(Aeved(-tg SHA design manual LOAD ESTIMATIN¢SYSTEM DESIGN MANUAL, SUMMARY OF PART ONE This part of the System Design Manual presents data and examples to guide the engineer when preparing practical cooling and heating load estimotes. After the load has been determined, the “Applied Psychrometries” chapter will bridge the gap between the load estimate and ‘equipment sel The text of this manual is offered os o ‘general guide for the use of industry and of consulting engineers in designing systems. Judgment is required for application to spe- cific installations, and Carrier is not respon sible for any of the uses made of this text. © carrie Corporation 1960 Eighth Printing 1968 Ninth Printing 1972 (510304) PART LOAD ESTIMATING oy CONTENTS survey and load estima! design conditions storage solar heat gain-glass heat and moisture flow Infiltration and ventilation internal and system heat gain applied psychrometrics‘The primary function of air conditioning is to maintain conditions that are (1) conducive to human comfort, of (2) required by a product, or process within # space. To perform this function, equipment of the proper capacity must be installed and controlled throughout the year. The equipment wacity is determined by the actual instantaneous peak load requirements; type of control is deter mined by the conditions to be maintained during peak and partial load, Generally, it is impossible to measure either the actual peak or che partial load in any given space; these loads must be estimated. It is for this purpose that the data contained in Part Thas been compiled, Before the load can be estimated, it is impera: survey be made to assure tive that @ comprehens ecurate evaluation of the load components. I the ntancous load, building facilities and che actual ins within 2 given mass of the building are carefully studied, an economical equipment selection and sys tem design can result, and smooth, trouble free per formance is then possible. ‘The heat gain or loss is the amount of heat in- stantaneously coming into or going out of the space. The actual load is defined as that amount of heat which is instantaneously added or removed by the iment. The instantaneous heat gain and the actual load on the equipment will rarely be equal, because of the thermal inertia or storage effect of the building structures surrounding a conditioned space Chapters 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 contain the data from which the instantaneous heat gain or loss is esti: mated. Chapter 3 provides the data and procedure lor applying storage actors to the appropriate heat gains to result in the actual load, Chapter 8 provides the bridge between the load estimate and the equip: ment selection, It furnishes the procedure for estab- ishing the eriteria to fulfill the conditions required by a given project. The basis of the data and its use, with examples, are included in each chapter with the tables and charts; also an explanation of how each of the heat gains and the loads manifest themselves. CHAPTER 1. BUILDING SURVEY AND LOAD ESTIMATE BUILDING SURVEY SPACE CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAT LOAD SOURCES An accurate survey of the load components of the space to be air conditioned! is a basic requirement lor a realistic estimate of cuoling and heating loads. ‘of Ug survey is the The completeness an acrwva' ery foundation of the e:tinate, aud its importance can not be overemphasized. Mechanical and archi: tectural drawings, complete field sketches and, in some cases, photographs ol important aspects are part ol a good survey, The following physical aspects must be considered Location of the ct 0: 1. Orientation of building space to be air conditioned with 1 a) Compass points sun and wind effects, bb) Nearby permanent structures ~ shading clfects ©) Reflective surfaces — water, sand, parking lots, ete 2. Use of space(s) — Ollie, hospital, department store, specialty shop, machine shop, factory, assembly plant, ete. 8. Physical dimensions of space(s) — Length, width, and height 4. Ceiling heigit — Floor to floor height, floor to ceiling, clearance between suspended ceiling and beams, Columns and beams — Size, depth, also knee braces 6. Construction materials ~ Materials and thick: ness of walls, roo’, ceiling, floors and parti sive position in the struc tions, and their 7. Susvounding conditions — Exterior color of root, shaded by adjacent building or sunlit, Attic spaces — unvented or vented, ty or forced ventilation. Surrounding spaces conditioned 01 unconditioned — tem. perature of non-conditioned adjacent spaces, such as furnace or boiler room, and kitchens. ace, basement. walls and 104 Floor on ground, crawl 8. Windows — Size and location, wood or metalsash, single or double hung. Type of glass — single or multipane. Type of shading device. Dimensions of reveals and overhangs. |. Doors — Location, type, size, and frequency of Stairways, elevators, and escalators — Location, temperature of space if open to uncondi- tioned area. Horsepower of machinery, ven- tilated or not. People — Number, duration of occupancy, nature of activity, any special concentration. [At times, it is requived to estimate the number of people on the basis of square feet per per son, or on average traffic Lighting — Wattage at peak. Type ~ incan- descent, fluorescent, recessed, exposed. If the lights are recessed, the type of air flow over the lights, exhaust, return or supply, should bbe anticipated. Ar times, itis required to esti: mate the wattage on a basis of watts per sq fe due to Jack of exact information, |. Motors — Location, nameplate and brake horsepower, and usage, ‘The latter is of great significance and should be carefully evalu ated. The power input to electric motors is not necessarily equal to the rated! horsepower di vided by the motor efficiency. Frequently these motors may be operating under a continuous overload, ar may be operating at less than rated capacity. It is always advisable to meas ure the power input wherever possible. This is especially important in estimates for indus- tia] installations where the motor machine load is normally a major portion of the cool ing load, Appliances, business machines, electronic equipment — Location, rated wattage, steam or gas consumption, hooded or unhooded, ex haust air quantity installed or required, and usage. Greater accuracy may be obtained by measur- ing the power or gas input during times of peak loading. The regular service meters may often be used for this purpose, provided power or gas consumption not contributing to the room heat gain can be segregated. Avoid pyramiding the heat gains from various appliances and business machines. For exam. ple, a toaster or a watfle iron may not be used uring the evening, or the fry kettle may not be used during morning, or not alt business ET CET PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING machines in a given space may be used at the same time. Electronic equipment often requires individ. ual air conditioning. The manufacturer's recommendation for temperature and humid- ity variation must be followed, and these re- quirements are often quite stringent, 15, Ventilation — Clim per person, cfm per sq ft, scheduled ventilation (agreement with pur chaser), see Chapter 6. Excessive smoking or odors, code requirements. Exhaust fans—type, size, speed, chin delivery. 16. Thermal storage — Includes system operating schedule (12, 16 or 24 hours per day) speci cally during peak outdoor conditions, permis sible temperature swing in space during a design day, rugs on floor, nature of surface materials enclosing the space (see Chapter 3). 17, Continuous or intermittent operation — Whether system be required to operate every business day during cooling season, or only ‘occasionally, such as churches and ballrooms. IE intermictent operation, decermine duration of time available for precooling or pulldown. LOCATION OF EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES ‘The building survey should also include informa- tion which enables the engineer to select equipment location, and plan the air and water distribution systems. The following is a guide to obtaining this information| 1, Available spaces ~ Location of all stairwells, elevator shafts, abandoned smokestacks, pipe shafts, dumbwaiter shafts, etc., ancl spaces for air handling apparatus, refrigeration ma. chines, cooling towe's, pumps, and services {also see Item 5), Possible obstructions — Locations of all elec: tical conduits, piping lines, and other ob- structions or interferences that may be in the way of the duct system, 3. Location of all fire walls and partitions ~ Requiring fire dampers (also see Item 16). 4. Location of outdoay air intakes —In reference to strect, other buildings, wind direction, dire, and shorceircuiting of unwanted contami: nants. 5. Power service — Location, capacity, current limitations, voltage, phases and cycle, 3 or 4 wire; how additional power (if required) may be brought in and where. 6. Water service — Location, size of lines, caCHAPTER 1. BUILDING SURVEY AND LOAD ESTIMATE pacity, presure, maximum temperature Steam service — Location, size, capacity, tem- perature, pressure, type of return system. 8. Refrigeration, brine or chilled water (if fur- nished by customer)—Type of system, capacity, temperature, gpm, pressure 9, Architectural characteristics of space ~ For Selection of outlets that will blend into the space design 10, Existing air conveying equipment and ducts — For possible reuse 11. Drains — Location and capacity, sewage dis posal 12, Control facilities ~ Compressed ait source and pressure, electrical. 18, Foundation and support — Requirements and facilities, strength of building. 14, Sound and vibration control requirements — Relation of refrigeration and air handling apparatus location to critical areas 15, Accessibility for mouing equipment to the final location — Elevators, stairways, doors, accessibility from street. 16. Codes, local and national — Governing wi drainage, water supply, venting of refrigera- tion, construction of refrigeration and air handling apparatus rooms, ductwork, fire dampers, and ventilation of buildings in gen- val and apparatus rooms in particular. AIR CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATE ‘The air conditioning load is estimated to provide the basis for selecting the conditioning equipment. It must take into account the heat coming into the space from outdoors on a design day, as well as the heat being generated within the space. A design day is defined as: 1. Aday on which the dry- and wetbulb tempera tures are peaking simultaneously (Chapter 2, ‘Design Conditions”. 2, A day when there is little or no haze in the air to reduce the solar heat (Chapter 4, "Solar Heat Gain Thru Glass"). 8. All of the internal loads are normal (Chapter 7, “Internal and System Heat Gain”) ‘The time of peak load can usually be established hy inspection, although, in some cases, estimates must be made for several different times of the day. ‘Actually, the situation of having all of the loads peaking at the same time will very rarely occur. To be realistic, various diversity factors must be applied ED 11 conattioniog Company to some of the load components: refer to Chapter 3, “Heat Storage, Diversity, and Stratification.” ‘The infiltration and ventilation air quantities are estimated as described in Chapter 6. Fig. 1 illustrates an air conditioning load estimate form and is designed to permit systematic load eval uation. This form contains the referenecs identified to the particular chaptersof data and tables required to estimate the various lozd components. ‘OUTDOOR LOADS ‘The loads from outdoo's consist of: 1. The sun rays entering windows — Table 15, pages 44-49, and Table 16, page 52, provide data from which the solar heat gain through glass is estinnated. The solar heat gain is usually reduced by means of shading devices on the inside or out- side of the windows; factors are contained in Table 16. In addition to this reduction, all or part of the window may be shaded by reveals, overhangs, and by adjacent buildings. Chart 1, page 57, and Table 18, page 58, provide an easy means of determining how much the window is shaded at a given time, A large portion of the solar heat gain is radiant and will be partially stored as described in Chapter 3. Tables 7 thru 11, pages 30-34, pro- vide the storage factors to be applied to solar heat gains in order to arrive at the actual cooling load imposed on the air conditioning equipment. These s:orage factors are applied to peak solar heat gains obtained from Table 6, page 29, with overall factors from Table 16, page 52. 2 The sun rays striking the walls and roof — These, in conjunction with the high outdoor air temperature, cause heat to flow into the space. Tables 19 and 20, pages 62 and 63, pro- vide equivalent temperature differences for sunlit and shaded walls and roofs, Tables 21, , 23, 24, 25, 27, and 28, pages 66-72, provide the transmission coefficients or rates of heat flow for avariety of roof and wall constructions. 3. The aiv temperature outside the conditioned space — A higher ambient temperature causes hheat to flow thru tae windows, partitions, and. floors. Tables 25 and 26, pages 69 and 70, and Tables 29 and 30, pages 73 and 74, provide the transmission coefficients, The temperature differences used to estimate the heat flow thru these structures are contained in the notes after each table.a PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING. mel REFERENCES i i au TABLE REFEREN: TABLE FEFEREN SaUanTeais=auesr | iss Secure 3 | couse” won Saree pagent x Tas 1007 | coworrions | ea a | Dosa sromer “sorrx HESS SS nessa | 2 4 veneer nm Tai 1 com puree tnx tee exe Og SOLAR © TRANS. GAli Yen] —— wo aon s | mens ea Ata omer TRANS GAIN-—EXCEFT WALLS © ROOF 4 . WEINAE WEA —
ESAS x ae neg tt (Table 26, page 70) = 152109 f floor area Foe 28 og (Fatie29, page 3 = 29.5 Ih'sq ft floor area pace) soxa0 Celing + 22 cosa (Table 29, page 73) 296 Ih sqft oor area pes NOTE: One-half of the paxtition, floor and ceiling thick hess is used. ssuming that the spaces above and below are consitioned snd are utilizing the other { balves for stone of heat, ‘Total sceight per sq f¢ 0 for area 52+ 1524205 429.5 = 97-4 Taig fe TThe overall factor for the window with the white venetian bind i 0.56 (Tabfe 16, pge 52) and the correction for sel ssh =1).85 A, Storage fart, 4 pam = 046 (Table 7) ‘The peak solar heat gain for a west exposure in July at 40" North latitude = 164 Beu he}sq fe), (Table 6) Actual cooling toad - i Acasa cooling load = (tno fy) a0 0 Bh Table 12 is used wo determine the actual cooling Toad from the heat gain from lights, These data may also be used to deterriine the actual cooling load from: 1. People — except in densely populated arcas such as auditoriums, theaters, ex. The radiane hheat exchange from the body is reduced in situations like this Because there is relatively less surface available forthe body to radiate to. Some appliances and machines that operate peviodially, with hot exterior surfaces sich ‘ 5 ovens, dryers hot tanks, et NOTE: For Items 1 and 2 above, use values listed for fhuorescent exposed lights.CHAPTER 8, HEAT STORAGE, DIVERSITY, AND SI Example 2 — Actual Cooling Load, Lights and People Tine same roo as in Bsampte J with a light heat Swati per a ft of floor area not including ballast, exposed in of RATIFICATION 1.28 Solution “The time elapsed after the lights are (am. to pm) orned on is 8 hours Storage load factor = 87 (Teble 12), fiuoreacent fights and 4 people, The room temperature to he faineained at 18 F aly with 26-hour operation ducing the peak load periods Find The actual cooling load at 4 pam. jive at 8 a.m}, Sensiile heat gain from peosle =215 Bahr (Table 48, page 100) Actual cooling toad (8X4 18520 20) + (A HC215) ] 87 = 5190 Bru hr with the lights eomed on asthe peopl TABLE 6—PEAK SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS* Bru/(hrifsq ft) EXPOSURE NORTH LATITUDE ; eae reine SBE : im : tar | Monti wepNe]® | | s [sw Nw [Were Monta tar ' °° Btaten | to | te | ter | rte | te Mie | Ho | sgefebtorn ee Reale a) 3 | ls rales eee Ly % ne arn a pee 163, dune ¥ ie 3 | i 3 seit | 20) | ‘ete 90 | 39 | 250 Dee = June | 162 Dee | 40° | aunties” Wi tiie] seater | 40 28 SET ee aT | + Saboroved trom Table 15, page 48 se lin Sous latitudes cons prety of alts rein whith eer {Soler hast gan on North expovre (it Nort tudes ron South expor rarege forthe 12h period (8 am to 6 pin). The erage ay fete toughest te day The stor heot goin values for tht expanse ore the0 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING 13 TABLE 7—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS Wii WeTERWAL SHADE 24 Hour Operation, Constant Space Temperaturet wocwm | att oa ara Ti] prose mom tay | stteoove! FT Tel olelnpalapalelels[ellepsperefeiayapeye] Sones nwareor | vee |%al0 ae 90,230 onlay] ac as cool an cfs] somauw pea aa (2m alam al ale ee 6 | 39/36 a ann Fianna saxon “ fal 30/909 at), i ae(ea[orloor ol ololece le] To acm fea] a0 aa las 14a aoa aon a5 seuthon ee 00/28 aan a7 as ar 3/5) 1244 an |08 97406 0s oe c/93] —Nonbaee we __|o sols7/ 95) 0¢ 0 [av 26 [05/4 a3/sa|ar/e [ole joe [a Taam [ow a an 1 ola aaa ar ast ato es PB faeS oe tl Seale Se Seon an anon aan ae | 08/08 | 0% .10).3 [83 63 66] 60 47) 29/9/18 16) 14 13) 08 |07] seumwe a on oan 35 6| 30) uso] 26|30|.ar 199k a6 08 | $a eles or fo ln a ole 1 a] or 0 va [3643838281976] afm [a a wa | oiniale maclaasaisil iene eaely, | ooloelae a 30 [a2] 35a |as|n aap aoa an as ah .08 |.09 10) 10 10 .16).33 |49 61 |.60/.a9|.17/.15/.19 12/10/08 |.08 08 07 06) sce Paraeded te uae aaa a alg al oy ae aPae ae ee sooo ic3 a3 or ce 10 [390,028 1012 on Ls 8 [an ot ioe lag fo asa a|oe at aalaglageig aes aa faae ag] Sh mn joane os 96 ou 98990 a6 a2 08 [08 04 [os 02 on oh ats Eauotion Costing Load, Bt = [Paok sla heot pain, Bu/tl lag Hi, (Toble 6) he Weight per 4g of fo x [Window ares, v0 8) % [Shade factor, Maze factor, te, (Choplr % [Storage Fodor, (above Table at dese time!) ld on the imide of the glass nal shading deve is ony type of shod le factors opply when meintining @ CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the spose during the eperotng period, Where the temperature it sllowed to swing, edditonalstorege will result during peak lood parieds Reler to Table 13 for aoslcate wocces hoon 1 Wolls,1b) + 4 (Weight of Partitions lor ond ior Area in Room, 49 Room on Bid Exterior {One or more oui wal) = 2H Weigh of Fortion, Floor ond Celing, fb) (Weight of Ounide Walls, 1b) + (Weight of Fler, Floo: Area in Boom, sq #1 Room in Bldg Interior No tide wall) = semen Reon (flor on grovnd) = \ = (slab of Oude Wall Potions, Flos Favre Beltdng or Tone = ‘Air Conditioned Foo Ares, s@ #1 ‘With cg on floor—Wight of loo ould be mulipied by 0.50 10 compensate for inating effet of rs Wigs per 1g fof common types of construction ae contained in Taler 2) thr 33, page 66 tre Yo ing) A (Wig of Parton: ond Ceing, Ib)131 CHAPTER §, HEAT STORAGE, DIVERSITY, AND STRATIFICATION TABLE 8—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WITH BARE GLASS OR WITH EXTERNAL SHADE? 24 Hour Operation, Constant Space Temperaturet ret oe aes = mt soot 22] 20 [10 i aiehe = 19 | a7 33 37.15} .04].13].12) ~ Taso 8 ever [11.10 10.20 |. a9 |.36 [143 |47 | 46 |40 34 Jae |e) .14).r3[.02 woven | ae Th Rialelals als See eT] sommes ae |e ou fi ae as [a [70 an | 25 aetna Tie waver fon nn ar fie too 0)9 ae Lay |ae| a ee 3 | [aaa oe ee ee we : Se [08 5 850s [or ar ae na |p [a ar | 70 59 2slde [tal ae as [a0 a ever [10 [10 a0 10/10 \10 j20/ 10.12 [17 [25].94/.9 [34] 26 26 |as|.a0|ae 16|.24 13.12/10. onmowest ios" Yon ayn Lan ov lan on| an La [19 |30|40 a a0 2 jae ante ta a0] 10)68] Sean ‘er (at [oe er (an [oe (001013 27 | | 459 10] or os | 09/02/01 Neat aoe over fie jas oy ar a [se 7 fan fon jon 727 sp Lat [as a [a7 Lae ay [a7 2829.21 | “ see Lar Lap cat star (an au [70 [70 [vu [rm a0 aot Lat [ara ajar [202 ne ts auoton: Cooling Load, Btu/hr = [Pak solar heat gon Bu/br (9 fl, Teble 6 x [Window area, sq) 2 [Shade festor, Haxe factor, et (Chapter 4] % [Storage fastor, above Toble st dented tne] cor shaded by externa projections ore store gle — Any window wit ne inside shading device. Windows with shading devices onthe ou tenidered bare gloss thew factor apply when msintaining © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE ia the spoce during the operating period Where the tempercture i Thawed te near additonal storage will rvlt during peak load pends. Refer to Teble 13 for epaiable factors {Weight per eat eho ide Wels a oon, ea en tg eno nee Foe arms wa = he af Yo sta 7 1 (Wein of Por oom in Bldg Interior (Na outide wal) = a ee Weight f Ove Wat (Wag of borane Ron fer on rena ~ (SANS Ould Mat Wei (Weight of Outside Wel, Parton, Foot, Celings, tol crate ng or ee ihr Candioneg Floor Aree, 5a ft With rg on floor Weight of flor sculd be multiplied by 0.50 fo compenssie for imutng effet ofr Weighs periq ff eommon typeof contrcion ore contained in Tables 21 tw 93, pages 66 thre 76 { i132 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 9—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WITH INTERNAL SHADING DEVICE 16 Hour Operation, Constant Space Temperature cxrosum | anieertele am oe pear Pe Sanat exrosune ‘Merm tery | ettiecreres) TST Ta [el] w][ujwiilala[*l#l|+[7jeje| Semin ceed reese cle ae a ala | 26/20 [0 lar as |] ao | ov oe ww | Ma) sls ARE S| we ula |as ss || j2 2 tals aonb. z i i | Wa | a9 | ae ot fe oa — [ie Al fe S| tonne 7 ae i ae nse 75 Te a ( Equation: Coating Loos Btv/ir = [Pek solar heat gain, x [Window area, qf] % |Shoue fect Haze factor, ete, (Chapter 4) % [Storage foe, (above Toble ot deaed tne!) “tieral shading device i any 1yB# of shade looted onthe inde ofthe glor ‘Thee foctorsopely hon molntining © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space during the operating pered. Where the temperature is ‘during peak lood perinde. Reler to Toble 13 for splices soroge focor. lowed to suing, odaitonal storage mill Weight per zg ft of 1 (Weight of Ounide Well, el Ls (Ws Fleer Aree in Room, 3c f (Weight of Portions, Hoar ond Cen, Ib Room in Bly ntvor (No outside wale) = Fas ana see ons Flor ond Ceting, ib] foam on Bg Exterior (One or more ouside wal (Weight of Oude Wath, 1) (Wag of Fr bl = Ye (Wai of Pr Bosenem Room [Hooton ground) = 0M st Cute. Is) (ign For ” Weight of Ouside Wall Portions, Floors, Clings, Stuctral Members and Sippets Ib ee eral ‘ir Condhioned Foor Ares, qf Wins ug on floor—Weight of floor sould be mulied by 0.80 to compensate fr inloing eff of \Weigits per sg fof common types of contution are contained in Toler 2) Th 28, pager 6 try 76a CHAPTER 3, HEAT STORAGE, DIVERSITY, AND STRATIFICATION 1.33 ) TABLE 10—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WITH BARE GLASS OR WITH EXTEINAL SHADE 16 Hour Operation, Content Space Temperoturet inert te ether area) TS Te Te lw[ nial: [2[>[e[s[e[r7[elo (Goeth tes) ao ) = lala or = [Pook olor boot gain Sth) (og fl Tobe 6 2% [Window oreo, sq) % [Shade factor, Haze fete, et (Chapter 4] % [Storage fosor, (above Table ot desied tne) Fauotion, Cooling Load, tore glo — Any window with no inde shading device. Windows with shading devices on the outside or shaded by exterel proietons ore ‘comideres bore gst. ‘Thome factors epply when meintaning © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the spoce during the operating period. Wh the temperatre i Cnt ee eee Soh dong pet ood peads eere Toh 13 er apple veces fo veg per se tor sigh of Oude Waly 1] +3 (Wegh eect, Fer ond Clin, roam on dg Enter (One mor nie wot) ~ sitll Ou n+ fg Pron, Foro ag BY | Ineror (No ouside wats) = 2S ght ef Paritions, lose ond Celng Ib) Floor Ares in Room, og ft fe Wott, tb) + (Wight of Foor, b) + % (Weight of Paritions ond Ceing Ib) Foor Area In Boom, sf 1s ond Suppers bl sig ot Joment Room [Fearon ground) = (Welatt of Oude W. Fetiion, Hoo, Cains, Sracarl Me ae “hi Condiioned Fsor Aree, 23 ft ‘Wit rg on floor Weight of floor sould be mulipied by 0.40 to compensate fr ilting ater! of rs. Weighs per sa fof common of consrution ere conined ia Tables 21 thre 83, poges 66 hry 76nai Lot PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE TI=STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS ( 12 Hour Operation, Constant Spoce Temperaturet rE HABE [aan oat Om BevmAT BHATT weonTh SUN TIME exrowure | thpersae exrorune (eon ah | ot ere ra - mm (eon te ray ; wimp [2] 2[* nfeli] a] ay eys oe $y e/a ea a a Sf aaa te $3 ay 7a [a [aoa] aoa] at 33)e{39| (| a8[2¢] cow $374 42 |a0 [5 |49 | 25) at 54.99/28] 23) 18) 18/12 i at 907422 aa s [areal a] 130] aa Scone 9 35, 67096 2 69 a7 a South 26 22 3831 |e4 73 51 ].31 44) 37 |.3 43 North y 2 ana a0 3e 36 30/28 38 ane ‘fap ar ae ts [lara n “ere ha a8 39 [07 a 8 2 (a0 a7 as 29a a0 aa 8 echt ah ar ae [a at a 8 3s ah| [as 38] seamen le (ant ao fe 1a 8 ae aul a7 oa, 17/ 30 a0 ae ve 8 |e nee [98 oe 8690 96. se|.06 [25 175/79 9 ae asap a1 2 9990] down ( 98 36 98/98 [38] sa] 96 90 9681/4, 86 a9 91 93 9304 94) 95, 9898 = a es oe 7 shee [Peck olor heot goin, Bt /lh) (eq, (Tale) 2 [Window area, 1a % [Shade fstor, Hose fotr, et (Chapter 4] % [Storage fosor, (obave Teble ot desired tine) Equation: Cooling Loc ‘inert shading device i ony type of shade le {boce glass Any window with no inde sheding davie, Windows with shoding devices on the ouide or sheded by external projections ore ‘camidered bore glass ‘Thats fetes epely when maintining o CONSTANT TEMPERATURE In the seco during the operating period. Whare the temperature Is ‘lowed fo sing, Sddltionel soroge wil result during peck lood periede. Reler fo Table 13 for epplicoble storage Focor Salah per sgt of tof Oude Wal 8 + 1 (aight of Prion Het ord Cetin, ) {oom on Bde Exterior (One or mee eid wa) = ht 2 il of 14 Ig of Pantin, Fe and Csig fom in dg ror Oe cuide wo] = SS ee Weight of Oude Wolk, B= (Weight f For, i + % Wei of Partin: nd Cia, Sorement Room (Fear on eran = © ca ae eo (Weight of Outde Wall Partition, Foot, Catngs, Stctral Membart and Support, ‘ir Conditioned Poot Area, 9 ‘With rg on floor—Weight of Foor shold be mulinied by 0.50 Ye compensate for insulting effet of ra Weighs por sq fof common types of eoncucton are contsined in Taber 21 thw 33, poger 86 the 76 EnireSuiling or Zone —CHAPTER 3, HEAT STORAGE, DIVERSITY, AND STRATIFICATION 1.35 TABLE 12—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, HEAT GAIN—LIGHTS* Lights On 10 Hourst with Equipment Operating 12, 16 and 24 Hours, Constant Space Temperature raul Sree: | | wetours NUMBER OF HOURS AFTER LOHTS ARE TURNED ON Anion | pera | ANON | Wesson [o]a 2] 24 [2] e] 7] ]» [eo] nv [ra| [sve [or [ia] vo [20 [ay [na [a | al Teo @ over [ar] ar|zv] | 70) 79| 80] 03] aa 96] 7]29] 26 [20] 20].19|07|.05] 24) 02] 1 [10 [08 oe i | 24 too [31 a7 |72| 74] 791-81 [89] 95 97) 80) 90 30 | 26 (2219 16].15 13] 12) 10) 09/08 07 [06 i 20__[25|7403|08| 91 94) 96] 96] 90] 989087 12060) 06) 09] 92 01 or] ar] 0 [eo : Toa over |.s0|02] 40] ae| ae] 2a] as] 05.2.0] v0 |22).2e [a5].20 | rr] 2 | 6 100. |-46| 79 44/86] 87/96) s6| e9| 29] 30] 90) 20| 26 |22].19\6) || | | : 30.29] 77 [as ae 9295) 9] 56 90| 90) 99| 2617 12) 08 [os | i 130 a over |.43|90) 911 93|90| 96] 95] 98] 99) 96) 0637 ] : | 12 too 1 92) 94|94| 95) 95| 96] 36] 97/36, | Vy ryt yd 30___[az_6|91,93| 95] 97_98].96) 99.99] 97/26] | ee sete ae Toa eww fat zal 63] 70170) 77] 79] ans an] ae lave |as|ae| aol vel va|as va foa $,,| 24 100 | 24/56 63 68) 72/75 78) 20|-62].84) 86 | 40].24 29/25) 20).18|.17).18].14)12).10 j09) 08 ate 30 17/65 | 77, 84] 88| 92) 94) 98|.97| 98| 96 .35]23 .06|.11 .07].05|.04) 03) 02] 01 01 |0 | 0 piigh : | Be Tse & ever |. 78 [791 0) 00|a1| #2] c0| eu] -e| 07 |a9|a5 21/20 as | gilt) 16 oo |'45) 73 \7e|-82|82 2| 89) 04/25, 07/20/40] 36 29/28 20 | ie8 30 22-49 80 88 89 92.94] 95|.97| 96) 96).38].28 06 .11 07 | ai too nover [or|te an) a0|n | 92] 93] 9s|95]s0) | i 12 too | se) sae |a8! 90) 92/90] 24|94| 94 98].a8) || | at ‘0 _[al.e1 26) 91/.93 98 97) 97/ 98] 99] 99) 38 Lit | soe 150.8 over 29) 33/.41|7/.52/ 37" 45) 69] 7a] zal se| 32] ae| 02] 37] 24|.a1| 27/25] 29|.21 [18] 04 Beh | a [seo [ran ae sore al 2 27 eo} at 792} 27/9} 2] voc] 2 Hy fe [0 ae ae, 70,8227) a0) 99] 45] 97| 9) 52|24| 24! 26,01] 07|05| 04] 02] 02] 01 [0 | 0 $325) | 150 & over |s7).e4/0 72) 73) 78|.74| 74] 75| 76) 70.09] 52 4s) a2 37 252) 16 too” [irl so ar 7274 77 76) 70 80) a1) 02/ 40] 3444 7 22 die ‘3>__[-07| 33 0| 70 aa) e6|:1| 93 95|97| 90] se] a4] 24 te] i2ty ar t 44 ie Twos ww |75)79 2524s] ae] 9/01| 9) 11] 25 j 323 12 100, 166) 77.81! 24) 86) 88| 99) .99| 92] .93] 93) 72) zs 30 34) 72.02) 8) 95) 95| 97| 98] 98) $2 L | L Trae Toson Spy wien Babating © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE In tha apace cing the operating period, Where the Temperature is allowed 12 Wit gs operating {highs On crags wil out suring pook load periods. Refer fo Teble 13 fr me nomber ot hous athe tine of equipment oper Occsinoly edusinens may be raged to take otcoun of Kits The flowing the procedure toad he lod fectors [ALWITH UGHTS IN OPERATION FOR SHORTER PERIOD THAN 10 OURS ond the equipment operating 12, 16 of 24 hous ot he Hine ing fr 24 hour 2 Uwe the storage load fairs ov ted up to he fine the lghs fore onal of bs. St me foad factor beyond the 10 how fon the right of eary ine] to the ff tothe haut the fights ore fred of This Teoves fst few hovrs of equlpment operation without osignoted load fetore . Enropolte the los few hour at the some rte of raguction Shine and hours inthe tle 2. Eavipment aneroting fr 18 hows crfollow ine procedsre in Step 1 ng the erage led fotor ‘oles in 24hour equipment opertin robe, bs. Now tonsa © new ssh of lo0g forors by adding the new Toives for the ish hour fo th denoted 0, 1718 hor Ho he Tar hour, te TABLE 15—SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS (Contd) 30° Btu /tn (fsa oe) 30° 3oNOR TATTUDE [AM con Time tae SOUTH caTTUDE a a A CD ert aaheresl sta] lal als Tout Nera Fae | ey Psy yey a] Shaan tor Tepe (et el eet ied il tad te Be ee eta te sine n | Soe alr el er ay a al el els vec 22 seit | ELL ET LL Al Lal ol ae i Seat Se te Ww sf] ef ala] alas) | | eaten peas [ST AL EF [aed ts | to asso 29 [a ie North Wy io) 4] 3 Tay 14 | raf ie] os ‘South ~ [Rete (ee het al a] ols] if ele Sete vor ns (Bote Lee Led ee at sd ned aed ot at het | av ar Se SS ee ea Pee Srey ey Sl ela wl] el al a] seme : [ss | EL SELL SLL AL SL Sli Lael ood | Neto vaya Pee SS eee phe nor a Nocthwost 4] efi] 3 (4) ta | te] 48, 31 | 93 | Southwest eto Lady hed [fate tt ate [att 21 | fete iat See ea ae aT a Neha | sfeotlual of ay al tel ay E elgilaesee ave | Est sacs med sshd asd i eto td oh a aes reo sta Se ees oT ey Secor a | Sen reer al el otal ale a ala) wn a sy AT SLATE RTT SLB Lido || of Lat | Neto anno [at Sh a a ee eer aera | we cers Worms [oa] sll abcd ial tah isl a] se Pee] oe] 22 | sectent eos [BLS] dh asta | tS and [a | S| ieee ar SSpep epee ay + fea Ne | sal Stal el al eles S| Se seman LB Se eke al Le 3 ee Man 2 fe — Eee ey ae ancl « [Eun 8) eyes] sal se] a] oe | ss 3) ear 1 seat SL SL ial eel aL als Lat oN at van me PSE SR a tet Www | of sl el al ali sie BT ew | Horizont of} 25] ai | 135] 179 | 202] 202 | 202 0 | Horizontal ar ape ay ae Pete |S] ata! el a] a oY Seta corn | Br Sel alas ele of es wen 70 St SSH eC op aad | sea A oY Nene 2 1 ceeee re |Bleral ay Ao ram [wet gape oe nue Wee | of 3 ay ul al a OT et Newry [BL afb Laso| aal S| seems aa ope ap iy =] Seah Rete | 8) etal 3] ula | 9] et wovar | pat of tat lusl gl el etal Ts S| es way 2 See eee ree $A . [ee SY tap ae] ef ee] ee] oe [ise] | ST Noa : ery | OL SL EL OL Lee] me iS a Lier Le Lae | 6 | Netto aan Pee CE Ea eye suey 2 [resort | ool t[e] af] 2] 2] 2] fs] te] “3] 0 | Southwest [etiam [8] sf 8] tfbe Lt] ad fst | of L$] 3] 8 | Bo The SET aT aT ar eT ee rereae (3) tt st la] al al ul | a) 3] 8] sete re 31 et hiatal SL ett ul sts] S| ol em SE See aT Faye] oT Rea vec 2 | soon oy eres ceeds] e[uste| eo] o] meme | sunens sean ST SL ap ae eS Ta [is Led 1 gL ete aaa SL epee ey ape] ed Weve 13) ot at st al ol el al al] elo] s| sete | Neteret 1 8) 8] tf ol ssl at [al se ol] 3] e| secon _| eat Se Deep aaa soir enn | SSR Hee Aitiode | ogo ah o | ann Seam a » onection | yes eri? | —1S% [Mant | 40.7% per tooors | “Fis peri0F | = 7% per tor ED + consenng compar40° PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 15—SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS (Contd) Bru/(hr) (ea ft sash area) 40° er NRTA ATU _[ A TON TIME aa] SOUTH LATTUDE Se ee Tors spapal bal wpa «| el 2] 2] 2 went FRR BY ss] ey ie] a) a) By ef tafe fos pa ee get ep ep ey ep ee) ee une at | Sook tT ers Mel se] ual aa] ue] os] to] te] wo] osc 22 te | LLB LBL il tal Se] i] elit bioe| ae | st st Sh aie aay ef re Poe Wee | ot 8) al ol] toe) cs] oo a3] te fed ie Notas [EL 12] 22 [ao [aid attrat dana aia |p | Se PRED aT | orzo SE eet ey ey rey] ay ed 22] seh elisa) acl sel el is] te] te] B] te] io] 7s | Seetteaw wu 2 vos |r gee ae] SL edad el | | io § | ae Jan ast eh ss ae ep ap ay toy | Neate * ser ol a) el al el al e| | 5] to] 3 | Nem ‘ spit Lael se] 42) Bt sl tol el ue] sel st | Netheen wae a1 [Wat Spock af at eh ei breed rer re] West Nov ai Sat el el tal aa] tel ts| | sole] ar ioe | Sethnase 2a AS] fabt La | an8| att Jae [zs | St ae] 3 [!9¢ | ero capa ep ep ey ey ye] 2] Seth feet eR) Py cll ef Bln] a] a | utes nue soley ele al uel tel el aL) alt eee ea 0 Sete ee ST TT eT None ‘ TPOSTETP TST aoe | a a] at] | 8) 3 | Nok ‘ af 3) eS a Su 2 Lito] se] cd al oe | ae | Nemes aon ze vie 3h BE ae iors ieey rer ee] et ocr 2 Wns Lot bl til tal isl tal te] is] te] se] e2| l02| 2 | Seuthoast Neathwast | 2] $1 sto | 28) wz ata |b) ves | 50 100] 47 | “9 | Heras Tort a aL aay ayy 2] aye) ] seat rot | OL tas) a] ol a] celal 3] | 3] ] 3] geuteaw serra | fa gy zl otal isl oll at st $18 | eae MAR 22 ee Tey eT eT eT ae a | sean 8) fe) ac PH tela] oso] vel ei] a4] 2 fo] Now & cee LO Z| a Gal el “al “ae [a] tp Luer ise] 35 | 8 | Nertteet wana Wat Sh ea RR aerate Tie} | We serra Were) ot al shal alc) ela] cal ae] a8] at) & | exthea Nomis |S at | ob [ize] oss one] os [vo] os [eee | 21 | 0] Horace fer ae a aL ayy ys] fe) seat noth Po) ag) a] | ul ol 2] a] ij to] | 2 8 | Seitheen ocr | fat BL eta] al ol lal ul el ol 2 ot be arn 0 Lp EE PP any toy et 0 Nene a | Sou OP Pisa | es tee [see] oe] oe] 21) 0 | Now 2 seat | 3) 2] Sa] '95) bol "Sl tor [Nesp ton] et st] | 0 | Netheen ream [Wet ghee seater asp] wer wus; Were To) al al ol ul il | a) ul ve] 33| 35] 2 | Souhved Neonat 2] 21 of | eS] orf sais [aor] | | “e] 0 | Hest enh eT ay ay 3] ey 8] sor Noe | ot hazy a] cl al ulin) a] [3] 8] 8 | Seutouw wov 21 | gat ol ole laoel os] sol | tol a] of 3] of of Bee way 21 tear gh eae eer ey aT 8] OY err a | eu 378) fice] fee] estat] ie] we] os so] 9] 0 | Non * cag |S] 9) 22 [| | Saeed tel eel tee oe] Of 0 | Netvae van ar Par + Sap eye et 0] | wet aur 2 Warne | ol ot a) a] st ml uf ie) a] | 2] 8] 8 | Seutheen Neate | 81 Sh 2] al oa sol ce | or) [| ie] 6] 0 | Heracot Non gee ey aye) ap 2 | Seah nowt eT ] gy 3] | al tol tol io o| 8) 2] 9) 8] Sethean i Sloot th atl ol tt vel wok at gl a} ol 0 faa Shecar Satta Te aT aay STP] Rena ore 22 | South Sy Sf Se (ze] tal ice ws fice] ve] se] st] 0] 9 | Nea JUNE 21 th | OL SL) SSL Sn) 5 tee [ter] tae ie] el OL OL Nets at ap eee oo a Were To) os) at cl a) io) iol el | | 2] | 2 | Seuttees newt 1 1 2) 2] 8] ob] rel oslo] so] oe] 6] 0] 0 Hovawnta Steel Suh a Devnet Dewpoint South sel Guin | SNCS Mow Aiade oraon are | neat Bom 67 | Stee, en. fon | ac astrin | iss tment | +07% per 000 rotor” [MEW porloe | OSH sold Fac Values — Monty Masnums Bowed Vous — Yeu mosimareCHAPTER 4, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS ) TABLE 15—SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS (Conta) 50° Bru/{thr} (eq ft sosh orea) 50° SNORT LATTE [A SUN TINE maw Foe oaiTOve Northe TH1125] 94 | 50] 16] ia} 14] is] is] 3] 12] 10] 8 | Southeast SEPT 22 |_East of ior {ize |i | 93] 43} iz} ia | 2 a] 4} o MAR 22, ) erection | xc NSH 7 | —1s%y (Man) | -+0.2% ner 1o00Ft |e Teper tOF | Te per tO sia Valuos — Youty maximums Bold Face Values — Monthly Mi We EBD 1 crettenngcompeny ee heewo em See Heat Gain to Space econoeo £521) $ABR 138 Ror 61K Ly big, 15 — Ruactioy os Stan Heat (R), 528% Heat Apsonnine Gtass, 30° ANGLE OF INCIDENCE ALL GLASS TYPES — WITH AND WITHOUT SHADING DEVICES Glass, other than ordinay glass, absorbs more solar heat because it 1, May be thicker, or 2. May be spec dheat absorbit ly treated to absorb solar heat glass). ‘hese special glass types reduce the wansmitted solar heat but increase the amount of absorbed solar heat flowing into the space. Normally they rellect slightly less than ordinary glass because part of the rellection takes place on the inside surface \ portion of heat reflected from the inside surface js absorbed in passing back through the glass. The vera effcet, however, is to reduce the solar heat feain to the conditioned space as shown in Fig. 15, (Reler to Hem 8, page 51. for absorptivity, reflec tivity and transmissibility of common types of glass at 40° angle of incidence.) The solar heat gain frctor through 52%, heat absorbing glass as compared to ordinary glass is GAR/.88R = .728 or .73. This multiplier (78) is tised with Table 15 to decermine the solar heat gain thru 52%, heat absorbing gless. Multipliers for vari ‘ous types of glass are listed in Table 16. The effectiveness of a shading device depends on its ability to keep solar heat from the condi: tioned space. AMI shading devices vefleet and absorb 4 major portion of the solar gain, leaving a small portion to be transmitted, The outdoor shading devices are much mare cifective than the inside de: ices because all of the rellected solar heat is kept ‘out and the absorbed heat is dissipated to the out door air, Inside devices necessarily dissipate cheir absorbed heat within the conditioned space and ial, PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING Heat Gain to Space Sedo x19 Ry + (7 FT RY + (IZ TT RY (08.51 TTR) + (40.15 X 1 TTR) = 42 Ror 49 R Fic. 16 — Reactios ox SoLak Hat (R) Yi-aNcte PLATE GLASs, WHITE VENETIAN BLIND, 30° ANGLE or INCIDENCE ust also reflect the solar heat back through the glass (Fig, 16) wheveir some of it is absorbed. (Refer to Item 8, puge 51. for absorptivity, rellectivity and transmissibility of common shading deviees ar 30° angle of incidence.) The solar heat gain thru glass with an inside shading device may be expressed as follows: = [bie + tens ta ates + Aaat] where (= solar het gain rospace. Brahe #) {Gar lone mena Ba Gin), Grom Fable 15) Ssh asorpaie car sefectity ai shating device 5 = camerson factor 0m Fig 2 R 8 Pa rc For drapes the above formula changes as follows, caused hy the hot air space between glass and drapes: R ates + aero] Q ae Dhag te (RFAna + ta The transmission factor U_for glass with 100% drape is 0.80 Beu/ (bri (sq fe) (F. The solar heat gain factor Uhr the combination Fig. 16 as compared to ordinary glass is 49R /.88R =.557 or 56. (Refer to Table 16 for Jj-inch regular plate glass with a white venetian blind.) eae:CHAPTER 4, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS NOTE: Actually the reaction on the solar heat reflected back Inrough the glass from the blind isnot always identi fal to the Rist pass ae assumed in this example, The first pase hraugh the glass filers out most of solar 1s to be absorbed! in the glass, and the the radiation t Second pass alors somewhat les. For simp! reaction is assumed identical, since the quantities are hhormally small on the second pass Basis of Table 16 ‘Over-all Factors for Solar Heat Gain thru Glass, With and Without Shading Devices The factors in Table 16 are based on: 1. An outdoor film coefficient of 2.8 Bru/(lw) (sq ft) (deg F) at 5 mph wind velocity An inside film coefficient of 1.8 Bau /(hr)(oq £) (deg F), 100-200 fpm. This is not 1.47 as nor- mally used, since the present practice in well designed systems is to sweep the window with a stream of air 4. A 80° angle of incidence which is the angle au which most exposures peak. The 30° angle of incidence is approximately the balance point of solar heat though the atmosphere and the decreased transmissibility of glass. Above the 30: the transmissibility. of glass decreases, below the 30° angle the atmosphere absorbs fon reduction coming angle or reflects more. All shading devices fully drawn, except roller shades. Experience indicates that roller shacles are seldom fully drawn, so the factors have been slightly increased. 45° 5. Venetian blind slats horizontal at 45° and shading sercen slats horizontal at 17° Outdoor canvas awnings ventilated at sides and top. (See Table 16 Zootnote.) 7. Since Table 15 is based on the net solar heat gain thr ordinary glass, all calculated solar heat factors are divided by .88 (Fig. 12). The average absorptivity, reflectivity and trans missability for common glass and shading de vices at a 30° angle of incidence along with shading factors appear in the table below Use of Table 16 —Over-all Factors for Solar Heat Gain thru Glass, With and Without Shading Devices The factors in Table 16 are niultiplied by the values in Table 15 to determine the solar eat gain thra different combinations of glass and shading. devices, The correction factors listed under Table 15 are to be used i applicable. Transmission due to temperature difference between the inside and out rust be added to the solar heat gain to door air determine total gain thru glass Exomple 3 — Partially Drawn Shades fe it necessary £0 estimate the cooling loud in i are nat 10 be fully The Occasionally a building where the Dli procedure is ilestrated in the Following example Given West expose, 40° Nov Theemopane window wh white ven drain. a ve latitude Jan blind om inside sola beat goin, Solstion: hy inspection of Table 15, the boxed boldface values for peak solar heat gain, occurring at 4:00 pam. on July 2 = 164 eu/ihayg 6) TS OF GAS OR aay] ences | Ta Toke pees | | a Solar Factont Oana cin +e ts sare : 8 eg Late | te Neti Goor ss ed Ban Corer zn | a ra Co = Eine Cloth Big 618-9179) = sp Coun igo Gay | Firglan Gahan (38 [4 | sce, he ol ow | Fiberglass Cloth, Dark G _ oO 20 | DisrarCioh White G8 SA) 8 Pato Gh: Dah Chen, Ving Conte | tue ral sae) s | eet a a a Factors for various draperies are given for guidance only since the sciual drapery material may be different jn. color and enue; fgues in parentheses are ounces per sq yd, and yarn “arp Ailing, Consult manvfactarers for actal vales ED 1 cttenercomrny #Compared to ordinary glass. ding device in combination with ordinary glass Fora!PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING “Thermopane windows have no sash; therefore, sash area correction = 1/85 (hottom Table 15) se ihis example, 4 of the window i covered with the Soliton: Jn this example HG, not therefore, the soar heat gain My Inpction of Table 15 the hoxed boldface value for factor equals 3% of the overall factor + 14 of the glass peak solar leat gain, occaring at 4:00 p.m. on July 29 factor 4 bh) 96) Factor for yg dean = 4 X52) + (4 80) (Table 16) sic ssh window correction = 1/85 (bottom Table 15) =a Solex “R" glass absorbs 50.9%, of the solar heat (footnotes erhen gn st x2 roe 1) ehh ace ie ae ee =H Buu de) 4 1) Thum Table 16, the factor = 33. xomple 4 Peok Solar Heot Gin thr Solex"R” Gloss syarheoguin= 1%". = at mar 608) ‘West exposite, 40° North latitude Ye Soten "Re glass in steel sas, double hung window TABLE 16—OVER-ALL FACTORS FOR SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WITH! AND WITHOUT SHADING DEVICES* Apply Factors to Table 15 Outdoor wind velocity, 5 mph — Angle of incidence, 30° — Shading devices fuly covering window TRIBE oursie ~ )oursibe oursiog cuss | VENEUN DUNGY fvenStaN'Btno] SRRING | AGUNG years (ete) caret etre ace Fae a ea Stabe iam | Medium | ook | ake Masive Dor | abt eas | Neder | @25.] ea eee) Sat | eS, SRDNARY GAS AT Ae mer Lee os ete Pe a oe [ HEAT ABSORAING GLASSTT tse wo |) 2 | ml 2] a} uw |} ae | abr eee Bl] fe foie] an | as | om Sito 70% Aboring BS] 2 | ste |e | oe | to | ie |e DOUBLE PANE i Ordinary Clas wo fa | | ol om | af ao | wf ae | oe Result ee TS [el | a] le | | ue | Soo st%e nbsthing subi else arse terra : di Glass inside. a 3 ° Zz ' 0 10 7 490509, Absting sue a | wa : Regular Plate inside, so ” o e ! ‘0 io 7 THPLE PANE Sein hiss pn lal fw] a | | ae | oa | ae | Regul Pate ey") & | oitof te | is | | iw |e TAINTED GLASS Tigh Calor 28 Nation Color * Dat Cale 20 STAINED GLASSEE Anbar ee 10 Oat tea Hy Den Bee rd Dat race 2 Groped Goes “ tight Opolscst ° Oat Oplscet 2 iii |VA 20298 S| lent TP] rrezerre aces eenecne Fic, 17 — Reaction on Sonar Heat (R), INCH PLATE GLASS, WHITE VENETIAN BLIND, 14 INCH PLATE GLass, 80° ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, APPROXIMATION OF FACTORS FOR COMBINATIONS: NOT FOUND IN TABLE 16 Occasionally combinations of shading devices and types of glass may be encountered that are not cov: ered in Table 16, These factors can be approximated (1) by using the solar heat gain flow diagrams in Fig. 15 and 16, (2) by applying the absorptivity, re flectivity and transmissibility of glass and shades listed in the table on fage 5/, or determined from manufacturer, and (3) by distributing heat absorbed within the dead air space and glass panes (Fig. 17). Example 5 — Approximation of Over-oll Factor Given A combination as in Fig. 16 backed on the inside with an: fother pane of if-inch regular plate glass, Finds ‘The over-all factor. Solution Figure 17 shows the disti)ution of solar heat. The heat a sorbed hetoreen the glass panes (dead air space) is divided 459% and 550%, respectively heeween the in and out Row. ‘The heat absorbed within the glase panes is divided 20% in and 80%, out for the outer pane, and 73% in and 25% owt for the inner pane. These divisions are based on reasoning par tially stated in the notes onder Fig. 13. which assume the ‘outdoor fm coeficient of 28 Buu (he) (qf) (deg F). the \loor fm coffcient of 18 Btu/ (hr) (sq fe) eg F), and the ‘overall thermal condvetince of the air space of 1.87 Buu fe) 64 1) (ex) Heat gain wo space Fig. 17) (F515 12 TTR) + (77 X12 TTR) 445 ((37 TOR) + (08 % 51 % TTR) (08 12 x 77R)] $20 (15R) + (15> 81 x TTR) = 2688 oF 27K Solar heat gain factor as compared to or TRV ABR = 31 rs: Solar Gain Without Shoder Solor Gain Wh shode (Soler Data fom 5} % (Glan Feet from tobe) {Soler Dote from Table 18) x (Overall Factor from table] Soler Gain With Shoder Pertialy Drown ~ (Solar Doto from Table 1S} [iPrasion Brown % Overall Fedor) + (1 ~ Fron Drown) x (Gloss Forel for Table 16: “Shoding devices fully drown except eller shades. For fully drown foller shades, mutiny bgt colors By 73, med colors by 98, ond (ork colors by 108 *ocors for solar elfivde ongles of 40° or a ‘elow 40, some did lar Foye pass th minis At solar stitodes (MULTIPLIERS FOR SOLAR ALTITUDES BELOW 40° “commercial shade, slsminum Metal slots 057 Inches wide, 17.5 per inc ‘Yat heat absorbing gloss wie in comer! sir condoning I in the OW te 55% range; induntel apotcains normaly use 56% to 704, Tho folowing tomle presente te cbsorpon auaien ofthe fret common iat ypeu— SOLAR RADIATION ARSORIED BY MEAT ABSORBING GLASS [are | oe =" | T T slots Corp. | Ya Stem fsoem|saoem. | | P| tHe ee Gionce, a, Uawses | Faden |7avam |7200m | 4g | op | 167 bey Swensford | Ye | Pole BleGreen, 4:30 pm_| 430 pm. | 4:30 pm tnburgh Plote Glow oder by 1. 1 agoinst balding on sides end 0p, VA PoleGreen 509 ses, ui he predominant cle. { i |156 nisi PART |. LOAD ESTIMATING GLASS BLOCK Glass block differs from sheet glass in that there is an apprecinble absorption of solar heat and a fairly long time lag before the heat reaches the in. side {about 3 hours). This is primarily caused by the thermal storage capacity of the glass block it sell. “Che high absorption of heat increases the inside surface temperature of the sunlit glass block which pray require room temperatures (© maintain comlort conditions as explained in Ghap- ter Shadling devices on the outdoor side of glass block almost as effective as with any other kind of iulass since they keep the heat away from the glass. Shading devices on the inside are not effective in reducing the heat gain because most of the heat rellected is absorbed in the glass block. Bosis of Table 17 — Solar Heat Gain Factors for Gloss Block, With and Without Shading Devices ‘The factors in Table 17 are the average of tests conducted by the ASHAE on several types of glass block, nce glass block windows have no sish, the [ae tors in Table 17 have been increased to include the 1/.85 multiplier in Table 15. Use of Table 17 — Solar Heat Gain Factors for Glass Block, With and Without Shading Devices ‘The factors in Table 17 are used to determi solar heat gain thru all cypes of glass block, ‘The transmission of heat caused by a difference between the inside and outdoor temperatures must Iso be figured, using the appropriate “U" value, hapter 5 e the Example 6 ~ Peak Solar Heat Gain, Gloss Block Given ‘West exposure, 40° North Tatvade Glass black window Find: Peak solar heat gain Solution: iy inspection of Table 15, te peak sol ‘on July 3. Solae heat gain O00 pan, = (39 15) # (21K 48) £78 AtH00 pam, = (80% 161) = (21% 8) = BH AeG:00 pam, = (39x 118) + (21 x 14) = 76 Peak solar heat gain occurs 3:00 p.m on July 28. heat gain overs TABLE 17—SOLAR HEAT GAIN FACTORS FOR GLASS BLOCK WITH AND WITHOUT SHADING DEVICES* Apply Factors to Toble 15 THULTIPLVING FACTORS FOR GIASS BLOCK Exposure exrosure IN NORTH n'soura Tariruoes taniTupes 30 Southeast | 30 Eee 30 Northeast Summer ; 2 Summer} ‘Winter 30 Winer a5 2 35 Nonhwert a 39 | ey 30 West Ea 24 [iteees 2) Southwest Favors indde cercecon for no sash with last Block windows. Solar heat gain witht shading devices = (8 xl) + (Bo x ll 1 heat goin wth outdoor shading devices = (Bex + Bo % Ue) X25 Solar best gan with nad shading devices = BX h + Bo X te) x 90 cE {Use the summer Focors for ll lives, Nenh or South. Use the winter fier for infermediote season, 30° te $0° North er South Tonnage 8) = Istntonsoustaramisin factor from Table 17. By = Absorpon araninion factor fom Tobe 17. A = Sclorheot goin vole rom Toble 15 for the dested tine ond in value from Table 15 for 3 hours sollor than ond some wal focngCHAPTER 4, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS 1.55 SHADING FROM REVEALS, OVERHANGS, FINS AND ADJACENT BUILDINGS All windows are shaded to a greater or lesser degree by the projections close to it and by build. ings around it, This shading reduces the solar heat gain through these windows by keeping the direct rays of the sun off part or all of the window. The shaded portion has only the diffuse com: ponent striking it, Shading of windows is signiti- cant in monumental type buildings where the reveal may be large, even at the time of peak solar heat gain. Chart 7, this chapter, is presented to simplify the determination of the shading of win- dows by these projections. Besis of Chart 1 = Shading from Reveals, Overhangs, Fins ond Adjacent Buildings ‘The location of che sun is defined by the solar arimuth angle and the solar altitude angle as shown in Fig, 18, The solar azimuth angle is the angle in a horizontal plane between North and the vertical plane passing through the sun and the point on earth, The solar altiwude angle is the angle in a vertical plane between che sun and a horirontal plane through a point on earth. The location of the sun swith respect to the particular wall facing is de- fined by the wall solar azimuth angle and the solar altitude angle, The wall solar azimuth angle is the angle in the horizontal plane between the perpen- dicular to the wall and the vertical plane passing, through the sun and the point on earth. ‘The shading of a window by a vertical projection alongside the window (see Fig. 19) is the tangent of the wall solar azimuth angle (B), times depth of the projection, The shading of a window by a hori- rontal projection above the window 1s the tangent fof angle (X), a resultant of the combined effects of the altitude angle (A) and the wall solar azimuth angle (B), times the depth of the projection, Tan A, sola altivude angle “Gos ¥, wallsolar wana angle TanX = ‘The upper part of Chart 1 determines the tan gent of the wall solar azimuth angle and the bottom pare determines tan X, Use of Chart 1 ~ Shading from Reveals, Overhangs, Fins and Adjecent Buildings ‘The procedure to determine the top and side shading from Chart 1 is, 1. Determine the solar azimuth and altitude an- gles from Table 18, ED cosine comer Fic, 18 — Sonar ANGLES: Fic, 19 — Suapinc ny WALL PROJECTIONS 2 Locate the solar azimuth angle on the scale in upper part of Chari F 8. Proceed horizontally to the exposure desired, 4, Drop vertically to "Shading from Side” scale. 5. Multiply the depth of the projection (plan view) by the "Shading from Side.” 6. Locate the solar alsitude angle on the scale in lower part of Chart 1 Move horizontally until the "Shading trom Side" value (45 deg. lines) determined in Step 4 is intersected, 8, Drop vertically 10 “Shading trom Top" from. intersection. 9. Multiply the depth of the projection (elev tion view) by the "Shading from Top.”1-56 Qk fe SN 400" pp fe Fic, 20 — SHADING OF BUILDING BY ADJACENT Bum DING Example 7 — Shoding of Building by Adjacent Building Given uliings locate as shown in Fig. 20. Find: Shading at 4 pat, July 28, of building to he airconditioned Solution: TL ig recommenda! that the building plans and elevations he sketched t0 scale with approximate location of the sun to enable the engineer to visualize the shading conditions From Tole 18, solarazimuth angle sola alttade angle = 35 From @hart J, shading from side= fet sacling from tops = 786 PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING Dd eevanon Fic, 21 — SHADING OF REVEAL AND OVERHANG eget of building in shade, 515 = IT ja ‘eight of building in shade, H= 100 — (75 x 3) = 475 f ‘The oir conditioned building is shaded to a height of 47.5 fe and 625 fe along the face at 4:00 pan. on fuly 23 Example 8 — Shading cf Window by Reveals Giver: A steel easement window on the west side with an Sine reveal Find ‘Shading by the reveal at 2 pam. on July 23, 40" Novth Latitude, Solution: From Table 18, solar asimuth angle = solar altitude angle From Chart 1, shading from side reveal Shading from top reveal raxe. 48%, Main Example 9 — Shading of Window by Overhang and Reveal Given: “The same window as in Example $ with a 2 f¢ overhang G inches shove the window. Find! Shading by reveal and overhang at 2 pam. on July 23, 40° North Latitude Solution: Refer to Fig, 2 Shading from side reveal (ame as Evannple 8) = 4.8 in Shading from overhang 18 x (24 +8) Since the overhang is 6 inches above the window, the portion of window shaded = 576 6.0 = 51.6 in eyii sis CHAPTER 4, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS SOLAR AZIMUTH ANGLE Ls7 CHART 1—SHADING FROM REVEALS, OVERHANGS, FINS AND ADJACENT BUILDINGS T 1 Ge [rw Given: 's20 “ 7 ‘West facing, stel casement window with an Bineh reveal and 821 overhang 6 Inches above window i Find. © 300 Y ¥ | ‘Shading by reveat and overhang at 2 pm, July 28, | 40" North Latin am Bs BE Solution 280 — From Table 18, { ‘nat ang Te al ‘ue ang woo, re From Char? ae i 1. Enter at solar azimuth angle (242*) to west f (i) exponrechading tom skle = 04 inch inch 12 240 2. Enter at solar altitude angle (57*) to shad ing from side (06 inch ine) Shading torn top = 18 inch int '4r00 ser 4. Shaaling hy reveal = 05 x 8 = 48 in vl i 4 Shading by overharg=18(24-+8)—6=51.6 160. 6 4 ee lf 200 ‘ : Ls ue CRS SSR TROT GF re RT wy? be wis ¢ | seoe RANE x 2h T as] x beer 8 x Ca ae 5 wan j X \ ELEVATION N s x \ | 4 20 i g S . Zoos 8 eel NI z A 5 a0 : d = as & 50 1 Boss co 6s t i \ 70 1 7 ] 1 so : Lo eee IS 0 SHADING FROM TOP (INCH/INCH)138 PART 1. 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[Mey 21 jane 21 “Ure manta iaialed top fo Navth Lalfuder: and ve monty bottom for South LattePires pes 139 CHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES This chapter presents the methods and data for determining the sensible and latent heat gain or loss thru the outdoor structures of a building or thru a structure strounding a space within the building. Ivalso presents data for determining and preventing ‘water Vapor condensation on che enclosure surfaces or within the structure materials. Heat flows from one point to another whenever a temperature difference exists between the two points; the direction of flow is always towards the loner tem- perature, Water vapor also flows from one point to another whenever a difference in vapor pressure exists between the two points; the direction of flow is towards the point of low vapor pressure. The rate at which the heat or water vapor will flow varies with the resistance to flow between the two points in the material, I the cemperature and vapor pressure of the water vapor correspond to saturation conditions at any point, condensation occurs, HEAT FLOW THRU BUILDING STRUCTURES, Heat gain thyu the exterior construction (walls and sof) is normally calculated at the time of greatest heat flow. Tt is caused by solar heat being absorbed at the exterior surface and by the tem perature difference between the outdoor and indoor air. Both heat sources are highly variable thruout any one day and, therefore, result in unsteady state hheat flow thru the exterior construction, This un steady state flow is difficult to evaluate for each in- dividual situation; however, it can be handled best by means of an equivalent temperature difference across the structure, The equivalent temperature difference is that tem: perature difference which results in the total heat flow thru the structure as caused by the variable solar radiation and outdoor temperature. The equiv alent temperature difference across the structure must take into account the different types of con: struction and exposures, time of day, location of the Duilding (latitude), and design conditions. The heat flow thru the structure may then be calculated, using. the steady state heat flow equation with the equiv- alent temperature difference, q=UASt, where = heat flow, Bu/hr U = transmission coefficient, Beu/ (hr)(sq 2) deg F temp diff) A =area of surlace, sq ft A, = equiv temp diff F Heat loss thru the exterior construction (walls and roof) is normally calculated at the time of greatest heat flow. This occurs early in the morning after 2 few hours of very low outdoor cemperatures. This approaches steady state heat flow conditions, and for all practical purposes may be assumed as such. Heat flow thru the interior construction (floors, ceilings and partitions) is caused by a difference in temperature of the air on both sides of the structure ‘This temperature difference is essentially constant thruout the day and, therefore, the heat flow can be determined from the steacy state heat flow equation, using the actual temperatures on either side. EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE — SUNLIT AND SHADED WALLS AND ROOFS “The process of transferring heat thru a wall under indicated unsteady state conditions may be visu- alized by picturing a T2-inch brick wall sliced into 12 one:inch sections, Assume that temperatures in each slice ave all equal at the beginning, and that the indoor and outdoor temperatures remain constant When the sun shines on this wall, most of thesolar heat is absorbed in the first slice, Fig. 22. This raises the temperature of the frst slice above that of the outdoor air and the secend slice, causing heat to flow to the outdoor air ard also to the second slice, Fig. 23. The amount of heat flowing in either direc tion depends on the resistance to heat flow within the wall and thru the outdoor air film. The heat flow into the second slice, in turn, raises its temperature, causing heat to flow into the third slice, Fig. 24. ‘This process of absorbing heat and passing some on to the next slice continues thru the wall to the last or 12th slice where the reraining heat is transferred to the inside by convection and radiation. For this particular wall, it takes approximately 7 hours for i RRRip r hte Fic, 25 — BrHavior oF Ansoxnep SOLAR HEAT DURING SECOND TIME INTERVAL eee Fig. 24 — Benavio oF Ansoxnen SoLar HEAT purine Tiny inte INTERVAL solar heat to pass thru the wall into the room. Because each slice must absorb some heat before passing it on, the magnitude of heat released to Inside space would be reduced to about 10% of that absorbed in the slice exposed to the sun. These diagrams do not account for possible changes in solar intensity oF outdoor temperature, LOAD ESTIMATING S|] aaa SseHaSE mr Fic, 25 — Benavior oF Ansonnep SOLAR HEAT DURING SECOND Tint INTERVAL PLUS ADDITIONAL SOLAR Herat Agsorven puRiNG THis INTERVAL A BR ERO ES Fig. 26 —Benavion oF Ansonnep Sola HEAT DURING ‘Truno Tine INTervat PLUS ADDITIONAL SOLAR Hat [AgsORRED DURING THIS INTERVAL ‘The solar heat absorbed at each time interval by the outdoor surface of the wall throughout the day goes thru this same process, Figs, 25 and 26 show the total solar heat flow during the second and third time intervals. A rise in outdoor temperature reduces the amount of absorbed heat going to the outdoors and more flows thru the wall. ‘This same process occurs with any type of wall construction to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the resistance to heat flow thru the wall and the thermal capacity of the wall. oyBi CHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 161 NOTE: The thermal capacity of a wall or roof is the density of the material in the wall or roof, times the specific heat of the material, times the volume, This progression of heat gain to the interior may occur over the full 24hour period, and may result in a heat gain to the space during the night, If the equipment is operated less than 24 hours, Le. either skipping the peak load requirement or as a routine procedure, the nighttime radiation to the sky and the lowering of the outdoor temperature may de- crease the transmission gain and often may reverse it, Therefore, the heat gain estimate (sun and trans- mission thru the roof and outdoor walls), even with equipment operating less than 24 hows, may be evaluated by the use of the equivalent temperature data presented in Tables 19 and 20. Basis of Tables 19 and 20 = Equivalent Temperature Difference for Sunlit and Shaded Walle and Roofs Tables 19 and 20 are analogue computer calcula: tions using Schmidr’s method based on the following conditions: 1. Solar heat in July at 40° North latitude, 2. Outdoor daily range of dry-bulb temperatures, 20 deg F 3, Maximum outdoor temperature of 95 F db and, 8 design indoor temperature of 80 F db, ie. a design difference of 15 deg F. 4. Dark color walls and roofs with absorptivity , of 0.90, For light color, absorptivity is 0.50; for medium color, 0.70. 5, Sun time. The specific heat of most construction materials is approximately 0.20 Beu/(Ib)(deg F); the thermal capacity of typical walls or roofs is proportional to the weight per sq ft; this permits easy interpolation, Use of Tables 19 and 20 —Equivelent Temperature Difference for Sunlit and Shaded Walls and Roofs ‘The equivalent temperature differences in Tables 19 and 20 are multiplied by the transmission coeff cients listed in Tables 21 thru 33 to determine the heat gain thru walls and roofs per sq ft of area dur ing the summer. The total weight per sq ft of walls and roofs is obtained by adding the weights per sq ft of cach component of a given structure, These weights are shown in italics and parentheses in Tables 21 thru 33. ED 0 conten compeny Example 1 — Equivalent Temperature Difference, Root Given A flat voot exposed 10 the sun, sith built-up roofing, 14 Involation, $ in, wood deck and sumpended acoustical le ceiling Room desige temperature =80 F dls Outdoor design temperature = 05 F dls Daily range = 20 deg Find: Equivalent temperature ah snce at 4 pum, July Solution: Wijsq ft 8424 12 Ihjsq fe (Table 27, page 71) Equivalent temperature difference 44 leg F (Table 20 interpolated) Example 2 — Daily Range and Design Temperature Difference Correction AL times the daily range may be more oF less han 20 seg Fr the difference between outdone and room design temperatures ‘may be more or less than 18 deg F. The corrections to be applied tothe equivalent temperature difference for combina tions of these ewo variables ate listed in the notes following Tables 19 and 20. Given: “The same toot as in Esempl> 1 Room design temperature Outeloor design temperature Daily range = 26 deg F Find Equivalent temperature diffeence winder changed conditions Solution: Design temperatore difference Daily range = 26 deg F Correction 0 6 I deg F (Table 204, intespolated) Equivalent temperatuse difference = 43 ~ 1 = 42 deg F 7 deg F alent temperature difference Exomple 3— Other Months ond Latitudes ‘Occasionally the heat gin thew wall oF roof must be known for months and Intituces other than those listed in Note 3 following Table 20. This equieslent temperature difference is Aetermisied from the equation in Note J. This equation ad. josts the equivalent temperate diference for solar radiation ‘only. Additional correction may have to be made for differ fences between outdoor and indoor design temperatures other than 15 deg F, Refer o Tables 19 and 20, pages @2 and 63, and! to the correction Table 204. Corrections for these differ: fences must be made first; then the corrected equivalent applied in cortections for latitade Given 12 in, common trick wall acing west, with no interior New Orleans, 30° North latiuude Finis, Joeated Find Equivalent temperanine difference in November at 12 noon, Solution: "The correction for design temperatu follow temperature differences for both sun and shade must be |1-62 PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING Exomple 3, contd Summer design dry-bulb for New Orleans SF dbs Table 1, poge 11) Wincer design dry-bulb for New Orleans a0 F ay (Table F, page 11) Yearly vange = 75 deg F Corcction in outdoor design temperature for November amis yearly range of 75 deg F 158 (Table 3. page 19) Oundowe design dry-ull cemperature in November at 8 pa. ves OF With an 80 F dy room design, the autdaor to indoor die ‘ence ie $0-— 80 = O deg F Average daily range in New Orleans Sideg F (Table J, pre 11) ‘The design difference of} deg F and a 19 deg F daily range results in a “113 deg F aldition to the equivalent tempers tive difference, by interpolation in Table 204 Equivalent temperature sifferencen for 12 in. brick wall in New Orleas at IZ noon in November Mog for west wall in suk 25 (Table 19)~ 115 =~ 4.5 deg F TABLE 19—EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (DEG F) FOR DARK COLOREDY, SUNIIT AND SHADED WALLS" Based on Dark Colored Walls: 95 F db Outdoor Design Temp; Constont 80F db Room Temp; 120 deg F Daily Range; 24-hour Operation; July and 40° N. Lat-t == Tun HiME exrosure | OF WALL: aM Pe fen Teper el 9] ol nal Tels[etrTepspernie ms em lM i waeeye sls 4]? 2 LS hoe Wight) walatiwe 8) & Nonneet | 100 [4 3 4 44 10/16 Wi waite o 8 [ssa sls 8s TE fa 1a 10,1919 10.10 10 - zo [17 30 wa des le lajualulia io) 6 4) 2 LY A7 %S ado at iat WB ete 8) 5 ket ef $s 8 a ta 20 | Wii ai a tho 1% [at wa wo oe“ io Wi te tele ia tae ae fw) era we) a6 a7 ie wise es ) & [Yt a3 ae 1s 4 ” we ar a eae ie al 0 We [468 8) 8's 118 tes) gobi aaise a ara 2 Tas fis)apet 7) e Fe Seer fe [3 2045 south we [aja aa) a) 3/4 is te 3 om ssa aa BSS AS a | 4] we Pamatealaal o] a worn 0 ® Yate 8 ot 3235.96 35 34 1D sewer ee zg] gs AG aa 8B ze jm [eae aa? a3 hte zn [go Fa aaa 03 wefas lal @ [taro 8 2 ae) 84/0 1 we | oR ale a 8d aiuie i Me fat 9) 88 Bi : 0 ba =a/-s/—2) 0 3 ule 2 & ERcacics a a i231 30 wa b joe PAE E af a i7o tpi izo[fh ae ua Le fest ee 21518) '9 folie te is 26 | a Fa a3ie4e ja ale @ wom | fe F353 4787 fli a 2 ‘ gray | owe fT toe atte 'e 1S t iM frites nat 5 i 678% a5 67 12] aM HM | sun TIME Zqooton Hoos Goin The Wath Bu/te = (ee, 59 #0 oust emp fx ranmision coon! , Table 2 the 251 Al voles are for both inlted ond urinated wel "Penh per aq flues for common types of eentrucion ate ited in Tables 21 tho 25, ‘For mail Sonsaeion lo than 20Tb/og ue sted vals of 20 Ibait tata CHAPTER 5, HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-63 for west wall in shade WU) of wal = 120159 (Table 29 So (rable 19) 115 =~ 115 deg F i, “105 eg Fas cored (Tables 19 and 304) Se ermaon fence for he eo ays 363, ssp soo Fe on 0 counted for in Table 18, R= M6 Mu/br (Table 15, page #4) The corecton fay dierent sla intensity i RL = tov tube cra poe 4) . Ry a, 215 + U8 45 Cay ae ag EE ata ag = RE aly t= Be) s ray 48 = 115) 0 65 deg (Soren tar. 12 Noon) TABLE 20—EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (DEG F) FOR DARK COLORED}, SUNLIT AND SHADED ROOFS* Based on 95 Fdb Outdoor Design Temp; Constant 80 F db Room Temp; 20 deg F Daily Range; ‘2d-hour Operation; July and 40° N. Lat.t T Tan Te , a a onal. of Roars aM a ro) Ton ee 7 ; ; ma itp 2] 3) 4) sl) 7] @) 9] mn) af 2] a] as Te Fala ve fee sa se aa as as 8 [a Expored 2 fo 2) te (as |30/36. at as a3 ao 38 038 ‘o ®t 4/18/16 (ae) ae 38 $e) 49 ar ap 35 32 | soo @ |> oS [te (a2 [a7 31 35/38 Se. 38) 36 34 131 Sad ob at at at ta [te (ae ae as 383s 3s 3 | Tao FF si=ao] af avo fve ip a2 201 we | te fia liz] uo) @! 2 2 PR ESTE ALL OSS He es IS aa Fs ST (ESE cacag a]! 9 to ta eis sas ia ta wo a) a8 {ge aaa of a) ae lizishie i velas aaa}! @ a2) af oye Sci earrairic cana ean ne —& RRSECAE A 01a S|" to a Bite 8) 2 ns =s zie]e;a a ula aio) ef s;2 a) onils shaded Cece SSE a ile 8 a Se TICSca cs fe Fac tbat 8's Fito ele 8 6 4, ot ot T e718) ap wet al sls sie]? efepm me a aa | an PM rc | fun time Equation Hoot Gain Ta Roots, Bolin = (Ara, 2a ft) x (equivalent emp dM) % (Wansmison oetint U, Tobias 27 or 28) trp at 25% {for her condons, refer fo crraions Below and on page 64 [P'isign per ag voles for common Iypas of contution are Hine ny Tables 27 oF 28 TABLE 20A—CORRECTIONS TO EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURES (DEG F) | 2 | ‘ourpoor Fon MONT . erie DAILY RANGE (deg F wns Room TEN — ‘aes alee De we) ae eee) eee ee = 30 Tap Teo sat =a [a am nas nae may mae nae He sh se mas = 2% Tio Tn Te | Tse | iS ISS <3 2 Tas ae <4 | ie |} ae | te Peper Honeycomb s | & 3} a | aS | Peper Honeycomb with Porte Fil, eee a | ison | os (Cemented tn 2 | as | ts | ta | Vermicue 7 | 3h de |e 38 | a | 2 | a as | a) ae soles aslee [asia get a | a | a wo | | ae) be Oh Bs be ole | a! s oe Equations Heat Goin, Bu/hr = (Are, oq Hl x (U vole) x loquvalent temp af, Toble 19 ect tos, Bu/hr = (Areas ag) > (U value] x feaoor temp ~ bide temp “For edalton of nation end el poces ro wall refer to Tole 31, page 75. core dens Xeore hikes peat xs Bibag te ‘otal wCHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-69 TABLE 25—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U-FRAME WALLS AND FOR SUMMER AND WINTER Bru/(hr) (sq 1) (deg F tomp diff PARTITIONS* [At rumber in porenheses indicate welght per aq fl Toll welt per sq f i sum of component moles INTERIOR FINISH % al - uh | song | ue | we | ae SHEATHING era} eset) plow} Boar (2) Boars) pe, oan a 7 | 40 9 | a 20 a a [3 3 | Re ts ea | ast eae ‘a | [me & | ne 2 | a lh RRM Face Bick Nero riding Peper 7 as [as | ee Vereen on [Be""Piwood (hor 4" Gye 2} 37 | 3: 3) ete WE Fyweed [Pee Woow 8 Bide Paper ah | 2 eia| ear ease eae ee F>Imsoting Boers 2) 4% a [a om | eS o> multing Boars (3) 3 Gia | esibeeooks came eps, Basing Paper, 7 ay) aa ee Hie bywood (Vor '6" Gye (2 a8 | nj a 3 mo yr Wood & tds Paper a | aw | RB | tS m3 Wed’ | 48 mvloing Bora (2 3 | 2 ow ou Penal) |" ulting Sour (3) 2 ees oleae od erodeeeela 2 yw | as | a ae 48 mB | yO a | 2) ow ou | 2] 3 eG 2 | ize ee alee rad (ef usteeeee es) 7 2% 2 ise ras eee abe eeee 2 1958 ASHAE Oude auations: Well—Heat Gain, Bufir = (Ara 19 ft) X (U vale} X (equivalent romp aif, Tobe 191 Heat low Blafbr = [Area 29) (Uvalel x lestdoorremp—inide temp) onions, weandiioned space agiocen—Hoct Gein or Loss, Bs ns tthen ee boiler yoom adjacent—Hect Goin, Btu/tr = [Are aq] x (U vale) ‘For addton of notion nd al paces 2 partitions refer to Tobie 81, page 75, [Aree aq % (U vale % outdoor tomp-—inide temp —5 F) inside temp + 15 F025 9 ——PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 26—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U-MASONRY PARTITIONS* FOR SUMMER AND WINTER Btu/ hr) (oq fi} (deg F temp dif) sf Total weight por 19 fis sm of movenry unit end firth x 1 © 2 [fnihed one or both siden [A mumbers in porenhort indicate weight | song | ure | Sona | ue | song | we ‘a WOULoW CONCRETE T T T 7 Boe son) as | we) | ow | we | ae) 3 | Be | dee | 40) se eae T ae | 3835 is @ i ‘ sun [FT ae =e 4 a7 | a7 te ca 1260 [iT a [a a | | asi aon uw Aes 802) Vw E rua ual 12 3) 30s) | ate oes) | | eso uae a a) kee 3 3 ts soa) 3 a yey ee you evrsuM yy ie 8 Fy mare mf tt _| oe 1 sae LL - |i ie = 5 ae im 8) 1958 ASHAE Guide en Hoot Gain of Les Bafhr = (Area, x [U vale] x lotdoortemp—inide temp—5 F arse, 23% (U vob) Shas emp si er outdoor tomp—inide temp +15 F 1025 Evetons: Porton, szondiiond spate Ferien, teen or baler room ediaten: Maat Goin or os, Btufhe stor edition of ruation and al paces fo periions reer to Tebe 1, page 75 oyCHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-71 TABLE 27—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U-FLAT ROOFS COVERED WITH BUILT-UP ROOFING” FOR MEAT FLOW DOWN-SUMMER, FOR HEAT FLOW UP—WINTER (See Equation o! Ballom of Ps Btu/ thr) (sq f) (deg F temp diff) er sa ft Total weight per sg fs 3m of roo fish ond ination All ruber in parentheses note wah INSULATION ON TOP OF DECK, INCHES TYPE OF DECK ‘cen | Metal oon ‘None or Power (6) Siapended Per (5) Stapended hea Te (2) Preformed Slabs—Wood | 214) | None or Paste (6) Fiber and Cement Binder Stepended Power (5) Stapended Aco ie (2) Sounn, [S01 [None or Poster) Boe ne Shinended Power (5) eae Sompended Acu Tile (2) Conerate 768 | None or Poser (6) “Sand & Gravel Ago) (471,{701,| Suspended Plaster (5) (3) | Sumpended Aeou Tial2) wea TPO) | Noe or Planer (8 Gyptum | Soapended Poster (8) Stupended Aeow Te (2), 3131] Nove o Plaster [é) Stapended Per (5) Stapended Arou Tie (2) 116) | Nowe or Pieter Stopended Poser (3 Stapended Acu Tet?) 2Ui)| None or Ploer (6) Sorpended Poster (3 Sorpended Aco Tile (2) SU18)| Noe or Plster (6) Suipended Pls (8) Shmpended Aeo Tile (2) TUPI] None or lout (6) Scipended Peer (5) Sttpended Arou ie (2) Soipunded Ploser (5) | Wood T7118) | one or Plser | Sutpondad Aco Te FFT) | None o-Ps | Stapended Pla (5) | Stepended Aeou Tie (2 3 UB) | Nove or Plster (8 Seapended Pls ‘ecw (2) Sorpene 1958 ASHAE Gui inn Summer—(Hect Flow Down) Heat Gain, Bt = (Are, aq} x (U valve) x (equivelet temp dif Toble 20), Winter eo! Flow Up) Heat Los, Bi/he ~ (Aree a fil (U value x 1.1) x lxtdoortemp-—inede tmp ‘for eddton of air spose or nwlton Yo rons, refer Yo Table $1, page 78 ‘for sazended 14" iwotion board, plain (8) or with %4" sand egeregate poster (Sl.we voles of wipended czy tlePART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 28—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U— PITCHED ROOFS* rot HEAT FLOW DOWN-SUMMER, FOR KEAT FLOW UP—WINTER (Se Equation Bottom of Page) B1u/(he (sq ft projected crea) (deg F temp dif) su rombes in porenieis ndst wight por Tol weight porn fim of component mais Trento ROOFS ane oe 34° Oyprom | _lssleting | Acvael Ti mie fe weak tem | '3Senataee | 2" ee one reste | Wintead” | Piatra’ | 4 epsom vz we le |e | a T | SSimn Prnsee [ha | atin | ata | on | we |e we | we Serenion SURFACE | SHEATHING aa og | Peg (Meas Pea | Pas® | are | tat_| Bidg paper on He” T | ashen [sired 2» ole ala vie om snes) Tag paper on [Beaten ys | sm mw | Bide paper on I piyecod ta [om] fa | fas | as [tdg poper on 45° | ] weer | as | as | ae ay ae | eo | ow | Bldg paper on A? TT T 1 thread ulm) ow ja | os | ew |e Bidg paper on ae | ~ Meares | ve as) oe | Wide poeer on T Tees aie ieee : Bea pore en | | ; 1 = sweat) | pyecod ra tare mrss cue en ecumeer joa eo ee eta ow idg paper on 7 T —_t i" [easements | oe | a |e | ass | atm ws | we quotions Sunme (Hest Flow Down] Hoot Gals Bt = for odton of sir paces or Inlasion for ebove rook, refer 0 1958 ASHAE Gude (horizontal projected eree, sa) x (U value! leguivalent temp dif Tbe 20) Snide tom Meith (U vale > 11) lostdooe tex 1 How Upl Heat Low, Biv/ie = (hveonclpreected ot le 3, peTABLE 29—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U—CEILING AND FLOOR, (Heat Flow Up) Bated on Still Air Both Sides [At numbers in porenthesindeate weight por sq fT Bru/(he (sq ft) (deg F temp iff) 7 TARSOHRY CHUNG - same Sepended ar Fond — | ; | race: | we nitty nS exe | Genel we rim encores on We) ae _ wits Soa un malta CONCRETE! ‘ib por Power | Plester the | the noon suntan wa¥y Lay aw T Fry a] ze A] 3 | sR Sond noe | $n 3 ee itn a eee, 18 a oe Twrage 7s! a Bh ( were? tbe) 2 3 sia) z = Fat) 3 z ita) 2 2 Sond Aco $10) a 2 Hy x z 18 Hoo) 35 | bo Wi agg 2 MoT a ea wwe it a 7 seme otal i Tea 2 ia 3 Sond has $681 % ) Sta) 38 2b Hoa |ieseeeas Ww fap 7091 cm sour tin) | & sia | | a Fi = iia 3 Wverdwond Sond how 5 eth a Z Hi a se Bh Seal L a eee wage Tu) 2] Parte Sob THD fd i 6) ee og rome Sonpende er Fa W Greve ie a | wood th ‘ a rieined_|_ “Nene on Fe Te | | ; neon we | sta [aie | sea | ole [we Toe | ae | xe |The | fate | ate | Peter | Pnr | ere | srs] He | Be nook mB Pas Pee Mae Mar ere es | on | ai 1 Nove Tae pa ae ae | [meen [us| oo al ot lS Fle Fla db ewe |e Re BR Ble Ne OS ge weed [gear ay ae ae a ae ae ag | iearacee cael earls so oe ce | cee ae | ake ceueec epee se eee prem eee Psa | Bo 3 OF oe ver wots) | ep me tw ae | eae ewe |B oR ee Re RM | 8 Wis SHAE alse ) aver Hest ow op, Uncndiond! pac bolas Ket ain, ur = [Ave ¥9 ft Uva) Leer mp — imide emp — 3 Kihen or hoe room below: Heat Goin, Bu/ir = (Ara, ag fi x 10 voll % lasuel tmp if ofculoor temp ~ 181028nscale PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 30—-TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U—CEILING AND FLOOR, (Heat Flow Down) Based on Still Air Both Sides, Btu/{he) (sq ft) (deg F temp diff ‘nt numbers in parentheses indiate weight por 19 fy Total wight per sf sumo ailing ond flor. MASONRY ESN Snended Fn 8 Gypvum | nloing [Asoo We” ror“ SntFoning red | 34° Srpsum rieK Ness Ginehes!| ver | ea | ae | ae rf" wc ond | an the | itn | ne Te | we | xe piste iter Faas | | ate | same | He | a an ase [tases | i | ea ra rire soa | se 3s 10 19), a 2 | Ww ye | OM 2s 23a | os Papeete) mae | mF or" Fawrags 20s) : rrocrtie | “aoa? | 4 al fo ou i” ia Le t Tue) [ae ie) | eae | sont top | ee) gees | ac jas 18 foo) Len Yip Aap 2) vas rouse | ttn uM | sua Floor Tile w | AC tndweod | Sond bos | | " Seatoer |e oe en Mawes) Fah var "Sownee | Sep | TBS! at soommen” HW" Sond | Wt | Sond aan oe Tie | Tile | Plaster | Plaster | Plaster Paster | Board Bord Tile Tile noon | fueron Lian Mae ae ae are ere | |r Te re ee en ene oe eee aera cee lee ee wet? | BOR Re ke be |B sewage pe ae ae ee ne he now vo wow won BoM BE BIR Boe oe eu : tae sig wooaist | 2 aes ae sata Wo | Bow eke T8d8 ASHAE Gude ovations Heat How down, untondtianed spote above: Ha Kenoen above: Heat Gein Bufte = (Aven, qf) > (U value) > [aca temp ai, or eutdoor temp — in Goin Ba/he = (Aras, sq} x (U vale) x foutdor temp — imide temp — 5 Fl emp + 15 Fo 25 ein |CHAPTER 5, HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-15 TABLE 31—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U—WITH INSULATION & AIR SPACES sumer AND wee Bru /t (49 (eg F tmp ih aon oe ay Wt] ssanonat | Ms Drs Mi $B | —Vimarao tamer Sener Te ‘ee gs tees mm | om eat ormore | added | One [two | Added | On | Too | Added | One fe te vr [see [S| [S82 | oe | ame. |e | ites (aera “inet | Bie | spac | Sider” | tpece | apsce_| “uae” | soos | abate = % i] a >a | sae it 3 & nla |e] ea i a 2 yon | Bs it 54 at far toa | 6 05, 3A 14 52 30 | ho i 08 05 33 14 F 50 8 [oj on pe | ee | a3 ‘a ae ae pa pa ae er : ee ete ep ee 3 & Sou Bn le ® 3 é Zee a |e ee 8 £ 2 BR RS ee ek as | | | a | ae | | a ne Slee [ea Boul elie la) eR a le Sele) Re] a Bas |e POR LB | | 8 Be to 0 ae fas} eae pa) to x (8 (flee lal se ) Cae asa eee eat ee eerie ees i [818 /8/28 818s i % S| 8 1 | M4 or) os | mM 14 a1 08 x 4 3 gle oa fe | 8 ‘ ‘ & [f[e 2 1gi 3 i" “| S12 ga] es 2 os Soe eae ek Tofeane owe sg soces a InsuebTion oe pensive ecTs—«pePAETVE SHEETS. RELECINE SeeTS “checked for ume canton for wp, down ond heriontel heat fw, Eror fom above values i ss thon 19 dePART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 92—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U-FLAT ROOFS WITH ROOF-DECK INSULATION Bru/(he) (sq |ANO WINTER ) (dag F tomp cif) U_VALUE OF ROOF “Rddilion of Roof-Deck ineulason EFORE ADDING ROOF DECK INSULATION Fhiekneee tn) TABLE 33—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U—WINDOWS, SKYLIGHTS, DOORS & GLASS BLOCK WALLS Bru/(hr) (sq 8 1) (deg F temp dif) fin ie [Se ee Thiet Be [Loe mPa | femme | Winer | Summer | Winer Without Storm Windows: vis) 061 | Oss 0.53 oat ] 0.36 04 ry 1.40. 0.50 070 With Storm Windows 0.54 | 043 | 08d Doon 7 7 7 aa oa 1% os oe s os 30 me os 339 7 ous | oat ie 38 os i oe | 33 tos 4" Herc te 38 Wouow oiAH Hook WALT TiN a None San bet a aa SUPESIE Nec Netiel Se eae ha os Teer stag iano! Sie Va 2ut 6 oa POPES Pit wit gas iver secon diving the coy (16 Eqvoton Hot Goin or Ln, Bu/iy = (Area, 49) % (U valve) x loutdoor tome ~ imide *theined miners in parenthsssndeote weight in tb per vf 1758 ASHE Guide eyCHAPTER 5, HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 7 CALCULATION OF TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U For types of construction not listed in Tables 21 thru 33, calculate the U value as follows: 1. Determine the resistance of each component of a given structure and also the inside and out door air surface films from Table 34. 2, Add these resistances together, Rat EAM tn 1 8, Take the reciprocal, U = Basis of Table 34 = Thermal Resistance R, Building and Insulating Materials Table 34 was extracted from the 1958 ASHAE Guide and the column “weight per sq ft” added. Use of Table 34 Thermal Resistance R, Building and Insulating Materials ‘The thermal resistances for building materials are listed in two columns. One column lists the thermal resistance per inch thickness, based on conductivity, while the other column lists the thermal resistance for a given thickness or construction, based on con- ductance Example 6 — Calculation of U Value Given: ‘A wall a per Fig. 27 Fic, 27 — Ourpoor Watt. Find: “Transmission coefficient in summer Solution Refer 10 Table 3. Resistance Construction R 1, Outdoor air surface (714 mph wind) 029. 2 Stone facing. 2 in. @ X08) 016 8. Hollow clay tle, 8” 18s 4. Sand aggregate plaster, Qin. @ x20) 040 |. Inside air surface (il ait) 0.8 “Total Resistance 3 ee syn fe pep 7 P. Burying FH Gteg A1-78 2ART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 34—THERMAL RESISTANCES R—BUILDING AND INSULATING MATERIALS (dog F per Btu) / thr) (sqft) 7 RESISTANCE R i | rmek- oevsiry | went [ree ineh | For Mess “Ubpar | ibpor | Thickness | Thieknens MATERIAL DESCRIPTION jer Sor Saar ya . a « TONG MATERIALS aioe TisenonComen Soord a soar ‘bene omen Boerd wm | os | OP ots ppc oer oo % | te | Sok ypu o se Boers x ote peg as ywoos , x | Gs Pyweod % Mf on as | Piccoa [eee aes aeoe eee lary Pyweod Oe ow) ve | ft ae Pywcod or Wood Pes x x fom | = oe Wood bar Soo omrted or Homogeneous m | S| me a | = eo . Wood fer, Hardboard Tree a |p pS Wood Fibs Hordosors Tyee % @ | as | ais Weg i'r ie Sheahing je Be | ae | = ‘od, Fr Pe ir yu | it | = BuuoINe | Yepor Permeable Ft ] =a = ree Vopor SENN Kayan of Mopped 1516 fe | [fst = = a ope Sea le Fin | a = Be woons ‘Mepis, Oak, od Slr Horo ] rn rT) = He and Setar Sowoods | a | = 135 = ‘Masonry ik, Common ran) |= % ints ik Foce | a) ibe 8 | = “ oy Ty Hotow | cat beep 3 wo | os oo ; 1 Get beep i 4 & i i 2 Gelade ‘ So 3 ets Beep i 3 & 2 et beep 1% a 3 ei Bese 2 e Cop los, Tyee Oval Core 2 % w | > ee Sond Gravel Ape i & Bf = on ‘ a & | = on 2 = tae 3 2 igi 3 on var {Copandea Ste Gay, Soe or ji) 8 ae 13 Sop Fame : a ea 200 2 a Gaga Peson 7 PeTafato" role 24 y z 1a an Pat0" Sea 3 33 ef = 135 PnP" Sea ree ef = ig on, Une Sond a re =ee CHAPTER 5, HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 119 ) TABLE 94—THERMAL RESISTANCES R—BUILDING AND INSULATING MATERIALS (Contd) (dog F per Btu) / (he) (sa RESITTANCE R [otek | ognsiry | wateir | [Tess | “iver | “tevper | icknen MATERIAL DESCRIPTION find vl | ag 1 BUNLOING MATERIALS, (CONT) WASONRY ‘Goment Norar nee 220 = MATERIALS Gypromfiber Coeete 871% gyptim, | oneret 12a wood ce | a = 060 S Uahtweigh Agorogores — ie 019 = Incaing Expr | 100 = O28 = Shale, lay a 0 = 040 = Exponded Slag; Cade 1 @ = os = Pomc; Pevitey Vorisite o a eas = ‘Aso, Catan Conerotas 0 = uM = PLASTERING MATERIALS Tohresiaht Apsregate % 4s 18 S 032 Lightweight Aparegste % oak 7 038 Lightweight Aporepsts on Meal Lth a ts bo S oar 6 as oar es 103 = ote = ) w 105 4a — 009 a ms 55 = on om tes 88 = en | 108 = = 00 a S ose “ ROOFNE 170 = = 70 = = ‘phat Singles, 7 = = Baap Rooting % 7rd 2a] 7 i Fs a a | aa = ‘SION. MATERIALS on Flt Sertecs) |__ Weed) ena! Bother Bing i ‘est Coment, 4" - 5 = oat ‘pte nt Silo eS = = oo | ab Ie Si = = = ne ; { = = = od | [Srotrel Glow =a FiooRING “iphor Te % mareRiats Carpet ond Pros Pod | Corbet Sra Robber Pod cron Tie 1 = esa tte 3s | oot ate % B | | | Fete rescng 3 Foe rie, % = Unotem 2 ry Popwood Sur uy = Biber er Mose Tie hoo = Nerens : Me = Wood Subioor mee S Weed, Herdwood Feih wo)’ =1-80 PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 34—THERMAL RESISTANCES R—BUILDING AND INSULATING MATERIALS (Contd) (deg F per Bry) / (he) (59 4) 7 RERGTANGE & rwex- | oevsiry | weexr | Mess | “inper | ie mareriat | DescKiPTion Wer | tear | ae RSULATING MATERIALS ANKET AND BATT” | Conon Fier wae] wa Wes} Rov Fr 1s-40 370 Toca tom Rak Wood Fi uae] a9] Wes Ftr, layer Sted Expended iia | we | ot BOARD AND SLABS | law Riser | 35 = aco) Weed or Cano Fiber ‘vs he % | ma ws - ‘een We een eet laa = ‘evr Bt Lot, lnk io | ‘A as e , Interior Fh (ie, Letty Plonk) Li» 130 | 082 = ia Reef ect ses } T Shcting npr oC wo | ae | Steomgtmpres o » | wo | oom | 8 ) Steg tnpreg or Coed Be [ome | in me eater cw 7 ae) | SOS Twnout Addo Sind) estico | = so |S | fg tay {wn arheh Bde) ane Ste - | etic foamed). te) os xe = | WS SNeadeaIcemented i reformed Sabo nef i e toast Ft 1 Maceted Pope o Pulp Produc as-35| = a7 | WSS iter tadwsce, Remco gia) ax = | ste Woot fom Sogo Ra ioi3a | = 33 e Sowcu ot shoving 02336) = aa e Shotule sponded) ia*| = ae E HOOF WEULATION | A Types Prefomed foro ove deck Mtoresingtar » | ase 2 es hae ‘eproninotely Re sae aa 5 ae aetna m | eS = ay neoreninanty fe | = mh ec a | ie = io Nepronnoney Bo tes E a AIR SPACES: | HEAT FLOW | Grwies | wee |= - - a | Gpiemeen | le |= = = aaa Dow iaet | gs | = S 2 Bometwae) | ove |= S = 13 Born (wane) |e = 5 5 13 Boma (wer) | S I = 13 Bore oeemo) | |= = 5 cas | Bore omae) | ove |= 5 = | as | torn emaerl |e = = 5 aa | Geiwaes | mia |x = 3 8% pees emer) ese eae 5 ed Fonz(woel | ce | = = = a fore nme | eee | S = an rostion Wear flow wonton uP os Siping 15" oe, oa sat Ai vehed Herzonst | png 43° eet iota down a9 1 ato Wind dry Poiton for Wier) Any Drain | Es = E ar 1% Moh Wind ___Aov Poon rr Somer gy gion = 5 ae “indudes paper bocking and facing i oy. ln coven where th nation forme boundory [hight refetvel ofan or space, refer to Table 3, poge 75CHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES Lst HEAT LOSS THRU BASEMENT WALLS AND FLOORS BELOW THE GROUND LEVEL ‘The loss through the floor is normally small and relatively constant year round because the ground temperature under the floor varies only a litdle throughout the year. The ground is a very good heat sink and can absorb or lose a large amount of heat without an appreciable change in temperature at about the 8 ft level. Above the 8 ft level, the ground temperature varies with the outdoor temperature, with the greatest variation at the surface and a de. creasing variation down to the 8 ft depth. The heat loss thru a basement wall may be appreciable and it is difficult to calculate because the ground tempera- ture varies with depth. Tables 35 thru 37 have been empirically calculated to simplify the evaluation of hheat loss thru basement walls and floors. ‘The heat loss thru a slab floor is large around the perimeter and small in the center. This is be- cause the ground temperature around the perimeter varies with the outdoor temperature, whereas the {ground temperature in the middle remains relatively constant, as with basement floors. Bosis of Tables 35 thru 37 — Heat Loss thru Masonry Floors and Walls in Ground Tables 35 thru 37 are based on empirical data. The perimeter factors listed in Table 36 were devel- oped by calculating the heat transmitted for each foot of wall to an 8 ft depth. The ground was assumed to decrease the transmission coefficient, thus adding resistance between the wall and the outdoor air, The transmission coefficients were then added to arrive at the perimeter factors. Use of Tables 35 thru 37 —Hoot Loss thru Masonry Floors and Walls in Ground The transmission coefticients listed in Table 35 may be used for any thickness of uninsulated ma: sonry floors where there is good contact between the floor and the ground. ‘The perimeter factors listed in Table 36 are used for estimating heat loss thru basement walls and the ‘outside strip of basement floors. This factor can be used only when the space is heated continuously. If there is only occasional heating, calculate the heat loss using the wall or floor transmission coefficients as listed in Tables 21 thru 33 and the temperature difference between the basement and outdoor air or ground as listed in Table 37. ‘The heat loss in a basement is determined by add- ing the heat transferred thru the floor, the walls and the outside strip of the floor and the portion of the wall above the ground level. LE TLL RT IIe Example 7 — Heat Loss in @ Basement Given: ‘Basement ~ 100" x 40" x 9" Basement temp—65 F db, heated continuously ‘Outdoor temp =0° F db Grade line 6 1 above basement floor Walls and floors ~ 12 in, concrete (80 Ihe £) Bind: Heat los from basement Solution: 1. Heat loss shove ground 9828 Btu oe 2 Heat loss thea walls and outside strip of floor below ground, HEL, Qlty~ ta) = 200 + 80) xT 05 x(65—0) = 19,100 Beuyhe 3. Heat lose thru floor H=04,(h~t) 0.085 » (100% 40) (69 — 2000 Btu/br ‘Total Heat Loss SHORTT he Heat transmision coeficient of wall above ground (Table 21) and floor (Fable 35) ia Buuydhe) (9 £9 (eg F) Area of wall above ground, 9 fe Entive floor area sq fe Perimeter of wal, f Q = Perimeter faclor (Table 36) 1, = Basement dry-bull temp, F Ground temp, ®, (Table 37) Outdoor desige dry-bulb temp, F where TABLE 35—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U— MASONRY FLOORS AND WALLS IN GROUND (Use only in conjurction with Table 36) or Walt | “Bosemen Foor 8 Potion of Wail oo sing & Below ground evel *Some oddone! for Equations: Heat low thowgh fos aa SU vale! xc foatement — ground temp Host ln froyah wal below 8 fo! ln, Bib oreo na 8) > (U vole) % Tbosement ~ ground tmp. NOTE: The faster in Table 35 ond 36 may be vied for ony thiknoss bhainvloted motonry wal flaw, bat Ino air apace wen fond he hoor or we theres nde fil ong ison coctient he peta Ie induded in perimeter fovor, see Toble 36 nds dry ond randy, x where ‘were the wal hero low est ark: dor may be reduced shy. a ti(ai‘i‘Ls TABLE 36—PERIMETER FACTORS FOR ESTIMATING HEAT LOSS THROUGH BASEMENT WALLS IANO OUTSIDE STRIP OF BASEMENT FLOOR (Use only in conjunction with Table 35) Distance of Floor Perimeter Fe From Ground Level ‘a! 2 Fest above 30 Ai ground level o 2 er below 3s 6 Feet below ves 8 Feet below 130 ect lou about perimeter, Biv/tr = (patineter of wa tr Facer (bosom TABLE 37—GROUND TEMPERATURES FOR ESTIMATING HEAT LOSS THROUGH BASEMENT FLOORS, Guido Design Temp (FI] 20 a) no nD 70 os ‘Ground Temp (F) 0 os RT 1. LOAD ESTIMATING TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS — PIPES IN WATER OR BRINE Heat transmission coefficients for copper and steel pipes are listed in Tables 38 and 39. These coeff cients may be useful in applications such as cold water or brine storage systems and ice skating rinks, Basis of Tables 38 and 39 Transmission Coofficents, Pipes in Woter or Brine Table 38 is for ice coated pipes in water, based on a heat transfer film coefficient, inside the pipe, of 150 Bru (hr){sq ft internal pipe surface) (deg F). Table 39 is for pipes in water or brine based on a heat wansfer of 18 Bru/(hr)(sq ft external pipe sur face) (deg F) in water, 14 Btu in brine. It is also based fon a low rate of circulation on the outside of the pipe and 10 F to 15 F temperature difference be- ween water or brine and refrigerant. High rates of circulation will increase the heat transfer rate. For special problems, consult heat transfer reference books. TABLE 38—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U—ICE COATED PIPES IN WATER Btu/thr (lineal ft pipe) (deg F between 32 F db ond refrig temp) ide fm coetient = 190 Bu/r a (eg Copper Pipe with tes Thicknete (ine) Steel Pipe With lee Thickness (inches) % 7 a 2 Uinches! % 7 1 2 3 e a aa ae % 72) st ae 3 ue a a a2 a8 % oS nt a5 a8 fo ay Ga | we 2 ba a a ea a saw M We eb Eo ta TABLE 39—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U—PIPES IMMERSED IN WATER OR BRINE Bru/{he lineal ft pipe) (dog F between 32 F dl ond refrig temp) COuide woter fm coutiant= 18 B/C) fog (dog F) Cunide brine in cotfcen ur fa (eg #) Water etigerant lomp= 10 Fie 13 F Tinches % 10 a x 30 ae 1 a as Mm ra aCHAPTER 5, HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-83 WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU BUILDING. ‘STRUCTURES Water vapor flows thru building structures, re- sulting in a latent load whenever a vapor pressure difference exists across a structure. The latent load from this source is usually insignificant in comfort applications and need be considered only in low or high dewpoint applications. Water vapor flows from high to lower vapor pres- sure ata rate determined by the permeability of the structure. This process is quite similar to heat flow, except that there is cransfer of mass with water vapor flow. As heat flow can be reduced by adding insulation, vapor flow can be reduced by vapor bar- riers. The vapor barrier may be paint (aluminum or asphalt), aluminum foil or galvanized iron. It should always be placed on the side of a structure having the higher vapor pressure, to prevent the water vapor from flowing up to the barrier and con densing within the wall. Basis of Table 40 — Water Vapor Transmission thru Various Materials ‘The values for walls, floors, ceilings and partitions have been estimated from the source references listed in the bibliography. The resistance of a homogene- fous material to water vapor transmission has been assumed to be directly proportional to the thickness, and it also has been assumed that there is no surface resistance to water vapor flow, The values for per- meability of miscellaneous materials are based on test results, NOTE: Some of the values for walls, roofs, etc, have been increased by 2 safety factor be- cause conclusive data is not available, Use of Table 40 — Water Vapor Transmission thru Various Materials Table 40 is used to determine latent heat gain from water vapor transmission thru building struc tures in the high and low dewpoint applications where the air moisture content must be maintained. Example 8 — Woter Vopor Transmission Given 4-40 fe x 40 fe X 8 [laboratory on second Moor requiring Inside design conditions of 40 F db, 50% rh, with the out: door design conditions at 95 F db, 75 F wh. The outdoor wall is 12 inch brick with no windows. The partitions are metal lath and plaster on hoth sides of studs, Floor and ceiling are 4 inch concrete Bind: "The tatent heat gain fom the water vapor transmission, Solution: Gr/lb a1 95 F db, 75 F wh = 99 (psych chart) Gr/ib at 40 F db, 50% ch = 18 (psych chart) Moisture conten diference = 81 gr/lb Assume thatthe devepoint nthe areas surrounding the lab: Dratory ie unifori and equal to the outdoor dewpoins. Latent heat gain: wxs To X61 x04 (Table 40) 104 Bea he Outdoor wall 40x40 loor and ceilings = 2 x 97" 5 81 x 10 partitions = 3x 148 x1 x Partition ek x at x10 = 777 Bewjhe ‘Total Latent Heat Gain<4 4 a PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 40—WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION THRU VARIOUS MATERIALS s/he (100 99) {gr i latent hoot ‘wih 2 coon | Auminom DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL OR CONSTRUCTION No Vope | “Vaporseal” | Fol Mounted Seal Une | “Pomtan | on One Side News User | Smoot ‘of Paper Sewripton ‘nige Comenad sores to Walt wats Wik A meer 7 as on Sines 06 as 20 Dit hees 4 033 id Ther nh of tiknass a et " Concrete incon O67 258 oa 18 ees a3 2 Br Ther nth of hihness 0 ee ~Frama—aith planer interior fish 7 1e oe Tein wih capt seated lslting boar eth 2 i cd alow day (ete elezed) —- inc a ow ‘0m Noto ely (commen! = inves 24 nm 25 blow soy, Ih face ond neh common on on 086 GEILINGS AND FLOORS 70 oo oa 251 ra a 20 8 ‘30 ‘30 i" at ao 3 a 7 9 230 19 7 0 o ae on yer fal cote be oe bn Shingles, sheathing, raftersplus poster on wood or mee! lth ie ne 29 Woot ince pant layer fal ootng rn ote or ‘Ta ince phe 3 ayer fet rtng oy oe O12 TISCEUCANEOUS Tir Space, silo 334 beh ae Building Matorils - ‘Mevonte=rt thane, inch Ts Mekneses Poster on wood lah Piywood—Ve inch Dovglos f [3 ply) Taine lor? cook esha pl =i inch Douglas fe [5 pI) Taine pee 2 aoct espe point Wood Pine S08 leh ‘TEite plus 2 soot olminum pont Spree 508 Ish Inavlating Ma "Contr 1 eck ik Stevo fh slang Boor 14" “Ge pu 2 coal water smion paint ‘vo ps 2 coal vor base pat Tie pls wal thotum se7 70 $18 oi a6Mii . CHAPTER 5, HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-85 TABLE 40—WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION THRU VARIOUS MATERIALS (Contd) TERMEANCE Bu /wh 100.99) (ora it loon Neat Wits Wit 2 Coote | Atma DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL OR CONSTRUCTION No Vapor | Vaporseat” | Fall Mounted Seol Unies | "Paittan” | on One Side Noted Under ‘of Pep ‘evcphon | Cements iowa MISCELLANEOUS coos aera | Bato | 33" | phere, move proof ot. 02s | ‘Siaune {I sly womed or 3 ply pein) Boy3 «008 | rah popersoked wih prata wax, 43 I per 100 qf Md Paotie by as Pein le "ost suminm point, esioted 05-2 2 oat apnal pent, 3 2 coat lnad ond il pan esimoted nepal 2 taat woteremelianetimoted so! to Papers Boe (untested) 50:90:30, 8.1 por 100 ag As. 37 Gino 33180-3042 Ih por 100 #9 6st = 061 rat poper =! he ai st Tamu flan one id of sheet ns Ninn fol on bates of het a mpregnoted ond coated, 7 1b per 10029 ft ore 0 Biber 100 a 50% saat wit or ia TReofing Felt, soturated end cooled wih oophall ai pera is i 50 io pera on shel wih d holes We lomatr a Great Tt Inve ong by inher wide (approximated from abevel aan "Pointed srfaen Two oat of o goad voper ‘heath sirfoce. Dato ‘Amnon fo on Popets This material should abo be applied over @wooth surface ard jis lapped ond sealed with expat ‘fe vapor baer sould chwaye be peed on fhe sds ofthe wal having the higher vapor pretre if eondenetian of maitre i wols possible. 5 argertion job ‘ sn: The heat 9 | ‘cin should be comidered for ai condoning jobs icy hen the depen inde must below. Note tat me oneminion through bulding structures. | dvs fe water voportransnision though walls may be neglected . Conversion Fairs To convert above abla woes fo: arin) Ina ft ach mercy vapor preme difference), muily by #8 in) [ag (pounds er agin vapor presve siren muy by 200. ‘ Ta convert ts lotent heat 1 asin, mali by 7000/10601.86 CONDENSATION OF WATER VAPOR Whenever there is a difference of temperature and pressure of water vapor across a structure, conditions may develop that lead to a condensation of moisture ‘This condensation occurs at the point of saturation temperature and pressure. As water vapor flows thru the structure, its tem. perature decreases and, if at any point it reaches the dewpoint or saturation temperature, condensa- tion begins. As condensation occurs, the vapor pres- sure decreases, thereby lowering the dewpoint or saturation temperature until it corresponds to the actual temperature, The rate at which condensation occurs is determined by the rate at which heat is re moved from the point of condensation. As the vapor continues to condense, latent heat of condensation is released, causing the dry-bulb temperature of the material to rise. To illustrate this, assume a frame wall with wood sheathing and shingles on the outside, plasterboard on the inside and fibrous insulation between the tivo. Also, assume that the inside conditions are 75 F db and 50% rh and the outdoor conditions are 0°F ab and 80% rh. Refer to Fig. 28. ‘The temperature and vapor pressure gradient decreases approximately as shown by the solid and dashed lines until condensation begins (saturation point). Ac this point, the latent heat of condensation decreases the rate of temperature drop thru the in- sulation, This is approximately indicated by the dotted line. Another cause of concealed condensation may be evaporation of water from the ground or damp loca tions, This water vapor may condense on the under: side of the floor joints (usually near the edges where wooo suearione 7 _imae rere PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING it is coldest) or may flow up thru the outdoor side of the walls because of stack effect and/or vapor pressure differences. Concealed condensation may cause wood, iron and brickwork to deteriorate and insulation to lose its insulating value. These effects may be corrected by the following methods: 1. Provide vapor barriers an the high vapor pres- sure side. 2. In winter, ventilate the building to reduce the vapor pressure within. No great volume of air change is necessary, and normal infilwation alone is frequently all that is required. 3. In winter, ventilate the structure cavities to remove vapor that has entered. Outdoor air thru vents shielded from entrance of rain and insects may be used. Condensation may also form on the surface of a building structure. Visible condensation occurs when the surface of any material is colder than the dew: point temperature of the surrounding air. In winter, the condensation may collect on cold closet walls and attic roofs and is commonly observed as frost on window panes. Fig. 29 illustrates the condensation on a window with inside winter design conditions of 70 F db and 40% rh, Point A represents the room, conditions; point B, the dewpoint temperature of the thin film of water vapor adjacent to the window surface: and point C, the point at which frost or ice appears on the window. Once the temperature drops below the dewpoint, the vapor pressure at the window surface is also re duced, thereby establ shing a gradient of vapor pres: sure from the room air to the window surface, This gradient operates, in conjunction with the convec- Fic, 28 ~ Convensarion Wrtmin Frame WALLCHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-87 — : if roman |! : Potaea Ei || me i sree ll) ee Fic. 29 — ConDENSATION ON Winvow SuRFAce tive action within the room, to move water vapor continuously to the window surface to be condensed, as long as the concentration of the water vapor is maintained in a space. Visible condensation is objectionable as it causes staining of surfaces, dripping on machinery and furnishings, and damage to materials in process of manufacture, Condensation of this type may be cor- rected by the following methods: 1. Increase the thermal resistance of walls, roofs and floors by adding insulation with vapor barriers to prevent condensation within the structures, 2 Increase the thermal resistance of glass by in- stalling two or three panes with air space(s) between. In extreme cases, controlled heat, electric or other, may be applied between the glass of double glazed windows, 8. Maintain a room dewpoint lower than the low. est expected surface temperature in the room, 4. Decrease surface resistance by increasing the velocity of air passing over the surface. Decrees ing the surface resistance increases the window surface temperature and brings it closer to the room dry-bulb temperature, Bosis of Chart 2 ~Meximum Room RH; No Wall, Roof or Glass Condensation Chart 2 has been calculated from the equation used to determine the maximum room dewpoint temperature that can exist with condensation. Ultom = ton) 4p = bon ~ where 4 = dewpoint temp of room air, F db tne = rOOM temp, F U = transmission coefficient, Buu /(hr)(sq f1)(deg F) bog = outdoor temp, F inside air film or surface conductance, Bua, (11) (6q f1) (deg F) Chart 2 is based upon a room dry-bulb tempera ture of 70 F db and an inside film conductance of 1.46 Beuy/(hej(sq foydeg h Use of Chort 2 — Maximum Room RH; No Wall, Roof or Glass Condensation Chart 2 gives a rapid means of determining the maximum room relative humidity which can be maintained and yet avoid condensation with a 70 F db room, Example 9— Moisture Condensation Given 12 in, stone wall with 96 in. snd aggregate plaster Room temp ~ 10 Fab Outdoor emp — 0" F dl Fine: | ‘Maximum room sh without wall condensation Soliton: Transmission coefilent U = 0.2 Bru /(hayieg f(degF) (Table 21, page 66) Maximum room sh = 40.05% (Chart 2) Corrections in room relative humidity for room temper lures other than 70 F aby are listed in the table under Chart 2. Values other than thowe listed may be interpolated Example 10 ~ Moisture Condensation | Given: Same as Example 9, except soom temp i875 F db Find: Maximum room +h without wall condensation Solution "Transmission coeficens U Bu /heyisg Fides F) (Example 9) 05%, (Example 9) Rh correction for room temp of 75 F db with U fector of 052 = “1.57%, bottom Chart 2), Maximum room rs = 40.05 — 1.5 Maximum room ¢h for 70 F a’ room temp 38.48%, oF 385%,1.88 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING CHART 2—MAXIMUM ROOM RELATIVE HUMIDITY WITHOUT CONDENSATION NO WALL, ROOF OR GLASS CONDENSATION 2° ; ; ae aot E oo : == a ae el SN CSR ESE EET #0 g | 2 Bol beech } PSAP 1? g | Cane. u aod 20: g y 1 108 7 | | t SS ° | i {i i S200 o UL | . “ue STuriumilsa Fri¢DeG F) CORRECTION IN ROOM RH (%) For Wall, Roof or Glass Trontmistion Coefficient! U Outdoor (Fab)1-89 CHAPTER 6. INFILTRATION AND VENTILATION ‘The data in this chapter is based on ASHAE tests evaluating the infiltration and ventilation quantities of outdoor air. These outdoor air quantities nor mally have a different heat content than the air within the conditioned space and, therefore, impose a load on the air conditioning equipment. In the case of infiltration, the load manifests itself directly within the conditioned space. The ventila: tion air, taken thru the conditioning apparatus, imposes a load both on the space thru apparatus bypass effect, and directly on the conditioning equipment, ‘The data in this chapter is based! on ASHAE tests and years of practical experience, INFILTRATION Infiltration of air and particularly moisture into a conditioned space is frequently a source of sizable heat gain or loss. The quantity of infiltration air varies according to tightness of doors and windows, porosity of the building shell, height of the build: ing, stairwells, elevators, direction and velocity of wind, and the amount of ventilation and exhaust air, Many of these cannot be accurately evaluated and must be based on the judgment of the estimator. Generally, infiltration may be caused by wind velocity, or stack effort, oF both: 1. Wind Velocity ~The wind velocity builds up a pressure on the windward side of the building and a slight vacuum on the leeward side, The outdoor pressure build-up causes air to infil: trate thru crevices in the construction and cracks around the windows and doors. This, in turn, causes a slight build-up of pressure inside the building, resulting in an equal amount of exfiltration on the leeward side. Difference in Density or Stack Effect — The variations in temperatures and humidities pro- duce differences in density of air between inside and outside of the building. In «all buildings this density difference causes summer and win= ter infiltration and exfleration as follows: Summer ~ Inflation at the top and exfl- tration at the bottom. Winter ~ Infiltration at the bottom and exfiltration at the top. ‘This opposite direction flow balances at some neutral point near the mid-height of the build- ing. Air flow thru the building openings in ‘eases proportionately between the neutral point and the top and the neutral point and bottom of the building, The infiltration from stack effect is greatly influenced by the height of the building and the presence of open stair- ways and elevators ‘The combined infiltration from wind velocity and stack effect is proportional to the square root of the sum of the heads acting on it. ‘The increased air infilwation Row caused by stack effect is evaluated by converting the stack effect force to an equivalent wind velocity, and then calcu: lating the flow from the wind velocity data in the ables, In buildings over 100 fc tall, the equivalent wind velocity may be calculated from-the following for mula, assuming a temperature difference of 70 F db (winter) and @ neutral point at the mid-height of the building: VOR Te (for upper section of tall bldgs — winter) (1) (for lower section of tall bidgs — winter) @) where V,= equivalent wind velocity, mph V = wind veloci:y normally calculated for location, mph EVIE a= distance wirdow is above mid height, f¢ b= distance window is below mid- height, f NOTE: The total crackage is considered when calculating infiltration from stack effect. INFILTRATION THRU WINDOWS AND DOORS, SUMMER Infiltration during the summer is caused primarily by the wind velocity creating a pressure on the wind- ward side. Stack effec is not normally 2 significant factor because the density difference is slight, (0.073 Thjeu ft at 75 F db, 50% rh and 0.070 Ibjeu fe at 95 F db, 75 F wb). This small stack effect in tall buildings (over 100 ft) causes air to fiow in the top and out the bottom, Therefore, the air inflerating in the wp of the building, because of the wind1-90 pressure, tends to flow down thru the building and fut the doors on the street level, thereby offsecting some of the infiltration thru them. In Jow buildings, air infiltrates chru open doors ‘on the windward side unless sufficient outdoor air is introduced thru the air conditioning equipment to offset it; refer to “Offsetting Infiltration with Out door Aix” With doors on opposite walls, the infiltration can be considerable if the two are open at the same time. Besis of Table 41 “Infiltration thru Windows and Doors, Summer The data in Tables 41a, b and ¢ is based on a wind velocity of 7.5 mph blowing directly at the window or door, and on observed crack widths around typical windows and doors, This data is derived from Table #4 which lists infiltration thru cracks around windows and doors as established by ASHAE tests. Table 41d shows values to be used for doors on opposite walls for various percentages of time that each door is open. The data in Table #7e is based on actual tests of typical applications, PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING Use of Table 41 Infiltration thru Windows and Doors, Summer ‘The data in Table 41 is used to determine the infiltration thru windows and doors on the wind- ward side with the wind blowing directly at them. When the wind direction is oblique to the windows or doors, multiply the values in Tables 41a, 6, ¢, d, by 0.60 and apply to total areas. For specific loca- tions, adjust the values in Table #1 to the design wind velocity; refer to Table 1, page 10. During the summer, infiltration is calculated for the windward side(s) only, because stack effect is small and, there‘ore, causes the infiltration air to flow in a downward direction in tall buildings (over 100 ft). Some of the air infiltrating thru th windows will exfitrate thra the windows on th Ieeward side(s), while the remaining infiltration air flows out the doors, thus offsetting some of the infil. tration thru the doors. To determine the net infl- tration thru the doors, determine the infiltration, thru the windows on the windward side, multiply this by .80, and subtract from the door infiltration, For low buildings the door infiltation on the wind: ward side should be included in the estimate. TABLE 41—INFILTRATION THRU WINDOWS AND DOORS—SUMMER™ TABLE 41a—DOUBLE HUNG WINDOWS} DESCRIPTION cy 7.5 mph Wind Vel Gi PER 50 FT SASH AREA ae Rk oe oe oe De ee Rolled Seion—Steel Sash T | T | ] Industrial Pivoted ee - co -|- — lous = 26 re Se =| -|t)% meee [tlt pt pci al ee a 58 = a = TaeCHAPTER 6, INFILTRATION AND VENTILATION 191 TABLE 41—INFILTRATION THRU WINDOWS AND DOORS—SUMMER® (Contd) 7.5 mph Wind Velocity TABLE 416-DOORS ON ONE OR ADJACENT WALLS, FOR CORNER ENTRANCES CFM PER Sa FT AREA™ crm DescRIPTION Neu. ‘Stonding Open ‘No Venibule Vente lving BeorsNormel Opavation 7 a 7 | = Panels Open 7 = | 1200 | 500 Glass Door—" Crack 4s reo 700 500 10 6s 700 500 =| os = = 2 | 4“ = = 20 ers = = TASLE 414~SWINGING DOORS ON OPPOSITE WAUS leeaes 70 ‘000 | 3 240 625 iso | ters 2300 50 50 1250, ao | a750 3.000 75 750 vers 730 5625 7,500 200 10 2500 000 7500 1,000 ‘GEM PER PERSON IN ROOM PER DOOR elving Dear Ne Vestibule Vestibule Berber Shop 40 50 ae Candy ond Sode 55 70 sa ‘tore 209 300 25 ~ ment Store [Small “s eo * Shor 20 25 1s Drug store 5s 7 ss Hospital Room = a8 26 neh Room rr = 38 en's She 27 7 | 2a Restourent 20 2s | 1 Show Store a as 28 “"Yestioies may decrease the inflation a much 309% whan the door snoge is Fgh. When doar age isheavy, he vestibule is of tne value fo Example 1 — Infiltration in Toll Buildings, Summer Find! Given Infiltration A 20-tory building in New York City oriented true north Building is 100 ft long and 100 fe wide with @ Noor to- Foor height of 12 ft, Wall area is 20% residential casement windows having 50% fixed sash. There are ten 7 fex 3 ft swinging glass doors on the street level facing south, ED corti company air quantity Solution: building thru doors and windows, disregarding outside alr dhru the equipment and che exhaust prevailing wind in New York City during the summer is south, 13 mph (Table 1, poge 10)1.92 PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING Correction to Table I valves for wind velocity 9/75 = 178 Clas area on south side % 12 % 100 X 50 = 12,000 sq ft Infiltration thru windows 12.000 x 49 % 1.78 Inflation thru doors 10x 7X8 X 10% 1.78 Since this building ie over 100 f tall, net infiltration thre ‘doors = 3640 ~ (10200 X.80) = — 4520 cfm. Therefore, there & no infiltration thew the doors on the erect level on design days, only exfitration, 0,200 fen (Table 420) 3640 cfm (Table $1c) COFFSETTING INFILTRATION WITH OUTDOOR AIR, SUMMER Completely offsetting infiltration by the introduc tion of outdoor air thru the air conditioning appara- tus is normally uneconomical except in buildings with few windows and doors, The outdoor air so inoduced must develop a pressure equal to the wind velocity to offset infiltration, This pressure causes exfiltration thru the leeward walls at a rate equal 10 wind velocity. Therefore, in a four sided building with equal crack areas on each side and the wind blowing against one side, the amount of ‘outdoor air introduced thru the apparatus must be a little more than three times the amount that infil vats, Where the wind is blowing against two sides, the outdoor air must be a little more than equal to that which infiltrates, Offsetting swinging door infiltration is not quite as dificult because air takes the path of least resist: ance, normally an open door. Most of the outdoor air introduced thru the apparatus flows out the door ‘when it is opened. Also, in tall buildings the window infiltration tends to flow out the door. The infiltration thru revolving doors is caused by displacement of the air in the door quadrants, is almost independent of wind velocity and, therefore, cannot be offset by outdoor air, Basis of Table 42 = Offtetting Swinging Door Infiltration with Outdoor Air, Summer Some of the outdcor air introduced thru the ap- paratus exfiltrates thru the cracks around the win- dows and in the construction on the leeward side. ‘The outdoor air values have been increased by this amount for typical application as a result of ex: perience. Use of Table 42 ~ Offsetting Swinging Door Infiltration with Outdoor Air, Summer Table 42 is used to determine the amount of out. door air thru air conditioning apparatus required to offset infiltration taru swinging doors. Example 2— Offsetting Swinging Door Infiltration Given: A restaurant with 3000 cfm ontdoor air being introduced thru the air conditioning apparatus, Exhaust fans in che Kitchen remove 2000 dm. Two 7 fe x 3 ft glass swinging doors face the prevalirg wind direction. At peak load cond tions, cheve are 390 peeple in the restaurant Find: ‘The net infiltration thi the outske doors Solution: Infiltration thru doors = $00 % 2.5 = 180 elm (Table #7¢) Net outdoor air = 3000 2000 = 1000 eftn Only 975 cfm of outdaor air is required to offset 750 cfm of door inftration (Tabte #2) ‘Therefore, there will le no net inflation thru the outside doors unless there are windows on the leeward side. If there are windows in the building, calevlate 36 outlined in Bxomple 1 TABLE 42—OFFSETTING SWINGING DOOR INFILTRATION WITH OUTDOOR AIR—SUMMER TA Tein) | __ Boor Infitraion fet Tei Ovideor Ale (tm ‘Door Infiration ttm T 100 13 7100 | 200 we 1200 300 1560 | 1300 400 670 00 | 500 1760 500 790 | 00 1890 7600 970 700 2070 100 rene 00 2250 2000 1150 900 2480 2200 1200 1000 2650 2400 1 the outdoor el quanty oder thru the apporats min he exhaust ar asanty lial alGHAPTER 6. INFILTRATION AND VENTILATION INFILTRATION THRU WINDOWS AND DOORS, WINTER Infiltration thru windows and doors during the winter is caused by the wind velocity and also stack offect, The temperature differences during the win- ter are considerably greater than in summer and, therefore, the density difference is greater; at 75 F db and 30% th, densiey is 0788; at O°F db, 40% rh, density is 0865. Stack effect causes air to flow in at the bottom and out at the top, and in many cases requires spot heating at the doors on the street level to maintain conditions. In applications where there js considerable infiltration on the street level, much of the infiltration thru the windows in the upper levels will be offset Basis of Toble 43 infliction thre Windows and Doors, Winter ‘The data in Table 43 is based on a wind velocity of 15 mph blowing directly at the window or door and on observed crack widths around typical win- dows and doors, The infiltration thru these cracks is calculated from Table 44 which is based on ASHAE tests, Use of Table 43 = Infiltration they Windows and Doors, Winter Table 43 is used to determine the infiltration of air thru windows and doors on the windward side during the winter, The stack effect in tall buildings increases the infiltration thru the doors and windows on the lower levels and decreases it on the upper levels. Therefore, whenever the door infiltration is increased, the infiltration thru the upper levels must bbe decreased by 80% of the net increase in door infileration, The infiltration from stack effect on the leeward sides of the building is determined by using. the difference between the equivalent velocity (V.,) and the actual velocity (P) as outlined in Example 3. ‘The data in Table 43 is based on the wind blowing directly at the windows and doors. When the wind direction is oblique to the windows and doors, mult ply the values by 0.60 and use the total window and door area on the windward sides. Example 3— Infiltration in Tall Buildings, Winter Given ‘The building described in Example 1 Find: “The infiltration hr the doors and windows Solution “The prevailing wind in New York City during the winter is NW at 168 mph (Table !, page JO) 1-93 Correction on Table 43 for wind velocity is 168/18 = 1.12. Since the wind is coming from the Northwest, the crackage fon the north and west sides will allow infiltration but the wind is only 6% effective. Correction for wind direction i Since this building is over 100 f tal, stack effect causes infiltration on all sides at the lower levels and exfleation at the upper levels. The {ota inflation on the windward Sides remains the same because the increase at the bottom fs enactly equal to the decrease at the top. (For a floor-by floor analysis, se equivalent wind velocity formulas) Inf tration thro windows on the windward sides of the lower levels = 12,000 2 x 112 X 6 «98 = 18810 cfm. “The total infiltration thru the windows on the leeward sides of the building is equal to the difference between the equivalent velocity at the fre floor and the design velocity at the midpoint of the bu v,= [PPETD 6.8 a(t ¥,—F =222~ 168 = 54 mph “Total infiltration thr windows in Jower half of building (upper halt is exfiltration) on leward side 12,900 2 % YX (BANS) % X98 2100 ern (Table 43) NOTE: This je the total inferation thru the windows on the leeward side, A foor-by-loor analysis should be made to balance te sjstem (0 maintain proper conditions on each fot "The infiltration thru the doors on the street level (on lear side) 107 x3 x (54/15) % 30 2810 elm (Table #3e, average use, 1 and 2 story building, Exomple 4— Offsetting Infiltration with Outdoor Air Any outdoor air mechanically introduced into the building offets some of the infitvation. In Example 3 all of the out {door ait is effective in reducing the window infiltration. Inflation i reduced on two windward sides, and the air introduced thru the apparatisexfilteaces thru the other ew sides Given: “The building described in Example 2 with 25 cfm/sq ft supplied thru the apparatus and 40,000 cim being exhausted from the building. Find: “The net inflation into this building Solution Net outdoor air =(25 % 1,000 x 20)~ 40.000 = 10,000 cfm Net infleration thru windows 15800 + 2160 ~ 10,000 = 7970 efm Net infiltration thru doors =2810 cfm Example 3) Net infiltration into ilding = 7870 +2810 = 10.280 cfminl 194 PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 43—INFILTRATION THRU WINDOWS AND DOORS—WINTER* 15 mph Wind Velocity TABLE 420—DOUBLE HUNG WINDOWS ON WINDWARD SIDE} CFM PER 50 FT AREA DESCRIPTION Ne Wire Storm Sash Taewage Weed Sesh Ea | ree eaen | eet seep Pocrly Fited Woed Sash 12 vst me m Metal Seth 20 tot a 30 NOTE: W-Stip denctes weathorsi, TABLE 436—CASEMENT TYPE WINDOWS ON WINDWARD SIDE! CFM FER SO FT AREA DESCRIPTION Percent Veniotd Aree [we we [wR] ox | Oe GR Gh mH) 0% J ant ted ws fue | = fam | - | - j= lap) = | se suc! Med fylapi pt) spe pape 2] = reveal DPA} aylf ile’) olla wy Ped eee ee Tow Mol=Vantaly Peowd [at ea TABLE 43¢—DOORS ON ONE OR ADJACENT WINDWARD SIDES? DESCRIPTION ny wo |e / ve Tas Ta aa, 17a oy 308 360 105 ws 730 155 7s as Be ‘Goreae & Shipping Room Door *0 jmp Garage Door 135 “AI voluos in Toble 43 ora Bored on the wind blowing irely ot the window or doer. Whan the prvaling wind dietion ie oblqve fo the window doors, mlpy the above valves by 060 ond ee the fot! window ond door rea onthe windward sd, ‘Bo.ed on a wind valotity of 18 mph For detgn wind valgtes differen! fom the ba, munly the fle values bythe rats of velo. {Shock effec in ol buldings may ose coue inflation on tha leeward sds To wvalate th, determin te equivalent velcy [Vel and bir he ‘eign veloty VJ. The equal) vslsty i Ver VVI=175. (upper secon! Vin VVFEL7Sb lower recon) Winare © and b ate the dstncet above and below the widsight ofthe bung, reesei i wolves bythe rate Ve~ V1/15 for door and one hall ofthe windows a the Iewerd side ofthe building. (Use voles ender {for door on leeward sie af tll bulcingy the above voles 25%, Verner may decreas the inflation ot muchos 30%% when door usage i ght door ‘age Ic heavy, the vesbule sof litle vole In redung inftvaton, Heat ded fo the vse wil hap meitein room fenporatire naar fe door isis |CHAPTER 6. INFILTRATION AND VENTILATION 1-95 INFILTRATION — CRACK METHOD (Summer or Winter) ‘The crack method of evaluating infiltration is more accurate than the area methods. It is difficule to establish the exact crack dimensions but, in cer tain close tolerance applications, it may be necessary to evaluate the load accurately, The crack method is applicable both summer and winter, Batis of Table 44 — Infiltration thru Windows end Doors, Crack Method ‘The data on windows in Table 44 are based on ASHAE tests, These test results have been reduced 20% because, as infiltration occurs on one side, a certain amount of pressure builds up in the build. ing, thereby reducing the infltwation, The data on glass and factory doors has been calculated from observed typical crack widths Use of Table 44 = Infiltration thru Windows and Doors, Crack Method Table 44 is used to determine the infiltration thru the doors and windows listed. This table does not take into account winter stack effect which must be evaluated separately, using the equivalent wind velocity formulas previcusly presented. Example 5— Infiltration thru Windows, Crack Method Given: AMICX Tf residential casement window facing south, Finds TThe infieation thr thi window Solution: Assume the crack widths are measuted as follows ‘Window frame — none, well sealed Win 1/82 in, erack; length, 20 ft Assume the wind velocity i 89 mph due sou Infleation 20% 21 = 42 elm (Table 44) TABLE 44—INFILTRATION THRU WINDOWS AND DOORS—CRACK METHOD—SUMMER—WINTER* TABLE 446DCUBLE HUNG WINDOWS—UNLOCKED ON WINDWA Ro SIDE pouste HUNG WINDOW ‘CFM PER LINEAR FOOT OF GRACK Wind Velocity 5 20 No w. W. Tt 7 We We T ‘ship stip |Site l Ship ‘Average Window | 2 ao} 9 40 | 139 a2] t73 108 PootyFited Window 45 s7 | 260 85) 330 18) 420159 Poorly Fited—with Storm Soah 2 av | 120 49) 160 se} 207% Maal Sesh Ey sua m7 23100 | ear ‘GEM PER LINEAR FOOT OF CRACK Told Section Stel Sash T Indus Pivotad| ot erace o 140 29 a st 42 drcitaourelFrjeced 1 erok 25 0 109 maa 146 23 Arditeceral Projets He cack Ey a a fi 25 30 Fesidenol Covemert 1A rock 10 3) 7a ve) ResidntolCorement Ye" crock a | is | @ a7 sa7_| 20 Feary Coverent Sean Prjeded A" each 05 7 0 a rn nn Heavy Cosement Sesion Projected 36" cock 8 ae ss 90 a0 159 Metal Vertically Pv “= ie ne) 370 400 ‘nfitaron couse by slot aftect must be caliated separately ding the ‘No allowance hot been made for ioge See Table 43 for inrtion do ED 1 coring company1-96 nell PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 44—INFILTRATION THRU WINDOWS AND DOORS—CRACK METHOD—SUMMER—WINTER* (Conta) TABLE 44e—DOORSt ON WINDWARD SIDE CFM PER LINEAR FOOT OF CRACK TYPE OF DOOR Wind Velocity mph z @ 6 2 5 30 ‘Glass Door —Werclte 7 ; Good ital 32 “a 38 no | 60 160 Average btlltion 13 woo | uo | 200 | mo | 250 Poor Italition ba 10 | 90 | 40) 280 | 80 Ordinary Wood or Met 7 45 so 9. ry aw | oan 0 2 us 2 33 a 90 aa 7 52 oe ea 3a a 6 130 160 3a) VENTILATION VENTILATION STANDARDS ‘The introduction of outdoor air for ventilation of conditioned spaces is necessary to dilute the odors given off by people, smoking and other internal air contaminants. ‘The amount of ventilation requived varies primarily with the total number of people, the ceil. ing height and che number of people smoking. People give off body odors which require a mini- mum of 5 cfm pel person for satisfactory dilution. Seven and one half cfm per person is recommended. This is based on @ population density of 50 to 75 sq ft per person and a typical ceiling height of 8 tt With greater population densities, the ventilation quantity should be increased. When people smoke, the additional odors given off by cigarettes or cigars require a minimum of 15 to 25 lm per person. In special gathering rooms with heavy smoking, 80 to 50 cfm per person is recommended, Basis of Table 45 Ventilation Standards ‘The data in Table 45 is based on test observation of the clean outdoor air required to maintain satis: factory odor levels with people smoking and not smoking, These test results were then extrapolated for typical concentrations of people, both smoking and not smoking, for the applications listed. Use of Toble 45 —Ventilation Standards Table 45 is used to determine the minimum and recommended ventilation ait quantity for the listed applications. In applications where the minimum values are used and the minimum cfm per person and efm per sq ft of floor area are listed, use the larger minimum quzntity. Where the crowd density ig greater than normal or where better than satis: factory conditions are desired, use the recommended values, SCHEDULED VENTILATION In comfort applications, where local codes permit, it is possible to reduce the capacity requirements of the installed equipment by reducing the ventilation air quantity at the time of peak load. This quantity can be reduced at times of peak to, in effect, mini mize the outdoor air load. At times other than peak oad, the calculated outdoor air quantity is used. , Scheduled ventilation is recommended only for in: stallations operating more than 12 hours or 3 hours longer than occupancy, to allow some time for fush ing out the building when no odors are being gen- erated. It has been found, by tests, that few com: plaints of stuffiness are encountered when the out door air quantity is reduced for short periods of time, provided the fushing period is available. It is recommended that the outdoor air quantity be re- duced to no less than 40% of the recommended quantity as listed in Table 45, ‘The procedure for estimating and controlling scheduled ventilation is as follows 1, In estimating the cooling load, reduce the air quantity at des'gn conditions to a minimum of 40% of the recommended air quantity 2 Use a dry-bulb thermostat following the cool- ing and dehumidifying apparatus to control the leaving dewpoint such that: aati—_ CHAPTER 6. INFILTRATION AND VENTILATION. 197 a. With the dewpoint at design, the damper Solution rotor closes the outdoor air damper to 40% The population densy i epial, 10 pr penn, but of the design ventilation air quantity. — = smoker Bolger b. As the dewpoint decreases below design, che Recommended venation = 59 13 outdoor air damper opens to the design 500 fin will more than likely not maintain satisfactory setting conditions within the space becatie the number of smokers 8, Amother method which could be used is a ther- __- conslderable, Therefore 720 cfm should be uted in this i mostat located in the leaving chilled water application from the refrigeration machine. Exomple 6—Ventilotion Air Quantity, Office Space NOTE: Meny application: have exhaust fans, ‘This means that the ootdoor alr quantity must at leat equal ; Given: the exhausted air, otherwise the infiltration rate [ 0 with ling height of 6 850 pope Sees e aleaa ieee i Approximately 40%, of the people smoke, {paises of typ exhaust fans, The daa in thee Rind tables were obtained! frm published ratings of se The veutilation air quant. ral manufacturers of exhatt fans TABLE 45—VENTILATION STANDARDS j T ‘crm pen Pano Term rer Arnication T smonme | —__M 1 10 Brox [ coomended |Win | “9 ea Gramm reas foe © 5 = armen Boats Sr % zg 3 ’ Sonn Sree owes! 0 7% ® f er oops conta 15 i = vy Fores Oust oi = rotor’ Boord Fons ory Neorr 2 7 = Coiot en leony x 3s = ‘ono (upeyo Exhon = = ® fe Deparment Sores Now 7 Fi os Dre aon, bene © 2 eS Doe Soret 1 eee 70 7 = foovses owe * ae 7° Fr on es Cen Srs tow 7% : s fort Pa toe ° mm = Sorae! = 5 2 il ivan Ree Non x B ‘fa oe nm Be = tel Rome ery i 3 x eee aes = = ® “a oe | 3S 7 = 8 =_— e i o Teelng Booms Vey Heo = 0 vas "enra Yoo & wo * tte ise im x a Fa ae cone % 3 % even eetoeet oniertle tt ‘e * Sots cont elise 3 e = ‘School Rooms t ‘None, = | = _ , Shop ta ene > | OW = Thecie Nowe PM : = Dest Soe ns = ) Tein hove) e BT Pf as {Use hve vakes eles governed by other souees of coromintion or by Joel code. "When minimum i sed oe he ezord of enethatic, {S00 local codes which may govern "Al utdoor ot recommended to overcome Mey be governed by exhaustPART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING 1-08 TABLE 46—CENTRIFUGAL FAN TABLE 47—PROPHLLER FAN CAPACITIES Cabaertis het bELVERY Diameter Velocity (tom) ict wa ite = = = ; Tere] wae 2 ve | i | Somme | "Vas! | Sets * we) at ‘200-1600 | hes 1000-2000 1 850 T ‘1800 re | trios | thu lesan : es mi | Beriom | Sens | teats : os — 5 | Bes “Theve typical oi eapocties were obtoined from publihed ratings of revere! manufacturers of neonally own ea¥aust fom single wid tingle inlet Ronge of state prewures V4 to 1Y4 inches Fons wih inlet Siometar 'Oncres and smaller ore lec sonnaced {the capacity of thete fans hos been erinaiy taken ot 1000 fom rmaimom end 2000 fpm maximum otletveloey. For these fone the “vol salecion probably is epprosimately 1300 fpm outlet veloty for vention. “The copacties of fone of verout manvtacurers mey very +10) TT1-99 CHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN INTERNAL HEAT GAIN Internal heat gain is the sensible and Jatent heat released within the air conditioned space by the occupants, lights, appliances, machines, pipes, etc. ‘This chapter outlines the procedures for determin: ing the instantaneous heat gain from these sources. A portion of the heat gain from internal sources is radiant heat which is partially absorbed in the building structure, thereby reducing the instan. taneous heat gain. Chapter 3, “Heat Storage, Di- versity and Stratification,” contains the data and ‘methods for estimating the actual cooling load from the heat sources referred to in the following text. PEOPLE Heat is generated within the human body by oxidation, commonly called metabolic rate, The metabolic rate varies with the individual and with his activity level. The normal body processes are performed most efficiently at a deep tissue tempera- ture of about 98.6 F: this temperature may vary only thra a narrow range. However, the human body is capable of maintaining this temperature, thru a wide ambient temperature range, by conserving or dissipating the heat generated within itself. ‘This heat is carried to the surface of the body by the blood stream and is dissipated by: 1. Radiation from the body surface to the sur rounding surfaces 2, Convection from the body surface and the res: piratory tract to the surrounding air, ‘vaporation of moisture from the body surface and in the respiratory tract to the surrounding 8 ‘The amount of heat dissipated by radiation and convection is determined by the difference in tem. perature between the body surface and its surround: ings. The body surface temperature is regulated by the quantity of blood being pumped to the surface; the more blood, the higher the surface temperature up to a limit of about 96 F. The heat dissipated by evaporation is determined by the difference in vapor pressure between the body and the air. Basis of Table 48 ~Heot Gain from People Table 48 is based on the metabolic rate of an aver- age adult male, weighing 150 pounds, at different levels of activity, and generally for occupancies longer than 8 hours. These have been adjusted for typical compositions of mixed groups of males and females for the listed applications, The metabolic rate of women is about 85% of that for a male, and for children about 75%, ‘The heat gain for restaurant applications has been increased 0 Biu/hr sensible and 30 Beu/hr latent heat per person to include the food served. The data in Table 48 as noted are for continuous occupancy. The excess heat and moisture brought in by people, where short time occupancy is occur ring (under 15 minutes), may increase the heat gain from people by as much as 10%, Use of Table 48 — Heat Gain from People ‘To establish the proper heat gain, theroom design temperature and the activity level of the occupants must be known. Example 1— Bowling Alley Given: 10 Tane bowling alley, 50 people, with a room design iry-bulb temperature of 75 F. Estimate one person per alley bowling, 20 of the remainder seated, and 20 standing, Find: Sensible and latenc heat gain from people Solution: Sensible heat gain = (10 x 525) + (20 x 240) + @0 x 260) 880 Buje 0 x 925) + (20 X 160) + «ao x 270) = 17880 Beaphe Latent heat gain ucts Lights generate sensible heat by the conversion of the electrical power input into light and heat, The heat is dissipated by radiation to the surrounding surfaces, by conduction into the adjacent materials and by convection to the surrounding air. The radiant portion of the light load is partially stored, and the convection portion may be stratified as described on page 39. Refer to Table 12, page 35, to determine the actual cooling load. Incandescent lights convert approximately 10%, of the power input into light with the rest being generated as heat within the bulb and dissipated by radiation, convection and conduction. About 80%; of the power input is dissipated by radiation and only about 10% by convection and conduction, Fig. 30. f1-100 Fic. 80 — Conversion oF Etzerric Power 10 Hear ano Lick Wrrit INCANDESCENT LIGHTS, APPROXIMATE Fluorescent lights convert about 25% of the power inpuc into light, with about 25% being dissipated by radiation to the surrounding surfaces. The other ec aa dal g PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING Fic. $1 — Conversion of Exrcrnic PoweR 10 Hear axp Lion Wir Fivorescent Lichs, AbpaoxiMaTE 50% is dissipated by conduction and convection. In addition to this, approximately 25% more heat is generated as heat in the ballast of the fluorescent lamp, Fig. 37. Table #9 indicates the basis for arriving at the gross heat gain from fluorescent or incandescent lights, TABLE 48—HEAT GAIN FROM PEOPLE ROOM DRY-BULE TEMPERATURE wre mF |r Bore Bolte CCS Decree oF ryricat ‘nenivity APPLICATION - (haun| obelie Moll | Rete! fhe iol [ere tte Sensibe|Lten | Somibe|Letort| Seale Latent) Serie Loterh so | a0 | 7s 7s | 19s 55 | 210 uo | 290 ma) woo ; Seated, vary Hah) 1 T T T wore | 4s | avo | reo 220 iss 20s 15 as) 20160 as as, Otis worker i aso | 190 z7o| 200 20/115 as} us 205) 205 145 so | 180 szo| 200 300 220 40/255 us 290210 [soe [580 | 190 seo) 22030 | ad | seo Toe beneh werk | Factory th oo | 750 | 190 500 m0 500 «ass | aes ASS tos 38S ‘Mederete dancing | Dance Hall 500 | es | 0 a0 | Us 605 | 75 9S) 328 «8254008 Walking, S mph | Factory ally ts Heavy work od mole x 085 soe arabote Metabots rat, edt 730 300700 390 wo | aan m0 405k 000 465985 aes ves 525928 40s mas orn ‘his appetionindude 60 ried 30 Blot es ‘Restouront—Val per ndvidea (30 ‘Bowing—Assme onCHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN 1101 TABLE 49—HEAT GAIN FROM LIGHTS Tre HEAT GAIN® Btalhe Tole Ligh Ware x 125} ROA Total Light Watts 3.4 Incandescent “Refer Tobes 12 ond 12, pages 35:7 to dsterine ecusl cooing ood, ‘ivresent gt wot In ballot Js moped by 1.25 to indude heat goin [APPLIANCES Most appliances contribute both sensible and latent heat to a space. Electric appliances contribute latent heat, only by virtue of the function they perform, that is, drying, cooking, etc, whereas gas burning appliances consribute additional moisture as a product of combustion. A. properly designed hhood with a positive exhaust system removes a con- siderableamount of the generated heat and moisture from most types of appliances. Bosis of Tables 50 thru 52 Heat Gain from Restaurant Applionces and Miscellancous Appliances ‘The data in these tables have been determined from mamufacturers data, the American Gas Asso: ciation data, Directory 0! Approved Gas Appliances and actual tests by Carrier Corporation, TABLE 50—HEAT GAIN FROM RESTAURANT APPLIANCES Nor HoopsD*— 7 TEGOM HEAT GAIW overaut nee Fon ave use APPLIANCE | DIMENSIONS | oF ‘MISCELLANEOUS Seen. Dara Si T tra (sare RSL we Cotes ewe oat] Tron T3300) 396 |_go0 220 Wome gat | ice 206 | tos | 20, “ho 1 este Brewing Unite | j Wate fesier 2000 t win gal font nonsonz | ave | wai ry 48001200 | I LM enter 2960 wat | Eaton Un? oh Sole x3ah | am | Block ih Tigie | 3o00 | 3600 1700 | aoe et Waa ioeta ai | Ric, Rake ted 13300 | 2400 | 2200 Ian | S709 oa Wadetn | Ail | Nebst prea [rve00_| S600 | 3io0 | 300 | 3700 Dovsine Mochi wan 22x SH ‘it. | Eth yam cetccon Te hp moor | 6000 5000 | s000 10x 13 x 25H ‘Mon, ‘Med. ht.—550 warts | La eede | a | 1200 sao | 2000 j ruled, pero 1 T | avo "“Neatng foreach 1950 300 | aso aso | 700 I base I 1 sin wh sen | wo | x00 | a5 | se 12diex aH Auto. | @t4o | 1100 | 1600 2400 | 4000 ey Kee =25 tt Texte xia | Awa] Frying ea 214? | a00e0 | 000 | 8800 | a700 9500 Sida, Watexee | Cooking area 10%. 12°] T0200 | 1900 | 3900 7100” 4000 yng top 18" 14" | 0000 | 2400 | 3100 | 1700 | 2800 le Ve 108 te Gite sendwich =| Se tanto | am | Geren 7a | son | nen | aro | 700 | 00 Rat Warm [a7 aI) awe | One drawer a Toone, Coninueos [185 15x20 am] 2 See wie T |S udte zs20 | 1200 | sio0 | s200 e100 i, Gai Wer ee hae es LS A ii\ieatir | 1omo | 1000 | e100 | 2400 _ e700 rr awe) hes vise 'eoo | 2450 «40 2900 12a 13x 10K ‘Auto. ‘One wattie 7* dia vaso | 00 | 1100 | 750 1850 14x 13K TOK “hata. 12 Cokes, BT caee | 7500 | eo | s100 2100 s200 <4 posive axhaus hood b wed, mullply rwonmended vole by 50.1-102 Use of Tables 50 thru 52 = Heat Gain from Restourant Applionces and Miscellaneous Appliances ‘The Maintaining Rate is the heat generated when the appliance is being maintained at operating tem- perature but not being used. ‘The Recommended for Average Use values are those which the appliance generates under normal use, These appliances seldom operate at maximum capacity during peak load since they are normally warmed up prior to the peak, PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING ‘The values in Tebles 50 thru 52 are for unhooded appliances. If the appliance has a properly designed positive exhaust hued, reduce the sensible and the Jatent heat gains by 50%. A hood, to be effective, should extend beyond the appliance approximately 4 inches per foot of height between the appliance and the face of the hood. The lower edge should not be higher than 4 f2et above the appliance and the average face velocity across the hood should not be less than 70 fpm, TABLE 51—HEAT GAIN FROM RESTAURANT APPLIANCES. NOT HOODED'—GAS BURNING AND STEAM HEATED 7 7 RECOM HEAT GAN overau rye ee maine] GOR ave use APPuANee intenstons OF | misceuaneous | Max TAM con Dara eatne| "ING. | Serie | totear | Torr fret ate | “toot est Leite | sure aren | ene Gas BURNING ‘ottea Brower Ve | Men] Continaion ewer | 8 733] 386 | W00 ‘Wormer Men. | "Gnd wermer oo | soo | “soo | too | ‘200 ower Unit with | 19x30 0 36H Tisewer ond sent | 7200 | 1900 | 9000 Cates Oa are se ea 00 002900 | seco | 00 E 12529 owl nH | Av | Nel pated 3400_| 2500 | 2500 | 000 estes Un 5 gol Ta Bian 7H ‘to | _Nitel ples “700 | 3900 | 3900 | 7800 Feed Worm atop sutace son | Water bath type 00_| 900 | aso | aso | 1000 Fry Kee 151 ft 12a a0 eH ‘Ave. [ving eres 10 10 | 14250 | 2000 | a200 | 2800 | 7000 155954 0H ‘ae_| Frying oreo 116 | 24050 | 4500 | rasa | x800 | 2000 Wx x 7H Toa ees on | "2200 afte 700 asco | 2400. | 16000 eri foc! 15.00 the Valves os Mon yoo re 13600 | 1000 200 Stoves, Shon Order— ng ype barnes 10000 Closed tap, Vetoes on | a Yob0 foe | 11080 300 | 3300 | 600 faihion srtece | Tonite, Continwoos | 185 185 20H ae j | | rz000_| so000 | 7700 | 2300 | 11000 HeAM nEATeD Sb x a Tate. | Beek fh TT 7500] 900 | a200 Be Bova 2K | Ade | Nese ples | 2400 | Y600 | fo00 Tabor 3H Ae _N | too | 2800 | 3700 15 Bis x 3 men. | Back fn TT 3190 | s100 | «200 Waivers 2i | Mon | Ni | higo | 3400 | Stee laden bw [Men | Niel pled arco _| 370000 400 | s00 | 900 on 150 | i | so Tif propery doigned postive exhout hood b waa, molly recommended vele by 35CHAPTER 7, INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN 1.103 TABLE 52—HEAT GAIN FROM MISCELLANEOUS APPLIANCES Nor HooDED* T wes TER [RICOM WiAT GAN FoR Avo UE or MISCELLANEOUS DATA ative | Semible | ten contro Teer | ieet | tue | ale | awe muecraie Ter Dryer Blower ¥vpe | Fe aware, ome Ne vene Re | Men ow 915 may igh 1880 wom) | sa70 | 2300 | 400 Toi Dre, belne | Fon 80 wet, t Soames isvele ke | Men ‘309m, hgh 710 wat) woo_| 1870 | a0 Permanent Wve Machi 0125 wats cod, hon in nrma ne si |e |i Tresned Vom Wether on Sertzer | (eee roo | mas | asso eon Han, | ra near oe ra ie) [ters sora ra? vase | ama keine Vaio | 2aoo | 3 Sear a TT 3400] | ies Brest fio, | aor kee 23300 wo Grier Redangviar Bulk | Aw. | 2a 24x 36P 34800 ses00 Pra mE TPETIET a | i709 sa00 mie | eR SER Ss200 | Bho0 te | 2a E360 oe ‘300 ase mae | Serkan tae 10 | aca moo | ark ern as 1ae00 Sate0 Boe | tee hse Hose | 3.8 Sire, Water ‘ata | 10 gaton 1 7100 | 700 sma | 15 gaton eho soca ‘inn isvoment Tae | ee eae ] 2709 500 Se) ehetae | 9 Fo00 mie | eet iart ine a0 18000 | ato | fortes 300 ‘800 [Ate | taenien ae 0 md ‘Sterilizer, Uensit ‘Awe, Torx 16h 2a 1900 | [31000 feo | thie tie 12500 Syho0 Sioaer Hot Air watz | Mode 120 Aer Siver Co 7.000 | 4300 fitz | Mog tao ane Strser Cs ie | mee Weis fa [5 acthon 7a) 1 ea00 Tray Machines, for Physio: ond Dea oce rene oe rey Mechines, eet ood may be appre t 1 ‘tausony wre nig tr doe I CAS BURNING Borer Laboratory haa bared wi T ‘al betes won| _ntfonured ger vaoo | 960 | wo | 1200 anal bupsen ‘hon | Fo daw nt gor 3000 | #80) a2 30 Tosa Borer then _|__fh de tinct get | 300 | iso | te Bae ‘Mon | Fi ie bor wih nat gas 7 sa00 [30801 770) 30 Non | _Taasoom oat tee es Men | Contos fae te [200 [900 | 100) 900 Cons oer & fon wih blows T ato, Terk mw dansento "| ayac0 | 14999 4000 19.000 ro heme ie etc \ iio Sooo | aso “WF properly desgned postive exhout hood i wid, muliply recommended valve by 30PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING Example 2— Restaurant Given {restaurant with the following electric appliances with a pers designed positive exhaust hood on each “egillon cofiee urns, both used in the moming, ‘only ome used either in the afternoon or evening. 2, One 20 q ft food warmer without plate warmer. 5. Two 24 x 20 10 inch frying giddles 41. One fsice pop-up toaster, ged only in the morning, hs ep fa, fry Ketues 5- Two Fin Heat gain from these appliances during the afternoon and «evening me Sulution: Use Table 50 Sensiile Latent 1. Coffee Urn = only one i use: Sensible heat gain = $400 50 100 Latent heat gain = 2300.50 1130 2. Foot Warmer: Sensie heat gain 2000 Latent heat gait 300) 1. Frying Gridles Sensible heat gain = 2X5300%.50= 5300 Tatens heat gain = 22900 x 30= 2000 4. Toaster ~ notin wse 5. Fey Kettles: Sensible heat gait, = 2 x 3800 x Latent heat gain = 2% 5700 % 5 otal sensible heat gain “Toral latent beat gain ELECTRIC MOTORS Electric motors contribute sensible heat to a space by converting the electrical power input to heat. Some of this power input is dissipated as heat in the motor frame and can be evaluated as input x (1 — motor eff. The rest of the power input (brake horsepower ‘or motor output) is dissipated by the driven machine ancl in the drive mechanism, The driven machine wilives this motor output to do work which may or may not result in a heat gain to the space. Motors dviving fans and pumps: The power input increases the pressure and velocity of the fluid and the temperature of the fluid. ‘The increased energy level in the fluid is degen- erated in pressure drop diroughout the system and appears as a heat gain to the fluid at the point where pressure drop occurs, This heat gain does not appear fas a temperature rise because, as the pressure re: ‘duces, the fluid expands. The fluid expansion is a cooling process which exactly offsets the heat generated by friction. The heat of compression re (quired to increase the energy level is generated at the fan or pump «rd is a heat gain at this point, If the Auid is conveyed outside of the air con: ditioned space, only the inefficiency of the motor driving fan or pump should be included in room sensible heat gain. If the temperature of the fluid is maintained by a separate source, these heat gains to the fluid heat of compression are # load on this separate source only. ‘The heat gain or loss from the system should be calculated separately (System Heat Gain,” p. 110). Motors driving process machinesy (lathe, punch press, ete.): The total power input to the machine is dissipated as heat at the machine. If the product is removed from the conditioned space at a higher temperature than it came in, some of the heat input into the machine is removed and should not be considered a heat gain to the conditioned space. ‘The heat added to product is determined by multi- plying the number of pounds of material handled per hour by the specific heat and temperature rise. Basis of Table 53 = Hest Gain from Electric Motors Table 53 is based or average efficiencies of squirrel cage induction open type integral horsepower and. fractional horsepower motors, Power supply for fractional horsepower motors is 110 or 220 volts, 60 cycle, single phase; for integral horsepower motors, 208, 220, or 440 volts, 60 cycle, 2 or 8 phase general purpose and constant speed, 1160 or 1750 rpm. This table may also be applied with reasonable accuracy to 50 cycle, single phase a-c, 50 and 60 cycle enclosed and fractional horsepower polyphase motors. Use of Table 53 Heat Gain from Elecite Motors ‘The data in Table 33 includes the heat gain from electric motors and their driven machines when both the motor and the driven machine are in the conditioned space, or when only the driven machine is in the conditioned space, or when only the motor is in the conditioned space. Caution: The power input to electric motors does not necesserily equal the rated horse power divited by the motor efficiency Frequently these motors may be operating under a continuous overload, or may be operating at less than rated capacity. It is always advisable to measure the power input wherever possible. This is espe cially important in estimates for industrial installation; where the motor-machine load is normally a major portion of the cooling load, eyCHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN When readings are obtained directly in watts and when both motors and driven machines are in the air conditioned space, the heat gain is equal to the number of watts times the factor 84 Buu (watt)(br), When the machine is in the conditioned space and the motor outside, multiply the watts by the motor efficiency and by the factor 3.4 to determine heat gain to the space, When the machine is outside the conditioned 1-105 space, multiply the watts by one minus the motor efficiency and by the factor 8.1 Although the results are less accurate, it may be expedient to obtain power input measurements using @ clamp-on ammeter and voltmeter. These instruments permit instantaneous readings only. ‘They afford means for determining the load factor but the usage factor must be obtained by a careful investigation of the operating conditions. TABLE 53—HEAT GAIN FROM ELECTRIC MOTORS CONTINUOUS OPERATION® TOCATION OF EQUIPMENT WITH RESPECT TO ‘CONDITIONED SPACE OR AIR STREAME" | wamenatse |FULL LOAD or ac heer on | moron Driven Machine in rn Driven ane ot wontrower | “PERCENT wex2ss | upc asas | HP 2545 (1 SE EH | Se a 1 6 9 7 Toe m2 | 6 re no 20 | Fe 0 0 & na io a 1.00 50 ~ % t ry 1290 | uo % * 1320 | | S00 a ” iseo | 730 1 ‘a ie eo % 2% 70 ‘0 a Perry | 1280 i | sis0 | 5 1500 ™% | Hs00 % coo 5 “s00 2 ses00 3 700 ° sso00 = e390 e ‘yao % ap00 ‘Wiotor ere overionded ond omount of overloading i unknown, muliply the above h 1 goin for bythe Flowing meu sevice foctors Moximom Service Factors Ten |e Lee [pe | vas | yas | ua) as ‘AC OpenType | 14 | 138 be Spentyee | es; 2S jos ms Ne overload i low {or © fon cr pump i ir condoned ypoe,eahousing sir ond pumping [wth ented motor (id outide of apace, we volves in ost cl,1-108 The following is a conversion table which can be used 10 determine load factors from measurements To HND | HP KILOWATTS - ourrur INPUT Divect XE Xft TRE Current 900 1 LX EX pix eff TREX pt Phase 35 00 Soré Wite | UX EX plx eX 19 | Ix EX pix 178 sPhase | | 4Wie | IXEXpixetxe | 1x Ex2x pt 2 Phase | 3000 Where F=amperes eff = efciency Svat Pt= power factor NOTE: For2 phase.$ wire circuit, common conductor current Js LAL times that in elthe of the other two conductors Exomple 3 Elecrie Motor Hest Gain ino Factory (Motor Bhp Established by © Survey) Given: 1. Forty-five 10 hp motors operated at 80%, ated capa ring varioot isper of machines located within aie | ondtioned space fates, screw machines, et) Five 1Dhpmotors operated at £0% rated capacity, driving sew machines, eich handling 5000 Ibs of bronze per x Both the final product and the shavings from the Scyew machines are removed from the space on con: ‘eyor hells. Rise in bronze temperature i 80 Fs ap ht is 01 Brut) F) 2 Ten 5 hp motors & bhp) diving fans, exhausting air to the outdoors. 3. Three 20 hp motors (20 bhp) driving process water pumps, water discarded outdoors. Find: { "Fal Neat gai from motor Soraion 1 Use Table 3 Sense Heat Gain "sr 1. Machines ~ Heat gin to space 853090 80 = 1.080, 000 eat gain fom scree machines 0.00% 0 = 120.00 be Heat removed fom space trom 000% 5% 80.01 =7 500 Behe ‘et eat gin trom sre machines toapace = 120.000 ~ 7500 = 112500 2 Fan exhaistng at to she outdoors Meat gant space = 10 % 2800 = 28000 3. Process water purped outside airconditioned space Hea ats to space = 8% 7500= 29500 “otal heat gain from moton on mmachine, fone and pope 1248000 sala PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING NOTE: If the process water were to be recirculated and cooled in the circuit from an outside source, the deat gain o the water 3% (68500 ~ 7500) = 155,000 Bru/hr would become a load on this outside source. PIPING, TANKS AND EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM. ‘A FREE SURFACE Hot pipes and tanks add sensible heat to a space by convection and radiation. Conversely, cold pipes remove sensible heat. All open tanks containing hot water contribute not only sensible heat but also latent heat due to evaporation. In industrial plants, furnaces or dryers are often encountered. These contribute sensible heat to the space by convection and radiation from the outside surfaces, and frequently dryers also contribute sens. ble and latent heat from the drying process. Basis of Tables 54 th = Heat Gain from Fi of Water Table 54 is based on nominal flow in the pipe and convection heat flow from a horizontal pipe of — se) =(2)" X (temp diff between hot water oF steam. and room). 58 ing, Tanks and Evaporation The radiation from horizontal pipes is expressed by= 17.23 x 10-” x emissivity x (74 = T) where T, = room susface temp, deg R T, = pipe surface temp, deg R Tables 55 and 56 are based on the same equatioi and an insulation resistance of approximately 25 per inch of thickness for 85% magnesia and 2.9 per inch of thickness with moulded type. Caution: Tables $5 and 56 do not include an allow: ance for fittings. A safety factor of 10% should be added for pipe runs having numerous fittings. Table 57 is based on an emissivity of 0.9 for painted metal and painted or bare wood and con- crete. The emissivity of chrome, bright nickel plate, stainless steel, or galvanized iron is 0.4, The resist: ance (t) of wood! 's 0.888 per inch and of concrete 0.08 per inch, The metal surface temperature has been assumed equal to the water temperature NOTE: The heat gain from furnaces and ovens can be estimated from Table 57, using the out side temperature of furnace and oven. Table 58 is based on the following formula for still air: Heat of evaporation = 95 (vapor pressureCHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN differential between water and air), where vapor pressure is expressed in inches of mercury, and the room conditions are 75 F db and 50%, rh, Use of Tables 54 thru 58 — Heat Gain from Piping, Tanks and Eveporation of Water Example 4— Heat Gain from Hot Water Pipe and Storage Tank tm conditions — 75 F db, 50% 2h feof 10sinch uninsulated hot water (125 F) pipe 1 hot water is stored in a 10 fe wide x 20 fe long x 10 fe Digh, painted metal tank with the top open 0 the atmos phere. The tank is supported on open stee framework Finds Sensible and latent heat gain Use Tables 4,87 and 38 Btujpr Piping ~ Sensible heat gain = 50 x 50x 476= 11.600 Tank ~ Sensible heat gain, sides = a0 x 10% 2} 4 (10% 10 x 2) x 30x L8= 54000 = Sensible heat gain, bottom = (20 x 10) 50 x15 = ‘oral sensible hent gain = Total latent heat gain, cop 20 > 10) x 230 = 66.0 STEAM When steam is escaping into the conditioned race, the room sensible heat gain is only that heat ented by the difference in heat content of repr steam at the steam temperature and at the room dry- 1-107 bulb temperature (ib/hr x temp diff x 45). The latent heat gain is equal to the pounds per hour escaping times 1050 Beu/Ib, MOISTURE ABSORPTION When moisture (regain) is absorbed by hygro: scopic materials, sensible heat is added to the space. The heat so gained is equal to the latent heat of vaporization which is approximately 1030 Btu/Ib times the pounds of water absorbed, This sensible heat is an addition t> room sensible heat, and a deduction from room latent heat if the hygroscopic material is removed from the conditioned space. LATENT HEAT GAIN— CREDIT TO ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT Some forms of latent heat gain reduce room sensible heat. Moisture evaporating at the room| wet-bulb temperature (not heated or cooled from external source) utilizes room sensible heat for heat of evaporation. This farm of latent heat gain should be deducted from room sensible heat and added to room Intent heat, This does not change the total room heat gain, but may have considerable effect on he sensible heat factor, When the evaporation of moisture derives its heat from another source such as steam or electric heating coils, only the latent heat gain to the room is figured: room sensible heat is nat reduced, The power input to the steam or electric coils balances the heat of evaporation except for the initial warmup of the TABLE 54—HEAT TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS FOR BARE STEEL PIPES Bru/hr) (linear #) (deg F diff between pipe and surrounding ait) fOMINAL 180 F | 210 F 27 ‘300 F 338 F "A170 Fab room temparatore ID te enttna comrny1-108 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 55—HEAT TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS FOR INSULATED PIPES* Biu/(hr) (linear ft) (deg F diff between pipe and room) tind Vin, Thick | 14m. Thick | 2 Thick % one or ne x ole als ong ~ ome 20a eee 035 037 the a oa0 032 cr a4 ous 035 630 * 049 3 oh 5 089 bas 038 “6 | oes 032 a3 5 oa is ass 2 iat 090, a3 ‘No ellowance for fitings. Ti able applies ony 10 sraight rans of pe. When tumerotsfiings exis @ stable sary focor mabe cued. Tit Saded hoot bein oF the fiinge may be op muer ov 10%. Gonerahy thr table con be eed Mout edeing th sofa foo Oiher ination. W ether types of insulation ave weed, miiply the obowe ‘ales by the fore thew inthe fooning tbls ATERAL PIPE COVERING FACTORS ‘Corgated Arvest alr Call 6 Phy per inch ua Bt per ine nie Lominate Atveres (Sponge Fol) one Minerat Weal 190 Distomacescs Site {Seper-X) 138 Bown Asbestos Fiber [Woot Felt Oa TABLE 56—HEAT TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS FOR INSULATED COLD PIPES* MouwoeD rreet Btu/(hr) (linear #) (deg F diff between pipe and room) ee WATER aaNE HEAVY BRINE mow rire size [aval Tcnas ‘wal Tks “Aavel Tackness tind ottaviton ie) Cooter | ofiuslation in| __Coctfsant | aftnance'ta)Coethcent % 1s oar 20 O10 cop % ‘3 ou io 16 oe fa v5 82 | a "3 033 a s 027 3 030 2 03s . 7 040 - 1° 1s oss odded heat goin ot the fitings may be os much a1 10%, Generally his table con be vied without caiding tht nafery fotons nt Oe mused. Tht Hhslation materi, Vales ints toble ore Bored on e material having conduvty k=0:3. However, o 13% voley favor wos odded to shi ‘ole to conperste for seams and inprfec warkmonthip. The table appli To si cok toverng WaO50), ce aera ce boss tease ie Welness given obove i for malded mineral woo! board whic ually some 3 to TOM artoler ex lace Con Ceceee GHAPTER 1. INTERNAL SeNsiste AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN 1-109 TABLE 57—HEAT TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS FOR UNINSULATED TANKS Bru/(hr) (aq ft) (deg F diff between liquid and room) T waar wooo concnare oe ined an ke Pome ote Teed tre Go Foo [180 F[200 Fe Fico F| 150 #] 00 F | 50 F BF Tioo Fie Fae Yercansignl | 1a] 30 wpa wiv {el ey leiz le ele x noi Ba SS eal ea eS ke ed = i a eee ee ee ee “to estimate latent heat lod i water ih belng evaporated, see Teble 58 TABLE 58—EVAPORATION FROM A FREE WATER SURFACE—LATENT HEAT GAIN AT 75 db, 50% RH SYSTEM HEAT GAIN 7F | OF] WSF] WF] WSF | 200% x 4 ed rhea ao | mo |e | a0 | 790 F db, Gorrection factors for different room tempera The system heat added ain is considered as the heat to or lost by the system components, stich as the ducts, piping, air conditioning fan, and pump, ete, This heat gain must be estimated and included in the load estimate but can be accurately evaluated only after the system has been designed. SUPPLY AIR DUCT HEAT GAIN ‘The supply duct normally has 50 F db to 60 F db air flowing through it, The duct may pass through an unconditioned space having a tempera ture of, say, 90 F db and up. This results in a heat gain to the duct before it reaches the space to be conditioned. This, in effect, reduces the cooling capacity of the conditioned air. To compensate for it, the cooling capacity of the air quantity must be increased. It is recommended that long runs of ducts in unconditioned spaces be insulated to mini Basis or Chart 3 ~Percent Room Sensible Heat to be Added for Heat Goin to Supply Duct Chart 3 is based on a difference of 30 F db be. tween supply air and unconditioned space, a supply duct velocity of 1800 fpm in a square duct, still fon the outside of the duct and a supply air rise of 17 ED 0 contains comer tures, duct velocities und temperature differences are included below Ghar’ 3. Values are plotted for use with uninsulated, Lured and insulated duets, Use of Chart 3 Percent Room Sensible Heat to be Added for Heat Gain to Supply Duet To use this chart, evaluate the length of duct running thru the unconditioned space, the tempera ture of unconditioned space, the duct velocity, the supply air temperature, and room sensible heat sub total Exomple 5 Heat Gain te Supply Duct {of uninsulated dct in unconditioned space Duct velocity ~ 2000 fpm Supply ai temperature — 60 F db Room sensible heat gain ~ 100,000 Beu he Find: Percent addition to room sensi 1100 F ab heat The supply alr to unconditioned space ter cence = 10 ~ 60 = 40 Fab From Chart 3, percent aldition = 4.5% Correction for 40 F db temperature difference and £2000 fpm duct velocity = 1.26, 45% 126 Actual percent addition 2%esa PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING CHART 3—HEAT GAIN TO SUPPLY DUCT Percent of Room Sensible Heat jiSeSs et se 1 fz Rele|= al EE ae INT aft Eos") { PTE Pete ee see SE fet f i 2.65 x AV on unx ut heat goin (St) uct heat ransmistionfotor(Bu/bag fe) P= rectangular duct perimeter (ft) 1 a SUPPLY AIR DUCT LEAKAGE LOSS Air leakage from the supply duct may be a serious los of cooling effect, except when it leaks into the conditioned space, This loss of cooling effect must be added to the room sensible and Jatent heat load. Experience indicates that the average air leakage yom the entire length ol low velocity supply ducts, whether large or small systems, averages around 10%, of the supply air quantity, Smaller leakage per Joot of length for larger perimeter ducts appears to be counterbalanced by the longer length of run. es x av) + OF v MULTIPLYING FACTORS FOR (OTHER ROOM TEMPERATURES Room Te Fecer O94 09 (st) duct ores (of) ue velosty fom) temperature of supply sir entering duet (F) of srrosning oir) ‘rod on Formulas in ASHRAE Guide 1963, p. 194,185. Individual workmanship is the greatest variable, and duct leakages from 5%, to 30% have been found. The following is a guide to the evaluation of duct leakages under various conditions: 1 Bare ducts within conditioned space — usually not necessary to figure leakage. Furred or insulated ducts within conditioned space — a matter of judgment, depending on whether the leakage air actually gets into the room. EYCHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN wun TABLE $9—HEAT GAIN FROM AIR CONDITIONING FAN HORSEPOWER, DRAW-THRU SYSTEMt! van CENTRAL SATION SVETEMET “APPLIED OR UNITARY SYSTEM ror Eas reside, oom te Fopaty Ai ie ot wane) [OF wor [sr [mr | wr [wr PERCENT OF ROOM SENGRLE EAT™ iF Ta, eleBflipule) . ag jc] oo] Ba fu | ee] es a | ot | foo | | fat | oe | 3 T we) ia | as} a] aa | ee pa a | moa | me | | ea] at | as [at | wa) ap | sa | a] as wi | |e] eo | a] 13 a8 | | ia | Taq leaaal id 8 | ite Loe | es fie a oa we toa oS fa ot a ng te | ae ort a | mL 8 a5 so | 4 20 | [ae a | romeo | 1 |) Be] Bl ET oly te | i aca we pe ei] ae ie fur | BL BY on 40 [iso or | os | Fa | [seo [ass [ise | ne | es | T f |e Jie) Be) os | is |e | ee ‘exces trom heat gain, typo voles for {fon Totl Frese equos fon soi pressure pu vel ‘he fon state Above 1200 fpm th fl gresure hold bw Ngured 705, fon ofeincy onvmed. 7509, fon effkieney extomed 180% motor ond eriveeffidency ext. {for drow-hvu systems ths heat ton elton othe spay ait be ‘hada 8. All ducts outside the conditioned space — assume 10% leakage. This leakage is a total Joss and the full amount must be included. When only part of the supply duct is outside the conditioned space, include that fraction of 10%, as the leakage. (Fraction is ratio of length outside of conditioned space to total length of supply duct.) High velocity systems usually limit leakage to 19%, HEAT GAIN FROM AIR CONDITIONING FAN HORSEPOWER. The inefficiency of the air conditioning equip. ment fan and the heat of compression adds heat to the system as described under “Electric Motors.” In the case of draw-through systems, this heat is an addition to the supply air heat gain and should be added to the room sensible heat, With blow-through, systems (fan blowing air through the coil, etc) the fan heat added is a load on the dehumidifier and, EDD 1 contione coarser orng les et which are dnc In epporatis om Dresie ot fan dicarge, Below 1209 fom he fan lle pressure ke appronietelyequel to goin and is added tothe room semble heat. For blowshiy systems this Fan host he grand ftel het; use the RSH Fines te pera lated and odd to he GH, therelore, should be added to the grand total heat (see “Percent Addition ‘9 Grand Total Heat”) Bosis of Table 59 —Heat Gain from Air Conditioning Fan Horsepower The air conditioning fan adds heat to the system in the following manne: 1. Immediate temperature rise in the air due to the inefficiency of the fan, 2. Energy gain in the air as a pressure andor velocity rise. 3. With the motor and drive in the air stream or conditioned space, the heat generated by the inefficiency of the motor and drive is also an immediate heat gaia. ‘The fan efficiencies are about 70% for central station type fans and about 50%, lor packaged equipment fans. 7(nn ona dae PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING Use of Toble 59 —Heat Gain from Air Conditioning Fan Horsepower The approximate system. pressure loss and de Ihumidifed air rise (room minus supply air tempera tune) differential must be estimated from the system characteristics and type of application, These should be checked from the final system design, The normal comfort application has a dehumidi- fied air rise of between 15 F db and 25 F db and the fan total pressure depends on the amount of duct- work involved, the number of fittings (elbows, etc.) in the ductwork and the type of air distribution system used. Normally, the fan total pressure can be approximated as follows 1, No ductwork (packaged equipment) ~ 0.5 to 1.00 inches of water. 2. Moderate amount of ductwork, low velocity systems ~ 0.75 t0 1.50 inches of water. 3. Considerable ductwork, low velocity system — 1.25 to 2.00 inches of water. 4, Moderate amount of duework, high pressure system ~ 2.00 to 4.00 inches of water nsiderable ductwork, high pressure system ~ 8,0 co 6.00 inches of water Example 6 — Heat Goin from Air Conditioning Fen Horsepower Given Same data ax Bxemple § 80 fof supply duc in conditioned space Bind, Percent addition 10 yoom sensible heat Solution Assume 1.50 inches of water, fan total pressure, and 20 F db dehumidifier rise. Refer to Table $9 eat gain from fan horsepower = 23% SAFETY FACTOR AND PERCENT ADDITIONS TO ROOM SENSIBLE AND LATENT HEAT A safety [actor to be added to the room sensible heat sub-total should be considered as strictly a factor of probable crror in che survey or estimate, and should usually he between 0% and 5%, The total room sensible heat is the sub-total plus percentage additions to allow for (1) supply duct heat gain, (2) supply duct leakage losses, (8) fan horsepower and (4) safety Factor, as explained in the preceding paragraph, Exomple 7 —Percent Addition te Room Sensible Heat Given Same dat Find Percent ad 8 Examples S and 6 ion wo room sensible heat gain suh-total Solution: Supply duct heat gain = Sopply duct leakage (20 £¢ duct of total 100 (1) Fan horsepower Safety factor “Total percent addition to RSH. ‘The percent additions to room latent heat for supply duct leakage loss and safety factor should be the same as the corresponding percent additions to room sensible heat. RETURN AIR DUCT HEAT AND LEAKAGE GAIN ‘The evaluation of heat and leakage effects on return air ducts is made in the same manner as for supply air ducts, except that the process is reversed there is inward gain of hot moist air instead of loss of cooling effect. Chart 3 can be used to approximate heat gain to the return duct system in terms of percent of RSH, using the following procedure: 1, Using RSH and the length of return air duct, use Chart 3 to establish the percent heat gain, 2. Use the multip.ying factor from table below Chart 3 to adjust the percent heat gain tor actual temperature difference between the air surrounding the return air duct and the air in side the duct, and also for the actual velocity 3. Multiply the resulting percentage of heat gain by the ratio of RSH 10 GTH. Apply the resulting heat gain percentage to GTH. To determine the return air duct leakage, apply the following reasoning 1. Bare duct within conditioned space ~ no in- leakage. 2 Forred duct within conditioned space or furved space used for recurn air ~ a mater of judg: ment, depending on whether the furred space may connect to unconditioned space 3. Ducts outside ecntitioned space — assume up to 8% inleakage, depending on the length of duet, If there is only a short connection be tween conditioned space and apparatus, in: Teakage may be disregarded. If there is a Jong run of duct, then apply judgment as to the amount of inleakage. HEAT GAIN FROM DEHUMIDIFIER PUMP HORSEPOWER With dehumidifier systems, the horsepower re- quired to pump the water adds heat to the system as outlined under “Electric Motors". This heat will be an addition to che grand total heat.CHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT. 1s TABLE 60—HEAT GAIN FROM DEHUMIDIFIER PUMP HORSEPOWER SMALL PUMPS? @-100 OF TARGE PUMPS? 100 GPM AND TARGER ‘CHILLED WATER TEMP RISE ‘CHILLED WATER TEMP RISE De ebeden e108 ees ed S68 ke | 7 PNET eRe Tv ET ae PUMP HEAD ‘a PERCENT OF GRAND TOTAL HEAT A 7 Ts To ve 10s 1s rrr os os 7% Bs) xs 20 is *9 25 28 1 19 to 108 50 to as 20 is tote i ta seHsaner 50% Hetieny 70% Basis of Table 60 PERCENT ADDITION TO GRAND TOTAL HEAT Heat Gain from Dehumidifier Pump Horsepower Table 60 is based on pump efficiencies of 50% for small pumps and 70% for large pumps. Small pumps are considered to have a capacity of less than 100 gallons; large pumps, more than 100 gallons. Use of Table 69 — Heat Gain from Dehumidifier Pump Horsepower ‘The chilled water temperature rise in the dehu- midifier and the pump head must be approximated tose Table 60. 1. Large systems with considerable piping and fittings may require up to 100 fc pump head; normally, 70 ft head is the average. 2. The normal water temperature rise in the de- humidifier is between 7 F and 12 F. Applica- tions using large amounts of water have a lower vise; those using small amounts of water have a higher rise, ‘The percent additions to the grand total heat to compensate for various external losses consist of heat and leakage gain to return air duets, heat gain from the dehumidifier pump horsepower, and the heat gain to the dehumidifier and piping system. ‘These heat gains can be estimated as follows; 1, Heat and leakage gain to return air ducts, see above. 2. Heat gain from dehumidifier pump horse. power, Table 60. 3. Dehumidifier and piping losses a, Very little external piping — 1% of GTH, b. Average external piping ~ 2% of GTH. c. Extensive external piping — 4% of GTH. 4, Blow-through fan system — add percent room sensible heat from Table 59 to GTH. 5, Dehumidifier in conditioned apparatus room — reduce the above percentages by one hall.15 CHAPTER 8. APPLIED PSYCHROMETRIC! ‘rhe preceding chapters contain the practical dats 2, Aiv conditioning apparatus — factors affecting to properly evaluate the heating and cooling loads Gommon processes and the effect of these actors They also recommend! outdoor air quantities for on selection of air conditioning equipment ventilation purposes in areas where state, city OF 3, Psychvometrics of partial load control ~ the Jocal codes do not exist. tffect of partial Ioad on equipment selection “This chapter describes practical psychrometrics land on the common processes jo applied to apparatus selection. Tt divided into ro help recognize terms, factors and processes three parts: described in this chapter, a brief definition of psy: 1. Deseription of terms, processes and factors ~ as ciromelihs foflered at this point, along with an esc retin normal airconditioning appl Hlustration ane’ definition of terms appearing on 4 cations. standard psychrometric chart (Fig. 32) iG Ie reer eae aes 0 ea feet of the mixture per pound of Sh ondinarythecmometer aya 2h peas The temperate regtened by athe, Serle Het Fos" of senibie to tta! hes. we Tee ya te 284 SPS gpa ce Lae 8 08 FE ry fo 8 amen of rpicly moving Aa sh he seafbie heat factor t6 pot the venous ase tugeeureThe temperaere at which coders sir conilenng PUSS is Mow frost begins when the wi i le evn try ai ~The bai fr a pryhrometri acu vee menuny—Rato ofthe aca water vapor prewureof Retains cosans S705 Sn poyhaometric process same temperature Te ee aay ave so elated chat, H smo properties Fe reese reniiy eNews cones The weight ofwater vapor ow, HO To, own may then be detenaine Sorc Menudo mesure per pound of ya Fr rare, yl, wet bul and deme em peratures are all equ tummy A thermal property indicating che quantity of Meat Enmore an arbitrary datum, in Beu per pound of éry in ee gavam for dey itis O*F and, for the moisture com ten, 82 F water. Enthalpy indicated above, for any given halpy of saturation. It shouldbe cor ‘oni ty the enthalpy deviation due to the ai nO Teg in'ehe saturated state. Enthalpy deviation i i= Bane Mound of dy air. Enthalpy deviation is oot where extreme accuracy required: how aoeneen moral ait conditioning stimates jes omitted Fic. 82 — SkrLETON Psycuromeraic CHARTsaunjoia dua joULON, LYWHD DILIWOYHDASACHAPTER 8. APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS DEFINITION Psychrometrics is the science involving thermo- dynamic properties of moist air and the effect of atmospheric moisture on materials and human com: fort. As it applies to this chapter, the definition must be broadened to include the method of controlling the thermal properties of moist air AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES Fig. 33 shows a typical air conditioning process traced on a psychrometric chart. Outdoor air (2)* is mixed with return air from the room (J) and enters, the apparatus (3). Air flows through the condition: ing apparatus (3 - 4) and is supplied to the space (4) The air supplied to the space moves along line (4-1) as it picks up the room loads, and the cycle is re DESCRIPTION OF TERMS, SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR ‘The thermal properties of air can be separated into latent and sensible heat. The term sensible heat factor is the ratio of sensible to total heat, where otal heat is the sum of sensible and latent heat. ‘This ratio may be expressed as: sur. 58 su SH+LH ~ TH where: SHF = sensible heat factor SH = sensible heat LH = latent heat TH = total heat ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (RSHF) The room sensible heat factor is the ratio of room sensible heat to the summation of room sensible and This ratio is expressed in the fol room Tatent heat Towing formula: RSH RSH + RE RSH RTH RSHF = The supply air to a conditioned space must have the capacity to offset simultaneously both the room sensible and room latent heat loads. The room and the supply air conditions to the space may be .e standard psychrometric chart and nected with a straight line (1-2) plotted on these points 6 sone italic number in parentheses represents 4 point and eo italic numies in parentheses representa fine, plosted on the tccompanying pavchrometie chart examples. ED erties peated, Normally most of the air supplied to the space by the air conditioning system is rewrned to the conditioning ap} There, it is mixed with outdoor air required for ventilation. The mix ture then passes thru the apparatus where heat and moisture are added or removed, as required, to maintain the desired conditions. ratus. The selection of proper equipment to accomplish this conditioning and to control the thermodynamic properties of the air depends upon a variety of elements. However, only those which affect the psy chrometsic properties of air will be discussed in this chapter. These elements are’ for (RSHE}t, grand sensible heat factor (GSHF), effective surtace temperature (t,.), bypass factor (BF) sand elfective sensible heat factor (ESHF). PROCESSES AND FACTORS Fig. 34. This line represents the psychrometric proc air within the conditioned space line, ess of the supply und is called the room sensible heat fact The slope of the RSHF line illustrates the ratio of sensible to latent loads within the space and is illustrated in Fig. 34 by 3h, (sensible heat) and s/h, (latent heat), Thus, if adequate ait is supplied to offset these room loads, the room requirements will sex ROow AND Fic. 34 — RSH Line PLorren Betwe Suppty Ain CONDITIONS preter wo page 1:9 for a description of all abbreviations and symbols ced in this chapterLas be satisfied, provided both the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the supply air fall on this line ‘The room sensible heat factor line can also be drawn on the psychrometric chart without knowing, the condition of supply air. The following proced- ure illustrates how to plot this line, using the caleu- lated RSHF, the room design conditions, the sen- sible heat factor scale in the upper right hand corner of the psychrometric chart, and the alignment circle at 80 F dry-bulb and 0% relative humidity: 1 Draw 2 base line thru the alignment circle and the calculated RSHF shown on the sensible heat factor scale in the upper right corner of psychrometvic chart (1 -2), Fig, 35 , Draw the actual room sensible heat factor line thru the room design conditions parallel to the base line in Step 1 (3-4), Fig. 35. As shown, this Jine may be drawn to the saturation line on the psychrometrie chart. Fic. 85 — RSHF Line PLorten ox SkeLetox Psycnromernic CHART GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (GSHF) The grand sensible heat factor is the ratio of the total sensible heat to the grand total heat load that the conditioning apparatus must handle, in cluding the outdoor air heat loads. This ratio is determined from the following equation: ose increases or decreases in temperature and jor moisture content, The amount of rise or fall is determined by the total sensible and latent heat loads that the joning apparatus must handle, The condition PART |. LOAD ESTIMATING of the ait entering the apparatus (mixture condition of outdoor and returr room air) and the condition of the air leaving the apparatus may be plotted on the psychrometric cha-t and connected by a straight line (J -2), Fig. 36. This line represents the psychro- metric process of the air as it passes through the conditioning apparatus, and is referred to as the grand sensible heat factor line. ‘The slope of the GSHF line represents the ratio of sensible and latent heat that the apparatus must handle, This is illustrated in Fig. 36 by ak, (sensible heat) and Af; (latent beat), yu Of \ Fete Fic. 36 ~ GSHF Lixe Prorren Berwers Mixture Conbitios To APPARATUS AND LEAVING Conrrion Froxt Apparates ‘The grand sensible heat factor line can be plotted fon the psychrometric chart without knowing the condition of supply ait, in much the same manner 3s the RSHF line. Fig. 37, Step 1 (1-2) and Step 2 (3-4) show the procedure, using the calculated GSHF, the mixture condition of air to the appar ts, the sensible heat factor scale, and the alignment circle on the psychrometric chart. The resulting GSHF line is plotted thru the mixture conditions of the air to the apparatus REQUIRED AIR QUANTITY ‘The air quantity required to offset simultaneously the room sensible and latent loads and the air quan: tity required thru the apparatus to handle the total sensible and latent loads may be calculated, using the conditions on their respective RSHF and GSHF lines. For @ particular application, when both the RSHF and GSHF ratio lines are plotted on the psy- hrometric chart, che intersection of the two lines (7) Fig. 38, xepresents the condition of the supply air toCHAPTER 8, APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS Fic, 37 ~ GSHF Line Puorrep on Sketrron Psvcuromennic CHART Fic, 38 — RSHF ano GSHF Lings Porren on SKELETON PsycuRomeTRic CHART the space. It is also the condition of the air leaving the apparatus. ‘This neglects fan and duct heat gain, duct leakage losses, etc. In actual practice, these heat gains and losses are taken into account in estimating the cool: ing load. Chapter 7 gives the necessary data for eval- wating these supplementary loads. Therefore, the temperature of the air leaving the apparatus is not necessarily equal to the temperature of the air sup. plied to the space as indicated in Fig. 38, Fig, 39 illustrates what actually happens when 1-119 these supplementary loads are considered in plotting the RSHF and GSHF lines. Point (1) is the condition of air leaving the ap- paratus and point (2) is the condition of supply air to the space. Line (1-2) represents the temperature rise of the air stream resulting from fan horsepower and heat gain to the duct. Fic, 89 — RSHF anv GSHF Lines Prorren wrrn SuppLemenTaRy Loan Line The air quantity required to satisfy the room load ‘may be calculated from the following equation: RSH P08 The a) ‘The air quantity required thru the conditioning apparatus to satisfy the total air conditioning load (including the supplementary loads) is calculated from the following equation: TSH Pe TORT ad The required air quantity supplied to the space is equal to the air quantity required thru the ap paratuis, neglecting leakage losses. The above equi tion contains the term fq which is the mixture condition of air entering the apparatus. With the exception of an all outdoor air application, the term fy can only be determined by trial and error, One possible procedure to determine the mixture temperature and the air quantities is outlined below. This procedure illustrates one method of apparatus selection and is presented to show how cumbersome and time consuming it may be.1-120 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING 1. Assume a rise (ty ~ fe) in the supply air to the space, and calawlate the supply air quantity (cfg) to the space. 2. Use this air quantity to calculate the mixture condition of the air (f,) to the space, (Equation 1, page 150), 3. Substitute this supply air quantity and mixture condition of the air in the formula for air quantity thru the apparatus (cfmgy) and deter: mine the leaving condition of the air from the conditioning apparatus (ts). 1, The rise between the leaving condition from the apparatus and supply air condition to the space (Fy — tee) must be able to handle the supplementary loads (duct heat gain and fan heat). ‘These temperatures (tiny foe) may de plotted on their respective GSH and RSHF lines (Fig. 39) to determine if these conditions can handle the supplementary loads. If they ‘cannot, a new rise in supply air is assumed and the triakand-error procedure repeated, Ina normal, well designed, tight system this dif; ference in supply air temperature and the condition of the air leaving the apparatus (tye — fo) is usually not more than a lew degrees. To simplify the discussion on the interrelationship of RSHF and GSHF, the supplementary loads have been neglected in the various discussions, formulas and problems in the remainder of this chapter. It can not be over ‘emphasized, however, that these supplementary loadls must be recognized when estimating the cool- ing and heating loads. These loads are taken into account on the air conditioning load estimate in Chapter 1, and are evaluated in Chapter 7. ‘The RSHF ratio will be constant (at full load) under a specified set of conditions; however, the GSHF ratio may increase or decrease as the outdoor air quantity and mixture conditions are varied for design purposes. As the GSHF ratio changes, the supply air condition to the space varies along the RSHF line (Fig. 38). The difference in temperature between the room and the air supply to the room determines the air quantity required to satisfy the room sensible and room latent loads. As this temperature difference increases (supplying colder air, since the room con: ditions are fixed), the required air quantity to the space decreases. This temperature difference can increase up to a limit where the RSHF line crosses the saturation line on the psychrometrie chart, Fig 38: assuming, of course, that the available condition ing cquipment is able to take the air to 100% saturation. Since this is impossible, the condition of the air normally falls on the RSHF line close to the saturation line. How close to the saturation line depends on the physical operating characteristics and the efficiency of the conditioning equipment. In determining the required air quantity, when neglecting the supplementary loads, the supply air temperature is assumed to equal the condition of the air leaving the apparatus (fu ~ fwy)- This is illus toated in Fig. 38. The calculation for the required air quantity still remains a trial-and-error pro- cedure, since the mixture temperature of the air (1q) entering the apparatus is dependent on the required air quantity. The same procedure previ- ously described for determining the air quantity is used. Assume a supply air rise and calculate the supply air quantity and the mixture temperature to the conditioning apparatus. Substitute the supply air quantity and mixture temperature in the equa tion for determining the air quantity thru the apparatus, and calculate the leaving condition of the air from the apparatus. This temperature must equal the supply air temperature; if it does not, a new supply air rise is assumed and the procedure repeated, Determining the vequived aix quantity by either amethod previously described is a tedious process, since it involves a trictandervor procedure, plotiing the RSHF and GSHF satios on a psychvometvie chart, and in actual practice accounting for the supplementary loads in determining the supply air, ivtuve and leaving air temperatures. This procedure has been simplified, however, by relating all the conaitioning loads to the physical performance of the conditioning equipment, and then including this equipment performance in the ‘actual calculation of the lord. This relationship is generally recognized as a psychrometrie correlation of loads to equipment per- formance. The correlation is accomplished by cat culating the “effective surface temperature,” “bypass factor” and “effective sensible heat factor.” These alone will permit the simplified caleulation of sup- ply air quantity EFFECTIVE SURFACE TEMPERATURE (t.,) ‘The surface temperature of the conditioning equipment varies throughout the surface of the ap- paratus as the air comes in contact with it. However, the effective surface temperature can be considered to be the uniform surface temperature which would produce the same leaving air conditions as the non- uniform surface temperature that actually occursCHAPTER 8 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS when the apparatus is in operation. This is more clearly understood by illustrating the heat transfer effect between the air and the cooling (or heating) medium, Fig, 40 illustrates this process and is appli cable to a chilled water cooling medium with the supply air counterflow in relation to the chilled water, Fic, 40 — ReLarionstur oF Errective Sunrace Teme ‘ro Surry Air AND CHILLED WATER The relationship shown in Fig. 40 may also be illustrated for heating, divect expansion cooling and for air flowing parallel to the cooling or heating medium. The direction, slope and position of the lines change, but the theory is identical Since conditioning the air thru the apparatus re. duces to the basic principle of heat transfer between the heating or cooling media of the conditioning apparatus and the air thru that apparatus, there must be a common reference point. This point is the effective surface temperature af the apparatus The two heat transfers are relatively independent of ach other, but are quantitatively equal when re- ferred to the effective surface temperature. ‘Therefore, to obtain the most economical appara tus selection, the effective surface temperature is used in calculating the required air quantity and in selecting the apparatus. For applications involving cooling and dehumidi- fication, the effective surface temperature is at the point where the GSHF line crosses the saturation Tine on the psychrometric chart (Fig. 36). As such, this effective surface temperature is considered to be the dewpoint of the apparatus, and hence the term apparatus dewpoint (adp) has come into common usage for cooling and dehumidifying processes Since cooling and dehumidification is one of the most common applications for central station ap. paratus, the “Air Conditioning Load Estimate” form, Fig. #4, is designed around the term apparatus, LD 1 crstentng copay Lai dewpoint (adp). The term is used exclusively in this chapter when referring to cooling and dehumidity. ing applications. The psychrometrics of air can be applied equally well t9 other types of heat transfer applications such as sensible heating, evaporative cooling, sensible cooling, etc., but for these appli- cations the effective surface temperature will not necessarily fall on the saturation line. BYPASS FACTOR (BF) Bypass factor is a function of the physical and operating characteristics of the conditioning appara: tus and, as such, represents that portion of the air which is considered to pass through the conditioning apparatus completely unaltered. ‘The physical and operating characteristics affect- ing the bypass factor are as follows: 1, A decreasing amount of available apparatus heat transfer surface results in an increase in bypass factor, Le less rows of coil, less coil surface area, wider spacing of coil tubes. A decrease in the velocity of air through the conditioning apparatus results in a decrease in bypass factor, iz. more time for the air to contact the heat transfer surface. Decreasing or increasing the amount of heat trans- fer surface has a greater effect on bypass factor than varying the velocity of cir through the apparatus. ‘There is a psychrometric relationship of bypass factor to GSHF and RSHF. Under specified room, outdoor design conditions and quantity of outdoor air, RSHF and GSHF are fixed. The position of RSHF js also fixed, but the relative position of GSHF may vary as the supply air quantity and supply air condition change. To properly maintain room design conditions, the air must be supplied to the space at some point along the RSHF line. Therefore, asthe bypass factor varies, the relative position of GSHF to RSHF changes, as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 41. As the position of GSHF changes, the entering and Teaving air conditions at the apparatus, the required air quantity, bypass factor and the apparatus dew- point also change. ‘The effect of varying the bypass factor on the conditioning equipment is as follows: 1. Smaller bypass factor — a. Higher adp — DX equipment selected for higher refrigerant temperature and chilled water equipment would be selected for less or higher temperature chilled water. Pos: sibly smaller refrigeration machine.PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING b, Less air—smaller fan and fan motor. ©. More heat transfer surface — more rows of coil or more coil surface available. d. Smaller piping if less chilled water is used. 2, Larger bypass factor ~ a, Lower adp — Lower refrigerant temperature to select DX equipment, and more water or lower temperature for chilled water equip. ment. Possibly larger refrigeration machine. b. More air —larger fan and fan motor. c. Less heat transfer surface — less rows of coil or less coil surface available. 4, Larger piping if more chilled water is used nef Fic. 41 — RSHF axo GSHF Lines Prorren on SkrLEToN PsycHroMeTRic CHART It is, therefore, an economic balance of first cost and operating cost in selecting the proper bypass factor for a particular application. Table 62, page 127, lists suggested bypass factors for various applica- tions and is a guide for the engineer to proper bypass factor selection for use in load calculations. Tables have also been prepared to illustrate the various configurations of heat transfer surfaces and the resulting bypass factor for different air velocities, Table 61, page 127, lists bypass factors tor various coil surfaces. Spray washer equipment is normally rated in terms of saturation efficiency which is the complement of bypass factor (I — BF). Table 63, page 136, is a guide to representative saturation eff Ciencies for various spray arrangements ‘As previously indicated, the entering and leaving air conditions at the conditioning apparatus and the apparatus dewpoint are related psychromet- rically to the bypass factor. Although it is recognized that bypass factor is not a true straight line function, it can be accurately evaluated mathematically from the following equations: BF = teay — tap Frog Bay and pope af tn hag — an teay — tag rea = hay NOTE: The quansity (IBF s frequent) called contac facor and is considered to be that portion of the ait leaving the apparatus atthe adp. EFFECTIVE SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (ESHF) To relate bypass factor and apparatus dewpoint to the load calculation, the effective sensible heat Jactor term was developed. ESHF is interwoven with BF and adp, and thus greatly simplifies the calcula- tion of air quantity and apparatus selection, The effective sensible heat factor is the ratio of effective room sensible heat to the effective room sensible and latent eats. Effective room sensible heat is composed of room sensible heat (see RSHF) plus that portion of the outdoor air sensible load which is considered as being bypassed, unaltered, thru the conditioning apparatus. The effective room Tatent heat is composed of the room latent heat (see RSHF) plus that portion of the outdoor air Iatent heat load which is considered as being by- passed, unaltered, thru the conditioning apparatus. ‘This ratio is expressed in the following formula: ERSH ERSH ERSH+ERLH ERTH ‘The bypassed outdoor air loads that are included in the calculation of ESHF are, in effect, loads im. posed! on the conditioned space in exactly the same manner as the infiltration load. The infiltration load comes thru the doors and windows: the by- passed outdoor air load is supplied to the space thru the air distribution system. Plotting RSHF and GSHF on the psychometric chart defines the adp and BF as explained pre} ously. Drawing a straight line between the adp and room design conditions (I -2), Fig. 42 represents the ESHF ratio, The interrelationship of RSHF and GSHF to BF, adp and ESHF is graphically illus. trated in Fig, #2. The effective sensible heat factor line may also be drawn on the psychrometric chart without ini- tially knowing the adp. The procedure is identical to the one described for RSHF on page 118. The cal- ESHE erica: |CHAPTER 8. APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS culated ESHF, however, is plotted thru the room design conditions to the saturation line (1 -2), Fig. +43, thus indicating the adp. ‘Tables have been prepared to simplify the method of determining adp from ESHF. Adp can be ob- tained by entering Table 65 at room design condi- tions and at the calculated ESHF. It is not necessary to plot ESHF on a psychometric chart. AIR QUANTITY USING ESHF, ADP AND BF A simplified approach for determining the re- quired air quantity is to use the psychrometric corre Fic, 42 — RSHF, GSHF ano ESHF Lines Puorrep, ON SKELETON PsvcHROMETRIG CHART J J sare Late —__if—_— Fic. 48 ESHF Line PLorrep on SketetoN PsycHROMETRIC CHART 1-123 lation of effective sensible heat factor, apparatus dewpoint and bypass factor. Previously in this chap- ter, the interrelationship of ESHF, BF and adp was shown with GSHF and RSHF. These two factors need not be calculated to determine the required air quantity, since the use of ESHF, BF and adp results in the same air quantity ‘The formula for calculating air quantity, using BF and fe¢p is RSH 1.08 (thm — feap) (I BF) (ESHE isused to determine teay:) This air quantity simultaneously offsets the room, sensible and room latent loads, and also handles the total sensible and latent loads for which the condi: tioning apparatus is designed, including the outdoor air loads and the supplementary loads, AIR CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATE FORM The “Air Conditioning Load Estimate” form is designed for cooling and dehumidifying appli cations, and may be used for psychrometric calcula: tions. Normally, only ESHF, BF and adp are required to determine air quantity and to select the apparatus, But for those instances when it is desirable to know RSHF and GSHF, this form is designed so that these factors may also be calculated, Fig. #4, in conjunction with the following items, explains how each factor is calculated. (The circled numbers correspond to numbers in Fig. 44.) RSH ® 1. RSHF = a _O RH+RLH +O 2. osu = SH. + © GTH o . ERSH ERSH 3. ESHE = — ee ERSH+ERLH~ ERTH @ ® O+9 0 4. Adp located where ESHF crosses the saturation line, or from Table 65. ESHF @ and room conditions © give adp ©. BF @ used in the outdoor air calculations is obtained from the equipment performance table or charts. Typical bypass factors for dif ferent surfaces and for various applications are given on page 127, These are to guide the engi- heer and may be used in the outdoor air Calculation when the actual equipment per- formance tables are not readily available.PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING. _tocaion vow | deere, | He rere whee SOLAR GAIN GLASS Ze soma = qaou Senge RET SgeneveLe Beat] ferreyvee ae ar eat | EregGive noo (AVERT HEAT ‘OUToOOR alk HEAT ell “S a | = a PN co | za, Beran a a ee eee & i DEMUMIDIFIED AiR QUANTITY Ba te | Boar te De ay le oF B ~ eae © ® ~ a a S a ema Saar ea tw Or eg igen x tar Br Dor wr pores Form E20 NOTE: The circled numbers are explained on the previous pege under"“Air Conditioning Load Estimate” form. Fic. 44 — Aim Conpirionine Loan Esti ave, ooo6. Fes = 58 Zing — tng) C= BEY _____®& cane 8- Ta @- @) 0-8 Once the debumidified air quantity is calew tated, the conditioning apparatus may be se- lected. The usual procedure is to use the grand total heat @, dehumidified air quantity (@ , and the apparatus dewpoint @ , to select the apparatus. Since guides are available, the bypass factor of the apparatus selected is usually in close ‘agreement with the originally assumed bypass factor. If, because of some peculiarity in load: ing in a particular application, there is a wide divergence in bypass factor, that portion of the foad estimate form involving bypass factor should be adjusted accordingly. Outlet temperature difference ~ Fig. + shows ‘a caleulation for determining the temperature difference between room design dry-bulb and the supply air dry-bulb to the room. Frequently a maximum temperature difference is estab- lished for the application involved. If the outlet temperature difference calculation is. larger titan desired, the total air quantity in the system is increased by bypassing sir around the conditioning apparatus. This temperature difference calculation is RSH 108 X ofa O_ 108 x @ ‘Total air quantity when outlet temperature difference is greater than desired — The calcu lation for the total supply air quantity for a desired temperature difference (between room and outlet) is RHO 108 x at 108 x at ‘The amount of air that must be bypassed around the conditioning apparatus to maintain this desived temperature difference (34) is the difference between cfmmy. and cfm Outlet temp diff = eta = 9. Entering and leaving conditions at the appara tus— Often it is desired to specify the selected conditioning apparatus in terms of entering and leaving air conditions at the apparatus. ‘Once the apparatus has been selected from ESHF, adp, BF and GTH, the entering and leaving air conditions are easily determined. The calculatiors for the entering and leaving dry-bulb temperatures at the apparatus are itlustrated in Fig, 44 The entering dry-bulb calculation contains the term “elmf"*, This air quantity “clm}” de- pends on whether a mixture of outdoor and return air ot return air only is bypassed around the conditioning apparatus. ‘The total supply air quantity cfg, @ is used for “cfm” when bypassing a mixture of out- door and return air. Fig. 49 isa schematiesketch of a system bypassing a mixture of outdoor and return air, lee t Seva ae Fi6. 45 — Byrassine Mixture oF OUTDOOR AND Return AIR When bypassing a mixture of return air only or when there is no need for a bypass around the apparatus, use the cfmge 3 for the value ‘of “chim”. Fig, 46 is a schematic sketch of a sys tem bypassing room return air only Toe = t ee ee ‘tranats.[eoe Fic, 46 — Byeassinc ReTuRN Ain ONLY OR No Fixe BvPass sem" is symbol appearing in the equation next to ig. #41-126 ‘The entering and leaving wet-bulb tempera ures at the apparatus are determined on the standard psychrometric chart, once the enter- ing and leaving dry-bulb temperatures are cal culated. The procedure for determining the retbulb temperatures at the apparatus is illus- trated in Fig. 47 and described in the following | a, Draw a straight line connecting room design ‘conditions and outdoor design conditions. b, The point at which entering dry-bulb crosses the line plotted in Step a defines the enter ing conditions to the apparatus. The enter ing wet-bulb is read on the psychrometric chart. ¢. Draw a straight line from the adp @ to the entering mixture conditions at the ap- paratus (Step 9.) (This line definesthe GSHF line of the apparatus.) 4. The point at which the leaving dry-bulb crosses the line drawn in Step ¢ defines the Ieaving conditions of the apparatus. Read the leaving wet-bulb from the apparatus at PART |. LOAD ESTIMATING this point, (Chis point defines the intersec tion of the RSHE and GSHF ay described previously.) Fic. 47 — ENTERING AND Leavine CONDI 1088 at APPARATUS AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS The following section describes the characteristic psyehrometric performance of air conditioning equipment. oils, sprays and sorbent dehumidifiers are the three basic types of heat transfer equipment re quired for air conditioning applications. These Components may be used singly or in combination to control the psychrometric properties of the air passing thru them. The selection of this equipment is normally de- termined by the requirements of the specific appli- cation. The components must be selected and integrated to result in a practical system; that is, cone having the most economical owning and oper ating cost An economical system requires the optimum com: bination of ait conditioning components. It also requires an air distribution system that provides good air distribution within the conditioned space, Using a practical rise between supply air and room air cemperatures. Since the only known items are the Ioad in the space and the conditions to be maintained within the space, the selection of the various eoriponents js based on these izems, Normally, performance re quirements are established and then equipment is selected to meet the requirements, COIL CHARACTERISTICS In the operation of coils, air is drawn ar forced over a series of tubes thru whieh chilled water, brine, volatile refrigerant, hot water or steam is flow ing, As the air passes over the surface af the coil it is cooled, cooled and dehumidified, or heated. de pending upon the :emperature of the medi flowing thru the tubes. The media in urn is heated oF cooled in the process. “The amount of coil surface not only #flects the heat transfer but also the bypass faccor of the coil. The bypass factor, as previously explained, is the measure of air side performance. Consequently iu is a function of the type and amount of QASH = 108 x 2000 x (@5 — 75) = 48200 Bru/hr (14) . OAH = 68% 2000 x (29 ~ 63) (13) (1-3), Fig, 45. Cooling and dehumidification occurs i ae B when the ESHF and GSHF are less than 1.0. The aces raade ceigeaaueatiel o F for these applications can vary from 0.95, TSH, = 200.000 + 4sz00 ~ 245.200 Bout o eae ee eesominatly cena, to 048 TLH = 5900+ 45200 = 96.200 Bea/he ® where the Ton is predominantly sere 0 045 at erat eens amas ae eo where the load is predominantly latent. The air conditioning load estimate form illu mme # yPas factoroF 0.15 from Table #2, , trated in Fig. 44 presents the procedure that is used eee 200.0004 (15) (48, to determine the ESHF, dehumidified air quantity, ne {iss 3.200) ¥ $0,000 (18) 46200) and entering and leaving air conditions at the ap- 85 (20) piratus. Example 1 illustrates the psychrometrics 4, Determine the apparmus dewpoint trom the room design conditions and the ESHE, by either plotting on the ps) involved in establishing these values. chrometric chart or wing Table 65. Fig. #9 ilustrates the Example 1 — Cooling ond Dehumidification ISHF pote on the ryebrometc chart. ive ead Application ~ 3¢ & 10 Store ag LUncaton ~ Bloomteld, S.J . (9820) -y . Simmer design —05 Fdh, 15 F wh 5 ching say qr= 5) im “ Tinie design ~ 15 Fh, 50% oh SH — 200900 Buy 7 RLH 50.000 Buu hr NOTE Numbers i paroncas at right edge of column veer Ventilation = 200 cfm, to equations beginning on ge 180 7A were | Fie, 49 — Coo. ine AND DEHUMIDIFICATION9 GHAPTER 8 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 1-129 4. Avwume for this example that the apparatus selected for £91000 cfm, 50 F adp, and GTH = $59.40, has a bypass factor that is equal, ot neutly equal, co the assumed BF = Gas. Also, asume that i is not necessary to physically bypass ait around the apparatus, (2000 x 95) + (7000 % 75)_ ‘ 060 Read fag, Where the typ cross the straight line plowted herweet the outdoor ad room design conditions on the peyelrometrie chart, Fig. #9, ‘gga = 055 F wh thy = 30+ 15 (7948 ~ 50 Determine the figs by drawing a straight Tine between the adp and he" entering conditions at the apparats (This isthe GSHF Hine} Where fy intersects this Tine read fey 245Fdy 81) om thy 2527 Fwd Cooling and Dehumidification — High Latent Load Application ‘On some applications a special situation exists if the ESHF and GSHF lines do not intersect the saturation line when plotted on the psychrometric chart or if they do the adp is absurdly low. This may occur where che latent load is high with respect to the total loads (dance halls, etc.). In such appli cations, an appropriate apparatus dewpoint is selec. ted and the air is reheated to the RSHF line. Occasionally, altering the room design conditions eliminates the need for reheat, or reduces the quan: tity of reheat required, Similarly, the utilization of fa large air side surface (low bypass factor) coil may ‘eliminate the need for reheat or reduce the required. reheat. ‘Once the ventilation air requirement is deter mined, and if the supply air quantity is not fixed, the best approach to determining the apparatus dewpoint is to assume a maximum allowable tem: perature difference between the supply air and the room. Then, calculate the supply air conditions to the space. The supply air conditions to the space must fall on the RSHF line to properly offset the sensible and latent loads in the space. ‘There are four criteria which should be exam ined, to aid in establishing the supply air require- ments to the space, These are: J, Air movement in the space. 2, Maximum temperature difference between the stupply air and the room, 8. The selected adlp should provide an economi cal refrigeration machine selection. 4, In some cases, the ventilation air quantity required may result in an all outdoor ai application. Example 2 is a laboratory application with a high latent load. In this example the ESHF intersects the saturation line, but the resulting adp is too low. Example 2 — Cooling and Dehumidification — High Loter! Load Given: Application ~ Lalnratory Location ~ Bangor, Maine Summer design —#0 Fab 73 F wh Inside design ~ 25 Fab, 50% th RSH — 120,00 Braye RLH — 65000 Bruyhr Ventitation = 2.500 efmea "Temp. dif, between 200m and supply air, 20 ¥ maximom Find: 1. Outdoor aie Yoad (OATH) 2, Eifective sensi heat facor (ESHF) 3. Apparatus dewpoint (ip) 4. Reheat requires 5. Supply air quantity (em) 6. Entering conditions tocol (tab tet» We) 1. Leaving conditions from coll (a thc) 8. supply af candtion to the space (tae Has) 8. Grand total heat (CTH) Solution 08» 2500 x (90-75) = 40500 Buyyhr (4) [58> 2500 % (95-65) = 51,000 Blusher 13) 40,300 51,000 = 91,500 But an 2 Assume a bypas factor of 0.05 because of high latent Youd, EsHE= 120.0004 (05) 40.500) TBO (5) 40,300) + 65.000 + (05) 1000) = 05 en) ‘When plotted on the psychron U1) Interiecs the satieation curve at $5 FM 4 low ap an appropriate apparatus dewpoint should be selected and the air reheated to the RSHF line 43, Refer to Table 65, For inside design conditions of 75 F db, 50%, th, an ESHF of 74 rewulls ia an adp of 48 F which i a teasonable minimum figure. 4. Determine amount of reheat (Bruhr) required «© pro duce an ESHF of ESHE (74) 1200000 4.05 40,500) + reheat 180,000 + 5 (40.500) + reheat + 65,000 + (05) 81,000 reheat . 19515 + rehe ay reheat = 7230 Br he 5. Determine dehiniifir air quantity (Pee) ERSH TOK T= BH Gem Tood C __ ime + 70230 mn = ec ctrnag sah ef wnen no a 10 be physically by ped around the cooling cl (500 > 90) + (4440 % 75) 0 4 en NOTE: Numbers in parentheses at right edge of column refer to equations heginning on page 150. ma = Gn1.130 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING osm sae | sim | | Fic. 50 — Coo1ine axp Dextustipirication wernt Hic Laren Loan Read fyb where the feap crosses the straight line plosted leween the outdoor air and room design conditions on the psyelirometsie chart, Fig. $0. ee = 066 F ‘The moisture content at the entering caniltions to the coil is read from the psychrometric chat, Wee 759 gr/th Determine leaving conditions of air from cooling coil gy = lap +BF (lots ~Coap) oy 48-05 80.4 ~ 48), 496 Ihaap + BE (Irea~ hes) 1921 + 05 (818 ~ 19.21) 1982 yep 249.1 F 8. Determine supply ait temperature ta space RSH {so = bom 68 (fica) (35) ars 000000)" is (340) sor hou aba equa ta + Shs Tak Wyo= 511 gry ‘Temp. diff between room and supply air oF Which is few than 20 F 9. GTH = 445 « 6940 (81.8 — 1982) = 854500 Blujhr (24) Cooling and Dehumidifcaton — Using All Outdoor Air In some applications it may be necessary to sup- ply all outdoor air; for example, a hospital op- erating room, or an area that requires large quantities of ventilation air. For such applications, the ventilation or code requirements may be equal to, ot more than, the air quantity required to han- dle the room loads. Hems 1 thru 5 explain the procedure for deter mining the dehumidified air requirements using the ‘Air Conditioning Load Estimate” form when all ‘outdoor air is required. 1, Calculate the various loads and determine the apparatus dewpoint and debumidified sir quantity. If the dehumidified air quantity is equal to the outdoor air requirements, the solution is self evident. 3. If the dehumidifed air quantity is less than the outdoor air requirements, a coil with a larger bypass factor should be investigated when the difference in air quantities is small. If a large difference exists, however, reheat is required. ‘This situation sometimes occurs when the application requires large exhaust air quantities. . If the dehumidified air quantity is greater than the outdoor air requirements, substitute effigy for efmy in the outdoor air load calculations, Use the recalculated outdoor air loads to deter- mine a new apparatus dewpoint and dehu- midified air quantity. This new dehumidified air quantity should check reasonably close to the cfrtg, in Item | A special situation may arise when the condition, explained in Item 4 occurs. This happens when the ESHF, as plotted on the psychometric chart, does not intersect the saturation line, This situa: tion is handled in a manner similar to that previously described under “Cooling and Dehumid: ification — High Latent Load Application. Example 3 illustrates an application where codes specify that all outdoor air be supplied to the space, Example 3 — Cooling and Debumidificction — All Outdoor Air Given Application — Laboratory Location — Wheeling, Wer Summer design — 95 F db, Inside design — 75 F db, 556%, ro RSH — 30,000 Btu hr RLH = 11.000 Btu/hie Ventilation ~ 1600 ft, AM outdoor ait to he sip ied to spaceCHAPTER 8 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS Find 1. Outdoor air load (OATH) fective sensible heat factor (ESHF) Apparatus dewpoint (45) Dehumidifed air quantity cfmyq) Recaleulated outdoor air load (OATH) Recalculate effective sense heat factor (ESHP) Final apparatus dewpoint temperature fy,) Recaleulated dehumiditied alr quantity (f,) Solution: oasit oat OATH 1.08 > 1000 x (9 — 75) = 34.600 Beu/hr (14) 18 X 1000 x (98.5 ~ T1) = $0000 Bruhr (15) $4,600 + 80,000 = 64,600 B/he oy Assume a bypass factor of 0.05 ftom Tables 6! and 62 50,000 + .05) 94.600) 1000 (5) (4.600) + 11900 + 05) BONG st 6) Table 65 shows that, at the given room design conditions and effective sensible heat factor, tg yy = 45 F ‘ 50,000 + 05) (84.600) Pan = T08 (t= 05) (5 = BAY Est 80m (38) Since 2450 cfm is larger than the ventilation require ments, and by code all OA is required, the OA loads, the adp, and the dehumidified air quantity most be recalculated using 2430 cfm as the OX requirements 3, Recalelating outdoor air load ASH = 1.08 x 2480 x (a5 ~ 75) = 58,000 Beuyhe (4) OALH = 68 x 2480 x (98.5 — 71) = 46000 Beuhr (15) (OATH = 53,000 + 46,000 = 99,000 Beu jkr ay + (08) 63.000) G ESHE= Geno) (05) 58,000) + 1100 + (05) Gen) = 80 25) 1h tegy =F = 30.000 + 05) ( 8 ag F081 = 05) This checks reasonably close to the value in Step 4, and secallation i not necessary 06) Cooling with humidification may be required at partial load operation to make up a deficiency in the room latent load. It may also be used at design conditions for industrial applications having yela- tively high sensible loads and high room relative humidity requirements, Without humidification, excessively high supply air quantities may be re- quited. This not only creates air distribution prob- lems but also is often economically unsound. Excessive supply air quantity requirements can be avoided by introducing moisture into the space to convert sensible heat to latent heat. This is some- arencheses at right edge of column refer to equations heginning on page 150 1131 times referred to 2s a “split system.” The moisture is introduced into the space by using steam or elee- cic humidifiers or auxiliary sprays. When humidification is performed in the space, the room sensible load is decreased by an amount equal to the latent heat added, since the process is merely an interchange of heat. The humidifier mo- tor adds sensible heat to the room but the amount is negligible and is usually ignored Where humidification is required at design to reduce the air quantity, then a credit t0 the room sensible heat shoul be taken in the amount of the latent heat from the added moisture. No credit to the 100m sensible load is taken when humidification is used to make up a deficiency in the room latent Joad during partial load operation When the humidifiers and sprays are used to 16 duce the required air quantity, the lacent load introduced into the space is added to the room Iatent load. When the humicifier or sprays are operated only to make up the rom deficiency, the latent load introduced into the room by the humidifier or auxiliary sprays in the space is not added to the room latent load. The introduction of this moisture into the space to reduce the required air quantity decreases the RSHF, ESHF and the apparatus dewpoint. This method of reducing the required air quantity is normally advantageous when designing for high room relative humidities, ‘The method of determining the amount of moist ure necessary to reduce the required air quantity results in a wiakanderror procedure. The method is outlined in the following steps 1. Assume an amount of moisture to be added and determine the latent heat available from this moisture, Table 64 gives the maximum moist: ure that may be added to a space without causing condensation on supply air ducts and equipment. 2 Deduct this assumed latent heat from the orig- nal effective room sensible heat and use the difference in the following equation for ERSH Lo determine fy ERSH ay = be — TAB (L — BE) hag Gfinay is the reduced air quantity permissible in the air distribution system, 3. The ESHF is obtained from a psychrometric chart or Table 65, using the apparatus dew- point (from Step 2) and room design conditions. 11132 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING 4. The new effective room latent load is deter- mined from the following equation: ERLH = ERSH x —! ‘The ERSH is from Step 2 and ESHF is from Step 3. 5. Deduct the original ERLH (before adding sprays or humidifier in the space) from the new effective room Latent heat in Step 4, The result is equal to the latent heat from the added moisture, and must check with the value assumed in Step I. If it does not check, assume another value and repeat the procedure Example 4 illustrates the procedure for investi gating an application where humidification is ac- complished within the space to reduce the air quantity, Example 4— Cooling With Humidification in the Space Given: Application — 4 high humidity chamber Location ~ St. Louis, Missouri Summer design — 95 F db, 78 F wh Inside design ~ 70 F ab, 70%, rh RSH — 160,000 Beujbr RL — 10,900 Bea) RSHE— 94 Ventilation — $000 fn, Find 4, When space humidification i ‘Outdoor air load (OATH) Grand total heat (GTR) Eifetive sensible heat factor (ESHE) Apparatus dempoint (tg) Debumidiied air quantity ff.) Entering and leaving conditions atthe apparatus (eae foes a then) hen humilfcation is used in the space Determine masinoiim ait quantity and aswime am amount of moisture added to the space and latent heat from this moisture New effective room sensible heat (ERSH) New apparatus dewpaint (i) New effective sensible heat factor (ESHF) New effective room Iatent heat (ERLH) ‘Check calelated latent heat from the moisture addled With amount asi! in Fen 1, Theoretical conditions of the air entering the evapore sive humidifier before humiifcation 8. Entering and! leaving conditions atthe apparats ogee a8 ys) Solution: A. When space humidification is not use! 3. OASH = 108 x 4000 x ( 95-70) = 108.000 Baur (6) OALH = 68 > 4000 «11 09,900 The C13) ‘OATH 108.000 + 109,000 217,000 Bea (17) NOTE: Numbers in parentheses at right edge of column refer to equations heginning on page 150. 2 GH = 160,00 + 10.000 + 108000 + 109000 = 387/000 Beuyhr 8 Asume a bypass factor of 005 from Tables f and 62 ee ene - (BUDO FTO, 000-5108, 00} 083(102.0005 = 05 4, Plot the ESHF on a peychrometrie chart and teal the adp (dotted line in Fig. 51, ogy = 595 F 180,000 + (.05)(108,00), 15400 cfm 35, ea {08 = 05)70=595} = (4000 x 95) + (11400 % 70) at 1400 Read toys WIE the fay ONY the straight pilotied ‘etweer the antdoor and room desig con tions on the psschrometsic enatt (Fi. 5). 6, 67 Fah «2, 4 SF wb 9.5 + 05 (7 ~ 895) = 004 Fah re, Determine the tyes by drawing a straight ine herrea the ap and the'encering conditions to the appari (the GSHF ling), Where fg, intersects this line, 3"! the they (Fig. 51). OF wh When humidificaton is ws in the space Assume, fo the purpose of ilustration in this pel {atthe maximum air quaneey permitted i the Aisteibution sysem is 10000 cfm. Assume 3 grains.“ moisture per pound of dry air ie 10 be added 4 «nt vere sensible co Iatent heat. The latent heat i «l" Fated by mnuleplying the air quantity times 1 ‘moisture added times the factor 68 5 > 10,000 > .68= 4.000 Bea ‘he New ERSH = Original ERSH — latent heat of st 150000 + (05 > 108,000)] ~ 84.000 151400 Beu/hr 131400 Tos = 05) C,H) 4. ESHP is read from the paychrometrie chart as 7 (dotted line in Fig. $2). 3 tga = 70 = = 131,400 x 44600 Brahe Check for latent heat of added moist Latent heat of séced moisture New ERLH ~ Original ERLE 418.600 ~ [10,000 +105 > 109-000), 38200 Bua hr This cheeks yeasonably close wid in Step 1 (34.000 Bew/he). Psychrometricals.1¢ ean be assumed) that the ater laed water from the spray beads in the space asor'> pare of the room sensible heat and tras into water vapor at the final room wet-bully temperate. ‘Te heoretical dry-talb of the air entering the spray J the assume var oa cnrCHAPTER 8, APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS at the intersection of the room design wet-bulb line And the moisture content of the air entesing the sprays ‘This moisture content is determined by subtracting the moisture added by the room sprays from the room design moisture content Moisture « tent of ar entering humidifier = 5 = april ‘The theoretical dry-bulb is determined from the psyehrometric chart as 788 db, illustrated on Fig. 32 8 tagg = 000% 951+ (50070) yeah ary Read tpg, where the tgp cf0se5 the straight line plotted ‘between the ovldoor and room design con ‘sions on the prychrometric chart (Fig. 52), Se Fic, 31 — GooLine aNp DeHUMIDLEIGATION AppING No Mose 10 THE Space, SN ourtoon A / Fic. 52 — CooLinc axp DEHUMIDIFICATION AppING Moisture INT0 THE Space toy = 098 F why gy = 972 + (05)80 ~ 97.2)= 58.4 F aby cy Determine tgs by drawing 4 straight Hine Dewween the adp and the entering conditions to the apparats (GSHE tin), Where fg, intersect th Tine, Yea the Fn (F852). tyen SSE WO ‘The straigh: line connecting the leaving condi tions at the apparatus with the theoretical condition of the air entering the evaporative humidifier repre sents the theoretical process line of the air. This theoretical condition of the air entering the humidi fier represents what the room conditions are if the humidifier is rot operating. The slope of this theo- retical process ine isthe same as RSHF (94). The heavy lines on Fig. 52 illustrate the theo: retical air eycle as air passes through the condition. ing apparatus to the evaporative humidifier, then to the room, and finally back to the apparatus where the return ait is mixed with the ventilation air ‘Actually, if a straight line were drawn from the leaving conditions of the apparatus (58.4 F db, 58 F wh) to the room design conditions, this line would be the RSHF line and would be the process line for the supply air as it picks up the sensible and latent loads in the space (including the latent heat added by the sprays. ‘The following two methods of laying out the system are recommenced when the humidifier is to be used for both partial load control and reducing the air quantity. 1, Use two humidifiers; one to operate continu: ously, adding the moisture to reduce the air quantity, and the other to operate intermit tently to control the humidity. The humidifier used for partial load is sized for the effective room latent Joad, not including that produced by the other humidifier. If the winter require- ments for moisture addition are larger than summer requirements, then the humidifier is selected for these conditions. This method of using two humidifiers gives the best control. 2, Use one humidifier of sufficient capacity to handle the effective room latent heat plus the calculated amount of latent heat from the added moisture required to reduce the air quantity. In Part B, Step 5, the humidifier would be sized for a latent load of 48,600 Bru /br.Oe lA ait ie Ls PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING Sensible Cooling A sensible cooling process is one that removes heat from the air at a constant moisture content, line (J-2), Fig. 48. Sensible cooling occurs when either of the following conditions exist: 1. The GSHF as calculated or plotted on the psychrometrie chart is 1.0, 2. ‘The ESHE calculated on the air conditioning load estimate form is equal to 1.0 In a sensible cooling application, the GSHF equals 1.0. The ESHF and the RSHF may equal 1.0. When only the RSHF equals 10, however, it does not necessarily indicate a sensible cooling proc: css because latent load, introduced by outdoor ait can give a GSHF less than 1.0. ‘The apparatus dewpoint is referred to as the effec: tive surface temperature (t4) in sensible cooling applications. The effective surface temperature must be equal to, or higher than, the dewpoint temperature of the entering air, In most instances, the fy, does not lie on the saturated line and, there. fore, will not be the dewpoint of the apparatus, However, the calculations for ESHF, fgiy and cfg, ‘may still be performed on the air conditioning load estimate form by substituting the term te, £0 tyap: The use of the term cfm, in a sensible cooling application should not be construed to indicate that dehumidification is occurring. It is used in the ir Conditioning Load Estimate" form and in Example 5 to determine the air quantity required thew the apparatus to offset the conditioning loads, ‘The leaving air conditions from the coil are dic- tated by the room design conditions, the load and the required air quantity. The effective surface tem: perature may be found by using equation 36. Example 5 iDustrates the method of determining the apparatus dewpoint or the effective surface tem: perature for a sensible cooling application, Example 5 — Sensible Cooling Given Location ~ Bakersfield, California 05 F abs, TF web wie design ~ 75 Fal, 50, maxim oh RSH — 200,000 Bujhe RLM ~ 5000 Beujtsr Ventilation ~ 13.000 cfm. Bind 1. Outdoor air load (OATH) 2. Grand total heat (GTH) 8. Grand sensible heat factor (GSHF) Sommer design 4, Eifective sensible heat factor (ESHF) 5. Apparatus dewpoint (tu) oF the effective surface temp. ta) Dehumidifed air quantity (cma) Entering and leaving conditions at the apparatus (te tents ta tes} Solution: 1 OASH = 1.08 x (105 ~ 75) % 1,000 = 420,000 Btushr (14) OALH = 68 x ( 5468) x 18,000 = —88.500 Beu/hr (15) ‘The latent Joad is negative and a greater absolute valve "Han the room Tatent loud, Therefore, the inside design conditions must be adjusted unless there is a means to hurnilfy the ar. Room latent heat 000 Btujhr 0.000 4+ RTO ‘Room moisture contes 9.65 grains 3) Adjusted inside design — 75 F db, 59.65 grains OALH = 68x (54 ~ 28.65) x 15.000 =— 50,900 Busy/he (15) OATH = 420,000 (— 70.000 Beuyhy (17) 2. TSH = 200,000 + 420000 = 520,00 Btu /nr a LH = 50,000-+ (— 30.000) = ® GTH = 620,000 +0 =620,000 Bur o ES en ‘This is sensible cooling application since GSHF 4. Assume a bypass factor of 005 from fables 61 and 62 ESHF= 200.000 = co 5501800 + (5) 420,000 50,000 + (05) (30,0005 = e, 8) Plot the ESHE to the saturation line on the psyehro: metric chart. The apparatus dewpoint is read a8 tay ABB fig 53, 5 420, 223.00 Tos x (7% = 4R8) (I= 05) = 259 6 8 0 CEM 6) Since the dehumidifed air quantity is less than the out oor ventilation requirements, substitute the rffhe for fia. This results in a new effective surface temperate whieh does not lie on the saturated lin, 200,000 + (#5) $20,000 > 1.08 x = 5) x15 000 ~ S84 F 6 ‘This temperature, fy falls on the GSHF line This is an all outdoor air application since the cfotay is Jess than the ventilatien requirements therefore: 105 ie tee = 10 Galeulate the tu which equals the thie by subs for tay im equation @8 a (185) (005 ~ 58.4) = 50.7 F 28) Determine the fees By drawing a straight line hetween the fy, and the entering conditions atthe apparatus. (This isthe GSHF line) Where fy intersect this line, rea Jer 546 F ing to In Example 5, the essumed .05 bypass factor is used to determine f,, and dehumidified air quantity nce the dehumidified air quantity is less than the NOTE: Numiers in parentheses at Fight edge of column refer tw equations beginning on page 150CHAPTER & APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 1-135 ventilation air requirement, the .05 bypass factor is used again to determine a new ¢,,, substituting the ventilation air requirement for the dehumidified air quantity. The new fis 58.4 F. sate srr & TF osFe Fic. 58 — Sensipie Coouine Ifa coil with a higher bypass factor is substituted in Example 5, a lower te, results, Under these con- ditions, it becomes a question of economic balance when determining which coil selection and which refrigerant temperature is the best for the applica. tion. For instance, the maximum possible coil by pass factor that can be used is .19, This still results in a fg, above 50.8 F and at the same time maintains a dehumidified air cim of 13,000 which equals the ventilation requirements. ‘SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS In the operation of spray type equipment, is drawn or forced thru a chamber where water is sprayed thru nozzles into the air stream. The spray nowles may be arranged within the chamber to spray the water counter to air flow, parallel to air slow, or ina patcern that is a combination of these two. Generally, the counter-flow sprays are the most efficient; parallel flow sprays are the least efficient and when both are employed, the efficiency falls somewhere in between these extremes, SATURATION EFFICIENCY In a spray chamber, air is brought into contact with a dense spray of water. The air approaches the state of complete saturation. The degree of satura tion is termed saturation efficiency (sometimes called contact or performance factor). Saturation efficiency is, therefore, a measure of the spray chamber eff ciency. It can be considered to represent that portion of the ait passing thru the spray chamber which contacts the spray water surface. This contacted air is considered to be leaving the spray chamber at the effective surface temperature of the spray water This effective surface temperature is the temper ture at complete saturat.on of the air. Though not a straight line fonction, the effect of saturation efficiency on the leaving stir conditions from @ spray chamber may be devermined with a sulficient degree of accuracy from the following equation: teas ther Woa— Wie pee a aia olal ‘The saturation elficiency is the complement of bypass factor, and with spray equipment the bypass factor is used in the calculation of the cooling load. Bypass factor, therefore, represents that portion of the air passing thru the spray equipment which is considered to be leavirg the spray chamber con pletely unaltered from its entering condition. This efficiency of the sprays in the spray chamber is dependent on the spray surface available and on the time available for the air to contact the spray water surface, The available surface is determined by the water particle size in the spray mist (pressure tat the spray nozzle and the nozzle size), the quantity of water sprayed, number of banks of nozzles, and the number of nozzles in each bank, The time avail able for contact depends on the velocity of the air ure the chamber, the length of the effective spray chamber, and the direction of the sprays relative to the air flow, As the available surface decreases or as the time available for contact decreases, the satura tion efficiency of the spray chamber decreases. Table 63 illustrates the relative efficiency of different spray chamber arrangements. ‘The relationship of the spray water temperatures to the air temperatures is essential in understanding the psychrometrics of the varions spray processes. It can be assumed that the leaving water temperature from a spray chamber, alter it has contacted the air, is equal to the leaving air wet-bulb temperature ‘The leaving water temperature will not usually vary more than a degree from the leaving air wet-bulb temperature. Then the entering water temperature is, therefore, dependent on the water quantity and the heat required to be added or removed from the air Table 63 illustrates the relative efficiency of differ- ‘ent spray chamber arrangements.TABLE 63—TYPICAL SATURATION EFFICIENCY* For Spray Chombere yrxome | yrxozeue pinec | puig ‘aoe No. | TION | Nome Presure | Nowe Presure oF OF 3 gpmjeq fet) | 25 gpm/sq tet) was WATER SPRAY Vaiody dem [300] 700° ‘300 700 Tarr | 70% | a0 | WOE | OOH Comer | 75% | oe me | 0% Faraone | me ae | am Opposing | 98% | 92m | 98% | 88% Counter 29% | 3% 9% | M% “Saroavonecieney= 1 = BF 6pm fof chamber face area {Netocies above 700 fpm and below 200 fpm normally do hot permit «Jininators to adequately temove moisture from the fits Reference to manufacturess’ data is suggested for Timing velocity and performance SPRAY PROCESSES Sprays are capable of cooling and dehumidifying, sensible cooling, cooling and humidifying, and heating and humidifying, Sensible cooling may be accomplished only when the entering air dewpoint is the same as the effective surface temperature of the spray water The various spray processes are represented on the psvchrometrie chart in Fig, 54. All process lines mist go toward the saturation line, in order to be Adiobatic Saturation or Evaporative Cooling Line (/-2) represents the evaporative cooling process. This process oceurs when air passes thru 1 spray chamber where heat has not been added to ‘or removed from the spray water, (This does not include heat gain from the water pump and dhru the apparatus casing.) When plotted on the psy: chromeuic chart, this line approximately follows up the line of the wet-bulb temperature of the air entering the spray chamber. The spray water tem: perature remains essentially constant at this wet Fuh semperaure Cooling and Humidifcation — With Chilled Spray Water Il the spray water receives limited cooling before it is sprayed into the air stream, the slope of the process line will move down from the evaporative cooling line. This process is represented by line (1-3). Limited cooling causes the leaving air to be lower in dry- and wet-bulb temperatures, but higher in moisture content, than the air entering the spray chamber PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING La Fic, 54 —Seray Processes, Sensible Cooling If the spray water is cooled further, sensible cooling occurs, This process is represented by line (1-4), Sensible cooling occurs only when the enter: ing air dewpoint is equal to the effective surface cemperature of the spray water; this condition is rare, In a sensible cooling process, the air leaving the spray chamber is lower in dry- and wet-bulb temperatures but equal in moisture content to the centering air. Cooling and Dehumidificaion If the spray water is cooled still further, cooling: and dehumidification takes place. This is illustrated by line (7-5). The leaving air is lower in dry: and werbulb temperatures and in moisture content than the air entering the spray chamber Cooling and Humidification — With Heated Spray Water When the spray water is heated to a limited de- ‘gree before it is sprayed into the air stream, the slope of the process line rises to @ point above the evaporative cooling line, This is iMustrated by line (1-6), Note that the leaving air is lower in dry-bulb temperature, but higher in wet-bulb temperature and moisture content, than the air entering the spray chamber. Heating and Humidification If the spray water is sufficiently heated, a heating and humidification process results. This is repre- bulb sented by line (1-7). In this process the dryCHAPTER 8. APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS L137 temperature, wer-bulb temperature, and moisture content of the leaving air is greater than that of the entering air, SPRAY PROCESS EXAMPLES ‘The following descriptions and examples provide a better understanding of the various psychrometric processes involved in spray washer equipment. Codling and Dehumidification When a spray chamber is to be used for cooling and dehumidification, the procedure for estimating the load and selecting the equipment is identical to the procedure described on page 128 for coils. ‘The “Air Conditioning Load Estimate” form is used to evaluate the load; bypass factor is determined by subtracting the selected saturation efficiency from. one, Spray chamber dehumidifiers may not be rated in terms of apparatus dewpoint but in terms of entering and leaving we-bulb temperatures at the apparatus, The apparatus dewpoint must still be determined, however, to evaluate properly the en- tering and leaving wet-bulb temperatures and the dehumidified air quantity. Although originally prepared to exemplify the operation of a coil, Example I, page 128, is also typical of the cooling and dehumiditying process using sprays. Cooling and Dehumidification — Using All Outdoor Air When a spray chamber is to be used for cooling and dehumidifying with all outdoor air, the pro- cedure for determining adp, entering and leaving conditions at the chamber, ESHF and cjmg. is identical to the procedure for determining these items for coils using all outdoor air. Therefore, the description on page 130 and Example 3 may be used to analyze this type of application. Evaporative Cooling An evaporative cooling application is the simul- taneous removal of sensible heat and the addition ‘of moisture to the air, line (1 -2), Fig. 54, The spray water temperature remains essentially constant at the wet-bulb temperature of the air. This is a process in which heat is not added to or removed from the spray water, (Heat gain from the water pump and heat gain thru the apparatus casing are not in- eluded.) Evaporative cooling is commonly used for those applications where the relative humidity is to be controlled but where no control is required for the room ary-bulb temperature, except to hold it above a predetermined minimum, When the dry-bulb temperature is to be maintained during the winter or intermediate season, heat must be available to the system. This is usually accomplished by adding a reheat coil. When relative humidity is to be mai tained in addition to room dry-bulb during the winter or intermediate season, a combination of preheat and reheat coils, or a reheat coil and spray water heating, is required. The latter method changes the process from evaporative cooling to one of the humidification processes illustrated by lines (1-6) or (1 -7)in Fig. 54 Evaporative cooling may be used in industrial applications where the humidity alone is critical, and also in dry climates where evaporative cooling gives some measure of relief by removing sensible heat. Example 6 illustrates an industrial application’ designed to maintain the space relative humidity only. Example 6 — Evaporative Cooling Given: An industrial application Location ~ Columbia, South Carolina ‘Summer design ~ 95 Tab, 73 F wh Inside design ~ 35% 2h RSH ~ 2,100,000 Brahe RSHF —1) Use all outdoor ai a design losd conditions Find: ‘Room dry-bulb temperature at design (,,) 2. Supply air quantity (cfm) )ceraaon THIRD ESOT Ayes Fic, 55 — Evavorative Coouine, Witt VaRyiNc ‘SATURATION EFFICIENCY1-138 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING Solution: Determine the room dxp-bulb temperature by com: promising between the spray saturation ficiency, the acceptable rom dry-bull. temperature, and the supply air quantity, To evaluate hese items, use the following fxquation to determine the leaving conditions from the spray for various saturation effciences: hay = teay~ At EE) (ay — Fe l® TThe room dry-bulb temperature in the following table results from various spray saturation efficiencies and is determina! by plotting the RSHF thra the various Teay ing conditions, to the design relative humidity, Fig. 53. Note that the supply air temperature rise deereases more rapidly than the room dry-bul temperature. Cor espondingly, as the supply aie temperature rise de rexses, the supply air quantity inereases in the same proportion DRY-BULD SUPPLY | ROOM sar, TEMP, MIR | DRY-BULB EFF 0 LEAVING | TEMP | TEMP (SPRAYS | RISE Ce) wo 100 % 19 9% 6 176 % a 162 5 |B 147 80 2 133 m3 2, Calculate the supply air quantity for the various tem perature tists from the following equation: RSH 10> FT ad “SUFFLY AiR] SPY ae TEMP RISE. QUANTITY (ben has) (ci) ro2a00 16 | nooo wg | 120.000 Mr 152.300 133 ! ‘The spray chamber and supply air quantity should then be selected to result in the bert owning and opera: ting cous. The selection is based primatily on economic ‘oasidevations. Evaporative Cooling Used With A Split System There are occasions when using straight evapora- tive cooling results in excessive air quantity require ments and an unsatisfactory air distribution system. ‘This situation usually arises in applications chat are to be maintained at higher relative humidities (70°%, or more). To use straight evaporative cooling with the large air quantity, or to use a split system “This equation is applicable only to evaporative cooling appli cations where the entering air wet-bulb temperature, the leaving aie wetbulb temperature, and the entering 30 Sng water tempers" are to the sprays are all equal LEE with the auxiliary sprays in the space, becomes @ problem of economics which should be analyzed for each particular application. When a split system is used, supplemental spray heads are usually added to the straight evaporative cooling system. ‘These spray heads atomize water and add supplementary moisture directly to the room. This added moisture is evaporated at the final room wetbulb temperature, and the room sensible heat is reduced by the amount of heat required to evaporate tie sprayed water Table 64 gives the recommended maximum mois- ture to be added, based on a 65 F db room tempers: ture or over, without causing condensation on the ductwork TABLE 64—MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED ‘MOISTURE ADDED TO SUPPLY AIR Without Covsing Condensation on Duet oor WORT] ROOM] _NORTORE pesiew | “oycure | pasion | “Gxycure mi | bya | Ri | eye ps Ta to ao is Mo Lt io #FThese ave arbitrary limits which have been established by a ‘combination of theory and field experience. These limits ap ply where the room dty-bull temperature is 65 F al of over Asa rule of thumb, the air is reduced in tempera ture approximately 8.3 F for every grain of moisture per cubic foot added. This value is often used as a check on the final room temperature as read from the psychrometric chart, Example 7 illustrates an evaporative cooling ap plication with supplemental spray heads used in the space. Example 7—Evaperative Cooling—With Auxiliary Sprays Given: ‘An indsteal [Location — Columb Summer design ~ 95 F db, 75 F wb Inside design — 70% zh RSH — 2,100,000 Bru/hr RSH 10 Moisture added by auxilinry spray heads — 19 grith (199 ‘eu faflb 1 grew f) Use all outdoor air thr ¢ spray chamber with 900, satura Hon efciency. Fine: 1. Leaving conditions from spray chamber (liu: fu) 2. Room dry-bulb temperature (tq) 5. Supply air quantity (1,4) with auxiliary sprays 4 Supply air quantity (jx, without auxiliary sprays|9 CHAPTER 8, APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 1-189 90% sate ‘ar gran - | (SPRAY WASHE a Et! || ey] | i |] {| {| i] || Fic. 56 ~ Evarorative Coonine, Witt AUXILIARY Sprays Wrritin THE Space, Solution: 1 tay = feay= BA EA (logy ~ ay) © 90 (95 — 78) = 77 Feb thy i the same as the process, Fig 56. evaporative cooling Room drp-bulb temperature is evaluated by determining the moistare content of the space Wy = Wg 4 19-= 128-4 19. 147 gr The 19 grb i the moisture added to the space by the hiany spray heads. 1 fy if the point on the psychrometric chart where eH, intersects the 70% design relative homidity Tine, Figs 36 jy = 89.2 Fath Msychrometrically, i cam be assumed that the atomized water from the spray heads absorbs part of the room sensible eat and turns into water vapor at the nal room wet-bulb temperature, The intersection of this wet: lh temperature with the moisture content of the air leaving the evaporative cooler is the theoretical dry-bull equivalent temperature if the auxiliary sprays were not ‘operating, The difference letween this theoretical dry Dsl equivalene cemperstare andl the temperature of the spray chamber, fy, i8 Wed tO determine the supply air quan {gp from spray chamber ‘The theoretical dry-bulb temp $6 100.75 F, Fig. $6 “Temp rise = 29.75 F al IBD 1 ontnaieconrnr RSH Ana 108 % temp Tse 4. If no auaillary sprays were to be used, the room design dry-bulb would be where the RSHF line intersects room design relative huinidity. From Fig. $6, the room ‘iry-bul i ead pg = BAT F Ad ‘The supply air quantity required co maintain the room design relative humidity is determined from the following. ___RsH 2.100.000 0 = TOE Cag — hag) TB = 258,000 tn This air quantity s over three times the air quantity Fequited when aUziiary sprays are used in the space. However, t shoule be noted that, by reducing the aie quantity, the room dey-bully temperature ineveased. from a47 F woss2 F. Heating and Humidfcation ~ With Sprays ‘A heating and humidifying application is one in which heat and moisture are simultaneously added to the air, line (1-7, Fig. 54. This may be required during the intermediate and winter seasons or dur- ing partial loads where both the dry-bulb tempera: ture and relative humidity are to be maintained, Heating and humidification may be accomplished by either of the following methods: 1. Add heat to the spray water before it is sprayed into che airstream. 2. Preheat the ait with a steam or hot water coil and then evaporatively cool it in the spray chamber. Spray water is hested, by a steam to water inter changer or by direct injection of steam into the water system. Since the supply air quantity and the spray water quantity have been determined from the summer design conditions, the only other re quirement is to determine the amount of heat to be added to the spray water or to the preheater For applications requiring humidification, the room latent load is ustally not calculated and the room sensible heat factor is assumed to be 10. Example § illustrates the psychrometric calcul tions for heating and humidifying application when the spray water is heated. It should be noted that this type of application occurs only when the quantity of outdoor air required is large in relation tothe total air quantity. Example 8 ~ Heating and Humidification — With Heated Spray Water Given An industrial application Location — Richmond, Virginia| ni 1-140 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING i — z : rt Winter design ~ 15 F db the wet-bulb temperature where fgy crosses the mixture Insite devign ~ 72 Fab, 35% eh line, Fig. 3 Yentlation ~ 8000 cfm, (ce explanation above) eae Supply air ~ 85,000 fm, | Design room heat loss ~"2500,000 Bu/hr Spray saturation efficiency ~ 959, RSHF (winter conditions) — 1.0 Make-up water — 65 F Pine! 1. Supply air conditions to the space (1) 2, Entering and leaving spray water teperatr (i. 2. Heat added to spray water to select water heater, Solution: design ro0m heat loss o "LOB % fit, tom 2.500000, : 99.2 Fah 08 > 85,000, To determine the wet-bull temperature, plot the RSHF Tine on the psychwometsic chart and read the wet-bulh at the point where fy crosses this line (Fig. 7). Supply air wet-bulb to the space = 05.8 F wh Fo determine the entering and leaving spray water emperature, calculate the entering and leaving air cond Hons atthe Spray chamber: 115 x 30,000) + 35.00 x 35000) =M5Fds (31) To determine wet-bull temperature of the air entering the spray chamber. plot the misture line of eutdoor and Yelurn room air on the paychiometric chart. and rex ‘The air leaving the spray chamber must have the same ‘moisture content as the air in the room: HW, = 41 gr/b Since the spray chamber has 4 saturation effctency of 85%, the moisture content of completely souurated air is calculated as follows 17 = 23 gr/t0 The heating and humidification process line is plotied fom the psychrometric chart between the moisture content of saurated air (2.8 gr/b) and the entering conditions to the spray chamber (385 F eb and 824 F wh), Fg. 37, The leaving conditions are read from the psychometric chart where the room moisture content line (41. g7/Ib) Intersects the heating and humidification proces line, =436 Fab 434 F wb The temperature of the lea spray ater is approxi mately equal to the wet-hull temperature of the ait leaving the spray chamber yg ASA F NOTE: Numbers in parentheses at right elge of Golam Telex ‘o equations beginning on page 152. ane Fic, 57 — Heavixe axp Huwupiricanion, Wirt Heating Spray WareCHAPTER 8. APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 1-41 ‘The temperature of the entering spray water is dependent fon the water quantity and the heat to be added or removed from the ait, In this type of application, the water quantity i usually dictated by the cooling Toad Gesign requirements. Assume, for illustration purposes, that this spray washer is selected for 110 gpm. for ccoling ‘The heat added to the air as it passes through the washer = fgg XAAB X (ag Ig) 5 000 x 4.45 x (16.85 12) 880,000 Beuyhr ‘The entering water temperature i determined from the following equation: heat added to afr foe bon 00 % gp 2 s¥.000 = 184+ Sancti 168 ‘The heat added to the spray water (for selecting spray water heater) is equal to the heat added to the ait phi the heat added to the make-up water. The amount of make-up water is equal o the amount of moisture evap. forated into the air and is determined from the following equation Fg (Wy — Wey) 700 TRS Make-up water where: Wg. Wy, = moisture content of the air entering and leaving the spray washer in grains per pound of dry air 7000 = grains of moisture per pound of dry ait 127 volume of the mixture in cule feet per pound of dry air, determined from psy hrometre chart 85 = water in pounds per gallon 85,000 (1 — 17) Make-up water = qepo tO 28 gpm ‘The heat added to the make-up spray water is determined from the following equation: Heat added to make-up water gpm X 500 (2.4 — make-up water temp) 2.8 x 500 (708 ~ 65) 16200 Beu/he ‘To select a water heater, the total amount of heat added fo the spray water Is determined ty totaling the heat added to the air and the heat added to the make-up spray water, leat added to spray water 1,880,000 + 16200, 1)846,200 Beuyhe 1 the make-up water was at a higher temperature than the required entering water temperature to the sprays. then a credit to the heat added to the spray water may bie take, In this example a reheat coil is required to heat the air leaving the spray chamber, at 43.6 F db and at a constant moisture content of 41 gr/lb, to the required supply air temperature of 99.2 F db, ‘The requirements of the application illustrated in Bxample § can also be met by preheating the outdoor air and mixing it with the return air from the space. This mixture must then be evaporatively cooled to the room dewpoint (or room moisture content). And finally, the air leaving the spray chamber must be rekeated to the required supply air temperature, SORBENT DEHUMIDIFIERS Sorbent dehumidifers contain liquid absorbent or solid adsorbent which are either sprayed di rectly into, or located in, the path of the air stream, ‘The liquid absorbent changes either physically or chemically, or both, during the sorption process. ‘The solid adsorbent does not change during the sorption process, ‘As moist air comes in contact with cither the liquid absorbent or solid adsorbent, moisture is removed from the air by the difference in vapor pressure between the air stream and the sorbent. As Fic. 58 —Sornent Dinuasipirication Processes this moisture condenses, latent heat of condensa: tion is liberated, causing a rise in the temperature of the air stream and the sorbent material. This process occurs at a wetbulb temperature that is approximately constant, However, instead of add- ing moisture to the air as in an evaporative cooling process, the reverse occurs. Heat is added to the air and moisture is removed from the air stream; thus it is a dehumidification and heating process as il- lustrated in Fig. 58. Line (J-2) is the theoretical process and the dotted line (7-3) approximates what actually happens. Line (7-3) can vary, depending ‘on the type of sorbent used.Lae PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING PSYCHROMETRICS OF PARTIAL LOAD CONTROL ‘The apparatus required to maintain proper space conditions is normally selected for peak load operation, Actually, peak load occurs but a few times each year and operation is predominantly at partial load conditions. Partial load may be caused by a reduction in sensible or latent loads in the space, or in the outdoor air load. It may also be caused by a reduction in these loads in any com- bination PARTIAL LOAD ANALYSIS Since the system operates at partial load most of the time and must maintain conditions com- mensurate with job requirements, partial load analysis is at least as important as the selection ‘of equipment, Partial load analysis should include a sttidy of resultant room conditions at minimum total load, Usually this will be sufficient. Certain applications, however, should be evaluated at mini- mum latent Joad with design sensible load, or minimum sensible load and full Jatent load. Real- istic minimum and maximum loads should be assumed for the particular application so that, ps chrometrically, the resulting room conditions are properly analyzed, The six most common methods, used singly or in combination, of controlling space conditions for cooling applications at partial load are the fol lowing: 1, Reheat the supply air. Bypass the heat transfer equipment Control the volume of the supply air Use on-off control of the air handling equip. ment 3. Use on-off control of the refrigeration machine. 5. Control the refrigeration capacity The type of control selected for a specific applica tion depends on the nature of the loads, the condi: ions to be maintained within the space, and available plant facilities REHEAT CONTROL Reheat control maintains the dry-bulb tempera ture within the space by replacing any decrease in the sensible loads by an artificial load. As the inter nal Iatent load and/or the outdoor Jatent load decreases, the space relative humidity decreases. If humidity is to be maintained, rehumidilying is re quired in addition to reheat. This was described previously under “Spray Process, Heating and Humidifying.” RESTORE Figure 59 illustrates the psychrometries of reheat control. The solid lines represent the process at design load, and tke broken lines indicate the resulting process at partial load. ‘The RSHF value, plotted from room design conditions to point (2), :nust be calculated for the minimum practical room sensible load. The room thermostat then con- tools the temperature of the air leaving the reheat coil along line (1-2). This type of control is applica- ble for any RSHF ratio that intersects line (1-2). If the internal latent loads decrease, the resulting room conditions are at point (3), and the new RSHF process line is along line (2-3). However, if hu midity is 10 be maintained within the space, the reduced latent load is compensated by humidifying, thus returning 10 the design room conditions. / courtons 7 . Fic, 59 — Psveroweraics oF ReweaT CONTROL BYPASS CONTROL Bypass control maintains the dry-bulb tempers: ture within the space by modulating the amount of air to be cooled, thus varying the supply air tem- perature to the space. Fig. 60 illustrates one method of bypass control when bypassing return air only. Bypass control may also be accomplished by bypassing 2 mixture of outdoor and return ait around the heat wansfer equipment. This method of control is inferior to bypassing return air only since it introduces raw unconditioned air into the space, thus allowing an increase in room relative humidityCHAPTER 8, APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS FOR tate een ; E Nay Fo cence Fic, 60 — Psycromernics OF BY \ reduction in room sensible Toad causes the bypass control to reduce the amount of air thru the dehumidifier. This reduced air quantity results in fequipment operation at a Tower apparatus dew point, Also, the ait leaves the dehumidifier at 2 Tower temperature so that there is a tendency to adjust for a decrease in sensible load that is pro- portionately greater than the decrease in latent load. Bypass control maintains the room dry-bulb tem perature but does not prevent the relative humidity from rising above design, With bypass control, therefore, increased relative humidity occurs under Conditions of decreasing room sensible load and relatively constant room latent load and outdoor air load. ‘The heavy lines in Fig, 60 represent the cycle for The light lines illustrate the design conditions 0 eet Goce of the air when bypass contol fst « sen tg fetion, ‘The new room conditions, ms ture conditions and apparatus dewpoint continue pass ConTaot. Wre ReTuRN AIR ONLY to change until the equilibrium point is reached. Point (2) on Figs. 60 and 61 is the condition of air leaving the dehumidifier. This is a result of f smaller bypass factor and lower apparatus dew: point caused by les air thru the cooling equipment Bhd a smaller loed on the equipment. Line (2-3-4) represents the new RSE line caused by the reduced room sensible load, Point (3) falls on the new RSHF line when bypassing return air only. Bypassing @ mixture of outdoor and return air causes the mixtare point (3) to fall on the GSHF fine, Fig. 60. The air is then supplied to the space along the new RSHF line (not shown in Fig, 60) at a higher moisture content than the air supplied when bypassing return air only. Thus it can be |. readily observed that humidity control is further |) hindered with the introduction of unconditioned outdoor air inte the space. VOLUME CONTROL “Volume control of the supply air quantity pro vides essentially the same type of control that resultsfrom bypassing return air around the heat transfer equipment, Fig. 60. However, this type of control ‘may produce problems in air distribution within the space and, therefore, the required air quantity at partial Joad should be evaluated for proper air distribution. me” 6 4 ene Fic, 61 — Scteaaric SkercH oF Bypass Contkot Wore Byvass or Retury Am OxLy ON-OFF CONTROL OF AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT Onoff control of air handling equipment (Fan coil tmnits) results in i fluctuating room teniperature and space relative humidity, During the “off” op: cration the ventilation air supply is shut ‘off, but chilled water continues to flow thru the coils. This method of control is not recommended for high Latent lod applications, as control of humidity may be lost at reduced room sensible loads, ON-OFF CONTROL OF REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT Onoff control of refrigeration equipment (large packaged equipment) results in a fluctuating room temperature and space relative humidity. During the “ofl” operation air is available for ventilation purposes but the coil does not provide cooling. ‘Thus, any outdoor air in the system is introduced into the space unconditioned. Also the condensed moisture that remains on the cooling coil, when the refrigeration equipment is turned off, is re-evapo- rated in the warm air stream, ‘This is known as reevaporation. Both of these conditions increase the space latent load, and excessive humidity re- sults. This method of control is not recommended for high latent load zpplications since control of humidity may be lost at decreased room sensible Toads. REFRIGERATION CAPACITY CONTROL Refrigeration capacity control may be used ot either chilled water or direct expansion refrigera. tion equipment. Partial Ioad contol is accom. plished on chilled water equipment by bypassing the chilled water around the air side equipment (lan-coil units). Direct expansion refrigeration equipment is controlled either by unloading the compressor cylinders or by back pressure regulation in the refrigerant suction line. Refrigeration capacity control is normally used in combination with bypass or reheat control. When used in combination, results are excellent. When used alone, results are not as effective, For example, temperature can be maintained reasonably well, but relative humidity will rise above design at partial toad conditions, because the latent load may not reduce in proportion to the sensible load. PARTIAL LOAD CONTROL Generally, reheat control is more expensive but provides the best control of conditions in the space. Bypass control, volume control and refrigeration capacity control provide reasonably good humidity control in average or high sensible heat factor applications, and poor humidity control in low sensible heat factor applications, On-off control usually results in the least desirable method of maintaining space conditions. However, this type of control is frequently used for high sensible heat factor applications with reasonably satisfactory resultsCHAPTER 8. APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 1-145 » TABLE 65-APPARATUS DEWPOINTS 90-80 F DB ron Tom __conbtons | errtcrwe seusiote wear racton conpitions | srrecrive sensate Hear Facron ona We W"| “"AND Arraratus DewroINT™ elnil wey w| “ano ‘arvanatos stwronts ota, a ie le Tpoleay | anal SRF] o0 a0 ya go ee ae at a 7] raa| Ee] imal ao Jaa aL yao lear | an) op eas a1 39) 37, 35/92, 29/2422 14s [667 | 738|lAop |i $7| $6) 452) 30) 46) 41[ 89 [ESHF 1.00 96 .92 08.84 82 .00|.78].75 se 9 |ESHF| 100 90 .20 74.70) fas os sa |e ne Te Ub U1 99 38 tala 09 | eu9 or 05 e038 563 loo. lesue 1.00 92 7 09 20) 76 74 721.70 55 [69.0 | 90.2|ESHF| 100 .90 83 .74 68] ra ona /EME 00 SES AR MS TS Se a he [ss one] ma[ or oe 8,82, 40 8 —t Tur 109 2 76 an 0259 6 se cpa alisMr ioe masa Ze ra 7 ee wins : laser real EQW tan 72/95 2673 2 tl ef coesl Oe UG GS TES S95 Se ae eS = Ura lra lor [E8300 ag 70 ease sa 2 tap io 7ua ana ERNE fe v2 a8 70 74 49 ge 0.62 [es rae honor Uh $6 G5 at Se 25.38 Se] ea sur 100.80. .71 65.60.54 51 aaa SMF 1.00 92.02 76 70.66 62 60] 58 70 742 iss| SHE 18 aoe EE ee Te ee ts aor ria rae i a 29 45 73.0 955: ) oyun looaleSnt co er 70 at 4 00 a0 se 4 7 [50 74.9 106.4) sop 63.9 48 64 63 61 58 56) 53) 47 1, FESHF 1.00.94 09.84 .81),77).75 73/71 KH sire eat zeiccel oa ar alan las eas) 98a |fop sha 49 a7 [4s 43/'39.'36 92, 2E les ror pins lO 8078S Sel te Be [0 7 2 78) 75 72) Poa eae sw oo lar an aaa wl = Jo joa.2 | 49.2 (Ebr sea l'sa) 51 49 4745/41 36) 29 Tana [EM 00 4s oe ae seen 90 a8 ae [ we S RES 6B SS Se meeeeooee

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