    (2’9)
    1r. I

    NOTE: 1. The conversion factors A’ and Br are tabulated in I20.581 along with the coefficients.
    Seme es this volume

    2. The multipliers p, and ar are defined in [20.30], Appendix 1, section 3, equations 3, 4, 5, 6.


    3. &e 120.591, sections (5.3) and (5.5). In eq. (316) of (5.5), the !irst term should have a minus sign.
    *see page II.
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS 745
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    Nachr. 4, 175-183 (1950). and turning points, 52,424-433 (1932). Charac-
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    de Mathieu et des fonctions spheroidales II, factors for cc,(q), se,(q), same range, without
    Trans. Amer. Math. Sot. 90, 2, 340-368 (1959). differences but interpolable to 9D with Lagran-
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    444-455, 530-540 (1953); 23, 37-47, 90-103
    polable to 8s.
    (1954).
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    Cambridge, England, 1952). Mc$(u, q), 442 M&u, q), j=l, 2 for 6 to 8
    Tables values of a between .25 and 10 and about 20
    values of i, r=O, 1, 2; 48 McP’(- 1~1, q),
    L20.531 G. Blanch and I. Rhodes, Table of characteristic d?r/2 Me?(- ]u], q), r=O, 1, 2 for about 9 values
    values of Mathieu’s equation for large values of of u and q, 2 to 4 D in all.
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    15, O<t<.l, with 62, a’*; SD (about); inter- The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory
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    (1940). rs2.

    *See page 11.


    748 MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    Table 20.1 CHARACTERISTIC VALUES, JOINING FACTORS, SOME CRITICAL VALUES

    EVEN SOLUTIONS

    7 9 “F ce,(O,
    q) ce,W, 4) (4d%, Ad
    0 0.00000 000 -1)7.07106 781 (-1) 7.07106 78 (-1)7.97884 56
    i - 5.80004 602 -2)4.48001 817 1.33484 87 1.97009 00
    10 - 13.93697 996 (-3)7.62651 757 1.46866 05 2.40237 95
    15 - 22.51303 776 (-3)1.93250 832 1.55010 82 2.68433 53
    20 - 31.31339 007 -4)6.03743 829 1.60989 09 2.90011 25
    25 - 40.25677 955 I -4)2.15863 018 1.65751 03 3.07743 91
    2 0 4.00000 000 1.00000 000 -1.00000 00
    7.44910 974 (-1 7.35294 308 (-1 -7.24488 15
    1: 7.71736 985 (-1 2.45888 349 C-1 -,';', ;;
    5.07798 320 (-2 I 7.87928 278
    :i t 1.15428 288 (-2)2.86489 431 -1.07529 32 4.29953 32
    25 - 3.52216 473 (-2)1.15128 663 -1.11627 90 1.11858 69
    10 0 100.00000 000 1.00000 000 23 I 2.30433 72
    5 100.12636 922 1.02599 503 23 2.31909 77
    10 100.50677 002 1.05381 599 23 2.36418 54
    15 101.14520 345 1.08410 631 23 2.44213 04
    102.04891 602 1.11778 863
    z 103.23020 480 1.15623 992 12)1.40118 52

    7 Q a, cd@ 9) ce:(fr, q) w%e, r(q) @We.,AZ)


    10 1.00000 000 1.00000 000 -1.00000 00 1.59576 91 2.54647 91
    5 + 1.85818 754 (-1)2.56542 879 -3.46904 21 7.26039 84 1.02263 46
    10 - 2.39914 240 (-2 5.35987 478 -4.85043 83 Q1.35943 49 - 2i 9.72660 12
    - 8.10110 513 (-2 1 1.50400 665 -5.76420 64 1)1.91348 51 - 2 1.19739 95
    :z - 14.49130 142 (~3 5.05181 376 -6.49056 58 - 3 1.84066 20
    25 - 21.31489 969 (-3 1,1.91105 151 -7.10674 15 - 4)3.33747 55
    5 0 25.00000 000 1.00000 000 -5.00000 00 8 I 4.80631 83
    5 25.54997 175 1.12480 725 -5.39248 61 8 5.11270 71
    10 27.70376 873 1.25801 994 -5.32127 65 8 6.83327 77
    15 31.95782 125 1.19343 223 -5.11914 99 9 I 1.18373 72
    20 36.64498 973 (-1)9.36575 531 -5.77867 52 9 1.85341 57
    25 40.05019 099 (-1)6.10694 310 -7.05988 45 9 2.09679 12
    15 0 225.00000 000 1.00000 000
    225.05581 248 1.01129 373
    1: 225.22335 698 1.02287 828
    225.50295 624 1.03479 365
    :z 225.89515 341 1.04708 434
    25 226.40072 004 1.05980 044
    Compiledfrom National Bureau of Standards,Tables relating to Mathieu functions, Columbia Univ.
    Press,New York, N.Y., 1951(with permission).
    q +2q- (4r+2)&
    q-?/r 0 1 2 5 10 15 <q>
    0.16
    0.12 -0.25532
    -0.25393 994
    098 -1.28658
    -1.30027 212
    972 -3.39777
    -3.45639 483
    782 -16.92019
    -17.84809 225
    551 -76.84607
    -76.04295 855
    314 -141.64507
    - 80.93485 841
    048 2
    0.08 -0.25257 851 -1.27371 191 -3.34441 938 -16.25305 645 -63.58155 264 -162.30500 052 156
    0.04 -0.25126 918 -1.26154 161 -3.29538 745 -15.70968 373 -58.63500 546 -132.08298 271 625
    0.00 -0.25000 000 -1.25000 000 -3.25000 000 -15.25000 000 -55.25000 000 -120.25000 000 03
    For ge,~ and f,, ~ see20.8.12.
    < q> = nearestinteger to q.
    Compiledfrom G. Blanch and I. Rhodes,Table of characteristicvaluesof Mathieu’s equation for large
    valuesof the parameter,Jour. Wash.Acad. Sci., 45, 6, 1955(with permission).
    MATHIEU FTJNCTIONS 749
    CHARACTERISTlC VALUES, JOINING FACTORS, SOME CRITICAL VALUES Table 20.1

    ODD SOLUTIONS

    1 Q br 40, q) se;(ta, d @qP%,r(q)


    4.00000 000 2.00000 00 -2.00000 00 6.38307 65 ( 1)8.14873 31
    2 i + 2.09946 045 (-1)7.33166 22 -3.64051 79 1)1.24474 88 ( 1)2.24948 08
    10 - 2.38215 824 -1)2.48822 84 -4.86342 21 1)1.86133 36 3.91049 85
    15 - 8.09934 680 I -2)9.18197 14 -5.76557 38 1)2.42888 57 (- 1)7.18762 28
    20 - 14.49106 325 (-2)3.70277 78 -6.49075 22 1)2.95502 89 (- 1)1.47260 95
    25 - 21.31486 062 (-2)1.60562 17 -7.10677 19 1)3.44997 83 (- 2)3.33750 27
    100.00000 000 ( 1)1.00000 00 l)-1.00000 00 11)1.51800 43 23)2.30433 72
    10 5" 100.12636 922 9.73417 32 1 -1.02396 46 11)1.56344 50 23)2.31909 77
    10 100.50676 946 9.44040 54 11 -1.04539 48 11)1.62453 03 i
    15 101.14517 229 9.11575 13 l)-1.06429 00 11)1.70421 18
    102.04839 286 8.75554 51
    2 103.22568 004 8.35267 84

    4(0, u) se,(%,59
    + 1.00000 000 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.59576 91 2.54647 91
    - 5.79008 060 (-1 1.74675 40 1.33743 39 2.27041 76
    - 13.93655 248 -2 4.40225 66 1.46875 57 2.63262 99 I-- 3)2.21737
    2)3*74062 82
    88
    - 22.51300 350 I -2 i 1.39251 35 1.55011 51 2.88561 87 (- 4)2.15798 83
    - 31.31338 617 (-3)5.07788 49 1.60989 16 3.08411 21 (- 4)2.82474 71
    - 40.25671 898 (-3)2.04435 94 1.65751 04 3.24945 50 (- 6)4.53098 74
    25.00000 000 5.00000 00 1.00000 00 3)9.80440 55 (
    5 Li 25.51081 605 4.33957 00 -1) 9.06077 93 4 1.14793 21 (
    10 26.76642 636 3.40722 68 -1) 8.46038 43 4j 1.52179 77 ( 8)5.46799 57
    27.96788 060 2.41166 65 -1) 8.37949 34 4)2.20680 20 I 8)4.26215
    8)5.27524 66
    17
    :05 28.46822 133 1.56889 69 -1) 8.63543 12
    25 28.06276 590 (-1)9.64071 62 -1) 8.99268 33 I 4 3.27551
    4 4.76476
    12
    62 ( 8)2.94147 89
    15 0 225.00000 000 1 1.50000 00 -1.00000 00
    5
    10
    225.05581 248
    225.22335 698
    I 1 I 1.48287
    1 1.46498
    89
    60
    (-1 -9.88960
    (-1 -9.78142
    70
    35
    I(1919)3.73437
    19)3.78055
    3.83604
    81
    49
    43
    225.50295 624 1 1.44630 01 -1 -9.67513 70 (19 3.90140 52
    :i 225.89515 341 1 I 1.42679
    1 46 I -1 1 -9.57045 25 19 i 3.97732 29
    25 226.40072 004 ( 1)1.40643 73 (-l)-9.46708 70 I 19)4.06462 83 ( 40)2.19249 18

    b,+Zq- (4r-2)@

    cl-*\? 1 2 5 10 15 <q>
    0.16 -0.25532 994 -1.30027 164 -11.53046 855 -51.32546 875 - 55.93485 112 39
    0.12 -0.25393 098 -1.28658 971 -11.12574 983 -56.10964 961 -108.31442 060 69
    0.08 -0.25257 851 -1.27371 191 -10.78895 146 -51.15347 975 -132.59692 424 156
    0.04 -0.25126 918 -1.26154 161 -10.50135 748 -47.72149 533 -114.76358 461 625
    0.00 -0.25000 000 -1.25000 000 -10.25000 000 -45.25000 000 -105.25000 000 m
    For go,Tand f,, r see20.8.12.
    < q> = nearestinteger to 4.
    MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

    Table 20.2 COEFFICIENTS 9, AND II,,

    4
    r/=5
    7rA7 0 2 10 ?ll’,T 1 5 15
    0 +0.54061 2446 +0.43873 7166 +O.OOOOO 1679 1 co.76246 3686 +0.07768 5798 0.00000 0000
    2 -0.62711 5414 +0.65364 0260 +0.00003 3619 3 -0.63159 6319 +0.30375 1030 +o.ooooo 0002
    4 +0.14792 7090 -0.42657 8935 +0.00064 2987 5 +0.13968 4806 +0.92772 8396 +O.OOOOO 0106
    6 -0.01784 8061 +0.07588 5673 +0.01078 4807 9' -0 01491 5596 -0 20170 6148 +O.OOOOO 4227
    8 +0.00128 2863 -0.00674 1769 +0.13767 5121 +0'00094 4842 +0'01827 4579 +0.00014 8749
    10 -0.00006 0723 +0.00036 4942 +0.98395 5640 11 -0:00003 9702 -0:OOOSS 9038 +0.00428 1393
    12 +o.ooooo 2028 -0.00001 3376 -0.11280 6780 13 +O.OOOOO 1189 +0.00003 3457 +0.08895 2014
    14 -0.00000 0050 +O.OOOOO 0355 +0.00589 2962 15 -0.00000 0027 -LX00000 0839 +0.99297 4092
    16 +O.OOOOO 0001 -0.00000 0007 -0.00018 9166 17 +O.OOOOO 0001 +O.OOOOO 0016 -0.07786 7946
    +0.00286 6409
    :: -0.00000
    +O.OOOOO 0071
    4226 :;) -0.00006 6394
    22 +O.OOOOO 0001 23 +O.OOOOO 1092
    25 -0.00000 0014

    q=25

    77’ 1 0 2 10 d,r 1 5 15
    0 +0.42974 1038 +0.33086 5777 +0.00502 6361 1 to.39125 2265 +0.65659 0398 +O.OOOOO 4658
    2 -0.69199 9610 -0;04661 4551 co.02075 4891 3 -0.74048 2467 +0.36900 8820 +0.00003 7337
    4 +0.36554 4890 -0.64770 5862 +0.07232 7761 5 +0.50665 3803 -0.19827 8625 +0.00032 0026
    6 -0.13057 5523 +0.55239 9372 +0.23161 1726 7 -0.19814 2336 -0.48837 4067 +0.00254 0806
    8 +0.03274 5863 -0.22557 4897 +0.55052 4391 9 +0.05064 0536 +0.37311 2810 +0.01770 9603
    10 -0.00598 3606 +0.05685 2843 +0.63227 5658 11 -0.00910 8920 -0.12278 1866 +0.10045 8755
    12 +0.00082 3792 -0.00984 6277 -0.46882 9197 13 +0.00121 2864 +0.02445 3933 +0.40582 7402
    14 -0.00008 7961 +0.00124 8919 +0.13228 7155 15 -0.00012 4121 -0.00335 1335 +0.83133 2650
    16 +O.OOOOO 7466 -0.00012 1205 -0.02206 0893 17 +0.00001 0053 +0.00033 9214 -0.35924 8831
    18 -0.00000 0514 +O;OOOOO 9296 +0.00252 2374 19 -0.00000 0660 -0.00002 6552 +0.06821 6074
    20 +O.OOOOO 0029 -0.00000 0578 -0.00021 3672 21 +O.OOOOO 0036 +o.ooooo 1661 -0.00802 4550
    22 -0.00000 0001 +o.ooooo 0030 +0.00001 4078 23 -0.00000 0002 -0.00000 0085 +0.00066 6432
    24 -0.00000 0001 -0.00000 0746 25 +o;ooooo 0004 -0.00004 1930
    26 +O.OOOOO 0032 +O.OOOOO 2090
    28 -0.00000 0001 -0.00000 0085
    31 +o.ooooo 0003

    9=5

    2 10 TV\?. 1 5 15
    +0.93342 94'42 +0.00003 3444 +0.05038 2462 0.00000 0000
    -0.35480 3915 +0.00064 2976 : +0.94001
    -0.33654 9024
    1963 +0.29736 5513 +o.ooooo 0002
    +0.05296 3730 +0.01078 4807 5 +0.05547 7529 +0.93156 6997 +O.OOOOO 0106
    -0.00429 5885 to.13767 5120 7 -0.00508 9553 -0.20219 3638 +O;OOOOO 4227
    +0.00021 9797 +0.98395 5640 9 +0.00029 3879 +0.01830 5721 +0.00014 8749
    -0.00000 7752 -0.11280 6780 :: +O.OOOOO
    -0.00001 1602
    0332 -0.00096 0277 tO.00428 1392
    +b.ooooo 0200 to.00589 2962 +0.00003 3493 +0.08895 2014
    -0.00000 0004 -0.00018 9166 15 -0.00000 0007 -0.00000 0842 +0.99297 4092
    +O.OOOOO 4227 17 +o.ooooo 0017 -0.07786 7946
    -0.00000 0070 +0.00286 6409
    +o.ooooo 0001 :: -0.00006 6394
    +o.ooooo 1093
    :: -0.00000 0013
    q=25

    ?n~s 2 10 m/r 1 5 15
    2 +0.65743 9912 +0.01800 3596 +0.30117 4196 +o.ooooo 3717
    -0.66571 9990 +0.07145 6762 : +0.81398
    -0.52931 3846
    0219 +0.62719 8468 +0.00003 7227
    2 +0.33621 0033 to.23131 0990 5 +0.22890 0813 +0.17707 1306 +0.00032 0013
    8 -0.10507 3258 +0.55054 4783 ; +0.01453
    -0.06818 2972
    0886 -0.60550 5349 +0.00254 0804
    10 to.02236 2380 +0.63250 8750 +0.33003 2984 +0.01770 9603
    12 -0.00344 2304 -0.46893 3949 11 -0.00229 5765 -0.09333 5984 +0.10045 8755
    +0.00040 0182 +0;13230 9765 13 +0.00027 7422 +0.01694 2545 +0.40582 7403
    :: -0.00003 6315 -0.02206 3990 15 -0.00002 6336 -0.00217 7430 +0.83133 2650
    18 +O.OOOOO 2640 +0.00252 2676 +0.00021 0135 -0.35924 8830
    20 -0.00000 0157 -0;00021 3694 :< +O.OOOOO
    -0.00000 0126
    2009 -0.0Ou01 5851 +0.06821 6074
    22 +O.OOOOO 0008 +0.00001 4079 ;: +o.ooooo 0007 +O.OOOOO 0962 -0.00802 4551
    24 -0.00000 0746 -0.00000 0048 +0.00066 6432
    26 +o.ooooo 0033 +o.ooooo 0002 -0.00004 1930
    :: +O.OOOOO 2090
    For -1, and II,,, see 20.2.3-20.2.11 -0.00000 0086
    +o.ooooo 0003
    Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables relating to Mathieu functions, Columbia Univ.
    Press, New York, N.Y., 1951 (with permission).
    21. Spheroidal Wave Functions
    ARNOLD N. LOWAN 1

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties. ................... 752
    21.1. Definition of Elliptical Coordinates .......... 752
    21.2. Definition of Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates ...... 752
    21.3. Definition of Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates. ...... 752
    21.4. Laplacian in Spheroidal Coordinates .......... 752
    21.5. Wave Equation iu Prolate and Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates 752
    21.6. Differential Equations for Radial and Angular Spheroidal
    Wave Functions .................. 753
    21.7. Prolate Angular Functions .............. 753
    21.8. Oblate Angular Functions .............. 756
    21.9. Radial Spheroidal Wave Functions .......... 756
    21.10. Joining Factors for Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions . 757
    21.11. Notation ...................... 758

    References .......................... 759

    Table 21.1.Eigenvalues-Prolate and Oblate . . . . . . . . . . . 760


    m=O(l)Z, n=m(l)mf4
    c2=O(1)16, c-‘=.25(--.Ol)O, 4-6D
    Table 21.2. Angular Functions-Prolate and Oblate . . . . . . . . 766
    m=0(1)2, n=m(1)3, ?j=O(.l)l
    ~=0”(10”)90”, c=1(1)5, 24D
    Table 21.3. Prolate Radial Functions-First and Second Rinds . . . 768
    m=0(1)2, n=m(1)3
    5=1.005, 1.02, 1.044, 1.077, c=1(1)5, 4s
    Table 21.4. Oblate Radial Functions-First and Second Rinds . . . . 769
    m=O, 1, n=m(l)m+2; m, n=2
    E=O, .75, c=.2, 3, 23, 1(.5)2.5, 5s
    Table 21.5. Prolate Joining Factors-First Rind . . . . . . . . . . 769
    m=O, 1, n=m(l)m+2; m, n=2
    c=1(1)5, 4s

    1 Yeshiva University. (Prepared under contract with the National Bureau of


    Standards.) (Deceased.)
    751
    21. Spheroidal Wave Functions
    Mathematical Properties
    21.1. Definition of Elliptical Coordinates 21.3.1 ’ ’
    j5+,,_,=f”; $-&=f

    21.1.1 Z=T co8 4; X=T sin 4; 02412*

    r1 and rz are the distances to the foci of a family where 4,~ and 4 are oblate spheroidal coordinates.
    of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas ; 2f is the dis-
    Relations Between Cartesian qnd Oblate Spheroidal
    tance between foci. Coordinates
    es- f 21.3.2
    21.1.2 a=ft, b=jm, a
    a=sen-&major axis; b=semi-minor axis; e=ec-
    21.4. Laplacian in Spheroidal Coordinates
    centricity.
    Equation of Family of Confocal Ellipses 21.4.1

    21.1.3 $+&=f

    Equation of Family of Ckmfocal Hyperbolas

    21.1.4 e-L=fa
    q2 l--$
    (---1<?<l)
    Relations Between Cartesian and Elliptical Coordinates

    21.1.5 x=fb?; Y=.fJ(ta--lw--lla)

    21.2. Definition of Prolate Spheroidal


    Coordinates
    Metric doe5cients for Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates
    If the system of confocal ellipses and hyberbolas
    21.42
    referred to in 21.1.3 and 21.1.4 revolves around
    the major axis, then
    ht=j$Z h&s +jJ(p-l)(l-92) *

    21.2.1 $+&=f; $-&=f


    Metric Coefficienta for Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates

    y=r cos 4; Z=T sin 4; 0 54 12~ 21.4.3

    where [, 7 and 4 are prolate spheroidal coordinates.

    Relations Between Cartesian and Prolate Spheroidal


    Coordinates 21.5. Wave Equation in Prolate and Oblate
    21.2.2 Spheroidal Coordinates
    Wave Equation in Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates
    x=flrl; Y=fJG2--lm--lla) c_os4;
    z=fJ(+l)(l-v2) sin 4 21.5.1

    21.3. Definition of Oblate Spheroidal v*+k+z+ [(P-l) $I+; [(l-r13 $1


    Coordinates 2- 2
    +(~~~1)(:-r7~+c~(E’-13~=0
    If the system of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas
    referred to in 21.1.3 and 21.1.4 revolves around
    (c=; jk)
    the minor axis, then *see page II.

    752
    SPHEROIDAL WAVE FlJNC.?l’IONS 753
    Wave Equation in Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates (21.6.3 may be obtained from 21.6.1 by the
    21.5.2 transformations [*fit, c++ic; 21.6.4 may be
    obtainedfrom21.6.2 by the transformation c-+~ ic.)
    21.7. Prolate Angular Functions
    21.7.1

    WC, d =rg; dY (4 E+r b>

    21.5.2 may be obtained from 21.5.1 by the =Prolate angular function of the first kind
    transformations 21.7.2
    p++i[, c++c.
    21.6. Differential Equations for Radial and
    Angular Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions
    =Prolate angular function of the second kind
    If in 21.5.1 we put
    (E?(v) and R‘(d are associated Legendre
    functions of the first and second hinds respectively.
    However, for -1Izj1, ~(z)=(l-z2)“‘2d”P,(z)/
    then the “radial solution” R,,(c, 5) and the
    dz” (see 8.6.6). The summation is extended over
    “angular solution” &,,(c, 7) satisfy the differential
    even values or odd values of T.)
    equations
    21.6.1 Recurrence Relations Between the Coefficients

    21.7.3

    (2m+k+2)(2m+k+l)c2
    21.6.2 ak=(2m+2k+3)(2mf2kf5)
    he,=(m+k) (m+k+l)
    2(m+k)(m+k+l)-2m2-1 c2
    ’ (2m+2k-1)(2m+2k+3)

    where the separation constants (or eigenvalues)


    A,,,,, are to be determined so that R&c, 5) and
    &,,(c, TJ) are finite at ,$=f 1 and q=f 1 Transcendental Equation for X,,
    respectively.
    21.7.4
    (21.6.1 and 21.6.2 are identical. Radial and
    angular prolate spheroidal functions satisfy the u(~,,)=u1(~,)+uz(xmn>=o
    same differential equation over different ranges of
    R-2
    the variable,)
    nm - -&-A,,- * . .
    Differential Equations for Radial and Angular Oblate
    Spheroidal Functions 8” r+4
    U&xmn)=- iT+z
    21.6.3 Y?+a--X,,- r7+4--X,.- - * *

    $ [ Q”+U$ Gnn(c,
    E)] k(k-1)(2m+k)(2m+k-l)c’
    ~‘(2m+2k-l)2(2m+2k+1)(2m+2k-3)
    (k2 2)
    Y?= (m+k) (m+k+l)

    +4cfl-(zm+2k~Y~$+2k+31 1(k>
    0)
    (The choice of r in 21.7.4 is arbitrary.)
    754 SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

    Power Series Expansion for X,”


    21.7.5

    &=n(n+l)

    1J2m--1Pm+l)
    (27+-l) (%+3) 1
    I,=-(n--m+l)(n--m+2)(~+m+l)(n+m+2)+(7a--m-l)(n--m)~~+m-l)(n+m)
    2(2n+l) (2n+3)3(2n+5) 2(2n-3)(2n-l)3(2n+l)

    ze= (4d- 1)
    (n-m+l)(n-m+2)(n+m+l)(n+m+2)~
    (Zn-1) (2n+l) (2n+3)‘(2n+5) (2n+7)
    (VP-m-l)(n-m)(n+m-l)(n+m)
    (2n--5)(2n-3)(2n-l)6(2n+l)(2n+3) 1
    ls=2(4mp-1)2A+~ B+; C+; D

    (?--m-l)(n-m)(n+m-l>(n+m) (~-m+1)(7a--m+2)(n+m+l)(~+m+2)
    A=(2n-5)2(2~-3)(2~-l)7(2n+l)(2n+3)2- (2n-l)2(2n+1)(2n+3)7(2n+5)(2n+7)2

    Asymptotic Expansion for X,” Refinement of Approximate Values of &,m


    21.7.6
    If Q, is an approximation to &,, obtained either
    A,n.(c)=cp+m2-; ($+5)-s ($+ll-32m2) from 21.7.5 or 21.7.6 then

    -A2 [5(q4+26d+21)--384m2(qB+1)l 21.7.7


    X,=X$+6x, I
    -- 1 - 1 (33pb+1594$+5621q)
    c3 [ 1282
    6X,,= Ul WJ +u2ou

    -& W6+167P)+~ q] f&-l-~2

    1
    -z & (63$+4940q4+43327tf+22470)
    [

    -g2 (115*4+1310~+735)+~ (pl+l)] A2=(N7+2)2 (hT+2W+4)2+ 0?‘+2W+4W+J2

    -?%?- #%2@+4 /37+2/3%n+a


    1 +...
    -2 A2 (527q7+61529pb+1043961$
    c (2m+r)(2m+r-l)c’ d,
    (r22)
    +2241599(J) -A4 (573iW+l27550$ w=(2m+2r-l)(2m+2r+l) 4-2

    T(T-1)(2m+T)(2m+r-1)c’
    +29s951q)+g (355n”+15o5p)-~]+o(c-7 fl~=(2m+2r-l)y2m~+2r+l)(2m.t27--3)
    p=2(n-m)+1 (f 22)
    SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 755
    Evaluation of Coeflicienta 21.7.15
    Step 1. Calculate NT’s from
    21.7.8

    Ny+,=+bn.-g CT221
    I (n-m) even
    N?=rT-Ln; Ny=ry’-L,, 21.7.16

    = C-1)
    ?(n+m+l)!
    2”-” (y-1) ! (“+;+1> ! (n-m) Odd
    Step 2. Calculate ratios $ and & from
    2r P+l

    (The normalization scheme 21.7.13 and 21.7.14 is


    21.7.9 $=(>($)...&) also used in [21.10].)

    Asymptotic Expansions for Snn(C, V)

    21.7.17
    and the formula for NT in 21.7.7.
    The coefficients dy” are determined to within &f&, 9) = 0 -112>‘~mn(c, 7) (c-- >
    the arbitrary factor do for r even and d, for T odd.
    The choice of these factors depends on the normal-
    um&keJ5m Wl,&) 1-n-m
    ization scheme adopted.
    Normalization of Angular Functions where the D,(z)‘s are the parabolic cylinder func-
    Meixner- SchZke Scheme tions (see chapter 19).

    21.7.11
    S-1l [Sm&, d12&=&
    Stratton-Morse-Chu-Little-Corbat6
    $$$
    Scheme

    C, (T+2m)! d =(n+m)! and the H,(z) are the Hermite polynomials (see
    21.7.12 chapter 22). (For tables of &,/hi see [21.4].)
    r=o, 1 T! ’ (n-m)!

    (This normalization has the effect that S,,,Jc, q)+


    Expansion of S..(c, 7) in Powers of r)
    fwd as v-+1.)
    21.7.18
    Flammer Scheme [21.4]
    21.7.13
    “--(ll
    &,(c,O)=~(O)= C-l) 2 (n+m)!
    2” (?4)!(!!+?9

    (n-m) even (The derivation of the transcendental equation


    21.7.14
    n-m-1
    for A,,,,,is similar to the derivation of 21.7.4 from
    “(n+m+l)! 21.7.3.)
    S;n(c,O)=fy(0)= (-l)
    2”(“-3!(“+;+‘)!
    Expansion of S=“(c, (I) in Powers of (l-3)
    (n-m) odd
    21.7.19
    The above lead to the following conditions for (n-m) even
    &&,(c, r)=(1-tl’)“/2~ocb”;(l-b)L
    4 mn
    756 SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

    21.7.20 ~n=-2-gp[33p4+114p2+37-2m2(23q2+25)
    (n-m) odd + 13m*]
    ,?y= -2-10[63q6+340q4+239q2+ 14
    1
    ___~ m (2m+2’)!(--T)k(m+T+$@ -10m2(10p4+23q2+3)+m4(39q2-18)-2me]
    C’m;‘2mk!(m+k)! 2 (a?)!
    (n-m) even ~‘“=v(v+m)a,‘+(v+l)(v+m+l)a:’

    q=n+l for (n-m) even; q=n for (n-m) odd


    c2; =
    (For the definition of agr see 21.8.3.)
    m (2m+2ry)! (-r,,(m+r+;)$y+,
    2’k!(ml+k)! z (2r+l). Asymptotic Expansion for Oblate Angular Functions
    (n-m) odd
    21.8.3
    (&=&+1>(~+2) * . . (a+k+l) Smn(-ic, +(1+)~‘2 5 A,mn{e-c~1-~)LSm+![2C(1--l)]
    *=--Y
    (The @‘s are the coefficients in 21.7.1.)
    +(-l)n-me-ccl++L$ [Zc(l+~j)]]
    Prolate. Angular Functions--Second Kind

    Expansion 21.7.2 ultimately leads to where the L$““’(2) are Laguerre polynomials (see
    chapter 22) and
    21.7.21
    f&g a,f l( m, n>cmk

    (Expressions of a&*’ are given in [21.4].)

    21.9. Radial Spheroidal Wave Functions


    (The coefficients G$‘“”are the same as in 21.7.1;
    21.9.1
    the coefficients d;: are tabulated in [21.4].)

    21.8. Oblate Angular Functions

    Power Series Expansion for Eigenvalues

    21.8.1 x,.=~(-1)$kc’”

    where the lk’s are the same as in 21.7.5.


    q)(z)=
    Jz-.J?&++(z) (p=l)

    Asymptotic Expansion for Eigenvalues [21.4] =J g Yn+&> (p=2)


    21.8.2
    (J,++(z) and Y,++(z) are Bessel functions, order
    A,,= -c2+2c(2v+m+ 1)-2v(v+m+l)
    n++, of the first and second kind respectively
    -(m+l>+Amfl (see chapter lo).)

    v=f (n-m) for (n-m) even; 21.9.2 R7%(C, s> =E~(c, 8 +W~(c, s>

    v=f (n-m- 1) for (n-m) odd 21.9.3 R~~(c,I)=R~~((c,~)--iR~~T!,(c,~)

    Asymptotic Behavior of R$,((c, E) and R~;((c, C)

    21.9.4 C,@, t)c 01$ ~0sI@-Hn+W

    @‘“= --2-%q*+ 10q2+ 1 -2m2(3q2+ 1) +m’] 21.9.5 R%(C,S)---& i sin [~[-+(n+l)~]


    SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 757
    21.10. Joining Factors for Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions

    21.10.1

    Kg;(c) =

    (n-m) even (n-m) odd


    21.10.2

    S~~(c,I)=K~~(C)R~~(C,5‘)

    (n-m) odd

    (The expression for joining factors appropriate to


    the oblate case may be obtained from the above
    formulas by the transformation c*-k)
    21.11. Notation
    Notation for Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions
    -
    I I I I I
    Ang. Inde- Ang. wave Red. wave Normalisation of angular Remarks
    coord. Rsd. coord. pendent function function 1 Eigenvalue 1 functions
    variable

    Stratton, Morse, 7 E h &z(h, d kd(h, 0 AmzV4 Smz(h, O=Pi”(l) 1= Flammer’s n


    Chu, Little and ,mzp ;] Amz= L,,,
    CorbaM I I ml I
    Flammer and this 7 I C &n”(C, 7) e2(c, .9 hn”(C> Smn(c, 0) = F?(O) (n - 74 even
    chapter &,,,,(c, 0) = R’ (0) (n - 74 bdd
    .-
    Chu and Stratton I) C &!k 11) R% U A ntZ fQ(c, 0) = P-+,(O) (I even) I= Flammer’s n - m
    # S::‘(c, 0) = E:,,(O) (I odd) &z= -A,, n-m,
    Meixner and B
    Schilfke

    Morse and Fesh- *=cos I9 E=cosh /.I


    bath
    .-
    Page tl c uzmw vzIn(d QZWI ~(l-PP’~~zmn(U1=1 I = Flammer’s n
    E=l crzm=Xmn-Ca
    ;:-8m
    Notation for Oblate Spheroidal TVa
    - ve Functions
    I I
    Stratton, Morse, 7 g j S,dig, 7d 1 jemz(ic7, -3 A “Z S,z(ig, 1) =P?(U $= FkFmer’s n
    Chu, Little and ml *n
    CorbaM
    --
    Flammer and this v E C &d-k 3 R”)I* ( - ic 2 it) LA-ic) S,,( -ic,O) =e(o)
    chapter (n - m) even
    S:,(--ic, O)=P$(O)
    (n - m)odd
    --
    Chu and Stratton 7 t C Ass ( - ic, 7)) Rg/ ( - ic, iE) B IPSZ ,S’s( -ic, 0) =e+z(0) (I even) Z=Flammer’s n--m
    S$‘( - ic, 0) = P=;z(O) (I odd) Bz,= - X,, n-,,,
    --
    Meixner and B Y PC h, - -8 S(f)
    ” ( - i& i+) W-r? A;(-ya)=X,,(-ic)+cl
    Schiifke -1, UPS% --?)I%
    s
    2 (n+m)!
    =2n+l (n-m)!
    --
    A ntZ r(1--?2)-~‘2&zGB, dl,1 2 F1,;mer’s n
    =[(l -~P’2P;(?)lbl ml mn
    --

    LeEtner and QZWI I= Flammer’s n


    Spence azm=XnnfCa
    -
    The notation in this chapter closely follows the notation in 121.41.
    SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 759

    References
    [21.1] M. Abramowitz, Asymptotic expansion of spheroi- [21.7] P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of
    dal wave functions, J. Math. Phys. 28, 195-199 theoretical physics (McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
    (1949). Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953).
    [21.2] G. Blanch, On the computation of Mathieu func- [21.8] L. Page, The electrical oscillations of a prolate
    tions, J. Math. Phys. 25, l-20 (1946). spheroid, Phys. Rev. 65, 98-117 (1944).
    [21.3] C. J. Bouwkamp, Theoretische en numerieke [21.9] J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu and R. A.
    behandeling van de buiging door en ronde Hutner, Elliptic cylinder and spheroidal wave
    opening, Diss. Groningen, Groningen-Batavia, functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
    (1941). N.Y., 1941).
    [21.4] C. Flammer, Spheroidal wave functions (Stanford [21.10] J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu, J. D. C.
    Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957). Little, and F. J. Corbat6, Spheroidal wave
    [21.5] A. Leitner and R. D. Spence, The oblate spheroidal functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
    wave functions, J. Franklin Inst. 249, 299-321 N.Y., 1956).
    (1950).
    [21.6] J, Meixner and F. W. Schafke, Mathieusche
    Funktionen und Sphiiroidfunktionen (Springer-
    Verlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg, Germany,
    1954).
    760 SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS
    Table 21.1 EIGENVALUES-PROLATE AND OBLATE
    PROLATE

    k(c)--m(mf1) *

    G/n 0 1 2 3 4
    0.000000 2.000000 6.000000 12.000000 20.000000
    f 2.593084 6.533471 12.514462 20.508274
    x'K40 3.172127 7.084258 13.035830 21.020137
    32 0:879933 3.736869 7.649317 13.564354 21.535636
    4 1.127734 4.287128 8.225713 14.100203 221054829
    1.357336 4.822809 8.810735 14.643458 22.577779
    1.571155 5.343903 9.401958 15.194110 23.104553
    1.771183 5.850492 9.997251 15.752059 23.635223
    1.959206 6.342739 10.594773 16.317122 24.169860
    2.136732 6.820888 11.192938 16.889030 24.708534
    10 2.305040 7.285254 11.790394 17.467444 25.251312
    2.465217 7.736212 12.385986 18.051962 25.798254
    :: 2.618185 8.174189 12.978730 18.642128 26.349411
    2.764731 8.599648 13.567791 19.237446 26.904827
    :: 2.905523 9.013085 14.152458 19.837389 27.464530
    3.041137 9.415010 14.732130 20.441413 28.028539
    3.172067 9.805943 15.306299 21.048960 28.596854

    [ 1
    c-t)3
    [ 1
    (-92
    [t-32
    1 [(-;I91 [(-p1
    c-%0&1
    c-l\n 0 1 2 3 4
    0.25 0.793016 2.451485 3.826574 5.26224 7.14921
    0.24 0.802442 2.477117 3.858771 5.25133 7.05054
    0.811763 2.503218 3.895890 5.25040 6.96237
    od:: 0.820971 2.529593 5.26046 6.88638
    0:21 0.830059 2.556036 EZ
    . 5.28251 6.82460
    0.20 0.839025 2.582340 5.31747 6.77941
    0.19 0.847869 2.608310 5.36610 6.75360
    0.18 0.856592 2.633778 6.75030
    0.17 0.865200 2.658616 E: 6.77286
    0.16 0.873698 2.682743 5:59516 6.82451
    0.15 0.882095 2.706127 4.324653 5.69566 6.90779
    0.14 0.890399 2.728784 4.381878 5.80359 7.02356
    0.13 0.898617 2.750762 4.436798 5.91452 7;16962
    0.12 0.906758 4.489168 6.02383 7.33916
    0.11 0.914827 %19?1
    . 4.539096 6.12806 7.52035
    0.10 0.922830 2.813346 4.586895 6.22577 7.69932
    0.09 0.930772 2.833316 4.632927 6.31730 7.86638
    0.08 0.938657 2.852927 4.677506 6.40385 8.01951
    0.07 0.946487 2.872213 6.48655 8.16148
    0.06 0.954267 2.891203 i%slet;
    . 6.56618 8.29538
    0.05 0.961998 2.909920 4.804519 6.64326 8.42315
    0.04 0.969683 2.928382 4.845033 6.71812 8.54594
    0.03 0.977324 2.946608 4.884779 6.79104 8.66452
    0.02 0.984923 2.964611 4.923820 6.86221 8.77945
    0.01 0.992481 2.982404 4.962212 6.93182 8.89116
    0.00 1.000000 3.000000 5.000000 7.00000 9.00000
    [: 1
    (342
    [ (-yJ1 [(-$I6
    1 [c--y
    1 [ 1
    $314
    SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 761
    EIGENVALUES-PROLATE AND OBLATE Table 21.1
    OBLATE

    k,,(-ic)-m(mf1) *
    X04- ic)
    G\n 0 1 ‘-I
    3 4
    0.000000 2.000000 6.OO;OOO 12.000000 20.000000
    10 -0.348602 1.393206 5.486800 11.492120 19.495276
    -0.729391 0.773097 4.996484 10.990438 18.994079
    f -1.144328 +0.140119 4.531027 10.494512 18.496395
    4 -1.594493 -0.505243 4.091509 10.003863 18.002228
    -2.079934
    -2.599668
    -3.151841
    -1.162477
    -1.831050
    -2.510421
    z%~~
    2:923796
    9.517982
    9.036338
    8.558395
    17.511597
    17.024540
    16.541110
    -3.733981 -3.200049 2.578730 8.083615 16.061382
    -4.343292 -3.899400 2.251269 7.611465 15.585448
    -4.976895 -4.607952 1.938419 7.141427 15.113424
    -5.632021 -5.325200 1;637277 6.673001 141645441
    -6.306116 -6.050659 1.345136 6.205705 14.181652
    -6.996903 -6.783867 1.059541 5.739084 13;722230
    -7.702385 -7.524384 0.778305 5.272706 13.267364
    15 -8.420841 -8.271795 0.499495 4.806165 12.817261
    16 -9.025710 0;221407 4.339082 121372144

    [:t-y1
    -9.150793
    II 1
    (y)4
    c 1
    c-y
    [ 1
    (-;I3
    [ 1
    6gW

    c-2[Xon( GC)]
    c-L\n 0 1 2 3 4
    0.25 -0.571924 -0.564106 +0.013837 0.271192 0.77325
    0.24 -0.585248 -0.579552 -0.009136 0.213225 0.67822
    0.23 -0.599067 -0.595037 -0.031481 0.157464 0.58772
    0.22 -0.613349 -0.610591 -0.053477 0.103825 0.50191
    0.21 -0.628058 -0.626242 -0.075480 0.052196 0.42099
    0.20 -0.643161 -0.642016 -0.097943 +0.002437 0.34521
    0.19 -0.658625 -0.657938 -0.121428 -0.045635 0.27490
    0.18 -0.674418 -0.674031 -0.146603 -0.092251 0.21043
    0.17 -0.690515 -0.690310 -0.174201 -0.137692 0.15215
    0.16 -0.706891 -0.706792 -0.204894 -0.182301 0.10020
    0.15 -0.723530 -0.723486 -0.239109 -0.226469 0.05428
    -0.740416 -0.740399 -0.276886 -0.270627 +0.01332
    if:; -0.757541 -0.757535 -0.317881 -0.315206 -0.02476
    0:12 -0.774896 -0.774894 -0.361548 -0.360594 -0.06337
    0.11 -0.792476 -0.792476 -0.407352 -0.407081 -0.10723
    0.10 -0.810279 -0.810279 -0.454896 -0.454839 -0.16065
    -0.828301 -0.828301 -0.503937 -0.503928
    KG -0.846539 -0.846539 -0.554337 -0.554337 :g;;;;
    0:07 -0.864992 -0.664992 -0.606021 -0.606021 -0:37117
    0.06 -0.883657 -0.883657 -0.658931 -0.658931 -0.45125
    0.05 -0.902532 -0.902532 -0.713025 -0.713025
    0.04 -0.921616 -0.921616 -0.768262 -0.768262 1:;;;;;
    0.03 -0.940906 -0.940906 -0.824608 -0.824608 -0:71218
    0.02 -0.960402 -0.960402 -0.882031 -0.882031 -0.80533
    0.01 -0.980100 -0.980100 -0.940503 -0.940503 -0I90131
    0.00 -1.000000 -1.000000 -1.000000 -1.000000 -1.00000

    [ t-f)6
    1 [ (-$14
    1 c 1
    (-S4)3
    c(-y 1
    762 SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

    Table 21.1 EIGENVALUES-PROL.4TE AND OBLATE


    PROLATE
    x,.(c)-m(?n-t-l) *
    Xl”(C) --2 *
    cz\n 1 2 3 4 5

    10 0.000000
    0.195548
    4.000000
    4.424699
    10.000000
    10.467915
    18.000000
    18.481696
    28.000000
    28.488065
    s
    4
    0.382655
    0.561975
    0.734111
    4.841718
    5.251162
    5.653149
    10.937881
    11.409266
    11.881493
    18.965685
    19.451871
    19.940143
    28.977891
    29.469456
    29.962738
    0.899615 6.047807 12.354034 20.430382 30.457716
    1.058995 6.435272 12.826413 20.922458 30.954363
    1.212711 6.815691 13.298196 21.416235 31.452653
    1.361183 7.189213 13.768997 21.911569 31.952557
    1.504795 7.555998 14.238466 22.408312 32.454044
    1.643895 7.916206 14.706292 22.906311 32.957080
    1110 1.778798 8.270004 15.172199 23.405410 33.461629
    12 1.909792 8.617558 15.635940 23.905451 33.967652
    13 16.097297 24.406277 34.475109
    14 9%t:
    . %XE!
    . 16.556078 24.907729 34.983956
    15 2.281832 9.624450 17.012115 25.409649 35.494147
    16 2.399593 9.948719 17.465260 25.911881
    IIc-p1 [1(-$)l1
    36.005634
    [L 1
    (-;I4

    *
    [ 1
    t-y3
    c 1
    (-y

    c-'IX&)-21
    c-l\n 1 2 3 4 5
    0.25 0.599898 2.487179 4.366315 6.47797 9.00140
    0.24 0.613295 2.491544 4.338520 6.38296 8.80891
    0.23 0.627023 2.497852 4.315609 6.29522 8.62445
    0.22 0.641073 2.506130 4.297923 6.21556 8.44916
    0.21 0.655431 2.516383 4.285792 6.14494 8.28436
    0.20 0.670084 2.528591 4.279522 6.08438 8.13163
    0.19 0.685014 2.542705 4.279366 6.03498 7.99282
    0.18 0.700204 2.558644 4.285495 5.99788 7.87010
    0.17 0.715632 4.297965 5.97420 7.76598
    0.16 0.731281 ;*z:192
    . 4.316672 5.96496 7.68328
    0.15 0.747129 2.616135 4.341320 5.97090 7.62508
    0.14 0.763159 2.637968 4.371397 5.99230 7.59446
    0.13 0.779353 4.406191 6.02874 7.59407
    0.12 0.795696 I'%69 4.444844 6.07889 7.62539
    0.11 0.812174 2:708934 4.486445 6.14051 7.68773
    0.10 0.828776 2.733891 4.530151 6.21063 7.77728
    0.09 0.845493 2.759305 4.575277 6.28624 7.88714
    0.08 2.785099 4.621329 6.36482 8.00897
    0.07 %% 4.667984 6.44473 8.13579
    0.06 0:896251 %%%E
    . 4.715031 6.52505 8.26355
    0.05 0.913352 2.864224 4.762333 6.60532 8.39048
    0.04 0.930535 2.891056 4.809790 6.68528 8.51592
    0.03 0.947796 2.918069 4.857332 6.76480 8.63963
    0.02 0.965129 2.945243 4.904906 6.84378 8.76153
    0.01 0.982531 2.972558 4.952472 6.92219 8.88164
    0.00 1.000000 3.000000

    1(-;I8
    5.000000 7.00000 9.00000
    [ c-p4
    1 [ 1
    c-y
    1 [(-;I2
    1 [ (-?)4
    1
    *See page x1.
    SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

    EIGENVALUES-PROLATE AND OBLATE Table 21.1


    OBLATE

    x,,(-ic)--77)2(772+1) *
    xI,~-ic)-2 *
    c2\n 1 2 3 4 5
    0.000000 4.000000 10.000000 18.000000 28.000000
    10 -0.204695 9.534818 17.520683 27.513713
    -0.419293 mi1 9.073104 17.043817 27.029223
    f -0.644596 2:678958 8.615640 16.569461 26.546548
    4 -0.881446 2.222747 8.163245 16.097655 26.065706
    -1.130712 1.758534 7.716768 15.628426 25.586715
    -1.393280 1.286300 7.277072 15.161786 25.109592
    -1.670028 0.806045 6.845015 14.697727 24.634357
    -1.961809 +0.317782 6.421425 14.236229 24.161031
    -2.269420 -0.178458 6.007074 13.777252 23.689634
    -2.593577 -0.682630 5.602649 13.320743 23.220190
    -2.934882 -1.194673 5.208724 12.866634 22.752726
    -3.293803 -1.714511 4.825732 12.414640 22.287271
    -3.670646 -2.242055 4.453947 11.965266 21.823856
    -4.065548 -2.777205 4.093464 11.517803 21.362516
    -4.478470 -3.319848 3.744202 11.072331 20.903290

    [Ic-y1
    -4.909200 -3.869861 3.405903 10.628718 20.446222

    [ 1
    C-$)2
    [(--p’1 c 1
    c-t)3
    1 1
    C-2)3

    *
    c-l\n 1 2 3 4 5
    0.25 -0.306825 -0.241866 0.21286 0.66429 1.2778
    0.24 -0.318148 -0.266693 0.17062 0.57759 1.1420
    0.23 -0.330984 -0.291340 0.13125 0.49460 1.0120
    0.22 -0.345469 -0.315894 0.09476 0.41533 0.8879
    0.21 -0.361702 -0.340450 0.06107 0.33974 0.7697
    0.20 -0.379735 -0.365113 0.03001 0.26779 0.6575
    0.19 -0.399564 -0.389998 +0.00127 0.19942 0.5515
    0.18 -0.421125 -0.415222 -0.02563 0.13449 0.4520
    0.17 -0.444308 -0.440907 -0.05142 0.07282 0.3591
    0.16 -0.468974 -0.467166 -0.07710 +0.01411 0.2735
    0.15 -0.494976 -0.494104 -0.10406 -0.04205 0.1958
    0.14 -0.522180 -0.521805 -0.13412 -0.09625 0.1271
    0.13 -0.550474 -0.550335 -0.16924 -0.14929 0.0680
    0.12 -0.579775 -0.579732 -0.21076 -0.20210 +0.0183
    0.11 -0.610027 -0.610016 -0.25868 -0.25572 -0.0250
    0.10 -0.641193 -0.641191 -0.31185 -0.31111 -0.0685
    0.09 -0.673251 -0.673251 -0.36901 -0.36888 -0.1219
    0.08 -0.706186 -0.706186 -0.42934 -0.42932 -0.1907
    0.07 -0.739985 -0.739985 -0.49242 -0.49242 -0.2714
    0.06 -0.774638 -0.774638 -0.55807 -0.55807 -0.3598
    0.05 -0.810135 -0.810135 -0.62616 -0.62616 -0.4542
    0.04 -0.846468 -0.846468 -0.69657 -0.69657 -0.5540
    0.03 -0.883628 -0.883628 -0.76923 -0.76923 -0.6588
    0.02 -0.921608 -0.921608 -0.84406 -0.84406 -0.7682
    0.01 -0.960401 -0.960401 -0.92100 -0.92100 -0.8820
    0.00 -1.000000 -1.000000 -1.00000 -1.0000
    cc-y1 cc-y1
    -1.00000

    c 1
    c-y
    c 1
    C-l)5
    II 1
    (-72

    *see page II.


    764 SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

    Table 21.1 EIGENVALC’ES-PROLATE .4ND OBLATE


    PROLATE
    hi.(c)-m(m+1) *
    b,(c) -6 *
    C-+8 2 3 4 5 6
    0.000000 6.000000 14.000000 24.000000 36.000000
    10 0.140948 6.331101 14.402353 24.436145 36.454889
    0.278219 6.657791 14.804100 24.872744 36.910449
    3 0.412006 6.980147 15.205077 25.309731 37.366657
    4 0.542495 7.298250 15.605133 25.747043 37.823486
    0.669857 7.612179 16.004126 26.184612 38.280913
    0.794252 7.922016 16.401931 26.622373 38.738910
    0.915832 8.227840 16.798429 27.060261 39.197451
    1.034738 8.529734 17.193516 27.498208 39.656510
    1.151100 8.827778 17.587093 27.936151 40.116059
    1.265042 9.122052 17.979073 28.374023 40.576070
    1.376683 9.412636 18.369377 28.811761 41.036514
    1.486122 9.699610 18.757932 29.249302 41.497364
    1.593469 9.983052 19.144675 29.686584 41.958589
    1.698816 10.263039 19.529549 30.123544 42.420160
    1.802252 10.539650 19.912501 30.560125 42.882048
    1.903860 10.812958 20.293486 30.996267 43.344222
    [c-y1 [
    C-t)‘5
    1 c 1
    C-j’2
    ll 1
    C-2)6
    [ 1
    C-j)8

    c-‘Ix,“(c) -61 *
    c-l\n 2 3 4 5 6
    0.25 0.475965 2.703239 5.073371 7.74906 10.8360
    0.24 0.489447 2.683149 4.994116 7.58138 10.5536
    0.23 0.503526 2.665356 4.919290 7.41971 10.2781
    0.22 0.518220 2.650003 4.849313 7.26479 10.0103
    0.21 0.533551 2.637236 4.784640 7.11743 9.7512
    0.20 0.549534 2.627196 4.725757 6.97858 9.5023
    0.19 0.566185 2.620017 4.673177 6.84931 9.2649
    0.18 0.583513 2.615819 4.627427 6.73081 9.0409
    0.17 0.601526 2.614701 4.589031 6.62442 8.8323
    0.16 0.620224 2.616735 4.558480 6.53155 8.6417
    0.15 0.639604 2.621954 4.536196 6.45371 8.4718
    0.14 0.659659 2.630349 4.522485 6.39236 8.3260
    0.13 0.680376 2.641862 4.517479 6.34878 8.2078
    0.12 0.701737 2.656384 4.521086 6.32389 8.1208
    0.11 0.723722 2.673764 4.532956 6.31794 8.0678
    0.10 0.746308 2.693817 4.552484 6.33030 8.0507
    0.09 0.769471 2.716339 4.578871 6.35935 8.0688
    0.793186 2.741120 4.611219 6.40263 8.1184
    F% 0.817429 2.767960 4.648642 6.45738 8.1932
    0:06 0.842175 2.796673 4.690346 6.52096 8.2864
    0.05 0.867402 2.827089 4.735658 6.59127 8.3919
    0.04 0.893087 2.859059 4.784022 6.66670 8.5057
    0.03 0.919209 2.892449 4.834980 6.74607 8.6249
    0.02 0.945747 2.927138 4.888160 6.82849 8.7477
    0.01 0.972684 2.963019 4.943252 6.91330 8.8730
    0.00 1.000000 3.000000 5.000000 7.00000 9.0000
    1 1
    C-j'9
    [ c-t)4
    1 [c-y1 (33’2
    [ 1
    *See page II.
    SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 765
    EIGENVALUES-PROLATE AND ORLATE Table 21.1

    OBLATE
    X,,(-ic)--m(m+l) *
    &,a(--id-6 *
    G\n 2 3 4 5 6
    0.000000 6.000000 14.000000 24.000000 36.000000
    10 -0.144837 5.664409 13;597220 23.564371 35.545806
    2 -0.293786 5.324253 13.194206 23.129322 35.092330
    3 -0.447086 4.979458 12.791168 22.694912 34.639597
    4 -0.604989 4.629951 12.388328 22.261201 34.187627
    -0.767764 4.275662 11.985928 21.828245 33.736444
    -0.935698 3.916525 11.584224 21.396098 33.286069
    -1.109090 3.552475 11.183489 20.964812 32.836522
    -1.288259 3.183450 10.784014 20.534436 32.387826
    -1.473539 2.809393 10.386106 20.105013 31.940000
    10 -1.665278 2.430250 9.990084 19.676587 31.493066
    -1.863838 2.045970 9.596286 19.249195 31.047043
    :: -2.069595 1.656508 9.205059 18.822869 30.601952
    -2.282933 1.261822 8.816762 18.397640 30.157814
    :i -2.504245 0.861875 8.431761 17.973532 29.714648
    15 -2.733927 0.456635 8.050424 17.550565 29.272476
    16 -2.972375 0.046076 7.673121 17.128753 28.831317

    [C-f)1
    1 (-p7
    [ 1 [ 1 * II(-pl1
    (-:)5
    [Ic-y1
    ~-~[X~,(-ic)-6]
    c-l\n 2 3 4 5 6
    0.25 -C.185773 +0.002879 0.47957 1.07054 1.8019
    0.24 -0.190754 -0.030028 0.41280 0.95365 1.6261
    0.23 -0.196680 -0.062228 0.34933 0.84167 1.4577
    0.22 -0.203790 -0.093813 0.28933 0.73461 1.2965
    0.21 -0.212386 -0.124893 0.23297 0.63251 1.1428
    0.20 -0.222841 -0.155607 0.18049 0.53537 0.9964
    0.19 -0.235596 -0.186120 0.13215 0.44322 0.8574
    0.18 -0.251126 -0.216631 0.08816 0.35607 0.7260
    0.17 -0.269873 -0.247375 0.04864 0.27389 0.6022
    0.16 -0.292149 -0.278624 +0.01342 0.19662 0.4863
    0.15 -0.318047 -0.310677 -0.01813 0.12409 0.3785
    0.14 -0.347414 -0.343847 -0.04727 +0.05600 0.2795
    0.13 -0.379928 -0.378432 -0.07609 -0.00822 0.1901
    0.12 -0.415213 -0.414688 -0.10778 -0.06954 0.1120
    0.11 -0.452947 -0.452800 -0.14643 -0.12937 +0.0470
    0.10 -0.492902 -0.492871 -0.19508 -0.18959 -0.0051
    0.09 -0.534942 -0.534937 -0.25333 -0.25217 -0.0517
    0.08 -0.578991 -0.578991 -0.31876 -0.31861 -0.1076
    0.07 -0.625006 -0.625006 -0.38955 -0.38955 -0.1844
    0.06 -0.672956 -0.672956 -0.46494 -0.46494 -0.2768
    0.05 -0.722813 -0.722813 -0.54456 -0.54456 -0.3791
    0.04 -0.774556 -0.774556 -0.62821 -0.62821 -0.4895
    0.03 -0.828164 -0.828164 -0I71571 -0.71571 -0.6073
    0.02 -0.883618 -0.883618 -0.80691 -0.80691 -0.7319
    0.01 -0.940902 -0.940902 -0.90171 -0.90171 -0.8629
    ,1.000000 -1l0000
    IIc-p1
    0.00 -1.000000 -1.00000 -1.00000
    C-i)5
    II 1 [C-l’2
    1 [ 1
    (536
    [ 1
    (-i)3

    *see page II.


    766 SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

    Table 21.2 ANGULAR FUNCTIONS-PROLATE AND OBLATE


    PROLATE
    Smn(c, cos 0)
    m n c\e 0" 10” 20” 30” 40” 50” 60” 70 80” 90”
    0 01 0.8481 0.8525 0.8651 0.8847 0.9091 0.9354 0.9606 0.9815 0.9952 1.000
    0.5315 015431 015772 016320 0.7032 0.7842 0.8654 0.9355 0.9831 1.000
    32 0.2675 0.2815 0.3242 0.3967 0.4980 0.6226 0.7571 0.8805 0.9682 1.000
    0.1194 0.1312 0.1689 0.2379 0.3442 0.4885 0.6589 0.8271 0.9530 1.000
    54 0.0502 0.0585 0.0861 0.1419 0.2380 0.3839 0.5742 0.7776 0.9383 1.000
    011 0.9046 0.8936 0.8602 0.8035 0.7225 0.6169 0.4878 0.3381 0.1731
    0.6681 016665 0.6598 0.6429 0.6081 0.5472 0.4540 0.3270 0.1717 i
    : 0.4034 0.4099 0.4273 0.4489 0.4630 0.4543 0.4068 0.3110 0.1695 0
    4 0.2042 0.2138 0.2415 0.2833 0.3294 0.3618 0.3566 0.2929
    5 0.0916 0.1001 0.1262 0.1703 0.2279 0.2840 0.3104 0.2752 OdE
    . i
    0 21 1.022 0.9795 0.8553 0.6621 0.4198 0.1556 -0.0988 -0.3105 -0.4509 -0.5000
    1.064 1.030 0.9271 0.7579 0.5296 0.2602 -0.0192 -0.2668 -0.4385 -0.5000
    : 1.041 1.023 0.9640 0.8497 0.6660 0.4104 +0.1061 -0.1938 -0.4171 -0.5000
    4 0.8730 0.8768 LT.8787 0.8513 0.7549 0.5553 0.2512 -0.0998 -0.3879 -0.5000
    5 0.6018 0.6233 0.6792 0.7407 0.7537 0.6494 0.3844 +0.0008 -0.3542 -0.5000
    0 31 0.9892 0.9042 0.6692 0.3400 -0.0045 -0.2816 -0.4259 -0.4085 -0.2467
    2 0.9590 0.8864 0.6816 0.3840 +0.0560 -0.2261 -0.3907 -0.3949 -0.2447 ii
    0.9090 0.8546 0.6957 0.4485 0.1501 -0.1364 -0.3319 -0.3714 -0.2412 0
    : 0.8197 0.7877 0.6868 0.5087 0.2591 -0.0215 -0.2514 -0.3376 -0.2361
    5 0.6650 0.6560 0.6183 0.5245 0.3482 +0.0971 -0.1575 -0.2952 -0.2293 00

    111 0.1578 0.3134 0.4643 0.6067 0.7355 0.8450 0.9290 0.9819 1.000
    2 0.1194 0.2437 0.3757 0.5149 0.6562 0.7892 0.9000 0.9740 1.000
    3 0.0776 0.1654 0.2724 0.4030 0.5546 0.7144 0.8597 0.9627 1.000
    0.0449 0.1018 0.1832 0.2994 0.4537 0.6353 0.8150 0.9497 llOO0
    54 0.0239 0.0588 0.1179 0.2162 0.3650 0.5602 0.7698 0.9361 1.000
    12 1 0.4788 0.9054 1.232 1.417 1.435 1.276 0.9562 0.5119 0
    2 0.3896 0.7509 1.052 1.253 1.316 1.212 0.9335 0.5088
    0.2780 0.5538 0.8148 1.030 1.149 1.118 0.8992 0.5039 :
    i 0.1762 0.3683 0.5813 0.7968 0.9643 1.008 0.8575 0.4979 0
    5 0.1011 0.2254 0.3896 0.5906 0.7879 0.8957 0.8127 0.4911 0
    13 1 0.9928 1.745 2.075 1.903 1.280 0.3775 -0.5521 -1.244 -1.500
    2 0.9559 1.710 2.092 1.998 1.432 0.5298 -0.4541 -1.214 -1.500
    0.8745 1.611 2.063 2.097 1.640 0.7606 -0.2972 -1.174 -1.500
    i 0.7393 1.418 1.934 2.128 1.841 1.032 -0.0951 -1.097 -1.500
    5 0.5662 1.146 1.691 2.047 1.975 1.299 +0.1319 -1.017 -1.500
    2 21 0.0844 0.3295 0.7111 1.189 1.710 2.211 2.627 3.000
    0.0690 0.2744 0.6092 1.054 1.572 2.101 2.566 %3e 3.000
    ; 0.0500 0.2051 0.4773 0.8738 1.380 1.944 2.475 2:859 3.000 e
    4 0.0328 0.1405 0.3487 0.6876 1.171 1.764 2.367 2.827 3.000
    5 0.0198 0.0898 0.2414 0.5212 0.9701 1.580 2.251 2.791 3.000
    2 31 0.4222 1.570 3.116 4.596 5.530 5.548 4.501 2.522
    0.3597 1.358 2.755 4.175 5.170 5.327 4.417 2.510
    32 0.2765 1.070 2.255 3.576 4.641 4.994 4.286 2.491
    0.1934 0.7758 1.723 2.909 4.025 4.588 4.122 2.466
    : 0.1244 0.5226 1.243 2.269 3.395 4.150 3.936 2.437
    From C. Flammer, Spheroidal wave functions. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957 (with
    permission).
    SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 767
    ANGULAR FUN4 ZTIONS-PROLATE AND OBLATE Table 21.2
    OBLATE
    &m(-k, 7)

    m n C\l 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
    0 01 1.000 1.002 1.007 1.016 1.028 1.044 1.064 1.088 1.115 1.147 1.183
    2 1.000 1.008 1.032 1.132 1.210 1.434 1.585 1.767 1.986
    1.000 1.022 1.089 :*i;: 1.377 1.617 2.366 2.923 3.648 4.589
    : 1.000 1.047 1.191 1:449 1.854 2.452 4.557 6.323 8.837 12.42
    5 1.000 1.083 1.341 1.835 2.648 3.952 9.211 14.23 22.11 34.48
    011 : 0.1001 0.2034
    0.2009 i%: 0.4274
    0.4065 0.5128 0.6952
    0.6222 0.8530
    1.035 0.9760
    1.243 1.484
    1.105
    : i 0:1016
    K~ 0.2079 0.3526
    0:3273 0.4664 ii-:::;
    0:7681 1.096
    0.8398 2.195
    1.425 3.105
    1.842 4.396
    2.378
    5” 0 0.1032 K::;
    . 0.3884 FE:
    . 0.9804 1.525 3.684 5.741 8.970
    0 21 -0.4863 -0.4450 -0.3757 -0.2779 -0.1507 +0.0070 0.1965 0.4197 0.6784 0.9749
    2 -0.4897 -0.4585 -0.4052 -0.3277 -0.2231 -0.0872 +0.0849 0.2999 0.5660 0.8930
    -0.4943 -0.4766 -0.4448 -0.3952 -0.3223 -0.2183 -0.0721 +0.1311 0.3845 0.7958
    4' -0.4966 -0.4891 -0.3681 -0.2485 -0.0458 0.2868 0.8201
    5 1:;;;;
    . -0.5234 -0.5495 r:;,'g
    . -0.5977
    -0.4356 -0.5869 -0.5067 -0.2880 0.1892 1.132
    -0.1477 -0.2810 -0.3855 -0.4466 -0.4491 -0.3768 -0.2130 +0.0600 0.4613 1.011
    O 3 3: 2f:g
    -0.2839
    -0.2885
    -0.3947
    -0.4097
    -0.4668
    -0.4998
    -0.4839
    -0.5421
    -0.4275
    -0.5140
    -0.2757
    -0.3841
    -0.0015
    -0.1091
    0.4274
    0.3711
    1.051
    1.138
    4 -0:1495 -0.4306 -0.6432 -0.5540 -0.2765 0.2912 1.327
    5 -0.1504 1;:;;;
    . -0.4589 1;;:::
    . -0.7489
    -0.6270 -0.8356 -0.8080 -0.5447 0.1715 1.723
    111 0.9961 0.9838 0.9628 0.8299 0.7506 0.6402 0.4731 0
    0.9994 0.9973 0.9923 0.9316
    0.9827 i%: 0.9340 0.8802 0.7864 0.6118 0
    : 1.006 1;025 1;05sm 1.093 i135 1.172 1.188 1.149 0.9724 0
    4 1.020 1.319 1.498 1.708 1.920
    5 1.041 :%i
    . :*:i:
    . 1.776 2.242 2.878 3.642 2.067
    4.400 1.950
    4.651 i
    0.5897 1.113 1.322 :'E 1.247
    1.487 0
    l 2 2’ 0.5950
    0.6043
    i%::
    .
    0.9140
    1.153
    1.228
    1.398
    1.541
    :-2:
    1:837
    :%I
    2:082 2:200 2.000 :
    : 0.6213 0.9640 1.349 I.780 2.250 2.723
    5 0.6400 1.040 1.537 2.165 2.947 3.868 3.092
    4.786 3.033
    5.138 :
    131 -1.500 -1.421 -1.189 -0.8136 -0.3165 0.2710
    -1.500 -1.431 -0.8941 -0.4427 +0.1060 0.9015
    0.7174 1.501 1.946
    1.826 1.951
    1.988 :
    : -1.500 -1.447 -0.6502 -0.1738 +0.3916 El 1.572 1.834. 0
    -1.500 -1.467 +%;
    rg;. -1.184
    -1.024
    -1.353 -0.9148 -0.5415 -0.0538 0:5403 1.177 1.619 0
    : -1.500 -1.486 -1.198 -0.9435 -0.5506 0.0161 0.7471 1.439 0
    2.972 2.889 2.748 1.970 1.585 1.131 0.6041 0
    2 2 2’ 2.979
    2.992 2.965
    2.915 ZE
    %4
    2:830
    2.291
    2.425
    2.693 %F z1"
    1.305
    :z: 1:615
    %E :
    :5 3.013
    3.052 x. 3.469
    3:111 x. 3.200
    4.202
    3:157
    4.564
    2:966
    4.746 4:460 3.188 i
    2 3. 1 1.486 x 4.115 5.086 5.704 5.877 5.503
    1.488 4.180 5.226 5.954 4.477
    4.990 2.683
    3.077 i
    : :-:2 2.996
    21943 4.295 5.482 6.413 t-9':: 5.982
    6.904
    iso9 3.073 4.475
    4.738 5.891 7.166 8:132 8.515 6.008
    7.857 5.408
    3.879 :
    : 6.515 8.347 10.07 11.28 11.21 8.354 0
    768 SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNC!l’IONS

    ‘Table 21.3 PROLATE RADIAL FUNCTIONS-FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

    R(l)
    mn (c’ t) JP)nm (c f E)

    wl n C\E 1.005 1.020 1.044 1.077 1.005 1.020 1.044 1.077


    0 0

    0 1
    I II
    -1 3.249
    -1 5.308
    -1 5.162
    5.786
    -1 4.125
    -1 3.328
    -1 5.311
    1: 54'::;
    -1 3:137
    0 2

    0 3
    II II
    -1 4.413
    -2 4.444
    1.833
    4.954
    3.421 -2 5.373
    -1 3.976
    4.293
    3.509
    1.947

    -1 1.287

    II II II
    11
    -1 12.323
    3
    4
    s -10 -2.077
    -4.885
    -1.075
    -7.294
    -6.911 -10 -1.417
    -2.874
    -7.453
    -4.734
    -4.585 -10 -1.071
    -1.248
    -5.480
    -3.432
    -2.924
    12
    ;
    : II II II II
    -2
    -3 2.378
    6.503
    -2 4.658
    -2 1.322
    4.802
    -2 9.296
    -2 2.012
    7.227
    -1 1.372
    1.960
    -2 2.754
    9.738
    -1 1.798

    13
    5.

    II1;:-:;:
    15 $$:: 1: :-:g
    .

    -1 3:553
    -2 7.089
    1.108
    -1 2.376 1; :-g
    .

    II
    2 2

    -2 6.612
    1:
    -4
    -3 1:372
    :3';2"
    2,566
    2 3

    From C. F’lammer, Spheroidal wave functions. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957 (with permission).
    SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 769
    OBLATE RADIAL FUNCTIONS-FIRST AND SECOND KINDS Table 21.4

    R@)
    mn(- GC, a)
    nk n 0 0.75
    0 0 7864
    9707

    :z:
    2189
    0356
    3758

    0 1

    0 2

    1 1

    1 2

    1 3

    2 2

    PROLATE JOINING FACTORS-FIRST KIND $&) Table 21.5

    From C. F’lammer, Spheroidal wave functions. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif.,
    1957 (with permission).
    22. Orthogonal Polynomials
    URS W. HOCHSTRASSER *

    Contents
    Page
    Mathematical Properties .................... 773
    22.1. Definition of Orthogonal Polynomials .......... 773
    22.2. Orthogonality Relations ................ 774
    22.3. Explicit Expressions .................. 775
    22.4. Special Values. .................... 777
    22.5. Interrelations ..................... 777
    22.6. Differential Equations ................. 781
    22.7. Recurrence Relations ................. 782
    22.8. Differential Relations ................. 783
    22.9. Generating Functions ................. 783
    22.10. Integral Representations ............... 784
    22.11. Rodrigues’ Formula. ................. 785
    22.12. Sum Formulas .................... 785
    22.13. Integrals Involving Orthogonal Polynomials ....... 785
    22.14. Inequalities ..................... 786
    22.15. Liiit Relations ................... 787
    22.16. Zeros ........................ 787
    22.17. Orthogonal Polynomials of a Discrete Variable ...... 788
    Numerical Methods ...................... 788
    22.18. Use and Extension of the Tables ............ 788
    22.19. Least Square Approximations ............. 790
    22.20. Economization of Series ................ 791
    References .......................... 792
    Table 22.1. Coefficients for the Jacobi Polynomials Ppfl)(z) ..... 793
    n=0(1)6
    Table 22.2. Coefficients for the Ultraspherical Polynomials C’j? (5) and
    forz”inTermsof C:)(z). ................... 794
    n=0(1)6
    Table 22.3. Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials Z’,(z) and for
    s”inTermsof T&r) ..................... 795
    n=0(1)12
    Table 22.4. Values of the Chebyshev Polynomials T,(z) ....... 795
    n=0(1)12,
    ~=..(..)l. 10D
    Table 22.5. Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials U,(z) and for
    z”in Terms of U,,,(z) .................... 796
    n=0(1)12
    Table 22.6. Values of-the Chebyshev Polynomials U,(z) ...... 796
    n=0(1)12, x=.2(.2)1, 10D
    * Guest Worker, Nationd Bureau of Standards, from The American University. (Pres-
    ently, Atomic Energy Commission, Switzerland.)
    771
    772 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOhUALS

    Page
    Table 22.7. Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials C,(z) and for
    z”inTermsof Cm(z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
    n=0(1)12
    Table 22.8. Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials S,(z) and for
    Z* in Terms of S,,,(z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
    n=0(1)12
    Table 22.9. Coefficients for the Legendre Polynomials P,(z) and for 9’
    in Terms of P,(z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798
    n=0(1)12
    Table 22.10. Coefficients for the Laguerre Polynomials L,(z) and for 2”
    in Terms of L,(z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
    T&=0(1)12
    Table 22.11. Values of the Laguerre Polynomials L,(s) . . . . . . . 800
    n=0(1)12, x=.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, Exact or 10D
    Table 22.12. Coefficients for the Hex-mite Polynomials H,,(z) and for 2”
    in Terms of H,(z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
    T&=0(1)12
    Table 22.13. Values of the Hermite Polynomials H,,(z) . . . . . . . 802
    n=0(1)12, x=.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, Exact or 11s
    22. Orthogonal Polynomials
    Mathematical Properties

    22.1. Definition of Orthogonal Polynomials where g(x) is a polynomial in x independent of SZ.

    A system of polynomialsj,(x), degree [jn(x)]=n, The system consists again of orthogonal


    is called orthogonal on the interval a<x_<b, polynomials. - -
    with respect to the weight function w(x), if
    (1.5
    22.1.1 P”(’

    b
    w(~>$(~)j&)dx=0 3
    s a
    (n#m;n, m=o, 1,2,. . .)

    The weight function w(x)[w(x) >O] determines


    the system j*(x) up to a constant factor in each
    polynomial. The specification of these factors is
    referred to as standardization. For suitably
    standardized orthogonal polynomials we set
    22.1.2

    b w(x)j~(x)dx=h,, jn(x)=k,x”+k:x~-‘+ . . .
    s@
    (T&=0,1,2,. ...)

    These polynomials satisfy a number of relation-


    ships of the same general form. The most
    important ones are: L
    /
    Differential Equation

    22.1.3 sz(x>f~+m(x>j~+~nfn=o
    /=
    where gZ(x), m(x) are independent of 72 and a,, a
    constant depending only on n.

    Recurrence Relation \

    22.1.4 .fn+‘= b,+~b,)j,-d-~


    3
    /

    where

    22.1.5 \

    I-
    Rodrigues’ Formula

    Jacobi Polynomials Pfi 8)(x) ,


    22.1.6 $=Lenw(x) -d”I~(~N9(~~1”~
    dx,
    FIGURE 22.1.
    a=1.5, /3=-.5, r&=1(1)5.
    773
    22.2. Orthogonality Relations
    =
    f.(z) (ame of Polynomia a b w(z) Standardization h. Remarks
    --
    n+an *+8+1 r(n+a+ l)r(n+B+ 1)
    22.2.1 P$@ (2) Jacobi -1 1 (l--2)*(1 +q P$#‘(l)= II>-1,8>-1
    ( > 2n+a+o+1 n!r(n+a+8+ 1)

    22.2.2 G.(P, q, 4 Jacobi 0 1 (1 --2)D-a~a-1 k,=l n!r(fl+q)r(n+p)r(n+p-q+l) P1-q> - 1, q>o


    (2n+~)r*Ch+~)

    22.2.3 C”‘(I) = ) Ultraspherical -1 1 (1--2*)a-t C”‘(1) w21-*r(n+2a)


    n a#0 a>--+
    (Gegenbauer) n!(n+a)[r(41*
    = n+2a-1
    ( n >
    bf0)

    a=0

    n#O
    22.2.4 T&l Chebyshev of the
    first kind
    -1 1 (l---z’)-1 T.(l) = 1
    n=O

    22.2.5 U”(4 Chebyshev of the


    second kind
    -1 1 (1 --zqt U,(l) =n+ 1

    1-q 29 -4 n#O
    22.2.6 cvd4 Chebyshev of the
    first kind -2 2
    ( > C,(2)=2
    n=O

    22.2.7 S.(z) Chebyshev of the


    second kind -2 2
    (
    l-2
    4>
    + S,(z)=n+ 1

    n#O
    22.2.8 T:(4 Shifted Chebyshev
    of the first kind 0 1 (z--z’)-+ Tf(1) = 1
    n=O
    Shifted Chebyshev *
    22.2.9 of the second 0 1 (x-x’)b q(1) =n+ 1
    kind

    22.2.10 Legendre
    (Spherical) -1 1 P.(l)=1

    22.2.11 1
    Shifted Legendre 0 1
    2n+l
    *See page 11.
    22.2. Orthogonality Relations-Continued
    - -
    Generalized 0 m e-Q? k =(-1)” r(a+n+ 1)
    Laguerre n a>-1
    n! n!

    22.2.13 Laguerre 0 co e-* k n -C--l)” 1


    L"(Z) n!
    *
    22.2.14 fin(Z) Hermite --m co e-zz e,=(-1)” &i2nn!

    * ,-‘?t
    22.2.15 He,(z) Hermite --a0 m e,=(-1)” &n!
    - -
    22.3. Explicit Expressions

    f”w=d”mgc.h(z)
    -- =
    f”(Z) N d. Bn (4 k. Remarks
    --
    P’“.I @)(2) 1 2n+a+B
    22.3.1 n ("lfr") &) (z- I)“-++ l)* a>--I,@>-1
    5 ( n >
    lYa+n+ 1) n r(a+8+n+m+l) 1 2n+a+8
    22.3.2 P-6)
    ” (J) n (x-l)“@ .jz ( a>-1, s>--1
    n!lYa+@+n+ 1) 0m . 2=r(a+m+l) n >
    r(q+n) r(p+2n-m) zm-m
    22.3.3 &(P, 4, d n
    (-‘)“, (3 r(q+n-m)
    1 P-q>-1, q>o
    r(p+W
    22.3.4 (72’ (2)
    [I; (-l)n rb+n-74
    m!(n-2m)!
    (22) “-*- 2" r(a+n)
    -arG)
    a>-f> a#0

    22.3.5 cy (2)
    [Iz n (-,)m (n-m-l)!
    tn!(n-2m)! (22) --*m n
    2"
    n#O n#O, CA”(l)= 1

    n
    22.3.6 T.(z)
    5
    L-1 3
    (- l)m (n-m-
    m!(n-2m)!
    I)! (22) n-h 2nd

    [Iz n (n-m)!
    22.3.7 Un(4 t---11* m!(n-2m)! (2x) n--l* 2"

    22.3.8 E-‘.(4
    [I;zn
    C---l)- (;,) (,,,,,) ~“-*“I (2n) !
    2n(n!)*

    22.3.9 Lb) (2) n 2” (-l)n a>-1


    (--ljm (n"-';) ,$- n!

    22.3.10 H.(z)
    [IT n! (--1)m '
    m!(n-2m)!
    (2.z)"-+m 2" ser! 22.11

    n : Z"-*m
    22.3.11 He.64 n! (-- llm m!2m(n-2m)! 1
    L-15 -
    776 ORTHOOONAL POLYNOMIALS

    Explicit Espressione Involving Trigonometric Function

    f.(cose)=~ am COB (n--an@


    m-0

    fs(ms@I 0, Remarka

    22.3.12 C”’
    I (CO8
    e) rbSm)r(a+n-m) a#0
    a4.0n
    mun-m)![Iya)]’
    22.3.13 P,(cose) $ (“m”) (2:r:)

    -X
    22.3.14 CiO)(c4x3e>=i cosne

    22.3.15 T,(cos8)=cos nB

    22.3.16 U,(cos f3)= sin sine


    (n+l)e

    FIQURE 22.2. Jacobi Polyrwmiata P!..@)(x),


    a=1(.2)2, 8=-J, n=5.

    -I

    FIQURE 22.3. Jacobi Polynomiala P>@(x), FIQURE 22.4. Gegenbaw (Ultrmpherical) PO&W.+
    a=1.5, fl=-.8(.2)0, n=5. mid C$)(x), a=.5, n=2(1)5.
    ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

    22.4. Z :cial Values -


    f”(Z) f.(-4 fvm f.(O) fled
    22.4.1 P$m (2) (- l)“Pp(z) n+a *
    ( n > ;[a--B+(a+Bf2)2]
    10, n=2m+ 1
    C’“’ n+2a- I
    22.4.2 I (2) (- l)q’(z)
    (- I)d* r(a+n’2), n=2m 2az
    a#0 ( n
    1 r(a) (n/2) !
    (-1)1
    2 9 n=2m#O
    22.4.3 P’” (2) (- l)“C~O’(Z) it n#O m
    2x
    I
    IO, n=2m+ 1

    22.4.4 T,(z) (- l)“T.(z) 1 (-l)m,n=2m


    I0, n=2m+ 1 2

    22.4.5 U.(z) t- l)nU”(z) n+l (-1) m,n=%m 2x


    10, n=2m+ 1
    :(-lin 2m , n=2m*
    22.4.6 P” (4 (- l)np”(z) 1 4”1 ( m > x
    .O, n=2m+l

    22.4.7 Lp (2) I
    (
    n+a
    n >
    -x+a+ 1

    iII (-1)” ~8
    cm! n=2m
    22.4.8 ~I&) (- l)“H.(Z) 2x
    (0, n=2m+l
    - -
    22.5. Interrelations

    Interrelations Between Orthogonal Polynomials of the


    Same Family

    Jacobi Polynomiab
    22.5.1

    ppyz>= r b+a+b+l)
    G. a+B+l,B+l,T)
    nW+a+B+l) (

    22.5.2
    Q*(p, *,+n!r(n+p) ~y*--1y22-1)
    r(2n+P)
    (see [22.21]).
    22.5.3

    F,(p, q,z)=(-l)“n! = P;~-~*Q-“(2r-l)


    r(n+n>
    (see [22.13]).

    Ultraspherical Polynomials

    22.5.4 c:‘(z)=lim; cp’(z)

    Chebyshev Polynomiab

    L-l.5 22.5.5
    FIGURE 22.5. Gegenbauer (Uhasphmhzl) PO&LO-
    mials cy(z), a=.2(.2)1, n=5. 22.5.6 T”(z)=u”(z)--zu”-l(4
    778 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

    22.5.7 T”(z)=sU.-l(x)-Un-2(~) 12.5.23 PA--‘*


    -*)(x)=& (F) T,(x)
    22.5.8 T&)=3 [u,(z)-u”-2(4l
    12.5.24 P!“*O)(x)=P,(x)
    22.5.9 u.(r)=s.(2it)=u:(~) Ultraspherical Polynomials
    i2.5.25
    r(a+Qb!2**
    22.5.10 U.-I(X)=~-~J- [z~“(z)--*+1(41 7:“,‘(x)= r(a)(2n)! Pp-,) (22*-l)

    (am
    22.5.26
    22.5.11 C,(z)= 2T” (;)=2 T*, (y)

    22.5.12 c”(x>=&(z~--s,-*~~~ WO)


    12.5.27
    22.5.13 s.(x)=u.(;)=u:(q

    22.5.14 2’*,(s)=2’,(22-1)=3 C,,(4z-2) (a#O)


    22.5.28
    (see [22.22]).
    22.5.15 U~(cc)=5.(4~-2)=U,(2z--)
    Cbebyshev Polynomials
    (see [22.22]).
    22.5.29 T,.+,(z)=& zPk-“t’(2~2--1)
    Generalized Laguerre Polynomials
    22.5.30 n!fi
    U*n(“)=r(n++) p$ -1, (2&- 1)
    22.5.16 Ltp’(x)=L,(x)

    22.5.31 2!!@-
    T”(@=r(n+4j pc-t.
    z 4) @)
    22.5.17 Lph)=(-l)m gm [L+mb$l
    (n+l)!fi
    22.5.32 Pi** 1)(x)
    Hermite Polynomials ua(2)=2r(n+*)

    22.5.18 He,(x)=2-“‘*H, z
    04
    (see [22.201).
    22.5.19 H,(~)=2~l*Ele.(xJZ)

    (see [22.13], [22.20]).

    Interrelations Between Orthogonal Polynomials of


    Difllerent Families

    Jacobi Polynomials
    22.5.20

    22.5.21

    FUXJRE 22.6. Chebyshev Polynomials T*(X),


    22.5.22 %=1(l)&
    *See page xx.
    ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS 779
    Legendre Polynomials

    22.5.35 P.(x)=P$yz)

    22.5.36 P, (5) = cy) (z)

    22.5.37

    g [P&)1=1.3 . . . (2m-l)C$!!_+,+)(z) Cm 234

    Generalized Laguerre Polynomials

    22.5.38

    I2 -
    FIWRE 22.7. Ciieby~hu Polynomials U,(x), 22.5.39 W”‘(x) =?&&j JJ2.+1(da

    T&=1(1)5.
    Hermite Polynomials
    22.5.33 T.(x)=; CkO)
    (2)
    22.540 Ha,(z) = (- 1)m2”m!L$1/2) (z2)
    22.5.34 U,(x>=C~‘)(x) 22.5.41 H2,+,(5)= (-l)‘“2k+1m!zLg’2)(z2)
    Orthogonal Polynomials as Hypergeometric Functions (see chapter 15)
    fn(x>=@(a, 6; c; dx))
    For each of the listed polynomials there are numerous other representations in terms of hyper-
    geometric functions.

    f. (2) d a b C VW
    l.

    22.5.42 Py(x) 1-Z


    -n n+cr+Is+l r+1
    -3-
    2
    22.5.43 P$8'(2) -n -n--o! -2n--a--8
    1--2

    x-l
    22.5.44 P$"(x) --A --n-B a+1 z+i

    22.5.45 P'.".@(z) -n x+1


    -n-a 8+1 z-i

    Un+2a) l-2
    22.5.46 C"'$8(x) -n n+2a a++
    n!l-(2a) -T
    22.5.47 1 -n n l-2
    T.(x) f -3-
    22.5.43 U.(x) n+l -n l-2
    n+2 * % 2
    22.5.49 P,(x) -n l-x
    n+l 1 2
    2
    22.5.50 P"(X) -n --n -2n 1--z

    l-n 1
    22.5.51 P,(z) -- n 2 i-n 2
    2
    22.5.52 Pdx) n CW! n+& 4 29
    (- 1) 22qny -n

    %+I(4 (- 1)“(2n+ 111 39


    22.5.53 -2qGpZ
    -n n+t 9
    780 ORTHOGONAL ‘OLYNOMIALS

    Orthogonal Pojynomials as Confluent Hypergeometric 22.5.58


    Functions (see chapter 13)
    H,(x) =2*~2ez2/2D,,(JZx)=2n~2ez2/2U
    22.5.54 L:a’(x)=~;a)M(-n, a+l, r)
    22.5.59 He,(x)-ee’2/4D,(x)=e”2/4U
    Orthogonal Polynomials as Parabolic Cylinder
    Functions (see chapter 19)
    Orthogonal Polynomials as Legendre Functions
    22.5.55 H, (5) =2”U ;-; n, ;, x2 (see chapter 8)
    ( > 22.5.60

    22.5.56 H,,(z)=(-l)-@$M(-m,;rzz) cp (2) =

    22.5.57 r(a+i>r(2cY+n) 1
    [z (22-q-~ P$q$, (5)
    n!Iy242)
    (2m+l)!
    * Hzm+l(~)=(--l)~ m! 2xM(-m, iJ x2)

    P”(X)

    FIGURE 22.9. Lagumre Polynomials L,,(x),


    n=2(1)5.

    H&9
    FIGURE 22.10. Hermite Polynomials 7)
    FIGURE 22.8. Legendre Polynomials P,(x) ,
    n=2(1)5. n=2(1)5.
    ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS 781
    22.6. Differential Equations

    g2(2)y”+g1(x)y’+go(x)y=o
    -- __-.---
    Y sdz) 91(z)
    _-

    22.6.1 P$@ (2) l-22 8-a-((2+B+2).r n(nta+P+ 1)

    22.6.2 (1 --z)“(l +z)~P(*~~)(.z)


    n 1-x* a-P+(a+B-2)x

    -+I 8&l
    22.6.3 (1 --z);;-(1 Sz) * fy’(2) 1 ID

    22.6.4 (,i”g+ycos,y++Py (cos


    2) 1 ID

    22.6.5 C”‘(
    I =) 1-Z - (2,-l- I)2 n(n+2a)

    22.6.6 (1 -zpc(q n x) l--22 (2a - 3)x

    22.6.7 (,-~*)~+~ Cc,)(x) 1 0

    22.6.8 (sin r)%$“‘(cos x) 1 0

    22.6.9 Tdr) 1-9 -X n*


    22.6.10 T,(cost) 1 0 n*

    - T"(Z) ; v,-lb) *
    22.6.11 l-22 -3x n*- 1

    22.6.12 lJ.(z) l-22 -3x n(n+2)


    22.6.13 Pm(x) 1-Z -2% n(n+ 1)

    22.6.14 4i=3P.(z) n(n+ 1)


    1 0 l-xl +(Lxy*

    22.6.15 L;'(z) x a+1--2 n

    22.6.16 e-rxa’2L~Q)(5) * 1; &+I n+;+1-g

    22.6.17 e-z12z(atI)12q4
    (r) 1 0 ___
    2n+a+i+1--(r2 __--
    2x 4x2 41
    1--a*
    22.6.18 ,-**/2,“+4L’,“’ (x’) 1 0 4n+2a+3-x*+7

    22.6.19 H.(z) 1 -2.z 2n

    2
    22.6.20 e-yH,(s) 1 0 2n+ 1 -x1

    22.6.21 He.(x) 1 -X n
    -
    782 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

    22.7. Recurrence Relations


    Recurrence Relations With Respect to the Degree n

    al,fn+l(x)= (aan+aanr)fn(x) -a4,fn-l(Z)

    fn aIn ah ah ah
    --
    22.7.1 @n+a+Bh 2(n+a)b+i3)
    Ghfa+B+2)

    22.7.2 Gnh q, 2) -[2n(n+p)+q(p-11)) (2n+p-2)4 n(n+r-l)b+p-1)


    (2n+p72)3 @n-!-p-l) (n+P-dm+P+l)

    22.7.3 Cl”‘(x) n+1 0 W+ff) n+2n-1

    22.7.4 T,(x) 1 0 2 1

    22.7.5 U,(x) 1 0 2 1

    22.7.6 S”(X) 1 0 1 1

    22.7.7 cm 1 0 1 1

    22.7.8 T.’ (4 1 -2 4 1

    22.7.9 Kc4 1 -2 4 1

    22.7.10 p. (4 n+l 0 2n+l n

    22.7.11 p:(x) n+l -2n-1 4n+2 n

    22.7.12 L!“‘(x) n+l 2n+(u+1 -1 n+a

    22.7.13 He64 1 0 2 2n

    22.7.14 He,(z) 1 0 1 n
    - -

    Miscellaneous Recurrence Relations Ultraspherical Polynomials

    Jacobi Polynomials 22.7.21


    22.7.15
    2~(1--;c2)C~_:“(2)=(2a+n--)C~,(2)--n2C~’(z)
    n+g+i+1) (l-z)P~+‘+~)(z)
    ( 22.7.22
    = (n+a+ l)P,‘a*@ (2) - (n+ l>P’&B, (z) =(n+2cY)zC~'(z)
    22.7.16 -(n+lm%(~)

    n+E+-+1 B (l+z)PpJ+l)(,) 22.7.23 (n+(~)C~~~‘(2)=(ru-l)[c~:1(5)-C~l(~)]


    ( 2 2 >
    =(n+B+I)P~s)(2>+(n+l)P~~Pi)(~) Chehyshev Polynomials
    22.7.24
    22.7.17 *
    2 T,(z) T&l = T?l+m(z) + ~,-I&$ (n>m>
    (l--)P~+‘,s)(2)+(1+2)P%‘8+1’(2)=2P~8)(s)
    22.7.25
    22.7.18 2(sc2-1)um-~(2)un-1(5)=T,+,(s)--T,_,(s)
    (2n+cu+B)P~-',8'(2)=(n+(y+B)P~,8'(~) (n2 m>
    22.7.26
    -(n+Bv%P(~)
    2T,(2)Un-1(2)=Un+,-1(2>+Un-m-*(2) (n>m)
    22.7.19
    (2n+a+P)P~,8-"(2)=(n+a!+B)P~,8'(s) 22.7.27

    + (n+cY>PgyJ(az) 2T,(z)U,-,(s)=U,+,-l(s)--u,-,-*(2) (n>m)

    22.7.20 Plp,S-l)(,)-P~-l.S)(,)=P~~)(z) 22.7.28 2T,(z)U,-,(5)=Uz,-l(z)


    *See page II.
    ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIAL& 783
    General&d Laguerre Polynomials 22.7.31

    22.7.29 Lp+yz)=~ [(72+Ly+l)L~)(2)-((12+l)L~,(2)]

    Lp+yI)==; [(z--n)L~“‘(z)+(ar+n)Ljp_‘,(z)] 22.7.32


    Q-')(z)= &a [(nt-l)~~1(2)-(nSl--z)L~'(z)l
    22.7.30 L~-')(~)=L,='(z)--L~*(z)
    22.8. Ihfferential Relations

    Ql(z)~f.(z)=g*(z)f"(z)+no(z)f"-~(~)

    f. 61 B1 go
    v
    22.8.1 Pp’ (2) (zn+a+B)(l-z*) 7&-B- (2n+a+BM 2(n+a)b+f9)
    *
    22.8.2 c!=) (2) 1-Z’ --Rz n+2a-1
    22.8.3 T&) 1-X’ -nx n
    22.8.4 U.(z) l-9 -7l.l n+l

    22.8.5 PA4 1-Z’ -TIX n


    22.8.6 L!“) (2) 2 n - (n+a)
    22.8.7 HI&) 1 0 2n
    22.8.8 He,@) 1 0 n
    -
    22.9. Generating Functions

    R= Jl-2zz+z2

    f&) g(w) Remarks


    --
    22.9.1 P$fl(x) R-‘(l--e+R)-“(l+e+R)-8 Id<1

    22.9.2 cp (2) bl<l,aZO

    22.9.3 cp (2) R-h bl<l,afO

    22.9.4 c#y (2) 1 --In R’ bl<l

    22.9.5 C”I (2) NW eam*~(;sin*)L-al.-t(asinB) x=cos 9


    rb+t)rcb+4
    22.9.6 T,(z) 2 (9+1) --1<2<1
    l4<1
    42 2n
    22.9.7 T&J R-‘(l--ZL+ R)*fi -l<:<l
    Gn ( > Id<1
    1
    22.9.8 ‘J”.W 1-4 In R* ao= I
    n -l<z<l
    IKl
    l-22
    22.9.9 1 -l<x<l
    R’ l4<1
    22.9.10 1 R-1 - l<z<l
    14<1
    42 2n+2
    22.9.11 pi ( n+1 > $ (1--zz+R)-“2 * -l<z<l
    Id<1
    *see page n.
    784 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

    22.9. Generating Functions-Continued

    A(4 4 g@, 4 Remarks


    A
    /I

    22.9.12 P*(z) 1 R-1 -l<z<l


    /J IKl
    1
    22.9.13 P”(4 e* 0”’ ‘J&e sin 0) z=cos 6
    J

    22.9.14 u4 1 (l-zz+z’)-’ -2<2<2


    Id<1
    22.b.15 L”’I) (2) 1 (l--r)-*+ exp (5) M<l

    1 *
    22.9.16 LA=’ (4 (x~)-t~e~~.(2(xz)*~~l
    IYnSa+l)
    1 elZ,-”
    22.9.17 H,(z) ii
    (-.I)” ez co9 (226) *
    22.9.18 Hd4 (2n) !

    22.9.19 C-1)” rl’*e* sin (2~4) t


    Han+* (4 (2n+ l)!

    22.10. Integral Representations


    Contour Integral Representationa
    2(t, z)ds where C is a closed contour taken around z=a in the positive sense

    f&J) BOW Bl (64 gdwz) a Remarks

    21-l (1 - E)‘(l+ z)@


    22.10.1 f 1 outside C
    (1-x)$1 +2p 2(2-x) 2-X
    22.10.2 1 l/z (1--22~+z’)-9-’ Both zeros of
    1 - 2zr+ a’outside C,
    a>0
    b 1 - 2’ Both zeros of
    22.10.3 Tdz) 112 e(l-2Zz+E’) I-2zz+z*outaideC
    1 Both zeros of
    22.10.4 U.(x) 1 l/t 1 - 22~ + z* outside C
    2(1-222+r*)
    Both zeros of
    22.10.5 Pm 1 i (l-Ls+e’)-“~ 1 - 2zc+ ESoutside C
    1 21-l - 1
    22.10.6 Pm 5 I-2 Z-2
    e -,“,
    22.10.7 Lyx)
    I e97 e-’ Zero outside C
    E-2

    22.10.8 L,$qz) 1 1+; e-*


    (
    1+:
    >
    Y/z z= --z outside C
    esz*-rl
    22.10.9 H,(z) ?Z! l/S 2

    Miacdaneoue Integral Representations

    (a>O)
    ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS 785

    22.10.12 P,(cos e) =-; * (cos O+i sin e co9 fp)U#~ 22.10~14 ~g)(x)=$ m e-It”+; J,@&)dt
    s0
    .s 0
    22.10.15
    22.10. 13 P,(cos e,d * sin (n+wJd4 H,(x)=e’* T srn e-l*t” cos (2&-i,) dt
    * n- s 0 (co9 e-cos +)* 0

    22.11. Rodrigues’ Formula

    The polynomials given in the following table are the only orthogonal polynomials which satisfy
    this formula.

    I f”(Z) I a, I PC4 d4

    22.11.1 PFp 8) (2) (- 1)“2%! (1 --z)“(l +iry 1-Z’


    22.11.2 cp (2)
    rcwr(a+n+3) (l-@a-t 1-Z
    (- 1)“2”n! ;{;,+I r(n+2a)
    f (1 -cl?)-’ 1-Z’
    22.11.3 T&J (-1)“2” 1/;; *

    22.11.4 Us&) (l-21)’ 1-Z


    y;;;, (fi:“:,%
    Pd4 1 l-24
    x*i . . L?‘(x) n! e-97 2
    22.11.7 p’
    H,(z)
    22.11.8 He,(z) [I:{” II &2 ;

    22.12. Sum Formulas 22.13. Integrals Involving Orthogonal Poly-


    Christoffel-Darboux Formula nomials
    22.12.1
    22.13.1

    2n ‘(l--y)“(l+y)Bp:“,8)(y)dy
    s
    Miscellaneous Sum Formulas (Only a Limited Selection ~~lp_~‘,B+l’(~)-(~~x~~+l(l+x~~+lp~~~l~~+l~~~~
    Is Given Here.)

    22.12.2 22.13.2
    Q2&~=t[l+u*n(41

    22.12.3 g; ~*m+1(4=3U*n-1(5)
    I =cyp(O)- (l-2yqy(2!)
    Tl l-T*n+2(4
    22.12.4 isou2"(4' 2(1-x*) 22.13.3 r’ Tn Mdy
    JTl (y-x)~=Tu~-l(x)

    22.12.5 _cl vT=i%&)dy =-nTn,xl


    22.13.4 - *
    J-I (Y--X)
    22.12.6 ~oLl’(x)~~~~(y)=L~+B’.‘(z+y)
    22.13.5 ’ (1-x )-l/*P.(x)dx=& *
    s -1

    22.13.6 * Pz.(cos @de=& p>’


    22.12.8 s0

    *See page Ii.


    - . ,
    22.13.7
    S 0
    r P2,,+,(~0s e) cos
    786 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

    22.13.8 22.14. Inequalities


    22.14.1

    Ic?~)(x)I 5
    ( >
    “;t’ wag, if q=max (a, /3) 2 -l/2
    b+--l,8>-1)
    22.13.9
    i IP$e)(z’)I -$t if *<--l

    8-a
    2’ maximum point nearest to -
    a+P+l

    22.14.2
    CA>-2)
    22.13.10 (“‘y> (a>01
    “P,odt= 1 la%M
    [T&l +Tn+l(41
    { Ia@W>l (-f<a<o)
    s -1 &3 (n+i)fi

    22.13.11 x’=O if n=2m; x’=maximum point nearest zero


    lP,(t)dt if n=‘2m+l
    S2 q=q-(n+a;Fx [~n(x)--n+1(91
    22.14.3

    22.13.12 zm e-*Lr)(t)dt=e-“[L~‘(X)-L$)P-‘1(2)] ~W(cos @1<2’-= (sinne;‘;(a) (O<(ll<l, o<e<4


    s

    22.13.13 22.14.4 IT&)ll1 (-15x11)

    r(a+p+n+l)Joz (x-t)@-+LP)(t)dt dTn


    22.14.5 - (4 <n2 (-11x11)
    =r(cu+n+i)r(~))+BLP+B)(2) I dx I
    (A%%>--1, m>w
    22.13.14 22.14.6 IUn(x)l In+1 (-l<z<l)

    = Lm(t)Ln(x-t)dt
    s0 z 22.14.1 IPn(4 II 1 (-l<x<l)
    =
    S 0
    L,+,(t)dt=L,+“(x)---L,+“+l(x)
    22.14.8
    dp,(xl
    ----&--
    1
    Ip(n+l) (-l~s~l)
    I I
    22.13.15
    S 0
    ’ e-f2~~(t)dt=~n-l(O>-e-Z2~,-~(x)
    22.14.9 IPn(x)l 2 2 --i- (---l<dl)
    J 7m4&?
    22.13.16
    S0) 0
    z H,(t)dt=
    22.14.10
    22.13.17
    S-m e-f2H2,(tx)dt=fi y (9-l)” ~‘.o-P~-l(,)P~+l(x)<3~n~l)(-15x11)
    22.14.11
    me-f2tH2,+l(tx)dt=~
    22.13.18
    Pm+l)!
    mrx(x2~l)m 1 -P’,(x)

    S-m
    Pn2(x)-PAdPn+1(x~2 (2n-l)(n+1)

    22.13.19
    /rm 1 e-“tnH,(Xt)dt--~!P,(X)
    22.14.12 ILd4 I I fP (x2 0)
    (-l<x<l)

    J-m
    22.14.13 1Lp) (x) I 5 LfrTr:.:) ezj2 620, x20)
    22.13.20
    22.14.14

    Sme-r2[H,(t)]2
    0
    cos (xt)dt=Ji;2n-‘n!e+L,
    0
    g
    ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS 787

    22.14.15 I&,(z) 15 ez2’222nr~! 22.15.2 fi [; L:) (;)]=r-a/v,(2&

    (x20> 22.15.3 lim W,“dEH r 1


    22.14.16
    n+m 4”n! HI
    In zfi =-&cm 5

    H,,(x) 1<ez212k2”f2&! k= 1.086435 22.15.4 lim -(-ljnH


    22.14.17 n-t- 4%!

    22.15. Limit Relations 22.15.5 =LP’ (2)


    22.15.1

    22.16. Zeros
    For tables of the zeros and associated weight factors necessary for the Gaussian-type quadrature
    formulas see chapter 25. All the zeros of the orthogonal polynomials are real, simple and located
    in the interior of the interval of orthogonality.
    Explicit and Asymptotic Formulas and Inequalities
    Notations:
    xg)mth zero of fn(x) (xj”)<xP< . . . <x?)) j, %, mth positive zero of the Bessel function Jol(x)

    e:)=arccos ~$~+~(o<ejn)<ep< . . . -0X4 O<j, l<ja,2< . - .


    =
    f”(Z) Relation
    --
    22.16.1 Py)(cos e) lim nf$?=j,,, &>-I, s>-1)
    Ta+-
    22.16.2 C’“‘(
    n x)

    22.16.3 C’“’n (co9 I?)

    22.16.4 T&) &pcos2m--1


    2n
    *
    22.16.5 U.(x) xg)=cos 2% *
    n+l
    2m-1 2m
    -2n+l r<ti”‘<
    -“-2n+lR
    22.16.6 P,(cos e)
    e(p=- 4m-1 1
    -4m- 1 r+O(n-y
    i 4n+2 “+8n’ Cot 4n+2

    22.16.7 P.(x)

    22.16.8 L’“’II (2) k,=T+q

    +()(+)

    For error estimates see [22.6].


    788 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

    22.17. Orthogonal Polynomials of a Discrete Tw*(xi) is finite. The constant factor which is
    Variable
    still free in each polynomial when only the orthogo-
    In this section some polynomialsf,(x) are listed nality condition is given is defined here by the
    which are orthogonal with respect to the scalar explicit representation (which corresponds to the
    product Rodrigues’ formula)

    22.17.1 KJm’=~ w*(xtYn(x*)f,(xi>. 22.17.2 fn(x)=--&


    n A”[w*(xMx, n)l
    The xi are the integers in the interval a<x& b where g(x, n)=g(x)g(x-1) . . . g(x-n+l) and
    and 20*(x<) is a positive function such that g(x) is a polynomial in x independent of n.
    = - = = = = =
    Name a b w*(x) dx, 4 Remarks
    -- -- -- -- _- _-

    Chebyshev N-l 1 l/n!


    (3 (“n”>
    qv! P, q>o;
    Krawtchouk N p-J”-= x (- l)nn!
    0 (x-n)! p+q=l
    e-au= x!
    Charlier OD (-l)ndann! a>0
    x! (z-n)!
    c=r(b+x) X!
    Meixner 03 C” b>O, O<c<l
    r(b)x! (x-n)!

    0) r(b)r(c+z)r(d+z) x!r(b+x)
    Hahn n!
    s!r(b+x)r(c)r(d) (x-n)!r(b+z-n)
    - - - - -

    For a more complete list of the properties of these polynomials see [22.5] and [22.17].

    Numerical Methods

    22.18. Use and Extension of the Tables

    Evaluation of an orthogonal polynomial for which the coe&ients are given numerically.
    Example 1. Evaluate La(1.5) and its first and second derivative using Table 22.10 and the
    Horner scheme.
    = -
    I -36 450 - 2400 5400 - 4320 720

    2=1.5 1. 5 -51.75 597.375 - 2703. 9375 4044.09375 - 413. 859375

    1 -34.5 398. 25 - 1802. 625 2696.0625 - 275.90625 306. 140625

    L -306. 140625
    1.5 1. 5 -49.5 523. 125 - 1919. 25 1165. 21875 6- 720
    =. 42519 53

    1 733.0 348. 75 - 1279. 500 776. 8125 889. 3125

    L,=889. 3125
    1.5 1. 5 -47. 25 452. 250 - 1240. 875 6 720
    = 1.23515 625

    1 L,,=2 [ - 464.06251
    -31.5 301. 50 -827. 250 - 464.0625 (I 720
    =-I. 28906 25
    - - -
    ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS 789
    Evaluation of an orthogonal polynomial using the explicit representation when the coe&ients are not
    given numerically.
    If an isolated value of the orthogonal polynomial f*(x) is to be computed, use the proper explicit
    expression rewritten in the form
    fkd =&(4dx~
    and generate a,,(r) recursively, where
    a,-l(x)==l -~jCW.Cx) (m=n, n-l, . . ., 2, 1, a,(z)=l).

    The d,(x), b,, c,,.f(z) for the polynomials of this chapter are listed in the following table:
    =
    fn(4 dn(4 bm I G&

    p’u,
    ” 8)
    n+a (n-m+l)(a+B+n+m) 2m(a+m)
    ( >
    cl”,’ (-n. $? Z(n-m+l)(a+n+m-1) m(2m- 1)

    C’“’
    an+1
    (-1)” kp .,& P(n-m+l)(a+n+m) m(2m+ 1)

    T an C-1)” Z(n--m+l)(n+m-1) m(2m- 1)

    T 2?I+1 (-1)n(2n+1)2 2(n-m+l)(n-tm) m(2m+ 1)


    u In (-1)” 2(n-m+l)(n+m) m(2m- 1)

    u 2”fl (-1)“2(n+l)z! 2(n-m+l)(n+m+l) m(2m+ 1)

    (-1)” 2n
    Pl, (n-m+1)(2n+2m-l) m(2m- 1)
    -( 4” n >

    P a*+1 0” %+I (n+l)x (n-m+1)(2n+-2m+l) m(2mS 1)


    4” ( n >

    Lb’n n-m+1 m(a+m)

    Hzn 2(n-m+ 1) m(2m- 1)

    H ail+1 (-1)” @n+l)‘& 2(n-m+ 1) m@m+ 1)


    -I n!
    Example 2. Compute Z’~1’2*3i2)(2). Here de= =3.33847, f(2)=-1.

    m 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

    i: 1 1. 132353 1.366667 48 1.841026 60 3.008392 70 6.849651 78 26.44156 84 223. 1091


    88 6545. 533
    90
    %I 1;: 1:: 78 55 36 21 10 3 0

    ~~*‘2~3’2’(2)=d~,(2)=(3.33847)(6545.533)=21852.07
    Evaluation of orthogonal polynomials by means of their recurrence relations
    Example3. Compute@)(2.5)for n=2,3,4,5,6.
    From Table 22.2 C$)= 1, C?= 1.25 and from 22.7 the recurrence relation is

    n 2 3 4 5 6
    -___
    cq2
    n *5) 3. 65625 13.08594 50.87648 207.0649 867.7516

    Check: Compute @‘(2.5) by the method of Example 2.


    790 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

    Change of Interval of Orthogonality

    In some applications it is more convenient to use polynomials orthogonal on the interval [0, 11.
    One can obtain the new polynomials from the ones given in this chapter by the substitution x=2:- 1.
    The coefficients of the new polynomial can be computed from the old by the following recursive scheme,
    provided the standardization is not changed. If

    “f”(X) =gowm, f:(z)=~~(2z-l)=~~u~zm

    then the n: are given recursively by the a,,, through the relations
    u~)-~u~-~‘-u~~,; 7n=n-1, n-2, . . ., j; j=O, 1, 2, . . ., n
    (-‘)=a,/2,
    am m=O, 1, 2, . . ., n
    u$)=2&,j=O, 1, 2, . . ., n and u~~,“‘=uZ; m=O, 1, 2, . . ., n.
    Example 4. Given Ts(z)=5z-20z3+16z5, find T:(z).

    ‘m 5 4 3 2 1 0
    j
    \
    -1 f+ &” 0 -lo=&-” 0 2.5=a;-*) 0

    0 -16 -4 -1=a;
    1 it -64 -4: 5L;
    - 192 3;: -4oo=a;
    P 1;: -512 1120=a;
    256 - 1280=a;
    t 512=a;

    Hence, Z’,*(z)=512xs-1280x4+1120z3-400x2+50x---1.

    22.19. Least Square Approximations D a Continuous Interval

    Problem: Given a function j(z) (analytically or Example 5. Find a least square polynomial of
    in form of a table) in a domain D (which may be
    a continuous interval or a set of discrete p~ints).~ degree 5 for j(z)=kx J in the interval 21x15,
    Approximate J(Z) by a polynomial F,,(z) of given using the weight function
    degree n such that a weighted sum of the squares
    of the errors in lJ is least. 1
    Solution: Let w(z) 20 be the weight function W(Z)=,&x-2)(5-x)
    chosen according to the relative importance of
    the errors in different parts of D. Let j,,,(x) be which stresses the importance of the errors at the
    orthogonal polynomials in D relative to w(z), i.e. ends of the interval.
    Cj,,,, j,,) =0 for m #n, where
    Reduction to interval [-1, 11, t=2q
    WMf(4!JW~
    if D is a continuous interval
    w(x(t)>2 1
    3 Jl-t2

    if D is a set of N discrete points x ,,,. From 22.2, jm(t) = Z’,,,(t) and


    Then
    4’1 1
    v
    um=3?r -1 Jl.+Z S -
    t-/-3
    T,(t)& (m #O>

    *
    where
    am= (j, jmMj~9 &de 2 l -- 1
    u”=3?, s -, Jiq
    di!
    t+3
    *f(z) haa to be square integrable, see e.g. (22.17).

    *See page II.


    OR!l’HOGONAL POLYNOMIAL& 791

    Evaluating the integrals numerically we get


    1
    --.235703-.080880Tl + .013876Tz (F)- .00238OT, rq)
    1+x

    D a Set of Discrete Points

    If x,,,=m(m=O, 1, 2, . . ., N) and w(x)=l, use the Chebyshev polynomials in the discrete


    range 22.17. It is convenient to introduce here a slightly different standardisation such that

    Recurrence relation: jO(x) = 1 ,ji(2) = 1 -g

    (n+l>(N-~)j”+l(~)=(2~+1)(~--x)j”(~)--n(~+~+l)j~-l(x)
    Example 6. Approximate in the least square sense the function j(x) given in the following table
    by a third degree polynomial.

    2 I f(z) I z=-
    z-
    2
    10 fo@)
    I
    fit23
    I
    fi@)
    I
    fz(z)

    10
    ::
    .3162
    : 2673
    2887
    0
    1
    : 1,; -1,; 4
    :: : 2357
    2500 i :1
    -l/1
    -1
    -7); 1
    $
    -1

    hcf) fl (3 j*m f2m


    5 2. 5 3.5 10

    1.3579 .09985 .01525 .0031

    (f t fn>
    .271580 .039940 .0043571 .000310
    an=(fn,

    j(x)-.27158+.03994(3.5-.25x)+.0043571(23.5-3.5x+.125;Ga)+.00031(266-59.8333x
    +4.375x2-.10417x33)
    j(x) +.59447- .043658x+ .00190092- 9000322921
    22.20. lkonomization of Series 1 Then, since IT,(s)l11(-l<x<l)
    Problem: Given j(x)= 2 a,x’ in the interval
    m=O -j(x) =m.fo b, T,,, (x)
    -11x11 and R>O. Findy(x)=g
    b,,,xmwith N
    m=O within the desired accuracy if
    as small as possible, such that /y(x)-j(x) I<R.
    Solution: Express j(x) in terms of Chebyshev
    polynomials using Table 22.3,
    I% lbml<R
    w-N+1

    j(x) is evaluated most conveniently by using the


    f(x) =m$obmT,(x) recurrence relation (see 22.7).
    792 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

    Example 7. Economize f(z) = 1 +x/2 +xz/3 so


    +jc’[4+x4/5+$/6 with R=.05.
    From Table 22.3 &I=&, W’o(4+32Tz(41+& F’6~1(~)+11~d~~l
    .I(~)=~~~149~e(z)+32~~(~)+3~,(~)1
    +~[76~~(~)+llT,(z)+~~(~)l since

    References
    Texts [22.14] J. Meixner, Orthogonale Polynomeysteme mit
    einer besonderen Gestalt der erzeugenden Funk-
    [22.1] Bibliography on orthogonal polynomials, Bull. of tion, J. London Math. Sot. 9, 6-13 (1934).
    the National Research Council No. 103, Wash- [22.15] G. Sansone, Orthogonal functions, Pure and
    ington, D.C. (1940). Applied Mathematics, vol. IX (Interscience
    [22,2] P. L. Chebyshev, Sur l’interpolation. Oeuvres, Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1959).
    vol. 2, pp. 59-68. [22.16] J. Shohat, ThQrie g&&ale des polynomes ortho-
    [22.3] R. Courant and D. Hilbert, Methods of mathe- gonaux de Tchebichef, MBm. Sot. Math. 66
    matical physics, vol. 1, ch. 7 (Interscience (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France, 1934).
    Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1953). [22.17] G. Szego, Orthogonal polynomials, Amer. Math.
    [22.4] G. Doetsch, Die in der Statistik seltener Ereignisse Sot. Colloquium Publications 23, rev. ed. (1959).
    auftretenden Charlierschen Polynome und 122.181 F. G. Tricomi, Vorlesungen tiber Orthogonalreihen,
    eine damit zusammenhiingende Differential- chs. 4, 5, 6 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany,
    differenzengleichung, Math. Ann. 109, 257-266 1955).
    (1934). Tables
    [22.5] A. ErdBlyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
    [22.19] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
    vol. 2, ch. 10 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
    Legendre Polynomials, Mathematical Tables,
    New York, N.Y., 1953).
    Part vol. A (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
    [22.6] L. Gatteschi, Limitazione degli errori nelle formule England, 1946). P,(z), 2=0(.01)6, n=1(1)12,
    asintotiche per le funzioni speciali, Rend. Sem. 7-8D.
    Mat. Univ. Torina 16,83-94 (1956-57). [22.20] N. R. Jorgensen, Undersbgelser over frekvens-
    [22.7] T. L. Geronimus, Teorla ortogonalnikh mnogo- flader og korrelation (Busck, Copenhagen, Den-
    chlenov (Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1950). mark, 1916). He,(z), 2=0(.01)4, n=1(1)6,
    [22.8] W. Hahn, tuber Grthogonalpolynome, die q- exact.
    Differenzengleichungen gentigen, Math. Nachr. [22.21] L. N. Karmazina, Tablitsy polinomov Jacobi
    2, 4-34 (1949). (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R.,
    [22.9] St. Kaozmarz and H. Steinhaus, Theorie der 1954). C.(p, q, z), z=O(.Ol)l, q=.l(.l)l,
    Orthogonalreihen, ch. 4 (Chelsea Publishing Co., p=1.1(.1)3, n=1(1)5, 7D.
    New York, N.Y., 1951). [22.22] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Cheby-
    shev polynomials S.(Z) and C,,(r), Applied
    [22.10] M. Krawtchouk, Sur une g6nt%lisation des poly-
    Math. Series 9 (U.S. Government Printing
    nomes d’Hermite, C.R. Aced. Sci. Paris 187,
    Office, Washington, D.C., 1952). 2=0(.001)2,
    620-622 (1929). n=2(1)12, 12D; Coeflicients for T.(Z), U,,(z),
    [22.11] C. Lanczos, Trigonometric interpolation of empir- C.(z), S,(z) for n=0(1)12.
    ical and analytical functions, J. Math. Phys. [22.23] J. B. Russel, A table of Hermite functions,
    17, 123-199 (1938). J. Math. Phys. 12, 291-297 (1933). eMsa”H.(z),
    [22.12] C. Lanczos, Applied analysis (Prentice-Hall, x=0(.04)1(.1)4(.2)7(.5)8, n=O(l)ll, 5D.
    Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1956). [22.24] N. Wiener, Extrapolation, interpolation and
    [22.13] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formeln und smoothing of stationary time series (John Wiley
    Siitze fiir die speziellen Funktionen der mathe- & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1949). L,(Z),
    mat&hen Physik, ch. 5, 2d ed. (Springer- n=0(1)5, z=0(.01).1(.1)18(.2)20(.5)21(1)26(2)30,
    Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1948). 3-5D.
    Coeffieients for the Jacobi Polynom,ials P$@(z) =a;’ 2 c,,,(z- 1)” Table 22.1
    In=0

    a. (z-1)0 (z- 1)1 (x-l)’ (z- 1)s (z-l)' (x- 1)s (z-l)‘1

    p$z* P, 1 1 E

    p+ b, 2 2ta+ 1) a+!9+2 4
    z: -
    p;a. pl 8 4((r+l), 4(a+@+W(a+% (a+8+3)r
    $
    p+ P, 48 8(a+l), 12(a+8+4(a+% 6(a+8+4Ma+3) (a+8+4), $
    pia*8) 384 16(a+ 1)' Wa+8+5)(a+% Wa+8+5h(a+% 8(a+8+5Ma+4 (a+l9+5)4
    zi
    pia. P, 3840 32(a+ l)s wa+k3+6)(a+2)4 Wa+8+6Ma+3h 4O(a+8+6Ma+4)r Wa+8+6Ma+5) (a+B+Ws 2
    p& 8) 46080 64(a+ l)a lQ%a+8+7)b+2)r 240(a+8+7h(a+3)4 lWa+8+7)s(a+4)a Wa+8+7)da+5h Wa+8+7)s(a+6) (a+@+716 2

    (m).=m(m+l)(m+2) . . . (m+n-1) $
    z:
    F:*“(z)=& [(8)s(z-l)~+10(8),(6)(z-l)4+40(8),(5)~(z-l)s+8O(8),(4),(z-l)’+80(8)(3)4(z-l1)+32(2)s]

    Pf*“(z)=& [9504O(z-1)6+4752OO(z- 1)‘+864OOO(z- 1)‘+6912OO(z- 1)*+2304OO(z- 1) +23040]


    L

    Table 22.2 Coefficients for the Ultraspherical Polynomials C:‘(Z) and for 2” in terms of C~)(Z)

    C(z) (z) = a;’ 5 c,,,zm and fl= b;’ $, d,&‘!?(z) (a?-)


    ?I’=0

    20 2’ 23 39 z’ 39 I 3Y I
    b. 1 2a %a)3 4(& 4(d4
    --
    Cc!=)
    a,
    1 1 1 a 3a(a+3) I 15&+4)(a+5) I cc? I

    Cl”’ 1 2a 1 3(a+ 1) 15(a+ 1) (a+4)

    Ci=) 1 --Q 2(a), 1 G+ ‘3 1 45(a+2)(a+5) I$1

    cp 3 - 6(43 4(a)s 3 3fxa+ 3) CP

    C$’ 6 3b)3 - W4a 46x)4 6 wa+ 4) I Cp I

    Cp 15 I 1 15(& -2’%h 4(& 30 Cp

    90 ) -15b)a 1 864s 90
    Cp I Cp
    w34 - W&
    I

    55s a9
    I z” I %’ a9 2, d
    I I I
    (a)“=a(a+l)(a+2) . * * (a+n-l)

    c?(z) =; [4(2)#-6(2)~] -A- [3(3)G3’(2) + 3cpyz)l


    *=4(2),
    1
    Ckyz) =; [969-36%) 9’9s [9G”(Z) +3cp(z)]
    ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS 795

    Table 22.3
    Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials T,(Z) and for x” in terms of T,(x)

    T,(x) = 2 c&P ~=b&d,T,(z)


    m=O m=O

    b. 1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048


    __--------------
    To 1 1 1 3 10 35 126 462 T,,
    ---------~~~~~~-
    Tl 1 1 3 10 35 126 . 462 TI
    ------ ~~~~-~~-
    Ta -1 2 1 4 15 56 210 792 Ta
    __-_______-___-~______~_______-
    Ta -3 4 1 5 21 84 330 T3
    ------~~---___~~---
    T4 1 -8 8 1 6 28 120 495 T,
    --------~~~~~~-
    TS 5 -20 16 1 7 36 165 T5
    --------____--__________-
    T8 -1 18 -48 32 1 8 45 220 Ta
    ------_______--~~___--
    T7 -7 56 -112 64 1 9 55 T7
    pp------p----pp
    TS 1 -32 160 -256 128 1 10 66 Ts
    -------___-~ ---~______
    TO 9 - 120 432 -576 256 1 11 To
    -------______~-~~______
    TIO -1 50 -400 1120 - 1280 512 1 12 TIO
    -------~-~____~-___-
    5-11 -11 220 - 1232 2816 -2816 1024 1 Tll
    ----___--~~~-~________-
    Tl3 1 -72 840 - 3584 6912 -6144 2048 1 TIS
    -----------~~___-

    1
    T&z) = 329 - 48++18z*- 1 z+=~ [10To+15T~1+6T,+ Tel

    Chebyshev Polynomials T,(X) Table 22.4

    0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


    + 1.0000000000 + 1.0000000000 + 1.0000000000 + 1.0000000000
    + 0.2000000000 + 0.4000000000 + 0.6000000000 +0.80000 00000
    -0.92000 00000 -0.68000 00000 - 0.2800000000 +0.28000 00000
    -0.56800 00000 -0.94400 00000 -0.93600 00000 -0.35200 00000
    4 +0.69280 00000 -0.07520 00000 -0.84320 00000 -0.84320 00000
    5 +0.84512 00000 +0.88384 00000 -0.67584 00000 - 0;9971200000
    6 -0.35475 20000 i-0.78227 20000 +0.75219 20000 -0.75219 20000
    -0.98702 08000 -0.25802 24000 $0.97847 04000 -0.20638 72000
    I -0.04005 63200 -0.98868 99200 +0.42197 24800 +0.42197 24800 1
    9 +0.97099 82720 -0.53292 95360 -0.47210 34240 +0.88154 31680 1
    +0.42845 56288 +0.56234 62912 -0.98849 65888 $0.98849 65888
    :7 -0.79961 60205 +0.98280 65690 -0.71409 24826 +0.70005 13741 :
    12 -0.74830 20370 +0.22389 89640 +0.13158 56097 $0.13158 56097 1
    796 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

    Table 22.5
    Coefficients for.the Chebyshev Polynomials U,,(s) and for X* in terms of U,(z)

    20 xl 9 39 2’ 26 a? 27 zs x9 xl0 2” 2’9
    ----- ----- ---
    b, 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096
    -- ---~-- -----
    CJO 1 1 1 2 5 14 42 132 CL,
    -- __~__-____----_______- ---
    Ul 2 1 .2 5 14 42 132 Ul
    ---__-----------_
    ua -1 4 1 3 9 28 90 297 ua
    -P----P-- -----
    ua -4 8 1 4 14 48 165 Ua
    -- ---_
    U6 1 ---ppppp-p
    -12 16 1 5 20 75 275 U,
    ------~___- ---
    US 6 -32 32 1 6 27 110 U5
    ---- ---_________- -----
    us -1 24 -80 64 1 7 35 154 u,
    --_____---___--___- -----
    U7 -8 80 -192 128 1 8 44 U7
    ----__---~___--~ ____~
    ua 1 -40 240 -448 256 1 9 54 u,
    -----P-----P---
    us 10 -160 672 - 1024 512 1 10
    ------------- --us
    UlO -1 60 -560 1792 - 2304 1024 1 11 UlO
    ---__--~ ~~-~~____-
    Ull -12 280 - 1792 4608 -5120 2048 1 U11
    --Y----P-- ----
    Ul2 1 -84 1120 - 5376 11520 - 11264 4096 1 UN
    P-----P-- -~-

    20 23 2” 21 z’ 39 26 27 28 X9 2’0 2’1 2’1

    u,(z) =64a+8Od+24&- 1 9=& [5~o+9ua+5u4+ U,]

    Table 22.6 Chebyshev Polynomials U,, (2)

    n/x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


    0 + 1.00000 00000 + 1 .ooooo 00000 + 1.00000 00000 $;.ogo$ go0 1
    1 +0.40000 00000

    :
    - 0.84600
    -0.73600
    00000
    00000
    +0.80000
    -0.36000
    - 1.08800
    00000
    00000
    00000
    +1.20000
    +0.44000
    -0.67200
    00000
    00000
    00000
    +1:56000
    +0.89600
    00000
    00000 4
    3”
    4 +0.54560 00000 -0.51040 00000 - 1.24640 00000 -0.12640 00000 5
    5 +0.95424 00000 $0.67968 00000 -0.82368 00000 - 1.09824 00000 6

    -0.16390 40000 + 1.05414 40000 +0.25798 40000 - 1.63078 40000


    - 1.01980 16000 +0.16363 52000 + 1.13326 08000 - 1.51101 44GOO i
    -0.24401 66400 -0.92323 58400 + 1.10192 89600 -0.78683 90400 9
    +0.92219 49440 -0.90222 38720 $0.18905 39520 +0.25207 19360
    $0.61289 46176 +0.20145 67424 -0.87506 42176 + 1.19015 41376 ::
    -0.67703 70970 + 1.06338 92659 - 1.23913 10131 + 1.65217 46842 12

    -0.88370 94564 $0.64925 46703 -0.61189 29981 + 1.45332 53571 13


    ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS 797
    Table 22.7
    Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials C,(z) and for 2” in terms of C,(Z)

    C,(z) = -&c&P 2”= b;;l5 d&,(x)


    m=o m-0

    x8 20 X’O 2” 2’2
    _---------
    1 1 1 1 1
    -~~.~~
    35 126 462 Co
    -~~-~
    Cl 11 11 I 31 I 10 i -~-~-~
    126 462 Cl

    cz
    -------~-
    -2 1 1 4 15 56
    -~~~~~
    210 792 c2

    C3 -3 1 1 5 21 84 330 C3
    ----- -___- -~~___~~
    c4 2 -4 1 1 6 28 120 495 cc
    -~~~~

    c5*
    -___----- 51 I -51 11
    -___- 11 -~~~~--
    36 165 C5
    C6 -2 9 -6 1 1 8 45 220 Co
    ------~- -~~~~~
    c7 -7 14 -7 1 1 9 55 c7
    --------~- --~~~-

    CS 2 -16 20 -8 1 1 10 66 cs
    --------- ----- --------
    CO 9 -30 27 -9 1 1 11 CO
    -______-~~
    - 10 1 1 12 Cl0
    -____--~___

    -11 1 1 Cl1
    -~~~~-
    54 -12 1 1 Cl2
    ---~~-----

    28 ii.70 Z’O 2” x’ f

    ‘See page II.


    Table 22.8
    Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials S,,(z) and for 5” in terms of L!&,(Z)

    Sl 1 1 2 5 14 42 132 Sr
    --------~~~~~
    sz -1 1 1 3 9 28 90 297 Sl
    ----- ----_____---~~-
    ss -2 1 1 4 14 48 165 53
    ------___--~~-~-

    s4 1 -3 1 1 5 20 75 275 S4
    ---------------
    S5 3 -4 1 1 6 27 110 S5
    ---- ---- ~-~~~~~-
    S6 -1 6 -5 1 1 7 35 154 Sa
    ---------P----P
    St -4 10 -6 1 1 8 44 St
    ----P-i--------

    88 1 -10 15 -7 1 1 9 54 698
    --P------P-----

    SO 5 -20 21 -8 1 1 10 SO
    so -1 15 -35 28 -9 1 1 11 SIO
    -P-P--------- ~-
    Sll -6 35 -56 36 -10 1 1 Sll
    ~--- ----___--~~~~-

    Sl2 1 -21 70 -84 45 -11 1 al SIZ


    --P----P- ---- ____- ---- -
    x0 2’ 29 23 x4 25 39 z’ 28 39 xl0 2" Xl2

    S&r) =ti-524+6z*-- 1 39=5so+9s*+5s4+ss


    *see Page n.
    .

    Table 22.9 Coefficients for the Legendre Polynomials P,(z) and for 2“ in terms of P,(X)

    P,(z) =a;’ 2 CmX~ x”=b,’ 5 d,P,(z)


    m=o m=o

    20 2’ x2 a9 39 a9 26 29 29 20 2'0 2" 2'2


    -----~---

    an bm 1 1 3 5 35 63 231 429 6435 12155 46189 88179 676039 b.


    ---_I-_---
    PO 111 1 7 33 715 4199 52003 PO
    -------
    PI 1 1 1 3 27 143 3315 20349 Pl
    ----
    PZ 2 -1 3 2 20 110 2600 16150 208012 PI
    ----~~
    Pa 2 -3 5 2 28 182 4760 31654 Pa
    ---
    P4 8 3 -30 35 8 72 2160 15504 220248 P4
    ----~-
    PS 8 15 -70 63 8 88 2992 23408 PS
    ---~~~
    PO 16 -5 105 -315 231 16 832 7904 133952 Ps
    --- ~-
    P7 16 -35 315 - 693 429 16 960 10080 p7
    ----
    PO 128 35 - 1260 6930 - 12012 6435 128 2176 50048 Ps
    _______~~____
    PO 128 315 - 4620 18018 - 25740 12155 128 2432 PO
    ----
    PlO 256 -63 3465 - 30030 90090 - 109395 46189 256 10752 PI0
    ----
    PII 256 -693 15015 - 90090 218790 - 230945 88179 256 PI1
    ----
    P,, 1024 231 - 18018 225225 - 1021020 2078505 - 1939938 676039 1024 Pll
    -----

    P&) =$ [231ti-3lW+ 105z2-51 a+=& [33Po+llOPa+72P4+16P~]

    For values of P,(z), see chapter 8.


    Coefficients for the Laguerre Polynomials L,(X) and for 5” in terms of L,(Z) Table 22.10

    L,(z) =a.-l 5 Gl&- cc”= 2 d,L,(z)


    m-0 m-0

    - - - - --
    &I ti 21 21 21~
    -. -- ._ _- _. -_ -. __-
    1 1 1 1 2 6 479901509 LO
    -. -- _- __ _. __ -_ __-
    1 1 -1 -1 -4 -13 -5743918200 4
    -. -- _- _- __ __ -_ __-
    -. -____
    2 2
    -_
    -4
    ._
    1 2
    __
    18
    __ l44I 12001 10600
    1 105849 1 1123939 1 13063880~ 183293Q99 1 2m424o99
    __
    31614105699 L,
    __-
    -
    Lt
    -. -~
    6 6
    _-
    -18
    .-
    9
    __
    -1 -6
    .- -96I -1299 I -14409 I -176400( -2257920 1 -39431920 I -435453999 I -5535212ooo
    __
    -105360352ooo 4
    __-
    L4 24 24 -96

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