2008

ISBN: 978-960-337-082-6
Copyright 2008

, , ( 3 . 2121/1993).


, ,


.
,
,
.
, 1956 ,
. , .


. 1981 2000
- . .
,
.
,

.
,
,

, .
. 61288/5031, 9 1966,
,
.

, : )
30 (1967 1979). ) ( -
) 54 (1981 2001).
,
,

,
.
,
,
,
.
. 2111. 1/2/99/28-05-1999 ( 1168/14-6-99)
, ... -

 . 3611.2/05/05/16-12-2005 ( 1942
/30-12-2005 169 /13-02-2006),

21
.
,
.

, .
,
,
.

, . ... , .
, . .
, .. (..).
, .., . . . ...
. . , .
.
, .

. (1955-1959) , . (1957-1970) , .
(1955-1983) , . (1955-1984) . . , . (19702003) . , . (1958) /, . (1959-1966) /,
/ . ., . . (1967-1969) , / . ., .
(1967-1969) , . (1969-1971) ., / . .,
. (1971-1972) .., / . ., . (19721974) .., / . ., . (1974-1977) ..,
/ . ., . (1977) .., / . .,
. (1977-1979) .., / . ., . (1979-1981) . ., / . ., . (1981-1982) .., / .
., . (1982-1984) .., / . ., . (1984-1986)
.., / . ., . (1986-1988) .., / .
., . (1988-1989) .., / . ., .
(1989) .., / . ., . (1989-1992) .., /
. ., . (1992-1993) .., / . ., .
(1993-1994) .., / . ., . (1994-1995) .., .
(1995-1996) .., / . ., . (1996-1998)
.., / . ., . (1998-2000) .., / . .,
. (2000-2001) .., / . ., . (2001)
.., / . ., . (2001-2003) .., / . ., .
(2003-2004) .., / . ., . (2003-2004) .., / . ., . (2004-2005) .., / . .,
. (2005-2008) .., / . .

2008


,
.
,
. ,
,
:
.
, , 1996
.

, .
, ,
. ,
,

.

,
.
, SI (Systme Internationale).
,
SI. ,
.
. ,
ISO , .
.
,
. ,


, .
,

.
, . ,
(, ).
, ,
.

, ,
,
.

EI
0.1
0.2 P
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 ( )
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.10
0.11

10

0.1 .
,
:

.
().
, ,
18 19 . , - 20 , ,
. 21 , ,
.

. .
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.
.
. (.
0.1).
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,
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). .
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.
,

. 0.1.

, 16 ..

11

: , , , .
.
, , ( 12 ..) .
.
. . .
.
, .
, .
(. 0.1) .

.
.

, . ,
. (, ,
),
.
,
. Leonardo Da Vinci
(14521519)
.
, . 0.1.
. , Edme Mariotte (16201684), (287212 ..).
.
1643 Evangelist Torricelli (. 0.1)
,
.
17 ,
. (15641642) , ,
Isaac Newton (16421727),
. Newton

( ).

. 18
(Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, Jean d Alembert,
Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Pierre-Simon Laplace)

. 0.1.
.
gangelist Torricelli (16081647).

12

Leonard Euler (. 0.1)

Newton, .
Euler
, ,
, .
, , Euler

.
Daniel Bernoulli (. 0.1)
. 0.1.

Leonard Euler (17071783).
. ,
,
.
Jean d Alembert (17171783) Euler,
: ,
.
. . , 19 ,
,
. ,
.
Chzy, Pitot, Borda,
Weber, Francis, Hagen, Poiseuille, Darcy, Manning, Bazin
Weisbach , (),
, , ,
. 0.1.
...
Daniel Bernoulli (17001782).

19 Jean-Louis-Marie Poiseuille
(o )
Gotthilf Hagen.
19 , .
William Froude (18101879) Robert (18461924) . John William Rayleigh (18421919) .
1883 Osborne Reynolds (. 0.1)
Reynolds ( ) .
.
,
, . ,

13

, .
, , .
(. )
,
Claude Navier (17851836)
George Stokes (18191903), 1845
.
Navier-Stokes
.
1904, Ludwig Prandtl (. 0.1)

. Prandtl
(.. ), ,
, , Euler
Bernoulli.
.
19 , , ,
(. 0.1).
. 20
,
.

. 0.1.

sborne Reynolds (18421912).

0.2 .

. . 0.1.
(, ,
Ludwig Prandtl (18751953).
, , , ..).
(
), ( ) ,
, ( ).
, (
, ),
, , ..).
,
. , .
, , . ,


87,5%

79,4%

8,1%

12,5%

20,6%

14

7,7%

0,4%

. 0.1.

. ,
5 1014 m3 (=500.000 Km3).

, (, ,
..), .
.
, . ( ),
() ...
, ( , ..).
. ,
, , ,
, , .
. , ,
, (
, , , , ..).
, .
.
,
, , , ... .
0.3 .
( ) .
.

15

(m)
( . ).
. (SI)
Kg.
(E) (
). SI J (Joule).
( x, y, z)
(t, ).
( ), ( ).
,
.
0.4 .

= V/m ( SI m3/Kg)
()
:

(p)

, , ,
. ,
. ,
(. 0.4):
) .
) ( .) .
)
) .
, .
) (V): V.
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
, .

SI m3.

()
:

= m/V ( SI Kg/m3)

:
= 1/

()
. 0.4.

16

) (p): .
:
p = F/A
.
( , ), (patm).
, 101,3 KPa.
: p =p patm.
( patm).
SI Pa (N/m2).
) (T):
.
.
, (, , ..), , .
.
. , .
, .
273,15 oC.
. , ,
. SI Kelvin.
: = C + 273,15.
, , :
p V= n Rw T p V/T = n Rw (),
: n moles Rw .

.
0.5 .
. , ( ).
, .
0.5.1 .
()

: s , t, v (
) ( ).

17

v = ds

= dv

dt

( SI m/s)

dt

( SI m/s2)

0.5.2 .

s = f(t) , s = f(t).
:

s = f(t)

v = f (t)

= f (t)
:
) (. 0.5),
( ).

s = so + v t

v = .

=0
) (. 0.5),
( ).

1

s = so + v o t + t 2
2

v = vo + t

= .
) .
. , (x, y, z).
.
) . :
( ), SI
s.
=1/ ( ),
SI s-1.
( = d/dt), SI
rad/s.
(r = d/dt), SI
rad/s2.

. 0.5.

t
. 0.5.

18

.
) (. 0.5). .
. v. :
= 2/ = 2 ()
v = R
= 2 R = v2/R

: .
0.6 ( ).

. 0.5.

, .

, m v .
, ( ):

J=mv
SI Kgm/s.
0.7 .
, . . ( ,
..) ( , , ).
, ( ).
( ) ( . )
( ).
SI N (Newton).
: ,
. : ( ), ( ), (
) .

0.7.1 N Newton.

( )
Newton. ,
.
) A ( Newton).
( . ). , , .
) ( Newton). ,
, .

() F dt, :

19

F dt = dJ = d (m v)

= F dt -.
: (
) , .
, , :

F = m dv

dt

F =m

( )

F = 0 = 0 , ( ).
,
( ,
).
,
.
, , F .
: F = F = m v2 /R
) - ( N Newton).
F , .
, .
0.7.2 .
(. 0.7) ( )
. , :

F dt = J
.

. .
.
0.7.3 .
(, W). (
) . (
).
.

:
=/V

J2 = m2 . v2

J1 = m1 . v1
_ F . dt

F . dt

J1 = m1 . v1
J2 = m2 . v2
. 0.7

20

SI, N/m3.
:
= m g = g
: g .
g .
, g =
9,8067 m/s2. , (
9,7805 m/s2,

45 9,8067 m/s2 9,832 m/s2).

, g .
, ( g).
0.8 .
(
), (
) ( , , ). , , .
:
: E = m g y
:
E = 1/2 m v2
(U),
(H):
H=U+pV
( ).
:
) : , Q.
.
, .
.
, .
) : , W (
Fx
, , ,
).
Fx = f(x)
:

W12 = Fx dx

: Fx F dx.
0.8, (F, x) .

dx
. 0.8.

21

s:
W12 = Fs s
: Fs .
: (. ) . , ,
.
dW
: P =
/dt
SI W (Watt) = J/s
0.9 .
, . -, , . .
, H (. 0.9), -
( 0,005%
). - (, , ). , .
, , . (. 0.9), ( )
.
- , .
.
, .
.
, -, . ,
.
, ,
.
.
( ).

. 0.9.

. 0.9.

22

. ,
.
, , ,
. .
, ,
.

0.9.1 .

:
=Fd

, [F, d] : M = F d
(. 0.9).

( F , F ),
d , ( M = F d) , ( , ).
(
), d . .

. ( Newton):

M = I r
: , r .

( ) :
=

mi ri

: mi ri . ,
Ic. Steiner:
= c + m d2
: m d
.
( )
:

L =I
.
. , , .
:

, = 1/2 2

. 0.9.

23

0.9.2 .
( )
,
.

F = 0 [Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Fz = 0] = 0

F 0, .
M 0, .
0.9.3 .
F
[ , (. 0.9)]. F
. , ,
. ,
F
A
A
F
, _B
,
0.9. ,
B
,
B F
_F
.
, . 0.9.
,
.
.
.
= F/ .
( ).
0.10 .
. :
) : .
( ) (
, ), .
) : . ,
.
, .
, .
( ) , ( ) .
0.11 .
.
(). , .
, -

24

.
. , . .
, ,
, .
,
,
. , , , . ,
, , ,
...

:

, (
) .
:
: , :

=F
m
: , :

M
r =
I
( ): () :
i= V
Re
: ,
(), (R) :

q =

.
, ,
, , ,
. .
, .
. , ,
. ,
, , (.. ).

KE 1

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

26

1.1 .
( ). ,
. (.. , )
. , , ( ). . ( ,
).
. ( ).
, , ,
, (
). ( ) ,
.
,
. ( ).
, .
, , ,
. , (
). (),
. (
, ,
, ).
,
, ,
.
:
. ,
( , ).
1.2 .
, , ( , p, ) .
, () u, h s, c.
pv .
( ), ( )
. , ,
k.
, , : , ,
, .
, , . , ,
, , :

27

= (, p)

h = h (, p)

= (, p)

..

, ()
(), . ..
100C (373oK).
p=101,3 KPa T=373o K.
. (, ,
..) .
.
(.. ).
. ,
.
( ) ,
, .
, , .
1.2.1 .
,
. ,
.
, .
.
) .
, . ,
.
. .
( ), , . , ,
( ). (
), ( ).
, ,
. ( , ,
).
, .
,
, .
.
, ,
. ,
, , (), ( ). , ( ).
. .
.
.
( ),
.

28

, , ( ),
(. 1.2, . 1.2.1.).
-200 -100

100

200 300 400

500

600 700

800

-200 -100

100

200 300 400

500

600 700

800

900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

O

900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

(oC)
. 1.2.

( ).
.

1.2.1
( patm).

(C)

(C)

< 272,2

268,9

259,1

252,7

218,4

183,0

209,9

195,8

169,0

103,9

77,7

33,4

92,0

21,0

112,0

78,4

116,3

34,6

94,6

56,5
()

29

(C)

(C)

5,5

80,1

0,0

100,0

1,4

113,5

113,5

184,35

38,87

356,9

327,5

1620

419,4

907

800,4

1413

1083

2300

1535

3000

) .
,
. . .
. (
) ( ).
, ().
:
V = V T

(1.1)

: V , T .
10-5 K-1
10-2 10-3 K-1 (. 1.2.2).
,
1.2.2
.

Invar

(10-6 K-1)
(20 C)
0,4

(10-6 K-1)
(20 C)

682

36

(dsx=0,845)

900

50

990

207

1012

181

1184

490

(0 C)

3660

30

. ( ): = 1/.

V = 273 C, : = 1/273 K-1 = 3,66 10-3 K-1.

. , , ( ).

4 C ( 3,984 C)
1.2. (
). 4 0 C, (
). 0 C .

( . 1.2.6). () 0 C,
9,1% .
.
( )
, .
.
() (.. ), . (1.1):
L = L T

(1.2)

: , 1/3 .
1
10 cm 100 m.
20 60 C,
.
:
. 1.2.2 :
= 3610-6 -1 = /3 = 1210-6 -1.

= 40 , L = 100 m (1.2): L = 0,048 m = 4,8 cm.

.
: d = d = 4,8 10-5 m = 0,048 mm.
) (. 1.2).
.
.
, , .
. , .
( ) ( ).

.
.

, (. 1.2).

31

(%)

0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,00
0

10

(oC)

. 1.2.

. 1.2.

.
. ,
.
( ), ,
(, , , ..).

()

()

()

. 1.2.

: ) , ) ) .

1.2.2 .
J2
=
m
. v2

_F

.v

J1

, , ,
.
,
1.2. ,

J1 , J2 . ,
F :

J J

J2 J1 = F dt F = 2 1
dt

. 1.2.

32

: dt F .
-,
. ()
.
, ,
.
. ,
(
) ( ):

p V = n Rw T p =

Rw
T
mr

(1.3)

: Rw (Rw=8,314 J/mole K), mr ,

.
.
( ),
.
. , ( ).
,
-, . 1.2 F . , , :
F = p A. , . ,
.
.
,
( ). , .
.
.
. ,
, (. ), .
F
,
(. 1.2).
, _F
, (
) . ,
.
p = F/A
, ,
, , , . . 1.2.
, , (
.
), .

 . , ,
() :
p = p p
:
p = p p

33

: p , p , p p .
, ,
. .
,
.
1.2.3 .
,
.
:

m 1
=
V

(y=0m)

. 1.2.

(1.4)

(1.4)

. (1.4) ( = m g)
(1.4) :
=g

(1.4)

( ).
, , ,
(1.4).
, , ,
.
.
(.
), . , , 785
, 100C 1600
.
, , . . ( ) . ( )
. , -

34

, .
, .
, .
1.2.3.
1.2.3
(T = 20 C, p = 101,3 KPa, g = 9,807 m/s2).

Kg/m3

/ m3

()

998,2

9,79

630

5,71

()

1000

9.81

659

6,46

()

1025

10,05

684

6,71

708

6,94

703

6,89

789

7,74

730

7,16

792

7,77

774

7,59

879

8,62

700750

1022

10,0

780820

7,658,04

1489

14,6

Diesel

810860

7,948,43

1590

15,6

9001000

8,839,81

1834

18,0

880940

8,639,22

13550

133

910920

8,929,02

Kg/m3

/ m3

6,867,36

.
(. 1.2.1),

, .
0C 4C:

0C 4C,
(. 1.2). 4C ,
:
(. 1.2).

. , 4 , 17 (.
1.2.2). , 20

(%)

) .

5
4
3
2
1
0

20

40
60
80
(oC)
. 1.2.

100

35

30oC ( ), 3,2%, 0,9%,

0,2%. .
, ,
. ,
.
.
1.2.4 0 100C.
4 C.
.
1.2.4
.

(oC)

(Kg/m3)

(oC)

(Kg/m3)

(oC)

(Kg/m3)

(oC)

(Kg/m3)

999,839

999,901

30

995,647

65

980,502

999,898

999,848

35

994,032

70

977,771

999,940

999,781

40

992,215

75

974,850

999,964

10

999,699

45

990,213

80

971,799

999,972

15

999,099

50

988,037

85

968,621

999,964

20

998,204

55

985,696

90

965,321

999,940

25

997,045

60

983,200

100

958,365

( ) ,
.
, ,
, :

p V = n Rw T =

m
R w T
mr

p=RT

(1.5)

p
R T

(1.5)

: p , R .
,
mr:
R
R= w
(1.5)
mr
: Rw = 8,314 J/(mole K) = 8314 J/(mole K).
, (21% 79% ),
:

36

mr = 32 0,21+28 0,79 = 29 g/mole = 29 g/mole R = 287 J/KgK.

= 293 K (20C) p = 101,3 KPa, = 1,205 g/m3.
) .
.
(1.5), . ,
. (
), (1.5) , . , 150C (423 K) 1 bar (100
KPa) 0,590 Kg/m3 [ (1.5), = 0,512 Kg/m3]. , 1,042
Kg/m3 ( 77%).
, . ,
,
. ,
. , 1 10 bar, , 100 bar
0,5%. 1000 bar, 5%.
, ,
, .
.
( , ) , .
( )
o.
) .

(m)

.
, . ( ).

. , ( )
(kg/m3)
, 1023
1024 1025
1026
1027
1028

0
,
.
, 500
.

1000
,

( ).
1500

1.2.4. 0C
2000
16
4
12
20
8
24
0
20C o
3

(
C)
1000 Kg/m .
. 1.2.
, .
( -

37

) ( 1025 1028 Kg/m3, . 1.2). 1.2.5

.
1.2.5
NaCl (Kg/m3).
%

0C

10 C

25C

40C

60C

80C

100C

1007,5

1007,1

1004,1

999,1

990,0

978,5

965,1

1015,1

1014,4

1011,1

1005,9

996,7

985,2

971,9

1030,4

1029,2

1025,3

1019,8

1010,3

998,8

985,5

1061,2

1059,1

1054,1

1048,0

1038,1

1026,4

1013,4

12

1092,4

1089,5

1083,6

1077,0

1066,7

1054,9

1042,0

16

1124,2

1120,6

1114,0

1106,9

1096,2

1084,2

1071,3

20

1156,6

1152,5

1145,3

1137,7

1126,8

1114,6

1101,7

24

1190,0

1185,6

1177,8

1169,7

1158,4

1146,3

1133,1

26

1207,1

1202,5

1194,4

1186,1

1174,7

1162,6

1149,2

1 2, .
: m = m1+ m2. : V V1+V2.
V V1+V2, . ( . 1.2.5) , (
. 1.2 14 ).
, ,
.
) .
, .

:
=
(1.6)

( )
20 C: = 998,2 Kg/m3 ( 1000 Kg/m3).

: = 1,205 Kg/m3 ( = 293 p = 101,3 KPa).
:

= / = ( g)/( g) = / =
( )
( ).

38

1,9

H2SO4
1,8

1,7

HBr
1,6

HNO3

1,5

1,4

H3PO4

NaOH
K2CO3

1,3

MgCl2
HCl

1,2

H2O2

1,1

N2H4

NH4Cl
1,0

0,9

C2H5OH

0,8

0,7

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

(w/w%)
. 1.2.

80

90

100

39

) .
2
10 m3 20C 40C
20C 845 Kg/m3 = 9 10-4 -1.
:
20C: m20 = 20 V m20 = 8450 Kg.
40C: 845 Kg ( 20C
1 m3) :
V = V T V= (1 m3) (9 10-4 -1) (20 ) = 0,018 m3
845 Kg 1,018 m3 :
40 = m/V= 830,5 Kg/m3
m40 = 40 V m40 = 8305 Kg
3
50 lt 0,745.
:
:
= / = = 743,7 Kg/m3
V = 50 lt = 50 10-3 m3
= m/V m = V m = 37,18 Kg
4
(mr = 2) 20C , .
:
(1.5):

mr p
= 0,0832 Kg / m 3
Rw T

101,3 KPa 293o K = 1,205 Kg/m3.

(1.6) ,= 0,069
: ( )
. (1.5) (1.6).

: ,= 2/29 = 0,069
, p T:

mr p To

mr po T

: mr , mr=29 , p = 101,3 KPa

T = 293o K.

40

5
(C2H5OH)
30% 70% .
:
(): o
: V= V+ V
V= 0,3 V
= 789 Kg/m3
m= V= 236,7 V
3
V = 0,7 V
=1000 Kg/m
m = V = 700 V
m= m+m = 936,7 V
= m/V = 936,7 Kg/m3
( . 1.2):
:
m= V= 236,7 V
m = V = 700 V
(w/w%) : (m/m) = 25,3%
1.2 :
= 0,96 = 960 Kg/m3

m = m+m = 936,7 V

: ,
( ), .

6
,
.
:
:
= 1/ = 1/937,6 m3/Kg = 1,0676 10-3 m3/Kg
: =1/ = 1/960 m3/Kg = 1,0417 10-3 m3/Kg

()/ = 0,024 2,4%

7
1042 Kg/m3 25C.
NaCl.
:
1.2.5:

4%
1 = 1025,3 m3/Kg
8%
2 = 1054,1 m3/Kg
:
x%
= 1042,0 m3/Kg
(84), (21)
(x4), (1)
:
(8 4)/(x 4) = (2 1)/( 1) x 4 = 2,32 x = 6,32 %
: , , . x
, . x1 x2,
x 1 2. ,
x:

41
x 2 x1 2 1
=
x x1
1

8
4 m2, 2 m
910 Kg/m3 1 m. .
:
:
m = V = (A y) = (1000 Kg/m3) (4 m2) (2 m) = 8000 Kg
m = V = (A y) = (910 Kg/m3) (4 m2) (1 m) = 3640 Kg
m = m+m = 11.640 Kg
= m g = 114.188 N = 114,19 KN
1.2.4 (. 1.2).
() (),
. .
,
.
,
. , . ( : , , ).
, .
,
. (. ),
, . ,
, ,
.
, .
.
( )
(dV/V) (dp) :

dV / V
1 dV
=
dp
V dp

(1.7)

dp / 1 dp
=
dp
dp

dp

dp

dp

,
(d/)
(dp):

dp

(1.7)

. 1.2.

42

:
= 1/

(1.7)

. . (
10-9 KPa-1 10-7 KPa-1), . , 510-7 KPa-1.
, 80 ,
20.000 .
1.2.6.
(
).
. , ,
( , ). , 10 200 Mbar 12% (
4,9 10-7 KPa-1 4,3 10-7 KPa-1), 200 400 Mbar 4% (4,15
10-7 KPa-1). 1.2, . .
,
(p = R T) :
= 1/p
(1.7)
1.2.6
.

(10-7 KPa-1)

(10-7) KPa-1

0,132

12,5

0,238

0,097

0,218

9,4

0,059

4,8

0,139

8,9

0,073

9,2

0,046

9,1

0,062

3,7

()

0,019

0,100

SAE 30

6,7

(Pyrex)

0,250

6,2

0,410

7,7

2,2
10,3

7,8 5,4

1,20

1,02

1,15

1,00

1,10

0,98

1200C
1000C
800C
600C

1,05

(L/Kg)

43

0,96

1,00

0,94

0,95

0,92

0,90

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

0,90

1 bar

1 bar

20 bar

(GPa)
. 1.2.

200

20 bar

400
600

800

. 1.2.

, .
( ):

Z=

V
p
=
Vid R T

(1.8)

.
. .
.
1.2
.
1.2.5 .
. ( ) ,
.
, ,
( ),
( ).
u ( )
.
() h,
:

h = u+p = u+

(1.9)

SI J/Kg.
m, :

1000

44

U=mu

(1.10)

=mh=U+pV

(1.10)

, ,
. , ,
.
.
, (. u h
).
, :
q w = u
( ):

q w = h + v

(1.11)

+g y

(1.11)

: q w ,
v y .
, c.
o
1 K. ,
cv. ,
cp. , p . 1.2.7
, 1.2.8
.
( ),
:
u = cu

(1.12)

h = cp

(1.12)

k = cp /cv .
:

cp cv = R

(1.12)

1.2.9 (T, p, , , u, h,
cp, cv, k, R) . ( ) .
, .
( ):
u = cu

h = cp +

(1.13)
(1.14)

45

1.2.7
( ) .
cp
cp

k = cp/ cv

KJ/KgK
KJ/KgK

1,005

1,400

4,18

1,04

1,400

2,55

0,92

1,395

2,46

0,88

1,289

2,13

0,48

1,324

2,05

14,31

1,405

1,74

2,26

1,304

2,62

1,72

1,187

2,22

1,63

1,127

2,09

1,54

1,240

Castor oil

1,97

1,65

1,195

1,97

2,09

1,304

0,14

1.2.8
0 C 100 C (p = 101,3 KPa).
T (C)

Cp (KJ/KgK)

4,192

10

4,181

20

4,177

30

4,178

40

4,180

50

4,184

60

4,190

4,19

70

4,197

4,18

80

4,206

90

4,216

100

4,230

4,24
4,23

Cp (K/KgK)

4,22
4,21
4,20

4,17

20

40

T (oC)

60

80

100

46
1.2.9
.

p = R T p = R T

u = cu
h = cp

p, , T
( = 1/)

()

q w = u

p1 1n = p2 n2
T1 p1
=
T2 p2

n1
2
n =

n1

p1 = p2 = p

n=0

(p = .)

p
q = w = R T ln 1
p2

1 p2
=
2 p1
p1 1k = p2 k2
2

1

n=1

n=k

w=0
q = u = cv (T2 T1)

T1 = T2 = T

k 1
k =

n=0

p1 T1
=
p2 T2

T1 p1
=
T2 p2

w = p (2 1)
q = h = cp (T2 T1)

1 = 2 =

n=1

(T = .)

n1

R T1 p2 n
1
w=
n -1 p1

1 T1
=
2 T2

n=1

( = .)

n=k

(q = 0)

R = Rw/mr
Rw = 8,314 J/KmolK

cp cv = R
cp/cv = k

cp, cv, k, R

k 1

w = u = c (T1 T2)

1.2.6 .

, .
) .
, ,
. .
( ), ( ) , -.
.

47

(. 1.2 1.2).

(
, , ,
..).
( ), -,
(. 1.2).
-
.

, ,

( London, . 1.2).

: ,

(
), .

( ).
:

1000
-
100
-
10

1

( ) ,
( ), .

. ,
, (

). ,

. ,
( ).
(
)

. 1.2.

. 1.2.

.
+

+
+

+
+

. 1.2.

-.

. 1.2.

London.

48

,
. .
) .

.
,
( ), .
, () (
),


.
F 0
(. 1.2).
.

(. 1.2). , , () ...


:
= F/L

. 1.2.

(1.15)

SI N/m.
. d
:
dW = F ds = d
= dW/dA

(1.15)

SI : J/m2 = Nm/m2 = N/m.

, .

.
(
),
( - ) .

,

. 1.2.

49

(/m)

. ,
0,484 N/m, 0,373 N/m.
, 0,0728 N/m,
0,020 N/m ( 20C).

. (, ) ( )
, ().
. .. ,
, , ( ).
(
). 1.2
.
,
.
(
-), . ( )
, . . ,

0,080

(. 1.2).
0,070
,
(>90).
0,060

. ,
0,050
0
20
40
60
80
100
o
(
C)

(< 90 ), . 1.2.
[

(. 1.2)]. (
.
),
.
,

.
( 0),
( 130).

.
:
p p = 2/r

(1.16)

, 1 mm, (
20C ):

. 1.2.

50

p p = 2 0,484/10-3 = 968 Pa
,
( ):
p p = 4/r

(1.16)

, = 2 10-2 N/m, ,
1 mm, :
p p = 4 2 10-2/10-3 = 80 Pa
) .
.
(<90), [. 1.2()],
.
,
. ,
. . :
2r cos = B = V = r2 h

h=

2 cos
r

(1.17)

: , r = d/2, .
, .
, , . ,
( ),
.
1.2() , ( < 90).

h2

h1

h3

()

()
. 1.2.

51

, ( ) ( 0).
, ( > 90, h). 1.2() ( 130).
(, ..).
,
.
( 8 mm),
.
) .
, (. -).
, . ,
( )
,
. .
, (. 1.2).
, ,
.
( ) .
. ,
1.2.10, ,
.

. 1.2.

.
1.2.10
.

20o C (10-3 N/m)

pv
25o C (KPa)

22,7

16,7

()

22,4

7,8

21,7

2,8
()

52

20 C (10-3 N/m)

pv
25 C (KPa)

25,2

30,6

25,0

13,1

27,0

26,0

28,4

38,0

29,0

12,6

43,0

0,9

72,8

3,2

484,0

0,00025

, , .
(. 1.2).
, ,
.
. 100C
(101,3 KPa). , 100C .
120 KPa, .
104,8C 120 KPa .
( ).
.

100 C

40

60

80

78,3 C

(Pa)

100

34,6 C
101,3 KPa

20

20

40

60

80

(C)
. 1.2.

100

53

,
. (, . 1.2).
1.2.7 .
(
) .
.
, , .
, . ,
[. 1.2()]. ,
,
[. 1.2()].
, , v. v .
F F . , , , , .
,
, . , F , -,
F, F.
.
. , , . ( ,
).

.
(=F/A)
,
,

v
F
F
()
v

v
()
. 1.2.

.
) . ) .

54

Newton, () :

dv / dy

(1.18)

: , dv dy .
dv/dy ( ).
.
SI N s/m2 = Kg/(m s).
:

(1.19)

, () , .
SI m2/s.
) .
, . (1.18),
, .
(
, ).
,
.
, . .
: ,
(
). (
), .
. , (
) ( ).
, . , . (
, ).
, 1.2.11. 55 ,
( )
.
1.2.11
(20C, 101,3 KPa).

-3
-6
2
-3
10 Kg/ms
10 m /s
10 Kg/ms

0,018
14,5

1,56

0,22

0,36

1,92

10 m2/s
0,12
-6

2,4
()

55

10 Kg/ms
-3

10 m2/s
-6

10 Kg/ms

10 m2/s

21,4

19,1

-3

-6

0,65

0,74

0,967

0,61

SAE 10

104

120

1,00

1,00

SAE 30

290

325

1,20

1,52

1490

1182

) .
. , .
, ,
. , 1 bar 50 bar
10%, 1%.
, , . : .
, ,
. , ,
, . 0C,
100C (1,78810-3 Kg/ms 0,28410-3 Kg/ms 1.2.12).
, .
, (
), . , ,
, . ,
1.2.12
( 1 atm) 0C 100C.

10 Kg/ms

10 m2/s

1,792

1,792

10

1,307

1,307

20

1,003

1,005

30

0,803

0,806

40

0,655

0,660

50

0,551

0,557

60

0,470

0,478

70

0,407

0,416

80

0,357

0,367

90

0,317

0,328

100

0,284

0,296

-3

-6

, Kg/ms (x10-3)

2,0
0,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
, C

56

0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1

l
oi
or
st
Ca

0,06
0,04
0,03
0,02

, Kg/ms

0,01
0,005
0,004
0,003
0,002

0,001

SA
E3

0
S
AE
10
Crude
oil (0,
86)

0,0006
0,0004
0,0003

0,0002

(0,68
)

0,0001
0,00006
0,00004
0,00003

0,00002
0,00001
-20

20

40

60

80

100

120

, C

. 1.2.

(p = 101,3 KPa).

57

8
6

4
3

, m2/S

10-4
8
6

SA

E
SA
30
E
10

4
3
2

10-5
8
6
Crude o
il

4
3

2
10-6
8
6

2
10-7
-20

4
3

(0,86)

20

40
60
, C

. 1.2.

80

100

120

(p=101,3 KPa).

58

20 C 1,8110-5 Kg/ms, 100 C 2,18 10-5 Kg/ms.

,
.
:

ln

T
T
a + b + c
o

(1.20)

, = 273 , = 1,79210-3 Kg/ms :

a = 1,94 b= 4,8 c = 6,74.
( Sutherland):

+ S

T+S

(1.21)

, S = 110,4 K.
,
(.
1.2 1.2).
) .

Newton (1.18),
( ) dv/dy ( ) . . , , ..
( ) . (1.18) , () .
, ( 1.2):
: .
: .
: .
:
,

):

).

, .

dv/dy
.
. 1.2.
.

59

. ( )
(

, ).
1.2.
,
. ( ).

1,0 cm
8,0 cm

1.2.8 .
,
.
(
) ,

. 1.2.
( ). .

( ).
, .
, ,
, ,
( ) .
.
(
), .
V :
= m/V
: m V ( m
, : m =m).
, ,
, ,
. 1.2() ,
m/V. V=10-9 mm3.
3,31010 2,7107 ( ).
,
(
) ( ) [.
1.2()].
, :

m
V V0 V

= lim

( ), ,

60

1,22 Kg/m3
1,21 Kg/m3

V
1,20 Kg/m3

1,19 Kg/m3
-9
Vo ~10
mm3
~

()

()
. 1.2.

) ) .

. ,
( ) .
(
), ,
. 1.2(), (
) .
1.3 .
.

. , , ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
, .
( ), (English Engineering EE) .
(1799),
. CGS (
: cm, gr, sec) .
, MKS MKSA (
: m, Kg, s, A), 1900 35 .
(General Conference Weights and Measures CGPM)
1960 SI (Systme International dUnits International
System of Units, ).
-

61

.
.
:
) ( ) .
.
,
) ( 10) . , ,
. ,
() (Pa)
(KPa). .
1.3.1 1.3.2
, SI.
1.3.1
SI.

(meter)

(Kilogram)

kg

(second)

(Ampere)

K (Kelvin)

(mole)

mol

(candela)

cd

1.3.2
SI.

deca

da

10

deci

10-1

hecto

102

centi

10-2

kilo

103

milli

10-3

mega

106

micro

10-6

giga

109

nano

10-9

tera

1012

pico

10-12

peta

1015

femto

10-15

exa

1018

atto

10-18

zetta

1021

zepto

10-21

yotta

1024

yocto

10-24

62

, (.. , ) .

(SI). ,
SI. 1.3.3 1.3.4 .
9
SI : 4,5 cm3, 500 s-1, 1017 mbar, 1,2
g/cm3 100 Km/h.
:
4,5 cm3 = 4,5 (cm)3 = 4,5 (102 m)3 = 4,5 106 m3
500 s1 = 500 (s)1 = 5 102 (106 s)1 = 5 108 s1
1017 mbar=1017 (10-3 bar)=1,017 bar = 1,017 105 Pa
1,2 g/cm3 = 1,2 (10-3 Kg)/(10-6 m3) = 1,2 103 Kg/m3
100 Km/h = 100 (103 m)/(3600 s) = 100/3,6 m/s = 27,78 m/s
( ).
10
1000 lbf.
) Kg;
) gmoon/gearth=1/6;
:
) =1000 lbf = 1000 (47,88 N) = 47880 N
gearth= 9,81 m/s2
= m g m = B/g m = 4880,73 Kg
) : m = earth/gearth= moon/gmoon
moon= earth gmoon/gearth= earth/6 moon= 7980 N
11
:
cv = 4293 ft2/(s2 oR) cp = 6010 ft2/(s2 oR).
SI.
:
cv = 4293 ft2/(s2 oR) = 4293 (0,3048 m)2/(s2 5/9 oK) = 718 m2/(s2 oK)
cp = 6010 ft2/(s2 oR) = 6010 (0,3048 m)2/(s2 5/9 oK) = 1005 m2/(s2 oK)
: (. 1.2.5) oR
, oR=5/9 oK (. . 1.3.3).

12
Kg/m3 2116 lbf/ft2
60oF.

m/s

Ns/m
m2/s

t
T

Q
v
a
F
p
E
P
J

* (*)

m3/s

9,81
9,81
9,81
1

kgf/m3
kgfs/m2
m2/s

9,81

9,81

9,81

9,81

9,81

(*)

9,81

si

hyl/m3

kgfs

Kgfm/s

Kgfm

kgf/m2

kgf

m/s2

m/s

m3/s

m3

m2

C, K

hyl

...

stokes

poise

dyn/cm3

gr/cm3

grcm/s

erg/s

erg

dyn/cm2

dyn

cm/s2

cm/s

cm3/s

cm3

cm2

grad

gr

cm

CGS

10-4

10-1

10

103

10-5

10-7

10-7

10-1

10-5

10-2

10-2

10-6

10-6

10-4

10-3

10-2

si

ft2/ s

pdls/ft2

pdl/ft3

lb/ft3

lbft/s

ftpdl/s

ftpdl

pdl/ft2

Pdl

ft/s2

ft/s

ft3/s

ft3

ft2

F, R

lb

ft (foot)

...

TK = 273+TC, TC = 5/9(TF-32), TK = 273+5/9(TF-32), TK = TC, TK = 5/9 TR

N/m3

kg/m3

Kgm/s

Pa

m/s2

m3

m2

kg

S.I.

1.3.3
SI.

0,0929

1,488

4,88

16,02

0,1383

0,04214

0,04214

1,488

0,1383

0,3048

0,3048

0,0283

0,0283

0,0929

(*)

0,4536

0,3048

si

ft2/s

lbfs/ft2

lbf/ft3

slug/ft3

lbf s

ft lfbf/s

ft lfbf

lbf/ft2

lbf

ft/s2

ft/s

ft3/s

ft3

ft2

F, R

slug

ft

..

0,0929

47,88

157,1

515,4

4,448

1,356

1,356

47,88

4,448

0,3048

0,3048

0,0283

0,0283

0,0929

(*)

14,59

0,3048

si

63

m3/s
m/s

.
m2/s

Ns/m2

N/m3

kg/m3

Kgm/s

Pa

m/s2

m3

m2

kg

S.I.

E (Engler), RI (Redwood), SUS SAE, ISO ()

oz/in3 (1730), oz/gal (6,236), oz/gal US (7,489), o Baum [0,147/(147)]

PS (735,5), HP (745,7), kcal/h (1,162), Btu/h (0,2931), horsepower (boiler) (9810)

cal (4,184), BTU (1055), eV (1,610-19), Wh (3600), KWh (3,6106)

Torr=mm Hg (133,3), mm H2O (9,807), Atm (1,01325105), at (9,806104), psi (6895),

bar (105)

ton f (9806), ton f US (8896), ounce-force-ozf (0,278), poundal (0,1383)

g (9,806)

km/h (0,2778), miles/h- MPH (0,447), knot (0,5144), mach (341,39)

m3/h (1/3600), ft3/min (4,719 10-4), gpm (6,309 10-5), Arce-ft per day (0,0143)

in3 (1,63910-5), gallon US (3,785 10-3), quart US (9,463510-4), Barrels Oil (0,159), L (10-3)

in2 (6,45210-4), Sq. mile (2,59 106), ha (104), (103), Sq. yard (0,8361)

min (60), h (3600)

ounce-oz (0,02835), quarter (12,7), short ton (907,185), tonne (103)

in (0,0254), mile (1609), Naut Mile (1852), Yard (0,914), (9,461015)

1.3.4
SI.

64

65

:
p = 2116 lbf/ft2 = 2116 (47,88 Pa) = 101.314 Pa
C=5/9(F32) = 15,56 oC T= 288,7o K

mr p

(1.5) = 1,224 Kg/m3

Rw T

(Rw = 8,314 J/mole K, mr = 29)

13
100 lbf/in2 400o F )
) (ASME) .
:
p = 100 lbf/in2 =100 (4,448 N)/(0,0254 m)2 = 689441 Pa = 6,89 bar
T = 273 + 5/9(F 32) = 477,4o K

mr p

(1.5) = 3,127 Kg/m3

R T

6,89 bar 477,4 K :

= 0,3084 m3/Kg = 3,244 Kg/ m3
, , . (
3,6%).
.
) SI: ( SI) SI
.
) SI: SI
.
) :
( SI) (SI).
) .
) L () bar () SI.
.
) (second), 1.3.2 (.. 1 ms = 10-3 s), .
, min (=60 s), h (=3600 s) ...
) , .
. .:
= 60o F TK = 273+5/9 (TF 32) = 288,6o K.
T= 60o F TK = (5/9) TF = 33,3o .
) (Baum, Engler, SAE, ISO ..)
SI. . ( 3
4).

66

1.4 .
1. 2 in 150 m. 10C 70C,
;
[L = 0,108 m, d = 0,000037 m]
2. 20oC 4 m
3 m. 80C, ;
[V = 37,7 m3, V = 0,081 m3 0,21%]
3. 750 mL 7 N. .
[ = 951,7 Kg/m3]
4. 2 m, 0,8 m
910 Kg/m3 0,5 m. .
[W = 38666 N]
5. 500 Kg 0,925.
[V = 0,541 m3]
6. (mr =16) 20 C
, .
[ = 0,552]
7. (mr=16) (mr=28) 0,935.
.
[ 7,37% CH4, 92,63% C2H4]
8. 5 l 10 l .
[ = 950,3 Kg/m3, V = 14,67 m3]
9. 950 Kg/m3 20 C.

.
[m/m = 0,314]
10. 100 cm3 ( 20 C).
.
[ = 923,3 Kg/m3, V/V = 3,1%]

11. (NaCl) 1045 Kg/m3 25 C. NaCl 0,1 m3 .

[6,74% w/v, 33,68 Kg]

67

12. 10 m3 30 C,
1 50 bar.
[V = 2,3510-2 m3, 993,3 Kg/m3]
13. 850 Kg/m3 ( 20 C)
3 m. ) . )

20 C 40 C, ; ( =
910-4 -1)
[) y = 1,58 m, ) y = 0,054 m]

14. , 2 m 3 m 20 C.

50 C. (
).
[m = 74 Kg]
15. ( = 36 10-6 -1),
;
[m = 61,1 Kg]
16. 100 MPa 20 C.
[ = 950,3 Kg/m3]
17. 5 in 6 in, 14 oz .
70 oz. SI.
[ = 822,35 Kg/m3]

18. 2 kg 50 C 3 bar. ,
8 bar. .
[1 = 3,24 Kg/m3, 2 = 8,63 Kg/m3]
19. ,

= + bT + cT2, C. ) a, b, c 1.2.4. )
() .
.
[a = 999,18, b = 0,052, c = 0,005]
20. 2 m 20 C.
. 70 C;
[ = 0,91 J, ' = 0,80 J]
21.
4 mm. ;
[ = 0,024 J, p = 484 Pa]
22. 2 mm 4,5 mm.
0,025 N/m.
[p1 = 50 Pa, p2 = 22,2 Pa]

68

23.
0,1 mm, .
0,02 mm;
[p = 1456 Pa, p' = 2000 Pa]
24. 20C 1mm
, 10 .
[h = 0,025 m]

25. 60 C 0,47
N/m 0,0662 N/m .
( ) 0,4 mm ( 0

130 );
[h = 6,75 cm, h = 1,3 cm]

. 1.4.
26. h

, 1.4. h
20C = 0,5 mm 0;
[h = 2 cos/( ), h = 0,0297 m]

27. 20 C ,
, 1012 1 mm3. Avogadro
6,023x1023 /moles, ( Pa) ;
[p = 3,77 Pa]
28. 1,5 acre-ft . )
m3/h ) L/s;
[Q = 77,1 m3/h = 21,41 L/s]
29. 32 lb,
32 lbf/in2 . 3,0 ft3 75 F,
Kg;
[m = 0,116 Kg]
30. , 215 Kgf. ( Kg)
( ) (gmoon = gearth/6).
[m = 215 Kg, e = m = 2109 N, mm = 1290 Kg]
31. ) ;
o
(i) 45 in3
(ii) 3h + 45 min
(iii) 5 Btu/(lb F)
(iv) 5,2 lbf/in3
3
3
(v) 100 ft /h
(vi) 8 m /min
(vii) 25 at
(viii) 1000 erg
(ix) 120 Kgf
(x) 400 dyn/cm
) SI .

69

KE 2

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5 ,
2.6
2.7
2.8

70

2.1 .
, , .
, ( )
. ,
. ,
, . ,
( ,
, ).
, . .
.
, .
, (
), .


.
.
,
.
.

, , .
, , .
,
.
2.2 .
2.2.1 .

(
). ,
(. 2.2) :
Fx=0, Fy=0, Fz=0

(2.1)

=dmg ( )
, .
, -

F = pA B

. 2.2.

71

. (
,
.

).

.
b, y x. (.
2.2).
Fs
Fsx Fsy :

y
Fs
Fx

Fsx

y
B

Fsy

Fy
. 2.2.

b.

Fsx = Fs sin
Fsy = Fs cos

z ( ), , :
Fz Fz=0
x:
Fx Fsx = 0 px y b = Fs sin = ps s b sin
:
y = s sin px = ps

(1)

.
y:
Fy (Fsy+B) = 0 py x b = Fs cos + = ps s b cos +

(2)

:
x=scos (2) :
(py ps) x b =
:
= V = g V = g (x y b)/2
(2), :
py ps= g y/2

(3)

y (. ),
py = ps.
:

:
px = py = pz = p

(2.2)

g = 0

72

( ).
, .
, . ,
,
,
.
.
p1 dA

2.2 (
d dy) :
dy

F1 + B = F2 F1 F2 = B
p2 dA
p1 dA p2 dA = m g
(p1 p2) dA = g V
dp = g dy

. 2.2.

(2.3)

() (2.3) . : .
(2.3) . ,
, (
).
, (2.3) yo po
, :
p p = g (y y)

p
p
+ y = o + y o = .

(2.4)

: = g .
(2.4) .
p/ [Pa/(N/m3) = (N/m2)/(N/m3) = m]
.
(y = 0)
p = p, (2.4) :
p = p y = p g y

(2.5)

, y ,

(2.5)
( y = 0).
(2.5) . ,
( ) (. 2.2).

: p=p.

( ) g. , (-

p
. 2.2.

73

), .
: , yy' , y . , y ,
, .. h (. . 2.5.2).

1
10, 100 1000 m ( = 1025 Kg/m3).
:
p =101,3 KPa y = 0 m = 1025 Kg/m3
y = 10 m
(2.5) p1 = 201,8 KPa
y = 100 m (2.5) p2 = 1106,8 KPa
y = 1000 m (2.5) p1 = 10.156,5 KPa
10 m . ,
10 m, 100 KPa.
: , (y y0), (h = y y).
(2.5) :

p = p + h = p + g h

2.2.2 .
1

) y.
,

. 1 2 y1 y2
(. 2.2). :
p1 = p y1
p2 = p y2
: p2 p1 = (y1 y2)
:
p = y = g y

y1

y2

. 2.2.

(2.5)

() .
y (y) :
y = (y) = (y) / = V/ = B/
: y,
y .
) .
, ,
. , (p = patm) , , -

74

. , (. 2.2):
P1= P2= P3= P4= P+ g y

(2.5)

. (
) .
) .
(2.5) ,
. :
y = 0 p = 0

(2.5)

ptm
1

y1

p1

y2

y3

y4

p2

p3

p4

. 2.2.

:
y1 = y2 = y3 = y4 p1 = p2 = p3 = p4.

. 2.2.

,
( ), . :
.
,
(p). . :
,
, ( ).
: ,
. ,
. ,
.

(. 2.2), (p1 = p2 = p3 = p)
( ).
:
, , .
, y 0,
(2.5):
p = y = g y

75

) .
:
.
.
( ).
, . , , .
:
, ,
(. 2.2).
' .
( 1 ):
pA = pB
2

,
p1 = p2= p

y=0

pA = p + 1 g y1
pB = p+ 2 g y2

y1

(2.5):

y2

:
p + 1 g y1= p + 2 g y2

. 2.2.

y 1 2
=
(2.5)
y 2 1
: y1 y2 .

2
2.2 (1) ( = 1024 Kg/
m3). y1 = 32 cm y2 = 40 cm, : ) (2) )
.
:
) (2.5) 2 = 1 y1/y2 2 = 819,2 Kg/m3
) pA= p= p + 1 g y1
pA=101,3 KPa +(1024 9,807 0,32)/1000 KPa = 104,5 KPa
) .
(..
), ()
, ().
(2.5):
p = p 1 g y
y = 0 y = y1 : y1

76

. :
p1 = p 1 g y1
(y1<y<y2) :
p = p1 2 g (y y1) p = p p1 g y1 2 g (y y1)
2.2 .
(. 2.2):
, ( ) ( ) .
, , .
p

y=0

y1

p1

p2

y2

. 2.2.

. 2.2.

, .
,
.
(
).
) .
,
.
( ) . ,
g = 0 p = p,
, p.
A2
F2
F1
1 2 1< 2,
A1
(. 2.2). .
1 F1.
:
p = F1/1 = F1/(d12/4)

. 2.2.

77

2, :
F2 = p 2 = p (d22/4)

F2 A 2 d22
=
=
F1 A1 d12

(2.5)

( ),
. d2
d1, F2 = 100 F1. ,
(W = F1 s1= F2 s2).
.
2.2.3 .
) .
.
,
. . ,
. , ,
F.
g :

B
F
g=
=
m
m
, .
. ,
, [. 2.2()].
( ,
, ). ,
:

= g
.

g g.
[.
2.2()]. (2.3) (2.5):
dp = ds

(2.6)

p = p + s

(2.7)

:
s . :

= g 2 +2

(2.7)

y _

s
x

g_

()

()
. 2.2.

78

tan =

(2.7)

2.2:

s = x2 + y2

(2.7)

: y s.
(2.7), pi,
si .
: (2.6) (2.7)
x y:
p
p
dp =
dx + dy
x
y

3
2.2 =1010 Kg/m3
. , 10
100 Km/h. ,
.
:

tan = = 0,2834 =15,82o

g
AB
tan =
AB = OA tan AB =1,13cm
OA

A
7 cm

: AA = 0,08 m, A = 0,07 m
v = 100 Km/h = 27,8 m/s, t = 10 s, = 1010 Kg/m3
: ymax p, max
:
v = t = 2,78 m/s2

. . :

O
_

8 cm
. 2.2.

, . :
s = cos s = 7,82 cm
(2.7) = 10,2 m/s2
(2.7) p, = 0,806 Pa
) .

.
( ), . ( ) ,
. , . , .
,
. ,

79

( 2.2).
, dm,
r .
dm ( = dm g) F. ,
F= dm , .
,
( F), F:
F = dm
: :
=2 r

: = g+
: = g 2 +2
:

1
p = p s = p g y + 2 r 2
(2.8)
2
: r y
: y=0.
2.2 :
1
2R 2
(2.9)
p A = p gy A + 2R 2 = p y A = h =
2g
2
(V = r2 h/2) h/2 ,
.
: . . ( )
0,34% g.

4
2.2 ,
( = 1024 Kg/m3) .
A

h
O

3 cm

B
7 cm

. 2.2.

4 cm

. 2.2.

80

: ) )
.
:
) .
:
= AB = h/2 = 3 cm = 0,03 m h = 0,06 m

h=

2R 2
2gh
2 = 2 = 27,12 rad / s
2g
R

( = 2n n = 4,316 rps = 259 rpm)

) :

1
p, = p p = g y + 2 r2
2
3
= 1024 Kg/m , = 27,12 rad/s
y = ( ) = 4 cm = 0,04 m, r = R = 4 cm = 0,04 m
: p,= 1 KPa.
) .

. , . (. 2.2).
,

: .
. , , r.

.
,

.

g

. (2.3) :

dp = dr = 2 r dr

r
:

1
(2.10)
p = p + 2 r 2 ro2
2
: r () r
p.

.
, (centrifugal

g
. 2.2.

81

(2)

(2)

(1)

(1)
r1
r2
(2)

(2)

(1)

(1)

. 2.2.

. 2.2.

separators) 2.2.
( g), ( ),
, .
2.2 (de Laval).
5
: )
0,2 m
50%
8000 rpm (. 2.) )
850 Kg/m3;

r1
r2

:
) r1 r2. :

. 2.2.

V = r22 h
:
V = r12 h
: V'/ V = 1 0,5 = 0,5

r2
V'
= 0, 5 12 = 0, 5 r1 = 0, 5 r2 r1 = 0,1414 m
V
r2
= 2 n = 2 (8000/60 s-1) = 837,7 rad/s
1 = 2 r1 = 99.226 m/s2 1 = 10.115 g
2 = 2 r2 = 140.348 m/s2 2 = 14.307 g
) (r2).
(2.10) pmax= 6068 KPa
6
2.2 -

(2)

(2)

(1)

(1)

r1
r2
A

(2)

(2)

(1)

(1)

. 2.2.

82

(1) 850 Kg/m3 (2). 60 cm,

5 cm, 10 cm = 5000 rpm,
.
:
: = 1000 Kg/m3, = 850 Kg/m3, pA = 101,3 KPa, n = 5000 rpm
R = 0,30 m
R RB = 0,05 m RB = 0,25 m
RB RA = 0,10 m RA = 0,15 m
: p, p
(2.10):

1
p = p + 2 (R 2 R 2o )
2
: = 2 n = 2 (5000/60 s-1) = 523,6 rad/s
1
2
2
2
: pB = p A + (R B R A ) pB = 4762 KPa
2
1
2
2
2
: p = pB + (R R ) p = 8532 KPa
2
: , . , ,
. p' = p .

2.3 .
, ( )
, .
1.2.3:
p
=
(1.5)
RT
(2.3) :

dp =

p
dp
g
g dy
dy
=
RT
p
RT

(2.11)

, (2.11) :

gy
cy
p = p o exp
= po e
R T

(2.12)
g
: c =
RT
11 Km 20 Km (T = 56,5 C).
, (y = 0) y 11 Km (),
:
T T b y

T = 15 C

y =11000 m, T 56,5 C, : b = 0,0065 /m.

83

(2.6) T T 0,0065 y, :

by
p = po 1

To

g/ (Rb )

0,0065y
= po 1

To

5,26

(2.12)

(2.12) (2.12) .
: (2.12) 0 11 Km (2.12) 11 20 Km.
2.3. ( . ).
R = 287 J/KgK.
60

60

50

50

30

20

10

20,1 Km

- 60

30

20

11,0 Km

, Km

40

- 56,5 oC

, Km

40

10
15 oC

- 40
- 20
0
20

, C
. 2.3.

101,3 KPa
0

40
80
, KPa

120

7
10m, 100m, 1000m,
11.000m 20.000 m .
:
) (011 Km)
p = 101,3 KPa
= 288 R=287 J/KgK
y1 =10 m
(2.12) p1 =101,18 KPa p/p = 0,12%
y2 =100 m
(2.12) p2 =100,10 KPa p/p = 1,18%
y3 =1000 m (2.12) p3 = 89,84 KPa p/p = 11,3%
y4 =11.000 m (2.12) p4 = 22,58 KPa p/p = 77,7%
) 11 20,1 Km (2.12) :

p' =p4=22,58 KPa ' = 273 +(56,5) = 216,5 y' = (y11000) m

y5 = 20.000 m y5' = (20.000 11.000) m = 9000 m

84

(2.12) p5 = 5,46 KPa p/p = 94,6%

1: (2.5) 10m, 100m 1000 m
=1,205 g/m3, : P1=101,18 KPa ( 100%), P2=100,12 KPa
( 99,98%), P3=89,48 KPa ( 99,6%). . . , (2.5),
y= p /(g) = 8572 m, . ,
( 1000 m), (2.5) ,

2: , , . , ,
, .
3: g: g
:
g = g (R /R)2
R 6400 Km g =9,807 m/s2.
20 Km, g = 9,807(6400/6420)2 = 9,746 m/s2, 0,6%. , g . 11 Km,
g 0,35% (9,841 m/s2). ( ) g = 9,807 m/s2.

2.4 .
2.4.1 : .
2.3, ,
.
. 2.3.
( ),
:
p=101,3 KPa (=1 Atm)
, p .
, p ( ) ( ).
.
1643 Torricelli
(. 2.4) , .
Torricelli
,
,
(
Torricelli, . 2.4).
(y=0) : p = p.
,

y.

. 2.4.

Torricelli.

85

:
p = y p = y

p=0 ()

(2.13)

L y= p/.
( Ly), , , .
( ). (2.13)
:
p = pv+ y
(2.13)
(
20oC, pvHg = 0,16 Pa), .

( ): Hg=132,84 KN/m3.
. 760 mmHg:

760 mm

p=ptm

. 2.4.

Torricelli.

p= 101,3 KPa = 760 mmHg

. , ( ) 10,3 m.
o
(pv=2,34 KPa 20o C, 3,2 KPa 25 C ..)
, ,
.
.
:
p = 101,3 KPa = 760 mm Hg = 10,3 m H2O.
( 76 cm).
( ).
[. 2.4()()].

()

()
. 2.4.

) . ) .

86

.
(F=patm A) ,
().
,
. .
2.4.2 .

2
y
1

. . 2.4.
U,

U.
.
. 2.4
. . , ,
,
. , .
2.4 1 1' y1 = y1' p1 = p1'.
(2.5) p1= p1'= p2 (y1' y2) = p2 + (y2 y1)
:

p1 p2 = (y2 y1)

(2.14)

p = y = g y
(2.14)
1
2 :
y = y2 y1 = (p1 p2)/
(2.14) :

p2 = p p1, = p1 p = (y2 y1)

(2.14)

,
:
y = y2 y1= (p1 p2)/

(2.14)

( ),
. , ,
( )
, .
U
(. 2.4). ,
. ,

87

.
8
2.4
y = 12 cm,
.
%;
:
x1 .
,
x2= y x1.

:

. 2.4.

.
p

(. 2.4) . , y,
x,
. :

y = x sin

, .. = 30 x = 2 y
,
.
, ,
( ).
Bourdon, 2.4.

.
.

2.4.
2.4.3
.
) , -

d1 = 20d2 y x1= 400 x1

(y' y)/ y = 0,0025 0,25%

y=0

(y x1) d22/4 = x1 d12/4

y' = 12,03 cm.

2
y

(y x1) 2 = x1 1

x1 = 0,03 cm

y2

. 2.4.

Bourdon

. 2.4.

Bourdon.

88

()

()

()
. 2.4.

. (), () , () .

. ( ).
) .
()
.
.
) .
) ( ).
, ( ) , :
) ( ) ,
( ). .. -1-2-3-. ( ).
) y , ,
(2.5):
p = y = p g y
.
) ( )
.
pAp 1, 2, 3,
:
pA p = (pA p1) + (p1 p2) + (p2 p3) + (p3 p)
:
) (SI) SI, SI.
) , Pa (=N/m2) :
1 KPa = 1000 Pa = 1 KN/m2
g y (= p) Pa: (Kg/m3) (m/s2) m = Pa. KPa ( ), g y
KPa ( 1000).

89

g y y (= g y),
KN/m3, KPa.
9
,
2.4, -. .
:
1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5
(. 2.4).
: p1 = p = 101,3 KPa
= 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3

1
5

32 cm

R=1m
3

y1 y2 = 0,32 m, y3 y2' = 0,1 m,

10 cm

y3 y4 = y5 y3 = 1 m
: p3, p4, p5

p2 p1= Hg g (y2 y1) = Hg g (y1 y2)

. 2.4.

p2 p1 = 42.523 Pa = 42,523 KPa

p2 = 143,8 KPa

0,8

p2' p3 = g (y2' y3)

0,6

p4 p3 = g (y4 y3)
p4 p3= 9,81 KPa p4 = 152,6 KPa
p5 p3= g (y5 y3)

p2 = p2'= 143,8 KPa (y2' = y2)

p2' p3 = 0,98 KPa p3 = 142,8 KPa

0,4
0,2
0

p5 p3= 9,81 KPa p5 = 133 KPa

4
110 120 130 140 150 160
Pa

, (2.5):

. 2.4.

p = p5 g (y5 y)
y p 4 (y = 0
m, p = 152,6 KPa) 5 (y =1 m, p =133 KPa)
3 (. 2.4).
10

2.4, .
.
: y1 = 20 cm y2 = 40 cm
:
1, 2, 2', 3, 4, 4', 5 -

y1
4

1
4

y2
2

. 2.4.

2
Y

90

( ):
: p1 = p = 101,3 KPa
= 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
y1 = y3 y4= 0,2 m, y2 = y2 y1 = 0,4 m
: p5
p2 p1= Hg g (y2 y1) = Hg g (y1 y2) = 53,154 KPa p2 = 154,454 KPa
= p2 = p2' = 154,454 KPa (y2 = y2')
p3 = p2 = 154,454 KPa ()
p4 p3 = g (y4 y3) = g (y3 y4) = 1961 Pa = 1,96 KPa p4 =156,4 KPa
p4 = p4' = p5 = 156,4 KPa
: ( )
:
p5 p1 = (p5 p4') + (p4' p4) + (p4 p3) + (p3 p2') + (p2' p2) + (p2 p1) = (p4 p3) + (p2 p1)
p5 p1 = g (y4 y3) Hg g (y2 y1) = g (y3 y4) + Hg g (y1 y2) =
= 55,1 KPa p5 = 156,4 KPa
( ),
.

11
2.4 = /= 0,85:
) (.
2.4).
)
.
:
: p1 = p = 101,3 KPa
y1 y2= 0,6 m, y3 y4 = 0,8 m, y y = 0,8 m, y y = 2,7 m
= 1000 Kg/m3, / = 0,85 = 850 Kg/m3 , Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
: p, p, y p .
) p2 p1= Hg g (y2 y1) = Hg g (y1 y2) p2 = 181,03 KPa
p3 = p2 () p3 = 181,03 KPa
p4 p3 = g (y4 y3) = g (y3 y4) p4= 188,9 KPa
p = p4 () p = 188,9 KPa
p p = g (y y) = g (y y) p = 195,6 KPa
p p = g (y y) = g (y y) p = 222,1 KPa
) , , ( ) (. 2.4). .
y = 0 m, :
(y 0 2,7 m):
p = p g (y y) = 222,1 9,807 y KPa
(y 2,7 3,5 m):
p = p g (y y) = 218,1 8,336 y KPa
(y>3,5 m):
p = p= 188,9 KPa

91

12
2.4
780 Kg/m3.
:
y1 yB' = (0,4 0,14) m = 0,26 m, y1' y2 = 0,08 m, y y2 = 0,20 m
= 1000 Kg/m3, = 850 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
: p p
pA pB = (pA p2) + (p2 p1') + (p1' p1) + (p1 pB') + (pB' pB)
pA p2 = (y2 yA) = 1,53 KPa
p2 p1 = Hg (y2 y1) = 10,64 KPa
p1' p1= 0 ()
p1 pB'= (yB' y1) = 2,55 KPa
pB' pB = 0 ()
(1):
pB pA = 6,56 KPa

3
0,6 m

0,8 m
B

3,5

0,8 m

(1)

2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5

2,7 m

0
185

190

195

200

205 210

Pa
. 2.4.

. 2.4.

40 cm
20 cm
2

1
8 cm

. 2.4.

9 cm
14 cm

215

220

225

92

13
2.4 ( )
. ,
y = 10 cm, .
:
: = 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
y1 y2 = 0,1 m, y= y
: p p
p p = (p p2) + (p2 p1) + (p1 p)
(1)
p p2 = g (y y2)
(2)
p2 p1 = Hg g (y2 y1)
(2)
p1 p = g (y1 y)
(2)
(1) p p = g (y y2) Hg g (y2 y1) g (y1 y)
p p = g (y1 y2) Hg g (y2 y1)
p p = g (y1 y2) (Hg )
p p= 12,3 KPa
14
2.4.
.
:
: = 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
y y= 0,5 m, = 45, = 0,38 m
pA = 101,3 KPa
: p1
yA y = AB sin yA y= 0,269 m
pB pA = Hg g (yB yA) = Hg g (yA yB) pB= 137 KPa
pB=pB' = 137 KPa
p p'= g (y y) p = p g (y y') p= 132,1 KPa
: , .
, . , ,
. 14 pB>pA p<p.

()

()

1
1

y
2

38 cm

45o

2
. 2.4.

50 cm

. 2.4.

93

. 2.5.

2.5 , .

, . (. 2.5), , ,
.., . .
2.1,
. . ,
. dA p
:
dF = p dA
(2.15)
, (
) :

F = p dA

(2.15)

2.5.1 .
( ) C
, .
()
z, ,

z0. y

(. 2.5):

dA

y
yc

C
A
xc

. 2.5.

94

B x c = x dB (A z ) x c = x (dA z ) x c A = x dA

xc =
yc =

1
x dA
A

(2.16)

1
y dA
A

(2.16)

. ,
,
, . xc yc.
c yc 2.5.1 (. . 102).
(P) .
,
. , .
xp yp.
2.5.2 .

, : , .
) .
( ),
. , , p. (2.15) :
F=pA

(2.17)

,
F ( ) .
) .

, .
.
, ,
(. 2.5). ,
:
F=pA
F = (p + y) A
F = p A + (y A)
F = p A + V
F = F +

P
F

(2.17)
C

(2.17)

. 2.5.

95

,
, .
, :
yP = yC ( xP = xC)
) .

y=0

,
(. 2.5), (.
2.2.1, 2.5):
p = p y = p g y

yc

(2.5)

(2.15) :
C
P

F = (p y) dA = p A y dA

C
P
p

(2.16):
F = (p yc) A = pc A

yp

(2.18)

. 2.5.
: yc,
.

(yc<0) pc .
, ,
.
( ) yp
. F x
C, :

F (y p y c ) = (y y c ) dF = (y y c ) p dA
:

y p y c =

I xc
pc A

(2.19)

: Ixc = y 2 dA , xx . ()
.
, pc,
.
p = 0, pc= yc (2.19) :

yp yc =

Ixc
yc A

(2.19)

:
I xyc
(2.20)
x p x c =
pc A

96

: Ixcy = x y dA x, y
.
, XY = 0
: xp = xC
2.5.1.
) .
(. 2.5).
dA :
dF = p dA
dFo dF ( ). :

dFo = dF sin = p dA sin

dA sin = dA

d. : dFo = p dA
(2.17)
(2.18) :
Fo = pc A
(2.21)
F = pc Ao

(2.21)

: ,
,
.
F
.
:

F = Fo2 +F2 = pc A o2 + A 2 F = p c A

(2.21)

, , . C hC ( ).
F ( ), x y, C, y
(. 2.5).
F x,
dF:
F y pc = y dF = y p dA
:

y pc = sin

I xc
pc A

(2.22)

:
hp hc = ypc sin

hp hc = sin 2

Ixc
pc A

(2.22)

97
p
hc

hp

p
dF

dF

C
P

dA
dA

dFo

dA

y cp

cp

dA
. 2.5.

. 2.5.

x:

I xyc

(2.23)
p c A
,
, =90.

x cp = sin

: h, :
pc = p hc hC .

) .
. .
,
. dF, dA, , .

F

.
: 1

Fx,
y :
dFy
_
Fx = dFx = p dA y

(2.24)

2.5 ()
(y, z) ()
yz. [ 2.5 z,
(x, y), ,

dFx

Ayx

Fx

Fx

dA

_F

. 2.5.

98

]. p (2.5):
p = p y = p g y
(2.24)
:
(2.25)
Fx = pc Ayz
pc = p g yc .
, ,
.
Fz ( Fx),
,
(y, x):
Fz = pc Ayx
(2.25)
:
(. 2.5,
). ,
:
Fy = B + F = g V + p Axz
(2.26)
, ,
. F , Fy .
(. 2.5),
Fy, .

(2.26).
.
) .
. ,
, (),

,
.

V

Fy
,
Fx
Y
r, L b (.
p
2.5), .

, . 2.5.
, (z, y)
.

99

(x, y) 2.5. F
:

F = pc A = 2 r L pc

:
I
y pc = y p y c = xc
pc A

C
y

: Xc = L (2r)3/12 = 2 L r3/3
,
. ,
() .
F F1 F2
:

F1

y
z
. 2.5.

F2
x

F = F1 + F2
, :
F1 = F2 = r L pc

F1 F2 b L :
r
(2.27)
= F1 / (b L ) = p c
b
(2.27).
,
F1 F2 .

(1 2 ).

p=p+h

E
E
. 2.5.

( ):

F (2r y p ) = F1 2r F1 = F
F y p = F2 2r F2 = F

2r y p
2r

yp
2r

( yp= yc = r F1 = F2 = F/2).
2.5.3 .
a) .
(.. , , , ..). () (. 2.5). ,
:

100

dF = dF dF = (p p) dA = p dA
,
.
, ( h = y) :
p = p
p = p + y
y ( ) :
p = p p = y = p
, , , .
p p'
( ), :
p = (p p') + y
) .
1. ,
, ( ).
:
yc (yc < 0).
pc,
: F= pc, A
:
, .
, (2.19) (2.20)
(yp yc) (xp xc) .
yp , .
, (2.22) (2.23) ycp xcp . (2.22)
hc .
2. ,
.
.
3. ,
.
4. , 2.5.2.
: 2.5
. (, ) :

0 > hc > hp h

) .
,
.

101

. (
),
(x, y), .
, ( ).
(2.5):

p =p _ gy
p = _ gy

F = p dA
()
. ( B B
E
)
.
2.5.
.
.
2.5
. .
, ''.

.
) .
, :
C, ( ) (. 2.5.1): (x, y)
xc yc. yc
,
. , xc = b/2 : b .
, :
.
x :
():
I Xc = y 2 dA
x, y :

I XYc = x y dA

( ).
2.5.1.
. ,
. , b h,
: yc = h/2.
. yc , .

102

2.5.1
.

yc

IXc

IXc

+b
3

h
3

bh
2

1
bh3
36

bh2(2 _ b)
72

b
2

h
2

bh

1
bh3
12

(2 + b)h
3( + b)

( + b)h
2

h3(2 + 4b + b2)
36( + b)

r 2

r 4
4

4r
3

r 2
2

8
9

r4

4r
3

4r
3

r 2
4

16

4
9

r4

2 . sin
3

r 2

r4( _ sincos)
4

b
2

h
2

bh
4

bh 3
64

b
2

4h
3

bh
4

bh 3
16

r
C

C
2r

1
8

4
9

r
r
C

r4

103

, 2.5 :
yc = h/3 xc= (a + b)/3
, :
y = H yoc (< 0)
: 2.5.1 x-y.
. , C. (2.19),
(2.20), (2.22), (2.23) .
, :
I X = I Xc +d2y A

I XY = I XYc +dx d y A

: dx dy .

) .
15

, 2 m
5 m.
:
1 :
(. 2.5).
: = 1000 Kg/m3
AB = 5 m, AA'=2 m
: F, yp, xp.
1. :
yc = AC = 2,5 m
p,c = gyc= 24,525 KPa
A = ' = 10 m2
F = pc, A F = 245,25 KN
2. : P yp:

y p y c =

xoc

b
. 2.5.

y=0
p = _ gy
p,c = _ gyc

1 3
1
3
bh Ic = (AA' )(AB ) I Xc = 20,8m 4
12
12
y p = 3,33m

I Xc =

xp = b/2 = (')/2 xp=1 m

yoc

I Xc
I
y p = y c Xc
pC, A
pc, A

xp:

. 2.5.

104

2 :
:

y=0

p1
p=p1 _ gy

F = b p,c yc = 245,25 KN
H (x, y) ,
2/3 .
yp = 3,33 m

pc=p1 _ gyc
C
P

C
P

16

1 50 KPa,
;
B

:
. 2.5.
, .
y (. 2.5):
p = p1 gy pc = p1 gyc pc = 74,525 KPa
F = pc A F = 745,25 KN
:

yp = yc

I Xc
y p = 2,77m
pc A

( ,
).
xp : xp = 1 m
17
2.5() ( = 1024 Kg/m3).
2 m.
: ) ) .
:
) [. 2.5()]:
:

y AB

= y AB / 2 =1m hC = (3+1) m = 4 m
2
pC = ghC = 40,17 m2 KPa
y AC =

AB = 22 +2, 52 m = 3,2m
A = (3,2 2) m2 = 6,4 m2
F = pC A F = 278 KPa

105

) :
I
y PC = sin Xc
pC A

1
1
I Xc = bh3 Ic = 2 3,23 m 4
12
12

3m

hC
5m

hp

Xc = 5,46 m4
2.5():

tan = 2/2,5 =0,8 =38,66

2,5 m

hp hC = yPC sin hp = 4,083 m

()

: xpc= 0 [.
2.5()].

2m

hCP
F
2,5 m
()

()

0,4 m
1m
1m
. 2.5.

y=0
0,4 m

(2)

200 KPa

1m

C1
C2

1m

()
. 2.5.

()

. 2.5.

()

:
() xy () yz,
y ().
, ( ) (. 2.5):
: yA = 0 m
yB = 0,4 m
y= 1,4 m
y= 2,4 m
3
1 = 800 Kg/m
2 = 1000 Kg/m3
p, = (200 101,3) KPa = 98,7 KPa

(1)

18
2.5 1 = 800
Kg/m3 2 = 1000 Kg/m3.
200 KPa, , 1 Atm.
.

yCP = 0,133 m

2m

106

: F, yp.
, (1) (2) .
1. (1):
:
F1 = pC1 A1

(1)

1 = r2/2 = 1,57 m2
yC1 y = 4r/3 = 0,424 m yC1= 0,976 m
pC1 = pA, 1 g yC1 pC1= 106,4 KPa
(1) F1= 167 KN
:
I Xc
y P1 = y C1 1
pC1, A1

8
I Xc = r 4 = 0,11 r 4 = 0,11m 4
8 9
yP1 = 0,981 m
2. (2):
:
F2 = pC2 A2

(2)

2 = 1 = 1,57 m2
y yC2 = 4r/3 = 0,424 m yC2 = 1,824 m
pC2 = (pA, 1 g y) 2 g (yC2 y) pC2= 113,83 KPa
(2) F2= 178,7 KN
:

y P2 = y C2 2

I Xc
pC2, A 2

8
Xc = r 4 = 0,11 r 4 = 0,11m 4
8 9
yP2 = 1,83 m
3. .
:
F = F1 + F2 F = 345,8 KPa
: ( ),
:
F1 yP1 + F2 yP2 = F yP yP = 1,42 m
2.5.

107

19

' 2.5 .
:
1. Fx:
0
:

_ 0,4
yz B
2.5 :
= 7 m, = 1 m yCx= AB/2 = 3,5 m
Ayz= (AB) (A) = 7 m2

F1

pCx,= gyCx= 34,265 KPa

Fx= pCx, Ayz Fx= 239,85 KN

:
Px, yPx:

y Px = y Cx
I Xc =

_ 1,4

F2

I Xc
pCx, A yz

_ 2,4

1 3
1
bh Ic = 173 m 4 I Xc = 28,58m 4
12
12

. 2.5.
E

yPx = 4,67 m
xPx = xCx

5m

2. Fy:
: Fy
:
Fy =BAA'BZE = B1 +B2

Z
7m
5m

(1) :

. 2.5.

V1 = (AE) (A) (')

V1= 5 1 2 m3 = 10 m3

A
(1)

B1 = V1 B1 = 97,9 KN
(2) = ' = 5 m:
V2 = r2 L/4

5m

Cx

Cx
Px

Px

(2)
Fx

V2 = 52 1/4 m3 = 19,625 m3
B2 = V2 B2 =192,1 KN
Fy = B1 + B2 Fy = 290 KN
:

. (1)

Z
7m
5m

Py

Fy

B1

B2

Py

. 2.5.

108

' x' = 2,5 m.

(2) '.
2.5.1:
x' = 4r/3 x' = 2,12 m xA' = r x'= 2,88 m
Py Fy, 1, 2 Fy :
B1 x'+ B2 x' = Fy xpy xpy= 2,75 m
2.6 .
,
( ). , ,
3 ..:
, ,

.
:
=V=gV
(2.28)
: , V .
2.2.1, ,
,
: Fy:
Fy = Fy = m g = g V = V
Fy .
, .
, ,
(. 2.6).
2.6 .
A

Fy2

F=pA

. 2.6.

Fy1
. 2.6.

109

() .
(.
2.5.2):
Fy1 = g V
Fy2 = g V
: V V
.
= Fy = g (V V) = g V
.
( , , ..).
(, , ..).
, , , .
2.6.1 .
, ,
:
F =
().
, :
V= V = V
= g V
=gV
:
= =( ) g V

(2.29)

.
( > ) . = 0 (
). < 0 .
, ,
,
.
.
. , 1000
Kg/m3, 20C, 1,2 g/m3. .

. , , .
, . (
, = m/V).
, . ,
(
), .

110

20
800 85 lt. :
) .
) .
) .
) ;
;
:
: = 800 , V= 0,085 m3,
= 1,2 Kg/m3 ( 20C 101,3 KPa), =1024 Kg/m3
: , , .
) B = m g m = B/g m = 81,6 Kg
= m/V = 960 Kg/m3
) = g V = 1 N ( 0,12% )
) = g V = 853,6 N
) > . F= B = 53,6
N , :
= ' = 800
'= g V' V= 0,0797 m3
V'/V = 0,938 93,8%
21
( ) 500 Kgf.
300 Kgf. : ) ) .
:
: = 500 Kgf = 4905 , = 300 Kgf = 2943 , = 1000 Kg/m3
: V,
) = = = 1962
= g V V' = /( g) V= 0,2 m3
) = /V = 24.525 N/m3
= g = 2500 Kg/m3
(: = ( ) g V = /(g V) = 2500 Kg/m3)
22
10 m 60 cm 1 cm (. 2.6),
15 m. 7200 Kg/m3.
:
:

L = 10 m, d = 0,60 m,
r r = 0,01 m, y = 15 m
=7200 Kg/m3, = 1025 Kg/m3
: W.
O :
V = V V=r2 L r2 L =
= L(r2 r2) V = 0,1854 m3

L
r

. 2.6.

111

B = V = g V B = 13.091 N
= = ( ) g V = 11.230
(F) .
:
W = F y W = 168.440 J = 168,44 KJ
2.7 .
, , , :
( ) .
, ().
(),
F = .
( ), , .
, F = A B.
(),
, ,
. , ,
: = .
.
( ), , .
:
(. 2.7):
=

(2.30)

0:
= 0

(2.30)

, ( = 0) .
, , ;
(. 2.7 2.7)
,
=gV

, d.

=mg
, (, ) = d .

.
. 2.7.
. .

112

,
.
, .
(. 2.7).
, () . (. 2.7).
,
. , ,
.
. ,

M
B

. 2.7.

: (..) ().

B
. 2.7.

: (..) ().

113

, .

, . , 2.7()
2.7() .
(,
, ),
. ,
.

()

()
. 2.7.

) . ) .

2.7.1 .
. .
( ),
(. 2.7). ,

. :
= = g V = g (V+V) (V + V) = /g = m
= m/(V+V)

(2.31)

: m , , V , V
.
. , , :
V= r2 y

( ).

.
.

114

.
. .
.
(, , ..).
, .
. ,
.
Baum ( Baum ). ,
(.. ).
,
(= ). :

= = ( ) g V = ( )/

B
B

(2.32)

. 2.7.

2.8 .
1. 140 Pa; ( = 1025 Kg/m3).
;
[y=3,84 m, p=10,05 KPa]
2. 1005 mbars 400
mm Hg. .
[p=47,18 KPa]
3. 60 m. 98 KPa,
.
[587 KPa, 685 KPa]
4. 780 kg/m3.
3 m 2 m. , .
.
[116,6 KPa, 146 Ka ]
5. 8. 300 20 cm,
, ( ).
[F' = 19.200 N, W = 60 J, s' = 3,1 mm]

115

6. U .
, 10 cm
. 3 cm
.
.
[ = 769 Kg/m3, p = 0,98 KPa]
7. 20 cm 30 cm,
12 cm. : ) . ) 3000 rpm,
.
[) 15,34 rad/s, ) 195,7 KPa, 198,7 KPa]
8. 7, ( = 0,85) 20% ..
20 cm. 6000 rpm, .
[446,5 KPa, 709,5 KPa]
9. 101,35 KPa,
5 m: ) . ) .
;
[) 60 KPa, ) 54 KPa]
10. 1 2.8 .
[p1 = 136,37 KPa]
11. 2.8 0,91.
( = 20) 1 2
. ) L= 5 cm, h=12 cm ,
1 2 . ) ,
1 2 ;
[) 1084,3 Pa, ) 1070,9 Pa, L=0]

2
h
(1)

28 cm

1
L

45 cm
22 cm

. 2.8.

. 2.8.

116

12. 2.8,
. ,
.
[ = 1068,1 Kg/m3]

25 cm

45o
. 2.8.

13.
2.8 .
0,8.
[pB = 106,9 KPa]
14. .
7 ft
12,8 15,5 psi.
SI.
[ = 890 Kg/m3, = 8,725 KN/m3]
15. 2.8
. : )

. ) . ) - .
[p = 215,8 KPa, p = 235,1 KPa]
16. 2.8,
20oC.
) .
)
o
30 C, ;
; (
, 200
KPa).
[P = 310,56 KPa]
17. (
) 2 m
5 m.
[F = 245,25 KN, yp = 3,33 m]
18. ,

38 cm

15 cm

5 cm

B
3 cm
8 cm
4 cm

. 2.8.

3,0 m
2,8 m

2,5 m
2,2 m
2,0 m

0,5 m

. 2.8.

200
pa
3,0 m
2,8 m
2,6 m

A
A

2,0 m

. 2.8.

117

, 50 KPa;
[F = 758,25 KN, = 2,77 m]
19. 2.8
5 m. , :
AB=2,5 m B =1,2 m.
: ) 3 m
. ) ( ).
[) p = 130,73 KPa,
) F = 121 KN, yCP = 0,09 m]
20. 2.8 . =
= 45 = d = 3 m, : ) . )
( ). , ;
[) pA = 168,6 KPa, p =189,4 KPa,
) F = 549,2 KN, yCP= 0,07 m]

ptm

ptm
A

23. 5 m, 4 m 3 m (. 2.8).
2 m .
.
[F = 791 N, yp = 5,07 m, xp = 1,8 m]
24. (D = 8 m, L = 12 m)
(d = 8 cm)
2.8 .

45o

. 2.8.

1,6 bar

3m

. 2.8.

ptm

21. 2.8
4 m.
2 m.

.
[F= 253,5 KN, yp= 3,03 m]
22. 2.8
2 m 1 m.

.
[F= 469,9 KN, yp = 8,68 m]

5 cm

2m

p=50KP

2m
. 2.8.

. 2.8.

10 m

3m
5m
. 2.8.

4m

118

( ): )
. ) 10 m. )
% ; ;
[) F1 = 1972,4 KN, yp = 5 m,
) F1 = 6902,7 KN, yp = 14,29 m, ) 0,0083%, 250%]
25. 2.8, 8 m, .
) .
)
2 cm;
[) Fx = 2956 KN, ) 9052 KN/m2, 9422 KN/m2]

. 2.8.
200
A

26. ,
1 m,
40%
60% . .

1m
3m

. 2.8.

[ = 8534 Kg/m3]

27. 5 m 125 KPa 15 C. , .

2077 J/(KgK) ,
;
[F = 640 N]
28. 0,6, , 70, 50
10 cm, , . 1 cm , .
[ = 45,5 ]
29. 1/7 . .
;
[877,7 Kg/m3, 12,2%]

KE 3

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

120

3.1 .

.
.
. (),
(, , , , , ..). , , , .
.
, , . ,
.
, ... (, ,
) .
, ,
.
( , , , , ..)
.

. , . ( Euler Lagrange
18 ). (
Rayleigh 19 ). .

( Euler, 1940),
.
,

.
( , , ). ,
( )
. ( ,
1 mm3 , 3 1016 , , ,
, ,
8 10-4 mm).

. .

. ,

.
3.1.1 .
) .
, , -

121

( ) , (
). ( ) (..
). ( , ,
..).
,
( ).
. ,
Lagrange, ( )
. (
) . ,
.
, Euler, ,
(, ..). , ,
() ,
. , ,
. , , .
(flow field): . () .
, Euler, .
, , ,
.
( , streamline) , ,
.
, (stream
tube) (. 3.1). ,
.
( ).

.
, ( )
.
(streakline)
.
(pathline)

.
3.1 () ()
. 3.1.
() ().
.
, -

122

()

()

()

. 3.1.

( ).
(control volume) , (
). ,
. ,
, . .
, ,
.

, .
,
). , (Q).
(m
:

= dm
m
Q = dV
m = V

dt

dt

= Q
m

(3.1)
(3.1)
(3.1)

, .
:
=m
(3.1)
m
t

Q=V

(3.1)

SI, Kg/s m3/s.

) .
: ( ) (
, , ),
( ).
( ) . ,
.
, , .
( ) :
(, , )

123

. , .
.
.
, , , , , ,
... , (..
),
.
.
: , (
). .
, .
, : , .
, , , .
(, , ,
..) .
. , ( ) , .
, .
, ,
(
). , y.
. , ...

() .
,
( , ) .
, .
, ,
.

( ).
( Prandtl o 1904)

( , boundary layer).
,

. V
(

).

.
V
, , ...
. 3.1.
3.1 .

124

, (
, )
. , ,
. ( , no slip condition).
(
) .
,
( )
( ).
(viscid flow). , , (inviscid flow). (
).
, :
.
, (
), .
.
, ,
.
, . (
. 3.3).
, , 3.1. ,
, . ,
. ( ) (laminar flow). ( ,
, . ,
Newton).
() .
(turbulent flow).
.
.
3.1.2 Newton.
. :
, , ,

.
,
,
-

. 3.1.

125

. , ,
,
.
,
(. 3.1). , . .
to F.
:
F = F F
: F .
, F , F = F
F = 0, v. (
, ). -,
, F. ,
( , ), v . ,
:
= F /
.
, .
, F
. , -, .
(
-). ,
,
. .
, (
), (
) ( )
, . :
. v,
, .
0 v. 3.1
F

=F/
dy

v
dv

. 3.1.

. 3.1.

126

.
Newton:

= dv

dy

(3.2)

: .
Newton (
). , dv/dy ( ) . ,
.
,
, F (
) .
(P = F v) ( ).
( ) ,
:
=

F m mv
J
=
=
=
A

At At

(3.3)

: J = m v , F.
, .
.
, (
) ( ). :
, .
, .
3.1.3 .
,
. ,

.
, , ( , )
. , , .
, ,
.
,
dv/dy = F/A (
) (= F/A).
, ( ) : ,
. ,
(. 1.2.7) ( viscosity):

Newton, :
=

: = 0.


,
. 3.1
(1, 2, 3)
: 1 < 2 < 3.
, ,
(
).
.

(3.4)

dv / dy

127

dv/dy
. 3.1.

.
F/A
dy

v
dv

. 3.1.

1
20C. , 30 cm/s, F (. 3.1).
1 cm.
.
:
3.1.2
3.1. :

= dv

dy

, :

= dv

dy

1.2.11 (. 54, . 1.2.12 . 58)

20C: = 1,00410-3 Kg/ms.
:
y = 1 cm = 10-2 m v = vmax vmin = 30 cm/s = 0,3 m/s
: = 3,01210-2 N/m2.
(v = y/),
: v = v/2 = 0,15 m/s

128

2
F , ;
:
= F/A = 3,01210-2 N/m2
y = 1 cm = 10-2 m
= 1,00410-2 Kg/ms

= dv

-2
-2
dy v = y/ v = 3 10 m/s v = 310 m/s = 3 cm/s

, : v = v/2 = 0,015 m/s

( ).
: , ,
:
:

= dv

= ' dv'

dy

dy

: v = ' v' v'= 3 10-2 m/s v= 3 10-2 m/s.

3.1.4 Reynolds.
, (
), , , .
) Reynolds.
Osborne Reynolds 1883. 3.1.
, (1)
( ) (2).
, .
(3) , , , ,
.
,
. , . .
.
. ,
. ,
, (. 3.1). ,
.
( ),
. ().

129

.
. :
.
.
. ,

(Ilya Prigogine, 1977).
,
, , x.
x
. , ()
(. 3.1).
: () ,
.
3

(1)

) .

()
.
.
( ).
,
.

( )
.


.

,
( ) (
). , (
),
( )
(
Reynolds).
Newton:

= E dv

dy

(3.5)

2
. 3.1.

Reynolds.

. 3.1.

, .
V
+5%
_ 5%

. 3.1.

130

, (Newton):

= dv

dy

(3.5)

= ( + E ) dv

dy

(3.5)

,
.
.
. ,
. , ()
.

, . ()
. , ,
. ( ),
( ) .

. .
) Reynolds.
Reynolds 3.1, . ( ),
.
.
.
Reynolds Reynolds. :
, Reynolds. :

Re =

v v
=

(3.6)

: v , l , ,
.
(3.6)
. SI : (ms-1) m /(m2s-1).
Reynolds , . Reynolds
,
( Reynolds).
. ,
l.

131

(), () d. Reynolds :

Re =

v d v d
=

(3.6)

Reynolds 2100. :
Re < 2100.
(2100 < Re < 4000 ).
Re (Re > 4000) . ( ,
Re 2100).
,
, . ( )
:
4A
(3.6)
dh =
L
: L () ( , ).
, Reynolds
.
,
(dh = 42/4 = ).
Reynolds 2100.
,
, Reynolds : Re = 5105 ( ) Re > 5106.
, .
, Reynolds (
).
Reynolds . (3.6) v .
Reynolds (
). , .
(3.6) , (
).
( ),
.
3.1.5 .
3.1.2 , .
, (dv/dy) .
, .
.
, ,
( ,
). , ,

132

,
.
, . .
(. . 3.1.1). , , (
, ).
, ,
, .
) .
. : .
1) : ,
(. 3.1). v.

, , ( ).
y (
3.1). yo v.
.
y ,
v.
3.1
x1, x2 x3 .
( y)
x . x = 0, y = 0. , .
.
Reynolds ,
. ( , x

Reynolds: Re = vx/. , Reynolds
. 5105. : Re < 5105).
, ,
,
3.1.
(1)
(2)
(3)
y
dv/dy, .
v
v
v
v
(,
yo
v
v, .
y

99% ).
2) : x
v ,
. 3.1.

( ).
,

133

. Reynolds
(Re > 5105). , Reynolds 0 ( x = 0)
x. x (. 3.1)
:

v xo
= 5 10 5

x, .
x , (
).

.
,
(x1/2). ,
(x1/2)3 = x3/2.
.
, , . , :
, ,
Reynolds .
, ( ). (
, 0,25 mm).
,
( y
y
).

yo
yo
( , Reynolds
).
dy
.
dv
v
dv/dy
,

. 3.1.
.
, ,
. Prandtl,
v
,

).
,

x
,
. 3.1.
( ).
.

134

) .

() , ,
. ,
X1
X2
,

3.1.
( x1 ),
,
,
. 3.1.
( x2).
.

(yo = d/2)
.

x2,

x2,

, .
Reynolds (Re < 2100),
. Reynolds
0%
50%
100%
(Re > 4000), .
. 3.1.
(.
.
x2), ,
v
.
3.1

.
,
x
x
.
,
. 3.1
,
.
50% (v=vmax/2). , ,
. ,
(
), 80% .
3
20C 2 m/s, (. 3.1). 5 m
;
:
,

135

, . ,
Reynolds. (3.6) x :

Re =

vx vx
=

()

Reynolds x .
Reynolds 5105 Re
>5106.
, x 0 5 m.
1.2.12: = 1,003 10-3 Kg/ms 10-3 Kg/ms
: = 1000 Kg/m3
: v = 2 m/s
() x =

Re
v

Re = 5105 x = 0,25 m
Re = 5106 x = 2,5 m
, x = 0 x = 0,25 m.
x > x = 2,5 m . (
, ).
3.1.6 .

v (. 3.1
3.1).
, . , , (
) , .

. ,
. ( K ,
, ).
, ,
, 3.1.
. , (
). .
, ( -,
).

. , ,
( ). , ( )
( ).

136

3.1
,
. (
)
( . 3.5.3).

B

,
, ,
(
, ..),
( ,
..).
. 3.1.
, .
. , ,
( ).
.
,
:

v2
FD = C D
A
2

(3.7)

CD [
, CD ( 3.1.1)], 3.1.1
.

d
L

CD

. d2
4

L/d = 1
L/d = 2
L/d = 4

0,91
0,85
0,87

d.L

L/d = 1
L/d = 2
L/d = 5
L/d = 10
L/d = 40

0,65
0,68
0,74
0,82
0,98

. d2
4

0,34

. d2
4

1,33

. d2
4

= 60
= 30

0,51
0,34

137

Reynolds.

Re, ()
()
()
(
). Re,
. 3.1.
CD (. 5
CD > CD > CD.
6 ).
CD .
3.1 .
(v ) ,
(), () (),
(CD > CD > CD).
v . .
(,
, ..).
3.2 .
, . ()

. ,

. ,
. ,
, . , ( ). ,
( , , ).
:
, , 3.1.1.
: , .

.
m1 v1
. ,
1

1

,
.
v
, .
Q
A2
(
v2
).
.
.
W
3.2. m2
,
2
. (1)
. 3.2.
( ) 1
.

138

v1 (2) 2 v2.
.
,
.
: . : .
: . , ,
.
(. ), . , ( ),
, .
:
+ = +
: ,
, .
, ( ) . :
= +
( )
:
=
, .
,
( Euler, Navier-Stokes ..). (
) .
, ,
( ) .
, .
,

.
,
. ( ), .
.
,
.

139

3.3 .
) .

v2

v1

A
A
() ,
dV ds,
ds
A1 A2,
(. 3.3). v1
. 3.3.
v2 .
, .
, :

A1 = A2 = A

= m
+dm

m
dt ( :
: m
= dm /dt), m
m
dm

= (dm dm
) / dt) .
( : dm
:

= ds A = ds A m
= V
= 1 v1 A
m

1
1
1
dt
dt
= 2 v 2 A
, : m
= 2 v 2 A 1 v1 A
: dm
dV, :

dm

dm

1 v1 A 2 v 2 A
dp
dm
=
=

dV
dt
dV
A ds
v v
d
1 1 2 2=

ds
dt
d ( v)
d

=
ds
dt
d =

(3.8)

(3.8) ( ) .
( ) , :
( v x ) ( v y ) ( v z )
dp
+
+
=
(3.8)
dt
x
y
z
) .
, :
. ,
.
, . :

140
.
m

dp
dm
=
=0
dt
dV

(3.8) d( v) = 0 dv = v dp

= m
= m
= v A
m

i vi i :
= i v i A i =
m
(3.9)

.
m
. 3.3.

, (.
3.3).
(3.9) :
vi =

m
i A i

=m

i
Ai

(3.9)

,
( = 1/) .
(3.9) ( )
( ).
: (3.9), ( )
.

) .
. (3.9)
:

m
= v A =

Q:
=m
Q=m
.
=m
V
Q

Q = A i v i =

(3.10)

, , ()
.
(3.10) :
vi =

Q
Ai

(3.10)

. , , .
.
, . , ( ),

141

( ) (
). , . (
,
).
(3.10)
. [ (3.9), ].
) .
() :

d2
4

Ai =
(3.10) :
Q=

d2i
4
vi =

(3.11)

v i =
4Q
d2i

(3.11)

(3.11) ,
. , , .
4
887 Kg/m3 3.3.
2 in, 3 in, 1,5 in. .
7 m3/h,
.
:
:
= 887 Kg/m3

dA = 2 in = 0,0508 m
dB = 3 in = 0,0762 m
. 3.3.
d = d = 1,5in = 0,0381 m
QA = Q = 7 m3/h = 7/3600 m3/s
Q = Q
A =m
B =m
+m
.
: m

( ): QA = QB = Q + Q
(3.11)
:

d2i
4Q
Q=
v i = v A =
/ s.
m/s
v A = 0,959 m
4
d2A

142

d2B
: Q =
vB vB = 0,426 m/s
4

Q = Q = Q/2 v = v = 0,853 m/s

(

):
m
= Q m
i = i Q
=m =m
V
Q
A =m
B = 6209 Kg / h =1,725 K
m
Kg/s
=m
= 3104,5 Kg / h = 0,862 K
m
Kg/s
5
3.3 18 cm,
12 m/s. 6 cm, : )
. ) Kg . )
.
:
:
v2 = 12 m/s
d1 = 18 cm = 0,18 m, d2 = 6 cm = 0,06 m
: v1, m/10 min, .
) 2:
d22
Q=
v 2 = Q = 0,0339 m3/s (= 122 m3/h)
4
1:

2
1
. 3.3.

4Q
v1 =1,33 m / s
d12
2
d12
d22
v1 d 2
[ : Q =
v1 =
v2
= v1 = v 2 / 9 =1,33m / s]
4
4
v 2 d1
v1 =

) ( ) ,
:
V = Q t V= 0,0339 m3/s 600 s V= 20,34 m3
= 1000 Kg/m3
m = V m =20.340 Kg
) Reynolds: Re = v1 d1/v
,
(. 1.2.12) = 10-3 Kg/ms v = / = 10-6 m2/s
: Re = 2,4 105. .
6
60 m/s, 10 bar 900C -

143

1 bar 330C (. 3.3). , . (

: p = R T R = 0,287 KJ/KgK).

A1

A2
. 3.3.

:
(3.9):

= 1 v1 A1 = 2 v 2 A 2 v 2 = v1
m

1 A1

(1)
2 A 2

,
:
p = R T p/ = R T = p/(R T)
(p1 = 10 bar = 1000 KPa, T1 = 900 C = 1173 K) 1 = 2,97 Kg/m3
(p2 = 1 bar = 100 KPa, T2 = 330 C = 603 K) 2 = 0,578 Kg/m3
(1): v2 = 716 m/s
) .
,
. ,
. (. 3.1.5),
( y ). ( 3.9 3.11)
.
dA, : v dA,
: v . ,
.
, :
= dA
m

(3.9) v:
v=

m
A

1
A

v r dA

(3.12)

.
( ,
).
3.4 .
( ),
. .
3.4.1 .
, ( ) (
).

144

: .
,
.
) .
v :

v2
E = m
2
dm dt,
v. :
v2
E = dm
2
m v.
, :

E dm v 2
v2

=
E , = m
dt
dt 2
2

v2

2
SI J/s = W KJ/s =KW.
( )
. :
E , v 2
=

m
2

SI J/Kg = m2/s2 KJ/Kg.

:
E ,
v2
=
g
m
2g
SI J/ = KJ/KN = m.
. .
:

E ,
Q

E ,
v2
=
/
m
2

SI J/m3 = N m/m3 =Pa KJ/m3 = KPa.

.
,
.
(KJ/s = KW), (KJ/Kg),
(m) (KPa)
. , ,
.

145

) .
. dm
:
, = dm g y1
g: y1 .
.
:
:
gy
E
=m
(W, KW)
,

:
,/m = g y1
:
,/mg = y1
:
,/V = y1

(J/Kg, KJ/Kg)
(m)
(Pa, KPa)

) .
( ),

. (
, .
).
,
u ( SI J/Kg KJ/Kg).
dm, :
U = dm u
(u = cvT).
(
), ,
, . , , ,
, . .
) .
,

.
,
. (
). .

3.4, F1 v1

F2
p2
ds 1

F1
p1

dA1
. 3.4.

dA2

146

: F1 = p1 dA
dt : ds = v1 dt
: Wp1 = F1 ds = p1 dA1 ds1 = p1 dV1
: dV1 dt.
( ):

p
=p Q W
=m
dV1 = Q1 dt Wp1 = p1 Q1 dt W
1
p1
1
p1
1

(KW).
:

w=

p
= p (KJ/Kg)

, p/ ( ).
,
: h = u + p/ = u + p
,
p (KJ/m3 = KPa) : p/ (KJ/KN = m).
, . , (
)
: Wp2 = F2 ds = p2 dA2 ds2 = p2 dV2
: Wp = p1 dA1 ds1 p2 dA2 ds2 =
p1 dV1 - p2 dV2
(flow work).
.
, . ,
, . (
), ,
. , W
( ).
.
( ) ,
,
.
.
,
(.. , Wp) (.. , Wt).
) .
, .
, .

147

.
,
. ( , , , ..). (
).
, ,
.
3.4.1 .
3.4.1
.

/t

E/m

E/B

E/V

J
KJ

W
KW

J/Kg
KJ/Kg*

Pa
KPa

* :
m2/s2 = J/Kg

v2
m
2

v2

m
2

v2
2

v2
2g

v2

mgy

gy
m

gy

mu

u
m

mw

w
m

w
=h
g

mq

q
m

q
g

u
g
p

pu

3.4.2 .
3.4.
1 y1, v1 p1. 2 (y2, v2
p2 ).

v2
p2
( = ), :
.
dQ

= E +E
+W

+dQ

E 1 +E 1 +U
1
p1
2
2 +U 2 + Wp2 +dW

U
)+(W
W
) = dW
dQ
( 1 E 2 ) +( E 1 E 2 ) +( U
1
2
p1
p2

:
dW

= dQ

dE +dE +dU+dWp

.
dW

p1
v1

y2

y1
. 3.4.

148

v2
p
m
dW

g y) + d(m
u) + d m
1 = dQ
+ d(m

d
:

dW

(v dv + g dy + du + p d + dp ) = dQ
m

(3.13)

, v , y , u , p ,
: m
( ) dW

( = 1/), dQ
( ).
(3.13) .
(
), :

v 22 v12
p
p

+ g ( y 2 y1 ) + ( u2 u1 ) + 2 1 = Q
W
2

2
2

(3.14)

: (3.13) (3.14)
:
:
= E + W
W
E E = Q

E 1 +Q
2
2
1
2

v
hi + 1 + g y i : E i = m

, Q (

) W
( ). :
h = u+p = u+ p

(: u , p , , ).

,
. ,

( )
.
, .
3.4.3 Bernoulli.
.
: 1 = 2 = (3.14) :

v2 v2
p p
W

2 1 + g (y 2 y1 ) + (u 2 u1 ) + 2 1 = Q
m

(3.14)

0), ( Q

(u2 u1 0). ( ,
).

149

(3.14),
:

p p 2 v12 v 22

1
m
+
+ g ( y1 y 2 ) = W
2

(3.15)

( , , )
.
(3.15)
( SI W KW).
(3.15) , , (J/Kg KJ/Kg):
p1 p 2

v12 v 22
2

+ g (y1 y 2 ) = w

(3.15)

(3.15) (
),
. (SI: J/m3 = N m/m3
= N/m2=Pa KJ/m3 = KPa):
v 2 v 22
+ (y1 y 2 ) = p w
(p1 p 2 ) + 1
(3.15)
2
( ), (3.15)
=m
g ), :
(B
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h

2g

(3.16)

( SI :
J/N = N m/N = m KJ/KN = m). .
(3.16), p1 p2
v 2 v 22
, (, ), 1
2g
(y1 y 2 ), ,
1 2. h
, .
ht (.. ), ,
hp ( ),
(3.16):
p1 p 2

v12 v 22
2g

+ (y1 y 2 ) = h+ h t hp

(3.16)

: h = 0.
( ).
(..

150

1 2 ),
h 0. (3.10)
:

p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = 0

2g
:
p1

v12
2g

+ y1 =

p2

v 22
2g

+ y 2 =

(3.16)

Bernoulli ( 1738):
,
,
.
Bernoulli.
3.4.4 .
) .
, (3.16), (3.16) (3.16)
. .
O p/ ( ) (pressure
head).
O v2/2g ( ) , (velocity head).
y ( )
(elevation head).
, (total head):
H=

p v2
+
+y
2g

(3.17)

, (3.16) :
p1 v12
p 2 v 22
(3.18)
+ y1 + h p =
+
+
+ y 2 + h + h t
2g
2g
(3.17):
1 + hp = 2 + h + ht

(3.18)

.
Bernoulli :

1 = 2 = .

1 = 2 + h

:
1 = 2 + h + ht hp
, h , ht hp .

151

) .
,
y , () ( ) .
p/ .
,
(. 3.4). p/, ()
( ).
.
. : pab = p + p
,
, ( Pitot, . 3.4), . p/
v2/2g (. . 3.5.3, 11). p/, v2/2g.

p/ + v2/2g

p/

. 3.4.

. 3.4.

Pitot.

: y , p/ , v2/2g
Pitot.

. ,
.
(y + p/) ( ) . (. 3.4).
,
. (. 3.4, 3.4).
(3.18) .
3.4
Bernoulli.
, .
, . (
).

152
p v2
H= + + y
2g
pi
i + yi

v i2
2g

p
+y

H=

p v2
+
+y
2.g
h23
hp

h12

ht
h34

pi
i

yi
1

. 3.4.

i
. 3.4.

3.4 (
2) ( 3). hp ht,
h12, h23 h34 .
. ,
3.4, 1-2
(12=h12).
, , . 2 (2'=2+hp). 2-3
(2' 3=h23). 3,
(3 3'=ht). , 3-4: 3' 4=h34. 1 4:
14 = h14 hp+ ht
3.4.5 .
, 3.3:

v=

m
1
= v dA
A A A

,
.
( ),
.
( 3.9),
. ,
.
:
2, 3, 4 5. : (2+3+4+5)/4 = 3,5.
, 3,52=12,25. : (22+32+42+52)/4=13,5.
v 2 v 2 (: v 2 v 2

153

). , . , .

:
2
(3.19)
=v 2
v
, ( 3.16) :
p1 p 2 1v12 2 v 22
+
+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h + h t h p

2g

(3.20)

.

( ,
).
, 2: = 2.

: = 1,13 = 1,04.
Reynolds.
Re = 104 = 1,10, Re = 105 = 1,05, Re = 106 = 1,04.
,
, ,
, = 1.
7
10 cm .
1,0 cm :

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

(m/s)

0,00

2,05

2,35

2,53

2,63

2,67

.
:
. 3.4
1 cm
.
() [
, (0+2,05)/2, (2,05+2,35)/2 ..].
(3.12) 1
: v = v :
A
= (r2 r2).

0
2,05
2,35
2,53
2,63
2,67
. 3.4.

154

: v = 1,9 m/s
Reynolds: Re = v d/ = 1,9 105.
: = 1,05.
: , .

3.4.6 : .
, .
.
. ,
, , .
,
.
, . ,
(
), ,
.
:
dW = F ds
:
dW = d
, , :
P = dW/dt
dW , :
P=Fv
P=

(: ).
( ) ( 3.13 3.15) ( ).
P () W
, , (h) (hp)
(ht). :
h = W/B W = h B = h m g = h V g = h V
P = W/t = h V /t
: V/t = Q, :
P=Qh

(3.21)

( ,
g h)
: P = m

155

(3.21) ( Q ).
(3.21) :
Pp = Q hp

(3.21)

Pp ( ). P.
, p:
p = Pp/P
P = Q hp/p

(3.21)

:
Pt = Q ht

(3.21)

.
t (t=Pt/Pt),
:
Pt = t Q ht
(3.21)
SI W (J/s).
KW (J/s).
3.5 .
3.5.1 Torricelli.
1643 Torricelli , , :
, :
v = 2 g h

(3.22)

h .
.
, Torricelli
( Bernoulli) : , ,
.
, Torricelli ( ). , n (
). (3.22) :
v = n 2 g h

(3.22)

8
,
h = 5 m, .
. 0,90;

156

:
A. ( ),
, :

v =

v A
Q

= A = vA
0
A A

(1) 2 ( 1-2 . 3.5).

(), Bernoulli (3.16):

p1 v12
p2 v 22
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2
2g
2g
v1 = 0, p1 = p2 = p, y1 y2 = h, : y1 =

v 22
+ y 2 v = max = 2 g h
2g

: vmax = 9,9 m/s.

: v = n vmax = 8,91 m/s
: , .
( Bernoulli)
, .
9
20 m/s 45
. ,
;
:
0-1-2 3.5
(: 1 2
0).
:

po = p1 = p2 = patm

v 0 vox voy:

vox = vo cos45 = 14,14 m/s

voy = vo sin45 = 14,14 m/s
,
,

(vx = vox) , 1
= g.
1:
v1y = 0 v1 = vx = 14,14 m/s

. 3.5.
1
vo

y
2

45

x
. 3.5.

157

Bernoulli 0 1 :

p1 v12
p
v2
+
+ y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2
2g
2g
y=

v 20 v12
y =10,2 m
2g

x1
. :
v1y = v0y g t = 0 t = 1,44 s
x1 = vx t = 20,38 m x2 = 40,76
3.5.2 Venturi.
Venturi (. 3.5) ( ,
) 1 2
( ).
. (
3 : 1 3, ).
10
Venturi 3.5 10 cm 6 cm,
.
1 = 70 cm 2 = 10 cm, . 3 =
66 cm, ;
:
: d1 = 0,10 m, d2 = 0,06 m, p1/ = z1 = 0,70 m, p2/ = z2 =0,10 m.
(3.16) 1 2:

p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h

2g

(1)

: y1 y2 = 0. (h = 0), :

p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
=0

2g

(1)

v 22 v12 p1 p2

=
2g

1 2
Q:
(2)

v1 =

4Q
d12

v2 =

4Q
d22

(1) ,
Q. Q:

z1
1

z3

z2
2
. 3.5.

Venturi.

158
2

4Q 4Q
p1 p2

2 2 = 2g

d2 d1
Q = 0,0104 m3/s = 37,43 m3/h
(2) v1 = 1,32 m/s
. :
1 3, :
p1 p3
= h13 h13 = 0,04 m

12 (h12 =0,02 m), (1) , : Q = 36,8 m3/h :

v1 = 1,30 m/s.
3.5.3 .
(. 3.1.6)

( ).
.
11
3.5 18 Km/h.
( = 1025 Kg/m3).
:
P/ = 6 m, = g = 10 KN/m3
v = 18 Km/h = 5 m/s
yA = yB, vA = 0
: . , v.

(Bernoulli), .
Bernoulli ,
( v) :

p A v 2A
p
v2
+
+ y A = B + B + yB
2g
2g
6m

p
p
v2
p
A = B + B A = 7,37m

2g

pA = 73,7 KPa
(
).
175 KPa.

v
B

. 3.5.

159

3.5.4 Pitot.
Pitot (. 3.4.4).

:
p v2
+
2g
y, .
Pitot ( ),
(. 3.5).
12
0,83 3.5 d1=3 in d2=4 in.
,
2 .
:
: d1 = 3 in = 0,0762 m d2 = 4 in = 0,1016 m

h = 4 in = 0,1016 m = 0,83 = 1000 Kg/m3.

Bernoulli 1 2:
p/ + v2/2g

p1 v12
p
v2
+
+ y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2
2g
2g

: y1 = y2 v1=0 ( ), :

p1 p 2 v 22
=

2g

:
p1 +h = h + p2 p1 p2 = h ( )

(2)

v2
2g

(1) :

v2
m/s
/s
= 2 v 2 = 0,64 m
h

2g

. 3.5.

Pitot.

Q=

d22
v 2 Q = 0,0052 m3/s = 18,7m3/h
4

3.5.5 .
. . .

4 in

. 3.5.

160

.
, (
).
.
.

1
20 m

A
2
B

. 3.5.
13

20 m, 10 cm (. 3.5).
: h = 10 v2/g : v .
.

:
( 3.16) :
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h

2g
: v1 = v2 = 0 ( ),
y1 y2 = 20 m, p1= p2= patm :
y1 y2 = h h = 20 m
h = 10v2/g v2 = h g/10 v = 4,43 m/s
, :

d22
3
3
Q=
v Q = 0,0348 m /s = 125m /h
4
3.5.6 .
,
( , ..). , . ,
. , .
, hp.
(3.16) hp (ht = 0) :
hp =

p 2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ ( y 2 y1 ) + h
2g

(3.23)

(. 3.4.6), :
Pp = Q hp

(3.21)

,
( , ),
(.. ), (.. ) . (
).

161

14
2
1 bar 2 m3/min
1
6 bar (. 3.5). 20 cm
. 8 cm , 7
cm. ,
,
. 3.5.
.
,
800 Kg/m3;
:
:
p1 = 1 bar = 100 KPa, p2 = 6 bar = 600 KPa, y2 y1 = 0,2 m
d1 = 8 cm = 0,08 m, d2 = 7 cm=0,07 m
Q = 1 m3/min = 1/60 m3/s , = 1000 Kg/m3, ' = 800 Kg/m3
1 2,
:

vi =

4Q
v1 = 3,32 m s , v 2 = 4,33 m s
d12

(3.23):
hp =

p 2 p1

v 22 v12
2g

+ (y 2 y1 ) + h =

= (50,97 + 0,39 + 0,20 + 0,0) m

hp = 51,56 m
Pp = Q hp Pp = 8,43 KW
, (
). (
) ( ):
' = 'g = 7,848 KN/m2 hp' = 64,3 m Pp' = 8,41 KW
,

( , 99%). ,
.

.
15
3.5

2
B
15 m
1
A

. 3.5.

162

150 m3/h. ( ) 5 in. 8 m, 70%,

.
:
: 1 ( )
2 ( ). :
y2 y1 = 15 m
d2 = 5 in = 0,127 m
p1 = p2 = p
Q = 150 m3/h = 0,0417 m3/s
h = 8 m
v1 = 0

= 9,81 KN/m2
v2 :

v2 =

4Q
v 2 = 3,29 m / s
d22

(3.23) hp:
hp =

p 2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ (y 2 y1 ) + h

2g

hp = (0+0,55+15+8) m hp = 23,55 m
( 63,7% ,
2,3% 34% ).
(3.21): Pp = Q hp Pp = 9,63 KW
: Pp/P = 0,70 P = 13,76 KW
. .
(3.16) 3.4.3:
ht =

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
+ ( y1 y 2 ) h

2g

Pt = Q ht

(3.24)
(3.21)

3.6 .
1. 60C
, F.
20C ,
;
[v20 = 0,47 v60]
2. 2 cm

163

60 C 1 m/s, .
[ = 2,35 10-2 N/m2 ]
3. 10 Kg 0,2 m2, 3.6. , 1 mm 0,30
N s/m2. .
[0,056 m/s ]
4. 10C 1 m/s, . ( ) 60 cm,
;
[ : x = 0,68 m > 0,60 m ]
5. 8 cm 150 10-3 Kg/ms 900 Kg/m3.
;
20 C;
[79 m3/h, 0,48 m3/h]
6. 6 in 1,5 in.
90 m3/h, Reynolds
. ;
[1,37 m/s 2,1105, 21,9 m/s 8,3105 ]
7. 3.6 800 kg/m3.
. A1 = 0,2 m2, A2 = 0,3 m2, A3 = 0,2
m2, v1 = 2 m/s, v3 = 4 m/s, 1 3 9 m
12 m , .
[4 m/s, 11 m]
8. 5 in 20 m 45 . 180 m3/s. :
h = 2 v2/g.
: )
v
, ) , ) .
[) 169 KPa, ) 107 KPa, ) 138 KPa]
9.

.
10.
10 m, 8 cm.
h = 8 v2/g,
m3/h.
.
[Q = 63,4 m3/h]
11. 3 in, 90
m3/s (. 3.6).

20o
. 3.6.

2
1

. 3.6.

164

. 0,4 v2/g,
(:
). .
, ;
[pAB = 2,1 KPa, pB= 26,1 KPa]
12. 2 m 2 cm. 1,5 L/s. ; ,
; ( ).
[1,16 m]
13. ,
11,5 m. ( ).
[15 m/s]
14. 3.6
, . ; ( ).
[0,133 m, 1,62 m/s ]
15. 1100 Kg/m3 , 1,4 bar. 2 m 4 cm . , .
: ) )
. 0,80.
[) 10,47 m/s, ) 37,9 m3/h]

17. 3.6, 2 cm,

900 Kg/m3.
,
: )
) Kg 1 .
[) 94,2 KPa, ) 47,5 Kg ]
18. 20C 0,84 12 cm, 1 Km 75 m3/h.
, 3,3 atm.
15 m .
hf .
[hf =18,3 m, v2/2g = 0,173 m]

. 3.6.

h
30 cm

16.
30. 3 m.

; (
).
[15,4 m/s, 10,47 m ]

40 cm

. 3.6.

0,4 m
0,4 m

. 3.6.

165

19. 3.6 (d1 = 10 cm, d2 = 6 cm).

1 2 .
[21,67 m3/h ]
20. 3.6 (d1=10 cm, d2=6 cm) 0,015 m3/s.
h
.
0,2 m
[h = 0, v = 1,9 m/s, v = 5,3 m/s]
21. Pitot 3.6 . h.

. 3.6.

[h = 0,37 m]
22.
3.6 3 in, : ) ,
) 0,85. .
[2,5 m/s 41,1 m3/h, 2,7 m/s 44,9 m3/h]

23. 3.6 (d1 = 10 cm, d2 = 6 cm)

20C. 0,83. p1=170 KPa,
2 .

h
1

37 cm
2

. 3.6.

25. 700 hp,

150 psi, 300 F
100 ft/s. .
40 psi 35 F.
6 in,
SI (R
= 287 KJ/KgK, cp =1005 KJ/KgK).
[74,37 m/s, 169 KW]
26. 30 m3/s
,
100 m .
2 m/s.
20 m. .
[23.145 KW]

. 3.6.

[169,35 KPa, 0,658 m3/s]

24. 150 m . 30 cm
: h=2 v2/g.
( )
5 m/s.
70%, .
[348 KW]

1 in

. 3.6.

2
8 cm

. 3.6.

166

27. 70%,
5 bar 10
bar, 30 m3/h. 2 m
.
3 m,
.
[56 m, 6,53 KW]

2
15 m

1
A

. 3.6.

28. 200 m /h,

6 m .
2 bar. hf =
7,5v2 2 /(2g), 10 cm,
.
[19,2 KW]
29. 3.6 12 W.
5 in. ,
: h = 6 v2/g (v );
[200,8 m3/s ]

KE 4

4.1
4.2
4.3

168

4.1 .
4.1.1 .
(
), :
, , .. ( ). ,
, . (
),
.

.
.
Reynolds (. 3.1.4),
(. 3.1.6). ,
,
, . ( ,
), .

. .
() . , ,
.
, . ,
.
() .
. , .

. , .
, ,
.
4.1.2 .
,
, . ,
, (. ),
. , = 9,807 m (: m ),
45, SI,
.
lb. , (.
) .

169

, ,
(. 1.3), .
, . , SI , ,
(. 1.3.1).
, : ,
. ( ) ,
. ,
. .
, L,
s, l, y, x ... SI
(m), CGS cm ... M m ,
t ,
.
, , ( ). , , L/T = L T 1, , L/T2= L T2,
, Newton
, : M L/T2= M L T2. ,
G :
[G]=L M T

(4.1)

: [G] G , , , , (, ).
,
.
.
() (.. ).
, ( ) ,
. ,
, .
.
4.1.1
.
4.1.1
.

SI

L, l, s, x, y

kg

L2

, S

m2

L3

m3
()

170

SI

ML

kg/m3

L T-1

m/s

LT

, g

m/s2

rad

rad/s

-2

T-1

MLT

F, B

N ( = Kg m s-2)

M L-2 T-2

N/m3 ( = Kg m-2 s-2)

M L-1 T-2

p, ,

Pa ( = Kg m-1 s-2)

M L T-1

Kg m/s

M L2 T-2

E, Q, W

J ( = Kg m2 s-2)

M L2 T-3

P, Q,

W ( = Kg m2 s-3)

M T-1

Kg/s

L3 T-1

m3/s

M L-1 T-1

N s/m2 ( = Kg m-1 s-1)

L2 T-1

m2/s

M T-2

N/m ( = Kg s-2)

L2 T-2 -1

cp, cv

J/(KgK) ( = m2 s-2 K-1)

-2

171

:
(p1 p 2 ) +

v12 v 22
2

+ (y1 y 2 ) = p w

(3.15)

:
(M L2 T-3)/(L3 T-1) = M L-1 T-2
, (3.15) (/t),
(3.16):
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
(3.16)
+
+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h

2g
:
(M L2 T-3)/(M L T-2/) = L
, .
. , , , .
1
1890 Robert Manning,
, .
Manning (BG):

v=

1, 49 2/3 1/2
R S
n

: R , S ( ) n
( Manning).
) ;
) SI;
:
) : L/T = L T-1.
: L2/3 ( S n ).
, .
) 1,49 :
1,49 = n v R-2/3 S-1/2
: (L T-1) (L-2/3) = L1/3 T-1.
1,49 , : L1/3T-1.
( ) : 1,49 ft1/3/s.
SI, :
1,49 ft1/3 s = 1,49 (0,3048 m/ft)1/3/s = 1 m1/3/s

172

SI Manning : v =

1 2/3 1/2
R S
n

: m/s m.
: ( Manning, ),
.

4.1.4 .
, ( ),
, .
(3.16) h :

p1 p2 v12 v 22 (y1 y 2 )
+
+
=1
h 2 g h
h
.
. . , , (
), .
( ).
.

. , ,
,
Reynolds:

Re =

F
F

m
v 2 L2
Lv
=
Re =
(dv / dy) A
vL

: L ( ), v .
, Froude (
), Weber ( ), Mach ( ) ...
4.1.2 .
4.1.2
.

Reynolds

Re, NRe

Froude

Fr, NFr

Lv
v2

Lg

.
()

173

Weber

We, We

Euler

Eu, NEu

Mach

cp/cv

Peclet

Pe, NPc

Prandtl

Pr, NPt

Brinkman

Br, NBr

Nusselt

Nu, NNu

Lv 2
p

kT

cp

cv

vLc p
cp
v 2
hL

(v 2 )

174

, : ,
, ( ), .
, . ,
. ,
. ,
.
:
) ,
, . ,
.
) :
Q = f (Q1, Q2,... Qk)

(4.2)

: Q1, Q2,... Q k , () Q k
.
) ,
. ( , ) :
G = (G1, G2, ... Gn)

(4.3)

: n (n<k) G, G1, G2,... Gn, .

) ( )
.
(
), () .
4.1.6 Rayleigh.
( ). Rayleigh
1879. , Buckingham, .
Rayleigh
:
Q = C Q1a Q2b Qkk

(4.4)

: C , Q, Q1, Q2, ... Qk a, b, ... k, .

(4.4) Q ,
(4.4) :
Q = Q1a Q b2 Q kk G i

(4.4)

: Gi, .
C a, b, ... k,
. , -

175

, ,
.
(4.4) :
[Q]=[ Q1]a [Q2]b [Qk]k

(4.5)

j ( j = 3: L, M, T), (4.5),
a, b, ..., k:
,
.
, a, b, ..., k. , . , ,
.
:
2 ( Torricelli)
. h ,
(. 4.1). ( ).
:
1. : v
g, h ,
, .
2. : ,
( 4.1.1):
v: LT-1.
g: LT-2.
h: L
: ML-3.
3. :
v = C ga hb c
4. : , :
L T-1=(L T-2)a Lb (M L-3)c L T-1= La+b-3c Mc T-2a
:
L: 1 = a + b 3c
M: 0 = c
T: 1 = 2a
:
a = 1/2, b = 1/2, c = 0

, :
v2
v = C g1/2 h1/2 = C g h
= C2
gh

2
A
. 4.1.

176

C. ( , ),
C2 = 2.
: ,
. ,
, , m , :

1
mg = mv 2 v = 2gh
2
(. . 3.5.1, Torricelli).

,
. ,
.
3 ( )
, FD (.
3.1.6), 4.1.
D ,
v ,
. ,

;

v
FD
. 4.1.

:
1. : :
FD, d, v, ,
2. : ( )
:

FD

L M T-2

M L-3

M L-1 T-1

L T-1

3. : ( Rayleigh)
:
FD = C da vb c d

(1)

4. : 5: a, b, c, d C.
(1) :
L M T-2 =La (L T-1)b (M L-3)c (M L-1 T-1)d
L M T-2 = La+b-3c-d Mc+d T-b-d
:
L: 1 = a+b3cd

(2)

177

M: 1 = c+d
T: 2= b d
3 4 . ,
( a, b, c) (d):
a=2d
b=2d
c=1d
(1) :
FD = C d2-d v2-d 1-d d

FD =C d2 d-d v2 v-d 1 -d d

FD =C d2 v2 1 (d-1 v-1 -1 )d

(3)
FD = C d v

v d
5. :
Reynolds:
Re = vd/
2

:
= d2/4 d2 = 4/
(3) :

FD = 4C A v 2 Re -d

(4)

(4) . .
( 3),
FD . . FD .
, ( 4.4):

Ci Reidi

FD = A v 2

(5)

: Ci di .
CD:

Ci Redii = f (Re)

CD = 2

(6)

(3.7) 3.1.6:
v2

(7)
A
2
: CD = f (Re), , (. . 3.1.6).
FD = CD

: v2/2 . CD (5).

4.1.7 Buckingham.

178

. Buckingham 1914, ,
, .
,
, ,
:
k=nj

(4.6)

: k , n () j
.
, j=3.
, .
:
f (Q1, Q2,... Qn) = C

(4.7)

: Q1, Q2,... Qn C, .
: Q1aQ2bQkn. j ,
j n . j
, k (n j = k). , k ,
(4.7):
(1, 2, ..., k) = C
(4.8)
i :
i = Q1a Q2b Qkn

(4.9)

2 , (v, g, h) (L, T). :

k = n j = 3 2 = 1, . , :
1/2

v2
v = C gh

gh

=C

= v2 g-1 h-1.
3, (FD, d, v, , ),
(L, M, T). : k = n j = 53 = 2, . , :
d

F
v d

FD = C d v
2 D 2

v d
d v
2

1=

FD
d v2
2

2=

=C

v d
= Re

Buckingham,

179

.
, ( ) .
, , 4.1.2.
, .
4 ( )

, . ,
, .
:
1. :
:
p, d l , () v, . n = 6.
:
f (p, l, d, v, , ) = C

(1)

2. :
:

ML-1T-2

LT-1

ML-3

ML-1T-1

(L, M, T): j = 3.
3. :
:
k = n j = 63 = 3
4. :
. 1, 2 3
. , Rayleigh, Buckingham.
4. Rayleigh: 3, :
p l d v = C

(2)

:
(M L-1 T-2) L L (L T-1) (M L-3) (M L-1 T-1) = 0
L-+++-3- M++ T-2-- = L M T
:

180

L: + + + 3 = 0
M: + + = 0
: 2 = 0
, , , :
= 2 + +
=++
=
(2) :
p l d v-2++ -++ -- = C
p l d v-2 v v - - - = C
(p v-2 -1) (l v -1) (d v -1) = C

p 1 v

2
v
:

d v

=C

p 1 d v

2
v d

=C

(3)

3, ,
(3), :

p 1 d v

,
,
= C
2
d

(4)

4. Buckingham: 1, 2 3 :
(1, 2, 3) = C

(5)

:
= p l d v

(6)

( 4):
L-+++-3- M++ T-2-- = L M T
( 4):
+ + + 3 = 0
(7)
++=0
(7)
2 = 0
(7)
, :
=1, = 0, = 0 = 2, = 1, = 0
(6), :

1=

p
( Euler)
v2

181

() :
= 0, = 1, = 0 = 1, = 0, =
:

1
d
3:
2=

= = 0, =1 = 1, = 1, = 1

3 =
:

dv
( Reynolds)

p 1 d v

,
,
= C
2
v d

(8)

p = C v 2 F ,Re
d

(8)

4.1.8 .
1: , ,
. = 0, = 1,
= 0 (7).
2: , . , : = = 0, = 1 , : = 1, = 2, = 2 :

4 =

p l2
2

, :
4 = 1 22/32.
= 1, = 1, = 0 = 1, = 0, = 1

5=

p l
=1 2 3
v

...

:
.
.
.
, , , .
3: , , 3 , .
(7). , ,
Reynolds Euler. ,
Reynolds (Re = vd/), , , (6) ,

182

= Re. : = 0, = 0, = 1, = 1, = 1, = 1.
.
( (7), :
= Re).
, Euler [Eu = p/(v2)], () : = 1, = = 0,
= 2, = 1, = 0.
,
, : , . , ,
.
,
. .
, . , ,
, j.
. (n j = k),
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
, ,
.
5 ( )
h d , g, , (.
4.1). ) . ) h = 3 cm ,
h ,
, , ,
;
:
) .
1. :
h = f (d, g, , , )
(1)
n = 6 .
2. :
( )
h L
d L
g L-2
ML-3
MT-2.

d
h

. 4.1.

183

3. ( ): :
k=nj=63=3
: 3 = ( ).
4. .
: d, g, .
:
1 =

(2)

h
2 = h(dagbc) (L)(LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = LMT b = c = 0, a = 1 2 =
d

(3)

3 = (dagbc) (M T-2)(LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = LMT a = 2, b = 1, c = 1

3 =
:

gd2

(4)

h
,
= f2
2
d
gd

(5)

(. 1.2.6) (1.17),
:
h

cos
=2
d
g d2
( ).
)

h1
= f2 1 2 ,1
d1
gd2

h2
= f2 2 2 ,2
d2
2gd2

d2 = d1/2, 2 = 1/2, 2 = 21, 1 = 2

h2
= f2 2 2 2 ,2 =
d2
gd2

1 1
h
2
1

,
= f2
h2 = 1, 5cm
1 =
21g 1 d12
d1

4
: .

6 ( )
wf , L
d , ,
v, (. 4.1).
.

d
, ,
L
. 4.1.

184

:
wf ( ), [/m]=L2 T-2
1. :
wf = f1 (L ,d ,v, , , ).

(1)

2. :
:

:
:

L
d

v
wf

L
L
L
L T-1
L2 T-2
M L-3
M L-1 T-1.

3. ( ):
:
k = n j = 7 3 = 4
4. .
. ,
d ( ,
). L . v, wf . v
. . .
:
= da vb c LaLbT-bMcL-3c = L M T
a=b=c=0=0

:
1 = wf (da vb c)
L2 T-2 (La Lb T-b Mc L-3c) = L M T
La+b-3c+2Mc T-b-2 = L M T
a = 0, b = 2, c = 0 1=

wf
v2

2 = L (da vb c)
L(La Lb T-b Mc L-3c) = L M T
La+b-3c+1Mc T-b = L M T

(2)

185

a = 1, b = c = 0 2 =

L
d

(3)

3 = (da vb c)
L(LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = LMT La+b-3c+1McT-b =
= L M T a = 1, b = c = 0 3 =

(4)

4 = (da vb c)
M L-1 T-1 (LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = L M T
La+b-3c-1Mc+1T-b-1 = L M T
a = b = c = 1 4 =

vd

(5)

4 :

4 =

vd

vd
= Re

(5)

(1) :

wf
L

= f2 , ,Re
2
v
d d

(6)

: : wf = ghf, hf ( , . . 3.4.3).
(6) :

g hf
v2

= f2 , ,Re
d d

hf =

v2
L

f2 , ,Re
g
d d

(6)

( )
, .
4.2 .
4.2.1 .
. (640-546 ..), ,
, , .

,
.

186

,
(, , , ..),
.
:
) : .
) , :
: .
: .
: .
) : .
) : .
,
, . .
,
() , .. .
, ,
. .
, ,
. , ,
.
;

. :
m= f (m1, m2,... mk)
p = f (p1, p2,... pk),
:
m1= p1, m2= p2,... mk= pk
, , .
: , .
4.2.2 .
.

( ,
). , .
( , ...)
.
:

Lm y m
=
=
Lp y p

(4.10)

187

30 m
3m
10
10

6m

0,6 m

()

()

. 4.2.

1:10.

Sm
= 2
Sp

(4.10)

Vm
= 3
Vp

(4.10)
d1:d2 = 4:1

d1:d2 = 3,5:1

d1:d2 = 3:1

. 4.2.
: ( ).

.
.
,
.
4.2 1:10 . ,
, :
Lm: Lp = 3:30 = 6: 0,6 = Lm: Lp = 1: 10.

10. .

, .
.
, 1:10 . ,
() ... , .
,
.
4.2, , .

188

. ,
, , .

1p

2p

v1p

1m

v2p

v1m=k . v1p
2m v2m=k . v2p

4.2.3 .
. 4.2.

:

,
.
(. )
, .
, .
, : ,
.
.
, .
,
4.2.
.
, , Froude (
, .
):

Frp =

v 2p
Lp g

v 2m
Lm g

= Frm

(4.11)

, . , :
(4.11)

Lm/Lp =

L
= m
v p L p

vm

(4.11)

(4.11)

:
Tm
Tp

Lm / v m
Lp / v p

, , , .
4.2.4 .
,
, . , o .

189

, .
. , .
,
:
Fi.
Fg .
Fp .
Ff.
F.
,
.
. , ,
(. 4.1.4, 4.1.2). .
:
) : , Reynolds
( ) Mach,
.
) : ( ),
, Reynolds.
(.. ) Reynolds,
Froude ( ) . Weber (
) Euler (
).
, Newton
() , ,
:

Fp + Fg + Ff = Fi
,
,
.
4.2 . Fpp
Fgp
Fip

Fpm
Ffp
Fim

()

()
. 4.2.

Fgm
Ffm

190

. , , Reynolds Froude ()
() . .
.
Reynolds Froude ,

. , ( ),
1/2 ( 4.11). Reynolds
:
Re p

v p Lp
p

3
1

v m Lm
v
L
Re m m m m 2 m 2 p
m
p
v p Lp

(4.12)

: m p .
() 1:10, :
= 0,1 3/2 = 0,0316 m = 0,0316 p
, , ,
3,16% , m =3,1610-8 m2/s.
. 1.2.11, ( ) 4 . , Reynolds
. .
Froude, .
, Reynolds

. Reynolds ( ) ( ).
,
, .
.
4.3 .

1. Q L,
:
3
Q = 3,09 L h 2
: h .
ft3/s L h ft. ) 3,09; )
3
SI;
[) L1/2 T -1, ) Q =1,71 L h 2 ]
2. ( ) :

hL =

522 K Q
d4

191

: hL ft, K , Q ft3/s d in.

) ; ) 522; )
SI;
[) , ) L2T, ) 2,3410-3 m2s ]
3. , (
Hazen-Williams):
0,54
dp
Q = 61,9 d2,63
dx
: d dp/dx .
. 61,9;
[L1,43M-0,53T0,06]
4. :
= h A T
Q
, ,
: Q
h .
,
:
1/4

h = 1, 42

L
: L, .
) h;
) ;
) 1,42;

[) -3, ) L1/4 -33/4]

5. : = y
: y .
;
[ , L-1 ]
6. ( )
:
) , v, L, cp
h

) d, , Q, h,
[) , ) ,
,...]
d Q
7. s
g t. s
g, t.
[s = C g t2]

192

8. ,
. .
[P = C Q H]
9. , F
v, d.
: F = f(d, v, ).
[F = C d v]
10. .
, .
p
[a 2 = f ]

11. (T) (m),

(l), (g) ().
, .
[2 = (l/g) f()]
12. P D,
, , Q.
.

P
Q
= f 3 ]
3
D
D
5

13. p, ,
D, , Q. .
p
Q
[ 2 2 = f 3 ]
D
D
14. F, , (D),
(), (), (Q) . F .

F
Q
= f 3 ]
2
D
D
4

15. . ()
(F), (),
(D) ().
.
D2
M
[
= f
]
DF
F
16. ,
, ,

193

. .

[Q = L g

3
2 H 2 f

1
g 2 H3/2 h
, ]

17. ,
, h, g .
) . ( , , g ). ) ;

[)

h
Tg

T g
h
= f , 2
= f ]
, )

18. H Q
, ,
g, h d .
.
h
Q2
[ 5 = f , ]
gd
d
19. , ,
, . .

2
v2
= f 3 2 , ]
dg
d g

20. , D, , ,
v .
.
P
v Dv v
[ 2 3 = f
,
, ]
D v
D
21. 20C. ,
Reynolds.
[v /v = 15,1]
22. 5,6 10-5 m2/s 6 in 250 m3/h.
1:3,
20C, ;
[2,04 m/s]
23. 200 m 35 (knots).
( m/s) 10 m, ;
[2,47 Knots = 0,35 m/s]

194

24. , :

Fm m
=
Fp p

v
m
v
p

L
m
L
p

1:30, 3 m/s
16 Kgf, ( KW) 15
m/s.
[52.974 KW]

KE 5


5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

196

5.1 .
T K . , ,
( ). T K,

. ,
( ).

: (
). .
, ,
: , . , , .
,
. . ,
.
( , ), ,
, .
, , ,
(, , , ,
, , ..).
, .
( ) ,
, , .
,
. , .
(: , ,
Mach 0,4).
, () .
, ,
.
.
:
) .
) , : Q = .
) , : = .
, ( ).
,
:
: (d), (L), ().
: (), (), ().
: (Q), (v).

197

: (y), (p), (v), (h, hf, hk),

(hp) (ht).

, (, ..). ,
.
5.2 .
) .
(. 3.1.4) ,
, : .
, . ,
(. 5.2).
, ,
, Reynolds:
vd
Re =
(5.1)

: v , d . Reynolds 2100 (Re < 2100), .

(2100 < Re < 4000 ).
Re (Re > 4000) .

. 5.2.

(5.1) ,
().
( ) d,
v (Re < 2100). ,
, ( , 2100 < Re < 4000).
, (Re > 4000),
,
( , . 3.1.5). .
, , Reynolds,
.
, .

198

. (
), Reynolds
2100, Re=10000.
. , Reynolds .
Reynolds , , . Reynolds
:
F
Re =
(5.1)
F
1
SAE 10, 20C, 8 cm, .
:
: d= d=0,08 m.
Reynolds : Re= Re=2100.
1.2.11 : =110-6 m2/s, =12010-6 m2/s.
vd
Re v
Re =
v=

d
v= 0,026 m/s
v= 3,15 m/s.
2
5 m/s 4 cm.
10 m/s, . ;
:
Reynolds 2100. , 4000:

Re 2100

v1 d
2100 95,3 10-6 m2/s

v2 d
4000 10-4 =100 10-6 m2/s

: 95,3 10-6 100 10-6 m2/s.

Re2 4000

) .
, 3.1.5,
L , ,
(. 5.2). L,
.
L , ,
: L= F (d, v, , ).

199

L/d Reynolds:
L
d

vd
= F( Re )
v

= F

(5.2)

:
:
L
d

(5.2)

0, 06 Re

p
p

:
L
d

4, 4 Re

(5.2)

: (5.2), :
1
L
0,693 Re 4
d

. 5.2.

(Latzko)

:
L = (25~40) d

(Nikuradse)

, (
Re = 2.100): L,max = 126 d.
, L/d 18 95.
3
3 cm 20 m , 3,5 m/s.
( ).
:
:

d = 0,03 m, L = 20 m,
v = 3,5 m/s,
= 10-6 m2/s ( 1.2.11).
: L
v d
Re =
Re = 105000 = 1,05 10 5

. (5.2):
L/d =4,4 Re1/6 L/d = 30,2 L=0,91 m
L
( , 4,5%).
,
. 5.2,
( ) ,

200

p. 5.2
.
, ,
.
, .

. 5.2.

( ): ) . ) .

) .
L, .
, .
, (. 3.1.5),
.
u r , :
u=0
r = R ( ):
u = umax
r = 0 ( ):
,
. , ,
:

r2
(5.3)
u = umax 1 2
R
,
. , :

r
u u max 1
R

(5.3)

: n 1/9 1/5: 1/9 n 1/5.

, v,
:

m
v=
A
:
v=

1
A

A u dA

(5.4)

201

: v = 0,5 umax
: 0,5umax < v 0,8umax
,
, v.

A
B
p1 _ p2

)
.
d,
, v ( ).
(
),

(. 5.2). (
)
.
,

1 2,
, r R (. 5.2):

, Fp1:

p1

p2

p3

. 5.2.

Fp1

Fp2
F
. 5.2.

Fp1 = p1 A = r2 p1
, , Fp2 :
Fp2 = p2 A = r2 p2
, , F,
:
F = =2 r L12
( ),
:
Fp1 Fp2 F = 0 R2 (p1 p2) = 2 r L12
p1 p 2 = 2

L 12
r

(5.5)

( ),
, L12. ,
. , , . ,
, .

202

( r=0). ,
, ,
(. . 3.1.4):

= ( + E) dv

dy

: .
5.3 .
, : ( ) ( Bernoulli).
(. 3.3 3.4).
.
5.3.1 .
, Q
:
Q = Ai vi =
(5.6)
: Q , vi Ai i .
() : = d2/4 :
Q=

d2i

v i =
4
, :
vi =

4Q
d2i

(5.7)

(5.7)

,
. Q,
. , ,
. , ,
.
4
5.3 6105 m2/s, 180
3
m /h. : d1= 4 in, d2= 7 in, d3= 2 in.
1, 2 3.
:
:
:
(5.5)

d1= 4 in = 0,1016 m, d2= 7 in = 0,1778 m, d3= 2 in = 0,0508 m

Q= 180 m3/h = 180/3600 m3/s = 0,05 m3/s, = 7105 m2/s
v1, v2, v3,
v1 = 1,54 m/s
v2 = 0,50 m/s
v3 = 6,17 m/s

203

,
Q
Reynolds:
v d
Re =
Re1= 2607:

Re2= 1482 < 2100:

Re3= 5223 > 4000: .

. 5.3.

: (5.7), .
, , ( ). , , . , , (
), ( ).

5.3.2 .
3.4. .
1 , :
E 1
E
v2
p
= 1 = y1 + 1 + 1

mg
Q
2g

(5.8)

(5.8) :
(M L2 T-3)/(M T-1 L T-2) = L
, SI (J/N = N m/N = m).
:
y1

: .

v12 : .
2g
p1

: .

1 2 ,
( ) h, . ,
1 2, h:

p1 v12
p

v2
+ y1 2 + 2 + y 2 = h
+
2g
2g

p1 p 2

v12 v 22
2g

+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h

(5.9)

, Bernoulli, .
(. 3.4). , 1 2, (
) ( ), :

204

p1 p 2

v12 v 22
2g

+ (y1 y 2 ) = h+ h t hp

(5.9)

: hp ht .
.
: y1 y2 0.
: p1 p2 0.
: v12 v22 0.
, (5.9) . ,
H, , 1 2
, :
p1 = p2 = patm, v1= v2 0
(5.9) :
y1 y2 = h H = h
1 2 , (. 5.3), :

v1 = v 2 =
(5.9) :

4 Q
d2

p1 p2
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h

, 5.2, y1 = y2 :

p1 p2
= h

: 3.4, ,
:
( SI W KW):

p p2 v12 v 22

= Q h
Q 1
+
+ g (y1 y 2 ) = W

(5.9)

(SI: J/Kg):

p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ g (y1 y 2 ) = w = g h

2
(5.9)

(SI: J/m3=Nm/m3= P
KJ/m3 = KPa):

v 2 v 22
(p1 p2 ) + 1
+ (y1 y 2 ) = p w = h (5.9)
2
(5.9) (
, SI: m) .

p2.A

v
1
p1.A

Ly=y2 _ y1

Lx=x2 _ x1
. 5.3.

205

5
5.3 .
) 2, 1 240 KPa 3 m.
) ;
:
:

L=20 m, =9,81 KN/m3,

h=3 m.

) : v1 = v 2 =

4Q
d2

:
p1 p2
(1)
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h

y1 y2 = L sin y1 y2 = 10 m
(1)

p1 p2
= 7m p1 p2 = 68,7 KPa p2 = 308,7 KPa.

) (h=0):

p1 p2'
p p 2'
+ (y1 y 2 ) = 0 1
= 10 m p1 p2' = 98,8 KPa p2' = 338,8 KPa.

: p2' p2 = 30,1 KPa.

[: p2' p2 = p1 p2 p1 p2' = h (y y )+(y y ) p2' p2 = h
1
2
1
2

p2' p2 ].
1

v
2

Q
L=20 m

30o
. 5.3.

Ly

30
. 5.3.

6
5.3 150 m3/h. : =20 m, dA=10 cm, dB=
15 cm. :
() 6,5 m.
() .
() .

206

:
: = 20 m, dA= 0,10 m, dB= 0,15 m
= 30,
() Q = 150/3600 m3/s, h= 6,5 m
() Q = 150/3600 m3/s, h= 0
() Q = 0.
: pA pB
Bernoulli :

p A pB v 2A v 2B
+
+ (y A y B ) = h.

2 g

(1)

) ( ,
). :

vi =

4Q
vA= 5,3 m/s, vB= 2,36 m/s
d2i
yA yB = AB sin yA yB = 10 m

(1)

p A pB
= 6,5 1,15 ( 10) = 15,35 m p A pB = 150,6 KPa

) , (h=0):
p A pB
= 0 1,15 ( 10) = 8,85 m p A pB = 86,8 KPa

) (vA= vB= 0 h=0):

p A pB
p pB
+ (y A y B ) = 0 A
= 10 m

pA pB = 98,1 KPa

5.4 .
, ( ),
.
hf hk .

. ( ) ( , ,
, , ..).
5.4.1 .
,
, , ,
().
, : d,
L , ,
, g:

207

(5.10)

hf = F (d, L, , , , , g)

(. 4.1.8, 6) :
hf =

v2
g

, ,Re
d d

(5.10)

L/d, /d, Re.

d L,
v (. 5.4). ( 5.9)
1 2 (v1 = v2), :
p1 p 2

(5.11)

+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h f

5.4: y1 y2 = L sin
,
.
:
:
p1 A= p1 R2
p2 A= p2 R2
:
F= w (2R)
: w .
: m g sin = ( R2L) g sin = g R2 ( y2 y1)
, :
p1 R2 p2 R2 g R2 (y2 y1) w (2R) = 0

p1 p 2

+ (y1 y 2 ) =

2 L w

(5.11)

g R

(1) (2) :
hf =

2 L w
g R

(5.12) (w).

.
w
d , ,
v, :

4 L w

(5.12)

g d
p2.A

g . sin

2
g

Ly= y2 _ y1

w = F (d, , v, , )
:

. 5.4.

1
p1.A

208

w
v

= G Re,

(5.13)

(5.12) :

hf =

4 L 2

v G Re,
g d
d

:
f=

v2

8 G Re,
d 2g
d

(5.14)

= 8 G Re, = F Re,
d
d
v

(5.15)

hf =

8 w

f Darcy.
(5.15), f Reynolds (Re = vd/) /d ( ).
(5.14)
:
L v2
(5.16)
hf = f
d 2g
(5.16), DarcyWeisbach,
.
7
6 cm 25 m 60 m3/h.
0,03.
:
:

L = 25 m, d = 0,06 m
Q = 60/3600 m3/s, f = 0,03
: hf
:

4Q
4 (60 / 3600 m 3 / s)
v=
v=
v = 5,7 m / s
d2
(0,06)2
(5.16) :

hf = f

(5,7 m s)2
L v2
25m

hf = 0,03
hf = 22,14m
d 2g
0,06m 2 9,81 m 2
s

5.4.2 f Moody.
DarcyWeisbach (5.16)
, f. , , 20 .

209

, , .
, .
) .
,
. (5.12) (5.16) :

hf =

4 L w
g d

(5.12)

L v2

d 2g

(5.16)

hf = f
:

4 w

= f

v2

(5.17)

Newton (. 1.2.7):

dv
=
dv / dy
dy

dy=dr (y , r ):

dv
dr = dv
dr

, vmax = v/2 (. 3.1.5), :

64
f =
(5.18)
Re
(5.16),
:
64 L v 2 32 L
(5.19)
=
hf =

v
Re d 2g
g d2
(5.19) v.
: (5.17) ,

. Fanning:
ff =

w
2

v /2

f
4

(5.20)

Fanning 1/4 DarcyWeisbach , .

f, Fanning. ,
. :
DarcyWeisbach (5.19),
Fanning, :
16
(5.20)
ff, =
Re

210

DarcyWeisbach.
8
100 ft 2 in 0,87 0,1 Kg/(ms). 60 ft3/min.
:
:

L=100 ft =30,48 m, d=2 in =0,0508 m/s

=0,87 =870 Kg/m3 =0,1 Kg/ms,
Q=15 ft3/min=0,25 ft3/s = 0,0071 m3/s.
: hf
:
4Q
v=
v = 3, 5 m / s
d2
Reynolds :

Re =

v d v d
=
Re = 1543

, (Re = 1543 < 2300)

(5.19):
32 (0,1 870 ) 30,48
32 L
hf =
v =
3,5m hf = 15,5m
2
gd
9,81 (0,0508)2
(: = / = (0,1 Kg/ms)/(870 Kg/m3).
9
5.4, 6 cm, 850 Kg/m3
210-4 m2/s. 1 2 250 150 KPa . L12=10 m:
) .
) .
:
:

L 12

d = 0,06 m L12 = 10 m = 30
= 850 Kg/m3 = 210-4 m2/s
p1 = 250 KPa p2 = 150 KPa.
: () hf, () v, Q.
) 1 2, :

30

p1 p2 v12 v 22
p p
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = hf , v1 = v 2 1 2 + (y1 y 2 ) = hf (1)

2g

y1 y2 = L12 sin30o = 5 m
= g = 8338,5 N/m3 = 8,3385 KN/m3
(1) hf = 7 m.

. 5.4.

211

: 1 2
1 2: hf = 7 m.
: 2 1, (1) ( 1 ). ( ),
.

) , (5.19):

9,81 m (0,06m)

2
32 L
g d2
s

hf =
v v = hf
v = (7m)
v = 3,86 m / s
2
32 L
g d2
32 2 10 4 m (10m)
s

Re =

v d
Re = 1159 < 2300, .

Q=

d2
v Q = 0,0191 m3/s = 39,3 m3/h
4

) .
DarcyWeisbach (5.16). , .
, ,
Moody 1944 .
: ,
Reynolds.
. Prandtl
1935 :
1
f

= 2 log Re f

0, 8

(5.21)

(5.21) .
. , H. Blasius (1913) Reynolds 4000 105:
f = 0, 316 Re

( 4000 < Re < 10 5 )

(5.22)

:
Re

f = 1,8 log

6,9

(5.22)

5.4 (5.18) ( ), (5.21)

(5.22) ( ) .
( 5.4.1) Reynolds (Re4000).

212
0,10
0,08
0,06

0,04
f = 64
Re

1
f 1 /2 = 2

0,02

f=

0,01

103

104

.l
og(
R

e.

1,8 .
log R
e
6,9

f 1/2
)_

0,8

-2

105

106

Re
. 5.4.

( ).
5.4.1
.
(
, )

1
f

1
= 2l o g Ref 2 0,8

f = 0,316 Re

Re

f = 1,8 log
6,9

Reynolds
4000

104

105

106

107

108

0,0399

0,0309

0,0180

0,0116

0,0081

0,0059

0,0397

0,0316

0,0178

0,0100

0,0404

0,0309

0,0178

0,0116

0,0081

0,0060

) .
. , 5.4 (
, ).
, .
, , (. 5.4). .
.
. ,
(. 5.4).
, , , .

213

. 5.4.

. 5.4.

( 700x).

5.4.2 .
, (..
= 0,2 50%).
5.4.2
.

cm

0,0002

50

0,0046

30

0,005

60

0,3

70

0,0046

20

0,015

40

0,012

50

0,026

50

0,0002

50

0,00015

50

0,00015

60

0,001

60

0,0180,06

60

,
. , .
(. . 3.1.5).
, .
, ,
. (/d). /d

214

(. 5.4).
Nikuradse ( ) - d

.

( Reynolds),
. 5.4.
.
.
5.4.
f ,
. , Reynolds ,
(5.21) (5.22) . , Reynolds ,

. , ,
. 5.4,
, (. Reynolds) .

) oody.
Nikuradse . Moody,
, 1944 (.
5.4).
0,10
0,08
0,06

0,04
f
64
Re
0,02

0,01

f=

103

104

1,8 .
log R
e
6,9

Re
. 5.4.

1
f 1/2 = 2 .
-2

log

(R
e.

f 1/2
)_

105

(Nikuradse, 1933).

0,8
106

 , f

1.103 2

3 4 5 6 8 1.104 2

Re

64
f = Re

0,008

0,009

0,010

0,015

0,020

0,025

0,030

0,040

0,050

0,060

0,070

0,080

0,100
0,090

oody.

. 5.4.

3 4 5 6 8 1.106 2
_
Reynolds, Re = v d

3 4 5 6 8 1.105 2

= 0,000001
d

3 4 5 6 8 1.107 2

,
d
= 0,000005
d

0,00001
3 4 5 6 8 1.108

0,00005

0,0001

0,0002

0,001
0,0008
0,0006
0,0004

0,002

0,004

0,006

0,01
0,008

0,015

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

215

216

Moody f. f ( ) Reynolds
( ) /d ():

f = F Re =

vd
,
d

(5.23)

5.4:
/d (..
/d=0,0020).
Reynolds (.. Re=8104).
/d Re.

(f=0,026).
0,100
0,090
0,080

0,070

0,040

0,03
0,02

64
f = Re

0,050

0,04

0,060

0,015

()

()

e/d

0,01
0,008

()

0,006

0,030

0,026

0,0020

0,025
0,020

0,015

1.103 2

3 4 5 6 8 1.104 2

0,002

0,0002

0,0001
0,00005

8 . 104

0,009

0,004

0,001
0,0008
0,0006
0,0004

0,010
0,008

0,05

3 4 5 6 8 1.105 2

3 4 5 6 8 1.106 2

3 4 5 6 8 1.107 2

0,00001
3 4 5 6 8 1.108

Re
. 5.4.

Moody.

oody:
() [ () (. 5.4)].
Reynolds ( (5.18): f = 64/Re).
, Reynolds 2100
4000, , ,
.

217
0,100
0,090
0,080

0,070

0,050

0,02

64
=
f Re

0,040

0,03

0,04

0,060

0,05

e/d

0,015

()

()

()

0,01
0,008
0,006

0,030

0,004
0,025

0,002

0,020

0,015

0,001
0,0008
0,0006
0,0004

0,0002

0,0001
0,00005

0,010
0,009
0,008

1.103 2

3 4 5 6 8 1.104 2

3 4 5 6 8 1.105 2

3 4 5 6 8 1.106 2

3 4 5 6 8 1.107 2

0,00001
3 4 5 6 8 1.108

Re
. 5.4.

Moody.

() [ () (. 5.4)]. , ,
. f Reynolds
.
() [ () (. 5.4)].
, .
, .
, ( 5.4), Pigott :
3500
(5.24)
Re =
/d
,
y. :
A y > 5, .
5 > y > 0,3,
.
y < 0,3, .
: y Reynolds (. . 3.1.5, ). y Reynolds.

218

10
6 cm 20C. 20, 40 80 m3/h.
:
:

d=6 cm = 0,06 m
Q1=20/3600 m3/s, Q2=40/3600 m3/s, Q3=80/3600 m3/s.
: f1, f2, f3.
f, /d
Reynolds:
f = F (Re, e/d).
5.4.2 : =0,012 cm.
:
/d = 0,002.
4Q
4 (20 / 3600)
v1 =
m/s
: v i =
2
di
0,062
v1 = 1,965 m/s
v2 = 3,93 m/s
v3 = 7,86 m/s
1.2.11 20C: = 10-6 m2/s
v d
Reynolds: Rei = i

5
Re1 = 1,18 10
Re2 = 2,36 105

Re3 = 4,72 105

(Re, /d) Moody f:
Moody
(Re1= 1,18 105, /d = 0,002) f = 0,025
( )
Moody
5

(Re2= 2,36 10 , /d = 0,002)

f = 0,024
( )
Moody
5

(Re3= 4,72 10 , /d = 0,002)

f = 0,0238 ( )
11
8 cm , 2105 m2/s,
3 m/s. f.
:
:

d = 10 cm = 0,1 m,
= 2105 m2/s,
v = 3 m/s
: f
5.4.2 : = 0,026 cm.
Reynolds: /d = (0,026 cm)/(10 cm) = 0,0026

Re =

v d (3m s) (0,1m)
=
= 1,5 10 4
5 2

2 10 m / s

Moody:
Moody
(Re= 1,5 104, /d = 0,0026) f = 0,0325.

219

12
4 cm
.
:
: d=4 cm = 0,04 m, = 0,026 cm ( 5.4.2).
: f
,
: /d = 0,0065.
Moody
( , /d = 0,0065) f = 0,034.
) .
, .
. ,
. :
, Prandtl (5. 21),
(y > 5):

Re f 12
1
(5.21)

= 2 log Re f 2 0, 8
=
2

log
1

2,
51

2
f

, Reynolds.
von Karman (1930) Reynolds (
, y < 0,3 ):
1

1
f

3,7
= 1,14 2 log ( d )

d

= 2 log

(5.25)

.
Colebrook (1939)
(5 > y>
> 0,3):

2, 51
1

(5.26)
= 2 log
+ d
1
1

3,7
2
f 2
Re f

Colebrook :
Reynolds ,
Colebrook (5.21).
, Reynolds ( )
, (5.26)
(5.25).
(5.26) .
Colebrook . Moody
.

220

, Colebrook
. , .
, 2%, ( Haaland):
1,11

1
6, 9 + d
= 1, 8 log
1
Re 3,7
f 2

(5.27)

SwameeJain (1976) :
1
f

5,74
= 2 log 0,9 + d
Re
3,7

(5.28)

f = A12 + B 8 + C 8

A=

1,5

1
12

(5.29)

64
Re

Re
B=

12900

7 0,9

C = 0,8687ln
0,27
+

d

Re

,
.
,
Microsoft, Excel. ,
( Calk Open Office) .
13
(5.27), (5.28) (5.29)
(20C) 1, 3, 5, 7 m/s:
) 6 cm,
) 8 cm.
:
:
= 10-6

: v =

= 0,026 cm=0,00026 m (. 5.4.2)

= 0,0002cm = 0,000002 m (. 5.4.2)

d = 6 cm = 0,06 m

d = 8 cm = 0,08 m

1 m/s

3 m/s

5 m/s

7 m/s

1 m/s

3 m/s

5 m/s

7 m/s

221

,
(/d) Reynolds (Re = vd/).
Excel (1 4) (.
5.4).
Reynolds ( 6
7) (. 5.4).
( ) f ( 9, 10
11).
f.

/d=

0,00433

Re=

6,0E+04

m2/s

0,000001

d=

0,06

(5.27) f =

0,0307

0,00026

10

(5.28) f =

0,0311

v=

m/s

11

(5.29) f =

0,0311

. 5.4.

. 5.4.

, ( 2, 3 4 ).
, , , .
X 6 cm

A 8 cm

1 m/s

2 m/s

5 m/s

7 m/s

1 m/s

2 m/s

5 m/s

7 m/s

(5.27) f

0,0307

0,0297

0,0295

0,0294

0,0188

0,0151

0,0139

0,0131

(5.28) f

0,0311

0,0299

0,0296

0,0295

0,0189

0,0152

0,0140

0,0132

(5.29) f

0,0311

0,0298

0,0296

0,0294

0,0189

0,0153

0,0140

0,0133

, 1,5%.
1: ( )
/d = B3/B2
Re = B4*B2/B1
f = (1/(1,8*LOG(6,9/B7 + (6/3,7) ^ 1,11))) ^2
f = (1/(1,8*LOG(6,9/B7 ^ 0,9 + (6/3,7)))) ^ 2
f =((64/B7)^12+((B7/12900)^16+((0,8687*LN((7/B7)^0,9+0,27*B6))^2)^8)^1,5)^(1/12).
2: Colebrook (5.26),
. , , .

14
5.10
Moody.

222

:

):
Moody

) (Re=6,0104, /d = 0,0043)
f = 0,031
Moody
5

) (Re=1,810 , /d = 0,0043)
f = 0,030
Moody
5
f = 0,023
) (Re=3,010 , /d = 0,0043)
Moody
5

) (Re=4,210 , /d = 0,0043)
f = 0,023
Moody
f = 0,019
) (Re=8,0104, /d = 0,000025)
Moody
) (Re=2,4105, /d = 0,000025) f = 0, 0153
Moody
) (Re=4,0105, /d = 0,000025) f = 0, 014
) (Re=5,6105, /d = 0,000025)

Reynolds (
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Moody

f = 0,0135 .

( ).
3: Moody, , , . , f 1%.

5.5 .
, ( ) ,
( ).
.
(. 5.2).
,
(), ( ), (), .
( ). . , ,
.
,
( v2/2g)
:
v2
(5.30)
hi = K i
2g
. ( ), . , (5.30):
Ki =

hi
2

v / 2g

(5.30)

( ) ,
(5.7). ,
(1) (2) (.
5.5). y1y2. (
), (5.9) :

223

p1 p2
= hi (5.30) :

Ki =

hi

v / 2g

(5.30)

v 2 / 2

: ( ), v
.

, ,
, Reynolds.
, (
).
(5.30), .
(Leq), (d):
=

:
hi = f

L eq

(5.31)

L eq v 2

d 2g

(5.31)

, , 30, : Leq/d = 30. () 5 cm, : Leq=150 cm = 1,5 m.

1,5 m.

:

hi = f

L eq v 2
Leq K
v2
= K
=

d
f
d 2g
2g

(5.31)

.

( ).
,

.

h
Ki = 2 i .
v /2 g

. 5.5.

5.5.1 .
(. 5.2 ),
, . .
(. 5.5):
) :
-

= 0,8

= 0,5

()

()

= 0,02 _ 0,5
()

. 5.5.

.
) . )
. ) .

224

. : = 0,8.
) : , :
= 0,5.
,
.
) : ,
, ( ): = 0,020,5.

5.5.
0,5

0,4
d

0,3
0,2

= 1,0
()

0,1
0,0

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

R/d
. 5.5.

0,25

= 1,0
()

= 1,0
()

. 5.5.

.
) . )
. )
.

5.5.2 .
(. 5.5), 1: = 1.
,
(
):

v2
v2
= h = K K = 1
2g
2g
5.5.3 , .
( , )
( , ).
:
) :
45
= 0,4

60
= 0,6
90
= 1,2.
) :
. ,
.
90, 0,2 0,7.

225
1,0

d (in)

1/2

2,0

1,5

0,95

0,64

0,8

/d
=0
,01

0,6

, 60 ,
0,15 0,5 45, 0,1
0,4.


90,
5.5.
45
60, :
45 = 0,60 90
60 = 0,78 90.
,
,
[ ( )]. ,
() 90,
, :

0,5

/d
=0
,00
2
/d
=0
,
/d 001
=0
,00
05

0,4
0,3

0,2

0,1

90,
1 (1/2") 0,2 (4")
() ,

0,4 0,15.
, 180.

: = 2 (
90, = 2 1,2 = 2,4).

2
3
4
5 6
R/d

10

. 5.5.

90.

v1

v2

. 5.5.

5.5.4 , .
. , .
) ().
. 5.5,
, (
). 1
2 :
p1 p2 v12 v 22
v12
+
= hi = K

2g
2g

226

- (. ):

p1
:

d12
d2
(v1 v 2 ).
p2 2 = m
4
4
= Q
m
d12
d22
Q=
v1 =
v2.
4
4

, :

d2
K = 1 12
d2

h =K

v12
2g

(5.32)

1,0

() (5.32)

.
5.5.
, (5.30)
d1:

(5.32)

0,8
0,6
0,4

d1

v 1 d2

0,2
0,0

0,2

) .

0,8

1,0

. 5.5.

.
1,2
d1/d2=0
d1/d2=0,2

1,0

(). ,
.
, .
( 14).
,
,
. 5.5.

(<30). ,

0,4
0,6
d1/d2

0,8

d1/d2=0,4

0,6

d1

d1/d2=0,6

0,4
0,2
0,0

d2

d1/d2=0,8
0

30

60

90

. 5.5.

120

150

180

227

40, ,
( 180).
) .
( ) 5.5. . 1
. , .
, . , 2 ( 1).
vena contracta ,
(.. ).
1
1
2
,
, .
vena contracta,

. v2
v1
5.5.

d2/d1<0,76
:
2

. 5.5.

(5.33)

,
0,1
(
).
) ().
(.
5.5) , .

,
. ,
.

:
= 30, = 0,02
= 45, = 0,04
= 60, = 0,07

,
.

.
0,5

d2
K = 0, 42 1 22
d
1

0,4
0,3
0,2

d1

v1

d2

0,1
0,0

0,2

0,4
0,6
0,8
d2/d1
. 5.5.

d1

v1

. 5.5.

d2

v2

1,0

228

, (5.30) v2 ( d2).
h=K

v 22

(5.33)

2g

:
2

4Q
4Q
d
v2
v2
h = K 2 = K' 1 K v 22 = K' v12 K 2 = K' 2 K' = K 1
d
d
2g
2g
d2
2
1

(5.34)

5.5.1
.
5.5.1
, , , , .

1.

0,8

0,5

2.

3.

4.

0,020,5
1,0

90o

1,2

60o

0,6

45o

0,4

90o

0,2 0,7

180o

2,0

d2/d1 = 0,2

0,45

d2/d1 = 0,4

0,4

d2/d1 = 0,6

0,3

d2/d1 = 0,8

0,13

d1

d2

0,05 0,25
()

229
d1/d2=0,2
d1/d2=0,4
d1/d2=0,6
d1/d2=0,8

0,95
0,75
0,4
0,15

( < 30)

d1

d2

0,10 0,60

5.5.5 .
, , () ( ), ,
. ( ), . , ,
, Reynolds.
(valves) .
, , , ( ) (. 5.5), , ... , ,
. ,
( ), Reynolds.
5.5.2 :
5.5.2
.
,

0,5"

1"

2"

4"

1"

2"

4"

8"

20"

14

8,2

6,9

5,7

13

8,5

5,8

5,5

0,3

0,24

0,16

0,11

0,80

0,35

0,16

0,07

0,03

5,1

2,9

2,1

4,7

4,5

2,4

, . h D. 5.5
(1) (2) .
, ,
, -

. 5.5.

) , ) , ) ) .

230
20
:
18
=90 = 0,2 0,3 ( )
16
=60 = 3 4

14
=40 = 20 30

12

, 10
( ). 8
,
(2)
6
(4
90),
Reynolds.
(1)
2
5.5.3.
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0

h/D
(),
. 5.5.
( .
0,04).
,
. ,
50% . , 5.5.4.

5.5.3
.

0,5"

1"

2"

4"

1"

2"

4"

8"

20"

0,9

0,9

0,9

0,9

0,24

0,19

0,14

0,10

0,07

2,4

1,8

1,4

1,1

1,0

0,8

0,64

0,58

0,41

5.5.4
.

,

0,17

, (120 in)

4,0 14

. 5.5.2

4 60

. 5.5

, (120 in)

0,03 0,8

. 5.5.2

0,3 60

. 5.5

, (120 in)

1,0 9,0

. 5.5.2

() (120 in)

2,0 2,9

. 5.5.2

2,3 4,3

0,2 0,3

0,3 60
()

231

1-6,5

15

0,07 0,9

. 5.5.3

0,4 2,4

. 5.5.3

0,04

15

5.5., 2 in.
:
,
, , (
) () 90. .

. 5.5.1

0,8

. 5.5.1

1,0

,
2" ()

. 5.5.2

26,9

. 5.5.3

0,9

. 5.5.3

1,4

. 5.5.3

31,2

90 , ()

=21,5

: =21,5

. 5.5.

5.6 .
h (. 5.3.2)
, , ( ) ( )
:
h = hf + hi
Darcy Weisbach:
hf = f

L v2

d 2g

(5.16)

, :
hi = K i

v2
2g

(5.30)

232

, (5.34)
:
2
L
v
(5.35)
h = f + i
d
2g
Ki .
, .
(5.35) :

v=
(5.35) -

h =

4Q
d2

(5.7)
:

f + i Q 2
gd d

(5.35)

(5.35) .
Reynolds ( ),
f ( /d). :

f + i
gd d

(5.35) :

h = Q2

(5.35)

(5.35)

h , d. , :
8

hf =

hi =

Q2

(5.36)

K i Q2

(5.37)

g
d
, :
8
g d4

, 24 = 16 25 = 32 (
f, ).
5.7 .
, 4 :
d2i
Q=
v i = .
:
(5.7)
4
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
(Bernoulli):
(5.9)

2g

233

(DarcyWeisbach):

2
L
v
h = f + i
d
2g

h =

f + i Q 2
gd d

v d

f = F Re =
,
d

Moody:

(5.35)
(5.35)
(5.23)

( Bernoulli) ( ). ( Darcy-Weisbach), ,
.
, , .
, , (5.18) (f=64/Re)
. , .
Moody, 5.4.2: Colebrook (5.26) (5.27), (5.28), (5.29). , .
, f,
Moody.
, :
: L, d, (. 5.4.1).
: , (. 1.2.3 1.2.11 ).
: Q, v, Reynolds Re, f,
i.
: h, (y1y2),
(v12 v22)/2g (p1p2 )/.

( ):
h ( p).
.
.
. , ,
(.. p, y).
, , : Moody (5.18),
(5.19):
64
(5.18)
f =
Re
h f, =

64 L v 2 32 L
=

v
Re d 2g
g d2

(5.19)

, .

2 3 5.4.2.

234

, , .
5.7.1 : .
h, (, , ), ( , ),
Ki, .
, Moody.
( ), (Bernoulli).
16
, 10 cm 50 m 90 m3/h. 4 90.
) .
) y1 y2 = 2 m, .
:
:

L = 50 m, d = 10 cm = 0,10 m, = 0,00026 m (. 5.4.2)

= 9,81 /m3 (. 1.2.3), = 10-6 m2/s (. 1.2.11)
Q = 90 m3/h = 0,025 m3/s
y1 y2 = 2 m
: () h, () p=p1p2
:

L
v
h = f + K i 2
d
2g
Q=

(1)

d2
4 Q
v v =
4
d2

v d

f = F Re =
,
d

(. 5.4)

p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g

(2)
(3)
(4)

) DarcyWeisbach (1).
: h, f, , v. v,
f Ki.
v ( ):
(2) v =
f:

Re =

3
4 0,025 m
2

(0,1 m)

s v = 3,18 m s

vd
Re = 0,318106 = 3,18105, /d = 0,0026

Moody (. 5.4): f = 0,026.

: 4 90, -

235

. 5.5, 90 /d=
0,0026, 0,2 0,6. , 5.5.1
0,2 0,7. :
90 0,5 = 4 90 = 2.
:

m 2
50m

(3,18 s )
+ 2
h = 7,73 m
(1) h = 0,026
0,1m

2 9,81m 2
s
) (4).
:

v1 = v2 = v (=3,18 m/s) v12 v22=0

(4)

p1 p2
= h (y1 y 2 )

p1 p2
= 5,73m p1 p2 = 56,2 KPa

: f, Moody,
5.27:
1,11

1
1
6,9 d
= 1,8 log
+
1 = 6,25 f = 0,0256

Re
3,7

f 2
f 2

h
( : L, d, , Q, , ):
1. (5.5), v.
2. Moody, f.
3. (5.35), h.
4. ( )
(5.9).
5.7.2 .
Q, (, ,
), ( , ), Ki h.
,
( , ), Bernoulli.
: , Moody.
,
: h ,
, . .
17
5.7 2
in 50 m. () ()

236

90. .

:
:

L = 50 m, d = 2 in = 0,0508 m,
= 0,00012 m (. 5.4.2),
= 9,81 /m3 (. 1.2.3),
=10-6 m2/s (. 1.2.11)
y1 y2=15 m.
: Q.

15m
2

. 5.7.

L
v
h = f + i 2
d
2g
Q=

(1)

d2
4 Q
v v=
4
d2

v d

f = F Re =
,
d

(2)

(. 5.4)

(3)

p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h

2 g

(4)

: (2), . , DarcyWeisbach (1).

, d L ,
h, f Ki.
f.
h (4) .
: y1 y2 = 15 m.
: v1 = v2 = 0, p1 = p2 = patm p1 p2 = 0
(4) (y1 y2) = h h = 15 m.
: , . , 2 m,
:
d12
d2
d2
Q=
v1 =
v v1 = 2 v v1 = 0,0006 v1 0
4
4
d1

Ki,
( ) .
1 2:
:
1= 0,8
(. 5.5.1)
:
2= 1,0
(. 5.5.1)
() 90:
3=2 1,2 (. 5.5.1)
:
4=2 6,9 (. 5.5.2)
:
i = 17,6.

237

, (/d)
Reynolds (Re=vd/). Reynolds, ( :
v Q).
( ,
Moody) ( Q, v, f).
, . ,
.
, Q' h' ( , . 5.7.1). h' h (: h = 15 m)
Q Q'. :
h'> h Q'> Q
h'< h Q'< Q.
, .
:
h' h Q' Q
:
) ():
Q'=60 m3/h =60/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 8,22 m/s
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =4,18 105) f = 0,025
(1) h' = 145,7 m>15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 60 m3/h
Q':
Q = 20 m3/h = 20/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,74 m/s
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,39 105) f = 0,0255
(1) h' = 16,36 m >15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 20 m3/h.
Q = 18 m3/h = 18/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,47 m/s
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,25 105) f = 0,0256
(1) h' = 13,29 m <15 m h' < h Q'< Q Q > 18 m3/h.
: 18 m3/h < Q < 20 m3/h. :
Q = 19 m3/h = 19/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,6 m/s
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,32 105) f = 0,0256
(1) h' = 14,79 m <15 m h' < h Q'< Q Q > 19 m3/h.
Q = 19,2 m3/h = 19,2/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,63 m/s
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,34 105) f = 0,0256

238

(1) h' = 15,10 m >15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 19,2 m3/h.
Q. , h' h, : Q' Q. ,
: h' h 0,01 m, Q 19,2 m3/h. (.. h' h 0,01 m), :
Q = 19,15 m3/h = 19,15/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,62 m/s,
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,33 105) f = 0,0256

(1 ) h' = 15,02 m > 15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 19,15 m3/h

Q = 19,14 m3/h = 19,14/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,62 m/s,
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,33105)

f = 0,0256

(1) h' = 15,002 m 15 m h' h Q' Q Q 19,14 m3/h.

: Q 19,14 m3/h = 0,00532 m3/s.
, ,
.
,
:
Q' (m3/h)

v' (m/s)

Re

h'

h' h

60

8,223

4,18105

0,0249

145,07

130,07

Q<60

20

2,741

1,39105

0,0255

16,36

1,36

Q<20

18

2,467

1,25105

0,0256

13,29

1,71

Q>18

19

2,604

1,32105

0,0256

14,79

0,21

Q>19

19,2

2,631

1,34105

0,0256

15,10

0,10

Q<19,2

19,15

2,625

1,33105

0,0256

15,02

0,02

Q<19,15

19,14

2,623

1,33105

0,0256

15,002

0,00

Q=19,14

: , Calk Open Office, Excel Microsoft .. (. . 5.4.2,

7).

, Reynolds, f, , f ( 0,0249 0,0256: 2%),

(f = 0,0256).
. , Reynolds /d (
, ).
, :

239

Reynolds,
, . ,
, Moody ()
. , , () . ,
( f Q).
.
) ( , ):
. Moody ( 5.25), ,
f:
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, ) f' = 0,0245
() :
(1) 15 =

8
9,81 0,0508 4
2

50

0,0245
+ 17,6 Q 2
0,0508

Q' = 0,005384 m3/s = 19,38 m3/h

:
(2) v = 2,656 m/s
Moody
Re = vd/=1,3 105 f = 0,0256
f' f, , Q = Q'.
f'< f, f. (4,5%), :
, f:
(1) 15 =

8
50

0,0256
+ 17,6 Q 2
4
9,81 0,0508
0,0508

Q = 0,005317 m3/s = 19,14 m3/h

, f .
, , . :
(2) v= 2,623 m/s
Moody
Re = vd/=1,33 105 f = 0,0256
, Q :
Q= 0,005317 m3/s = 19,14 m3/h

Q ( : L, d, , h, K, ):
) :
1. () Q'.
2. h' ( ).
3. h' () h:
h' > h Q'> Q, 2 Q'.

240

h' < h Q'< Q, 2 Q'.

h h Q' Q .
) :
1. ( ).
2. () f' Moody.
3. () Q' .
4. v ( ), Re(= vd/) o f.
5. :
f f' Q Q' .
f f', 3.
5.7.3 .
, .
,
.
: ,
( ) Rey-nolds,
/d. ( ).
( ), . ,
.
18
, 20 m, (20C) 60 m3/h, 8
m. : =4.
:
:

L =12 m, = 0,00015 m (. 5.4.2)

=10-6 m2/s (. 1.2.11)
Q = 60 m3/h = 60/3600 m3/s
h 8 m, K = 4.
: d
:
2
L
v
h = f + i
d
2g

(1)

d2
4Q
Q=
v v =
4
d2

(2)

v d

(. 5.4)
f = F Re =
,
d

(3)

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h

2 g

(4)

241

: , - DarcyWeisbach (1).
, d, f. Moody
f, Reynolds,
/d. : ()
d' h' ( , . 5.7.1). h
. , :
h' > h d > d' ( d' ).
h' < h d d' ( d' ,
).
(v, f, d) ( , , Moody). ( ,
, , ).
d' =10 cm = 0,10 m
(2) v' = 2,122 m/s
Moody
(Re' = vd/ = 2,1 105, /d = 0,0015) f' = 0,0227

(1) h' = 1,96 m < 8m d 10 cm.

:
d' = 5 cm = 0,05 m
(2) v = 8,49 m/s
Moody
(Re = 4,2 105, /d =0,003) f = 0,0265

(1) h' = 53,62 m > 8 m d > 5 cm.

d' =7 cm = 0,07 m
(2) v = 4,33 m/s
Moody
(Re = 3,0 105, /d = 0,00214) f = 0,0244

(1) h' = 10,49 m > 8 m d > 7 cm.

: d' = 8 cm = 0,08 m
(2) v = 3,32 m/s
Moody
(Re = 2,7 105, /d =0,00187) f = 0,0237

(1) h' = 5,56 m < 8 m d 8 cm.

7 8 cm:
7 cm < d 8 cm.
7 8 cm, 8 cm ( d=7 cm
). ,
, .. 1 mm:
: d =7,5 cm = 0,075 m
(2) v = 3,77 m/s
Moody
(Re =2,8 105, /d =0,002) f=0,024

(1) h' =7,55 m < 8 m d 7,5 cm

: d=7,4 cm = 0,074 m

242

(2) v =3,875 m/s

Moody
(Re = 2,9 105, /d = 0,00203) f = 0,0241

(1) h' = 8,05 m > 8 m d > 7,4 cm

: 7,4 cm < d 7,5 cm
d = 7,5 cm
, 60 m3/h
h = 7,55 m (< 8 m).
, :
d' (cm)

v' (m/s)

/d'

Re'

f'

h' (m)

h'h

d (cm)

0,0227

1,96

6,04

d 10

10

2,122

0,00150

2,1210

8,488

0,00300

4,24105

0,0265

53,62

45,62

d>5

0,0244

10,49

2,49

d>7

4,331

0,00214

3,0310

3,316

0,00188

2,65105

0,0237

5,56

2,44

d8

7,5

3,773

0,00200

2,83105

0,0240

7,55

0,45

d7,5

0,00203

0,0241

8,05

0,05

d>7,4

7,4

3,875

2,8710

, (h 8 m)
. , ,
. .
19
5.7, 2 bar. , 25 m.
) ( 0,5 cm),
40 m3/h.
) .
:
:

L=25 m, = 0,00012 m (. 5.4.2)

=10-6 m2/s (. 1.2.11)
Q 40 m3/h =40/3600 m3/s
p1 = 2 bar = 200Kpa, p2 = 101,3 KPa,
y1 y2 =5 m
: () d () h, Q.
:

1
5m
2
. 5.7.

L
v
h = f + K i
d
2g

(1)

d2
4 Q
Q=
v v =
4
d2

(2)

243

v d (. 5.4)

f = F Re =
,
d

(3)

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h

2 g

(4)

) (1), h.
:
: 1 = 0,8
(. 5.5.1)

() 90 :
2 =2 1,2 (. 5.5.1)
:
i = 3,2.
h, 1 2 (v1 = 0,
v2 = v):
(4)

p1 p 2
v2

+ (y1 y 2 ) = h

2 g

h =

(200 101,3)KPa
v2

+ 5m
2g
9,81KN 3
m

h = 15,06

v2
(SI)
2 g

(5)

h, (5) . (1),
:
2
v2
L
v
15,06
= f + K i
2 g d
2g
2
L
v
15,06m = f + i + 1
d
2g

(1)

() d', . ( ):
d' = 10 cm = 0,10 m
Moody
(/d = 0,0012, YET) f=0,0205
(1) v' = 5,626 m/s
(2) Q' = 159,1 m3/h > 40 m3/h d 10 cm

Q'. ( ) ,
.
40 m3/h.
d' = 5 cm = 0,05 m
Moody
(/d = 0,0024, YET) f=0,0246
(1) v' = 4,232 m/s
(2) Q' = 29,9 m3/h < 40 m3/h d > 5 cm

244

d' = 7 cm = 0,07 m
Moody
(/d = 0,0017, YET) f = 0,0225

(1) v' = 4,915 m/s

(2) Q' = 68,1 m3/h > 40 m3/h d 7 cm
d'= 6 cm = 0,06 m
Moody
(/d = 0,002, YET) f = 0,0234

(1) v' = 4,60 m/s

(2) Q' = 46,8 m3/h
Moody
: Re=vd/= 2,8105 f = 0,024

(1) v' = 4,56 m/s

(2) Q' = 46,4 m3/h > 40 m3/h d 6 cm
d' = 5,5 cm = 0,055 m
Moody
(/d = 0,00218, YET) f = 0,024
(1) v'= 4,424 m/s
(2) Q' = 37,8 m3/h
Moody
: Re=vd/= 2,4105 f = 0,0246

(1) v' = 4,38 m/s

(2) Q' = 37,47 m3/h < 40 m3/h d > 5,5 cm
:

5,5 cm < d 6 cm d = 6 cm

:
d' (cm)

/d'

f' ()

v' (m/s)

Q'

Q'Q

10

0,00120

0,0205

5,626

159,08

119,08

d<=10

0,00240

0,0246

4,232

29,91

10,09

d>5

0,00171

0,0225

4,915

68,09

28,09

d<=7

0,00200

0,0234

4,601

46,83

6,83

d<=6

5,5

0,00218

0,0240

4,424

37,84

2,16

d>5,5

) (5):

h = 15,06

v2
2 g

(SI) h= 14 m

Q 6 cm:
Q = 46,4 m3/h
d:

245

1: : L, , Q, K,
hmax:
1. () , d'.
2. h' ( ).
3. h' hmax:
h' > hmax d >d'. 2 d'.
h' hmax d d'. d' , . 2 d'.
2: : L, , h, K,
Qmin:
1. () , d'.
2. Q' ( . ).
3. Q' Qmin:
Q' < Qmin d >d'. 2 d'.
Q' Qmin d d'. d' ,
. 2 d'.
, . , ,
.

5.8 .
1. 20C 8 cm 5 m3/h. Reynolds : ) , ) SAE 10, ) , ) ,
) , ) .
[Re: 19, 184, 9210, 22105, 184207, 1524]
2. SAE 10 2 in.
: ) 20C, ) 60C.
[) 5 m/s, ) 1 m/s]
3. 60 ft 1 in 20C, 30 l/min. .
[Re = 2,5 104, 3,3%]
4. 5.8, 6 cm 20C 100 l/min. 2,1 3,7 bar .
Reynolds, ( ).

[, Re = 29,9, hf = 22,94 m, L = 36,34 m]

5. 6 in 150 m3/
h.
(. 5.8) 1 in.
: )

10 m

. 5.8.

246

, ) .
[v1 = 2,284 m/s, v2 = 82,23 m/s, ) p1 = 3480 KPa,
) p1 = 3547 KPa]

d1

6. 2 mm 30 cm,
3 cm3/s.
1,110-6 m2/s,
.
[hf = 25,7 cm]

8. 5 mm 950 Kg/m3. 1,2 l/min,

380 kPa . N Reynolds.
[ = 3,0710-4 m2/s, Re = 16,6]
9. 900 Kg/m3
2 10-4 m2/s 2 in
45 5.8. p1p2=100 KPa, y2y1= 7,5 m, :
) .
) .
) .
) .

d2

v1

v2

. 5.8.

12

7. SAE 30, 20C, 5 in.

1 m, 2,5 KPa.
Rey-nolds, .
= 49,1 Kg/s]
[Re = 1698, v = 4,35 m/s, m

15

45
. 5.8.

. 5.8.

[12, Re = 362,5, hf = 3,83 m, v = 1,43 m/s,

Q = 10,4 m3/s]
10. 0,9 5.8
16,5 l/min. 2 m 0,5 in. H=3,5 m,
, Reynolds .
[h = 3,26 m, Re =742, = 3,710-5 m2/s]
11. SAE 10, 20oC, 870 Kg/m3, 2 cm, 30 . , ,
Reynolds ( m3/h).
[hf/L = 0,5, Re = 85,2, Q = 0,578 m3/h]

247

12. SAE 10, 20oC,

2 cm , 5.8.
,
Reynolds.
[Q = 2,36 m3/h, hf = 4,08 m, Re = 348]

2m
28 cm

13. .
f,
.
5
1
2]
[ Q1
= d
Q 2 d2
14. , 800 m 3 in, 20C.
60 m3/h, .
[h = 133,9 m, p = 1313,5 KPa]

. 5.8.
L2

p1

H2
H1
L

1
15. 150 m
6 in, 0,88 . 5.8.
410-5 m2/s.
8 . 150
m3/h, .
[h = 8,64 m, p = 254,8 KPa]

16. , 500 m 18 cm, 20C, 800 Kg/m3 400 m3/h.

.
[h = 59,85 m, P = 52,2 KW]
17. 5.8, . :
H1 = 5 m, H2 = 45 m, L1 = 60 m, L2 = 30 m, d = 2 in.
.
20C, p1, 40 m3/h.
;
[p1 = 1337 KPa, h = 84,45 m]
18.
180 ft 5 in, 2,5 m/s.
[h = 2,79 m, p = 27,33 KPa]
19. 710-4 m2/s 0,86,
15 in, 5 Km 0,1 m3/s.
KW: ) = 25, ) = 0.
[) 40,5 KW, ) 39,7 KW]

248

20. 900 Kg/m3 10-5 m2/s, 0,2 m3/s 500 m 20 cm.

, 10
25.
[h = 147,6 m, p = 536,4 KPa]
21. 8 cm 60 m.
60 m3/h. 5,
.
[h = 12,26 m]
22. , 4 ft, , 2,7105 m3 , 910 Kg/m3 10-5
m2/s. .
200 KPa ( ) 2 MPa. ,
.
[h = 201,6 m, L = 44,1 Km]
23. 17, p1 = 700 KPa,
. ( ).
[ Q = 19,4 m3/s, h = 20,67 m]
24. 500 m 8 cm, 6 .
, , 5 m
. .
[Q = 56,1 m3/h]
25. , 10 m , , 2 in 12 m.
90, , .
1 m . ( m3/h).
[Q = 23,9 m3/h]
26. 20C 40 m .
6 in 700 m.
15 80 m,
, .
[h = 40 m, Q = 167,6 m, P = 36,5 KW]

20 m
20

27. 5.8
6 cm. , 2 W.

10.
[Q = 316 m3/s]

28. 5.8 1200 m 5 cm,

. 45, 4 -

. 5.8.

20 m

249

90 .
100 m ( 1),
( m3/h) .
[Q = 11,23 m3/h, hf = 98,35 m]
29. 3 Km 12 in, , 60 m.
, .
[Q = 629 m3/h]
30. 950 Kg/m3 10-5 m2/s,
, 30 cm 100 m. 8 m,
.
[v = 2,54 m/s, Q = 287,5 m3/s]
31. 15 cm, 120 m 0,001 cm, 45o
5 cm. 30 m
,
.
[Q = 320 m3/h, v = 45,3 m/s]
32. 12 m3 , 20 m
1 in.
30 m .
[1h 30 min 10 sec]
33. , 100 m 20C.
40 kPa
2
60 m3/h,
( mm).
[d 44 mm]
45o

34. , 120 m, 20C,

, 8 m
.

30 m3/h; (K = 10)
[d 73 mm]
35. 5.8
20C. H = 30 ft,
, 10 m ,
0,015 ft3/s ( mm);
[d 15 mm]
36. -

45o
. 5.8.

. 5.8.

250

5 m. 100
m. ,
10. 10 l/s,
( )
.
[dmin = 89 mm, Q = 10,2 l/s]

KE 6

6.1 -
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8

252

6.1 .
(
) .
, :
( ) Bernoulli ( ).
,
. Newton,
, ,
, .
,
, . .
, , , .
( , . . 3.3)
. ,
, .
, , , ...
Newton, ( ) , ,
:

d m v dJ
(6.1)
F

dt
dt
:

J=mv

(6.2)

(6.1), :
, ,
.
(6.1) :
2

(6.3)
J2 J1 = F dt
1

= F dt
2

(6.4)

-:
, :

(6.5)
J2 J1 =
. ,
( ). , , (6.3) x, y z,
:

253
2

J 2x J1x = Fx dt

(6.3)

J 2y J1y = Fy dt

(6.3)

J 2z J1z = Fz dt

(6.3)

, , , .
( , ), (6.3)
() :

(6.3)
J2 J1 = F t
-,
, .
1
1000 Kg, 100 Km/h, 30,
20 m. )
, .
. ) .
:
:

v1 = v2 = 100 m/h= 27,78 m/s

( v 1 , v 2 ) = 30o, m=1000 Kg, R = 20 m

: F .

) , F
, :

F = m v 2 R F= 38.580 N = 38,58 KN
:
= mg B = 9810 N = 9,81 KN
: F = 3,93 B
) ( ) ,
() . x y.
( )
30o ( . 6.1), :
J1 = J2= m v = 27.778 Kg m/s
:

J1, J2 J1 = 180 75 = 105o

. v2

30o

m . v1

J2

J2 _ J1
J1

. 6.1.

254

:
( ):
J1x = J1 = 27.778 Kgm/s
J1y = 0
J2x = J2 cos 30o = 24.056 Kg m/s

J2y = J2 sin 30o = 13.889 Kg m/s

x = J2x J1x = 3722 Kg m/s

y = J2y J1y = 13.889 Kg m/s

= 2x + 2y =14.379 Kg m s

tan( J1 , )= y
x

(J1, ) = 75o

: (6.3), . , .
, M .
, ,
. , ( ,
). , , (..
, ).

6.2 .
(6.1), ,
. , ,
. . , ( ,
. 3.1.1) .
12
6.2. (. 3.1.1)
.
dA1,

v
1 ( dA1) , dA2

v
2 ( dA2). dt dA1
, dm1 dA2, dm2. ,
dt, :

dJ1 = dm1 v1 dJ2 = dm 2 v 2

v2y

12 :

dJ2 dJ1 = dm 2 v 2 dm1 v1

--:

dJ2 dJ1 = dF dt
:

dF dt = dm 2 v 2 dm1 v 1
dm v dm v
2
2
1
1
dF =
dt

v1y

v1

1
v1x
. 6.2.

v2

v2x

255

2 v 2 dm
1 v1
dF = dm

= dQ
dm

(6.6)

dQ = v dA

(6.6) :

dF = ( v 2 ) v 2 dA 2 ( v1 ) v1 dA 2 dA 1

(6.7)

6.2:

F = ( v 2 ) v 2 dA 2 ( v1 ) v1 dA1
A2

(6.8)

A1

v 1 1 v 2
2, (6.8) :

F = ( v 2 ) v 2 A 2 ( v1 ) v1 A1
(6.8)
, :
Q1 = Q2 = Q v1 A1 = v2 A2= Q

:
F = Q (v 2 v1 )

(6.9)

, , ,
,
.
(6.9) .
.
( ) () x, y z

:
Fx = Q (v 2x v1x )
(6.9)
Fy = Q (v 2y v1y )

(6.9)

Fz = Q (v 2z v1z )

(6.9)

( .. ),
(x, y) , .
(.. ), x
.
,
. , :

J = Q v
(6.10)
dt

(.. ).
(6.9). , - :

J J

F =
F = Q i v i Q j v j (6.11)
dt

256

(6.11) .
(6.9),
.
2
, 3 cm,
2 m (. 6.2).
,
.
:
: h=2 m, =9,81 KN/m3, d=0,03 m.
: v2, J2/t, F.
, Bernoulli 1
( ) 2 ( ).
, :

(y1 y 2 ) +

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
= h

2g

(1)
y1 y2 = h

p1 = p2 = p p1 p2 = 0
v1 = 0

v2
h K 2
2g
(1) v 2 = 2gh

v2

(2)

(K + 1)

= 0,5 (. 5.5.2, )
(2) v2= 5,11 m/s.

. 6.2.

: , :

v 2 = 2gh v2= 6,26 m/s

.

, , . ,
. v2 ,
J2, , x:
J2x J1x = J2x = J2.
Newton ( 6.1):
dJ/dt =F J2/t =F
:

d22
v 2 Q = 0,0036 m3/s
4
(6.9):
Q=

257

Fx = Q (v2x v1x) F = 18,5 N

: J2/t =F= 18,5 N.

(A -).

1
v1

2
v2

3
. 6.2.
2 in, 420
L/min. , 6.2
. .
:
:

d1 = 2 in = 0,0508 m, d2 = 2 d1 =0,1016 m
Q = 420 L/min = 0,07 m3/s
= 1000 Kg/m3.
: F
() x. ,
. :
F = Fx, v1 = v1x, v2 = v2x
:
Fx = Q (v2xv1x) F = Q (v2v1) (1)
:

vi =

4Q
v1 = 3,454 m/s, v2 = 0,863 m/s.
d2i

(1) : F = 18,13 .

( , x).
4
3 in, 0,8 60 m3/h. 90, .
:
: d = 3 in = 0,0762 m, Q = 60 m3/h = 60/3600 m3/h,
= 0,8, 90.
: F
, ,
x y. .
. (
, . 12
).
:
Fx = Q (v2xv1x)

(1)

Fx = Q (v2xv1x)

(2)

1 2 v, .

258

6.2 :
v1x = v
v1y = 0
v2x= 0
v2y = v
:

2
1

4Q
v = 3,655 m s
vi =
d2i
60
(1) Fx = (0,8 1000)
(0 3,655) N Fx = 48,73 N
3600
60
(2) Fx = (0,8 1000)
(3,655 0) N Fx = 48,73 N
3600
(. 6.2):

Fy
Fx

y
. 6.2.

F
Fy

F = Fx2 + Fy2 F = 68, 9 N

tan =

v2

v1

F
y

tan = 1 = 135o

. 6.2.

6.3 .
[ 6.9
(6.9), (6.9), (6.9)],
. , ,
.

. , , : , . , .
, . ,
,
. .
(. 3.4.5). .
,
. , , (
).
, u v .
(6.8), ,
:

J / t = u u dA
(6.12)
A

( , ).

n () , :

u = u n
(6.10) :

259

J / t = n u 2 dA

(6.12)

v, :

J / t = v2 n A = v Q n
:

(6.12)

dA = v Q

,
. , v
:

dA = v Q = v 2 A

:
=

1
2

v A

u2 dA

(6.13)

(6.9) ,
:

(6.14)
F = Q ( 2 v 2 1 v1 )
(6.10) (6.11).
,
. (.
5.2):

r2
(5.3)
u = u max 1 2
R

, :

u u max 1
R

1
1
n
9
5

(5.3)

: = 4/3
= 1,33.
, : = 1,04 ( n = 1/5) = 1,01 ( n = 1/9).
, , =1 ( ).
5
1,26 1,18 10-3 m2/s 2 in, 420 L/min. 1
2
6.3
.
v1
.
v

:
:

d1 = 2 in = 0,0508 m, d2 = 2 d1 = 0,1016 m

. 6.3

260

Q = 420 L/min = 0,07 m3/s

= 1,26 =1260 Kg/m3, = 1,1810-3 m2/s.
: F
3, :

vi =

4Q
v1 = 3,454 m/s, v2 = 0,863 m/s
d2i

Reynolds :

Re =

v i di
Re1 = 148,7 Re2 = 74,3

. 1 = 2 = 4/3 ( 6.12):
F = Q (2 v2 1 v1) F = 30,46
: , : F = 22,85 ,
25%. , ,
.

6.4 .
, ,
.
.
, . , ,
. :
) 1 2 (. 6.4):

(6.15)
Fp1 = p1 A1 n1

Fp2 = -p 2 A 2 n 2
(6.15)

: n1 n 2 1 2 (
- ) p1, p2 1 2.
:
Fp1 = p1 A1

(6.15)

Fp2 = p2 A2

(6.15)

Fp2 , v2.
: , ,
, ( ),
(. 2.5.3).

) , (. 6.4) ( ,
) :

261
Fp2 = _ p2A2n2
A2

n2

A2
F

A1

A1
n1

F
n1

Fp1 = _ p1A1n1

. 6.4.

. 6.4.

, , .

=mg=V=Qt

(6.16)

: , V , Q t .
, ( ) :
t = L/v (:L ). (6.16) :

B = QL / v
B=

d2
L
4

(6.16)

.

(.. ).
) , F .
:
, F ( ), (
). ,
( ).
, . .
, F .
( ). ,
,
,
, . , () .
. ,
:

F = F +F
, :

262

F = ( Fp1 + Fp2 ) + B + F

(6.17)

, . (6.15) :
Fx = (Fp1x+ Fp2x)+Bx+ Fx

(6.17)

Fy = (Fp1y+ Fp2y)+By+ Fy

(6.17)

Fz = (Fp1z+ Fp2z)+Bz+ Fz

(6.17)

, :
F , , (
6.9).
Fp1 Fp2 (6.15),

.
(6.16).
F ,
. (6.17).
, , ( ). F .
F, (
- Newton).
:
1. . (6.9), (6.9) (6.9), , .
2. ()
( ).
3. F, (6.17).
4. -, ,
F:

F = F
, , , .
6.5 .
6.5.1 .
, L d,
Q (. 6.5). F
y,
Fp1
Fp2
.
v
, ,

. 6.5.
.
.

263

x,
.
. , ( ). , .
, :
F = 0

Fp1 Fp2 F = 0
F = ( p1 p 2 ) A =

d2
4

(6.18)

( p1 p 2 )

,
. , Bernoulli.
:
y1 y2 = 0
( )
v1 = v2 = v
( )
h = hf
( )
Bernoulli :

p1 p 2
= hf p1 p 2 = hf

DarcyWeisbach:

8
L
f 5 Q2
2
g
d
8
L
p1 p 2 = 2 f 5 Q 2

d
hf =

(2), :
F =

L
d

Q2

(6.19)

, , .
, . , ,
, .
6
, 2,5 in, 20 m

30 , ( ) 60 m3/h.
.
:
: d = 2,5 in = 0,0635 m,
L = 20 m, = 0,00012 m, = 30
= 1000 Kg/m3
Q = 60 m3/h = 60/3600 m3/s

264

: F, F
x ( 30 ,
6.5).
x
Fp2
1: : F = 0.
2: x
, v
F
x. :
x
F = 0 Fp1 Fp2 F x = 0

(1)

x:
2

Fp1

d
L ( 6.16) = 621,4
4
= sin 30o = B 0,5 = 310,7 N
B=

. 6.5.

Bernoulli,
:

v=

4Q
v = 5,26 m/s
d2

Moody
(/d = 0,0019, Re = 4,18105 ) f = 0,0236

h = hf =

8
L
f 5 Q 2 hf = 10, 5 m
2
g d

(y1 y 2 ) +

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
= h

2g

(2)

y1 y2 = L sin y1 y2 = 10 m

p1 p 2
= 10, 5 (SI) p1 p2 = 201.105 Pa

d2
Fp1 Fp2 = (p1 p2) =
(p1 p2) Fp1 Fp2 = 636,9 N
4
3: :
(2) 10 +

(1)

F = Fp1 Fp2 x F = 15,5

4: -, x : F = F = 15,5
: F , , . (
) .

6.5.2 .
d1, d2 (.
6.5). , ,
. ,
.
( ),
() . x (

265

), : F = Q (v2
v1).

, Fp1, Fp2
F. F. ,
(
),
. 6.5
dFy :

d1

d2

v1

v2

. 6.5.

dF
F

dF

dFy

F = dFx
, ,
.
,
.

. 6.5.

: .
, .
, .

7
, 2,5 in, 3/4
in. 30 m/s.
) = 0,05
, .
) ;
:
: d1 = 2,5 in = 0,0635 m
d2 = 3/4 in = 0,019 m
v2 = 30 m/s
p2 = 101,3KPa
K = 0,05
=1000 Kg/m3
: F
) . x.
1: :
F = Q (v2 v1)

(1)

Q v1 :
d22
Q=
v 2 Q = 0,00855 m3/s
4

v1 =
(1)

4 Q
v1 = 2,7 m/s
d12
F = Fx = 233,4 N

2:

266

x, Fp1 Fp2,
F.
6.5 :
F = Fp1 Fp2 F

(2)

2
Fp2 = p2 d2 Fp2 = 0
4
d12
(3)
Fp1 = p
4
p1 Bernoulli, .

(y1 y 2 ) +

Fp1

Fp2

. 6.5.

p1 p2 v12 v 22
p p 2 v12 v 22
v2
+
= h 1
+
=K 2

2g

2g
2g

p1 = p2 +

(K + 1) v 22 v12
(0,05 + 1) 30 2 2,72
p1 = 101,3 10 3 + 1000
Pa
2
2

p1 = 570.155 Pa p1 = 468.855 Pa
(3)

Fp1= 1485 N

3: :
(2)

F =Fp1 Fp2 F F = 1251,5 N

4: F . -, , :
F = 1251,5 N
) , : h = 0. ,
Bernoulli:

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
= 0 p1' = 547.655 Pa p1' = 446.355 Pa

2g
(3)
(2)

Fp1'= 1414 N

F' = F = 1180 N

() , :
F = F F = 71,5
6.5.3 ().
, .
, . (. 6.5).
4,
(x y) . (6.9) (6.9), Fx Fy. (

267

,
z).
.
6.5 x y, ,
. Fp1 Fp2 (
) F.
( . ),
.
8
12 cm, 180 m3/h. ,
45, .
210 KPa.
.

y
v2
v2y

4Q
v1 = v2 = v =
v = 4,42 m/s
d2
xy (. 6.5) (,
):
v1x = v1 = 4,42 m
v2x = v2 cos = 3,126 m

. 6.5.
y
Fp2y

Fp2

F
Fy

Fp1

Fp2x

Fx

. 6.5.
y
v2

v1y = 0,
v2y = v2 sin = 3,126 m

x y
( 6.9, 6.9) Fx Fy (. 6.5):

v2x

:
:

d = 12 cm = 0,12 m,
Q = 180 m3/h = 0,05 m3/s,
= 1000 Kg/m3, = 45, p2 = 210 KPa
: F, F
1: .
v1 v2 .
:

v1

v2y
45

v1

v2x

Fx= Q (v2x v1x)

Fx= 64, 7

. 6.5.

Fx= Q (v2x v1x)

Fy=+156,3

F = F + F
2
x

2
y

F = 169,2

Fy

:
tan =

Fy
Fx

tan = 2,414 = 112,5

Fx
. 6.5.

45

268

2: .
, Bernoulli. (
,
, ). : = 0,4 (. 5.5.3):

(y1 y 2 ) +

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
p p
v2
+
= h 1 2 = K

2g

2g

p1 p2 = 5.863 Pa p1 = 215.863 Pa p1 = 114.563 Pa

p2 = 210.000 Pa p2 = 108.700 Pa
Fp1 Fp2 ( ) () F . x
y (. 6.5).
:
y

d2
Fp1 =
p1 Fp1 = 1295,7 N
4

Fp2y

Fp1x = Fp1 Fp1x = 1295,7 N

Fp1y = 0
d2
Fp2 =
p 2 Fp2 = 1229,4 N
4
Fp2x = Fp2 cos Fp2x =
869,3 N

Fp2

F
Fy

Fp1
Fx

Fp2x

. 6.5.

Fp2y = Fp2 sin Fp2y = 869,3 N

. ()
x y, . (,
, 6.5).
3: .
(6.17) (6.17) ( ):
Fx = (Fp1x + Fp2x) + Fx 64, 7 = 1295,7 + (869,3) + Fx (SI) Fx = 491,1
Fy = (Fp1y + Fp2y) + Fy 156,3 = 0 +(869,3) + Fy (SI) Fy = 1025,6
:

F = Fx2 + Fy2

F = 1137 N
:

tan =

Fy
Fx

tan = 2,09 = 115,6

4 : .
F
6.5:

F = F
:

F = 1137 N

269

6.5.4 .

, .
( , ),
.
, ,
(6.9) (
), (6.11).
6.5 :

J
= Q1 v1
dt

J
= (Q 2 v 2 + Q 3 v 3 )
dt
(6.11) :

F = (Q2 v 2 + Q 3 v 3 Q1 v1 )

F
Fy

Fx

. 6.5.

d3 v2

Q3

d1
v1

(6.20)

Q = Q

Fx
Fy

Q1

(6.20),
,
F. ,
.
, , , :

45

v3

d2
Q2

. 6.5.

v2

v1

6.5:
130o

Q1 = Q2 + Q3

3
,
. 6.5.
(
).
. .

9
6.5, 120 m3/h.
d1 = 4 in, d2 = d3 = 3 in.
p2 = p3 = 120 Kpa. , o
2 3 .
:
:

d1 = 4 in = 0,1016 cm,

d2 = d3 = 3 in = 0,0762 m

270

Q1 = 120/3600 m3/s
Q2 = Q3 = 1000 Kg/m3
p2 = p3 =120.000 Pa
h = 0
: F
1: .
:

v2

v1

Q = Q1= Q2 + Q3 Q3 = Q3 = 60/3600 m3/s.

50

v1, v2 v2
:

130o
v3

4Q
v1 = 4,112 m/s,
v=
d2
v2 = v3 = 3,656 m/s

. 6.5.

(6.20) x y. (.
6.5):
v1x= v1= 4,112 m/s
v1y= 0
v2x= 0
v2y = v2= 3,656 m/s
o
v3x= v3 cos 50 = 2,35 m/s
v3y= v3 sin 50o = 2,8 m/s
(6.20) :
Fx = (Q2 v2x + Q3 v3x Q1 v1x)

(1)

Fy = (Q2 v2y + Q3 v3y Q1 v1y)

(2)

Fp2 = Fp2y
Fp1 = Fp1x

F
Fp3
Fy

50
Fp3y

Fp3x

(1) Fx = 97,90
. 6.5.

(2) Fy = 14,25

2: .
. x y.
p1 Bernoulli:

p p

v 2 v 2

+
= 0 p1 = 118.226 Pa

2g
:
d2i
Fpi = A i p i =
p i Fp 1 = 958, 5 N
4
Fp2 = Fp3 =547,2
6.5. :
Fp1x = Fp1 = 958,5 N

Fp2y = 0

Fp2x = 0

Fp2y = Fp2 = 547,2 N

o

Fp3x = Fp3 cos50 = 351,8 N

Fp3y = Fp3 sin50o = 419,2 N

3: .
. Fx
Fy ().
(6.17) (6.17) ( ):

271

Fx = (Fp1x + Fp2x + Fp3x) + F 97, 9 = 958,5 + 0 351,8 + Fx (SI) Fx = 704,6

Fy = (Fp1y + Fp2y + Fp3y) + Fy 14,25 = 0 547,2 + 419,2 + Fy (SI) Fy = 142,3
2
: F = F
+ Fy2 F = 719 N
:
F
tan = y tan = 2,02 = 168,6
Fx

4: .
F
6.5:

F = F
:

F = 719 N

6.5.5 .

F
168,6

50
,
F
, ,
v, .
.
,
. . 6.5.

,
v

F
, v2
v1
F
.
, .
, ,
.
. 6.5.
F,
. , F
F.
, ,
, (
, F).
10
10 cm, 4
cm. o 100 m3/h, ,
(. 6.5).
) , .
) , .
( ).

272

:
: d1 = 0,10 m, d2 = 0,04 m, Q = 100/3600 m3/s,
= 1000 Kg/m3 p2 = p
: () F () F/F
) v1 :
4Q
v1 =
v1 = 3,58 m/s
v2 =22,1 m/s
d2
v2 =22,1 m/s .
, yz , 6.5. xy,
, ,
v2 v3=v4=v. , Q/2.
x y 2 :
Fx = (Q3 v3x + Q4 v4x Q2 v2x)
Fy = (Q3 v3y + Q4 v4y Q2 v2y)
: Q2 = Q, Q2 = Q3 = Q/2
v2x=v2
v3x=v4x=0
v2y= 0
v3y=v3
v4y=v4
:
Fx = Q v2

(1)

Q
(2)
(v 3 + v 4 )
2
(1) : Fx = 614 N
(2), v3 = v4, : Fy = 0

: F = Fx = 614 N
2, 3 4 :
p2 = p3 = p4 = p

. ,
F (. 6.5). :

F = F
Fy =

. 6.5.
y
v3

Q/2

v2

v1

Q
v4

Q/2

. 6.5.

) , 12, 7 6.5.2.
1 2
x:
F = Q (v2 v1) F = Fx = 233,4 N
, x,
Fp1 Fp2, F. :

273

F = Fp1 Fp2 F

(3)

d22
Fp2 = p2
Fp2 = 0
4
d21
Fp1 = p1
(4)
4
p1 Bernoulli. :
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
v 22 v 21
(y1 y 2 ) +
+
= h
+
= 0 p1 = p2 +

2g

2g
2
p1 = 339.358 Pa p1 = 238.058 Pa
(4)

Fp1= 1354 N

:
(3)

F = Fp1 Fp2 F F = 1354 N

F (
) :
F = 1354 N

F/F = 0,453

6.5.6 .

, , .
, () , , (, , ..). () .
, , . , (. :
).
( ).
, ( ),
. , .
( ) :
, (
):
p1 = p2 = p p1 = p2 = 0.
11
, 4 cm, 40 m3/h 6.5, 40.
90% .
) .

274

) 3 m/s
;
:
:

v2

v1

d = 0,04 m, Q = 40/3600 m3/s,

= 40o,
= 1000 Kg/m3

. 6.5.
y

v2 = 0,9 v2

v2

() v = 0 () v = 3 m/s.
: ) F, h ) F.
)
( . 6.5
).
1: .
v1
:
4Q
v1 =
v1 = 8,84 m/s
d2
v2 = 0,9 v1 v2 = 7,96 m/s.
xy :
v1x = v1 = 8,84 m/s
v1y = 0,
v2x = v2 cos = 6,1 m/s v2y = v2 sin = 5,12 m/s.

v1

. 6.5.
y
F
v1

v2
Fy

8,2
11

Fx

Fy

Fx

. 6.5.

x y ( 6.9, 6.9)
Fx Fy :
Fx = Q (v2x v1x) Fx = 30,5
Fx = Q (v2x v1x) Fy = 56,8 .
2: .
:
p1 = p2 = p
.
, F.
3-4: (. 6.5).
:
Fx = Fx Fx = 30,5
Fy = Fy Fy = 56,8
F =

F2 + Fy2

tan =

Fy
Fx

F = 64,5 N

tan = 1,86 = 118,2

275

:
Fx = Fx Fx = 30,5
Fy = Fy Fy = 56,8

F = F

v2

v1

h
Bernoulli. :
y1 y2 = 0 p1 p2 = 0, :

v1

v2

v
. 6.5.

v12 v 22
= h h = 0,76 m
2g
) (. 6.5) , x
v = 3 m/s, :
vx = 3 m/s
v1x, = v1 vx = 5,84 m/s
v2x, = v2 cos vx = 3,1 m/s

vy = 0
v1y, = 0,
v2y, = v2 sin = 5,12 m/s

. v1 = v1x, =
= 5,84 m/s:
d2
Q' =
v1 Q' = 0,00734 m3/s (= 26,43 m3/h)
4
:
Fx = Q (v2x v1x ) Fx = 20,16
Fx = Q (v2x v1x ) Fy = 37,55
Fx = 20,16
Fy = 37,55
F =

F2 + Fy2 F = 42,6 N

tan = 1,86 = 118,2

F = F

.
.
6.6 .
,
( angular momentum).
,
(linear momentum) .
, :

276

L =I

(6.21)

.
m , :
L=I
= m r2

=v

:
L = r (m v)
: r, .
, :

L = r (m v)

(6.21)

: ( , , , ) .
, (6.21),
(6.23) (6.24).

,
:

= r F
r F ( ,
F, ). r, F [. 6.6()].
[. 6.6()].
( ). :
= r F sin

M=rxF

L = r x (m . v)

x
r

x
F

y
()

m.v
r

y
()

. 6.6.

()

277

: .
, , [. 6.6()] :
L = r (m v) sin
(6.21)
: ,
.
( ),
, .
: Newton,
, , :

2
d [r (m v)

]
dL
=
=
L 2 L1 = dt
(6.22)
dt
dt
1
6.2, :

i r v i m
j rvj
= m
:
mi = Qi, mj = Qj

(6.23)

Q i = Q i

:
1 =m
2 =m
= Q :
m

= Q ( r2 v 2 r1 v1 )

(6.24)

, . ,
xy, z.
x y:

(6.24)
Mz = Q (r2xy v 2xy r1xy v1xy )

M y = Q (r2xz v 2xz r1xz v1xz )

(6.24)

M x = Q (r2yz v 2yz r1yz v1yz )

(6.24)

( ) , ,
z. , (6.24) .
. , ,
.
, ,
.

278

, ,
.
12
6.6, 1 2 . 1 290 KPa 2, 220 KPa.
90 m3/h , 3 in.
h1 = 10 cm, h2 = 30 cm.
:
:

d = 3 in = 0,0762 m Q = 90 m3/h = 0,025 m3/s

p1, = 290 KPa p2, = 220 KPa h1 = 0,1 m

h2 = 0,3 m

: MA
, :

4Q
v1 = v2 = v = 5,48 m/s
d2
(6.24) 1 2
:

(1)
M = Q ( r2 v 2 r1 v1 )
v=

xy,
: = z

r v hv, h
. (1) :
= Q (h2 v2 h1 v1)= Q v (h2 h1)
: = 27,4 Nm.
,

1 2
. (:
):
= Fp1 h1 Fp2 h2 + MA

(2)

d2
Fp1 =
p1 Fp1 = 1322,5 N
4
Fp2 =

h1
h2
. 6.6.

d2
p2 Fp2 = 1003,3 N
4

(2) M = Fp2 h2 Fp2 h1 + M

MA = 196 Nm
13
6.6. 10
L/min 30 kPa. -

. 6.6.

279

5 mm , 40o
. :
) .
) o .
) .
) 35 rpm.
:
:

R = 0,16 m
po, = 30 KPa

: ) v,

d = 0,005 m
= 40
) = 0,

Q = 10 L/min = 1,6710-4 m3/s

) max,

) =35 rpm.

) .
, :
Q = Q/2= 8,3310-5 m3/s

v=

4Q
v = 4,24 m/s
d2

)
.
M :

(1)
M + M = 0
: .
40. xy (. 6.6):
vxy = v cos = 3,25 m/s.
v
xy ( 6.6):

v1xy = v 2xy
vz
z

: v1z = v 2z

: r1 = r2 = R, r1 = r2

vxy

.
, (6.23) :

1 r1 v 1 + m
2 r2 v 2 m
o ro v o
M = m

= (Q1 r 1 v1 + Q 2 r2 v 2 Q o ro v o )
: 1 2 ()
0 .
: Q1 = Q2 = Q/2, ro = 0, :

Q
= ( r1 v1 + r2 v 2 )
2
xy
z:

. 6.6.
vxy

vxy
. 6.6.

280

Q



= (r1 v1xy + r2 v 2xy + r1 v1z + r2 v 2z )
2

: r1 v1z + r2 v 2z = r1 v1z +( r2 ) v 2z = 0

r1 v1xy +( r1 ) (v1xy ) = 2 r1 v1xy

:

= Q r1 v1xy

(2)

= 0,0864 Nm

,
, (. 6.6).

,

:
(1)

M
=

)
, .
, (v = R),
vxy (. 6.6). xy :
v1xy, = v1xy v = v1xy R
(2) :

= Q r1 (v1xy v )

(3)

: = Q R (v1xy R )

(4)

( ). :
= 0 v1xy R =0 v1xy = R = v1xy/R = 20,3 rad/s = 193,9 rpm
) = 30 rpm = 30 2/60 rad/s = rad/s
M (. 6.6), :

+M = 0
= = Q R (v1xy R )

(4)

= 10001,6710-4 0,16 (3,250,16) (SI) M = 0,073 Nm

v2

r2

r1

. 6.6.

r2
r1

=0

v2

r2

r1
v1

v2

v1

= 0
. 6.6.

v1

. 6.6.

281
6.7 .
T K . ,
Bernoulli. ,
, (
: ). , ,
. , , .
6.7.1 Reynolds.
(. 3.2), (
, , ), :
= +
.
(control volume, cv) . , , ( ).
dm d.
, :

= d dm

(6.25)

d = dm = dV
, sys , :
sys =

dV

(6.26)

sys

, :
) , t : cv
( , ).
) , , .
) , .
sys = cv +
:

d
d
d
d
dt = dt + dt dt

sys
cv
:

=
dV + v d v d
dt sys t cv

(6.27)

(6.27) Reynolds. , , , , , .
, .
6.7.2 .
m, :

= dm

dm

=1

, (6.27) :

282

dV + v d v d = 0
t cv

(6.28)

:
. , .
(6.28) :

v d =

v d

(6.28)

, = = (6.28) :

v d =

v d

(6.28)

(. 3.3).
6.7.3 .
= = e ( ).


: (dE / dt)sys = Q W
. (6.27) :

W
= e dV + e v d
Q

e v d

t cv
A

(6.29)

: e = u + v2/2 + g y
3.4.3 ,
Bernoulli.
6.7.4 .

, : = J = m v , = v
Reynolds , :

d(m v)

F =
= v dV + v v d v v d

dt sys t cv
A
A

v dm

F = v dV + v dm
t cv
A

(6.30)

. , , . x :

v x dm

F = v dV + v x dm
(6.30)
t cv
A

, :

v dV = 0
t cv
:

F =

dm

dm

(6.30)

(6.30), (6.9), (.
6.2).

283
(6.30) ( . ). , :

v dm

F dm cv = v dV + v dm
(6.30)
t cv
cv
A
A
6.7.5 .
:

= L = r (mv) = r v
Reynolds :

r v dm

M = r v dV + r v dm
t cv
A

(6.31)

r v dV = 0 :
t cv

M =

rv

dm

rv

dm

(6.31)

, , (6.24).
,
( 11 6.5.6).
6.7.6 .
,
, ,
. :
:

u u u

+ ux
+ uy
+ uz
+ x + y + z = 0
t
x
y
z
y
z
x

(6.32)

, = :

u x u y u z
+
+
=0
x
y
z

:
g x

g y

g z

p
x
p
y
p
z

x
y

y
y
yy
y
yz
y

(6.32)

u
u
u
u
ux u y uz

z
x
y
z
t

(6.33)

u y
u y
u y
u y
ux
uy
uz

z
x
y
z
t

(6.33)

u z
u
u
u
ux z u y z uz z

z
x
y
z
t

(6.33)

zy

zz

NavierStokes:
Navier Stokes
:

284

g x

2u
2u
u
u
u
2u
p
u
2x 2x 2x x u x u y u z
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
x

(6.34)

g y

2u
2u
u
u
u
2u
u
p
2y 2y 2y y u x y u y y u z y
y
y
z
x
y
z
t
x

(6.34)

g z

2u
2u
2u
p
2z 2z 2z
z
y
z
x

(6.34)

u
u
u

u z
ux z u y z uz z

t
x
y

NavierStokes
, . . .
,
. , .

6.8 .
1. 1 in,
3 m (. 6.8).
: ) ) =
0,5.
[) 7,67 m/s, 29,8 N, ) 6,26 m/s, 19,9 N]
2. 0,8 10-5 m2/s,
, 3 in 20 m 30 .
60 m3/h, ,
.
[Fx = 174 N, Fy = 620 N]
3. 12 cm 5 cm.
80 m3/h 0,05.
, .
[F=2123 N]
4. , 3 in,
1,5 in . 2 bar. = 0,05, : ) ( m3/h) ,
)
.
[) Q = 82,6 m3/h v = 20,1 m/s, ) F= 565,7 N]
5. 6.8 d1 =12 in d2
= 6 in, 2,6 bar 16 m/s.
z
.
[F= 11767 N]
6. d1 = 6 cm d2 = 4 cm,

3m
2

v2

. 6.8.
d1

v1

. 6.8.

d2

v2

285

v2 = 8 m/s.
500 KPa. ,
, .
= 10 Kg/s, F = 836 N]
[v1 = 3,56 m/s, m

d1

v1
d2
h

7. 6.8 : d1 = 8 cm, d2 = 5 cm, p2=

= 1,3 bar. . h=58 cm,
.
[F = 191,2 N]

. 6.8.

8. 6.8 (orifice)
. 10 cm 6 cm
1900 L/min, 145 KPa.
orifice .
[F = 912 N, K = 1,4]
9. 90 KPa
8 cm, 500 KPa
5 cm (. 6.8). 80 m3/h,

.
[F = 1108 N, hp = 46 m]

v2

2
v1

v2

. 6.8.

V2
V1

. 6.8.

10. 5 cm 6 m/s.
,
8 cm.
300 KPa.
.
=11,78 Kg/s, F = 904 N]
[m

11. 15 cm, 30. 0,1 m3/s 130 kPa.

.
[F = 1482 N, = 105]
12. 5 cm. 180 24 cm, (. 6.8).
45 m3/h, 1 165
KPa.
=2,
1 2.
[F = 329,7 N, = 180, F1 = 241,7 , F2 = 88 N]
13. 6.8

. 6.8.

V2

V1

. 6.8.

286
50 cm

50 cm

= 40.
10 cm 3 cm. 50
m3/h 1 2,3 bar. 1 (
).
[F = 2060 N, = 175,6]

14. 6.8 d1 = 30 cm, d2 = 15 cm.

15 m3/min,
1 190 KPa.

.

V2

. 6.8.
V

[F =14.745 N, = 76 , = 1768 m]
v

15. , 3 cm,
6.8.
23 , ;
[v = 5,7 m/s]

. 6.8.

16. , 10 cm 230 m3/h,

.
.
[F = 520 ]

19. 6.8 5 cm
.
700 , .
= 37,1 Kg/s]
[v =18,9 m/s, m

vc

17. 40 m3/h 5 cm, 15

m/s, 6.8.
,
.
[F = 49,1 ]
18. 10 cm,
0,79. 4 cm.
(. 6.8).
425 . ,
: ) , )
.
= 20,5 Kg/s, ) F12 = 937 N]
[) m

. 6.8.
V
v

. 6.8.

v
v

. 6.8.

287

20. 6.8,
,
. .

.
[Q1/Q2= (1+cos )/(1cos )]
21. 5 cm 1,5 m3/min
45 . .
[F = 225 N]

V1

F
v2
. 6.8.
v
v

22. 6.8, 6 cm, 20 m/s, 3 cm

.
.
[F= 848 N]

. 6.8.

23. 6.8 ,
4 cm 8 m/s,
=
60. h,

.
[h = 4,9 m, F = 40,2 N, A=69,6 N]

. 6.8.
v

24. , 45 ft/s 200 gal/min

, 6.8.
,
= 45.
[Fx = 356 N, Fy = 147,3 N]
25. 10 cm,
, =75 0,3 Kg/s, 6.8.

. . .

. 6.8.
V

[ = 10,5 ]
26. 6.8,
.
: d1 = 6 in, d2 = 3 in, d3 = 4 in 2 3 1: 2 = 30, 3 =
40. 110 m3/h

. 6.8.

288

1 170 KPa, : )
2 3, )
.
[) p2 =165,8 KPa, p3 =169,6 KPa, ) F = 2083 N]
27. 6.8,
,
, R
. ,
,
( )
.
[ = Q R2 ]
28. 6.8, 16 cm, 12 L/min, .
8 mm, : )
)
.
[) 0,166 Nm, ) 310 rpm]
29. (. 6.8)
15 cm,
1 cm,
1,7 m3/h. = 20 (:

), ( rpm): ) o , ) o
25%
.
[) = 360 rpm, ) = 270 rpm]
30. 200 L/min
1 in ,
6.8, h= 10 cm.
1 2 200 KPa 165 KPa .
A.
[=10,6 Nm]
31. 6.8
30 Kg/s. 8 cm
4 cm. =0,2 , 1
h = 12 m.
[p1, = 144 KPa, MA = 96,4 Nm]

v2

1
v1

3
3

. 6.8.

v3
v
R

vo

. 6.8.

. 6.8.

. 6.8.

. 6.8.

. 6.8.
1

v2
h

KE 7

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

290

7.1 .
, .
,
, .
( )
( , , ..).
, . .
.
.
. : , ,
, ..
, () :
, ( ), (), (, ), (, , ),
(, , ..).
, .
, . ,
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,
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().
, ,
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. , , .
, , ,
, ....
. ,
, (
, 7.1.6) .
,
, .
:
) .
( ). , . ,
, ,
.
) .
.

291

( , , ), , .
.
, . , .
) .
(.. ),
(.. ). .
) .
, , (.. ) . ,
.
(, ..)
(
, ).
) (, ).
.
, , . , , ,
.
, .
, (
). ,
, .
, , .
,
, ,
, .
7.1.1 .
,
. , .
(, ) ,
(, ..),
. 20 ,
(, ).
, ,
,
.

292

) .

( ) :
.
.
,
( ) .
, , , , .
,
.
,
. , , .
:
(0,050,3%):
.
(0,30,6%): ( ) (.. ).
(0,62%): .
.
, : (Seamless pipe, tubing)
(welded pipe).
, ( ) , ,
.

(. 7.1).
5 12 .

. ,
, ....

. 7.1.

.
, (. 7.1). ,
( ).
,

. 7.1.
.

.
.

293

, (, ,
, , ..).
. 7.1.
,

,
.
(. 7.1). .
. , ...
. , ,
(, ).
,
. . , .
, ,
. ,
(, ).
, . , .
, ( , , , ..). ,
. . .
, .
,

,
,

.
:
( )
( ).
, , ()
( ),

(. 7.1).
. 7.1.


.

294

( ). , .
. ( 10).
, .
:
.
.
.
( ).
.
.
.
.
.
, .
( ).
.
,
, 6% ,
( ).
, .
( , ,
, ..). .
, . , , . . ,
. . ,
. .
( 500C), .
) .
() .
, 6%.
,
. , ,
:
, , .
,
,
.
( ). , , , ( .. ) ,
( ).

295

) .
, , (
6,5 ),
, ( ),
...
,
, (
) .
, ,
.
.
, . .
(
), , .
, ( 80%) , .
) .
.
, , , .
.
, .
) .
.
20 ( 1948
). ( , ), 7.1.1 (
).
:
() .
( 1/7 ).
.

.
.
.
, , :
( ).
.
(
).

296

.
(, , ,
..).
.
, ,
( ).
(BUNA , , , ..),

. ,
. , ,
(.. )
( ).
7.1.1
.

PVC

CPVC

LDPE

MDPE

HDPE

PP

PVDF

PVDC

PCTFE

---- (Halar)(1)

PTFE

-- (Teflon)(1)

ETFE

---

ECTFE

----

FEP

ABS

-- (Buna-N)(1) (E)(2)

FKM, FPM

(Viton, Fluorel) (1) ()(2)

IIR

- (Butyl) (1) ()(2

NR SBR

- (Buna-S) (1) ()(2)

CR

(Neoprene) (1) (E)(2)

CPE

(E)(2)

(1): .
(2): : .

297

) .
: .
,
. ,
. .
.
(..
), .
, .
, .
. ,
. ( , ..).
, (. 7.1.2) , () ,
(. 7.1.3).
7.1.2
.

Kg/m3

Kg/m3
910

7875

PP

7751

MDPE

930940

75298027

HDPE

940965

71977335

PB

920

7197

PVC

1450

8941

CPVC

1540

8470-8747

PVDF

1760

ABS

1080

PVDC

1750

11341

2685-2713

7.1.3
.

, , , , .

, , .

, .

, , .

, .

, , , .

, .

298

7.1.2 .
, , , , ,
...
, . ,
.
) .
(standardization) 20 . 1901 (British Standards Institute, BSI).
(: DIN, : AFNOR, :
ANSI ..). ,
(International Standards Organization, SO), . ISO
, ,
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). 1961 (CEN), -
, (HD) ().
, CENELEC.
, , 1976, ()
. ISO, IEC, CEN
CENELEC
.

, .
ISO/TC 37, , , ISO
( ISO, IEC ISO/IEC). ,

, .
(standardization) ,
, . ,
, .
(standard) (technical specification).

(.. , , , ). , , ,
. , ,
, ,
... ,
. (..
)
(.. ). (EN) CEN,
( ). (ISO) -

299

ISO,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
( ) , .
. , CEN . ,
( ).
,
. ,
ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials), 1898.
7.1.4 .
( )
7.1.4
.

. .

. .

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

CEN

Comite Europeen de Normalization

DIN

Deutsches Institut fr Normung

BSI

British Standards Institute

AFNOR

Association Franaise de Normalisation

AENOR

Spanish Association for Standardisation

UNI

Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione

NEN

Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

JIS

Japan Industrial Standards

FIEC

European Construction Industry Federation

CEFIC

European Chemical Industry Council

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

API

American Petroleum Institute

ASME

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASQC

American Society for Quality Control

MSS

Manufacturer s Standardization Society

AISI

American Iron and Steel Institute

SAE

Society of Automotive Engineers

AWS

American Welding Society

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology

300

, ,
. (
) (
, ). ( ), , ,
.
, ISO
9000 (Quality management systems):
ISO 9000: ISO 9000. 81
.
ISO 9001: , ,
, , . ,
,
, , ,
.
ISO 9002: .
.
ISO 9003: .
, ,
.
ISO 9004: ,
. .
) .
, :
, .
: , ( ) .
.
,
. , ,
. (. 7.1).
,
. ANSI ASTM ( API,
SAE ASME), , ISO CEN, DIN. , .
, , ,
() , (
) .
:
, .

301

. 7.1.

( ) . (.. ), (..
), ( )
(.. ).
( ,
..).
(.. 1335:
).

.
, 10020 (2000,
), 10079 ( ) ... ,
:
: ( 2%) ,
7.1.5.
7.1.5
.

Al

Bi

% w/w

% w/w

0,10

Ni

0,30

0,0008

Pb

0,40

0,10

Se

0,10

Co

0,30

Si

0,60

Cr

0,30

Te

0,10

Cu

0,40

Ti

0,05

La

0,10

0,10

Mn

1,65

0,30

Mo

0,08

Zr

0,05

Nb

0,06

(*)

0,10

(*) , , , .

302

,
7.1.5, .
:
10,50 % , 1,20 % , ( 10020: 5.2.2.2.1).
:
( 10 020: 4.2.2), .
, EN 10027-1 (1992)
. , St37-2 ( DIN 17100) S235 [S: , 235 (N/mm2): ].
(.. S235 J2G3). , (.. X2CrNi18-9).
ISO (ISO 4948-1 Steels Classification Part 1: Classification of Steels into Unalloyed and Alloy Steels Based on Chemical Composition 1982, ISO TR 4949:1989 Steel names based on letter symbols ..).
, P (), M
( ) K (). N ( ), S
( ) H ( ).
, 12, ISO
.
, ,
. ,
(CEN) (ISO).
) .
1. .
, ,
, ,
.
(Nominal Diameter, DN): mm in ,
() ,
.
D (Outside Diameter, OD): ,
(. 7.1.6). : ,
.
d (Inside Diameter, ID):
D d
,
, .
,
.
b
b (Wall thickness):
. 7.1.
( ),

, .
.
,

303

. (. 7.1),
:

Dd
(7.1)
2
, ,
:
d=D2b
(7.1)
b=

, ( 10% ) ().
(: , ) (. 7.1).

()

d1

d2

d3

b1

b2

b3

()

()

. 7.1.

: ) , ) ) .

:
, (
):

d2
A=
4

(7.2)

( ) ,
.
, S:
S=D

(7.3)

, ( ).
(7.1), (7.2) (7.3), ,
D b.
1
100 (ISO) 4 mm.
:
7.1.6 : D = 110 mm = 0,11 m.

304

d = D 2 b d =(110 24) mm d = 102 mm = 0,102 m

d2
A = 0,00817 m2
A=
4
S = D S = 0,346 m2
2. .
,
, , m/L (, ).

m
( D2 d 2 )
=
= b (D b)
L
4

(7.4)

.
,
. ,
( , , ..), . ,
() .
() , . ,
. ,
.
, , . ,
, ,
.
, .
,
. , , .
, , .
ISO (SI),
,
. 7.1.6
, ISO ANSI. , , ( ANSI
Lbf/in2 = psi DIN Kp/cm2) (ANSI: Lbf/ft, DIN:
Kp/m). (
). ,
, .
7.1.7 ,
7.1.8 .

305
7.1.6
ISO ANSI.
ISO

mm

in
6

0,236

ANSI

D
mm

in
10

in

/8
/4

0,394

mm

in
3,2

mm

0,41

10,3

6,4

0,54

13,7

0,315

12

0,472

10

0,394

16

0,630

9,5

0,68

17,1

0,787

/2
/4

12,7

0,84

21,3

19,1

1,05

26,7

15

0,591

20

/8

20

0,787

25

0,984

25

0,984

32

1,260

25,4

1,32

33,4

1,575

1 /4

31,8

1,66

42,2

1 /2
2

38,1

1,90

48,3

50,8

2,38

60,3

63,5

2,88

73,0

76,2

3,50

88,9

32

1,260

40

40

1,575

50

1,969

50

1,969

63

2,480

65

2,559

75

2,953

80

3,150

90

3,543

2 /2
3

100

3,937

110

4,331

101,6

4,50

114,3

125

4,921

140

5,512

127,0

5,56

141,3

150

5,906

160

6,299

152,4

6,63

168,3

200

7,874

225

8,858

203,2

8,63

219,1

250

9,843

280

11,02

10

254,0

10,75

273,1

300

11,81

315

12,40

12

304,8

12,75

323,9

350

13,78

356

14,00

14

355,6

14,00

355,6

400

15,75

407

16,00

16

406,4

16,00

406,4

450

17,72

457

18,00

18

457,2

18,00

457,2

500

19,69

508

20,00

20

508,0

20,00

508,0

550

21,65

559

22,00

600

23,62

610

24,02

650

25,59

660

25,98

700

27,56

711

27,99

28

711,2

28,00

711,2

750

29,53

762

30,00

30

762,0

30,00

762,0

800

31,50

813

32,00

32

812,8

32,00

812,8

850

33,46

864

34,02

900

35,43

914

35,98

36

914,4

36,00

914,4

1000

39,37

1016

40,00

40

1016,0

40,00

1016,0

1050

41,34

1067

42,00

1100

43,31

1118

44,00

44

1117,6

44,00

1117,6

1200

47,24

1219

48,00

48

1219,2

48,00

1219,2

1300

51,18

1321

52,00

52

1320,8

52,00

1320,8

1400

55,12

1422

56,00

56

1422,4

56,00

1422,4

1500

59,06

1524

60,00

60

1524,0

60,00

1524,0

-24

609,6

24,00

609,6

--

--

--

306
7.1.7
.

496

1982

497

- 1982

1136

1990

EN 10220

2004

EN 10297

2003

EN 10216

2002

EN 10217

2005

280

1983

281

, 1979

EN ISO 1127

,
1996

EN 10312

2003

EN 545 E2

, ,
2003

616

1982

1121

1988

EN 12449

1999

273

1979

391

1982

710

1982

734

(PE)
1982

EN 1452

() (PVC-U) 1999

50

1980

1979

307
7.1.8
.

ISO 65 L2
BS 1387(L)
271

ISO 2

m/L

ISO 1

ISO 65 L1
270

ISO ME DIUM
ISO 65
BS 1387 M
DIN 244
269

ISO HEAVY
ISO 65
BS 1387
DIN 2441
268

m/L

m/L

m/L

m/L

mm

in

mm

mm

Kg/m

mm

Kg/m

mm

Kg/m

mm Kp/m

Kg/m

mm

Kg/m

15

21,3

1,8

0,874

2,0

0,95

2,3

1,08

2,6 1,08

1,21

3,2

1,44

20

26,9

2,0

1,24

2,3

1,38

2,3

1,39

2,6 1,39

1,56

3,2

1,87

25

33,7

2,2

1,71

2,6

1,98

2,9

2,20

3,2 2,2

2,41

4,0

2,93

32

42,4

2,3

2,29

2,6

2,54

2,9

2,82

3,2 2,82

3,10

4,0

3,79

40

48,3

2,4

2,710

2,9

3,23

2,9

3,24

3,2 3,24

3,56

4,0

4,37

50

60,3

2,5

3,56

2,9

4,08

3,2

4,49

3,6 4,490

5,03

4,5

6,19

65

76,1

2,7

4,89

3,2

5,71

3,2

5,73

3,6 5,73

6,42

4,5

7,93

80

88,9

2,9

6,20

3,2

6,72

3,6

7,55

4,0 7,55

8,36

5,0

10,3

100

114,3

3,1

8,55

3,6

9,75

4,0

10,8

4,5 10,80

12,2

5,4

14,5

125

139,7

5,0

16,6

5,4

17,9

150

165,1

5,0

19,8

5,4

21,3

: 269, 270 271 (24/2/2005) .

) .
,
, (. 7.1).

,
.
, , ,
.
, .
. ( ) . 7.1.

308

. , .
BS 1710, (
) 7.1.9.
.
7.1.9
BS 1710.

RAL
BS 4800

6010

12D45

9006

10A03

Biscuit

1006

08C35

5012

20E51

4001

22C37

8001

06C39

9005

00E53

2003

06E51

3000

04E53

(DIN 2403) .
, . ,
: , ,
, , , (. 7.1.10).
7.1.10
DIN 2403.

RAL
DIN 6164

6018

23:7:3

3000

7:8:3

7001

18:1:3

(*)

1021

2:6:1

(*)

9005

N:0:9,5

2003

5:5:1

4001

11:2:4

(*)

8001

3:5:4
()

309

(*)

(*)

RAL

DIN 6164

9005

N:0:9,5

5015

17:5:2

, ANSI A13.1, , : (, ,
, , ),
( ) .
, (. 7.1.11).
7.1.11
ANSI A13.1.

, , CO2, Halon ..

, . ISO
14726 (1999, Ships and marine technology Identification colours for the content of piping systems
Part 1: Main colours and media) , ,
, ( ).
ISO 14726-2 (2002, Ships and marine technology Identification colours for
the content of piping systems Part 2: Additional colours for different media and/or functions)
, (. 7.1).
7.1.12 .
7.1.13
( ). (
132 72).

310
: ISO/DIS 14726 (2007, Ships and marine
technology Identification colours for the content of piping systems) , ( )
. 7.1.12 7.1.13 .

. 7.1.

ISO 14726.
7.1.12
ISO 14726.

RAL

BK

9005

BU

5015

BN

8001

GN

6018

GY

7001

(*)

MN

8015

OG

2003

SR

9006

RD

3000

VT

4001

WH

9010

YE

1021

(*) Air and sounding pipes ISO 14726-1. Masses (dry and wet).

7.1.13
.

Waste media

BK

Non-flammable gases

GY

Black water

BK

BU

BK

Oil other than fuels

OG

Waste oil/used oil

BK

BN

BK

Steam

SR

Bilge water

BK

GN

BK

Fire fighting

RD

Exhaust gas

BK

GY

BK

Acids, alkalis

VT

Grey water

BK

WH

BK

Ventilation system

WH

()

311

Sewage, contaminated

BK

Fresh water

YE

BK

Flammable gases

Oils other than fuels

BU

YE

OG

Fresh water, sanitary

BU

BN

BU

Thermal fluid

OG

BU

OG

Potable water

BU

GN

BU

Oil for gas turbines

OG

GN

OG

Distillate

BU

GY

BU

Hydraulic fluid

OG

GY

OG

Gas-turbine wash water

BU

OG

BU

Oil for steam turbines

OG

SR

OG

Feed Water

BU

SR

BU

Lubrication oil for gears

OG

VT

OG

Cooling fresh water

BU

VT

BU

Oil for ICE ()

OG

YE

OG

Chilled water

BU

WH

BU

Steam

Condensate

BU

YE

BU

Steam for heating purp.

SR

BK

SR

Exhaust steam

SR

WT

SR

SR

YE

SR

Fuel

BN

SR

Heavy fuel (HFO)

BN

BK

BN

Supply steam

Aviation fuel

BN

BU

BN

Fire fighting/protection

Biological fuel

BN

VT

BN

Fire-fighting water

RD

GN

RD

Gas-turbine fuel

BN

WH

BN

Fire-fighting gas

RD

GY

RD

Diesel fuel (MDO)

BN

YE

BN

Sprinkler water

RD

OG

RD

Spray water

RD

VT

RD

Sea water

GN

RD

Decontamination water

GN

BU

GN

Fire-fighting powder

RD

WH

RD

Sea water, sanitary

GN

BN

GN

Fire-fighting foam

RD

YE

RD

Ballast water

GN

VT

GN

Acids, Alkalis

VT

Cooling sea water

GN

YE

GN

Air in ventilation systems

WH

Non-flammable gases

GY

discharge air

WH

BK

WH

Oxygen

GY

BU

GY

Mech. supply air, cold

WH

BU

WH

Inert gas

GY

BN

GY

Natural exhaust air

WH

BN

WH

Nitrogen

GY

GN

GY

Atmospheric air

WH

GN

WH

Refrigerant

GY

MN

GY

Mechanical exhaust air

WH

GY

WH

Compressed air LP

GY

OG

GY

Decontaminated supply air

WH

MN

WH

Compressed air HP

GY

RD

GY

Mech. recirculated air

WH

OG

WH

Control air/regulating air

GY

VT

GY

Mech. supply air, warm

WH

SR

WH

Breathing air

GY

WH

GY

Smoke clearance

WH

RD

WH

Breathing gas

GY

YE

GY

Conditioned supply air

WH

VT

WH

Natural supply air

WH

YE

WH

Air and sounding pipes

Waste media

BK

Flammable gases

YE

Fresh water

BU

Hydrogen

YE

BU

YE

Fuel

BN

Acetylene

YE

GY

YE

Sea water

GN

Liquid gas

YE

VT

YE

312

.
:
.
(, , ).
.
3 5 ( ).
7.2 .
, , ,
,
. , 7.1.2: (), (), (-), ,
... , ,
.
7.2.1 .
, . , .
,
.
:
[butt-welded, BW, . 7.2()]. ,
,
.
[ , screwed joint, . 7.2()].
. ( ).

.
(, ..).
[ , socket-weld, SW, . 7.2()].
.
( 7.2). ,

()

()
. 7.2.

()

:
) , ) ) .

313

(. 7.2). , . , , , .
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
( 4, 8, 16, 32, ,
, 2 3 ) .
() , ,
... ,
(flange ring).
, (
).
,
. ,
. 7.2.
,

.
,
(union, raccord) (. 7.2). .
(
).
. ,
(
) .
( ),
( ).

,
. 7.2.
.
.
,

. , ,
(.
7.1.1), .

.
:
,
. , . 7.2.
.
.

314

, .
: )
(hub and spigot) ) (hubless).
(hub)
().
(spigot) , , . : (. 7.2)
(. 7.2).
,
, .
,
7.2,
. ,
, ( 5)
. 7.2.

. .
, ( )
( ) ,
.
(. 7.2),
,
() .
. , .
(hubless) (. 7.2).

, (. 7.2). . 7.2.
.
,

.
:
.
.
(. 7.2) . .
().
( ) .
. 7.2.
.
-

315

. 7.2.

. 7.2.

. ,
. (hub),
.
, ,
.
(. 7.2): , , . ,
(solvent cementing). ,
(heat fusion). , , ,
. , ,
.
. , ,
. 7.2.1 .
7.2.1
.

ABS

PVC

CPVC

PVDF

**

( ).
, .

**

PP

PE

316

, ,
, ,
.
7.2.2 .
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
, (.. )
.
, ,
: , ( ),
(), , ... .
.
,
(. 5.5). 7.3 10, 11, 12, 13 14.
7.2.3 ().


, .
( ) ,
(elbows). .
, . 90, 60, 45 30. (.. 90+30=120,
90+90=180). 180 (). 90 (. 7.2).
, R.
.
, ( ),
. (R = 1 x D), (R = 1,5 x D), (R = 3 x D). , .

. 7.2.

90
(R = 1,5 D).

317

,
. .
,
(Mitered Elbow). .
, , .
(
90 180) .
7.2.4 .
, : ( ) () (. 7.2). (. 5.5.4) vena contracta ( )
, .
. : . .
.
, . , (. 5.5.4),
. , ( ) .
7.2.5 .
(. 7.2).
( ). .
, (stub-in, coupling).
, .
7.2.6 .
,
. , , .
, (, ).
(
), .
...

. 7.2.

7.2.7 ().
(valves) , . , , ,
. ,
.

. (

. 7.2.

318

, , , ..),
. ,
, .
.
, ,
. , , ( on-off),
( ),
( ), ( ), ...
,
.
: 2 cm 2 m. , .
,
: ()
. ( ).
.
,
.
) (Gate valves).
( ) (. 7.2) . on-off .
, .
0,3 0,8 (
).
,
.
on-off,
.
. ,
, .
7.2 .

. 7.2.

) (Globe valves).
(. 7.2)
().
,
(
).
,
. ( )

. 7.2.

319

. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,

.
4 14 ( ) 60
. (. 7.2)
.
) (Angle valves).
, , (). 7.2,
,
90. 90, ,
. , ,
( ).
( )
. , , , .
.
1 9 ( ).

. 7.2.

) (Check valves).
.
(backflow). , 7.2,
.
.
, -,
.
, , ( 2 3).
,

.

. 7.2.

) (Ball valves).
(. 7.2)
. -

. 7.2.

320

,
.
, 90, on ( )
off ( ).

, .
, (<0,2).
) (Butterfly valves).
(. 7.2) . -,
.
( ).
90
. 7.2.
( ),

.
( ). ,
.
, . 0,2 0,3 (
). on-off,
. , (
).
) (Relief valves).
( ) .

, . ,
( ),
. ,
. ( ,
, ) .
7.2 .
) (Control valves).

.
( )
. (
). ,
.
7.3 .
7.3.1 .
. .

321

. 7.2.

, , .
, .
, , .
, , .
( , , ..),
. ,
(. . 1.2.1).
,
(. 2.4.2). , , . ,
(gauge). ,
, .
, : (
) . .
( ). , .
(.
3.4.4). (
), .
, h, :

h= p

p = h

(7.5)

. pab :
p ab = p+p = h+p

(7.5)

322

7.3.2 .
,
: ) ( ) ) ,
.
(pressure differential devices) 18 .
Pitot (1732) Venturi (1797) . (flow
nozzle) 1800 (orifice) 20 . ,
, . , , ,
, , ,
...
: ,
( Pitot,
).
( ), Bernoulli
.
) Pitot.
Pitot (. 7.3) , . : ,
, ,
. 7.3
Pitot, . ,
Pitot.
, 1, v
1.
Bernoulli 1 1 , :
1/2

v12 v 2A p1 p A
p A p1 v 2
p p1
+
=0
=
v = 2 A
y1 y 2 +

2g

2g

(7.6)

, :

Q=

p p1
d2
2 A
4

:
1 .
, (
). ,
Cv, . (7.7) :

p p1
d2
Q = Cv
2 A
4

(7.7)

(7.7)

Pitot

. 7.3.

Pitot.

323

p A p1
p p1
=h A
= gh

:
(7.7) :

Q = Cv

d2
2gh
4

(7.7)

h, .
Pitot, , .
) Venturi.
Venturi 3.5.2. , (
) (. 7.3). h
1 2 (
2). Bernoulli (
) :

v12 v 22 p1 p 2
y1 y 2 +
+
=0
2g

p1 p 2 v 22 v12

2g

(7.8)
2

d12
d22
V d
Q=
v1 =
v 2 1 = 2 = 2
4
4
V2 d1

(7.8)

2 = 2/1 = (d2/d1)2, Venturi,

.
v1 (7.8) Cv :
p p2
v 2 = Cv 2 1
(7.8)
(1 4 )

d22
p1 p 2
Q = Cv
2
4
(1 4 )

(7.9)

: = d2/d1 Cv ( , 0,97).
:

p1 p2
p p2

=h 1
= gh

(7.9) :

d22
2gh
Q = Cv
2
4
(1 4 )

(7.9)

Venturi

. 7.3.

Venturi.

324

( , ,
)
, .
,
.
, .

d2

d3

) orifice.
. 7.3.

(orifice) orifice.
Venturi. ( ) Venturi,
(. 7.3). , , vena contracta (. . 5.5.4).
, orifice (2),
(3). , 3 7.3
. 1 3:
(p1 p3)/ = h

(7.10)

Bernoulli 1 3 ,
(7.9):

d23
p1 p 3
Q = Cv
2
4
1 (d3 / d1 )4

(7.10)

vena contacta d3 .
, : Cc= 3/2. :
2

d
A
C c = 3 = 3 d3 = C c d2
A 2 d2
(7.10) = d2/d1, :

p1 p 3
d22
Q = C v Cc
2
4
1 C2c 4

(7.11)

(7.10), (7.11) :

Q = C v Cc

d22

2gh

1 C2c 4

(7.11)

0,6 0,7 ( ,
orifice Reynolds).

325
: Venturi Cc=1. , Venturi vena contacta. Pitot
Cc=1 =0. (7.11) (7.11)
.

orifice ,
:
.
, 1
2
.
.
. 7.3.
.

.
, .
( ), ,
( ).
) (nozzle).
( )
Venturi orifice. A2/A1=
(. 7.3). . ( orifice),
vena contracta (Cc 1).
(7.11) (7.11) . 0,2 0,8.
Venturi,
orifice. .
. , . Venturi,
.
, . ISO 5167 (2003: Measurement
of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full) , (Part 1: General principles
and requirements, Part 2: Orifice plates, Part 3: Nozzles and Venturi nozzles, Part 4: Venturi tubes).
7.3 .
, (7.11) . , (7.11) :

d22
2gh
Q = Cd

4
1 4

(7.11)

Venturi (Cd = Cv , Cc 1).

Cd, orifice.
, Cd
Reynolds :

326

Cd = f (, Re)

(7.12)

,
. orifice
:
0,5
10 6
(7.12)
Cd 0,9965 - 0,00653

Re
D

Venturi 7.3 1,5105 < Re< 2106:

(7.12)

Cd 0,9858 - 0,196 4,5

Ellipse

2d
3
d

Bevel angle:
45o to 60o

0,6d
d

Flow
Flow

Edge thickness:
0,005D to 0,02D

t2 <13mm

Plate thickness:
up to 0,05D

t1 < 0,15D
()

()
Conical
diffuser:

ISA 1932
nozzle shape
Throat tap
D
2

< 15
0,7d

d
2

Flow
()

. 7.3.
ISO :
a) , ) orifice ) Venturi.

327

. Reynolds 10.000,
Venturi 7500 o orifice 4000.
) .
, .
,
, , . , (turbine meter), ( ) , ,
, .
(vortex flowmeters), (Ultrasonic flowmeters),
...
, , . ,
Bernoulli, . .
. ,
:
.
, ,
.
, .
( ),
( ),
( LaserDoppler).
7.4 .
, , . ,
(
). ( ),
, , ,
. .
, , .
, ,
, .
, , (,
, ). ,
( CAD),
, (3D model) (. 7.4).
,
. , (
). . , , (
), .
,

328

. 7.4.

. DIN 2429 (Symbolic representation of pipework components on

engineering drawings; functional representation ,1988) BS 5070 (Engineering
diagram drawing practice, 1988) ...
, ISO 14617 (Graphical
symbols for diagrams, 2002). ISO 14617 15 .
ISO 14617-7 (Part 7: Basic mechanical components),
ISO 14617-8 (Part 8: Valves and dampers) ISO 14617-9 (Part 9: Pumps, compressors and fans
Graphical symbols for diagrams). (CAD).
, ,
. . ,
,
( 7.4.1).
7.4.1
.

KE 8

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6

330

8.1 .
.
,
. , , . ,
, , .

, , .
, .
, . ,
[. , , ()
]. .
, , ,
.
.
( ) . (. ), , , (.
). .
(1) (2) (. 8.1).
, :
(8.1)

Q = . Q = Q1 = Q2

d12
d22
v1 =
v2

4
4

d12 v = d22 v 2

d
v
1 = 2
v 2 d1

. 8.1.

(8.1)

, ( )
(1), (2).
Bernoulli ( 1), ( 2) ( ):
v 2 v 2B p A pB
(8.2)
A B : y A yB + A
+
= h1
2g

B : y y +

v 2B v 2 pB p
+
= h2
2g

(8.2)

v 2A v 2 p A p
+
= h
2g

(8.2)

A : y A y +

(8.2) . :
h = h1 + h2

(8.2)

331
: Bernoulli ,
( ). ,
. ,
, . 8.1:

hk =

v12
2g

(8.2)

(DarcyWeisbach):

L
v2
Q2
8 L
h1 = f1 1 + K1 1 = 2 f1 1 + K1 4
d1
2g g d1
d1
L
v2
Q2
8 L
h2 = f2 2 + K 2 2 = 2 f2 2 + K 2 4
d2
2g g d2
d1
(8.2) :

h =

L1
1 L2
1 2
8

+
+
+

4 Q
1
2
2
4
1
2 g d1
d1 d2
d2

(8.3)

, , (8.1) (8.2)
. :
:
) .
) ( ):
Q = Q1 = Q2 = ...
(8.1)
h = h1 + h2 + ...

(8.2)

, , Bernoulli ( ), ,
, , Moody .
, :
.
.
.
, .
8.1.1 .
,
(Li, di, i) Q ( ). h.
( ). Bernoulli, h.
1
8.1 , 100 m 120 m
12 cm 10 cm . 3. 60 m3/h h
.

332

:
: L1 = 100 m L2 = 120 m
d1 = 0,12 m d2 = 0,10 m
1 = 2 = 3
1 = 2 = 0,00026 m (. 5.4.2)

=10-6 m2/s ()
Q =60 m3/h =60/3600 m3/s
: h,
, (8.1) (8.2):
Q1 = Q2 = Q

(1)

h = h1 + h2

(2)

(1)

B
(2)

. 8.1.

. [ (8.1)] (Li, di, i). ( , . 5.7.1).

(1):

v1 =

4 Q1
d12

v1 = 1,47 m s

v1 d1
Moody
Re1 = 1,8 10 5 , / d1 = 0,00217) f1 = 0,025

L
v2
h1 = f1 1 + K1 1 h1 = 2,62 m
d1
2g

(Re1 =

(2):

v2 =

4 Q2
d22

v 2 = 2,12 m s

v 2 d2
Moody
Re2 = 2,1 10 5 , / d2 = 0,00216) f2 = 0,0258

L
v2
h2 = f2 2 + K 2 2 h2 = 7,80 m
d2
2g

(Re2 =

:
(8.2) h = 10,5 m
( ) Bernoulli:

y1 y 2 +

v12 v 22 p1 p2
+
= h H = y1 y 2 = h H = 10,5 m
2g

: , :
.

333

8.1.2 .
, (Li, di, i),
. h. ,
h, Bernoulli.
, h.
2
, 15 m,
( ).
:
:

L1 = 100 m
L2 = 120 m
d2 = 0,10 m
d1 = 0,12 m
1 = 2 = 0,00026 m =10-6 m2/s
1 = 2 = 3
= 15 m
: Q
. :
Q1 = Q2 = Q
(1)
h = h1 + h2
(2)
( H = y1 y2), Bernoulli :

y1 y 2 +

v12 v 22 p1 p2
+
= h H = y1 y 2 = h h = 15 m
2g

,
. , . :
1 ():
( ) Q' , h1' h2' ( 1).
(8.2) .
) ,
(h1'+ h2'> h),
(Q < Q').
, .
) (h1'+ h2'< h),
(Q > Q').
, .
) h1'+ h2' h, .
,
, .
:
1 : Q' = 100 m3/h = 100/3600 m3/s
(1):

334

v1 =

4 Q1
d12

v1 = 2,46 m s

v1 d1
Moody
f1 = 0,0245
Re1 = 310 5 , / d1 = 0,00217)

L
v2
h1 = f1 1 + K1 1 h1 = 7,2 m
d1
2g

(Re1 =

(2):

v2 =

4 Q2
d22

v 2 = 3,54 m / s

v 2 d2
Moody
f2 = 0,0256
Re2 = 3,5 10 5 , / d2 = 0,0026)

L
v2
h2 = f2 2 + K 2 2 h2 = 21,48 m
d2
2g

(Re2 =

: Q'= 100 m3/h, : h' = 7,2 + 21,48 = 28,67 m

h = 15 m () h' > h Q' > Q Q < 100 m3/h
2 : Q' = 50 m3/h = 50/3600 m3/s
:
h'=1,83+5,44=7,27 m h' < h Q' < Q Q > 50 m3/h
3 : Q' = 75 m3/h = 75/3600 m3/s
:
h'= 4,07+12,13 =16,21 m h' > h Q' > Q Q < 75 m3/h
4 : Q' = 70 m3/h = 70/3600 m3/s
h = 3,55+10,58 = 14,14 m h' < h Q' < Q Q > 70 m3/h
5 : Q' = 72 m3/h = 72/3600 m3/s
h'= 3,76+11,19 =14,95 m h' h Q' Q Q = 72 m3/h
: Q = 72 m3/h
:

.
Q'

v1

m3/h

m/s

100

2,46

50

f1

h1

v2

m/s

0,0245

7,20

3,54

1,23

0,0250

1,83

75

1,84

0,0247

70

1,72

72

1,77

f2

h2

h'

m3/h

0,0256

21,48

28,67 > 15

Q < 100

1,77

0,0259

5,44

7,27 < 15

Q > 50

4,07

2,65

0,0257

12,13

16,21 > 15

Q < 75

0,0247

3,55

2,48

0,0257

10,58

14,14 < 15

Q > 70

0,0247

3,76

2,55

0,0257

11,19

14,95 15

Q 72

335

2 ( ):
, f1 f2: ,
Reynolds. (. 5.7.2),
(
) Moody f1 f2.
(8.3):

h =

1 L2
1 2
8 L1

4 Q
+
+
+

1
2
2
4
1
2 g d1
d1 d2
d2

, Q, .
( , Reynolds f1 f2
Moody). f1 f2 ,
(8.3) .
: . ,
, SI:
hi = i Q12

(SI)

(8.3)

: i :
i

1
8 Li
i
f
2 i d
4
g i
di

(SI)

(8.3)

( i m-5s2)
, (8.3) :
h (1 + 2 ) Q2

(8.3)

1/2

h
Q=

1 + 2

(8.3)

:
, :
(1):
Moody
(/d1= 0,0021, ) f1= 0,024
(8.3) 1 = 9141 (SI) h1 = 9141Q2 (SI)
(2):
Moody
(/d2= 0,0026, ) f2= 0,025
(8.3) 2 = 27410 (SI) h2 = 27410 Q2 (SI)
(8.3) 15 = 36551 Q2 (S) Q = 0,02026 m3/s = 72,9 m3/h
:
4Q
Moody
v1 =
v1 = 1,8 m/s Re1 = 2,15105 f1= 0,0247
2
d1

336

v2 =

4Q
d22

Moody
v2 = 1,8 m/s Re2 = 2,15105 f2= 0,0257

f 3%. .
, f, :
():
1 = 9387 (SI), 2 = 27970 (SI)
(8.3) Q = 0,02004 m3/s = 72,1 m3/h
, , .
:
: ( ).
(
).
8.1.3 .
, . ( ) .
, ,
.
3
, 5 m
40 m, , 12 cm, 25 m.
( mm) ,
50 m3/h. .
:
:

L1 = 25 m d1 = 0,12 cm
1= 2= 0,00012 m (. 5.4.2)
L2 = 15 m = 0
Q 50 m3/h
y1 y2 = 5 m
: d2
, ( y1 y2),
Bernoulli:

y1 y 2 +

v12 v 22 p1 p2
+
= h = y1 y 2 = h h = 5 m
2g

, (8.3):

h =

1 L
1
8 L1
f1 + 1 4 + f2 2 + 2 4 Q 2
g d1
d1 d2
d2
2

, d2 ( )
f1 f2. , .
Moody f1
f2. f2 ,
2/d2. , , d2' , Q' ( 2)
Qmin:
Q' < Qmin d2 > d2' ( d2' ).

337

Q' > Qmin d2 d2' ( d2' ,

).
Q' Qmin.
, . ().
, ,
. .
:
1 : d2' =100 mm = 0,100 m
, :
(1):
Moody
(/d1 = 0,001, ) f1 = 0,0196
(8.3) 1 = 1630 (SI) h1 = 1630Q2 (SI)
, (1), .
(2):
Moody
(/d2= 0,0012, ) f2 = 0,0205
(8.3) 2 = 2545 (SI) h2 = 2545Q2 (SI)
1/2

h
Q=

1 +2

(8.3)

(8.3) Q' = 0,0346 m3/s = 124,5 m3/h

Q' > Qmin d2 d2'= 100 mm
2 : d2' = 50 mm = 0,050 m
(2):
Moody
(/d2 = 0,0024, ) f2 = 0,0245
(8.3) 2 = 97560 (SI) h2 = 97560Q2 (SI)
: (8.3) Q' = 0,0071 m3/s = 25,5 m3/h
Q' < Qmin d2 > d2'= 50 mm
:
Q'
m3/s

Q'
m3/h

4175

0,0346

124,6 Q' > Qmin

d2 100

97559

99189

0,0071

25,6 Q' > Qmin

d2 > 50

0,0225

16584

18214

0,0166

59,6 Q' > Qmin

d2 70

0,0020

0,0234

37330

38960

0,0113

40,8 Q' > Qmin

d2 > 60

65

0,0018

0,0229

24493

26123

0,0138

49,8 Q' > Qmin

d2 > 65

66

0,0018

0,0228

22602

24232

0,0144

51,7 Q' > Qmin

d2 66

d2'
mm

/d2

f2

1+2

100

0,0012

0,0205

2545

50

0,0024

0,0246

70

0,0017

60

d2

338

, , 65 66 mm:
65 mm < d2 66 mm
66 mm,
( ) ( ):
:

v1 =
v2 =
:

4Q
d12
4Q
d22

Moody
v1 = 1,25 m/s Re1= 1,5105 f1= 0,0213 0,0196

Moody
v2 = 4,12 m/s Re2= 2,7105 f2= 0,0235 0,0228

1 = 1767 (SI),
2 = 23263 (SI)
(8.3) Q' = 0,0141 m3/s = 50,9 m3/h (>Qmin=50 m3/h)

d2 = 66 mm
( Q = 50,9 m3/h)

,
.
, . , () (
). , .
, ,
, (
) ( ).
Q1

8.2 .
Q

, Q2
() , (by pass).

. 8.2.
.
( ) .
(1) (2) 8.2, . , Q, Q1 Q2. .
:
Q = . Q = Q
Q = Q1 + Q2

(8.4)

, .
:

339

Q = . Q = Q Q1 + Q2 = Q
(8.4).
( ),
(8.2.1) :

d12
d22
d2
v =
v1 +
v 2 d2 v = d12 v1 +d22 v 2
4
4
4

(8.4)

Bernoulli (1), B, :

p A pB v 2A v 2B
+
= h1

2g

(8.5)

p A pB v 2A v 2B
y A yB +
+
= h2

2g

(8.5)

y A yB +
(2):

, :
h = h1= h2

(8.5)

.
:

L1
Q12 L 2
Q 22

+
f

1
2
1
2 4
4
d1
d1 d2
d2
:
f1

L1
d15

Q12 = f2

L2
d25

Q 22

(8.5)

(8.5)

i:
1 Q12 = 2 Q 22

(8.5)

(8.4) (8.5) ()
:
Q= Q1 + Q2 +...

(8.4)

h = h1= h2 = ...

(8.5)

:
.
.
: , ,
. ,
( )
.
8.2.1 .
,

340

. , .
4
8.2 , 3 cm, 4 cm 5 cm
60 m, 40 m, 60 m .
15 L/s,
. : 1 = 3, 2 = 1, 3 = 3.
:
:

d1 = 0,03 m d2 = 0,04 m
L1 = 60 m
L2 = 40 m
1 = 3
2 =1
= 0,00026 m (. 5.4.2)
Q = 20 L /s = 0,015 m3/s
: h Q1 Q2 Q3

d3 = 0,05 m
L3 = 60 m
3 = 3
= 10-6 m2/s

Q1
Q

Q2
Q3

. 8.2.

, (8.4) (8.5):
(8.4)

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

(1)

(8.5)

h = h1 = h2 = h3

(2)

,
. . , :
1 ():
h'. , (2),
. () Qi' (
).
(1):
Q'> Q h'> h. h'.
Q'< Q h'< h. h'.
Q' Q h' h .
, , ( ),
, . ,
( ), .
2 ():
, , , ( Moody).
, i:
(1):
Moody
(/d1= 0,0087, ) f1= 0,036
2
1 = 7677922 (SI) h1 = h = 7677922 Q1 (SI)
(3)
(2):
Moody
(/d2= 0,0065, ) f2= 0,033
2
2 = 1097388 (SI) h2 = h = 1097388 Q 2 (SI)
(3):
Moody
(/d3= 0,0052, ) f3= 0,0307

(3)

341
2

3 = 527193 (SI) h3 = h = 527193 Q 3 (SI)

(3)

(3), (3) (3), Q1, Q2 Q3

() h:

Q1 = h

Q 2 = h

Q 3 = h

1
2
3

Q1 = 0,000361 h

(SI)

(4)

Q 2 = 0,000955 h

(SI)

(4)

Q1 = 0,001377 h

(SI)

(4)

Qi (1), h:

Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 Q = 0,000361 h + 0,000955 h + 0,001377 h

Q = 0,002693 h
h = 31 m

(SI)

(SI)

(4, 4, 4), :
(4) Q1 = 0,00201 m3/s
(4) Q2 = 0,00532 m3/s
(4) Q3 = 0,00767 m3/s
: , . f ,
.
Moody
1: v1 = 2,84 m/s Re1 = 8,5104 f1 = 0,0369
Moody
2: v2 = 4,23 m/s Re2 = 1,7105 f2 = 0,0335
Moody
3: v3 = 2,84 m/s Re3 = 8,5104 f3 = 0,0312

2%,
. :
h = 31 m
Q1 = 0,00201 m3/s = 2,01 L/s
Q2 = 0,00532 m3/s = 5,32 L/s
Q3 = 0,00767 m3/s = 7,67 L/s
: : h = 31,5 m, Q1= 1,99 L/s, Q2= 5,28 L/s, Q3= 7,61 L/s

8.2.2 .

. ,
. , .

342

5
(1), (2) (3) 8.2 8, 6 4 cm, 100, 150 80
m 0,24, 0,12 0,20 mm. 150 KPa
5 m ,
( m3/h). .
:
: d1 = 0,08 m
L1 = 100 m
1 =0,00024 m
= 10-6 m2/s
pApB = 150 KPa

d2 = 0,06 m
d3 = 0,04 m
L2 = 150 m
L3 = 80 m
2 =0,00012 m 3 =0,00020 m
= 9,81 KN/m3
yAyB = 5 m

Q1
Q

Q2
Q3

. 8.2

Q1 Q2 Q3

, (8.4) (8.5):
(8.4) Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

(1)

(8.5) h = h1 = h2 = h3

(2)

, Bernoulli,
:

v 2A v 2B p A pB
+
= h
2g

p pB
y A yB + A
= h h = 20,3 m

A B : y A yB +

( 2),
( ).
(1):
Moody
(/d1 = 0,003, ) f1 = 0,0265
2

1 = 65977 (SI) h1 = h = 65977 Q1 (SI)

Q1 = 0,0174 m3/s = 62,8 m3/h
Moody
: v1 = 3,5 m/s Re1 = 2,8105 f1 = 0,0267 0,0265
(2):
Moody
(/d2 = 0,002, ) f2= 0,0237

2 = 378077 (SI) h2 = h = 378077 Q 2 (SI)

Q2 = 0,00733 m3/s = 26,4 m3/h
Moody
: v2= 2,59 m/s Re2=1,6105 f2= 0,0245
:

Q2 = 0,00721 m3/s = 26,0 m3/h

(3):
Moody
(/d3 = 0,005, ) f3 = 0,0307

3 = 1966744 (SI) h3 = h = 1966744 Q 3 (SI)

Q3 = 0,00321 m3/s = 11,6 m3/h

343
Moody
: v3= 2,56 m/s Re2=1105 f2= 0,0313

Q3 = 0,00317 m3/s = 11,4 m3/h

Q1 = 62,8 m3/h
Q2 = 26,0 m3/h
Q3 = 11,4 m3/h

8.2.3 .
, ,
,
. ,
.
6
10 cm .
8 m, 10 m
, 15 m3/h (. 8.2).
Q2
( mm), 60
Q
Q1
A

m3/h. : 1 = 0, 2 = 5
:
:

. 8.2.

d1= 0,10 m L1= 8 m

L2 = 10 m

1=0 2=5

1 = 2 = 0,000046 m

(. 5.4.2)

= 10-6 m2/s

Q 1 60/3600 m3/s

Q2 = 15/3600 m3/s

: d 2
,
( ):
2
h1,max = 1 Q1,max

(1)

(1)
:
(1) Q1 = Q1,max = 60/3600 m3/s:

v1 =

v1 d1
4Q
v
2,12
m
s
Re

=
=
Re1 = 2,1 10 5
1
1
2

d1

Moody
(Re1= 2,1105, /d1 = 0,00046) f1= 0,018

L
v2
h1 = f1 1 + 1 1 h1 = h2 = h = 0,337 m
d1
2g
: hmax = 0,337 m
, ,
o . 5.7.3 ( 18), :
1 : d2'= 100 mm = 0,1 m.

344

v'2 =

4 Q2

v2' = 0,53 m/s Re1 =

2
d'2

v1 d1
Re2' = 5,3104

Moody
(Re2' = 5,3104, /d2' = 0,00046) f2'= 0,022

L
v2
h2 = f2 2 + 2 2 h2' = 0,103 m
d2
2g
h2' < hmax d2' d2 d2 100 mm
2 : 100 mm :
d2' =50 mm = 0,05 m h2' = 2,138 m > hmax d2 > 50 mm
d2'
mm
100
50
70
80
75
77
76

e/d2'

v2'
m/s

Re2'

0,00046

0,53
2,12

0,00092
0,000657
0,000575
0,000613
0,000597
0,000605

1,08
0,83
0,94
0,89
0,92

f2'

h2'
m

hmax

d2
mm

5,3104

0,0219

0,103

< 0,337

d2 100

0,0216

2,138

> 0,337

d2 > 50

0,0214

0,481

> 0,337

d2 > 70

0,0215

0,269

< 0,337

d2 80

0,0215

0,356

> 0,337

d2 > 75

0,0215

0,318

< 0,337

d2 77

0,0215

0,336

< 0,337

d2 76

1,110

7,610
6,610
7,110
6,910

7,010

, , : d2 = 76 mm
8.3 .
, ,
8.3.
. , 8.3
:
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 Q3 = Q4 + Q5
:
Q = Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = Q2 + (Q4 + Q5) = Q6 = Q7

(8.6)

, :
h4 = h5 h2 = h3+ h4
:

h = h1 + h2 + h6 + h7

(8.7)

. ,
, (DarcyWeisbach) :
h i = i Q2i Qi = i-0,5 h 0,5
i
, 3, 4 5 , :

(8.8)

345
-0,5
0,5
Q 3 = Q 4 + Q 5 Q 3 = ( -0,5
4 + 5 ) h 4

i ( ),
, (Q3, Q4, Q5), (Q3, h4) .
. , ,
,
. , 8.3
4 5, . 3, 2
(3, 4, 5) , 2, 6, 7 (2, 3, 4, 5).
, .
8.3 ,
1, 6 7. (8.7) 2
. , 3,
. , 4 5, ( ).
2

2
1

6
B

5
. 8.3.

. 8.3.

7
8.3,
:
L1 = 30 m

d1 = 12 cm

L4 = 4 m

d4 = 3 cm

L2 = 15 m

d2 = 6 cm

L5 = 7 m

d5 = 3 cm

L3 = 8 m

d3 = 6 cm

L6 = 20 m

d6 = 10 cm

(1) 60 m3/h. , . (
).
:
( ):
Q1 = 60/3600 m3/s

= 0,00012 m

y1 = y2 = y3 = y4 = y5 = y6

: Qi, hi
:

346

Q1 = Q2+Q3 = Q6

(1)

Q3 = Q4+Q5

(1)

hAB = h1+h2+h6

(2)

h2 = h3+h4

(2)

h4 = h5

(2)

(1) (6), (Q1=

Q6). h1 h6:
(1):
4 Q1
v1 =
v1 = 1,47 m/s
d12

v1 d1
Moody
Re1 = 1,8 105, /d1 = 0,001) f1 =0,021

L1 v12
h1 = 0,58 m
h1 = f1
d1 2g

( Re1 =

(6):

v6 =

4 Q6
d26

v6 = 2,12 m/s

v 6 d6
Moody
Re6 = 2,1105, /d6 = 0,0012) f2 =0,0216

L v2
h6 = f6 6 6 h6 = 0,99 m
d6 2g

( Re6 =

(2), (3), (4) (5),

- (
SI):
(2):
Moody
(2/d2 = 0,002, ) f2 = 0,0237
2

(8.3) 2 = 37808 h2 = 37808 Q 2

(3):

Moody
(3/d3 = 0,002, ) f3 = 0,0237

(4):

(5):

(3)

(8.3) 3 = 20164 h3 = 20164 Q 3

(4)

Moody
(4/d4 = 0,004, ) f4 = 0,0287
2
(8.3) 4 = 390564 h4 = 390564 Q 4

(5)

Moody
(5/d5= 0,004, ) f5= 0,0287
2
(8.3) 5 = 683487 h5 = 683487 Q 5

(6)

.
(4) (5) :

347
2

h4 = h5 390564 Q 4 = 390564 Q 5

Q4 = 1,323Q5

(7)

Q3 = 2,323Q5
2
2
2
h3 + h5 37808 Q 2 = 20164 Q 3 + 683487 Q 5
2
2
37808 Q 2 = 20164 (2,323Q5)2 +683487 Q 5
2
2
37808 Q 2 = 792287 Q 5 Q2 = 4,578Q5

(8)

Q3 = Q4 + Q5 Q3 = 1,323 Q5 + Q5
h2 =

Q1 = Q2 + Q3 Q1 = 4,578 Q5 + 2,323Q5 Q1 = 6,9Q5

(9)
(10)

Q1 , :
(10) Q5 = 0,00242 m3/s = 8,70 m3/ h
(7) Q4 = 0,00319 m3/s = 11,50 m3/ h
(8) Q3 = 0,00561 m3/s = 20,20 m3/ h
(9) Q2 = 0,01106 m3/s = 39,80 m3/ h
, .
(3) (f2 = 0,0248).
:
Q5 = 0,00241 m3/s = 8,66 m3/ h
Q4 = 0,00319 m3/s = 11,50 m3/ h
Q3 = 0,00560 m3/s = 20,16 m3/ h
Q2 = 0,01107 m3/s = 39,84 m3/ h
:
hAB = h1 + h2 + h6

h2 =

L2 2
8
f

Q 2 h2= 4,71 m
2
2 g d25

hAB = 6,29 m
Bernoulli :

y A yB +

v 2A v 2B p A pB
p pB
v 2 v 22
+
= h AB A
= h AB 1
p A pB = 61,7KPa
2g

2g

8.4 .
, . ( ) .
,
(, ), (.. ).

(. 8.4).

(1)
(2)
(3)
A
. 8.4.

348

Q = Q

(8.9)

, (8.9)
. , , Q1 ( ), Q2 Q3
. (8.9) :
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
(8.9)
(2) ,
(8.9) :
(8.9)
Q1 + Q2 = Q3
, .
:
, .
, .
, :
Q = 0 Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0

(8.9)

(8.9), ,
.
: , (8.9).
.

,
.
.
, . .
8.4.1 .
(1), (2) (3) , , , y1, y2 y3 (. 8.4).
:
y1 > y2 > y3
( ), ,
. . :
y2 (y1), ,
. (y3), .
:
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0

(8.9)

, (+) ( ), () (
).

349

, y1 > y2 > y3, :

Q1 Q2 Q3 = 0

(8.9)

y1

y2

(1)
3
y3

(2)
(3)
, ,

(. 8.4).
. 8.4.

.
y1 y3 (y1
> > y3).
Bernoulli 1
,
, :

y1 P+

v12 v P2 p1 pp
+
= h1 y1 P = h1
2g

y1 - h1 = P

(8.10)

, Bernoulli 3 ( > y3) :

P y 3 = h3 h3 + y 3 = P

(8.10)

, :
(y2 > ),
Bernoulli 2 :
y 2 P = h2

y 2 h2 = P

(8.10)

(y2 < ),
Bernoulli 2:
P y 2 = h2

h2+y 2 = P

(8.10)

(y2 = ), Bernoulli :

y 2 P = h2 h2 = 0 Q 2 = 0
(8.10) (8.10)
:
y1 h1 = y 2 h2 = y 3 + h 3 = P
(8.10)
1: : hi = hi
2: Q2 h2 ( ) , (8.9)
(8.10), , ( ), ( ), . : (8.9) (8.10) y1 > y2 > y3.
, .

:
: (d1, L1, 1), (d2, L2, 2), (d3, L3, 3).
y1, y2, y3 ( ).

350

Q1, Q2, Q3.

, , . , .
( ) . , (8.9) (8.10),
( , Moody, ).
.
) .
: , (
) .
: .
, , 8, .
8
8.4 :
d1 = 30 cm
L1 = 500 m
d2 = 15 cm
L2 = 250 m
d3 = 25 cm
L3 = 200 m
60 m 45 m .
100 m3/s.

.
.

y1 _ y2

A
1
2

y1 _ y3

3
. 8.4.

:
:

d1 = 0,30 m
L1 = 500 m
1 = 0,00026 m
d2 = 0,15 m
L2 = 250 m
2 = 0,00026 m
d3 = 0,25 m
L3 = 200 m
3 = 0,00026 m
y1 = 60 m
y2 =45 m
3
Q2 = 100/3600 m /s ( ) = 10-6 m2/s
: y1 y3, Q1, Q3
2
, , : hi = i Q i .
,
(1 , ). , (2).
1: (2).

v2 =

4 Q2
d22

( Re2 =

v2 = 1,57 m/s

v 2 d2
Moody
Re2 = 2,36105, 2/d2= 0,0017 ) f2 = 0,0233

351

h2 = f2

L 2 v 22

d2 2g

h2 = 4,9 m

2: (1).
(8.10)
(1) ( ):
(8.10)

y1 h1 = y2 + h2 h1 = y1 y2 h2 h1 = 10,1 m

: . , ,
( x. 8.4), . , ()
. , h1 .

2 ( ),
:
Moody
(1/d1 = 0,00087, ) f1 = 0,0193

h1 =

L2 2
8
f

Q1 Q1= 0,175 m3/s = 630 m3/h

1
2
d2
g

Moody
: v2 = 2,48 m/s Re1 = 7,5105 f1 = 0,0193

Q1 = 0,175 m3/s = 630 m3/h

3: , (3).
, , (8.9),
.
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0 (+630 m3/h) + (100 m3/h) + Q3 = 0
Q3 = 530 m3/h ,
Q3 = 530 m3/h ( )
:

v3 =

4 Q3
v3 = 3,0 m/s
d23

( Re3

v 3 d3
Moody
Re3 = 7,5105, 3/d3 = 0,001) f3 = 0,0202

h3 = f3

L 3 v 23

h3 = 7,41 m
d3 2g

:
(8.10)

y1 h1 = y3 + h3 y1 y3 = h1 + h3 y1 y3 = 17,51 m
(y3 = 42,49 m)

) .
: , (
) .
: .

352

,

.
9
8.4
:
d1 = 6 in,
L1 = 60 m,

d2 = 4 in, d3 = 5 in,
L2 = 20 m, L3 = 30 m.

y1 _ y2

A
1

y1 _ y3

3
. 8.4.

5 m
150 m3/h, : Q2 Q3 ( m3/h).
:
:

d1 = 6 in = 0,1778 m
L1= 60 m
1=0,00012 m
d2 = 4 in = 0,1016 m
L2= 20 m
2=0,00012 m
d3 = 5 in = 0,127 m
L3= 30 m
3=0,00012 m
y2 y3 = 5 m
Q1 = 150/3600 m3/s ( ) =10-6 m2/s
: y3, Q2, Q3
,
, . , ,
. , , :
y3= 0 m, y2= 5 m.
,
. (1).
(8.10) .
1: (1).

v1 =

4 Q1
v1 = 2,28 m/s
d12

v1 d2
Moody
Re1 = 3,5105, 1/d1 = 0,00079) f1 = 0,0194

L v2
h1 = f1 1 1 h1 = 2,04 m
d1 2g

( Re1 =

. (8.10), h2 h3, ,
:
( y1, h2)
(8.10) y1 = h1 = y 2 h2
(8.10)
y1 h1 = y3 + h3
( y1, h3)
.
(Q1), (Q2'), -

353

(8.9) (Q3').
Q2', Q3', h2' h3'.
(8.10), (Q2').
, Q2' = 0,
h2' = 0:
1 : Q2' = 0 h2' = 0
(8.9) Q3' = Q1 = 150/3600 m3/s ( )
(3):
4 Q3
v3 =
v3 = 3,29 m/s
d23
v d
Moody
( Re3 = 3 3 Re3 = 4,2105, 1/d1 = 0,00094) f1 = 0,02

L v2
h2 = f2 2 2 h3' = 2,65 m
d2 2g
: (8.10) y 2 h2 = y 3 + h3 y 2 y 3 = h3 h2 = 5 m
:
h3' h2' = h3' = 2,65 m < 5 m h3' < h3 Q3' < Q3 Q3 >150 m3/h Q3 > Q1
, .
(8.9) (8.10) :
Q1 + Q2 = Q3
y1 h1 = y2 h2 = y3 + h3 = P

(1)
(2)

(2) :
y2 y3 = h3 + h2 h3 + h2 = 5 m

(3)

2 : Q2' = 50 m3/h () Q3' = 200 m3/h

( ), h2' h3':
h2' = 0,64 m, h3' = 4,61 m
:
h2'+ h3' = 5,25 m h2'+ h3' > h3 + h2 Q1' > Q Q < 50 m3/h.
50 m3/h, :
Q2'

Q3'

m3/h (Q1 + Q2')

f2'

h2'
(2 Q22)

f3'

h3'
(3 Q32)

h2'+h3'

Q2

h2+h3=5

m3/h

150

0,0000

0,0201

2,61

2,61

2,61<5

Q2>0

50

200

0,0218

0,64

0,0199

4,61

5,25

5,25>5

Q2<50

40

190

0,0220

0,42

0,0199

4,16

4,58

4,58<5

Q2>40

45

195

0,0219

0,52

0,0199

4,38

4,90

4,90<5

Q2>45

47

197

0,0218

0,57

0,0199

4,47

5,04

5,04>5

Q2<47

46

196

0,0219

0,54

0,0199

4,43

4,97

4,97<5

Q2>46

46,4

196,4

0,0218

0,55

0,0199

4,44

5,00

5,00 = 5

Q2 = 46,4

354

Q2 = 46,4 m3/h ()
Q3 = 196,4 m3/h ()
h2 = 0,55 m
h3 = 4,44 m

(2), (8.10):
:

(2) y1 y3 = h1 + h3 = (2,04 + 4,44) m y1 y3 = 6,48 m

) .
: (
).
: .
,
, . .
.
, ,
(8.9) ( ). (8.10) .
. , (8.9)
.
(8.10):

y1 h1 y 2 h2 = y 3 +h3 = P
y1, y2, y3 (). P,
() h1', h2' h3'. , Q1', Q2'
Q3'. (8.9) .
,
. , :
h2' = 0 P' = y2
Q1' Q3' (Q2' = 0) :
Q1' > Q3' , P > y2.
Q1' < Q3' , P < y2.
, , (8.9) (8.10) .
10
8.4 , (1) L1 = 450
m d1 = 30 cm. (2) (3) L2 = 250 m, d2 = 15
cm, L3 = 350 m, d3 = 20 cm. 6 m
18 m . = 10-6 m2/s, .
:
:

d1 = 0,30 m

L1 = 450 m

1 = 0,00026 m

d2 = 0,15 m

L2 = 250 m

2 = 0,00012 m

355

d3 = 0,20 m

L3 = 350 m

y1 y2 = 6 m

y1 y3 = 18 m

3 = 0,00012 m

: Q1, Q2 , Q3
() ,
. ( ). y3 = 0 m:
y3 = 0 m y1 = 18 m y2 = 12 m
1 : P'= y2 = 12 m
(8.10) h2' = 0 Q2' = 0
(8.10) y1 h1'= P' h1'= 6 m
y3 + h3' = P' h3' = 12 m
(1):
Moody
(1/d1 = 0,00087, ) f1 = 0,0193

1 = 295 (SI) h1 = 295 Q1 (SI) Q1' = 0,143 m3/s = 513,6 m3/h

(3):
Moody
(3/d3 = 0,0006, ) f3 = 0,0177

3 = 1600 (SI) h3 = 1600 Q 3 (SI) Q3' = 0,0866 m3/s = 311,8 m3/h

: , ,
f. , ,
. .

:
Q1' Q2' Q3' = Q1' Q3' = 201,8 m3/h Q1' > Q3'
P > y2
:
(8.9) Q1 Q2 Q3 = 0 Q1 = Q2 + Q3

[]

(8.10) y1 h1 = y2 +h2 = y3 + h3 = P

(1)
(2)

(2) h1 = y1 P

(2)

h2 = P y2

(2)

h3 = P y3

(2)

(1) (2).
P > y2:
2 : P' = 15 m
(1): (1) 1
( ):
2

h1 = 295 Q1

(SI)

(2) h1' = 3 m

(3)

356

(3) Q1' = 0,101 m3/s = 363,1 m3/h

(2):
Moody
(2/d2 = 0,0008, ) f2= 0,0189

2 = 5144 (SI)
2
h2 = 5144 Q 2 (SI)

(3)

(2) h2' = 3 m
(3) Q2'= 0,024 m3/s = 86,9 m3/h
(3): ( ):
2

h3 = 1600 Q 3 (SI)

(3)

(2) h3' = 15 m
(3) Q3' = 0,097 m3/s = 348,6 m3/h
: 363,1 m3/h < (86,9+ 348,6) m3/h Q1'< Q1 h1'< h1 P<15 m
:
P'
m

h1'

h2'

h3'

(y1 P) (P y2) (P y3)

Q1'

Q2'

Q3'

m /h

Q1 Q2 Q3 = 0

m /h

m /h

12,00

6,00

0,00

12,00

513,6

0,0

311,8

201,8

P>12

15,00

3,00

3,00

15,00

363,1

86,9

348,6

72,4

P<15

13,00

5,00

1,00

13,00

468,8

50,2

324,5

94,1

P>13

14,00

4,00

2,00

14,00

419,3

71,0

336,7

11,6

P>14

14,50

3,50

2,50

14,50

392,2

79,4

342,7

29,8

P<14,5

14,10

3,90

2,10

14,10

414,0

72,7

338,0

3,3

P>14,1

14,15

3,85

2,15

14,15

411,4

73,6

338,6

0,8

P<14,15

14,14

3,86

2,14

14,14

411,9

73,4

338,4

0,05

P=14,14

,
f, , (3)
Q:
:
(1): v1 = 1,62 m/s Re1 = 4,9105 f1 = 0,0195 0,0193
(2): v2 = 1,15 m/s Re2 =1,7105 f2 = 0,0203 0,0189
2

: 2 = 5514 (SI) h2 = 5514 Q 2 (SI) Q2 = 71,1 m3/h

(3): v3 = 3 m/s Re3 = 6105

f3 = 0,018 0,0177

: :

357

Q1= 411,9 m3/h

Q2= 71,1 m3/h

Q3= 338,4 m3/h

( ) :
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
: 411,9 71,1 + 338,4 = 409,5
2,4 m3/h , :
Q1= 410,7 m3/h Q2= 71,4 m3/h Q3= 339,3 m3/h
:
(2). (
0,5%), .
8.4.2 .

. 8.4.
, , .
y1, y2 y3. ,
1, 2 3. :

v12 p1
+
2g

(8.11)

H2 = y 2 +

v 22 p2
+
2g

(8.11)

H3 = y 3 +

v 23 p3
+
2g

(8.11)

H1 = y1 +

(8.9) . (8.10)
yi, Hi. (1)
(3) , (8.10) :
H1 + h1 = H2 h2 = H3 + h 3 = P

(8.11)

: H1, H2 H3 (8.11, 8.11, 8.11).

,
( ).
.
.
(8.9) :

Qi = 0

(8.12)

, (+ , ). ,
(+ ,
), :
i hi = P

(8.13)

, -

1
2
(1)
(2)

3
(3)

. 8.4.

358
.
8.5 .
(. 5.4.2). ( ),
. , ,
, .
, , Excel
Microsoft, Calc Open Office, Spread ...
, :
( ). .
, ,
, . , Bernoulli,
: , , Moody.
, ,
. .
) .
Q = Q1= Q2 = ...
h = h1 + h2 +...
1.1: , .
1. Q = Q1= Q2 = ...
hi
2. h = h1 + h2 +...

1.2: , .
1 ():
1. (, ) Q'.
2. h' .
3. h' h .
h' > h Q' > Q Q', 1.
h' < h Q' < Q Q', 1.
2 : ( , ):
1. fi'
2. i hi = i Q2 (SI)
3. h = i Q2 Q
4. : fi fi', .
fi > fi', 2.
1.3: , ( ).
1. Q o hmax .
2. (, ) di'.
3. h' di'.
4. h' h .
h'> h di' < di di', 2.
h'< h di' di di', 2.

359
) .
Q = Q1 + Q2 +...
h= h1= h2 = ...
2.1: , .
1. fi'
2
2. i hi = i Q i (SI) Qi = i h0,5 (i = 1/i0,5)
3. Q = Qi Q = i h0,5
h
4. : fi fi', .
fi > fi', 2.
2.2: , .
1. h= h1= h2 = ... Qi
2. Q = Q1 + Q2 +... Q
2.3: , ( ).
1. h Qmax .
2. (, ) di'.
3. Q' di'.
4. Q' Q .
Q'> Q di' < di di', 2.
Q' < Q di' di di', 2.
) .
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0

y1 h1 = y 2 h2 = y 3 + h3 = P
3.1: (.. : y1, y2, Q1).
.
1. (Q1 h1).
2.
(h2).
3. (h2 Q2).
4. (Q3).
5. (Q3 h3).
6. (y3).
3.2: (..: y1, y2, Q3).
.
1. (Q3 h3).
2. (y1 y2 = h1 h2).
3. , (Q1' Q2').
4. (Q1' h1', Q2' h2').
5. :
h1' h2' > y1 y2 Q1' > Q1: 3.
h1' h2' < y1 y2 Q1' < Q1: 3.
h1' h2' y1 y2 Q1' Q1: .
6. (y3).

360
3.3: (y1, y2, y3).
.
1.
h1 = 1 Q1
h2 = 2 Q2
h3 = 3 Q3
2.
' = y2
[h1' Q1'],
[Q2' = 0],
[h3' Q3']
Q1'> Q3'
' = y2 <
Q1'< Q3'
' = y2 >
3. ' h1', h2', h3' ( ).
4. : h1' Q1', h2' Q2', h3' Q3'
5. , :
Q1' +Q2' +Q3' > 0 ' > : 3.
Q1' +Q2' +Q3' > 0 ' < : 3.
Q1' +Q2' +Q3' 0 ' : .
6. , , .
: Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0.
() .
:
f: /d Reynolds, (5.27):
1,11
1,11

1
6,9

6,9 d
= 1,08 log
+
f = 1,8 log
+ d

1
Re

Re
3,7
3,7

f 2

, :
B1, d B2, B3, B4, Q B5

/d

B6: = B3/B2

B7: =4*B5/PI()/B2^2

Re

B8: =B7*B2/B4

B9: =(1,8*LOG(6,9/B8+(B6/3,7)^1,11))^2

: . (Re < 2100), : f =

64/Re (. . 5.4.2).
f : /d
Reynolds ( ), (5.25) (von Karman):

1
f

3,7
3,7
= 2 log
= 1,14 2 log ( ) f = 2 log
d

d
d

/d
f

B1, d B2, B3, B4

B6: =B3/B2
B9: =(2*LOG(3,7/B37))^ 2

i: , , :
hi = i Q i2
:

361

i =

Li
1
fi + i 4
g di
di
8
2

f. f 9
( ) ( ) 10, 11 :
= 8/ PI()^2/9,81*(B9*B1/B2+B10)/B2^4
, , .
C, D .. ,
.
, .
,
. -
, . , ,
, , . ,
.
,
, .

8.6 .
1. 8.6 200 m 220 m 7 in 5
in . 180 m3/h,
. ( ).
[h = = 38,07 m]
2. 8.6 , 25 m
2 4 .
[Q = 139,2 m3/h]
3. 12 m, ,
, 100 m 120 m 15 cm 10 cm .
,
1
. ;

[Q = 79,6 m3/h]
(1)
4. 8.6
. ,
40 m 10 cm. (
mm) , 20 m,
60 m3/h.
, = 0,9 = 4,5.
[dAB,min = 91 mm]
5. 50
m, 70 m 40 m 5 cm, 7 cm 4 cm
, .

B
(2)

. 8.6.

B
7m

. 8.6.

362

180 KPa 5 m ,
, . ( = 1,110-6 m2/s,
).
[Q = 15,2 m3/h, h1 = 6,09 m, h2 = 1,45 m, h3 = 15,8 m]
6. , ,
;
[Q = 110,3 m3/h, 27,2% 55,9% 16,9%]
7. 8.6 (1) 10 cm 4 m,
(2), 2 cm 6 m. .
0,2 L/s, Q
. ( .
).
[Q = 18,3 L/s, pA pB = 2,75 KPa]
8. 8.6 L1 = 80 m, L2 = 60 m
d1 = 3 in, d2 = 2 in. 20oC, 0,82
30 KPa, (
, ).
[Q1 = 64,7 m3/h, Q1 = 25,5 m3/h]
9. ( = 0,0002 m) , 400 ft, 300 ft
500 ft 2 in, 3 in 4 in . 0,6
ft3/s, ( m3/h). (
0,86, = 810-5 m2/s,
).
(2)
[h = 5,1 m, Q1 = 4,34 m3/h, Q2 = 20,57 m3/h,
Q3 = 36,25 m3/h]

10.
8.6, L1 = 60 m,
L2 = 55 m, d1= 5 cm, d2 = 4 cm
0,9 4,410-6 m2/s. (2) ,
p =
2,5.
14 m3/h,
.
[Q1 = 9 m3/h, Q2 = 5 m3/h, pA pB = 28,6 KPa]
11.
hp = 50 m
15 KPa,
.
3

[Q1 = 6,4 m /h, Q2 = 21,8 m /h, Q = 21,8 m /h]

(1)

. 8.6.

(2)
A

(1)

. 8.6.

(1)
A

(2)

. 8.6.

363

12. 80 m, 60 m, 90 m 6 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm

, . 60 m3/h,
.
[Q1 = 30,3 m3/h, Q2 = 12,1 m3/h, Q3 = 17,6 m3/h, h = 12,2 m]
13. 8.6, ,
, 8 cm L1 = 250 m, L2 = 200 m, L3 = 150 m.
750 KPa, . (
).
[Q1 = 43,6 m3/h, Q2 = 48,8 m3/h, Q3 = 92,4 m3/h]
14. , 75 m3/h, .
[Q1 = 35,4 m3/h, Q2 = 39,6 m3/h, Q3 = 75 m3/h,
(1)
pApB = 497 KPa]
15. 8.6 :
L1 = 250 m d1 = 10 cm
L2 = 150 m d2 = 12 cm
L3 = 200 m d3 = 8 cm
L4 = 150 m d1 = 15 cm
,

, Q4 = 250 m3/h.
[h = 30,6 m, Q1 = 67,2 m3/h, Q2 = 141 m3/h,
Q3 = 41,8 m3/h]

(2)

. 8.6.
(1)
(2)

(4)

(3)

. 8.6.

16. 8.6 , 8 cm :
LAB= 100 m, L= 50 m, L= 70 m
.
: ) , )
=0,5.
[) Q = 60,7 m3/h,
) Q = 69,8 m3/h]
17. 8.6,
:
L1 =200 m
d1 = 20 cm
L2 = 100 m
d2 = 14 cm
L3 = 150 m
d3 = 12 cm
150 m3/
h,
Q1 Q2.
[y1 y2 = 14,37 m, Q1 = 322 m3/h,
Q2 = 172 m3/h]

(3)

25 m
A

5m
20 m

. 8.6.
1

25 m

2
(1)
(2)

. 8.6.

(3)

364

18. 8.6
:
L1 =1200 m
d1 = 30 cm
L2 = 500 m
d2 = 15 cm
L3 = 600 m
d3 = 20 cm
.
500 m3/h,

Q2 Q3.
[y1 y3 = 40 m, Q2 = 189,5 m3/h,
Q3 = 310,5 m3/h]
19. 8.6 :
L1 = 300 m
d1 = 15 cm
L2 = 200 m
d2 = 10 cm
L3 = 250 m
d3 = 10 cm
15 L/s,

Q2 Q3.
[y1 y3 = 14,84 m, Q1 = 27 L/s, Q3 = 12 L/s]
20. 8.6 :
d1 = 6 in,
d2 =3 in,
d3 = 4 in,
L1 =180 ft, L2 = 60 ft, L3 = 90 ft
2,2 ft
3
/s. : H
Q2 Q3 (
ft 3/s).
[y1 y3= 11,7 m, Q2 = 0,5 ft 3/s,
Q3 = 1,7 ft 3/s]
21. 8.6 :
L1 = 30 m
d1 = 5 cm
K1 = 3
L2 = 20 m
d2 = 5 cm
K2 = 2
L3 = 25 m d3 = 7 cm
K3 = 5

20 m3/h,
.
[y1 y2= 4,30 m, Q1 = 22,1 m3/h,
Q3 = 42,1 m3/h]
22. 8.6 :
L1 = 120 m d1 =12cm

1
50 m
2

(1)

(3)

(2)

. 8.6.
1
10 m
2

(1)

(3)

(2)

. 8.6.
1

2
(1)

(3)

(2)

3 6m

. 8.6.

16 m

(1)
(2)

(3)

. 8.6.

A
1
2

. 8.6.

365

L2 = 30 m
d2 = 6 cm
L3 = 80 m
d3 = 8 cm
7 m 5 m
, . (
).
[Q1 = 73,5 m3/h, Q2 = 24,2 m3/h, Q3 = 49,3 m3/h]
23. 8.6 : L1
= 80 m, L2 = 30 m, L3 = 70 m : d1 = 8 cm, d2 = 4 cm, d3 = 7 cm.
4 m 12 m,
. ( ).
[Q1 = 41,4 m3/h, Q2 = 4,9 m3/h, Q3 = 46,3 m3/h]
24. , (3), (
);
[d3 = 6,4 cm]
25. , , y1 = 25 m, y2 = 75 m
y3 = 60 m, (1), (2) (3) 8.6.
d1 = d2 = d3 = 8 in : L1 = 95 m, L2 = 125 m, L3 = 160 m.
.
[Q1 = 908 m3/h (), Q2 = 636 m3/h (), Q3 = 272 m3/h ()]
26. 8.6

L1 = 1800 ft, L2 = 1200 ft, L3 = 1600 ft
d1 = 8 in, d2 = 6 in, d3 = 5 in.

y 1= 20 ft, y2= 100 ft y3 =
50 ft.
.
[Q1 = 198 m3/h (), Q2 = 171 m3/h
(), Q3 = 27 m3/h ()]
27. 8.6
:
L1 =100 m
d1 = 8 cm
L2 = 60 m
d2 = 6 cm
L3 = 80 m
d3 = 8 cm

60 m3/h, pA
.
[pA, = 373 KPa, Q1 = 85,1 m3/h,
Q2 = 25,1 m3/h]
28. 8.6 :
L1= 20 m
d1= 8 cm

(2)

(3)

(1)

. 8.6.
pA
1m

6m

(1)

(2)

(3)

. 8.6.
1

2
(1)
(2)

6m

3
(3)

. 8.6.

366

L2= 40 m
d2= 6 cm
L3= 50 m
d3= 8 cm
: L1 (1) 1 . (1) 80 m3/h, 1 (2) (3).
[p1, = 85,2 KPa, Q2 = 18,1 m3/h, Q3 = 61,9 m3/h]
29. 8.6 :
L1= 220 m
d1= 8 cm
L2= 150 m
d2= 5 cm
L3= 170 m
d3= 6 cm
(1) () = 0,5.
.
[Q1 = 32,9 m3/h, Q2 = 9,25 m3/h, Q3 = 23,65 m3/h]
30.
8.6 ,
(),
(2) .
(3);
[Q1 = Q3 = 18,7 m3/h, =220]

()
(1)

15 m

(2)

. 8.6.

(3)

25 m
3

KE 9

9.1
9.2
9.3 Hardy Cross
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7

368

9.1 .
.
. , , , .
, . ,
:
, , , , , , ,
, , ...
,
. , , .
, ,
.

. , ,
... (
), , , , (
Halon, ), ...
.
, .
,
(, , ,
..). , : (tree system), (grid system) (loop
system). 9.1 :
,

()

()
. 9.1.

: ) , ) ) .

()

369

.
,
. , ,
.
, ,
.
: ,
, , , ,

. , ,
.
, ,
. , ,

.
9.2 .
, , ( ), [. 9.2(), 9.2()]
.
. [. 9.2()], .

()

()
. 9.2.

()

: ) , ) ) .

, ,
. , . ,
.
, , .
, . () ,
.
, ( ) , :
= m

m
(9.1)
:

370

Q = Q

(9.1)

, , .
(+ , ), :
Q = 0

9.2:

(9.1)

Q1 Q2 + Q3 Q4 Q5 = 0

Q1 + Q3 = Q2 + Q4 + Q5

(9.1)

, . ,
, , . , 9.2,
, : ----.
. .
, [. 9.2()].
2

. 9.2.
B.

. 9.2.

9.2,
(, , , ) (, , , ).
, Bernoulli , :
h = h h + h = h + h
h + h h h = 0

(9.2)

, +
, (9.2)
:
h + h + h + h = 0
h = 0

(9.2)

(9.2) (). (9.1) (),

. .
.
9.2 (9.1),

371

9.2, (9.2).
()
(DarcyWeisbach):
Li
2
8
hi = 2
f

Qi
i
i
g di4 di

h i = i Q2i

i =

g di4

fi i + i
di

(9.3)
(9.3)

,
(9.1), (9.2) (9.3) ( , ).
(Hardy Cross, NewtonRaphson,
), . Hardy
Cross (1936) .
9.3 Hardy Cross.
(), ( ) . ( ) (
).

.
, : , .
, . ,
. Hardy Cross . , :
) ,
( , , .. 9.3).
( ).
9.3 : Q = (100+40) L/s = 140 L/s
:
20L/s
Q = (30+20+30+20+20+20) L/s = 140 L/s
30L/s
100L/s
,
30L/s
, 20L/s
Li, di, i
20L/s
i.
, 20L/s
(. , 40L/s
),
. 9.3.
.
.

372

) .
, (. 9.3 , , , , , , , , , ).
) (. 9.3). , . , , .
.
. .
. ,
(
). , : I, II, III, IV V.
20L/s
100L/s
A

30L/s

20L/s

20L/s

100L/s

30L/s

20L/s

20L/s

20L/s

40L/s

. 9.3.

II

20L/s
K

30L/s

IV

III

30L/s

20L/s

40L/s

. 9.3.

: .

: .

, (1, 2, 3, i). (.. , ..).

. () (.. , ..), ,
(.. , III IV).
) ,
.
. ,
(9.2), . ,
,
(DarcyWeisbach), :
h i = i Q2i

(SI)

(9.3)

i: (, , ..).
( , 14), (
) .
:
, I J .
, I [ (9.3)] .
(9.1) (9.2).
N N1 (
). J . ,

373

. ,
: I = J + N1
9.3 : I = 14, N = 10, J = 5. 14 , 9 5 .
. :
(9.1) .
(9.2) .
:
1. : ( ). .
, N1 . ( +1 = J)
. , 14 , 5 .
, .
( ).
, , 100 L/s
60 L/s,
40 L/s, (9.1): 100 = 60+40.
,
.
9.3 () .
, . ,
.
9.3 . ,
. .
2. : (9.2),
,
2.
:
(9.2.1)
:
h = hAB + h + h h h hA = 0
:
h = h h h h = 0
(9.2.2)
20
100

30
A

15
20
K
30

40

35

. 9.3.

20

I
10

B
60

15
15

30
I
30

20

K
V
10

20
. 9.3.

II

10
35 IV
10

30
10

III

20

10

40

: ().

374

:
V:
V:

h = h h + h = 0
hV = hK hEH + hHK = 0
hV = hK h + hH = 0

(9.2.3)
(9.2.4)
(9.2.5)

3. : 1 () hj' (9.3). hj' ( j: I, II, III,

IV, V) (9.2). , ,
. ,
.
4. :
(
), , , . ,
:

Q j =

( h'i ) j
2 i Qi

(9.4)
j

, Qj j, i j Qi .
(
3), .
, j :
,
() Q : Qi' = Qi + Qi
, : Qi' = Qi Qi
,
.
, , .
, .
5. : 2.
,
(9.2). 3 4 (, ). 4
, .
: (9.4) :
Qi, : Qi +Q. ,
, :

hi = 0 i (Qi + Q)2 = 0 i ( Q2i + 2Qi Q + Q2 ) = 0

, : Q <<
Qi, :

i ( Q2i + 2Qi Q + Q2 ) i ( Q2i + 2Qi Q) = 0

i Q 2i + Q 2i Q = 0 hi + Q 2i Q = 0

375
Q (9.4).
.
, Q Qi. . , .
,
. , , () .
.
. , .

9.4 .
1
9.4 = 10 m, = 12
m, = 8 m 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm .
. .
.
:
: L = 10 m d = 0,05 m = 0,00015 m
L = 12 m d = 0,06 m = 0,00015 m
L = 8 m
d = 0,07 m = 0,00015 m
3
Q =0,010 m /s ()
Q =0,006 m3/s ()
Q =0,004 m3/s ()
= 10-6 m2/s
: Q, Q, Q
, .
(. 9.4) 1, 2 3.
- :
Moody
: (/d = 0,003, ) f = 0,0262
2

(SI)

(1)

(SI)

(2)

(8.3) = 69.180 (SI) h = 69.180 Q AB

Moody
(/d = 0,0025, ) f = 0,025

(8.3) = 31.720 (SI) h = 31.720 Q A

Moody
(/d = 0,0021, ) f= 0,02394
(8.3) = 9385 (SI) h = 9385 Q B

(SI)

(3)

B 6L/s

B 6L/s

10L/s

10L/s

A
. 9.4.

4L/s

4L/s
. 9.4.

376

1 : . , . , . (1), (2) (3):

i, .
, :
Q = 3 L/s = 0,003 m3/s ( ):
Q = 7 L/s = 0,007 m3/s (10 = 3+7)
Q = Q Q:
Q= 3 L/s = 0,003 m3/s ( )
9.4.
(Q = 3 L/s). .
2. :
, .
9.4 :
h = hAB hB hA = 0
(4)
3. :
(1) h = 0,62 m
(2) h = 1,55 m
(3) h = 0,08 m
(4) h' = 1,02 m 0
4. :

Q =

h
( 1,02)
Q =

2 i Q i
2 (69.180 0,003 + 31.720 0,007 + 9385 0,003)

Q = 0,0011 m3/s = 1,1 L/s

( ):
:
Q = (3+1,1) L/s = 0,0041 m3/s
:
Q = (7 1,1) L/s = 0,0059 m3/s
:
Q = (3 1,1) L/s = 0,0019 m3/s
2 : h, h B 6L/s

B 6L/s
3+1,1=4,1

3
I

10L/s

10L/s

3 _1,1=1,9

A
7
. 9.4.

4L/s

7 _1,1=5,9
. 9.4.

4L/s

377

Q, :
(1) h = 1,17 m
(2) h = 1,10 m
(3) h = 0,03 m
(4) h' = +0,03 m 0
Q = 0,00004 m3/s = 0,04 L/s
( 1,9% ). :
Q = 0,00406 m3/s = 4,06 L/s
Q = 0,00594 m3/s = 5,94 L/s
Q = 0,00194 m3/s = 1,94 L/s

( ).
:
QA = QAB + QA

(1)

Q = QAB + Q
2
2
2
Q AB Q B Q A = 0

(2)
(3)

QAB = x, (1) (2) :

QA = QA x, Q = Q x
(3), x:
x 2 (Q x)2 (Q x)2 = 0
( ) x 2 + 2 (B Q + Q ) x Q 2 Q 2 = 0
SI:
28.082 2 + 747 3,51 = 0 x = 0,00407 m3/s = 4,07 L/s
: QAB = 4,07 L/s, QA = 5,93 L/s, Q = 1,93 L/s
Hardy Cross,
, .
.
,
,
200 L/s
60 L/s
.

20 cm

15 cm

100 L/s

15 cm

30 cm

20 cm

2
9.4
:
= = = = 150 m
= = = 200 m.

, 9.4.

15 cm
E

40 L/s

. 9.4.

378

. ( , = 10-6 m2/s, yA = y).

:
: QA = 200 L/s = 0,2 m3/s, Q = 60 L/s = 0,06 m3/s
Q = 100 L/s = 0,1 m3/s, Q = 40 L/s = 0,04 m3/s

d (m)

0,3

0,2

0,15

0,20

0,20

0,15

0,15

L (m)

150

200

150

200

150

200

150

(m)

0,00026

: 7 , pA pZ.
: ( ),
. ( , , :
). 6 7.
( ). :
1 .
. Hardy Cross:
. ,
, ,
-, .
:

/d

0,00087

0,00130

0,00173

0,00130

0,00130

0,00173

0,00173

0,0190

0,0210

0,0226

0,0210

0,0210

0,0226

0,0226

(SI)

97

1082

3681

1082

812

4908

3681

97 Q AB

1082 Q EZ

3681 Q EZ

1082 Q EZ

812 Q EZ

4908 Q EZ

3681 Q EZ

379

,
. : 80+20 = 100.
(
9.4)
.

200 L/s
A

80

2. :
,
:
h = hAB + hBE + h hA = 0
h = h + h h h = 0

120

40

20

100 L/s

80

60 L/s

II

20

20

40 L/s

. 9.4.

(1)
(2)

3. :

(SI)

97

1082

3681

1082

812

4908

3681

0,120

0,080

0,020

0,040

0,080

0,020

0,020

97 Q AB

h(m)

1082 Q EZ

1,393

3681 Q EZ

6,925

1,472

1082 Q EZ

812 Q EZ

1,731

4908 Q EZ

5,194

3681 Q EZ

1,963

1,472

(1) hI' = 2,328 m

(2) hI'= +3,953 m
4. :

Q I =

hI'
( 2,328)
2,328
Q I =
=
2 i Q i
2 (97 0,12 + 1082 0,08 + 3681 0,02 + 1082 0,4) 430,1

Q = 0,0054 m3/s = 5,4 L/s

Q II =

hII
( +3,953)
3,953
Q II =
=
2 i Q i
2 (1082 0,04 + 812 0,08 + 4908 0,02 + 3681 0,4)
430,1

Q = 0,0071 m3/s = 7,1 L/s

(. 9.4):
Q = (120+5,4) L/s = 125,4 L/s
Q = (80 5,4) L/s = 74,6 L/s
Q = (20+5,4) L/s = 25,4 L/s
Q = (40+5,4(7,1)) L/s = 52,5 L/s
Q = (80+(7,1)) L/s = 72,9 L/s

200 L/s
A 120+5,4
80
_ 5,4

Q = (20+(7,1)) L/s = 12,9 L/s

Q = (20(7,1)) L/s = 27,1 L/s
,
, .

100 L/s

20 _ 5,4

60 L/s

80+(_7,1)

40
II
+5,4
_(_7,1)

20
+(_7,1)

E 20 _ (_7,1)
40 L/s
. 9.4.

380

2 :
( , ,
), . hi'.
, (1) (2) , h' h':

(SI)
Q
h
h(m)

97

1082

3681

1082

812

4908

3681

0,1254

0,0746

0,0254

0,0525

0,0729

0,0129

0,0271

1082 Q EZ

97 Q AB

1,522

3681 Q EZ

6,020

1082 Q EZ

2,377

812 Q EZ

2,979

4908 Q EZ

4,317

3681 Q EZ

0,822

2,695

(1) hI' = + 0,858 m

(2) hI = 0,535 m
,
.
:

Q I =

hI'
0,858
Q I =
Q I = 0,00177 m 3 / s = 1,8 L s
2 i Q i
486

Q II =

hII'
0,535
Q II =
Q II = 0,00096 m3 / s = 0,96 L s
2 i Q i
558

:
Q = (125,4 1,8) L/s = 123,6 L/s
Q = (74,6 + 1,8) L/s = 76,4 L/s
Q = (25,4 1,8) L/s = 23,6 L/s
Q = (52,5 1,8 0,96) L/s = 49,74 L/s
Q = (72,9 + 0,96) L/s = 73,86 L/s
Q = (12,9 + 0,96) L/s = 13,86 L/s
Q = ( 27,1 0,96) L/s = 26,14 L/s

3 :

(SI)

97

1082

3681

1082

812

4908

3681

0,1236

0,0764

0,0236

0,0497

0,0739

0,0139

0,0261

97 Q AB

h(m)

1,479

1082 Q EZ
6,308

3681 Q EZ
2,058

1082 Q EZ
2,678

812 Q EZ
4,432

4908 Q EZ
0,948

3681 Q EZ
2,508

381

(1) hI' = 0,092 m

(2) hI' = +0,194 m
:

Q I =

hI
( 0,858)
Q I =
Q I = 0,0002 m 3 / s = 0,2 L s
2 i Q i
471

Q II =

hII
0,194
Q II =
Q II = 0,00035 m3 / s = 0,35 L s
2 i Q i
556

hI' hI' . ,
:
Q =(123,6+0,2) L/s

Q =123,8 L/s

Q = (76,4 0,2) L/s

Q = 76,2 L/s

Q = (23,6 + 0,2) L/s

Q = 23,8 L/s

Q = (49,74 + 0,2+ 0,35) L/s

Q = 50,3 L/s

Q = (73,86 0,35) L/s

Q = 73,5 L/s

Q = (13,86 0,35) L/s

Q = 13,5 L/s

Q = (26,14 + 0,35) L/s

Q = 26,5 L/s

200 L/s
A

123,8

76,2

100 L/s

23,8

50,3

73,5

60 L/s

II

13,5

26,5

40 L/s

. 9.4.

, , . ,
. 9.4 .
:
. ,
(hAZ = hAZ = hAZ = hAZ):
2
h AZ = h AB + h + h h AZ = Q 2AB + Q 2B + Q

2
2
h AZ = 97 Q 2AB + 812 Q B
+ 4908 Q
(SI) h AZ = 6,77 m

Bernoulli ,
:

yA yZ +

v 2A v 2Z p A pz
+
= h p A p Z = h p A p Z = 66,5KPa
2g

1: ,
( ) :
Q = 0,08 L/s, Q = 0,04 L/s
2:
, , .
, , .

382

3: , .
, .
( ) ,
, . ,
.
(1) (2).
2, ,
.
. ,
9.3 , , (14
10 ). , , ,
(Excel, Calc ..) .
3
9.4, , , .
9.4,
.
:
:

L, m

25

50

40

30

30

40

50

40

30

30

50

30

25

40

d, cm

10

10

10

12

: QA = 100 L/s Q = 40 L/s

: Q = Q = Q = Q = 20 L/s,
Q = Q = 30 L/s
= 0,00012 m
T : = 10-6 m2/s.
: 9.3, , (, II, III, IV, V) (. 9.4).
- ().
.
20L/s
100L/s
A

30L/s
B

20L/s

20L/s

30L/s

I
20L/s

. 9.4.

100L/s

40L/s

30L/s
B

I
20L/s

II

20L/s
K

20L/s

IV

. 9.4.

III

40L/s

30L/s

20L/s

383

.
.
Excel. , ( SI)
: 1-5, - .
(6) /d:
5 3 d, 6: = 5/3
- C6-O6.
/d ( 6-6).
, (7) f (8),
i.
A
1

25

50

40

30

30

40

50

40

30

30

50

30

25

40

0,1

0,1

0,08

0,08

0,06

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0,08

0,06

0,06

0,06

0,06

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,00012

0,0012

0,0012

0,0015

0,0015

0,002

0,002

0,0015

0,0012

0,001

0,0015

0,002

0,002

0,002

0,002

6 /d
7

0,0205

0,0205

0,0217

0,0217

0,0234

0,0234

0,0217

0,0205

0,0196

0,0217

0,0234

0,0234

0,0234

0,0234

6721

10137

27966

24505

100161

125047

33445

7614

2753

20470

149934

100161

74967

118672

f
(5.25):

3,7

f = 2 log

7: = (2*LOG(3,7/B6))^2 - C7-O7.
8 :

i =

1
8 Li
f + i 4
2 i
g di
di

8: = 8/PI()^2/9,81*(B7*B2/B3+B4)/B3^4 C8-O8.
/d, f (
6, 7 8 ).
1. : ( ) . ( ) .
,
, ,
. , ,
, . 5 ( ).
:

(QA = 100 L/s, = 6721, = 6721):

QAB = 40 L/s

QAI = 60 L/s

384
20 L/s

Q = 10 L/s

Q = 40 L/s

Q = 25 L/s

30 L/s

100 L/s

Q = 15 L/s

: Q = 5 L/s
: Q = 25 L/s,
Q = 15 L/s Q= 15 L/s
:

Q = 5 L/s

Q = 15 L/s

25

40

20 L/s

15

60

: Q = 15 L/s Q = 25 L/s

10

40

25

II 5

15

5
IV
15

25
V

15

20 L/s

30 L/s

III

20 L/s

15

40 L/s
. 9.4.

: 25+25 = 15+20+15.
9.4
( 9, m3/s).
2. :
, :
():
hI = hAB + h h h h hAI = 0
(1)
():

hII = h + h h + h = 0

(2)

():

hII = h h + h = 0

(3)

(V):

hIV = h h + h = 0

(4)

(V):

hV = h h h = 0

(5)

Excel ( 10-14):
, +1 1, .
, ( ). , 10
h , 11, ...
3. : (hi = i
Qi2) (1) (5). :
A

6721

10137

27966

24505

100161

125047

33445

7614

2753

20470

149934

100161

74967

118672

0,04

0,01

0,025

0,005

0,005

0,015

0,015

0,04

0,06

0,015

0,015

0,025

0,025

0,015

10

11

II

12

III

13

IV

14

15

16

17

18

hV

19

hV

20

1
1

1
1

1
1
1

10,75

1,01

1
12,18

17,48

0,61

9,91

4,61
4,61

2,50

hII

11,04

33,74

28,14

26,70

7,53
61,79

46,85

33,74

hI

hIII

62,60
62,60

1,07

hIV

69,63

26,70
46,85
hV

23,27

385

15 19, . 15 ( ) . 15 : =
10*8*9. .
20 h' . , C20 : = SUM(B15:
O15). F20, I20, L20 O20.
4. : (9.4) .
C21 , F21 .. ,
:
()
C21 = C20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B10:O10))/2
()

F21 = F20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B11:O11))/2

()

21 = I20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B12:O12))/2

(V)

L21 = L20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B13:O13))/2

(V)

O21 = O20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B14:O14))/2

:
A

20

hI

21

QI

61,79

hII

0,0102

QII

11,04

hIII

0,0016

QII

1,07

hIV

0,0001

QIV

69,63

hV

23,27

0,0053

QV

0,0024

, ,
( 1014).
:
A

21

QI

0,0102

QII

0,0016

QII

0,0001

QIV

0,0053

QV

0,0024

0,0502

0,0202

0,0066

0,0049

0,0126

0,0298

0,0064

0,0081

0,0172

0,0202

22

0,0266

0,0151

0,0498

0,0173

. :
22 = B9+B10*$C21+B11*$F21+B12*$I21+B13*$L21+B14*$O21

9.4.
, .

. , ,
(
m3/s L/s):

20 L/s
100 L/s

30 L/s
B
50,2
49,8
29,8

I
17,2

6,4

20,2

20 L/s

26,6

20 L/s

8,1

K
V

4,9

17,3 IV
20,2

12,6

. 9.4.

30 L/s

6,6

II

III

15,1

40 L/s

20 L/s

386

hI

15,38

hII

QI

0,0033

0,0535

0,0235

53,5

23,5

12,07

hIII

QII

0,0027

0,0239

0,0039

0,0025

23,9

3,9

2,5

22,18

hIV

QII

0,0023

0,0175

0,0107

0,0265

17,5

10,7

26,5

8,81

hV

13,18

QIV

0,0008

QV

0,0019

0,0465

0,0004

0,0116

0,0162

0,0158

0,0171

46,5

0,4

11,6

16,2

15,8

17,1

, , ( hj ).
m3/s:

0,0535

0,0235

0,0239

0,0039

0,0025

0,0175

0,0107

0,0265

0,0465

0,0004

0,0116

0,0162

0,0158

0,0171

0,0547

0,0247

0,0247

0,0047

0,0029

0,0171

0,0089

0,0253

0,0453 0,0001 0,0097

0,0133

0,0164

0,0185

0,0557

0,0257

0,0239

0,0039

0,0024

0,0176

0,0089

0,0243

0,0443

0,0018

0,0113

0,0141

0,0154

0,0171

0,0557

0,0257

0,0245

0,0045

0,0028

0,0172

0,0080

0,0243

0,0443

0,0012

0,0103

0,0129

0,0162

0,0179

0,0562

0,0262

0,0242

0,0042

0,0026

0,0174

0,0082

0,0238

0,0438

0,0020

0,0112

0,0136

0,0156

0,0172

0,0561

0,0261

0,0246

0,0046

0,0028

0,0172

0,0077

0,0239

0,0439

0,0015

0,0106

0,0129

0,0162

0,0177

0,0564

0,0264

0,0245

0,0045

0,0027

0,0173

0,0079

0,0236

0,0436

0,0019

0,0110

0,0134

0,0157

0,0172

, ( )
. , : ()
(), , :
():

hI = hAB + h + h h h hAI = 0

(1)

():

hII = h + h h h = 0

(2)

, 10 (1) 11 (1).
.
,
9.4 :
QAB = 0,0564 m3/s = 56,4 L/s

QB = 0,0264 m3/s = 26,4 L/s

Q = 0,0245 m3/s = 24,5 L/s

Q = 0,0045 m3/s = 4,5 L/s

Q = 0,0027 m3/s = 2,7 L/s

Q = 0,0173 m3/s = 17,3 L/s

Q = 0,0079 m3/s = 7,9 L/s

Q = 0,0236 m3/s = 23,6 L/s

Q = 0,0436 m3/s = 43,6 L/s

Q = 0,0019 m3/s = 1,9 L/s

Q = 0,0110 m3/s = 11,0 L/s

Q = 0,0134 m3/s = 13,4 L/s

Q = 0,0157 m3/s = 15,7 L/s

Q = 0,0172 m3/s = 17,2 L/s

. (

387
20 L/s
100 L/s

30 L/s
B
56,4
43,6
23,6

15,7

24,5

20 L/s

30 L/s

4,5

1,9

26,4

13,4

2,7

11,0
17,2

7,9

20 L/s
. 9.4.

17,3

40 L/s

20 L/s

. 9.5.

.. Excel Calc solver Excel),

.
,
(EPANET, WaterCAD, KYpipes ..).
9.5 .

.
, , 1 L/s 2 bar.
,
, . , :
, , .
, ,
9.5, Bernoulli,
, :

y A yE +

v 2A v 2E p A pE
P
v 2 v 2E p A
+
= h E hp E = y A y E + A
+
h AE + hp
2g

2g

(
3 m/s ),
:
pE
p
(9.5)
= y A y E + A h AE + h p

: hAE = hAB + h + h =
9.2.
9.5.1 .
9.5,
(9.5), .
.
.
,

388

. 9.5, ,
.
. , h,
hp. (. ,
, ), Bernoulli :

y yE +

p p E
= h hp

y y +

p p
= h

yE y +

pE p
= h

:
(h hp) + h + h = 0

(9.6)

. , :
h + h + h = 0
, , ( ), .
(9.2) :
(9.6)

( h i h p,i ) = 0

hi,j = hp,j

(9.6)

: i j .
(9.6), hp,j :
,
.

. 9.3, :

Q j =

( h p,i h i ) j
2 i Qi

. 9.5.

(9.7)
70 L/s

: i j.
, ,
(ht).
4
9.5 -

40 L/s

. 9.5.

30 L/s

389

:
LAB = L = 200 m, LA = L = 150 m, L = 120 m
dAB = d = 5 in, d = d= 4 in, d = 3 in
, 10 m. :
) .
) pA =3 bar, yA y = 8 m.
( ).
:
:

QA = 0,07 L/s, Q = 0,04 L/s, Q = 0,03 L/s, = 0,00015 m

= 10-6 m2/s, hp, = 10 m, pA = 300 KPa, yA y = 8 m

L (m)

200

150

120

150

200

d (m)

0,127

0,127

0,0762

0,1016

0,1016

: () Qi, () p
) 2 : () ().
i ( . 9.3):
(SI)

200

150

120

150

200

0,127

0,127

0,0762

0,1016

0,1016

/d

0,00118

0,00118

0,00197

0,00148

0,00148

0,0205

0,0205

0,0233

0,0216

0,0216

10.232

7.674

90.010

24.773

33.031

1. : ( ) (. 9.5).
i, .
: Q = 40 L/s Q = 30 L/s
: Q = 10 L/s () Q = 10 L/s
: Q = (30 10) L/s = 20 L/s
: : 20+10 = 30

70 L/s

2. :
(): h = (h hp) h h = 0
2

h = Q AB Q B Q A = 10 (1)
(): h = h h + h = 0
2

40
P
I

30

h = Q B Q + Q = 0

(2)

10

40 L/s

10
II
20

. 9.5.

30 L/s

390

3. :

hI

hII

16,37 m

6,91 m

9,00 m

2,48m

13,21 m

0,46 10

1,73 0

4. :
(9.7):

(9.7) Q I =

h t hI
Q I = 0,0031 m3 / s
2 i Q i I

(9.7) Q II =

hII
Q II = 0,0005 m3 / s
2 i Q i II

:
Q = (0,040 + 0,0031) m3/s = 0,0431 m3/s
Q = (0,030 0,0031) m3/s = 0,0269 m3/s
Q = (0,010 0,0031 + 0,0005) m3/s = 0,0074 m3/s
Q = (0,010 + 0,0005) m3/s = 0,0105 m3/s
Q = (0,020 0,0005) m3/s = 0,0195 m3/s
- .
:
Q

QI

QII

0,0431

0,0269

0,0074

0,0105

0,0195

8,54 4,96

0,00055

0,00158

0,0437

0,0263

0,0084

0,0121

0,0179

7,80 0,66

0,00078

0,0002

0,0444

0,0256

0,0078

0,0123

0,0177

9,67 1,15

0,00012

0,00036

0,0446

0,0254

0,0081

0,0126

0,0174

9,49 0,17

0,0000440

0,0000126

0,0447

0,0253

0,0079

0,0127

0,0173

9,92 0,27

0,0000066

0,0000197

0,0448

0,0252

0,0080

0,0128

0,0172

9,88 0,04

0,0000103

0,0000030

0,0448

0,0252

0,0080

0,0128

0,0172

9,98 0,06

0,0000016

0,0000046

0,0448

0,0252

0,0080

0,0128

0,0172

9,97 0,01

0,0000024

0,0000007

0,0448

0,0252

0,0080

0,0128

0,0172

10,00 0,01

0,0000004

0,0000011

(. 9.5):
Q = 44,8 L/s
Q = 25,2 L/s
Q = 8 L/s
Q = 12,8 L/s
Q = 17,2 L/s
) Bernoulli () ,
:

391
1

70 L/s

44,8
P

Q1

25,2

40 L/s

Q2
Q

12,8
II
17,2

30 L/s

QE

. 9.5.

y A y +

. 9.5.

p A p
p p
= h hp A
= h hp (y A y )

, :
p A p
= h AB + h hp (y A y ) = h +h (y A y )

h = 20,57 m, h = 4,06 m, h = 4,86 m, h = 9,77 m, yA y= 8 m,

hp = 10 m, = 9,81 KN/m3, :
pA p = 65 KPa p = 235 KPa

: , . , hp ,
.

9.5.2 .
. , ,

( 9.5).
9.5, Q1 Q2 ,
( ) . 2 , 5 4 .
5 3 2
. 7 5
.
:

Q = Q
Q1 + Q2 = QB + Q + Q + QE

(9.8)
(9.8)

, Bernoulli .

392
1

p p
v 2 v 22
y1 y 2 + 1 2 + 1
= h12 y1 y 2 = h12

2g

II

Q1

, 12.
(, 9.5)
, 12.
.
(9.6) :
hIII = y

A
Q2

II

QE

Q
. 9.5.

(9.9)

(9.9) ( 9.6) , .
, ,
y = y1 y2 (
, ).
hp, y,
.
- () (9.7)
( ):
y - hi,j
(9.10)
Q j =
2 i Q i j
, ( ,
, ).
Hardy Cross.
,
, . , (1)
9.5 (2) , y p/.
:
p p1 - p2
(9.9)
hi,j =
=

Q j =

p / - hi,j
2 i Q i

(9.10)

, (j) ,
, :
p
(9.9)
+ hp
h i, j = y +

Q j =

( y + p

+ h p ) h i, j

2 i Qi j

(9.10)

5
9.5, .

393

. .
,
, :

L
m

d
cm

L/s

y
m

300

30

60

250

20

110

10

220

20

85

230

15

25

180

20

250

20

280

25

y1 = 37 m
y2 = 34 m
= 0,00026 m

:
() () , ( ) - () (. 9.5). ,
i (), () ():
(SI)

300

250

220

230

180

250

280

0,3

0,2

0,2

0,15

0,2

0,2

0,25

0,00026

0,00026

0,00026

0,00026

0,00026

0,00026

0,00026

/d

0,00087

0,00130

0,00130

0,00173

0,00130

0,00130

0,00104

0,0190

0,0210

0,0210

0,0226

0,0210

0,0210

0,0198

193

1353

1190

5644

974

1353

470

1. : ( ) .
i ,
(. 9.5).
: (9.8):
Q1 + Q2= 280 L/s
II
Q1 = 180 L/s = 0,18 m3/s
3
Q2= 100 L/s= 0,1 m /s.
180
100
50

70

: : Q = 10 L/s
Q + Q = Q + Q Q= 50 L/s
: Q+ Q = Q + Q
Q = 25 L/s
, :
Q = Q+ Q+ Q (100 = 25+25+50)

110

: Q1 = Q + Q + Q
: Q = 70 L/s Q = 50 L/s

60

10 II

I
50

25

85
. 9.5.

25

394

2. :
h = h + h h = 0
h = h + h h = 0
h = h h + h + h = 3

()
()
()

: hi= iQi2.
() (). (9.9) y = y1 y2 =
(3734) m. y
.
3. :
hAB

hI

6,27

6,63

2,98

0,56

2,43

0,85

4,70

4,22

hII

hIII

2,15 5,77

4. :
(9.4) QI = 0,010 m3/s,
(9.10) Q III =

QI = 0,00775 m3/s

y hIII

2 i Q i III

QII = 0,00614 m3/s

(m3/s):
QAB

0,18

0,07

0,1739

0,0538

Q
0,05

0,01

0,05

0,025

0,1

0,0600 0,0078

0,0484

0,0327

0,1061

Q . () ():
h= h h h = 0
()
h= h + h + h = 0
()
[, h = Q 2 :
h = Q|Q|, () ()].
- .
:
QAB

QI

QII

QIII

0,1739

0,0538

0,0600

0,0078

0,0484

0,0327

0,1061

0,00187

0,00181

0,00197

0,1758

0,0577

0,0581

0,0077

0,0446

0,0346

0,1042

0,00038 0,00005

0,00110

0,1747

0,0562

0,0585

0,0080

0,0458

0,0345

0,1053

0,00043

0,00023

0,00015

0,1749

0,0568

0,0581

0,0078

0,0454

0,0347

0,1051

0,00001

0,00009

0,00021

0,1747

0,0566

0,0581

0,0079

0,0455

0,0348

0,1053

0,00011

0,00007

0,00002

0,1746

0,0567

0,0580

0,0079

0,0454

0,0349

0,1054

0,00002

0,00004

0,00005
()

395
0,1746

0,0566

0,0580

0,0079

0,0455

0,0350

0,1054

0,00003

0,00003

0,00002

0,1746

0,0567

0,0579

0,0079

0,0454

0,0350

0,1054

0,00001

0,00002

0,00002

0,1746

0,0566

0,0579

0,0079

0,0454

0,0350

0,1054

0,00001

0,00001

0,00001

QAB = 0,1746 m3/s = 174,6 L/s

Q = 0,0566 m3/s = 56,6 L/s

Q = 0,0579 m3/s = 57,9 L/s

Q = 0,0079 m3/s = 7,9 L/s

Q = 0,0454 m3/s = 45,4 L/s

Q = 0,0350 m3/s = 35,0 L/s

Q = 0,1054 m3/s = 105,4 L/s

( m):
hAB

hI

hII

hIII

5,90

4,34

3,99

0,35

2,01

1,66

5,22

0,00

0,00

3,00

: Bernoulli (1)
:
p1 pB
= h1B pB, = (y1 y B h1B )
: y1 y B +

pB, = (y1 yB hAB)

pB, = 236,5 KPa

: p, = (y1 y hAB h)

p, = 164,5 KPa

: p, = (y1 y hAB h)

p, = 266,0 KPa

: p, = (y1 y hAB h + h)

p,= 252,8 KPa

: ,
. , . , .
Bernoulli :

yE y +

p E p
= h p = p + (y y E + h )

, Bernoulli .
9.5.3 HazenWilliams.
, ,
DarcyWeisbach. ,
: hi = i Qi2. , ,
, , fi
i. ( , ).
, ,
, DarcyWeisbach, Hazen
Williams. , ,
,
. ( SI):

396
v = 0,849 C R 0,63 ( h f L )0,54

(9.11)

: R , hf/L (
).
, DarcyWeisbach.
HazenWilliams, SI, :

hf =

10,665 L
1,852

Q1,852

d4,871

(9.12)

: hf L d.
C , HazenWilliams.
. 9.5.1
. C ( ).
9.5.1
HazenWilliams.

HazenWilliam C

130 140

120

110

140 150

120 140

DarcyWeisbach, HazenWilliams, :
hi = A i Qni
DarcyWeisbach:

A i = i =

8
2

fi

Li
di5

(9.13)

n=2

(9.13)

n = 1,852

(9.13)

HazenWilliams:

Ai =

10,665
1,852

Li
di4,871

, :

Q j =

h j'
n1

n A i Qi

(9.14)

HazenWilliams Darcy-Weisbach, C. , f
( , Reynolds)
Moody ( 5.4.2).
. :
DarcyWeisbach
. ,
DarcyWeisbach, . ,
DarcyWeisbach (. . 4.1.8, 6).
: (.. , ), ,

397
ChezyManning:

hf = 4,1 n2

5,33

Q2

: n, ( Manning).
.
6
9.5 HazenWilliams.
:
2, DarcyWeisbach. hi = iQi2 (
DarcyWeisbach) (9.13):
hi = A i Qin
:

Ai =

10,665

Li
4,871
di

1,852

n = 1,852

, (9.14).
( , ), i.
, C 9.5.1 ( ): C = 130. (9.13)
:
(SI)

0,3

0,2

0,15

0,20

0,20

0,15

0,15

150

200

150

200

150

200

150

68,5

658,6

2005,8

658,6

494,0

2674,4

2005,8

hi = A i Q1,852
i
(SI)

0,3

0,2

0,15

0,20

0,20

0,15

0,15

150

200

150

200

150

200

150

68,5 658,6 2005,8 658,6 494,0 2674,4

0,12

0,08

0,02

0,04

0,08

0,02

0,02

hi

1,35

6,13

1,43

1,70

4,59

1,91

1,43

2005,8

h h:
h = 1,65 m
h = 3,37 m

(9.14):

30 cm

20 cm

60 L/s

15 cm

hi :

200 L/s
A
20 cm

( 1
2) (. 9.5).
:
hI = hAB + hBE + h h = 0
(1)
hI = hB + h h h = 0
(2)

15 cm

100 L/s

15 cm
E

40 L/s

. 9.5.
200 L/s
A

80

100 L/s

120

20

40

80

60 L/s

II

20

20

40 L/s

. 9.5.

398

Q j =

h j'
1,852 A i Q 0,852
i

Q = 0,0044 m3/s = 4,4 L/s

Q = 0,0068 m3/s = 6,8 L/s
( )
( hi, h h, Q Q). ,
. :

0,1200

0,0800

0,0200

0,0400

0,0800

0,0200

0,0200

0,1244

0,0756

0,0244

0,0512

0,0732

0,0132

0,0268

0,1227

0,0773

0,0227

0,0488

0,0739

0,0139

0,0261

0,1229

0,0771

0,0229

0,0493

0,0736

0,0136

0,0264

0,1228

0,0772

0,0228

0,0492

0,0736

0,0136

0,0264

3
4

L/s ( 2, DarcyWeisbach) :
QAB = 122,8 L/s
(123,8 L/s)
(76,2 L/s)
QA = 77,2 L/s
(23,8 L/s)
Q = 22,8 L/s
(50,3 L/s)
Q = 49,2 L/s
(73,5 L/s)
Q = 73,6 L/s
(13,5 L/s)
Q = 13,6 L/s
(26,5 L/s)
Q = 26,4 L/s
Darcy-Weisbach,
.

9.6 .
,
. ,
.
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
, :
( , , ).
(, , ).
(, ).
. .
( ).
, ( , , , , , -

399
, , ..),
( , , , , ,
..), ( , ,
..).
, . ,
, (, , ..).
( , , ..),
(, ..). ,
. .
9.6.1 .
, .
:
) :
, ,
. .
,
. , .
, .
) : ( )
. , , ,
, .
. .
, .
) : ,
, .
) : ,
.
, , ...
) :
. , .
,
,
, . , ,
. ,
.
.
,
.
) : (
)
( ). , ()
, .
, .

400

9.6.2 .
, ( ). .
, , ,
.
9.6.3 .

. .
.
9.6.4 .
, , ,
. ( , ,
), ( ,
, ).
, .
.
(sludge tank),
-,
.
9.6.5 .

, .
. ,
.
.
, , ,
.
9.6.6 -.
, , ,
.
.
. , ,
.
, , , , ,
, , , .

401

. (
) . . ,
ISO 14617 (1999, Ships and
marine technology -- Identification colours for the content of piping systems), (. 7.4).
9.7 .
1. 9.7 :
= 150 m, = 150 m, = 100 m : 8 cm, 6 cm, 5 cm . (
).

[Q = 64,4 L/s, Q = 35,6 L/s, Q = 14,4 L/s]

50 L/s

100 L/s
. 9.7.

3. ( L/s)
9.7.
: = 100 m, = 150 m,
= 200 m, = 150 m, = 200 m.
( ).
[QA = 36,5, Q = 25,32, Q = 10,32,
Q = 13,5, Q = 11,18 ( L/s)]

5.
pA pB = 15 psi,
. (:

).
[QAB = 3,47, Q = 2,38, Q = 0,58,
Q = 2,9, Q = 5,27 ( ft3/s)]
6. 9.7

. 9.7.
B

8 cm

8 cm
5 cm

50 L/s

15 L/s

5 cm
5 cm

. 9.7.
A

6 in

4. 9.7,
f = 0,025, = = 600 ft,
= = 450 ft, = 750 ft, . QA= 3
ft3/s,
. 120 psi,
, .
[QAB =1,78, QA = 1,22, Q = 1,48, Q = 0,3,
Q = 2,7 (ft3/s), pB =116,1, p =114,2, p =105,1 (psi)]

50 L/s

8 in

9i

3 in

2. 9.7
QA = 0,32 m3/s (), Q = 0,28 m3/s () Q
= 0,10 m3/s (). , 25 cm = = 200 m = =
100 m.
[QAB = 0,218, QA = 0,102, QA = 0,062,
QA = 0,202 (m3/s)]

8 in

. 9.7.

402

0,022, 5 in : = = 400 ft, = = 300 ft, = 300 ft.

90 psi. 20C.
, . ( ).
[QAB = 0,95, Q =1,05, Q = 0,24 Q = 0,31, Q = 0,19 ( ft3/s)]
7. 9.7.
:
2 ft3/s
= = = = 100 m
1 ft3/s
= 50 m = 112 m.
A

( , =10-6 m2/s).
[Q = 28,7, Q = 46,9, Q = 24,4
Q = 28,7, Q = 6,3, Q = 18,1 ( L/s)]
8. 9.7
:
==100 m = =150 m
===120 m.
3 in ,
9.7.
. ( , yA = y).
[QAB =25,4, QA =24,6, Q =16,1, Q = 9,3,
Q = 1,1, Q = 4,6, Q = 13,9 (L/s),
pAZ = 887 KPa]
9.
9.7. :
L (m)

d (cm)

150

12

150

15

100

180

150

120

180

10

[QAB = 54,3, QA = 95,7, Q = 35,0, Q = 23,0

Q = 3,7, Q = 15,0, Q = 41,9 (m3/h)]
10. 9.7
.
( L/s).
40 m, , 5 m .
:

0,5

ft3/s

0,5

ft3/s

. 9.7.
100 L/s

d=10 cm

d=10 cm

d=8 cm

d=8 cm

d=8 cm

d=5 cm

65 L/s

E
35 L/s

. 9.7.

50 L/s
A

15 L/s

20 L/s

15 L/s

. 9.7.

150 m3/h

50 m3/h

3
50 m /h

. 9.7.

403

= 300 m, = = = =150 m
= = = = =120 m
[Q = 103, Q = 97, Q = 58,9, Q = 38,1, Q = 22,
Q = 11,9, Q = 63,1, Q = 39,9, Q = 10,1 (L/s)]

20 cm

25 cm

L,
m

60

15
0

10
0

60

80

80

50

80

10
0

6
0

8
0

80

50

d,
cm

12

10

10

12

120 L/s

40 L/s

L = 500 m,

L = 300 m, L =150 m,
L = L = L = L = 120 m

dAB = d= 20 cm,

d = d =10 cm

50

L/
s

. 9.7.

13. 9.7,
(1) (y1=128 m) (2) (y2=122 m).
. : QB=Q=60 L/s, Q= Q=40 L/s.
. :
yB = yE= 40 m
y=50 m
y = 28 m

15 cm

15 cm

25 cm

12. 9.7
: LAB = LE
= 150 m, LAE = LE = 200 m, L = 120 m dAB =
d = 10 cm, d = d = d = 8 cm.

30 m.
, pA = 8 bar, yA= y
= 20 m.
[Q = 36,6, QE = 33,4, QBE = 5,8, Q = 30,8
Q = 19,2 (L/s), p = 200,2 KPa]

[Q = 66,1, Q = 28,2, Q = 10,5, Q = 9,5

Q = 26,0, Q = 11,9, Q = 13,9
Q = 53,9, Q = 2,1, Q = 12,3, Q = 13,5
Q = 22,1, Q = 23,7 (L/s), pA pZ = 87,4 KPa]

20 cm

10
0

L/
s

20 cm

20 cm

15 cm
L/
s

30 cm

50

11. 9.7,
. , .
: )
, ) , yA
yZ = 4 m.
:

200 L/s

30 L/s

30 L/s

20 L/s

40 L/s

Z
60 L/s

. 9.7.
70 L/s

20 L/s

B
. 9.7.
1

20 L/s

50 L/s

. 9.7.

404

d = d = 8 cm, d =6 cm
[Q = 105,1, Q = 20,7, QB = 24,4, Q = 9,0, Q = 28,3 Q = 26,6 Q = 94,9 (L/s)
P = 570,2 KPa, P = 367,3 KPa, P = 215,5 KPa, P = 562,9 KPa]
14. , , 9.7 45
m 8 cm. , ,
, , :
p = 950 kPa
p = 350 kPa
p = 675 kPa
p = 100 kPa
,
( = 10-6 m2/s).
[QAK = 38,1 L/s, QKB = 23,7 L/s, QK = 23,0 L/s, QK = 37,4 L/s]
15. 9.7 . :
y1 = 150 m, yB = 50 m, y = 53 m, y = 45 m,
A
y = 65 m, y = 60 m, y = 30 m, y = 35 m.
B

L (m)

d
(cm)

L
(m)

d
(cm)

200

15

100

10

40

10

50

25

. 9.7.
1

30

20

[QAB =75,4, Q = 28,6, Q = 12,1, Q = 16,5

Q = 46,8, Q = 22,5, Q = 24,3 (L/s)]
16. 100 m 4 in, .
hf =AQn
60 KPa: ) DarcyWeisbach, ) HazenWilliams.
[) hf = 19.600 Q2, Q = 0,0177 m3/s, ) hf = 8920Q1,852,
Q = 0,0196 m3/s]

. 9.7.

KE 10

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4 ( )
10.5 ( )
10.6

406

10.1 .
, o .
,
, ,

,
(, ,
..). ,
, ( , , ..).

,
. , (,
, , ..).
,

.

(.. ,
)
. .
() .
.
300 ..
( )
.
(287
212 ..),
, ,
(. 10.1).

.
,

.
(285222 ..), ,
(- ), -

. 10.1.

. 10.1.

(
Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia, 1637).

. 10.1.

,
l-Jazari: The Book of Knowledge of
Ingenious Mechanical Devices (1206).

407

. , (260180 ..) ,
(), (). (
)
(, ..).
, , (chain pump),
.
, , (1 . .., . 10.1). ,
( ). ,
(Al-Jazari, 1200, . 10.1).
( ), ,
. , ,
, .
,
. , . 18 ,
(Papin). 19
(H. Worthington, 1840) (. 10.1), (Osborne Reynolds, 1875) ... , .
(, , ).

. 10.1.

Worthington.

408

, (, , ) .
10.2 .
. , ( ) ,
, ( ). ,
, ,
( ). (
)
() . .
, ( )
. ( ),
.
,
, , .
( )
,
.
,
. ,
:
) ( )
.
) (, ),
(
).
, ( ), .
, , ,
, ().
( ),
, , ( ), ( ), ( ). ,
.
,
. :
( ) , ( ,
, .. ). ,
, , .
,
, ,
.
10.2, (1)
(2), . ,

409

, . : W W . W = W W
.
:

W
W

W
W

W
. 10.2.

(10.1)

: () ( ,
).
:
) . .
( ), ( , , ..).
) , ,
( , , ..).
( ) .
, , . ,

. , ,
,
.
, , . ,
, , (,
), , , ,
, ... .

, , , ... ,
.
, .
, , .
10.3 .
10.3.1 .
, .
, , ( ), , , (.. ).
, ,

410

( ). , 10.3()
, ( )
, .
. ,
,
, ,
,
[. 10.3()].
, , ,
, .
( ),
, , . ,
, . ,
.
(
),
.
, :
( )
.
,
. . (. 10.3).
, .
, ,
. , .

B
()

()
. 10.3.

)
) .

. 10.3.

411

, . . , .
:
) , ( ).
) ( , .
).
) , ( ) .
, (, , , , ..), .
,
. , ( ).
10.3.2 .
,
, . , , , , , ... ,
. ,
. , , , ...
,
, ( ) .
, . ,
.
,
: ( )
( ).
) .
,
, .
dF
ds, :
dW = dF ds
, , dA , :
p = dF/dA
,
. ,

412

, , , . (
) , . ,
.
, ( ). :
,
. ( ,
). , ,
.
, , ,
10.3.1.
) .
, ,

( ).
(impeller). , , . ,
10.3.1
.

413

, , , ,
( ) . ,
, .
, (v = R). , ,
. , ,
, ( ) ,
. , ,
. .
, ,
( ) (
). ,
( ).
,
, ( )
, ( ). ,
, (Jet
pumps).
.
( ), 10.3.2.
10.3.2
.

()

414

, , , .
,
. , ,
, .
( ), , , , ,
...
, , (
) . ( Diesel, , , ), ,
. , .
( , ..),
.
(
).
10.4 ( ).
, :
. . , .
.
10.4.1 .
,
(. 10.4) ,
. , , ,
. , , ,
( ) ,
.
( ).

, ,
, . ,

[. 10.4()].
, , ,
. 10.4.
. ,
.
[. 10.4()].

415

,
. ( ) ( ).
, ,
10.4() ( ),
.
( ).
, (. 10.4).

.
,
[. 10.4(), p2 = n R T/V2]. ,
, , [. 10.4()].
()
. , ,
. ,
, .
, (
). D, L n,
:

Q =

D2
Ln
4

(10.2)

n
n .. R
R .. T
T
V
V11=
= pp
1
1

()
()

()

()

n
n .. R
R .. T
T
V
V22=
= pp
2
2

()

()
()

. 10.4.

. 10.4.

416

( ), .
, v, Q
Q:
Q
(10.3)
v =
Q
() :

Q =

D2
L
4

(10.4)

, , ,
, . ,
.
(. 10.4), , , ,
, . ,
,
. ,
, . ,
. ,
. .
10.4(), , (
), ()

( ).
:

( 2D2 d2 )
(10.5)
Ln
4
: D , d
, L , v
n .

,
,

(
).
(. 10.4)
, , , ,
Q =

()
A
Q

()
. 10.4.

417

, ... ,
, .
, .
: , . : ,
, , , . (),
, ,
() .
, ,
, , ,
.
. (.
10.4),
(
).
,
.
10.4.2 .
(

. 10.4.

. 10.4.

(Worthington).

418

), .
, , , , ( ), ...
,
.
, .
.
. ,
, .
( ). .
, V ,
, n , :
Q = V n

(10.6)

, :
Q = v Q = V

(10.7)

: v .
, n. .
, , . ,
, .
, , , , , (, ..), ...
) (xternal gear pumps).
, (.
10.4). .
, , .
, ( )
( ). . ,
. ( )
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
.

, , -

419

. , ,
.
,
,
, , .
650 rpm,
, .
,
. 10.4
.

. 10.4.

) (nternal gear
pumps).

.
, . ,
( )
. ,
,
(. 10.4).
.
,
.

1200 rpm
.
, (
),
.

. 10.4.

(Viking).

) (Lobe pumps).
,
, .

. 10.4.

420

, , (. 10.4).
.
, , ,
. ,
. . .
, ,
, .
) (Rotary vane pumps).
, ,
.
, ( ),
.
,
(. 10.4). ,

( ),
.

, ,
. . 10.4.
, ,
.
.
34
, .
1000 rpm ,
. , .
, , .
) (Screw pumps).

. ,
.
()
.
(

. 10.4.

421

. 10.4.

. 10.4), (
) .
. - .
, , ...
10.5 ( ).

( )
: , ,
, , ...

( ) ,
, .
, , ( impeller),
.
.
.
, , , ,
.

, :
) (centifugal pumps).
) (axial flow pumps).
) (mixed flow pumps).
) (turbine pumps).
,
. ,
. ,
. .
, ,
( ). ,
.

422

, ,
, . (jet pumps).
10.5.1 .
(centrifugal pumps)
.
, , .
(. 10.5) , , . ()
.
. ,
.
, .
. ,
( )
. , .
, .
.
, (),
, ,
. ( )
. , :
.
, .
,

. 10.5.

(Weir).

. 10.5.

(Flowserve).

423

( R),
. v (v = R), . , ,
.
, , ( ) ( ).
( ) (. 10.5),
. ,
.

. ,
( ).
(), . . ,
, .
, ,
(. 10.5). , .
,
. ,

.
()
()
()

. ,
. 10.5.
: ) , )
) .
,
,
. . ,


(. 10.5).
,
()
,
(

). , ,

. 10.5.

(Flowserve).
.

424

( . ). ,
,
. , .
,
.
, ,
.
. . , ,
, , , , ...
.
:
) ( ).
. ()
, (. 10.5).
(, ) , .

,
. , , (
), . (
, ). , . ,
, , ( ) ,
Bernoulli, .
( ). ,
,
.
, , ,
,
.
, (
) 10 bar.
, . (
)
(. 10.5). , ,
.
, . 10.5.

, .
.

425

.
,
.
) .

, 10.5. , ,
(). ,
( ),
,
. ,
.
,
, 90%.

. 10.5.

5 .

) .

(. 10.5).
,
. ( ). ,
.
- . ,

, ,
,
.

. 10.5.

10.5.2 (
).
,
. ,
. , ,

. 10.5.

426

, , . , ,
(. 10.5 10.5). ,
, ,
. , ,
.
, (1,52 bar).
, .
, (
).
, , ,
. ,
(ballast pump, ), (heeling and trimming pump, ).
, ,
, .
, ,
, . , .

. 10.5.

(Weir).

()

()
. 10.5.

. 10.5.

()

: ) , ) )
(: edraulic Institute).

427

. ,
.
10.5.3 .
, ,
( ), , . ,
, (. 10.5).
, ,
. , , . , .
, ,
. .
, , (. 10.5).

. 10.5.

(Sulzer).

10.5.4 A .
,
( ,
). .
, .
(. 10.5). ,
, (. 10.5).
( ) .
: -

428

. 10.5.

. 10.5.

(Mepco).

, , ,
... ,
. , ( ). , ,
. , .
, ,
. ,
(Peripheral pumps).
, , .

( 20% ). .
.
10.5.5 .
(jet pumps) , (
Giffard ), .
, () ,
. , (. 10.5).
.
d1, v1
p1 d2, v2 p2, : p2 < p1. , , :

Q=

d12
d22
v1 =
v2
4
4

d
v 2 = v1 1
d2

(10.8)

429

Bernoulli:

y1 y 2 +

p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
= hj

2g

p1 p2 v12 v 22

+
= hj

2g
p1 p2 =

(v 22 v12 )
+ hj
2

(10.8):
4

v12 d1
(10.9)
p1 p 2 =

1 + h j
2
d 2

(10.9) . , , 1 m/s
4 (d1/d2 = 4), ,
(10.9) : p1 p2 = 255 KPa.

: (v12/2g) (hj) ,
Bernoulli ( ):

p1 p2 =

v 22
2

(10.9)

( 2 10.5) 3,
.
. (), .

( ). ,

. , , .
, ...
, ,
, ...
10.6 .

,
.

. 10.5.

430

, . ,
,
.
,
,
:
) , , . 25.000 m3/h (
100.000 m3/h),
1000 m3/h.
) ( 1200 2000 rpm).
) , .
) , , .
) ( , ,
).
:
) ,
. , .
) ( ).
610-4 m2/s,
1,3 m2/s.
) . ,
, .
)
( ),
, .
) ( ) .
, , , .
,
. , ,
( ), , ,
.
,
:
) .
.

431

) , .
.
) ,
,
.
) , , . .

(Viking Pump Inc) (. 10.6.1):
10.6.1
Viking.

(m3/h)

363

7,3

184

640

(bar)

17

172

27

14

4,410-1

1,6510-2

4,4 10-1

510-4

370

230

205

260

(m2/s)

(C)

, ,
.
( ), , ( m3/h 25.000 m3/h)
, ( 7 bar),
( 400 bar).
, ,
.
.
.
m3/h
100.000 m3/h ( 300.000 m3/h). 2 bar,
,
( 30 bar).
( -

432

, ). , , .
, , ( ), .
.
, KW 5000 KW.

,
. , ,
, .

KE 11


11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

434

11.1 .

A
K
. ,

.
,
()
,
2
1
,
.
.
,
,
K
.

,
1
A

Bernoulli
()
( , . 3.3 3.4),
.
. 11.1.
.
11.1(), :
1-, -2, , .
1 (
y1, p1 v1) 2 ( :
y2, p2, v2).
1 2 . ,
11.1(), 1 2 .
(v1 = v2 = 0),
(v v) . ( , ).
11.1.1 .
, ,
.
. ,
. ,
, .
(.. ).
. ,
. . , ,
.
,
:
, .
, .

435

,
:
Q = A v = .
(11.1)
: Q , A v
.
: A = d2/4, A = d2/4,
(11.1) :
d4
d4
(11.1)
v =
v
Q = Av =
4
4
: v v .
, .
, :
d < d v > v
( ),
. , ,
(11.1). ( ) , .
11.1.2 .
,
Bernoulli. , ,
. . Bernoulli , .
Bernoulli .
11.1,
Bernoulli 1 2.
( ) ,
, ( )
( ):

H1 =

p1 v12
+
+ y1
2g

(11.2)

H2 =

p2 v 22
+
+ y2
2g

(11.2)

(1-) (-2) Q,
:
h = h + h

(11.2)

, H .
( ) :
1 + = 2 + h = (2 1) + h
H1 H2 :

(11.2)

436

p2 p1 v 22 v12
o = (y 2 y1 ) +
+
+ h

2g

(11.2)

H
y2 y1, . , H y y1,
H, y2 y. :
= y2 y1 = H + + hp

(11.2)

: hp = yK yA , .
(10.3) :

o = H +

p 2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h

2g

(11.2)

(11.2)
:
1: ( : = y2 y1).
p p1
2: ( : 2
).

v 22 v12
).
2g
4: ( : h = h + h ).
3: ( :

4 (11.2),
h. . :
() . , ( 1
2 ).
, (.. ,
..)
(. 11.1), ,
(11.2) :
(11.2)
= + h
1 2, (
).
. , , .
:

Ho =

p2 p1
+ h

(11.2)

, .

437

.
(.11.1), .
, (
, ). ( ),
(v1 = 0) (v2
0). , , ,
. .
( 2),
d2 , , v2 .
1
,
11.1
:
y1 = 10 m, p1 = p
y2 = 5 m, p2 = 300 KPa, v2 = 3 m/s
:
. , ( 1).
2 ( )
v2 ( ).
: = y2 y1 H = 15 m
:

p2 p1 (300 101,3) KPa

=
= 20,24 m

9,81 KN / m3

v 22 v12 (3 02 )(m / s)2

=
= 0,46 m
2g
2 9,81 m / s2
2

y2 _ y1
H

. 11.1.

. 11.1.

438

1 2 :
H = (15+20,24+0,46) m H = 35,7 m
T :
/ = 15/35,7 = 0,42 42%
, 56,7%,
, 1,3%.
35,7 m,
, h (
11.2).
(11.2),
:
h = h +h h =

Q2
Q2
8 L
8 L

4
4
2
2 g d
d
d g d

h = Q2 + Q2 h = ( + ) Q2

i =

1
8 Li
fi + i 4
g di
di
2

(10.3), :

o = H +
:

p 2 p1
+ ( + ) Q2 o = + Q2

p p
= H + 2 1

(11.3)
(11.3)

:
v2 = v1

v 22 v12
= 0 = +
2g

1 L
1
8 L
f
+ 4 + f + 4
2
g d
d
d d

(11.3)

v 22 v12 v 2
8
=
= 2
Q 2 :
v1 = 0, v2 = v
4
2g
2g g d
=

1 L
1
8 L
f

1
+

+
+
+
4

4
2 g d
d
d d

(11.3)

v1 = 0, v2 > v ( d2)

v 22 v12 v 22
8
=
= 2
Q 2 :
2g
2g g d24

1 L
1
8 L
1
f

+
+

4
4
4
2 g d
d d2
d d

(11.3)

439

(11.3) ,
.
(11.3)
, (11.3)
.

, P.
H,
(11.2). = m g,
:
Wo = Ho m g
, ( ) :

Po =

Wo Ho m g
g
=
= Ho m
t
t

m
= Q
= m
Q
g = ,
:
Po = Q Ho
(11.4)
: , Q H
.
(11.4) ,
, .
,
(11.3), :
Po = Q ( + Q2)
Po = Q + Q3

(11.5)

(11.3) (11.3), (11.3)

(11.3).
(11.5)
, , , ,
.
11.1.3 .
) .
,
, .
,
( ).
, .
, :
1) . -

440

, ( ).
, , Darcy
Weisbach Moody.
2) . ,
:
, (11.2). ,

.
Po, (11.4).
.
( ,
Moody) Ho
:
p p v2 v2
(11.2)
Ho = H + 2 1 + 2 1 + h

2g

P = Q Ho

(11.4)

, ( ),
, (11.2). , ,
(.. ,
, ).
.
:
1: Q.
Po.
. :
1. .
2. ( 11.2).
3. P ( 11.4).
2: P.
Q.
1 ()
( ), .
-:
1. (, ) Q' h', Ho', P' ( 1).
2. P' P:
P' > P Q' > Q. 1 .
P' < P Q' < Q. 1 .
P' P, .
, :
1. ,
f f.
2. (11.3) (11.3 ).

441

3. (11.5), Q.
4. , , f .
: (11.5) Q, ,
(-). .

3: , ,
P Q.
.
1. ( 11.4).
2. ( 11.2).
.
3.
( ) .
4.
( , . 5.7.3).
.
1. (11.2) ( ). 1 2 , :
Ho = H + h.
2. (
). , ,
.
) .
2
11.1
220 m3/h, 140 mm
120 mm. . , 90,
.
:
: 1 (
) 2 ( ). 20 m
2
,
.
11.1 :
8m
= (3+8) m = 11 m

:

3m

L 3 m, L= (8+20) m = 28 m
11.1,
, -

. 11.1.

442

5.5.1 5.5.4 :
(=0,8) (=2), :
= 2,8.
90 ( = 0,5), ( 0,5)
( = 2), : = 3.
( = 9,81 /m3, = 10-6 m2/s).
= 0,00015 m ( 5.4.2). :
:
L = 3 m
d = 0,14 m
= 2,8
= 0,00015 m
L = 28 m
d = 0,12 m
= 3
= 0,00015 m
3
-6 2
= 9,81 KN/m
= 10 m /s
v1 = 0
v2 = v
= 11 m
p1 = p2 = p
Q = 220/3600 m3/s
: Ho, Po
1: :
:

v =

4Q
v = 3,97 m / s
d2

v d
Moody
Re = 5, 56 10 5 , /d =0,00107)
f = 0,0205
v
L
v2
h = f + h = 2,60 m
d
2g

(Re =

v =

4Q
v = 5, 4 m / s
d2

(Re =

v d
Moody
Re = 6, 48 10 5 , /d =0,0017) f = 0,0211
v
L
v2
h = f + h = 11,80 m
d
2g

:
h = h + h h = 14,40 m
2: :

Ho = H +

p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h

2g

(11.2)

v 2
Ho = H +
+ h Ho = 26,89 m
2g
3: :
Po = Q Ho (11.4) Po = 16,12 KW
:
1. ( 18% ) -

443

2
.
2. , 5,5%
. 41%
1
( ) 53,5% .
3. ,
: = 20,2 m, Po
. 11.1.
= 12,1 m. .
, ,
.
( ).
4. , .
3
11.1, .
2 m 12 cm, , 160 m
10 cm. 5 m. 300 m3. 2 10 ,
. ( , 11.1).
:
: 1 (
) 2 ( ). : v1 = v2 = 0.
: = y2 y1 = 5 m
(. 5.5.1 5.5.4):
: =0,8
: 90 = 0,5+1= 1,5
( = 9,81 /m3, = 10-6 m2/s).
= 0,00026 m (, 5.4.2).
: VB tB
. ,
:
Q=V
t
: V t.
:
:

L = 2 m
L= 160 m
3

d=0,12 m

= 0,8

= 0,00026 m

d = 0,10 m

= 1,5

= 0,00026 m
v2 = 0

-6

= 9,81 KN/m

=10 m /s

v1 = 0

= 5 m

p1 = p2 = patm

V = 300 m3

t = 2 h, 10 min = 7800 s

444

: Po

Q=

VB

tB

Q = 0,0385 m 3 / s

1: :
:

v =

4Q
v = 3, 4 m s
d2

v d
Re = 4,08 10 5 , /d =0,00217)
v
L
v 2
h = f
+ h = 0,71 m
d
2g

(Re =

Moody

f = 0,0243

v =

4Q
v = 4,9 m s
d2

(Re =

v d
Moody
Re = 4,9 10 5 , /d =0,0026) f = 0,0255
v

L
v2
h = f + h = 51,64 m
d
2g
:
h = h + h h = 52,35 m
2: :
Ho = H +

p 2 p1

v 22 v12
2g

+ h

(11.2)

= + h = 57,35 m
3: :
Po = Q Ho (11.4) Po = 21,64 KW
,
. , : Po = 20,68 KW.
4
12 W, .
:
:

L = 2 m
L= 160 m
= 9,81 KN/m3
= 5 m
Po = 12 kW

d = 0,12 m
d = 0,10 m
= 10-6 m2/s
p1 = p2 = p

= 0,8
= 1,5
v1 = 0
V = 300 m3

= 0,00026 m
= 0,00026 m
v2 = 0

445

: t
:

Q=V t=V
t
Q
Q.
,
:
1: Q' = 100 m3/h = 100/3600 m3/s.
' [ () ]:
:
v' = 2,46 m/s Re' = 2,95 105, /d = 0,00217 f' = 0,0245 h' = 0,37 m
:
v' = 3,54 m/s Re' = 3,54 105, /d = 0,0026 f' = 0,0256 h' = 27,04 m
:
h = h + h h' = 27,41 m
:
= + h ' = 32,41 m
:
Po = Q Ho Po' = 8,83 KW
2: , ()
Po = 12 KW.
() Po', Po:
Po > Po' Q > Q' Q > 100 m3/h
1 :
1: Q' = 120 m3/h = 120/3600 m3/s.
:
v' = 2,95 m/s Re' = 3,54 105, /d = 0,00217 f' = 0,0244 h = 0,53 m
:
v' = 4,24 m/s Re' = 4,24 105, /d = 0,0026 f' = 0,0255 h' = 38,85 m
:
h = h + h h' = 39,38 m
:
Ho = H + h ' = 44,38 m
:
Po = Q Ho Po' = 14,51 KW
( ):
Po < Po' Q < Q' Q < 120 m3/h
, , Po Po':

446
Q'
m3/h

h'
m

h'
m

h'
m

Ho'
m

Po'
KW

:
Po=12 KW

Q
m3/h

100

0,37

27,04

27,41

32,41

8,83

Po > Po'

Q > 100

120

0,53

38,85

39,38

44,38

14,51

Po < Po'

Q < 120

110

0,45

32,68

33,13

38,13

11,43

Po > Po'

Q > 110

112

0,47

33,87

34,34

39,34

12,01

Po Po'

Q = 112

: Q = 112 m3/h = 0,0311 m3/s

:

t=V

t = 9643 s = 2 h, 40 mim, 43 s

:
1: f f:
Moody
(, /d = 0,00217) f = 0,024
Moody
(, /d = 0,00217) f = 0,025

2: (11.3):
(11.3) = 5 (SI)
(10.3) = 34.960 (SI)
3: (11.3):
(11.3) 12 = 5 9,81 Q + 34.9609,81Q 3 (SI)
:
Q' = 100/3600 m3/s 12 < 8,8 Q > 100/3600 m3/s
Q' = 120/3600 m3/s 12 > 14,5 Q < 120/3600 m3/s
Q' = 110/3600 m3/s 12 < 11,4 Q > 110/3600 m3/s
Q' = 112/3600 m3/s 12 11,98 Q 112/3600 m3/s
4: :
Moody
v = 2,75 m/s Re = 3,3 105 f= 0,0244 0,024
Moody
v = 3,96 m/s Re = 3,96105 f = 0,0255 0,025
: Q =112 m3/h = 0,0311 m3/s
5

11.1, 12 KW
250 m3/h.
() ( ),
() ( 90), () ( ) (IV) ( ).
o .

2
80 m

(II)

(III)
1
1m

10 m
(I)
. 11.1.

2m
(IV)

447

) ( 1 cm).
) 50% ,
;
:
:

h = 0
L = 86 m
= 0,00012 m 0,5+0,5+2+1 = 4 (. 5.3.1, 5.5.4)
= 9,81 KN/m3 = 10-6 m2/s
v1 = 0 v2 = 0 p1=p2 = p
= (1+10+2) m = 11 m ( )
Q = 250/3600 m3/s Po, max = 12 kW

: () d
() d' = 1,5d Po'
) :
1: ( 11.4):
(11.4) Ho =

Po
o,max = 17,61 m
Q

2: ( 11.2):
(11.2) = + h hmax= 6,61 m
3: :
h = 0
h = h + h h,max= 6,61 m
4: :
d'= 10 cm = 0,1 m
v' = 4Q/( d2 ) v = 8,84 m/s,
Moody
(Re = 8,84 105, /d = 0,0012) f' = 0,0208

2
L
v
h = f + i h ' = 87,36 m
d
2g
: h' > h,max = 6,61 m d > d' = 10 cm
10 cm . :
d'= 30 cm = 0,3 m
2
v' = 4Q/( d ) v = 0,98 m/s,
Moody
(Re = 2,95 105, /d = 0,0004) f' = 0,0175

2
L
v
h = f + i h ' = 0, 44 m
d
2g

: h' < h,max = 6,61 m d d'= 10 cm

30 cm ,

448

. ,
:
d'
(m)

v'
(m/s)

Re'

/ d'

f'

h'
(m)

:
h,max = 6,61 m

d
(cm)

0,1

8,84

8,84105

0,0012

0,0208

87,4

87,36 > h,max

d > 10

0,3

0,98

2,95105

0,0004

0,0175

0,44

0,44 < h,max

d 30

0,2

2,21

4,4210

0,0006

0,0183

2,95

2,95 < h,max

d 20

0,17

3,06

5,20 105

0,00071

0,0187

6,43

6,43 < h,max

d 17

3,45

0,00075

0,0189

8,62

8,62 > h,max

d >16

0,16

5,5310

: 16 cm < d 17 cm d = 17 cm
:
h = 6,43 m, = 17,43 m, = 11,88 KW.
) d' = 1,5d = 25,5 cm,
:
1: :
2
v' = 4Q/( d ) v = 1,36 m/s,
Moody
(Re = 3,47105, /d = 0,00047) f' = 0,0177

2
L
v
h = f + i h ' = 0,94 m
d
2g

h = h + h h = 0,94 m
2: :
= + h = 11,94 m
3: :
(11.4) = 8,15 KW
: , Po, = Q = 7,5 KW .
, .

11.2 .
,
. , .
. , ,

,
().

. 11.2.

.

449

(. 11.2). Bernoulli 1 (
) ( ) :

y1 y A +

p1 p A v12 v 2A
p p A v 2A
+
= h H + 1

= h

2g

2g

p1 p A
v2
= H + A + h

2g

v2
p A = p1 + A + h

2g

(11.6)
(11.6)

. (11.6), ,
2
, v A /2g, h. ,
, .
:
: p .
, p1 = p = 101,3 KPa,

, pA . ,
:

p1 p A (101,3 0) KPa
<

(11.7)

( = 9,81 KN/m3):

(11.6):

p1 p A
< 10,33 m

p1 p A
v2
= + A + h < 10,33 m

2g

(11.7)

,
10,33 m. 1 (h 0)
2
( v /2g 0),
10,33 m. , :
< 10,33 m
:

H <

(11.7)

: .
,
. (. 1.2.6),

450

.
(pv) . ,
25C, pv = 3,2 KPa, , pv = 12,6 KPa
(. 1.2.10). . , 60C,
pv = 19,9 KPa (. 11.2.1). (
), .
, , (p)
(pv ).
: (p)
, (pv).
(11.7):

(p p v )
p1 p A
= atm

max

(11.7)

, , :
p pv
(11.7)
H < atm

, 25C,
:

,v ,25o

<

p1 p v,25

(101,3 3,2)KPa
H
< 10 m
,v ,25
9,81 KN / m 3
o

60 C:

,v ,60 o

<

p1 p v,60

(101,3 20)KPa
H
< 8,3 m
,v ,60
9,81 KN / m3
o

11.2.1, 0 101C.
11.2.1
.
t, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0
0,6
1,2
2,3
4,2
7,4
12,3
19,9
31,2
47,3
70,1
101,3

1
0,7
1,3
2,5
4,5
7,8
13,0
20,9
32,5
49,3
72,8
105,0

2
0,7
1,4
2,6
4,8
8,2
13,6
21,8
33,9
51,3
75,6

3
0,8
1,5
2,8
5,0
8,6
14,3
22,8
35,4
53,4
78,5

4
0,8
1,6
3,0
5,3
9,1
15,0
23,9
37,0
55,6
81,4

5
0,9
1,7
3,2
5,6
9,6
15,7
25,0
38,5
57,8
84,5

6
0,9
1,8
3,4
5,9
10,1
16,5
26,1
40,2
60,1
87,7

7
1,0
1,9
3,6
6,3
10,6
17,3
27,3
41,9
62,5
90,9

8
1,1
2,1
3,8
6,6
11,2
18,1
28,5
43,6
64,9
94,3

9
1,1
2,2
4,0
7,0
11,7
19,0
29,8
45,5
67,5
97,7

451

:
. ,
, , ,
. Bernoulli ' ,
' , :

p A p A ' v 2A v 2A'
+
= h

2g
p A ' p v 2A
v2
=
+
h + A'
(11.8)

2g
2g
h ' (. 11.2),
. ' (
, ), :

H = h +

v 2A'

2g

p A ' p A v 2A
(11.8)
=
+

2g
pA pv.
p pv:
p A v 2A p v
pA' pv
+

2g

(11.8)

p/
, p/.
( ,
,
),
.
(11.8) :

p1 p A '
v2
= H + 1 + h +

2g

p1/

(11.8)

NPSH
(Net Positive Suction Head)

, ,
:

pA /+v2/2g
pv /

pA /

. 11.2.

NPSr

452

p
v2 p
p p v v 2
(11.9)
+
NPSH = A + v =
2g

2g

NPSH,
,
( ) .
, , ( ) ' ( , )
H, . H
NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head Required) . (11.8) :
p
v2 p
p p A' v 2
(11.9)
NPSHr = A + A' =
+

2g

2g

, NPSH (11.9) (
), NPSHa (Net Positive Suction
Head Available). , (11.9),
, NPSHa. ,
. , NPSHa ( p ).
, :
NPSHa > NPSHr
,
(p' = pv), :
p' = pv NPSHa = NPSHr
NPSHa , NPSHr,
.
,
11.2. , , ', ,
NPSHa.
,max :

H,max = H ,max +

v 2
p pv
+ h = 1
NPSHr
2g

(11.10)

.
,max 18C ( ).
,max :

H,max

p1 p v v12
p1 p v v 2
=

h =

h NPSHr
2g
2g

(11.10)

453

|,max|.
,
, (11.12) :

H,max =

p1 p v
p pv
= 1
NPSHr

(11.10)

, . , ,max
,max.
, ,
, (11.10) (11.10) .
.
6
(p1 = 101,3 Pa).
8 m 10 cm. 4,7 m
120 m3/h,
NPSHa , 25C 70C.
, 16 cm
5 m;
:
) :

d = 0,10 m
L = 8 m
= 0,00026 m
3
p1 = 101,3 KPa Q = 120/3600 m /s = 4,7 m
: p1 p,
NPSHa 25C 70C.
:
4Q
v =
v = 4,2 m s
d2

= 9,81 KN/m3

v d
Moody
Re = 4,24 105, /d = 0,0026) f = 0,0255
v
L v2
h = f 5 h = 1,87 m
d 2g

(Re =

(11.6)

p1 p A
v2
= H + A + h p1p= 73,5 KPa

2g

(11.9) NPSHa =

p A p v v 2
+

2g

NPSHa
25 C 70C. 11.2.1 :
pv,25 = 3,2 KPa
pv,70 = 31,2 KPa
pA = P1 73,5 KPa = 27,8 KPa

454

25C:
70C:

NPSHa = 3,43 m
NPSHa = 0,57 m

) L = 5 m
d = 0,16 m, , . , :
v = 1,66 m/s
h = 0,10 m
(11.6) p1 p= 48,5 KPa
(11.9) 25C:
NPSHa = 5,20 m

70 C:
NPSHa = 2,35 m
NPSHa, . , , NPSHr, .
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
11.3 .
( )
, :
) ( = g).
(p/). ( ) .
. (11.4),
.
) .
.
. , ( ).
, (
) . . .
) , .
, (NPSHa) ,max,
. (.
), .
) .
, ,

455

, ( ),
(). ,
( Henry).
,

. , , , .
) .

. , , , . ,
. , pH 04 ( ,
, , , ),
( : PVC 60C, 120C).
p 46 . p 69 ,
p 914 ( i-Cu).
( ) .
) .
, , , .
, , .
, .
: ,
.
. ,
.
11.4 .
, ,

. ,
. .
.
( ): , , .
11.4.1 .
. , ,
, .

456

) .
(. 11.4). (11.2) :
1. ( ) , .
,
.
.
,
. p ( ), :
= y2 y1 = + + p

(11.11)

: y1 y2 .
2. .
, (p/).

.
:
p p1
(11.12)
p = 2

(p1 = p2),
11.4, .
(p p1)/, (p2 p)/ (p p)/.
( : pA < p1 p2 < p).
, (p < p), ,
, .
2

. .
3. .

(v2/2g).

.
v1 = v2 . , ,


(.. ).
4. .
-

K
A

hv

H
1

. 11.4.

457

.

:
h = h + h

(11.13)

,

,
(
).

p/

1
ptm/

5. (
), .


.

:

Ho = H +

p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h

2g

(11.2)

(11.2),
,
,
.
) .

. 11.4.

, : (p),
(m), [(vK2 vA2 )/2g], (hp). ,
, ,
.
( ),
, .
1. .
, , .
, , , ,
, , .
, ,
. ( , , ).
, Hm.

458

,

. , .
.
11.4,
() ().
,
:

Hm =

p p A

(11.14)
. 11.4.

(11.2) :

Ho = p +

p p A v 2K v 2A
+
2g

(11.15)

: p= yK yA (
). ,
,
.
(11.14) (11.15), :

v 2K v 2A
Ho = m +
+ p
2g

(11.16)

, (
NPSHa). , . p
. ,
m.
:

Hm =

p p

(11.17)

11.4 11.4, (pA)

(p1), . (p1 = p), pA
(pA < patm, )
.
, :
p p
(11.17)
Hm =

459

.
(11.14), (11.17) (11.17) :
m = Hm m

(11.17)

7
11.4, .
3 in 4 m , 2,5 in
50 m. , 0,6 bar , 5,92
bar. , ,
. ( , yA yK).
:
: d = 3 in = 0,0762 m

L = 4 m

d = 2,5 in = 0,0635 m

L= 50 m

= = 0,00015 m

= 10-6 m2/s,

= 9,81 KN/m3
yA yK y2 yK= 7 m

yA y1 = 3 m

p1 = p2 = p pA p1 = 60 KPa, pK p2 = 500 KPa

: Q, Ho, Po, Hm, Hm, Hm
:

Hm =
Hm =
Hm =

p A p

pK p

Hm = 6,11 m
Hm = 60,35 m

pK p A
= Hm Hm

Hm = 66,46 m

Bernoulli
( 1 ), :

y1 y A +

p1 p A v12 v 2A
+
= h

2g

7m
K

L v2
p p A v 2
y1 y A + 1

= f

2g
d 2g
y1 y A +

p1 p A L v 2
= f
+ 1

d
2g

A
3m

(1)

(1) .

. 11.4.

460

, f:
Moody
(, /d =0,00197) f= 0,0233
y1 yA= 3 m, p1 pA= 60 KPa
(1) v = 5,243 m/s
Moody
: Re = v d/ = 4 105 f = 0,0238

: (1) v = 5,215 m/s

:

d2
Q=
v Q = 0,0238 m3/s = 85,6 m3/h
4
4Q
v =
v= 7,51 m/s
d2
:
1 : :

Ho = Hm +

v 2 v 2A
= 67,95 m
2g

(11.16)

2 : (
):

h = f

L v 2
h = 1,73 m
d 2g

Moody
(Re = 4, 8 105, /d = 0,00236) f = 0,0248

h = f

L v 2
h = 56,23 m
d 2g

Ho = +

p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h

2g

= + h + h = 67,95 m
:
Po = Q Ho Po= 15,86 KW
1: (Hm = 66,46 m,
= 67,95 m, 2%). , ,
, . , ,
, ,
( ,
).
2:
. 1
2 ( ) .
,
:

461

p p1
p1 = p2 = p Hm = A

p p
Hm = 2

(
) ( ).
3: () (p/) . .
( )
( ) (. 11.4).

2. .

. :
= + hp
(11.18)
,
. .
3. .
,
11.2. (NPSHa NPSHr ),
(,max). :
NPSHa (Net Positive Suction Head Available)
, :

p
v2 p
p p v v 2
+
NPSHa = A + - v = A
2g

2g

(11.9)

NPSHa .
NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head Required) :

p
v2 p
p p A' v 2
NPSHr = A + A' = A
+

2g
2g

(11.9)

NPSHr .
,max
(
):

H,max = H,max +

v 2
p p
+h = 1 v NPSHr
2g

(11.10)

,max,
:

462

H,max

p1 p v v12
p1 p v v 2
=
h =
h NPSHr

2g
2g

(11.10)

11.4.2 .
,
, ,
.
, Q
( ). ,
. , ,
, .
, .
( ,
DarcyWeisbach, ),
. (11.3):
= + Q2

(11.3)

(11.3) (11.3).
(.. ,
..) , , .

.
, ,
, :
Qn ,
. ,
,
.
.
Q . , ,
.
, .
, .
, ,
:
(11.19)
Q = Q + Q
Q :
Q = Q + Q + Q

(11.20)

: Q Q .
: Q < Q < Q.
Q.
, .

463

11.4.3 .

. , , . ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
:

, . , :
) P ( ) .
.
. , , P, KW KW.
) P
.
. :
P = P

(11.21)

(
, . ), = 1 .
.
) P ( ,
) .
, , (, ).
:
P = P Pm = Q

(11.22)

: Pm Pp
(Pp = Q hp).
) P
. . ( Q, Q). ,
:

464

P = P P Pp

(11.23)

: P Pp
: Pp = Q hp.
(. ) .
Ho Q. , , :
Po = Q Ho

(11.4)

: .
11.4.4 .
, . (
), . ( )
, .
, ( Ho) Q
. , ,
.
, :
) h ( ) Ho
() H:
H
h = o
(11.24)
H
= + hp ( 11.18) :

h =

Ho
<1
Ho + hp

(11.24)

: hp ( ) .
(11.24), ,
.
) v
Q Q:
Q
(11.25)
=
Q
(11.19): Q = Q + Q, (11.25) :

Q
<1
Q + Q

(11.25)

) m P (.
) P (
):

465

m =

P
P

(11.26)

(11.22) : = + Pm :

m =

P
<1
P + Pm

(11.26)

: Pm .
) .
, .
( ) ( ):

Po
P

(11.27)

(11.4) : Po = Q .
(11.26) (11.22) :

P =

P Q
=
m
m

(11.27) :

Po
Q
Q
=
= m

P Q / m
Q
= m v h

(11.28)

, .

. 70% 90%. (.
),
.
11.4 .

= m

. 11.4.

466

11.5 .
1. 11.5, 300
KPa.
18 m/s. y = 30 m.
) ,
. ) 18 m,
.
[) 30 m, 20,25 m, 16,51 m, ) = 26,26 m]
2.
6 cm :
h = 15.650Q2 (SI),
.
[Po = 33,35 KW]
3. 11.5, 130 m3/h.
120 mm 80 mm.
11.5. ()
(), .
,
75%.
[ = 16,7 KW, = 22,3 KW]
4.
11.5, 150 m3/h. 0,86 810-6 m2/s.
4 in 10
m.
,
p2 = 7 bar.
5 m.
. (

).
[o = 79,55 m, Po = 28 KW]
5.
11.5
150 m3/h. :

y
p

. 11.5.

20 m

5m

8m

(II)
2,5 m

(I)

. 11.5.

. 11.5.

467

(i): .
(ii): .
(iii): 90.
(iv): .

120 mm , 100 mm.
.
[ = 18 m, = 7,35 KW]
6. , 800 m
20 in, 1600 m3/h.

75%,

: )
, )
20 m
.
[) = 21,16 m, P = 123 KW,
) = 41,16 m, P = 239,3 KW]

1m

6m

(iv)

8m

(iii)

(ii)

1m
(i)

2m
. 11.5.
2

10 m

7. 11.5
, 250 m3, 2 40 .
120 m, 8 cm .
)
. 11.5.
,
. ) , 10 cm, ,
;
[) = 14,2 KW, ) Q = 134 m3/h, 1 h 52 min]
8. 40 KW,
300 m 6 m. )
5 in, . )
300 m3/h; , ;
, ; (
).
[Qmax = 213,2 m3/h]
9. , 15 m . 100 m 4 in.
26 W 75%. =5 , ( m3/h).
[Q = 164,5 m3/h]

468

10. 20C , 5 m 7 bar .

20 m 10 cm. 30 KW,
( m3/h).
.
[Q = 136,8 m3/h]
11. 11.5 30 W. ( ), 10 cm. = 15
400 m3, : ) . )
. )
, 150 min.
[) 3 h 19 min, ) 1 h 45 min, ) dmin = 13 cm]
12. ,
12 KW, 75% 100 m3/h.
, 23 m,
90. 5 m.
( 0,5 cm).
100 m
[d = 7,0 cm]
13. 20 KW,
300 m
6 m. ) 180 m3/h,
( 1 cm)

. )
;
.
[) d = 14 cm, ) Qmax = 195 m3/h]

50 m
2m

. 11.5.

(iii)

50 m

15 m

14. ( 0,5 cm),

11.5
300 m3/h,
22 KW.

, 22 cm.
:
(i): .
(ii): .
(iii): 90.
[d = 15,5 cm]

(ii)

1m
(i)

2m
. 11.5.

469

15. 7 m
8 cm. ,
4,5 m, = 0,8 65 m3/h.

NPSHa : ) 20C ) 0,82 22 KPa.
[) p = 71,1 KPa, NPSHa = 3,4 m, ) p = 58,3 KPa, NPSHa = 2,6 m]
16. 11.5, .
12 cm,
8 m = 2,5. 10 cm, 70 m

= 8. 25 KW

2,5 m. 20C. ) 15 m

. )

,
)
H
.
[) NPSHa = 3,27 m, H,max = 3,77 m,

) Q = 158,2 m3/h, Ho = 57,94 m, Hm = 57,11 m,

) p = 27,73 KPa, p = 588 KPa]
17. 11.5,
. 10 cm 6 m
8 cm
80 m. , 20C. , 73 KPa
530 KPa. o ,
, ,
.
.
[Q = 0,0249 m3/s, Hm = 61,47 m, Ho= 62,21 m,
Po = 15,2 KW, NPSHa = 3,27 m]
18. 500 m3/
h. 0,75
bar 6 bar .
() 22 cm 18 cm.

. 11.5.

24 m

3,5 m

. 11.5.

470

76%,
, 20C.
[Po = 94,9 KW, Pa = 124,9 KW, NPSHa = 3,04 m]

KE 12

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6

472

12.1 .
.
, : ( ), ( ). ,
,
. ( )
,

.
, ,
,
. , , . ,
, ( )
, [. 10.4.1,
(10.4) (10.5)]. (
). [ (10.7)]. ,
.
, .
, . ,
( ), ,
... , , .
, .
( ),
.
, .
, :
) , (, ) 100%. , . ,
.
,
. .
) .
, . (
), ,
.
, , . 12.1 :
-1: , , (1) r1.
.
(. 11.2) .
1-2: ,

473

,
,
(1) r1 (2) r2. ,
, .
,
.
.
2-: ,
, . ,
.

. 12.1.

.
12.1.1 .
,
. :
) ( ).
)
. (perfect guidance). (
). , ,
r ( ),
.
,
( Bernoulli), (
, . 0.9 ).
12.1 ,
.
1 ( )
, . (
) u1 ( ) w1.
v1:

v1 = u1 + w1
(12.1)

1 v1 u1
( ).
v1 .
2 ( ) u2
w2, v2:

v 2 = u2 + w 2
(12.2)
:

474
v2

u2

w2
2

w1

v1

1
1
u1

r1

r2

. 12.1.

v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2

(12.2)

, :
, , :
u1 = r1
(12.3)

u 2 = r2

(12.3)

r2 r1, u2 u1:
u 2 r2
=
(12.3)
u1 r1
, . dA ,
w 1 2.
, , dA. ,
,
w , .
, 1 2, u
w. 2
v2 u2 1 1 (
. 12.1).

475

2
w2
2, ,
v2, .
w2
(2 90). :
2 < 90.
u w
. 12.1
2,
,
, .
v2 :
vr2 vu2.
(. 12.1), :

v2

w2

vr2

vr2

2
2

vu2

w2
u2

. 12.1.

.
w1

v1
vr1

u1

vu1
. 12.1.

v r2 = v 2 sin 2

(12.4)

v u2 = v 2 cos 2

(12.4)

m 2 (, . 0.9):

L 2 = I2 = m r22

v u2
L 2 = m r2 v 2 cos 2
r2

(12.4)

1 (. 12.1), :
vr1 = v1 sin 1

(12.5)

vu1 = v1 cos 1

(12.5)

L1 = m r1 v1 cos 1

(12.5)

1 = 90:
vr1 = v1 vu1 = 0
,
2,
. , (12.4) (12.5), m
:
m
= Q
=m
t
Newton , :
t = L2 L1 = m (r2 v2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 1)

476

(r2 v 2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 1 )

M=m
= Q (r2 v2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 1)

(12.6)

(12.6) ,
v2 Q2.
,
:
P = M P = Q (r2 v2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 1)

(12.7)

, 1 (12.6) :
P = Q r2 v2 cos 2
(12.7)
(12.7) (12.7) () .
( )
, :

P = Q H H = ( r2 v 2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 2 )
(12.8)
g
1 = 90 :

(12.8)
H = r2 v 2 cos 2
g
, :
2 v2. .
( 2) vr2:

Q = A 2 v r2 v r2 = Q

A2

12.1:
vu2 = v2 cos 2
v
v r2
tan 2 =
v u2 = v 2 cos 2 = u 2 u2
u 2 v u2
tan 2
u2 = r2 (12.8), :

H=

2 r22
r2

Q
g
g A 2 tan 2

(12.9)

, :
H=ABQ
:

A=

2 r22
r2
, B=
g
g A 2 tan 2

(12.9)
(12.9)

H-Q ,
2:

477

2 (2 < 90 tan2 > 0), :

.
2 (2 = 90 1/tan2 = 0), : .
2 (2 > 90 tan2 < 0), :
.
, , . H-Q ,
( ). ,
(max = 2r22/g)
. , (r2, A2, 2).
(12.9) 12.1.
:

P = Q H P = 2 r22 Q

r2
Q2
A 2 tan 2

(12.10)

Bernoulli , ,
( ):

H=

p 2 p1 v 22 v12
+

2g

(12.11)

(-1) (2-), .
Bernoulli (
) :
(12.11)

p p2 v 22 v 2
=

2g

(12.11)

(12.11)

, (

NPSHr (. 11.4.1).
(12.11)
, .

( ). ,
. -

p p1 v12 v 2
=

2g

Q
. 12.1.

478

.
, .
( = = ),
.
, .

.
12.1.2 .
(12.9),
, . ,
, , .
12.1
, (12.9) (2
< 90).
.
) .

2 12.1 2'
2. :
,

.



,


.
. ,
. 12.1()

. (
).
Q
,
. 12.1.
. .

, 12.1().
(
: u = r).
,
2'
v2. 2'
w2' u2'.
:
u2' = r2 = u2
, 12.1,

()

()
. 12.1.

479

2' 2.


(12.8).
,
:
(12.7),

.

) .

v2

v2

w2

w2

vu2

2
u2

vu2
. 12.1.

(
) o (
). ,
.
Bernoulli 1 2 (
) :
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
(12.12)
+ hp
H =
+

2g
: hp .

, , . ,
(. 12.1).
.
) .
,
v2,
. 2 (. 12.1),
, ,
. , , ( ) , (
). (h).

(hp)
(h) .
,
. , ,
. Q
(
) Q.
.
, , ,
.. .
. (diffuser)

480

,
.
( , . 10.5.1).
( ) ,
.
12.1.3 .
,
.
, .
12.1.1,
, m = 1. (m < 1).
:
) .
, .

, .
.
) .
() ()
, .
, , , .
,
.
( ) .
,
. ().

:
1. .
, , ,
, ( ).
.
2. .

.
3. .
,
.
, (wearing ring). , . ,
, .
, , .

481

12.1 . . Qn
,
.
,
.
12.1.4 .

Po

12.1.1,
100%: m = v = h = = 1. , , (m< 1) (v< 1)
(h< 1).
( < 1).
, ( 11.27),
: = /.
12.1, , , ,
. ,
. ,
(Q 0), .
( ) ( ,
). , , .
( ),
, . , , .
,
. , ,
12.1. , , . Qn. , .
12.1.
.

max

Qn
Qn

. 12.1.

. 12.1.

482

12.2 .
( ) , 12.1, . ,
. , r1 r2 b. ,
1 2. ,
. , ,
. , ,
n ( = 2n).
, Bernoulli ( ). ,
. ,
.
Bernoulli 1 2 (
, . 12.1). (12.12):

H =

p 2 p1 v 22 v12
+ hp
+

2g

(12.12)

:
(12.13)
Q = i vri
: i ri ,
( ). 2
: 2 = 2r2 b. , : 1 = 2r1 b
, :
Q2 = 2 r1 b1 vr1 = 2 r2 b2 vr2

(12.13)

(12.13) b1 = b2,
() :
r1 vr1 = r2 vr2
:

1 90 r1 1

(12.13)
r2 = v2 sin 2'

(. 12.1 12.1),
. , v w u
vr vu :

v i = w i + ui = v ri + v ui
(12.14)
,
. 2:

v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2

(12.14)

483

1, 1 90:

v1 = vr1

(12.14)

, (12.13) vr ,
u :
ui = ri = 2 n ri

(12.15)

1
12.2
8 cm 36 cm.
1,65 cm
2 = 60.
1200 rpm, 30 L/s. (1 90)
, :
) , ) , ) 1, )

)
d = 10 cm v = 1.

. 12.2.
w1

v1 = vr1
1

1
u1

:
:

. 12.2.

r1 = 8/2 cm = 0,04 m, r2 = 36/2 cm = 0,18 m

b = 1,65 cm = 0,0165 m, 1=50o, 2 = 60o, 1 90o
Q = 30 l/s = 0,03 m3/s, n =1200 rpm = 20 rps, = 9,81 KN/m3
: ) H, ) P, ) 1, ) p2 p1, ) p p1 d = 0,1 m v =1
) (12.9):

H =
:

= 2 n
2 = 2r2b

(1):

2 r22
r2

Q
g
g A 2 tan 2

(1)

= 125,7 rad/s
2 = 0,01866 m2
H = 50 m

) H :
P=QH

P = 14,71 KW

) 1 (. 12.2).
1 90o, v1 = vr1.
(12.13) Q= 2 r1 b1 vr1 v1 = vr1 = 7,23 m/s
(12.15) u1 = 2 n r1 u1 = 5,03 m/s
v
tan 1 = 1 tan 1 = 1,44 1 = 55,2
u1
) , Bernoulli 1 2:

484

H =

p2 p1 v 22 v12
p p
v2 v2
+
2 1 = H 2 1

2g

2g

(2)

:
(12.13) Q = 2 r2 b v r2 v r2 =

Q
v r2 = 1,608 m/s
2 r2 b

(. 12.2):

v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2
w2 = vr2/sin 2
u2 = r2
(3)

v 22

(3)

w2 = 1,856 m/s
u2 = 22,62 m/s

= 467,2 (m/s)2 v2 = 21,61 m/s

(2), :

p2 p1
21,612 7,232
= 50
m = 28,87 p2 p1 = 283 KPa = 2,83 bar

2 9,81

) v =1 Q = Q = 0,03 m3/s
, :

v =

4Q
v = 3,82 m / s
d12

Bernoulli
(12.11):
p p2 v 22 v 2
p p2
=

= 23,07 m p p2 = 226,3 KPa

2g

p p1 = (p p2) + (p2 p1) p p1 = 509,5 KPa

: Bernoulli 1 :

H =

p p1 v 2 v12
p p1
v 2 v12
p p1


+
= H
= 50 m ( 1,92 m) p p1 = 509,5 KPa

2g

2g

2
o 95%,
90%, .
:
: ,
.
:
m = 0,95,
: , Po

h = 0,90,

w2
2

v2
vr2

vr2
2

vu2

v = 0,90
. 12.2.

w2
u2

485

(11.28):
= m v h = 0,77 77%
[ (11.27)]:

Po
P
P = o
P

(1)

, o (. 11.4.4):

h =
v =

Ho
Ho = h H Ho = 45 m
H

Q
Q = v Q Q = 0,027 m3/s
Q

: Po = Q Ho Po= 11,92 KW
(1): P = 15,49 KW
:
:
P
P
m = P = P = 11,92 KW
P
m

,
.
3
20C 12.2, . 14 cm, 6 m 2, , 11 cm, 140 m 12 . ,
1750 rpm, 16 cm 36 cm, 2 cm
1 = 50 2 = 60.
: h1 = 30 Q2
200 m3/s, 95%
93%, :

)
,
.
) , , 15 m

.

) .
:
: , ( ):
, : (. 12.2).
: , .

5m
A

. 12.2.

486

1, 2: .
: , .
(. 12.2) :

Q
H

pA

p1

p2

pB

T:

vA

v1

v2

vB

hp

. 12.2.

.
.
, ( . 11.1.3). ,
, (
).
( ), Bernoulli (, 1, 1-2, 2).
: d = 0,14 m , L = 6 m,
= 0,00026 m, = 2
d = 0,11 m, L = 140 m, = 0,00026 m, = 12
r1 = 0,08 m, r2 = 0,18 m, b = 0,02 m,
1 = 50, 2 = 60, n = 1750/60 rps
Q = 200/3600 m3/s,
m = 0,95,
v = 0,93
3
p = p = 101,3 KPa,
= 9,81 KN/m
pv = 3,2 KPa ( 20 C, 1.2.10)
: ) NPSHa, NPSHr, Ho,max
) Ho, H, P, P, Po,
) p, p1, p2, p
) NPSHa, NPSHr, Ho,max.
:

p v 2 p v p p v v 2
NPSHa = +
=
+

2g
2g

(11.9)

. .
v :
4Q
v =
v = 3,61 m / s
d2
Bernoulli :

p A p v 2A v 2
p p A
v 2
+
y A y +
= h
=
H
h

2g

2g

(1)

487

:
Moody
(/d = 0,00186, Re = v d/ = 5 105) f = 0,0233

L
v2
h = f + h = 1,99 m
d
2g
(1) p/ = 2,67 m
(11.9) NPSHa = 3,01 m
(11.9),
, :

p v 2 p1 p p1 v 2
+
NPSHr = + =

2g
2g

(2)

: 1
.

, :
v = Q/Q Q = Q/v Q = 0,05974 m3/s = 215 m3/h
(12.13):
Q = 2 r1 b vr1 = 2 r2 b vr2

(12.13)

1 = 90 v1 = vr1 (12.13) :

v1 =

Q
v1 = 5,94 m/s
2 r1 b

Bernoulli 1:

p p1 v 2 v12
p1 p v 2 v12
= h1 =
+
h1
+

2g

2g

(3)

h1 = 30 Q2 = 0,09 m
(3) p1/ = 1,44 m
(11.9) NPSHr = 1,89 m
: NPSHr . NPSHr
,
.
To (11.10):

H,max = H,max +

v 2
p pv
+ h1 = 1
NPSHr H,max = 8,11 m
2g

:
H,max = 7,35 m
) Ho, H, P, P, Po, .
-

488

. (11.2):

Ho = H +

pB p A v 2B v 2A
+
+ h Ho = H + h

2g

(4)

h = h+ h
:
h = 1,99 m
:
4Q
v =
v = 5,85 m/s
d2
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = v d/ = 6,4 105) f = 0,0248

L
v 2
+ h = 75,81 m h= 77,8 m
h = f
d
2g
(4) = 97,8 m
(11.4):
Po = Q Ho = 53,24 KW
, , :
. 1 = 90,
(12.9):

H =

2 r22
r2

Q
g
g A 2 tan 2

(5)

= 2 n = 183,26 rad/s
(5) He = 105,8 m
:

h =

Ho
v = 0,924
H

(11.22):
P = Q = 62 KW

(5)

(11.28):
= m h v = 0,817
:

Po

P =

Po

P = 65,26 KW

P = 65,26 KW , = 62
KW , (3,26 KW) .
62 KW, = 53,24 KW , (8,76 KW)
.

489

) p, p1, p2, p.
() , 1:
p/ = 2,78 m p = 26,20 KPa
p1/ = 1,55 m p1 = 14,15 KPa
[
, (11.15)], (p = 0):

Ho = Hp +

p p v 2 v 2
p
v 2 v 2
p
= Ho +
p/ = 99,4 m p = 975,1 KPa
+

2g

2g

2, (1-2):

p2 p1 v 22 v12
p2
p1 v 22 v12
H =
+ h12
= H +
h12
+

2g

2g

(6)

vr2 :
Q =2 r1 b vr1 = 2 r2 b vr2 vr2 = 2,64 m/s
(. 12.2):

v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2
w2 = vr2/ sin 2

w2 = 3,05 m/s

u2 = r2

u2 = 32,99 m/s

(7)

(7) v2 = 31,57 m/s

. () :
p, = = 8,76 KW
p, = Q hp hp = p,/( Q) hp = 14,83 m
, : h12
7,47 m.
(6) p2/ 50,81 m p2 500 KPa
. , .
, , .
12.3 .
12.1.1,
.
,
(, , ..), -

w2
2

v2
vr2

vr2
2

vu2
. 12.2.

w2
u2

490

. ,
12.1.2 12.1.3.
.
. ,
, .
.
( )
( DarcyWeisbach Moody)
( Bernoulli).
.
, .
.
( ),
.
, ,
.
12.3.1 .
(. 12.1.1)
(12.8),
:
n
(12.16)
Q
g = ( 2 n r2 )2
b tan 2
g H ( )
(. . 3.4.1). ,
( ).
(12.16), : Q, n
( r, b, ).
. .
12.1.2, (
=/), . ,

:
g H = f (Q, n, d, , , , l, )
(12.17)
9 , (M, L, T). , Buckingham (.
4.1.7), :
k=nj=93=6
12.3.1
:

491
12.3.1
.

gH

L2 -2
3

-1

()

L T

T-1

M1 L-3
1

-1

-1

M L T

:
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) = C

(12.17)

( ), : 6 = .
5 :
= (gH) Q n d l

(12.17)

(12.17) :
M L T= M+ L2+3+-3-++ T-2---
:
+=0
2 + 3 + 3 + + = 0
2 = 0

(12.18)
(12.18)
(12.18)
(12.18)

n, d , (. . 4.1.7):
= 1, = = = = 0 1 = g H
(12.19)
n 2 d2
=1, = = = = 0 2 = Q
n d3

n d2 n d2
=

= 1, = = = = 0 =
4
d
= 1, = = = = 0 3 =

= 1, = = = = 0 = l
5
d
(12.17) :

(12.19)
(12.19)
(12.19)
(12.19)

492

gH
Q n d2 l
g H
2 2 ,
,
, , , = C 2 2 = F
3
d d
n d
n d nd

Q n d2 l
,
, , ,

3
d d
nd

(12.19)

P:

P = QH = gQH gH =

P
gH
P
2 2=
2
Q
n d
n d2 Q

(12.20)

(. .
4.1.8, 2):

P
Q
P

=
2
3
pn d Q nd
n 3 d5
2

(12.20)

(12.19), (12.20) (12.20), :

Q n d2 l

f
=

n d3 , v , d , d ,
n3 d5

(12.20)

: , (12.17), (l).
, ,
, , .. ,
(l/d). . ,
, 1,
NPSH.

(12.19) Reynolds (
):
u = d/2 = d n

n d2 u (d /)
n d2
=
Re =
v
v
v

(12.21)

, (12.19) Froude
( ):

1
g H
= 2 2
Fr n d

(12.22)

(12.19) . :

Q
nd

d b vr
( u / ) d

= 2

vr b

u d

(12.23)

, 12.3.2.

493
12.3.2
.

Nh =

gH
n 2 d2

NQ =
NP =

n d3

P
n3 d5

NRe =
Nr =

n d2 n d2
=

( )

Reynolds

, . , ,
, .
12.3.2 .
, ,
( )
. ,
, .
4.2,
. ,
, . :

Pm
P
=
3
5
5
n d
m n 3m dm

(12.24)

gH
gH
= 2 m2
2
2
n d
n m dm

(12.24)

Qm
Q
=
3
nd
nm d3m

(12.24)

n d2 nm d2m
=
v
vm

(12.24)

m
=
d dm

(12.24)

494

l lm
=
d dm

(12.24)

(12.24-),
, . ,
4.4, .
, :
) . ,
.
, .
, ,
(12.24) (12.24).
:
dm m lm
(12.25)
=
=
=
d

l
, . :
m m
(12.25)
=
=1

(. 4.2.2):
Sm
(12.25)
= 2
S

Vm
(12.25)
= 3
V
) . , ,
. ,
, ,
. (12.24),
, :
Q
nd

Q
n m d 3m

(12.26)

.
, .
) . : ( ), ( )
. , ,
. (12.24):

n d2 n m d2m
=
= Re
v
v

(12.27)

495

g H
n2 d2

g Hm

n2m d2m

1
Fr

(12.28)

(12.24) .
, .
, ( ) ,
, . , .
,
.
. ,
.
12 in 80% .
. = 1,
. ,
n1 n2, ,
, .
:
(12.26)

Q1
Q2
=

3
n1 d
n 2 d3

(12.28)

(12.24)

g H1
gH
= 2 22
2
2
n1 d
n2 d

Q1 n1
=
Q2 n2

(12.29)

n
H
1 = 1
H2 n 2
P1
P2
=

3
5
n1 d
n 32 d5
P n
1 = 1
P2 n2

(12.30)

(12.31)

, . .
, Q, n.
(12.29) .
.
12.4 .
12.4.1 .
-

496

, , , . ,
, .
,
.
, .
,
.
, : (
n: = 2 n), Q .
.

12.3.2. , NS NQ
d :

NQ =

Q
Q
d3 =
3
n N
nd

gH
(g H)0,5
(g H)1,5
3
Nh = 2 2 d =
d = 3 1,5
n d
n N0,5
n Nh
h
:

NQ
NQ
Q
(g )1,5
Q
Q 0,5
= 3 1,5 n2
=

n
n NQ h
(g H)1,5 N1,5
Nh0,75
(g H)0,75
h

(12.32)

n ,
:
N0,5
Q 0,5
Q
2 0,75 =
(12.32)
Nh
(g H)0,75
(12.32)
su. ,
:

N SU =

Q0,5
Q0,5
2
n
=

( g H )0,75
( g H )0,75

(12.33)

: (rad/s = s-1), n ( , rps = s-1), Q (m3/s), H (m) g

(g = 9,807 m/s2). ( SI).
SU, n1
n2, , :

NSU1 = 2 n1

Q10,5
H10,75

497

NSU2 = 2 n2
:

NSU1 n1 Q1
=

NSU2 n2 Q 2

0,5

Q 0,5
2
H0,75
2
H
2
H1

0,75

i (12.29) (12.30), :

NSU1 n1
=
NSU2 n2

n
1
n2

0,5

n 2
2
n1

0,75

NSU1
= 1 NSU1 = NSU2
NSU2

,
(.. ), , (12.33). ( ),
, ,
.
, .
( )
(BEP: Best Efficiency Point), ,
, , Qn:

NSU = 2 n

Q 0,5
n
(g Hn )0,75

(12.33)

(12.33)
.
, ( ).
, . .
, .
SU (Universal Specific Speed), , .
12.4.2 .
, ,
, . , ,
.
..., gpm (gallons US per min).
gpm, rpm
ft. , , . ,
, .

498

2. :
0,5
Q(gpm)

NS (US) n(rpm)
H(ft)0,75

(12.34)

,
( ).
, , rpm m3/h.
g 2:
0,5
Q(m 3 / h)

(12.34)
NS (Metric) n(rpm)
0,75
H(m)
, ( NSU), :

Ns = n

( Q )0,5
( Q )0,75

(12.34)

:
[Ns] = [L]0,75[T]1,5
NS
.
,
(12.34), :
NS
, .
Hydraulic Institute,
Europump,
( rpm),
1 m ( USA 1 ft) 1 m3/h ( USA 1
gpm).

SI, SI: rps
(= s-1), m3/s, m. ,
(rpm rps), .
,

. , .
. , (
n, Q, H):
:
NSU
US: (rpm, gpm, ft),
NS (US)
Metric: (rpm, m3/h, m),
NS (M)

499

SI: (rps, m3/s, m),

NS (SI)

4
1600 rpm , 380
3
m /h 85 m. SI
, US, Metric SI.
:
: n = 1600 rpm, Q = 380 m3/h, H = 85 m
: NSU, NS(US), NS(M), NS(SI)
NSU,
.
SI: n = 1600/60 rps, Q = 380/3600 m3/s, H = 85 m, g = 9,81 m/s2
(12.33) NSU = 0,351
: 1.3.3:
n = 1600/60 rps, Q = (380/3600)/0,0283 ft3/s
H = 85/0,3048 ft, g = 9,81/0,3048 ft /s2 = 32,185 ft /s2
(12.33) NSU = 0,351
NSU, ,
.
US (rpm, gpm, ft):
n = 1600 rpm
Q = (380/3600)/(6,30910-5) gpm = 1673 gpm ( 1.3.4)
= 85/0,3048 ft = 278,9 ft
(12.34) NS(US) = 959
Metric (rpm, m3/h, m):
n = 1800 rpm, Q = 380 m3/h, H = 40 m
(12.34) NS(M) = 1114,2
SI (rps, m3/s, m):
n = 1600/60 rps, Q = 380/3600 m3/s, H = 85 m
(12.34) NS(SI) = 0,31
12.4.1 ,
, :
12.4.1
NS.

SU

NS(SI)

NS(M)

NS(US)

0,882

3176

2734

NS(SI) (m, m3/s, rps)

1,13

3600

3100

NS(M) (m, m3/h, rpm)

3,1510-4

2,7810-4

0,861

NS(US) (ft, gpm, rpm)

3,6610-4

3,2310-4

1,162

SU

500

, NSU NS,
SI. SU S :
NSU = 2 NS(SI)/g0,75 NSU = 1,13 NS(SI)

(12.35)

Hydraulic Institute,
, ,
, . SI: n =
NS HS = 1 m QS = 1 m3/s.
:
Po = Q Ho S = W (SI)
,
.
, ,
(12.34) :
NS

0,5
P / ( H)

n
n

(H)0,75

P0,5
0,5 ( )1,25

N SP = N S 0,5 n

P 0,5
( H )1,25

(12.36)

NSP .
(12.36), NS (
).
, .
,
.
, (
):
SP
,
.

, :

NSP = NS

(12.36)

, SI
:
(12.36)
SP (SI) = 3.13 NS (SI)
, (
).
12.4.3 .
.
(12.34),
. , .
NS .
, . , () ,

501

r2

r2

r1
r2/r1>2

r1

6,00

5,00

15000

3,00
3,50
4,00

2,50

2,00
5000

6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

1,50
4000

1,00
3000

0,80
2000

0,60

0,50

1500

0,30
0,35
0,40

0,25

0,20

600
700
800
900
1000

500

0,15

(
).
, ,
.

. , ( ). ,
.
, ,
.
12.4 .
() NSU
0,17 1,5 [( 500 4000 NS(US)]. , 1,5 3,2 (4000 9000, US)
( ), 3,2 ( 9000, US).

10.6: ,
.

Nsu
Ns(US)

r2
r1

r2/r1<1,5
M

r2/r1 = 1

. 12.4.

.
( SI/HI 1.1-2.-2000)
: NSU , . (, , )
, .
. 12.4
.

, , . ,
. , -

502

0,01

0,1

0,15

Nsu

. 12.4.

.

, ,
. 12.4 . , . .
( ).
. , NSU = 0,25 100 250 m3/
h, 68%, NSU =0,65
80%. ( )
, NSU = 0,65.
,
.
, , ,
.
( ).
,
.
5
0,5 (SI) 150 l/s
70 m. ) )
1600 rpm 12.4, ,
.
:
: NS(SI) = 0,5, Qn= 150 l/s = 0,15 m3/s, Hn= 70 m, = 9,81 KN/m3
: ) nn, ) n = 1600 rpm, H, Q, P
) S
(12.34):
H0,75
n
(12.34) n n = NS 0,5
Qn
SI :
nn = 31,24 rps = 1875 rpm
) , (12.29) (12.30):

503

90
250 - 500 m3/h
0 m3/h
100 - 25
m3/h
100
0
5
m3 /h
- 50
5
2

80
70

500 - 2
>200
000 m
0 m3
3/
/h
h

60

r2

r2

6,00

5,00

15000

3,00
3,50
4,00

Nsu
Ns(US)

r2

r1

r1

2,50

2,00
5000

6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

1,50
4000

1,00
3000

0,80
2000

0,60

0,50

1500

0,30
0,35
0,40

0,25

600
700
800
900
1000

500

0,15

40

0,20

50

r1

r2/r1>2

r2/r1<1,5

r2/r1 = 1

. 12.4.

(12.29)

Qn nn
n
=
Q1 = Q n 1 Q1 = 0,128 m3/s = 128 l/s
Q1 n1
nn
2

n
n
H
(12.30) n = n H1 = Hn 1 H1 = 51 m
H1 n1
nn

:
Po = Q Ho P1= 64 KW
(12.35) NSU = 1,13 NS(SI) NSU = 0,565
12.4, NSU = 0,565 Q = 0,15 3600 = 540 m3/h, :
= 0,84
: = / =/ P = 76,2 KW
6
600 m3/h 60 m.

504

1500 rpm .
, , .
:
: Q = 600/3600 m3/s, H = 60 m, n = 1500 rpm, = 9,81 KN/m3
: NS, NSP, P
(12.34):

NS = nn

Q n0,5
Hn0,75

NS(SI) = 0,475

NSU = 1,13 NS(SI) NSU = 0,535

(12.36):

NSP = NS NSP(SI) = 1,48

Po :
2

NSP

P0,5
N
= n 1,25 P = SP H2,5 P = 98,1 KW
H
n

: P = Q H P = 98,1 KW
:
. , ( ),
.
(. 12.5.3) ,
, .

7
6 , 360 m3/h 180 m.
1600 rpm.
210 KW.
:
: Q = 360 m3/h = 0,1 m3/s, H = 180 m, n = 1600 rpm,
P = 210 KW, = 9,81 KN/m3
: NS,
:
H = H/6 = 30 m

NS = nn

Q 0,5
n
0,75 NS(SI) = 0,658 NSU = 0,743
Hn

:
P = Q H P = 176,6 KW

Po
P

= 0,841 73,6 %

505

(
) 6.
12.5 .
,
, . ,
. , ( ), . , . ,
. ,
.
( ). (cavitation)
.
12.5.1 .
(. 11.2),
. ,
,
(. . 1.2.6). ,
, .
NPSHa (Net Positive
Suction Head Available), 11.2 ( 11.9).
, :

HA = y A +

p A v 2
+
2g

(12.37)

, ,
pv. , , :

Hv = y A +
,

pv

(12.37)
:

PSHa = HA Hv

p
v2 p
p p v v 2
= NPSHa = A + v = A
+

2g

2g

(12.37)

, .
()
, 12.5. ,
Bernoulli, . ,
. , (

506

), (. 12.5).
( ,
).
,
.
( ),
.

NPSHr

..
A

. 12.5.

, NPSHr (Net Positive
Suction Head Required) .
NPSHr, Bernoulli
:

p A v 2A p A v 2A
+
+

= h AA'

2g

2g

p
v2 p
v2
NPSHr = A + A A' = h AA' + A'
2g
2g

(12.38)

(12.38), , . hA'
, ' (
),
.
.
NPSHr ,
12.5.
, NPSH . , .
3% ,

507

NPSH.
NPSH , .

,
(NPSHa)
(NPSHr):
NPSHa > NPSHr
(12.39)
: ,
3%, .
Hydraulic Institute
, NPSHa NPSHr.
:

= NPSHa NPSHr

(12.39)

. 12.5.

PSHr.

8
60C, , 80 m3/h. O , 8 cm
4 m. 2.
) 3 m,
;
) NPSHr 3,5 m,
;
:
:

L = 4 m, d = 0,08 cm, = 0,00026 m, = 2, Q = 80/3600 m3/s

p1 = 101,3 KPa, pv = 19,9 KPa (. 11.2.1), = 9,81 KN/m3
: ) H = 3 m NPSHr =;
) NPSHr = 3,5 m, H = ;
) .
. Bernoulli 1 :

(y1 y A ) +

p1 p A v12 v 2A
+
= h

2g

(1)

yA y1 = H
o :

4Q
v = 4,42 m/s
d2
v d
Moody
( Re = Re = 3,54 105, /d = 0,00325) f = 0,0271
v
L
v 2
h = f
+ h = 3,34
d
2g
v =

508

(1)

p1 p A
v2
= H + A + h p1 p = 72,0 KPa pA = 29,3 KPa

2g

NPSHa =

p A p v v 2
+

2g

NPSHa = 1,95 m

(12.41) NPSHr < 1,95 m

) NPSHr = 3,5 m, (12.41) :
NPSHa > NPSHr = 3,5 m

NPSHa =

(2)

p A p v v 2
p pv
v2
+
A
= NPSHa

2g

2g

pA pv
> 2,5m p A p v > 24,56KPa p A > 44,46 KPa

p1 p A v 2

h H <1,45 m
(1) H =

2g

1,45 m.
.
12.5.2 .
(12.39)
. ,
( ). ,
. , :
NPSHa NPSHr

(12.40)

,
NPSH,
NPSH, . 12.5.1 NPSHa:
12.5.1
NPSH.

NPSHa

1. (h)

NPSHa.

2. ()

NPSHa.

3. (p1)

NPSHa. , patm NPSHa.

4.

pv,
NPSHa.

509

. 12.5.

(12.39), NPSHa NPSHr.

. ,
, NPSHr ( 12.38) , , , NPSHa ( 12.37). ,
,
. NPSH
( 15% NPSHa). ( Hydraylic Institute ,
, NPSH 1,1 2,5).

12.5.
,
12.5.
()
, 2/3
(
).
.
Rayleigh 1917,

.

. . 12.5.
(

.
1 mm). , -

510

, mm

.
,
.
12.5 (Worster-1956, Rayleigh).
,
. ,
.
, 25C 3,17 KPa.
, 104,8 KJ/Kg, , 2547,3 KJ/Kg. 2442,5 KJ/Kg
( ) .
1 Kg 25C 3,17 KPa, . ,
( ),
.
, ( . 12.5). ,
,
. ,
, 12.5,
12.5. (1-9)
( 0,5 ms).
(1), (2, 3, 4). 4 ( ), (4, 5,
6) . , .
12.5 . , (implode). ,
,
(microjet) (
microjet , 400 m/s). , -

2
P = 3 KPa

P = 30 KPa

7
0,001

0,002
, sec
. 12.5.

0,003

0,004

. 12.5.

511

. 12.5.

(
200060.000 , ), (shock wave).
, , , . ,
. , ( )
. , 25C , gr , 2,44 KJ.
,
, (.
12.5). , .
( 3 4 ms). ,

. 12.5.

. ) ( 1)
( 2), ) 2.

512

,
.
.
microjet, . , .
, .
. , ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
(. 12.5).

.
:
.

.
.

, . ,
.
( ),

. ,

(). ,

.
12.5.3 .

NPSH ,
.
, NPSH , .


.
20 , , .
,
L. Moody D. Thoma (1922).

. 12.5.

513

:
=

NPSHr
H

(12.41)

,
. ,
NPSHr , NPSHr, .
(
Worthington Co, Karassik 1937).
, NPSHr . ,
,
:

N SSU = 2

Q0,5
n

( g NPSHr )0,75

(12.42)

, :

N SS =

Q0,5
n

NPSHr 0,75

(12.43)

:
NSS
, .
,
NS (. 12.4.2).
, NPSHr,
,
.
(12.43) ( ).
SS. (
), NPSH.
NPSHa , .
NPSHa,
( NPSHr).
,
. ,
,
, .
, 2,2 4,4
(SS) 6000 12.000 (US). ,
, ,
.

514

SSA ( )
SS ( ).
(12.42) (12.43):

NSSUA = 2

Q 0,5
n

(12.42)

(g NPSHa)0,75

NSSA =

Q 0,5
NPSHa

(12.43)

:
SSA > SS

(12.43)

( Hydraylic Institute)
3,1 (SSUA) 8500
(US). , 4 (SSU) .
9
680 m3/h,
9 m;
:
: Q = 680 m3/h = 680/3600 m3/s,
NPSHa = 9 m
: n
, : SSUA = 3,1.

,

(.. 1800 rpm).


, ,

.
.
12.5
,
.

19

6,0

17

5,5
5,0

15

4,5
13

4,0

11

3,5

3,0

2,5
40

, SI, rps

NPSHa 0,75
n = 32,7 rps = 1962 rpm
Q 0,5
, US:1000

(12.42) n = NSSA

50
60
70
80
(%
)

. 12.5.

515

, (inducer). ,
, . ,
(SSU = 7,5 ).
12.5.4 .
() , , ,
. Henry,
, ( ).
, ( , , ), .
, . ,
. ,
.
.
(
).
, (Gaseous Cavitation), (Vaporous Cavitation) .
,
. :
.
,
,
( ) .
.
,
.
.
, . ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
, .
.
, , (. 12.4).
, .
, 0,2(SI),
5% . , 1,0(SI),

516

10% .
.

. 1,0 ,
40%, .
, ,
, ,
. .
12.6 .
1. : r1 =10 cm, r2 = 20 cm, b = 2 cm, 1 =
62. 200 m3/h.
1300 rpm,
.
[v1 = vr1 = 4,42 m/s, vr2 = 2,21 m/s, v2 = 26,15 m/s]
2. ,
10 m, . d= 14 cm d= 12 cm .
, hi = 560Q2
, : hc = 340 Q2. O 93%. ,
,
.
[ = 69,5 m, Po = 35,2 KW, h = 59,5 m, p p = 677,2 KPa]
3. 20 cm 32 cm.
3 cm 2 = 62.
(1 90). 1400 rpm, 400 m3/h.
, ,
.

[v1 = 5,9 m/s, v2 = 19,28 m/s, p2 p1 = 335,7 KPa,

= 51,4 m, P = 56 KW]
4. d =
18 cm, d = 16 cm, 96%,
90%,
,

.
[Ho = 46,27 m, Po = 45,4 KW,
Pa = 45,4 KW, p p= 448,1 KPa
5. 12.6,
40C.
d = 12 cm, L = 5 m

H
A

. 12.6.

517

= 2, , d = 10 cm, L = 90 m = 8. 4 m 15 m. ,
1800 rpm, 10 cm 27 cm, 2 cm
2 = 60. : h1 = 550Q2.
140 m3/s, 95%
93%, : )
, . )
, , . ) .
[) NPSHa = 3,76 m, NPSHr = 2,30 m, Ha, max = 7,37 m, ) = 59,45 m, = 62,32 m,
P = 26,9 KW, P = 25,56 KW, P = 22,68 KW ) p = 38,3 KPa, p1 = 21,6 KPa,
p2 = 329,1 KPa, p = 615,2 KPa]
6. S(SI) = 0,63 520 m3/h 39 m.
) . ) 1300 rpm, , .
[) nn= 1552 rpm, ) Q = 435,5 m3/h, Ho = 27,36 m, Po = 32,47 KW]
7. , 1350
rpm, 390 m3/h 49 m. )
. )
, 1600 rpm.
[) NSU = 0,453, ) Q = 462,2 m3/h, Ho = 68,3 m, Po = 86,7 KW]
8. 540 m3/h 70 m.
1600 rpm . ) , . )
3,2 m, ; )
1200 rpm ;
[) NSU = 0,484 Po = 103 KW, ) NSSU = 3,46 ) Po= 43,46 KW]
9. 4 , 1600 rpm
420 m3/h 180 m. ) 82% ) 240 m; ;
[) NSU= 0,594 P= 251,2 KW, ) n = 1848 rpm, Q = 485 m3/h]
10. 45 C,
, 180 m3/h. O , 12 cm
6 m. 2. )
4 m,
; ) NPSHr 3 m,
;
[) NPSHr < 2,15 m, ) H,max = 3,15 m]
11. (25C) 680 m3/h.
, 30 cm, 5 m 3.

518

, 1 m. ) . )
;
[) NPSHa = 7,79 m, ) n = 1770 rpm]
12. 1300 gpm (gal(US)/min) 150 ft, 1750 rpm. 20 ft. )
)
.
[) NSU = 0,54 NSSUA= 2,44, ) , ]
13. 1600 rpm NSS(SI) = 3,
350 m3/h 90 m. NS(SI)
,
1,5.
[NS(SI) = 0,285 (rps, SI), NPSHa = 5,84 m]

KE 13

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6

520

13.1 .
, ,
.
, .
, : , ,
, . ,
.
.
;
; ,

().
;
,
,
, .

, ,
, .
.
.
.
(. 12.1.1), () (Q, H, P, ) . ,
, :

H =

= Q

:
:

2 r22
r2

Q
g
g A 2 tan 2

A=

2 r22
r2
, B=
g
g A 2 tan 2

, :
r2
P = 2 r22 Q
Q2
A 2 tan 2

P = A Q B Q 2

(13.1)
(13.1)
(13.1)

(13.2)
(13.2)

(13.1) (13.2),
. - (
) . ,

521

100% ( = 1), .
. ,
( , , . . 12.1.2),
( , , , , , . . 12.1.3). ,
.
- -
(13.1) (13.2). , . () 12.1, 12.1 12.1).
,
.
(. 12.3.1),
Q, H, P:
Q n d2 l
g H
f
=

(13.3)
n d3 , v , d , d ,
n2 d2

Q n d2 l
P
f
=
,
, , ,

3
v d d
n3 d5
nd

(13.4)

. ,
NS,
(13.3):
0,5
NQ
gH
Q
NSU = 0,75
NQ =
: Nh = 2 2 ,
Nh
n d
n d3
-, -, -
-,
. , .
,
( ).

.
, .
, , .
13.1.1 = f1(Q) Q ( ).
, ()
(13.3). , , :
Q.
( ).
( ) n.
D ( ).
.

522

, ( = 10-6
m2/s). - ,
. (n)
(D), :
.
, n D,
Q:
n D Ho = f1(Q)

(13.5)

(13.5) ( ) Q.
Q , 12.1. ,
Q NS,
.
H Q:
Q: , , .
13.1 11 11.
:
Q 0 max

, Q.
Q ( 2 . 13.1):
, max Q 0.
0 Q ,
. ,
.
( , , ) Q.
, H Q . , .
. ,
. ()
,
.
H2max
Q H1max
1
, ,
2
. ,
NS,
.
1

13.1 .
2
, 1
, ,
-. Q
.
. 13.1.

Q .

523

( ) ,
,
.
-
.
: ( ), ( ). (. . 3.4.1 3.4.1):

H=

p
p = H

= 10 m , :
po = (10 m)(9,81 KN/m3) = 98,1 KPa.

13.1.2 P = f2 (Q) P Q ( ).
- (13.4).
-. . , n D, :
n D P = f2 (Q)

(13.6)

(13.6)
Q. - ( .
12.1), 13.1. ( , 1 4 ),
( ). ,
( 3 ) . ,
, ( 2
).
P Q .
4
,
1
H Q, , . , 3


2
2
. , 4
3
H Q 1
.


.
Q
(
) P Q
. 13.1.
. 13.1 Q : (1), (4) 1, 2 3 , , (2) (3) .
4 .
(1), (2), (3) , (4) .

524

13.1.3 = f3 (Q) Q (BEP).

12.1.3,
. , ( ),
( )
( ).
,
, , (. . 12.1). = Po /P
:
n D = f3 (Q)
(13.7)
= f3 (Q) ,
- Q.
13.1.
( 0% max Q>Qn), ,
.
, , Q max.
BEP (Best Efficiency Point).
BEP . ,
.
, .
. ,
, ( ). ,
15% .
( ,
) , ,
. ,
, .

.
13.1.4 NPSHr = f4 (Q)
NPSHrQ.
( )

,
,
NPSHr
Q. 12.5.1, NPSHr ( ) (12.38):

NPSHr = h AA' +

v 2A'
2g

Qn
. 13.1.

Q
.

525

hAA' vA' . , ,
( , ). ' ,
:
n D NPSHr = f4 (Q)

(13.8)

: Q
Q
,

: /n, /n, Q/Qn (%).

SHr

NPSHr-Q 13.1.
NPSHr . ,
. (
, . 12.5.3) NPSHr BEP
.
.

13.1.5
.

,
,


.
Q, P Q, Q
NPSHrQ.
,
, Q. ,

( Q) .
13.1 (

).


.
, ( ):

Q
. 13.1.

NPSHr Q .

BEP

H
P
P

NPSHr
I

II

II

IV

NPSHr
Qn
. 13.1.

526

(), BEP.
( ) .
() , , , ( ) .
, (IV) , ( NPSHr) . ,
. , .
, ,
4 (, P, , NPSHr)
.
( ) .
O ISO, 13.1,
, . , ( ).

(BEP) Q = 210 m3/h, Ho = 89 m, P =
60 KW 85%.
, . ,
13.1 1500 rpm, (
BEP) :
Q 0,5
n
NSU = 2 n
NSU = 0,236
(g Hn )0,75
(. 12.4.3).
( P Q).
,
. ,
, :
Po = Q Ho Po =
,
:
Po = Q Ho

= 50,9 KW

Po =

= 51,0 KW

1: .
. ,
.
2: , . ,
,
:

P = Q Ho /
P = Q Ho / P = P

1
13.1 0,9 150 m3/h, , , ,

527

, m

120

H_Q

100

BEP

80

100

80
60

P_Q

40

, KW

60

20
90

80
70
60

40

20

30

15

20

10

PSHr _ Q

10

PSHr, m

50

0
0

100

200
Q, m3/h
. 13.1.

ISO.

.
:
: = 0,9, Q = 150 m3/h, 13.1
: , P, P, , NPSHr
(150 m3/h) H Q, P
Q, Q NPSHr Q. . :
H = = 99 m
P = 50 W
= 81,5 %
NPSHr = 5 m

528

, :
P = P = 45 KW
13.1 , :
= Q Ho Po = 36,4 W
(: = P Po = 36,6 W)
13.2 .
n D ( NPSHr, D). ,
. , , ,
NPSHr :
= f1(Q, n, D)
= f2 (Q, n, D)
= f3 (Q, n, D)
NPSHr = f4 (Q, n, D)

H_Q

100

BEP

80
60

100
80
60

P_Q

40
20

90

, KW

80
70
60
50
40

20
15

30
20

PSHr _ Q

10
0

100
200
3
Q, m /h
. 13.1.

10
5
0

PSHr, m

, m

120

529

, .
,
D = , :
= f1 (Q, n)
= f2 (Q, n)
= f3 (Q, n)
NPSHr = f4 (Q, n)

n5
n4
n3
n
n2
n1

(
)
NPSHr
Q,
n
. n5
, ,
n4
n3
. n
n2
, n1
(
).

Q
, . 13.2.
,

(
(D ).
). ,
. , (,
, , NPSHr).
, , ( Q), - (Q),
. ,
(BEP). Q, ,
.
13.2 ()
. ,
, :
n1 < n2 < n3 < n4 < n5
. BEP
.
n, n2 < n < n3, n2 n3.
, .

530

13.2 ( ) NPSHr.
,
. , .
(. 12.3.2), :

n D
Q
=
1 = 1 1
3
3
Q 2 n2 D2
n1 D1 n2 D2
Q1

Q2

n
H
= 2 2 1 = 1
2
2
H 2 n2
n1 D1 n2 D 2
H1

H2

P n
= 3 5 1 = 1
3
5
P 2 n2
n1 D1 n 2 D2
P1

P2

(13.9)

D
1
D2
D
1
D2

(13.9)

(13.9)

: D1/D2= , .
(=1) , :

Q1 n1
=
Q2 n2

(13.10)

H1 n1
=
H2 n 2

(13.10)

(13.10)

,
, :

Q1 D1
=

Q2 D2
H1 D1
=

H2 D 2
P1 D1
=

P2 D2

D5
D4
D3

D2
D1

(13.11)
NPSHr

(13.11)

(13.11)

: (13.11) ( ) .

, -

P1 n1
=
P2 n2

D5
D4
D3
D2
D1

Q
. 13.2.

(n ).

531
. (back pullout pumps) (
). ,

. () 13.2.

, NPSHr ,
, .

, , . , (13.10)
.
.
,
. ISO 9906
(1999): Rotodynamic pumps - Hydraulic performance acceptance tests.
, ,
( ANSI/HI 1.6 2.6).
13.2, 13.2 13.2
. 13.2 1500
rpm .
, , NPSHr.

(m) KPa 335 mm40%

53%

(35,8) 350 315 mm

63%

1500 RPM
N, sg=1
69%

74%

(30,6) 300 295 mm

76%
77%
76%

(25,5) 250

275 mm

74%
69%

254 mm
(20,4) 200

63%
53%

(15,3) 150

22KW
18,5KW
15KW

(10,2) 100

11KW
7,5KW

(5,1) 50

NPSHr
(0,0) 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

, m3/h
. 13.2.

(Armstrong).

350

532
140
120

30%

Certified tests are performed using

Hydraulic Institute acceptance lenel

50%
60%

1150

63%

80 1050

50

60%
75HP

850

66%

30 650

2400

20

2000

15
1800

1200

1000

800

7,5
600

400

200

NPSHr

10

1600

10

25 30

2200

67%

20

NPSHR (Feet)

40 750

40

50 60

Determine NPSHR prior to

using repriming table. Do not
use available suction lifts.

3000

60

REPRIMING LIFTS
RPM
FEET
650
9
750
12
850
15
950
17
1050
20
1150
21
1250
22
1350
23

63%

950

2800

70

2600

90

40%

1400

Total Head (Feet)

110 1250
100

Suction: 8''
Discharge: 8''
Impeller Diameter: 14.75''
Max. Solid Sphere: 3.00''

OPERATING RANGE

130 1350

U.S Gallons per Minute (GPM)

. 13.2.

(Veir).

13.2, ,
( US, Hydraulic Institute).
13.2 , 1480 rpm
ISO 9906.
:
. , . , (. 12.5.4) HQ (
) . ,
, HQ .

2
13.2 315 mm 180 m3/h. ,
() 1500 rpm () 1300 rpm.
:
: Q = 180 m3/h, = 9,81 KN/m3, D = 315 mm, 13.2.
: o, Po, P, () n = 1500 rpm () n = 1500
) (n = 1500 rpm) :
= 233 KPa Ho = 23,75 m
P 16 KW
75,2 %

533

1480 1/mim

4000

40

3000

6000

8000

5000

7000
Q min

H [m]

78

80

10000

Q [US.GPM]

12000

Q [.GPM]

9000

120
82

ft

84

30

100

85
84

80

82
80
78
75
70

20

60

420/335
40
401/297

10

20

387/266
372/232
0
200

400

600

0
Q [l/s]

800

24

NPSH [m]

70

20

420/335

ft

16

50
372/232

12

30

8
4
200
200

400

600

800

Q [l/s]
250

P [kW] 160

420/335 210

120

401/297
387/266

80

372/232

40
200

400
950

1450

600
1950

800
2450

2950

Rate of flow
. 13.2.

(KSB).

170
130
90

Q [l/s]
Q [m3/h]

hp

534

NPSHr 20 KPa NPSHr 2,05 m

: Po= Q H Po=11,7 KW
(: Po= P Po= 12 KW).
( ,
.)
) n = 1300 rpm
(13.10). , :

Q1 n1
=
Q2 n2
(Q1 = 180 m3/h, n1 = 1300 rpm, n2 = 1500 rpm) Q2 = 207,7 m3/h
, 207,7 m3/h 1500 rpm.
13.2 :
2 = 215 KPa H2 = 21,92 m
P2 16,7 KW
2 73,8 %
NPSHr 22 KPa NPSHr2 2,25 m
: Po2 = Q H Po2 = 12,4 KW (: Po = P Po = 12,3 KW).
2

H1 n1
= 1 = 16,47 m
H2 n 2
3

P1 n1
= 1 10,9 KW
P2 n2
2

NPSHr1 n1
= NPSHr1 1,7 m
NPSHr2 n 2
Po1= Q H1 Po1= 8,1 KW
: = Po/P 74,3%
.
, , . 13.2 13.2,
13.2. ,
.
,
- , .
.
. .
13.2.
13.3 .
10.4.1, ,

535

(m) KPa 335 mm40%

53%

(35,8) 350 315 mm

63%

1500 RPM
N, sg=1
69%

74%

76%
77%

(30,6) 300 295 mm

76%

(25,5) 250

74%

275 mm

69%

254 mm

(20,4) 200

63%

(15,3) 150

53%
22KW
18,5KW
15KW

(10,2) 100

11KW
7,5KW

(5,1) 50
(0,0) 0

NPSHr
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

, m3/h
. 13.2.
FLOW - 1450 RPM (50 Hz)

TDH - 1750 RPM (60 Hz)

80

ft
300

50

200

100

150

400

190

600

800

500

800

2300

1400 m3/h

1100

3800

5300

6800 gpm
m ft
200

250

60

50

26

150
60

200

18

40
22

150
40

10

100
20

13

5
6

50

27

21

100
25
28

24

11 12
7

2 3

23

20

19

15

29

20

17

16

50
10

14

0
0

200

50

30

400

600

100

150

800

1000
200

227 400

2800

4600
800

FLOW - 1750 RPM (60 Hz)

. 13.2.

(Flowserve).

1200

6400

0 0
8200 gpm

1600 m3/h

TDH - 1450 RPM (50 Hz)

536

Q - :

Q = v

(2D2 d2 )
Ln
4

, .

. .
, ,
v , .
(
HQ).
- 13.3.

( ),
, . (
- - ) 50000 cst
, 13.3.
13.4 .
( HQ)
. , .
, ,
.

15
Power (Kilowatt)

13.4.1 .

14 bar

12,5

9 bar

10

6 bar
3 bar
0 - 1.72 bar

7,5
5
2,5
0

Viscosity: 50,000 cst

15

0 bar
3 bar
6 bar
9 bar
14 bar

Flow (m3/h)

12,5
10
7,5
5
2,5
0
Q
. 13.3.

Q .

40

80

120

160

200

Speed (RPM)
. 13.3.

240

280

537

.
, , ( ,
). ,
(. 11.1.2), (11.2) (
Bernoulli ):
p2 p1 v 22 v12
= +
+
+ h
(11.2)

2g
, :
) ( L, d, ,
).
) = y2 y1.
) p1 p2.
, 11.1.2, :
= + Q2

= H +

p2 p1

1 L
1
8 L
1
f
+ 4 + f + 4 + 4
2
g d
d d2
d d

(13.12)
(13.12)
(13.12)

( , d2 1/ d2 = 0)

Q2

, .
, ,
f f, .
. f f
.
(13.12) .
, , ,
13.4. (

) ( ).
(13.12)
.

+

=

.
,
(
).
, Q
. ,
. 13.4.
, .

538

1m

(iii)

(iv)
50 m

15 m

. ,

. ,

,
, .
,
( )
(. ).

.

(ii)
1m
(i)

2m
. 13.4.

3
(. 13.4)
d = 12 cm d = 10 cm. : (i):
(ii): (iii): 90 (iv): .
1,5 bar. () , () h/d = 0,3.
:
: ,
(, Q). (, Q) , , .
:
Q.
f f
(13.12) (13.12) ( Bernoulli DarcyWeisbach)
.
f f (
) . ,
, .
.
: d = 12 cm, L = 2 m, d = 10 cm, L = 65 m, = = 0,00026 m
p1 = 101,3 KPa, p2 = 150 KPa, = (1+15+1) m = 15 m (. 13.4)
(. 5.5):
i =0,8, iii = 0,5, iv = 1,0 ii() = 6, ii() = 13 (. 5.5).
) = 0,8, =7,5

Ho = H +
= H +

p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ (h + h ) H = + Q 2

2g

p2 p1
=19,96 m

(1)

539

1 L
1
8 L
f
+ 4 + f + 4
2
g d
d
d d

(2)

Moody
(/d = 0,00217, ) f= 0,0239
Moody
(/d = 0,00217, ) f= 0,0252

(2) = 20.180 (s2/m5)

(1) =19,96 +20.180 Q2 (SI)
(3)
Q, (1) .
.: Q = 100 m3/h = 100/3600 m3/s H = 35,53 m
Q ().
13.4.
) = 0,8, = 14,5
, :
(2) = 25.960 (s2/m5)
(1) = 19,96 +25.960 Q2 (SI)

(4)

(Q, H) Q [ () . 13.4)],
().

Q
(m3/h)

() H
(m)

() H
(m)

, m

Q H

180
160

()

140

19,96

19,96

50

23,86

24,97

100

35,53

40,00

150

55,00

65,04

60
40

200

82,24

100,10

20

250

117,28

145,17

300

160,09

200,26

()

120
100
80

50

100

150
200
250
Q, m3/h

300

350

. 13.4.

.
: ,
.

13.4.2 .
Q, ,
.

540

. ,
.
Q, , .
. .
,
. ,
. , Q :
Ho = f1(Q)
Ho = + Q 2

Q_
H

,
. , , , , , ,
(. 13.4).
Q
Q, (operating point, , ).
.
, ( ) Q, , .

, (
)
Q _H

Q.



,
Q


.
_
13.4.3
.

P S H

NPSHr

) .

, . Q, ,
P, ,
:
, -

Q
. 13.4.

541

Q . P Q.
Q
= + Q2.
, Q ( ).
Q, , P .
2, H Q, . (Qi, i). ,
, .
Bernoulli :

= +

p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h
2g

Qi , i,
(. 11.1.3), , ,
i. .
( ),
. (
13.3) :
, ,
, : = + Q2
.
, (Q, ) ( ).
: :
= Q
= / (
).

) .
4
13.4, 150 m
6 m. 1600 rpm. 15 cm. ,
.
.
:
: L = 150 m, d = 0,15 m, = 0,00012 m, = 10-6 m2/s
= 6 m, n = 1600 rpm
: Q, P, P,

542

60
20

80

100
1800 rpm

150
60%

65%

, m

300

380

70%
73%
75%
76%
76%

1600

15

200

75%
1400

73%

10

70%
1200

65%

6
5

, PS

17
15

1800 rpm

10

1600

8
1400

6
5
4
60

1200
80

100

150

200

300
Q,

380

m3/h

. 13.4.

( ).

) Q 1600 rpm: ()
) : Q Bernoulli .

= +

p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h
2g

543

H = H + h H = H +

8
L
f 5 Q2
2
g d

(1)

Q = 60/3600 m3/s v = 0,655 m/s

Moody
(/d = 0,00067, Re = 1,2 105 ) f = 0,0204

(1) H = 6,83 m
Q :
Q
m3/h

v
m/s

Q
m3/h

v
m/s

60

0,94

0,0206

6,93

150

2,56

0,0195

11,52

80

1,26

0,0202

7,62

200

3,14

0,0193

15,72

100

1,57

0,0199

8,50

240

3,77

0,0192

19,92

Q , () (. 13.4).

, m

60
20

80

100

150
60% 65%

1800 rpm

15

1600

200

300

70%
()
73%
75%
76%
76%
75%

1400

73%

10
8

380

70%
1200

65%

()

6
5

, PS

4
17
15

1800 rpm

10

1600

8
6

1400

5
4
60

1200

80

100

150

200

300

Q,

. 13.4.

m3/h

380

544

) () ()
.
) (. 13.4):
Q = 170 m3/h
= 13 m
= 72,5 %
P = 11,2 PS = 8,25 KW
:
P = Q H P = 6,02 KW
(: P = P/ P = 8,25 KW)
, :
Moody
(/d = 0,00217, ) f =0,019
(1) H = 6 + 3120 Q2 (SI) (2)
(2) :
Q
m3/h

Q
m3/h

Q
m3/h

60

6,87

100

8,41

200

15,63

80

7,54

150

11,42

240

19,86

,
, ( 0,5 %).
5
13.4,
20 m. 7 cm 50 m
= 3,5. ) Q,
, , . )
= 30, ;
:
: L = 50 m, d = 0,07 m, = 0,00026 m
=20 m, ) = 3,5 ) = 30
: Q, , , ,
) = f(Q) .
: . , ( , ). :
= + h

h =

8
L

f + K Q2
4
gd d

Moody
(/d = 0,0037, ) f = 0,028

(1)

545

(1) H = 20 + 80.890 Q2 (SI)

:
Q

(m /h)

(m)

40

30,0

60

42,5

70

50,6

80

60,0

90

70,6

100

82,4

().
( ) 2 H Q (. 13.4).
:

90

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

70
90

60

40
30
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

40

60
()

80

100 120 140

60

80 100 120 140

()

70
60
50
40
30
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

35
30
, PS

, PS

20

80

50

, m

, m

80

25
20
15
20

40

60
80 100
Q, m3/h
. 13.4.

120

140

35
30
25
20
15
20

40

Q, m3/h
. 13.4.

546

Q = 89 m3/h, H = 68,5 m, = 75%,

= 30 PS = 22,1 KW
P = Q H P = 16,6 KW
(: P = P = 16,6 KW)
) , (. 13.4):
(1) = 20 + 172.080 Q2 (SI)
:
Q
m3/h

Q
m3/h

40

41,3

80

105

60

67,8

30

31,9

70

85,1

50

53,2

, (), ().
(). :
Q = 65 m3/h
= 70,5%
= 26 PS = 19,1 KW
P = Q H P = 13,5 KW
(: P = P= 13,5 KW)
: , .

13.4.4 NPSHQ .
NPSHrQ. ,
NPSHr.
NPSHa. , ,
13.4 13.4 NPSHrQ.
NPSH , 12.5, .
,
NPSHa Q. , NPSHaQ . (. 12.5.1):

p
v2 p
NPSHa = A + v
2g

(13.13)

547

Bernoulli (1) (), :

y1 y A +

p1 p A v12 v 2A
p
p v2
+
= h A = 1 A H h

2g

2g

(13.13)

: = yA y1, .
(13.13) :

NPSHa =

p1 p v
H h

(13.11)

h =

8
f
+ K Q2
4
g d d

(13.13) :
PSHa = a b Q2

a=

b=

p1 p v
H

g d4

(13.14)
(13.14)

+ K
f
d

(13.14)

(13.14) . NPSHaQ.
,
: Q
NPSHa. 13.4.
NPSHr ( ) , NPSHa (
) .
, Qar,
:
Q > Qar NPSHr > NPSHa
12.5,
NPSH
( ). H
Q
.
, H Q . , -

NPSH

Q = Qar NPSHr = NPSHa

NPSHa _ Q

NPSHr _ Q

Q
. 13.4.

NPSH.

548

NPSH

, H Q ,

H _ Q

13.4.
,

(

,
H _ Q

).

_
NPSHrQ,
NPSHa Q

a
NPSHaQ .
(13.14),
NPSHr _ Q
a (
NPSHaQ ),
b (
Qar
Q
). .
13.4.
(
H Q .
). ,
( , ).
6
13.1 40C. ,
. , 12 cm 5
m.
) 2 m
) 2 m .
:
: L = 5 m, d = 0,12 m, = 0,00026 m, = 0,8 ( )
p1 = 101,3 KPa, pv = 7,4 KPa (. 11.2.1), = 9,81 KN/m3
() = 2 m, () = 2 m
: Qar
NPSHrQ NPSHaQ . , , (13.14).
) Q = 0 NPSHa = a NPSHa =

101,3 7,4
2 = 7,57 m
9,81

Q = 50 m3/h v = 1,23 m/s Re =1,45 105 f = 0,25

(13.12) NPSHa = 7,43 m

549

:
Q
m3/h

NPSa
m

0
50
100
150
200
220
240

7,57
7,43
7,00
6,32
5,35
4,88
4,37

() 13.4, NPSHr. :
Qar= 185 m3/h

13.5 .

,

.
,

.
. ,

80
100

60

80
60

P-Q

40
20

I, KW

(),

.
.
,
NPSHa
.

100

90
80
70
60
50

20

40
30
20
10
0

()
()

PSHr - Q
0

100
200
Q m3/h
. 13.4.

15
10
5
0

PSHr, m

Qar= 235 m3/h

, m

) a (13.14),
4 m ( 7,57 11,57 m). , NPSHa
4 m.
() 13.4 NPSHr
120
-Q
:

550

=+ . Q 2

=1=2
1=2

H=f(Q)

H=f1(Q)

Q/2
.13.5.

Q1

2Q1

.13.5.

. ,
, ,
.
13.5.1 .
) .
( )
( ). 13.5
.
H = f1(Q),
H = f(Q) :
Q : i Qi ,
(.
).
( ):
Hi = H1i = H2i
Qi = Q1i + Q2i = 2Q1i
, =f1(Q) (. )
, = f(Q) (.
13.5).
, Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 3Q1,
.
: =
f(Q), = + Q2.

= f(Q) = + Q2. :
Q/2 ( ).
(. 13.5). -

551

, NPSHr .
,
' 1'.
, , Q
( ) :
Q1' < Q < 2Q1'

= 1= 2 > 1'

: = f1(Q)
( Q = 0), .
,
. . Q.

7
13.4, . , 120 m
18 cm. 2 m 1200 rpm.
) , ,
. ) ;
:
: L =120 m, d = 0,18 m, = 0,00026 m, = 10-6m2/s, = 9,81 KN/m3
= 2 m, n=1200 rpm
: Q, H, P, P,
1: () 1200 rpm
. :
= 8,4 m Q1 = 75 m3/h

Q = 150 m3/h

H = 8,2 m Q1 = 93 m3/h

Q = 186 m3/h

H = 7,8 m Q1 = 110 m3/h Q = 220 m3/h

H = 7,5 m Q1 = 123 m3/h Q = 246 m3/h
H = 7,0 m Q1 = 140 m3/h Q = 280 m3/h
() (. 13.5).
2: : Q
Bernoulli .

= +

p2 p1 v 22 v12
8
L
+
+ h H = H + 2 f 5 Q 2
2g

g d

(1)

Q = 60/3600 m3/s v = 0,65 m/s

Moody
(/d = 0,00144, Re = 1,2 105) f = 0,0231

(1) H = 3,34 m
Q :

552

20

60

80

100

150

1800 rpm

15

60%

65%

200

300

380

70%
73%
75%
76%

1600

, m

76%
75%
1400

73%

10

70%
1200

65%

()

()
()

, PS

17
15

1800 rpm

10

1600

8
1400

6
5
4

1200
60

80

100

150
Q, m3/h
. 13.5.

200

300

380

553

Q
m3/h

v
m/s

Q
m3/h

v
m/s

60

0,65

80

0,0231

3,34

200

2,18

0,0221

6,57

0,87

0,0228

3,60

240

2,62

0,0220

8,13

100

1,09

0,0226

3,91

300

3,27

0,0219

11,00

150

1,64

0,0222

5,03

Q , () 13.5 (
).
3: () ()
().
13.5 :
Q = 230 m3/h
= 7,7 m
4:
('):
= 68,5 %
P = 4,7 PS = 3,46 KW
: P = (Q/2) H P = 2,4 KW (: P = P P = 2,37 KW)
: : = 2 = 6,92 KW.

: , . , (),
() ().
13.5 :
Q = 173 m3/h
= 5,7 m
= 72,5 %
P = 5,1 PS = 3,75 KW

P = Q H P = 2,7 KW

,
33%, ,
.
) .
- = f1(Q) =
f2(Q) , = f(Q).
.
i ,

554

:
i = 1i = 2i
Qi = Q1i + Q2i

= f(Q) (. 13.5).
( 1),
(
13.5, , ).
= + Q2
() = f(Q).
1 2. ,
NPSHr .
Q

=+ . Q 2
Q1',
Q2i
Q1i
H1', Q2', H2' ,

1
2
, :

=1=2
H > H1' > H2'

H=f(Q)

Q2' < Q1' < Q < Q1' + Q2'

H=f2(Q)

,
,
,

.

, .

H=f1(Q)

Q1

. 13.5.

4
H1

) .
()

()
( 13 23
. 13.5).

Q2

H2
3

1
()

2
(I)

. 13.5.

555

, ( 34).
23 .
.
.
13.5: < . ()
(), :
=
'. 13,
3 '. '
:
h13 = Q2
". , 13: h13 = Q2
:
" = " h13.
, 3-4 , ()
( ) "
. ( ,
23). " .
= f(Q).
234 :
= + Q2
= f(Q) = +Q2
.
= f(Q)
13.5.
13.5.2
.


, .

( )

() ,
.
,
.
.

II
=1=2

=+ . Q 2

I
2

H=fI(Q)

H=f(Q)

H=fII(Q)
h13=13 . Q 2
Q2

Q1
. 13.5.

556

( )
.
, . ,
, :
Q = Q1 = Q2
H = H1 + H2 = 2H1
, = f1(Q). = f (Q) (. 13.5).
= + Q2,
.
:
Q1 = Q2 = Q

H1 = H1 = H/2

13.5
, , NPSHr .
,
= f1(Q) = + Q2, ' 13.5.
(
). ( ).
: 1' < < 21' Q1' < Q
13.5.3 .
( ) ,
. = f(Q),
: 1

H=f(Q)
= 1+1Q12 2 = 2+2Q22.
=+ . Q 2


.

=21

, 1 = 2 = (= +p/
H=f1(Q)
)
1=2
(1) (2)
13.5.

1=2
(
).

(1), (2):
= 1 = 2
(1) Q1

Q1=Q2

. 13.5.

Q=Q1=Q2

557

(2) Q2,
:

(1)

Q = Q1 + Q2

,

(3).
= f(Q) . Q
. :
= 1 = 2

1=+ 1 . Q 1 2

2=+ 2 . Q 2 2
(2)

2
H=1=2

(3)

H=f(Q)

Q1

Q2 Q2

Q=Q1=Q2

. 13.5.

(1) (2)
Q1 Q2 (Q = Q1 + Q2).
, (1),
(2, 2' Q2').

( ).
,
:
= 1+2 = (d12+d22)/4
13.6 .

1.
13.2, 13.2, 13.2, 13.4.
[NSU: 0,52, 0,84, 1,8, 1,2]
2. 13.1 0,86
Qn. N : , ,
.
[H = 89 m, = 0,85, P = 51,6 KW, P = 43,9 KW, NPSHr = 6,5 m]
3. 13.2 70 ft. N
: ( m3/h), ( KW) .
[Q = 327 m3/h, P = 32 KW, P = 20,2 KW, = 0,63]
4. 13.2 295 mm 1750 rpm 200 m3/h. ,
.
[H = 28,6 m, P = 20,5 KW, P = 15,6 KW, = 0,762]

558

5. 13.6,
d = 5 in, d = 4 in L = 6 m, L = 60 m. : ():
( = 3) () (V): 90 (): (V):
. : )
) h/d = 0,3. ,
50 m.
[) Q = 208,3 m3/h, Po = 28,7 KW, ) Q = 136 m3/h, Po = 18,6 KW]
6. , 25C. NPSHaQ
) 150 ) 200 m3/h.
[) NPSHa = 3,44 m, ) NPSHa = 1,46 m]
7. 13.1, 40 m
2 m. 3 bar
. 8 cm.
, , NPSHa . .
[Q = 187 m3/h, H = 93 m, P = 57 KW, = 0,852, NPSHa = 5,2 m]
8. 13.2, 401/297,
10 m. 36 cm
50 m. = 5.
Q, , , .
[Q = 585 L/s, H = 23 m, P = 157 KW, = 0,842, NPSHa = 8,4 m]
9. , , 20,
;
[Q = 430 L/s, H = 30 m, P = 160 KW,
= 0,78, NPSHa = 10,2 m]
10.
13.4, 1300 rpm
10 m
5 m.
14 cm. )
, ,
5. )
1500 rpm;
[) Q = 165 m3/h, P = 4,6 KW, = 0,74,
) Q = 205 m3/h, P = 7 KW, = 0,752]
11.
13.4,
7 cm 50 m.

(V)

(V)
18 m
()

()

4m

()

. 13.6

559

O 2,5. , , 20 m.
[Q = 90 m3/h, Po = 16,7 KW, P = 22,1 KW, = 0,75]
12. 13.4, 70 m 1400 rpm. 6 in.
4 m. , ,
.
[Q = 190 m3/h, H = 8,4 m, P = 5,9 KW, = 0,75]
13. ,
.
.
[Q = 234 m3/h, H = 10,8 m, P = 10,4 KW, = 0,655]
14. 13.4, 1 m.
1600 rpm 5 m. ) 200 m3/h,
, . ) 24 cm,
, .
[) = 0,754, P = 8,5 KW, h = 6,7 m, ) Q = 208 m3/h, = 0,758, P = 8,5 KW]
15. 13.4, 200 m 3 m,
18 cm. 1400 rpm, , ,
.
[Q = 244 m3/h, H = 10,8 m, P = 10,9 KW, = 0,675]
16. 13.4,
15 m. 60 m, 6 cm . 4. ,
, .
[Q = 67 m3/h, H = 76 m, P = 19,2 KW, P = 13,8 KW, = 0,71]
17. 15 m,
50 m 3 in.
4. 3.4. , , : ) . )
) .
[) Q =110 m3/h, H = 60 m, P = 24,3 KW, = 0,73. ) Q = 128 m3/h, H = 76 m,
P = 38,2 KW, = 0,70. ) Q = 137 m3/h, H = 86 m, P = 52,8 KW, = 0,62]
18. 13.2 295
mm, .
, 120 m 16 cm.
12 m 6. ) , -

560

, m

100

NPSHr, m

,
. )
;
[) Q = 243 m3/h, H = 24,9 m, P = 22,4
KW, P = 16,4 KW, = 0,73
) Q = 180 m3/h, H = 19,8 m, P = 13 KW,
P = 9,7 KW, = 0,748]

80
60
40
20
0
2,5
2,0
1,5

19. HQ
1,0
NPSHrQ 13.6, 0,5
0,0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
25C.
, L/s
, . 13.6.
.
, 9 cm 6 m
2.
5 m.
[Q = 27 L/s]
20. , , 60 m 8 cm, 5
, 15 m. ,
.
[Q = 21,2 L/s, H = 70 m, Po = 14,4 KW]

KE 14

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5 (LCC Analysis)
14.6 H

562

14.1 .
,
.
,
. ,
. , ,
.
,
.
:
.
.
.
.
, .
. ,
.
. , ,
,
. ,
,
, 15 20 .
: , . (
). ,
. (.. , , ).
, , ,
(.. )
. 14.1.
,
(BEP) . BEP , ,
() Qn n:
BEP:

= max

Q = Qn

H = Hn

, ,
, Q.
( )
, , ,
: , ,
. , (

563

. 14.1

().

), ,
,
.
, , ,
.
,
: ,
,
. .
.
( ),
.
, ,
, .
,
.
14.2 .
, ( )
, .
, NPSHa ,
NPSH:
M = NPSHa NPSHr
25% NPSH .
(13.14), (13.14) (13.14), NPSHa : )
) .

564

, , ( ).
,
, ,
.

:
) .
,
. . ,
, (, hollow vortex) (. 14.2), ,
12.5.4. ,

. Hydraulic Institute, (Smin)
:

S min = d E +2,3 v E

dE
g

(14.1)

: dE vE . ,
( >2,5 dE) .
1
,
180 m3/h , 22 cm.
:
: Q = 180 m3/h = 0,05 m3/s, dE = 0,22 m
: Smin
:

vE =

4 QE
d2E

vE = 1,32 m/s

(14.1) Smin = 0,67 m

)
.

( ), .


. ,

. 14.2.

565

, ,
. , :
:
1 1,5 m/s,
:
1,0 m/s,
:
0,5 m/s
:
0,6 m/s
,
1 m/s.
, .
(. 5.5.4) , .
) . (.. ). (), .
,
.
.
(. 5.5.1) , ,
0,02 0,8. , .
,
.

, , . ,
= 2 = 6.
14.2 ,
.
) :
, . .



,
. ,

,
(. 12.5.4).
, ,

. 14.2.
.
.

566

14.3 .

,
.
. , .
, . , ,
. , ( , , , ,
..). ,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
. ,
.
5 bar, p/ = 51 m. 15 m,
. 20 m/s, v2/2g = 20,4 m. , (
), .
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
, .
, .
, , Qn Hn. , , , . ,
,
.
.
14.3,
d1<d2<d3
- ( ), (2)
(1)
(3)
,
.
,
.
.
Q
2

. 14.3.

hQ
.

567

15 m . 13.2.
3 m 12. 150 m.
( mm),
.
:
: H = 15 m, h = 3 m, Q 13.2.
L= 150 m, = 0,00026 m, = 12, = 10-6 m2/s
: d
1: Q 13.2,
( 335 mm):
Qn 180 m3/h = 0,05 m3/s, Hn 30 m
.
2: :

Ho = H +

p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h Ho = H + h h =15 m h = h h h =12 m

2g

3:
(. . 5.7.3). :

h =

L
1
2
f
K

2 Qn

2
g d
d
8

.
( d f Moody).
(
, ):
d' (mm)

v' (m/s)

/d'

Re'

f'

h' (m)

h'h

d (mm)

100

6,37

0,00260

6,37 105

0,0254

103,5

91,5

d > 100

200

1,59

0,00130

3,18 105

0,0217

3,65

8,35

d < 200

150

2,83

0,00173

4,24 105

0,0230

14,29

2,29

d > 150

160

2,49

0,00163

3,98 105

0,0227

10,49

1,51

d < 160

155

2,65

0,00168

4,11 105

0,0228

12,20

0,20

d 155

, d 155 mm.
, ,
:
) ,
) BEP

568

)
( ).

,


,
40% .


,

, ( . 14.3.
).
.
.
,
:
) (, , ).
) .
) ( ).
,
, ( ).
( ) , , 14.3.
. (
).

, . ,
,
1,4 3,5 m/s.
, , 14.2.
,
.
, , ...
14.4 .

, .
.
10.6
. .

569

.

. , :
) :
.
.
,
. ,
( .. ), .
, . (
), ,
>2010-6 m2/s.
,
. ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
.
. , 90C,
, .
,

. , ,
.
) :
. , .
.
,
. 12.4,
, . (Universal Specific Speed) SU,
( 12.33):

N SU = 2 n

Q0,5
n

( g Hn )0,75

NS (US, Metric,
SI), 12.4.1.
, ,
. ,
. ,

570

(m)

,
. ,
,
10000
A
, (
)
B
( ).
14.4
1000

,
.
D
C
(
100
,
) D (
, ).
C ( , ) 10
. ,
( - ),
.
10
100
500
1000
, Q m3/h
.

- ,


Qn = 100 m3/
h, n = 1750 rpm
. 14.4.

NSU ,
.
12.33, (. 14.4.1):
14.4.1
.
NSU

n
rpm

Qn
m3/h

Hn
m

0,2

1750

100

83,21

1,0

1750

100

9,73

2,0

1750

100

3,86

4,0

1750

100

1,53

5,0

1750

100

1,14

.
(12.33),

571

14.4. , ( ), ( ).
( 14.4.
( ). 100 l/s, 1500 rpm
20 m, NSU = 0,95. (
(12.33), : NSU = 0,947).
,
. , .
14.4.1 NSU = 2 1600 rpm,
:

3000
2000

1000
800
600
400
300

100
80

n,

,5
0

8,00
6,00
5,00
4,00

60

3,00

40

30

20

2,00
5

1,50

1,00
0,80

10

10
80

0,60
0,50
0,40

20

30

4
3

40

50

60

1
500 600

0
30

0
10

0,30

0
20

0,20
0
40

0,15
0,10
0,08

800 1000

1500

2000

3000 4000

6000

8000 10000

15000 20000 25000

n, rpm
. 14.4.

() NSU.

su

Qn, 1/s

200

572

Qn n
=
Q'n n'

Qn' = 91,4 m3/h

Hn n
=
H'n n'

Hn' = 3,23m

, ( ,
, ). ,
.
, ( . 13.2) ( ) .
. ,
, .
14.4 ( ,
, ).
) :
- , NPSHr . NPSH,
. ,
n = 2900 1/min
10 US.gpm 20

30
20

IM.gpm 10
200

40 50
30

100

40 50

200

100

300 400 500

200

1000

300 400 500

1000
500

40 -315

100

32 -250

50 -315

40 -250

400
65 -315

50 -250

80-315

300
200

65 -250 80 -250

50
25 -200

40

32 -200

50 -200

40 -200

65 -200

80 -200

100 -200

30
32 -160

32 -160

50 -160

20
32 -125

32 -125

H
ft
100

65 -160 80 -160
50

40 -160

40
10
1,8 2

4
3
Q L/s 1

5 Q m3/h 10
2
3

20
4

30

40 50
10

. 14.4.

20

100
30

200
40 50

300 360

(KSB).

573

. NPSH
NPSH ,
, ( ,
, ).
) : (
), . .

.
,
.
,
: (

).
(
NPSH).
3
50 m 2000 m3/h,
. 8000 .
, 82%
78%, ;
0,05 KWh. ,
96%.
:
:

Q = 2000 m3/h, H = 50 m, t = 8000 h

1 = 0,82, 2 = 0,78, = 0,96, c = 0,05 /KWh
: C
:
= Q = 272,5 KW
:
= / 1 = 332,32 KW 2 = 349,36 KW
:
= / 1 = 346,164 KW 2 = 363,915 KW
:
1 = (346,164 KW)(8000 h) = 2.769.309 KWh
2 = (363,915 KW)(8000 h) = 2.911.325 KWh
:
= 2 1= 142.015 KWh
: C = 7100 /

574

:
Q/P1 = 5,77 m3/KWh = 1,60 m3/J
Q/P2 = 5,50 m3/KWh = 1,53 m3/J
,
, ( ), , , ( )
, ,
, ...
, ,
. . ISO (. 14.6.1 ),
. ANSI/HI,
ISO.
. .
.
.
,
. ( ) () , (.
11.4, . 11.4.4). ( ).
:
=

(14.2)

, , . ,
(, ..).
,
.
(.. Diesel).
. , .
. , , . , , 50 60 Hz
14.4.2.
, (
). (motor speed
controllers) . , (gearboxes)
,
.

575
14.4.2
(IEC).

10

12

14

50 Hz

2900

1450

960

725

580

480

415

60 Hz

3500

1750

1160

875

700

580

500

, .
, . ,
(
).
.

.
, .
. , ,
. ( ).
, , ,
. ,
(bypass) ,
.
(bypass valve)
.
, .
(throttle valves). ,
(
).
, , ( ). ,
, (ASD).
14.4 : , ,
QA .
QA Q, :
) bypass
QA Q. ,
. .

576

(3)
n1

(2)

(1)

n2

Qr

PA
P

n1

QB

P
n2
Q
. 14.4.

) 1 2 ( ). ( ). ()
. .
BEP, .
) HQ , n1 n2. .
. ,
, .
,
. ,
(bypass ) , .
14.5 (LCC Analysis).
, ,
, , ( ).
, 3, 35.000
,
5 . 15 , .

577

. ,
. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis.
Europump Hydraulic Institute (Pump Life
Cycle Costs), .
, , . LCC
:

LCC = Cic + Cin + Ce + Co + Cm + Cs + (Cenv +Cd)

(14.3)

: C
. :
ic (initial cost): (, , ..).
in (installation): .
e (energy): ( ).
o (operating): ( ).
m (maintenance): .
s: (loss of production): (down time).
env (environmental): .
d (decommissioning): .
,
, .
( ) 14.5.
, .
, (
) ( ).

, ,
...
, :
)

: (, , ,
..).

, , ,

...

)
,
.
) . 14.5.
( )

. (.. .

578

).
) . , ,
. ,
.
) . .
, .
14.6 .
, , ( ISO/TC 115: Pumps Business Plan, 2004).
) , 300.000
, ,
. 3%.
) ( ) :

38%
10%

6%

5%

5%

37%
30%
22%

15%

, . , , ,
(Flowserve/IDP, ITT Group, Weir/Warman/Envirotech, Ebara, Grundfos, KSB ..).
40% 10 .
) , :

64%

12%

11%

9%

4%

579

) , , :

16%

16%

--

16%

14%

11%

27%

, 14.6.1 ISO,
, .
14.6.1
ISO ( 30.7.2004).
ISO

ISO 2858:1975

End-suction centrifugal pumps (rating 16 bar) -Designation nominal duty

point and dimensions (Confirmed in 2000)

ISO 3661:1977

End-suction centrifugal pumps - Baseplate and installation dimensions (Confirmed in 2002)

ISO 5198:1987

Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps - Code for hydraulic performance
tests - Precision grade (*)

ISO 3069:2000

End-suction centrifugal pumps - Dimensions of cavities for mechanical seals

and for soft packing

ISO 9905:1994

Technical specifications for centrifugal pumps - Class I (*)

ISO 5199:2002

Technical specifications for centrifugal pumps - Class II

ISO 9908:1993

Technical specifications for centrifugal pumps - Class III (*)

ISO 9906:1999

Rotodynamic pumps - Hydraulic performance acceptance tests - Grade 1

and 2 (*)

ISO 15783:2002

Sealless rotodynamic pumps - Class II - Technical specifications

ISO 14847:1999

Rotary positive displacement pumps Technical requirements (*)

ISO 16330:2003

Reciprocating positive displacement pumps Technical requirements

()

580

ISO

ISO 13709:2003

Centrifugal pumps for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries

ISO 21049:2004

Shaft sealing systems for centrifugal and rotary pumps

(*) Under systematic review

582
.
1.
.
( , , , )

T
C

kg/m3

m2/s

1000

1,7910-06

3,98

1000

1,5710-06

10

1000

20

N/m

Kpa-1

7,5610-02

5,0310-07

1,3110-06

7,4210-02

4,7210-07

998

110-06

7,2810-02

4,5210-07

30

996

8,0610-07

2,2610-02

3,4010-07

40

992

6,5810-07

6,9610-02

4,3710-07

50

988

5,5710-07

6,7910-02

4,3710-07

60

983

4,7810-07

6,6210-02

4,3810-07

70

978

4,1610-07

6,6410-02

4,4610-07

80

972

3,6710-07

6,2610-02

4,5510-07

90

965

3,2810-07

100

958

2,9610-07

5,8910-02

4,8310-07

806

2,210-06

2,4110-02

9,8010-07

20

789

1,5210-06

2,2810-02

1,1110-06

40

772

1,0810-06

1,2710-06

60

754

0,78510-06

1,4710-06

20

1117

19,110-06

40

1110

8,310-06

60

1090

4,5410-06

80

1070

2,8210-06

100

1060

1,8810-06

900

1,0110-06

3,0210-02

8,1310-07

20

881

0,74210-06

2,8810-02

7,1410-07

40

858

0,58610-06

1,110-06

60

836

0,469 10-06

1,2810-06

80

815

0,40410-06

1,5410-06

18

841

8,410-06

20

814

2,3710-06

2,9010-02

810

1,0110-06

2,4510-02

10

801

20

791

4,6710-07

4,8410-02

1,0710-06
1,1410-06

0,75610-06

2,2610-02

1,2210-06
()

583
T
C

kg/m3

()

N/m

m2/s

Kpa-1

30

783

0,65110-06

1,29 10-06

40

774

0,58110-06

1,38 10-06

50

765

0,51810-06

1,47 10-06

718

0,98310-06

1 10-06

20

703

0,77210-06
1,2 10-06

25
40

686

0,63110-06

1,34 10-06

13600

0,12410-06

4 10-08

13590

20

13550

0,11510-06

40

13500

0,10710-06

60

13450

0,10210-06

80

13400

0,097010-06

100

13350

0,092910-06

48,410-02

4 10-08

1.
.
1000
700

20

10

20

30

, C

40

30

10_
30 _20 _10

50
40

70

100

200

pv, KPa

300

500
400

50

60

70

80

584
2.
.
200
150
100
70
50
40
30

pv, KP

20
10
70
50
40
30
20
1,5
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
_

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 80

100

120

150

, C

3.
.
3000
2000
1000
pv, KP

700
500
400
300
200
150
100

50
40
30
20
40

50

70

80

90 100

120

150
o

, C

200

585
4.
.

_
10 3 P-s

200

100

190

170

80
70
60
50

160

40

180

150

30

140
20

130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50

30

10

28

8
7
6
5

26
24

20
2

18

40

Y 16

30

14

20

22

1
0,8
0,7
0,6

12
10

10

0,5

_10

0,4
0,3
0,2

2
_20
_30

10
X

12

14

16

18

20
0,1

X Y 2. X = 10,2
Y = 13. (X, Y) (.. 70C) ,
.

586
2.
X Y .

, 100%
, 40%

10,5
6,5
6,0

13,8
16,6
23,6

, 100%
, 35%
, 100%
, 26%

15,2
14,5
7,9
12,6
10,1

4,8
7,2
15,0
2,0
13,9

8,1

18,7

12,5

10,9

, 100%
, 50%

2,0
6,9
12,9

30,0
19,6
8,6

11,6

0,3

15,2

7,1

14,6

8,9

14,7

7,0

, 98%
, 60%

14,1
7,0
10,2

8,4
24,8
21,3

9,8

12,9

10,2

16,9

, 90%
, 40%

12,3
7,8
10,2

11,8
15,5
13,0

12,8

13,8

(meta)

13,9

10,6

13,7

10,0

14,9

5,2

12,7

13,1

13,7

10,4

18,4

16,4

, 50%

3,2

25,8

, 31,5%

13,0

16,6

12,8

13,8

12,3

12,4

14,4

10,2

Freon-11

14,4

9,0

Freon-12

16,8

5,6

Freon-21

15,7

7,5

Freon-22

17,2

4,7

Freon-113

12,5

11,4

587
3.
(VG) ISO.
(
), SAE, SUS, ANSI, BSI, oE, RI .., 1975 ISO. ISO 3448:1992 (Industrial liquid lubricants -- ISO viscosity
classification)
,
, . (ISO V.G.)
SI (m2/s).

ISO
VG

Viscosity Grade Ranges

(10-7 m2/s 40 C)

(10%)

(+10%)

2,2

1.98

2.42

3,2

2.88

3.52

4,6

4.14

5.06

6,8

6.12

7.48

10

10

9.00

11.0

15

15

13.5

16.5

22

22

19.8

24.2

32

32

28.8

35.2

46

46

41.4

50.6

68

68

61.2

74.8

100

100

90.0

110

150

150

135

165

220

220

198

242

320

320

288

352

460

460

414

506

680

680

612

748

1000

1000

900

1100

1500

1500

1350

1650

: ISO ASTM BSI. ISO

40C, ASTM BSI 100F (37.8 C). ASTM BSI ISO.

588
4.
.

_
10 6m2/s
40 C
2000

100 C
70
60

1000
800
600

50
40
30

500

20

200

100
80
60
50
40
30

20

ISO
VG

SAE
Crancaase

SAE
Gear

10
9
8

AGMA
Grade

100 F

8000

1000

6000
5000

250

4000
8

680

300

200

3000

140
7

320

60

220

50

150

40

100

30
80W

1000

90

800

80

600
500

70

400

46

300

32

22

1
15

75W

60
55

20

1500
100

90

85W

68

2000

200

50
45

150

10
5W, 0W

100

15
10

200 F

10000

1500

460

400
300

Saybolt
SUS

10

60

40

CD

0,06

0,1

0,2

0,4

1
0,8
0,6

10
8
6
4

20

100
80
60
40

200

400

10

_1

6 8

10

6 8

10 1

10 3

6 8

Reynolds Re

10 2

6 8

6 8

10 4

6 8

10 5

6 8

10 6

589

5.
.

CD

0,1
0,0001

1,0

10

102

103

104

106

0,001

0,01

0,1

10

Reynolds Re

1,0

102

103

104

105

106

590
6.
, , .

591
.

20%

10%

U
U
U
U

U
U
U
U

U
U
U
U

U
75
U
75

U
75
U
75

53
U
U
U

113
113
U
113

102
U
U
U

59
113
U
113

113
U
41
41
U
U

102
U
41
41
U
U

113
47
U
U
175
113

102
41
U
U
164
159

97
47
47
47
U
U

81
41
41
41
U
U

113
U
219
91
U
U

113
U
219
91
U
U

113
108
41
41
103
159

113
108
113
113
119
219

164
47
113
47
119
219

113
113
113
53
U
191

75
97
97
75
219
191
75
108
80
136
108
258
75
64
136
U
75
136
119
108

47
97
97
75
219
191
75
108
80
136
108
258
75
41
119
U
64
136
119
97

75
86
97
30
219
219
75
U
U
108
108
258
75
69
108
U
75
41
81
81

69
86
86
30
219
219
75
U
U
108
75
258
75
81
97
U
53
U
53
81

47
64
97
164
219
191
86
81
75
137
119
258
75
97
153

47
U
97
53
219
191
75
97
81
137
119
258
75
97
153

75
81
97
164
219
219
75
108
81
108
137
258
75
97
153
108
86
137
119
108

69
80
97
75
219
108
75
86
41
108
119
258
75
64
164
U
58
136
108
108

53
103
103
164
219
219
75
108
81

108
142
103
119

U
191
U
30
219
113
75
108
53
108
97
258
69
86
142
U
U
U
47
U

U
81
75
164
219
103
75
86
U
108
113
258
47
81
137

103
142
103
125

U
191
U
30
219
113
75
108
53
108
97
258
69
86
142
U
U
U
47
U

20%

10%

30%

10%

10%

U
U
U
U

30%

U
U
U
U

30%

10-85%

, Pearlitic
Hastelloy C
Inconel
Monel

Stainless Steel 304

Stainless Steel 316
-
ABS
BUtyl
CPVC
EPDM
FEP
FKM
HDPE
Neoprene
N-RUbber
PFA
PP
PTFE
PVC Type 2
PVDC
PVDF
SBR Styrene

20%

U
U
U
U

5.
.

35
142
81
53

81
258
75
91
81
147
108
119
108

592

75
97
113
164
219
219
75
108
80
108
119
258
75
97
153

86
97
164
219
219
75
86
81
108
113
258

75
102
97
113
219
158
75
108
80
108
119
258
75
97
153

102
91
113
219
164
75
119
108
108
108
258

108
81
108
108
258
75
75 81
86
153 153
147
108
108
137 108 108 113
131 142 142 119
119 119 119 97
113 108 97 97

75
102
113
164
219
219
75
108
80
108
108
258
75
97
153
108
113
142
119
131

U
U
97
53
219
191
75
U
U
108
53
258
U
64
137
75
U
47
91

U
69
102
113
219
86
75
53
U
108
80
258
75
69
153

75
103
97
153
219
219

30 41
30 113

U 191
U 113
U
U 47 108
U
U 113 41
U
U 53 41

10%

75
97
97
164
219
175
75
108
53
108
113
258
75
53
113
U
108
136
80
80

41
102
108
113
219
102
75
105
41
153
119
258
75
U
153 153
108
U 102
142 97
119 75
119 81

41

U
U
97
164
219
U
75
108
U
108
119
258
47

30

5%

113
113
113
113
113
190

U
U
U
41

10%

30%

10%

113
113
113
113
164
191

U
U
U
53 113 102
64 86 113
53 113 113
97 65
113 113 124
113 113 164
113 113 191
113 113 113
113 113 113
191 191 191

U
U
U
U

313 113 113 81 108 91 113 53

313 47 41
U 30 113 47 75
313
U
U 41 113 113 47 30
47
U
U
U 30 113 47
264 113
U 41 80 113 113 113
313 113
U 108 75 113 219 219

80
47
53
41
45
113
113
113
113
136
191

97 191
41
U
219 113
41
U

20%

, Pearlitic
Hastelloy C
Inconel
Monel

Stainless Steel 304

Stainless Steel 316

ABS
BUtyl
CPVC
EPDM
FEP
FKM
HDPE
Neoprene
N-RUbber
PFA
PP
PTFE
PVC Type 2
PVDC
PVDF
SBR Styrene

()

, 50%

10%

6.
.

U
U
U
U
U
136
41
108
108
U
108

75
97
113
164
219
102
75
108
97
108
119
258
75
97
153

75
102
97
164
219
219
75
86
80
108
108
258
75
91
142

80 136 164
142 142 142
113 86 86
119 108 97

75
97
113
164
219
219
75
108
69
108
119
258
75
97
153
108
113
142
119
97

75
97
102
164
219
30
75
108
80
136
119
258
75
47
113

102 136
U 142
69 136
91 97

593

7.
.

275 113 113

219 219 219 219 108 186

164

75

47

75 131
53

53

53

41
81

53

41

81 113 108

53 191 191

81 191 136
81 191 108

108

53

41 191 191

41

53

41

, Pearlitic

113 108

164

Hastelloy C

108 113 113

108 314 113

108 137 137 113 164

Inconel

102 113

41

47 113 113

53 108

Monel

102 113 113

47 113 113

53 108

53

113

102 113 108

41 113 113

113

41

30 113 108

Stainless Steel 304

102 125 108

108 113 313

53 137 137

81 113 108

Stainless Steel 316

219 219 108 219 107 186 125

113 108
54

41 191 137 137 191 108

ABS

BUtyl

86

U 103

CPVC

EPDM

164

FEP

219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 242

64
97

U 219 191

HDPE

64

Neoprene

N-RUbber

53

U 103
U

U 113

U 159

FKM

75

164

75

69

81

75

97

97

81 113

75 164

75

U 219 125 219 191 225

97 219 219

75

75

75

41

U 108

86

75

86 108 108

41

81

75

41

81

64

59
U

PFA

108 108 108

PP

119

PTFE

258 258 258 259 259 258 164 258 258 258 258 258 258

75

108 108 108 108 108 108 108 113 108

U 125 108

97

PVC Type 2

75

PVDC

47

41

81

80 153

108

U 108

PVDF
SBR Styrene

58

97

81

75

75

41

97

75

91

64 153

81
75

47 164

59 164

108 142 142 137

47 142

86

47

53

81

59

97

30

30

75

35

75

81

81

81

43

64 153 153 153 159 113 113

108 108
86

41

81

97

80

75

113

81 137 142 142

119

41 119 108

47 119

47

97 113

81 113 113

86 113

64

75

594

, Pearlitic
Hastelloy C
Inconel
Monel

Stainless Steel 304

Stainless Steel 316

ABS
BUtyl
CPVC
EPDM
FEP
FKM
HDPE
Neoprene
N-RUbber
PFA
PP
PTFE
PVC Type 2
PVDC
PVDF
SBR Styrene

53 47 75
53 47 191
53 102 108
41
41
47 108 108
75
164
97
97
113 47 137
113 47 86
47
U
113
U
219
164
64
U
U
108
80
258
75
80
153
U
164

81 108 175 53
41 47
81 53 53 47
53 53 41
147 41 53
81 113 41 219

U
219
214
108
108
U
108
91
258
75
64 64
153 153
108
137 137
137 137
119 108 41
136 119 108

U
47

U
108
75
153

U
81 U
108
U
U
219 219 219
97 97 219
U
75
47 108 U
U
U
U
108 108 108
U
U
35
258 258 258
U
75
47 81 41
153 137
U
U
U
81 137 81
142 153 75
41 47 41
97 53 97

113
47
91
113
219
219
47
U
97
U
219
219
41
108
U
108
47
258
75
64
142
U
137
137
81
147

81

97
53 219
81 113 137 47
47
81 47
113
47
47

53

81 113 137
81 113 137
53
U
97
U
219
219
U
108
U
108
35
258
75
64
153
U
125

108

47
U
97 97
U
U
75 219
108 103
108
108
59 U
258 258
75 75
108 137
41

137

108
81
64
64
137
113
75
U
75
U
219
219
41
U
U
108
59
258
75
81
153
U
119
142
81
113

47
41

Transformer Oil

Petroleum Oils, Refined

Naphtha

Motor Oil

Machine Oil

Lubricating Oil

Kerosene

Jet Fuel JP-4

81 113 113 91 91
81 108 191 219 191
81 108 191 91 191
81 47 47
47

U
53
U
219
219
64
41
U
108
53
258

Gasoline, Refined

Gasohol

Fuel Oil

Diesel Fuels

Crude Oil

Gasoline, unleaded

8.
.

41
47
41

47
47
47
41
41

97
U
219
103
41
53
U
81
258

47
47
47
47

U
97
U
219
219
75
69
U
108
58
258

142
U
U
124
119
108 164

595

41

97
136
219
102
75
113

113
136

108
119
258
75
91
153
108
164
136
119
97

313
30
U
41
136
136

113
47
U
U
U
U

75

75
U
113
30
219
102
75
U
80

U
113
45
113

108
75

113
113
113

164
97

97
219
75
91
153

113
113

108
242
242
75
75
97
136
219
102
75
113
80
108
119
258
75
91
153
113
136
136
86
113

97
164
219
102
75
108
80
108
119
258
75
91
153
108
113
108
108
113

75
258
75
97
119
U
142
119
97

U
136
41
41
47
164
41
136
41
41
136
75
102
97
136
219
102
75
113
80
108
119
258
75
97
153
108
113
97
97

41
U
U
U

U
108
U
47

47
47
47

47
47

47

97

113
113

53
136
47
41
47
313
41
136
47
41
136

, Pearlitic
Hastelloy C
Inconel
Monel

Stainless Steel 304

Stainless Steel 316
-
ABS
BUtyl
CPVC
EPDM
FEP
FKM
HDPE
Neoprene
N-RUbber
PFA
PP
PTFE
PVC Type 2
PVDC
PVDF
SBR Styrene

9.
.

30

164
191
91
41

97
97

47
47
53
75
47
47

41
97
113
219
102
75
86

86
158
219
219
75
86

108
119
258
75
91
136

108
80
258
75

108
136

64

80
97
169
219
219
75
108
80
113
97
258
41
97
53
108

41
75

5 9, (C)
.
1,27 mm . ,
. U: unsatisfactory ().

596
10.
().

..
(Volt)

min

max

(Mg)
, Zn

, Cd
Mild Steel

Stainless steel Type 410 (13% Cr)
Stainless Steel, Type 304 (18 Cr-8 Ni)(*)
, Ni
Stainless Steel, Type 304 (18 Cr-8 Ni-3 Mo)
Inconel (78 Ni-13.5 Cr-6 Fe)
Aluminium Bronze (92 Cu-8 Al)
Navel Brass (60 Cu-39 Zn)
Yellow Brass (65 Cu-35 Zn)
Red Brass (85 Cu-15 Zn)
Muntz Metal (alpha-beta brass, 60 Cu-40 Zn)
, Cu
, Sn
Aluminium Brass (76 Cu-22 Zn-2 Al)
50-50 Lead/Tin Solder ( )
Stainless Steel, Type 410 (13 Cr) (passive)
Admiralty Brass (71 Cu-28 Zn-1 Sn)
Manganese Bronze (58.5 Cu-39 Zn-1 Sn-1 Fe-0.3 Mn)
Bronze Composition G (88 Cu-2 Zn-10 Sn)
Bronze Composition M (88 Cu-3 Zn-6.5 Sn-1.5 Pb)
Silicon Bronze (96 Cu, Max- Fe-Zn-Si-Mn-Sn)
90 Cu-10Ni
75 Cu-20 Ni-5 Zn
, Pb
70 Cu-30 Ni
Inconel (78 Ni-13.5 Cr-6 Fe) (Passive)
Stainless Steel 17-4 PH
Nickel 200
, Ag
Monel 400 (70 Ni-30 Cu), K-500
Stainless Steel, Type 304 (18-8), (passive)
Stainless Steel, Type 316 (18-8, 3 Mo) (passive)
Titanium
Inconel 625
Hastelloy C
, Pt

1,62
1,01
0,88
0,73
0,66
0,66
0,66
0,65
0,52
0,52
0,52
0,49
0,41
0,37
0,35
0,35
0,35
0,35
0,32
0,32
0,32
0,31
0,31
0,30
0,29
0,28
0,28
0,26
0,25
0,22
0,22
0,20
0,16
0,15
0,15
0,12
0,09
0,08
0,05
0,01
0,03
0,03
0,22
0,25

1,63
1,03
1,00
0,76
0,71
0,72
0,71
0,70
0,58
0,58
0,58
0,54
0,46
0,42
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,36
0,33
0,36
0,35
0,35
0,34
0,33
0,31
0,31
0,27
0,28
0,25
0,25
0,22
0,17
0,20
0,20
0,14
0,14
0,10
0,10
0,05
0,04
0,04
+0,18
+0,20

1,60
0,98
0,76
0,70
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,46
0,46
0,46
0,43
0,35
0,31
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,28
0,31
0,28
0,26
0,26
0,25
0,25
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,21
0,19
0,19
0,18
0,14
0,10
0,10
0,09
0,04
0,05
0,00
+0,06
+0,10
+0,10
+0,25
+0,30

(*) , % .

597
11.
.

, 5%

, 5%
( )

, 5%
( )

, 5%
()

00,5

13.000

0,1

1-50

8100

0,55

1580

00,2

25

01

0,215

250

215

1501500

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

18

00,2

0,110

0,110

15400

10400

100010000

00,2

5500

0,1 2

0,215

02

10150

1006000

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

00,2

<0,1

00,2

00,2

00,2

01

235

210

0,1 1500

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

01

<0,1

00,2

00,2

00,2

0200

0100

0 0,5

02

<0,1

<1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

00,2

520

00,5

2500

2500

100400

<0,1

<0,2

<0,1

<0,1

10100

<0,1

0,11

00,5

15200

0,510

0,510

600800

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

0,1

<0,5

<0,1

<0,1

: ( mills/year, 1mill = 0,1 in) 100C.

<0,1

<0,1

<0,1

598
ISO.

12.

ISO .
ISO 7-1

Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Made on the ThreadsPart 1: Dimensions,
Tolerances and Designation Third Edition

ISO 8

Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Made on the ThreadsPart 2: Verification
by Means of Limit Gauges First Edition

ISO 228-1

Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Not Made on the ThreadsPart 1: Dimensions, Tolerances and Designation Third Edition

ISO 228-2

Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Not Made on the ThreadsPart 2: Verification by Means of Limit Gauges Second Edition

ISO 392

Asbestos-Cement Pipe Fittings for Building and Sanitary Purposes First Edition

ISO 580

Injection-Moulded Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) FittingsOven Test

Test Method and Basic Specifications Second Edition

ISO 1179

Pipe Connections, Threaded to ISO 228/1, for Plain End Steel and Other Metal Tubes in
Industrial Applications Second Edition

ISO 2035

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Moulded Fittings for Elastic Sealing Ring Type
Joints for Use Under PressurePressure-Resistance Test First Edition

ISO 2044

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Injection- Moulded Solvent-Welded Socket Fittings for Use with Pressure PipeHydraulic Internal Pressure Test First Edition

ISO 2284

Hand Taps for Parallel and Taper Pipe ThreadsGeneral Dimensions and Marking Third
Edition

ISO 2507-1

Thermoplastic Pipes and FittingsVicat Softening TemperaturePart 1: General Test

Method First Edition; (Replaces ISO 2507)

ISO 2507-2

Thermoplastic Pipes and FittingsVicat Softening TemperaturePart 2: Test Conditoins

for Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) or Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
(PVC-C) Pipes and Fittings and for High Impact Resistance Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVCHI) Pipes First Edition (Replaces ISO 2507)

ISO 2507-3

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsVicat Softening TemperaturePart 3: Test Conditions for Acrylonitrile / Butadiene / Styrene (ABS) and Acrylonitrile/Styrene/Acrylic Ester
(ASA) Pipes and Fittings First Edition

ISO 2852

Stainless Steel Clamp Pipe Couplings for the Food Industry Second Edition

ISO 3183-1

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesSteel Pipe for PipelinesTechnical Delivery ConditionsPart 1: Pipes of Requirement Class A Second Edition

ISO 3183-2

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesSteel Pipe for PipelinesTechnical Delivery ConditionsPart 2: Pipes of Requirements Class B Second Edition

ISO TR 3313

Measurement of Pulsating Fluid Flow in a Pipe by Means of Orifice Plates, Nozzles or

Venturi Tubes Second Edition
()

599
ISO 3458

Assembled Joints Between Fittings and Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesTest of Leakproofness Under Internal Pressure First Edition

ISO 3459

Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesJoints Assembled with Mechanical FittingsInternal

Under-Pressure Test Method and Requirement First Edition

ISO 3477

Polypropylene (PP) Pipes and FittingsDensityDetermination and Specification Second Edition

ISO 3503

Assembled Joints Between Fittings and Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesTest of Leakproofness Under Internal Pressure When Subjected to Bending First Edition

ISO 3514

Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) Pipes and FittingsSpecification and Determination of Density First Edition

ISO 3603

Fittings for Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes with Elastic Sealing
Ring Type JointsPressure Test for Leakproofness First Edition

ISO 3604

Fitting for Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes with Elastic Sealing
Ring Type JointsPressure Test for Leakproofness Under Conditions of External Hydraulic Pressure First Edition

ISO 4059

Polyethylene (PE) PipesPressure Drop in Mechanical Pipe-Jointing SystemsMethod

of Test and Requirements First Edition

ISO 4230

Hand- and Machine-Operated Circular Screwing Dies for Taper Pipe ThreadsR Series
Second Edition

ISO 4231

Hand- and Machine-Operated Circular Screwing Dies for Parallel Pipe ThreadsG Series
Second Edition

ISO 4434

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Adaptor Fittings for Pipes Under PressureLaying Length and Size of ThreadsMetric Series First Edition

ISO 4439

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes and FittingsDetermination and Specification of Density First Edition

ISO 4451

Polyethylene (PE) Pipes and FittingsDetermination of Reference Density of Uncoloured

and Black Polyethylenes First Edition; (Erratum1980)

ISO 4488

AsbestosCement Pipes and Joints for Thrust-Boring and Pipe Jacking First Edition

ISO 5168

Measurement of Fluid FlowEstimation of Uncertainty of a Flow-Rate Measurement First

Edition

ISO 5969

Ground Thread Taps for Pipe Threads G Series and Rp SeriesTolerances on the Threaded Portion First Edition; (Corrigendum 11991)

ISO 6605

Hydraulic Fluid PowerHose AssembliesMethod of Test First Edition

ISO 6964

Polyolefin Pipes and FittingsDetermination of Carbon Black Content by Calcination and

PyrolysisTest Method and Basic Specification First Edition

ISO 7268

Pipe ComponentsDefinition of Nominal Pressure First Edition: (Amendment 11984)

ISO 7278-2

Liquid HydrocarbonsDynamic MeasurementProving Systems for Volumetric Meters

Part 2: Pipe Provers First Edition; (CEN EN ISO 7278-2: 1995)
()

600
ISO 7387-1

Adhesives with Solvents for Assembly of PVC-U Pipe ElementsCharacterizationPart 1:

Basic Test Methods First Edition

ISO 7608

ShipbuildingInland NavigationCouplings for Disposal of Oily Mixture and Sewage

Water First Edition

ISO 8142

Thermal InsulationBonded Preformed Man-Made Mineral Fibre Pipe SectionsSpecification First Edition

ISO 8361-1

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsWater AbsorptionPart 1: General Test Method First

Edition

ISO 8361-2

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsWater AbsorptionPart 2: Test Conditions for Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes and Fittings First Edition

ISO 8361-3

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsWater AbsorptionPart 3: Test Conditions for Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) Pipes and Fittings First Edition

ISO 8497

Thermal InsulationDetermination of Steady-State Thermal Transmision Properties of

Thermal Insulation for Circular Pipes First Edition CEN EN ISO 8497: 1996

ISO TR 9080

Thermoplastics Pipes for the Transport of FluidsMethods of Extrapolation of Hydrostatic Stress Rupture Data to Determine the Long-Term Hydrostatic Strength of Thermoplastics Pipe Materials First Edition

ISO 9261

Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentEmitting-Pipe SystemsSpecification and Test Methods First Edition

ISO 9356

Polyolefin Pipe Assemblies with or Without Jointed FittingsResistance to Internal PressureTest Method First Edition

ISO 9691

RubberRecommendations for the Workmanship of Pipe Joint RingsDescription and

Classification of Imperfections First Edition

ISO TR 9824-1

Measurement of Free Surface Flow in Closed ConduitsPart 1: Methods First Edition

ISO TR 9824-2

Measurement of Free Surface Flow in Closed ConduitsPart 2: Equipment First Edition

ISO 9853

Injection-Moulded Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Fittings for Pressure Pipe

SystemsCrushing Test First Edition

ISO 10400

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesFormulae and Calculation for Casing, Tubing, Drill
Pipe and Line Pipe Properties First Edition

ISO 10420

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesFlexible Pipe Systems for Subsea and Marine Riser
Applications First Edition

ISO 10422

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesThreading, Gauging, and Inspection of Casing,

Tubing and Line Pipe ThreadsSpecification First Edition

ISO 11413

Plastics Pipes and FittingsPreparation of Test Piece Assemblies Between a Polyethylene

(PE) Pipe and an Electrofusion Fitting First Edition

ISO 11414

Plastics Pipes and FittingsPreparation of Polyethylene (PE) Pipe/Pipe or Pipe/Fitting

Test Piece Assemblies by Butt Fusion First Edition

ISO 11420

Method for the Assessment of the Degree of Carbon Black Dispersion in Polyolefin Pipes,
Fittings and Compounds First Edition
()

601
ISO TR 11647

Fusion Compatibility of Polyethylene (PE) Pipes and Fittings First Edition

ISO 11961

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesSteel Pipes for Use as Drill PipeSpecification
First Edition

ISO 13783

Plastics Piping SystemsUnplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) End-Load-Bearing

Double-Socket JointsTest Method for Leaktightness and Strength While Subjected to
Bending and Internal Pressure First Edition

ISO 540

Solid Mineral FuelsDetermination of Fusibility of AshHigh-Temperature Tube Method Third Edition

ISO 1635-2

Seamless Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy TubePart 2: Technical Conditions of Delivery for Condenser and Heat-Exchanger Tubes First Edition

ISO 1651

Tube Drawing Mandrels First Edition; Amendment 11982

ISO 1684

Wire, Bar and Tube Drawing DiesSpecifications First Edition; Amendment 21982

ISO 2718

Standard Layout for a Method of Chemical Analysis by Gas Chromatography First Edition

ISO 2804

Wire, Bar or Tube Drawing DiesAs-Sintered Pellets of Hardmetal (Carbide)Dimensions Second Edition

ISO 4397

Fluid Power Systems and ComponentsConnectors and Associated ComponentsNominal Outside Diameters of Tubes and Nominal Inside Diameters of Hoses Second Edition

ISO 5361-5

Tracheal TubesPart 5: Requirements and Methods of Test for Cuffs and Tubes First Edition; (CSA CAN/CSA-Z536194)

ISO 5730

Stationary Shell Boilers of Welded Construction (Other Than Water-Tube Boilers) First
Edition

ISO 6207

Seamless Nickel and Nickel Alloy Tube First Edition

ISO 7228

Tracheal Tube Connectors Third Edition; (CSA CAN/CSA-Z722894)

ISO 8434-1

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 1: 24 Degree Compression Fittings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)

ISO 8434-2

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 2: 37 Degree Flared Fittings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)

ISO 8434-3

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 3: O-Ring Face Seal
Fittings First Edition

ISO 8434-4

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 4: 24 Degree Cone Connectors with O-Ring Weld-On Nipples First Edition

ISO 8434-5

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 5: Test Methods for
Threaded Hydraulic Fluid Power Connections First Edition

ISO 8491

Metallic MaterialsTube (In Full Section)Bend Test First Edition

ISO 8492

Metallic MaterialsTubeFlattening Test First Edition

()

602
ISO 8493

Metallic MaterialsTubeDrift Expanding Test First Edition

ISO 8494

Metallic MaterialsTubeFlanging Test First Edition

ISO 8495

Metallic MaterialsTubeRing Expanding Test First Edition

ISO 8496

Metallic MaterialsTubeRing Tensile Test First Edition

ISO 8762

Workplace AirDetermination of Vinyl ChlorideCharcoal Tube/Gas Chromatographic

Method First Edition

ISO 9095

Steel TubesContinuous Character Marking and Colour Coding for Material Identification First Edition

ISO 9455-12

Soft Soldering FluxesTest MethodsPart 12: Steel Tube Corrosion Test First Edition
(CENELEC EN ISO 9455-121994)

ISO 9486

Workplace AirDetermination of Vaporous Chlorinated HydrocarbonsCharcoal Tube/

Solvent Desorption/Gas Chromatographic Method First Edition

ISO 9487

Workplace AirDetermination of Vaporous Aromatic HydrocarbonsCharcoal Tube/

Solvent Desorption/Gas Chromatographic Method First Edition

ISO 11496

Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure PurposesUltrasonic Testing of Tube
Ends for the Detection of Laminar Imperfections First Edition

ISO 13664

Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure PurposesMagnetic Particle Inspection of
the Tube Ends for the Detection of Laminar Imperfections First Edition

ISO 13665

Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure PurposesMagnetic Particle Inspection of
the Tube Body for the Detection of Surface Imperfections First Edition

ISO 49

Malleable Cast Iron Fittings Threaded to ISO 7-1 Second Edition; Corrigendum 1 02/15/
1997

ISO 264

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fittings With Plain Sockets for Pipes Under PressureLaying LengthMetric Series First Edition; Addendum 11982

ISO 265-1

Pipes and Fittings of Plastics MaterialsFittings for Domestic and Industrial Waste
PipesBasic Dimensions: Metric SeriesPart 1: Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVCU) First Edition

ISO 727

Fittings of Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U), Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

(PVC-C) or Acrylonitrile /Butadiene /Styrene (ABS) with Plain Sockets for Pipes Under
PressureDimensions of SocketsMetric Series Fourth Edition

ISO 881

Asbestos-Cement Pipes, Joints and Fittings for Sewerage and Drainage First Edition

ISO 2016

Capillary Solder Fittings for Copper TubesAssembly Dimensions and Tests First Edition

ISO 2048

Double-Socket Fittings for Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pressure Pipes

with Elastic SealingRing Type JointsMinimum Depths of Engagement Second Edition

ISO 2531

Ductile Iron Pipes, Fittings and Accessories for Pressure Pipelines Fourth Edition
()

603

ISO 2851

Metal Pipes and FittingsStainless Steel Bends and Tees for the Food Industry First Edition

ISO 3253

Hose Connections for Equipment for Welding, Cutting and Related Processes First Edition

ISO 3419

Non-Alloy and Alloy Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Second Edition; (Erratum1982)

ISO 3501

Assembled Joints Between Fittings and Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesTest of Resistance to Pull out First Edition

ISO 3545-1

Steel Tubes and FittingsSymbols for Use in SpecificationsPart 1: Tubes and Tubular
Accessories with Circular Cross-Section First Edition

ISO 3545-2

Steel Tubes and FittingsSymbols for Use in SpecificationsPart 2: Square and Rectangular Hollow Sections First Edition

ISO 3545-3

Steel Tubes and FittingsSymbols for Use in SpecificationsPart 3: Tubular Fittings with
Circular Cross-Section First Edition

ISO 3586

Glass Plant, Pipeline and FittingsGeneral Rules for Testing, Handling and Use First
Edition

ISO 3587

Glass Plant, Pipeline and FittingsPipeline and Fittings of Nominal Bore 15 to 150 mm
Compatibility and Interchangeability First Edition; (Erratum1979)

ISO 3633

Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge (Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition

ISO 4056

Polyethylene (PE) Pipes and FittingsDesignation of Polyethylene, Based on Nominal

Density and Melt Flow Index First Edition

ISO 4132

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Metal Adaptor Fittings for Pipes Under PressureLaying Lengths and Size of ThreadsMetric Series First Edition

ISO 4144

Stainless Steel Fittings Threaded to ISO 7/1 First Edition

ISO 4145

Non-Alloy Steel Fittings Threaded to ISO 7/1 Second Edition

ISO 4422-1

Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water SupplySpecificationsPart 1: General First Edition; Supersedes ISO 4422: 1990

ISO 4422-2

Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water SupplySpecificationsPart 2: Pipes (With or Without Integral Sockets) First Edition

ISO 4422-3

Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water SupplySpecificationsPart 3: Fittings and Joints First Edition; Supersedes ISO 4422: 1990

ISO 4422-5

Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water SupplySpecificationsPart 5: Fitness for Purpose of the System First Edition; Supersedes
ISO 4422: 1990

ISO 4435

Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes and Fittings for Buried Drainage and
Sewerage SystemsSpecifications First Edition

ISO 4440-1

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsDetermination of Melt Mass-Flow RatePart 1: Test

Method First Edition
()

604

ISO 4440-2

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsDetermination of Melt Mass-Flow RatePart 2: Test

Conditions First Edition

ISO 4486

Asbestos-Cement Ventilation Ducts and FittingsDimensions and Characteristics First

Edition

ISO 4704

Glass Plant, Pipeline and FittingsGlass Plant Components First Edition; (Erratum
1979)

ISO 5251

Stainless Steel Butt-Welding Fittings First Edition

ISO 5256

Steel Pipes and Fittings for Buried or Submerged PipelinesExternal and Internal Coating
by Bitumen or Coal Tar Derived Materials First Edition

ISO 6447

Rubber SealsJoint Rings Used for Gas Supply Pipes and FittingsSpecification for Material First Edition

ISO 6448

Rubber SealsJoint Rings Used for Petroleum Product Supply Pipes and FittingsSpecification for Material First Edition

ISO 6455

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fittings with Elastic Sealing Ring Type Joints for
Pipes Under PressureDimensions of Laying LengthsMetric Series First Edition

ISO 6594

Cast Iron Drainage Pipes and FittingsSpigot Series First Edition; (Corrected and Reprinted1985)

ISO 6761

Steel TubesPreparation of Ends of Tubes and Fittings for Welding First Edition

ISO TR 7074

Performance Requirements for Plastic Pipes and Fittings for Use in Underground Drainage
and Sewage First Edition

ISO 7245

Pipes and Fittings of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)General Specification for

Moulding and Extrusion Materials First Edition

ISO 7246

Pipes and Fittings of Acrylonitrile/Styrene/Acrylester (ASA)General Specification for

Moulding and Extrusion Materials First Edition

ISO 7279

Polypropylene (PP) Fittings for Pipes Under PressureSockets for Fusion Using Heated
ToolsMetric SeriesDimensions of Sockets First Edition

ISO 7370

Glass Fibre Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics (GRP) Pipes and FittingsNominal Diameters, Specified Diameters and Standard Lengths First Edition

ISO 7671

Polypropylene (PP) Pipes and Fittings (Jointed by Means of Elastomeric Sealing Rings) for
Soil and Waste Discharge (Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition

ISO 7675

Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-C) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge
(Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition

ISO 7682

Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge
(Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition

ISO 7686

Plastics Pipes and FittingsOpacityTest Method First Edition

ISO 8283-1

Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems Inside BuildingsPart 1: Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) and Chlorinated Poly
(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-C) First Edition
()

605

ISO 8283-2

Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems
Inside BuildingsPart 2: Polyethylene (PE) First Edition

ISO 8283-3

Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems
Inside BuildingsPart 3: Polypropylene (PP) First Edition

ISO 8283-4

Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems
Inside BuildingsPart 4: Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) First Edition

ISO 8434-1

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 1: 24 Degrees Compression Fittings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)

ISO 8434-2

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 2: 37 Degree Flared Fittings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)

ISO 8434-3

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 3: O-Ring Face Seal
Fittings First Edition

ISO 8572

Pipes and Fittings Made of Glass-Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics (GRP)Definitions

of Terms Relating to Pressure, Including Relationships Between Them, and Terms for
Installation and Jointing First Edition

ISO 8770

High-Density Polyethylene (PE-HD) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge (Low
and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition

ISO 8772

High-Density Polyethylene (PE-HD) Pipes and Fittings for Buried Drainage and Sewerage
Systems Specifications First Edition

ISO 8773

Polypropylene (PP) Pipes and Fittings for Buried Drainage and Sewerage SystemsSpecifications First Edition

ISO 8796

Polyethylene (PE) 25 Pipes for Irrigation Laterals Susceptibility to Environmental StressCracking Induced by Insert-Type FittingsTest Method and Specification First Edition

ISO 9095

Steel TubesContinuous Character Marking and Colour Coding for Material Identification First Edition

ISO 9623

PE/Metal and PP/Metal Adaptor Fittings for Pipes for Fluids Under PressureDesign
Lengths and Size of ThreadsMetric Series First Edition

ISO 9625

Mechanical Joint Fittings for Use with Polyethylene Pressure Pipes for Irrigation Purposes
First Edition

ISO 9803

Vacuum TechnologyPipeline FittingsMounting Dimensions First Edition

ISO 9808

Solar Water HeatersElastomeric Materials for Absorbers, Connecting Pipes and FittingsMethod of Assessment First Edition

ISO 10147

Pipes and Fittings Made of Crosslinked Polyethylene (PE-X)Estimation of the Degree of

Crosslinking by Determination of the Gel Content First Edition

ISO TR 10358

Plastics Pipes and FittingsCombined Chemical- Resistance Classification Table First

Edition; (Cancels and Replaces TR 6285, TR 7471, TR 7472, TR 7473, TR 7474)

ISO 10508

Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings for Hot and Cold Water Systems First Edition
()

606

ISO 10806

PipeworkNon-Alloyed and Stainless Steel Fittings for Corrugated Flexible Metallic Hoses
First Edition

ISO TR 10837

Determination of the Thermal Stability of Polyethylene (PE) for Use in Gas Pipes and Fittings First Edition

ISO 10928

Plastics Piping SystemsGlass-Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics (GRP) Pipes and FittingsMethods for Regression Analysis and Their Use First Edition

ISO 10931-3

Plastics Piping Systems for Industrial ApplicationsPoly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF)

Part 3: Fittings First Edition

ISO TR 11295

Techniques for Rehabilitation of Pipeline Systems by the Use of Plastics Pipes and Fittings
First Edition

ISO 12162

Thermoplastics Materials for Pipes and Fittings for Pressure ApplicationsClassification

and DesignationOverall Service (Design) Coefficient First Edition (CEN EN ISO 12162:
1995)

ISO 13761

Plastics Pipes and FittingsPressure Reduction Factors for Polyethylene Pipeline Systems
for Use at Temperatures Above 20 Degrees C First Edition

13.
ISO .
ISO 666

Machine ToolsMounting of Plain Grinding Wheels by Means of Hub Flanges Second

Edition

ISO 1609

Vacuum TechnologyFlange Dimensions First Edition

ISO 2536

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes and Fittings, Metric SeriesDimensions of Flanges First Edition

ISO 3019-1

Hydraulic Fluid PowerPositive Displacement Pumps and MotorsDimensions and

Identification Code for Mounting Flanges and Shaft EndsPart 1: Inch Series Shown in
Metric Units First Edition; (Erratum1975)

ISO 3019-2

Hydraulic Fluid PowerPositive Displacement Pumps and MotorsDimensions and

Identification Code for Mounting Flanges and Shaft EndsPart 2: Two- and Four-Hole
Flanges and Shaft EndsMetric Series Second Edition

ISO 3019-3

Hydraulic Fluid PowerPositive Displacement Pumps and MotorsDimensions and

Identification Code for Mounting Flanges and Shaft EndsPart 3: Polygonal Flanges (Including Circular Flanges) Second Edition

ISO 3663

Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe and Fittings, Metric SeriesDimensions of Flanges First
Edition

ISO 3669

Vacuum TechnologyBakable FlangesDimensions First Edition

ISO 5211-1

Part-Turn Valve Actuator AttachmentPart 1: Flange Dimensions First Edition

ISO 5211-2

Part-Turn Valve Actuator AttachmentPart 2: Flange and Coupling Performance Characteristics First Edition
()

607

ISO 5429

Coated AbrasivesFlap Wheels with Incorporated Flanges or Separate FlangesDesignation and Dimensions First Edition

ISO 6580

General Purpose Industrial FansCircular FlangesDimensions First Edition

ISO 7005-1

Metallic FlangesPart 1: Steel Flanges First Edition; (AS/NZS 4331.1: 1995)

ISO 7005-2

Metallic FlangesPart 2: Cast Iron Flanges First Edition; (Supersedes ISO 2084, ISO 2229
and ISO 2441) (AS/NZS 4331.2: 1995)

ISO 7005-3

Metallic FlangesPart 3: Copper Alloy and Composite Flanges First Edition; (Supersedes
ISO 2084, ISO 2229 and ISO 2441) (AS/NZS 4331.3: 1995)

ISO 7299

Diesel EnginesEnd-Mounting Flanges for Fuel Injection Pumps Second Edition

ISO 9624

Thermoplastics Pipes for Fluids Under PressureMating Dimensions of Flange Adapters

and Loose Backing Flanges First Edition

ISO 12129-2

Plain BearingPart 2: Tolerances on Form and Position and Surface Roughness for Shafts,
Flanges and Thrust Collars First Edition

ISO 4708

Cork-Composition Cork Gasket MaterialTest Methods First Edition

ISO 4709

Cork-Composition Cork Gasket MaterialSpecifications First Edition

ISO 5892

Rubber Building GasketsMaterials for Preformed Solid Vulcanized Structural Gaskets

Specification First Edition

ISO 7483

Dimensions of Gaskets for Use with Flanges to ISO 7005 First Edition; (Corrigendum 1
1995)

ISO 225

Fasteners-Bolts, Screws, Studs and NutsSymbols and Designations of Dimensions Second Edition

ISO 262

ISO General Purpose Metric Screw ThreadsSelected Sizes for Screws, Bolts and Nuts

ISO 263

ISO Inch Screw Threads-General Plan and Selection for Screws, Bolts and Nuts-Diameter
Range 0.06 to 6 in First Edition

ISO 273

FastenersClearance Holes for Bolts and Screws First Edition; Amendment Slip1979;
NZS/ISO 273: 1979

ISO 885

General Purpose Bolts and ScrewsMetric SeriesRadii Under the Head First Edition

ISO 887

Plain Washers for Metric Bolts, Screws and NutsGeneral Plan First Edition

ISO 888

Bolts, Screws and StudsNominal Lengths, and Thread Lengths for General Purpose
Bolts First Edition

ISO 898-1

Mechanical Properties of FastenersPart 1: Bolts, Screws and Studs Second Edition; AS/
NZS 4291.1: 1995

ISO 898-7

Mechanical Properties of FastenersPart 7: Torsional Test and Minimum Torques for

Bolts and Screws with Nominal Diameters 1 mm to 10 mm First Edition; CEN EN 20898-7:
1995

ISO 965-2

ISO General Purpose Metric Screw ThreadsTolerances Part 2: Limits of Sizes for General Purpose Bolt and Nut ThreadsMedium Quality Second Edition
()

608
ISO R1501

ISO Miniature Screw Threads First Edition

ISO 1891

Bolts, Screws, Nuts and AccessoriesTerminology and Nomenclature First Edition;

Amendment Slip1980

ISO 4014

Hexagon Head BoltsProduct Grades A and B Second Edition; (AS/NZS 1110: 1995)

ISO 4015

Hexagon Head BoltsProduct Grade BReduced Shank (Shank Diameter is Approximately Equal to Pitch Diameter) First Edition

ISO 4016

Hexagon Head BoltsProduct Grade C Second Edition

ISO 4162

Hexagon Flange BoltsSmall Series First Edition

ISO 4759-1

Tolerances for FastenersPart 1: Bolts, Screws and Nuts with Thread Diameters Greater
Than or Equal to 1,6 and Less Than or Equal to 150 mm and Product Grades A, B and C
First Edition

ISO 4759-2

Tolerances for FastenersPart 2: Bolts, Screws and Nuts with Thread Diameters from 1 up
to 3 mm and Product Grade F, for Fine Mechanics First Edition; (Amendment Slip1980)

ISO 4759-3

Tolerances for FastenersPart 3: Plain Washers for Bolts, Screws and Nuts with Nominal
Thread Diameters from 1 mm up to and Including 150 mmProduct Grades A and C Second Edition

ISO 6157-1

FastenersSurface DiscontinuitiesPart 1: Bolts, Screws and Studs for General Requirements First Edition

ISO 6157-3

FastenersSurface DiscontinuitiesPart 3: Bolts, Screws and Studs for Special Requirements First Edition

ISO 7378

FastenersBolts, Screws and StudsSplit Pin Holes and Wire Holes First Edition

ISO 7411

Hexagon Bolts for High-Strength Structural Bolting with Large Width Across Flats (Thread
Lengths According to ISO 888)Product Grade CProperty Classes 8.8 and 10.9 First
Edition

ISO 7412

Hexagon Bolts for High-Strength Structural Bolting with Large Width Across Flats (Short
Thread Length)Product Grade CProperty Classes 8.8 and 10.9 First Edition

ISO 8677

Cup Head Square Neck Bolts with Large HeadProduct Grade C First Edition

ISO 8678

Cup Head Square Neck Bolts with Small Head and Short NeckProduct Grade B First
Edition

ISO 8765

Hexagon Head Bolts with Metric Fine Pitch ThreadProduct Grades A and B First Edition

ISO 8839

Mechanical Properties of FastenersBolts, Screws, Studs and Nuts Made of Non-Ferrous

Metals First Edition

ISO 8992

FastenersGeneral Requirements for Bolts, Screws,

Studs and Nuts First Edition

609
14.
ISO .
ISO 683-15

Heat-Treatable Steels, Alloy Steels and Free-Cutting SteelsPart 15: Valve Steels for Internal Combustion Engines Second Edition

ISO 4126-1

Safety ValvesPart 1: General Requirements First Edition

ISO 4401

Hydraulic Fluid PowerFour-Port Directional Control ValvesMounting Surfaces Second Edition

ISO 4411

Hydraulic Fluid PowerValvesDetermination of Pressure Differential/Flow Characteristics First Edition

ISO 4422-4

Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water SupplySpecifications Part 4: Valves and Ancillary Equipment First Edition; Supersedes
ISO 4422: 1990

ISO 5208

Industrial ValvesPressure Testing of Valves Second Edition

ISO 5209

General Purpose Industrial ValvesMarking First Edition

ISO 5210

Industrial ValvesMulti-Turn Valve Actuator Attachments First Edition

ISO 5599-1

Pneumatic Fluid PowerFive-Port Directional Control ValvesPart 1: Mounting Interface

Surfaces Without Electrical Connector Second Edition

ISO 5599-2

Pneumatic Fluid PowerFive-Port Directional Control Valves Part 2: Mounting Interface

Surfaces With Optional Electrical Connector First Edition

ISO 5599-3

Pneumatic Fluid PowerFive-Port Directional Control ValvesPart 3: Code System for

Communication of Valve Functions First Edition

ISO 5752

Metal Valves for Use in Flanged Pipe SystemsFaceto- Face and Centre-to-Face Dimensions Second Edition

ISO 5781

Hydraulic Fluid PowerPressure-Control Valves (Excluding Pressure-Relief Valves), Sequences Valves, Unloading Valves, Throttle Valves and Check ValvesMounting Surfaces
First Edition

ISO 5783

Hydraulic Fluid PowerCode for Identification of Valve Mounting Surfaces and Cartridge
Valve Cavities Second Edition

ISO 5996

Cast Iron Gate Valves First Edition

ISO 6002

Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves First Edition

ISO 6182-2

Fire ProtectionAutomatic Sprinkler SystemsPart 2: Requirements and Test Methods

for Wet Alarm Valves, Retard Chambers and Water Motor Alarms First Edition

ISO 6182-3

Fire ProtectionAutomatic Sprinkler SystemsPart 3: Requirements and Test Methods

for Dry Pipe Valves First Edition

ISO 6182-4

Fire ProtectionAutomatic Sprinkler SystemsPart 4: Requirements and Test Methods

for Quick-Opening Devices First Edition

ISO 6182-5

Fire-ProtectionAutomatic Sprinkler SystemsPart 5: Requirements and Test Methods

for Deluge Valves First Edition
()

610

ISO 6263

Hydraulic Fluid PowerCompensated Flow-Control ValvesMounting Surfaces Second

Edition

ISO 6264

Hydraulic Fluid PowerPressure-Relief ValvesMounting Surfaces First Edition

ISO 6403

Hydraulic Fluid PowerValves Controlling Flow and Pressure-Test Methods First Edition; (Corrected and Reprinted1989)

ISO 6404

Hydraulic Fluid PowerServovalvesTest Methods First Edition

ISO 7121

Flanged Steel Ball Valves First Edition

ISO 7244

Air Distribution and Air DiffusionAerodynamic Testing of Dampers and Valves First
Edition

ISO 7259

Predominantly Key-Operated Cast Iron Gate Valves for Underground Use First Edition

ISO 7349

Thermoplastics ValvesConnection References First Edition

ISO 7368

Hydraulic Fluid PowerTwo-Port-Slip-In Cartridge ValvesCavities First Edition

ISO 7508

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U) Valves for Pipes Under PressureBasic DimensionsMetric Series First Edition

ISO 7714

Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentVolumetric ValvesGeneral Requirements and Test

Methods Second Edition

ISO 7790

Hydraulic Fluid Power Four-Port Modular Stack Valves and Four-Port Directional Control
Valves, Sizes 03 and 05Clamping Dimensions First Edition

ISO 7967-3

Reciprocating Internal Combustion EnginesVocabulary of Components and Systems

Part 3: Valves, Camshaft Drive and Actuating Mechanisms First Edition

ISO 8233

Thermoplastics ValvesTorqueTest Method First Edition; (Corrected and Reprinted

1989)

ISO 8242

Polypropylene (PP) Valves for Pipes Under PressureBasic DimensionsMetric Series

First Edition

ISO 8659

Thermoplastic ValvesFatigue StrengthTest Method First Edition

ISO 9393-1

Thermoplastic ValvesPressure Test Methods and RequirementsPart 1: General First

Edition

ISO 9393-2

Thermoplastic ValvesPressure Test Methods and RequirementsPart 2: Test Conditions

and Basic Requirements for PE, PP, PVC-U and PVDF Valves First Edition

ISO 9635

Irrigation EquipmentHydraulically Operated Irrigation Valves First Edition

ISO 9644

Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentPressure Losses in Irrigation ValvesTest Method

First Edition

ISO 9911

Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentManually Operated Small Plastic Valves First Edition

ISO 9952

Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentCheck Valves First Edition

ISO 10418

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesOffshore Production PlatformsAnalysis, Design,

Installation and Testing of Basic Surface Safety Systems First Edition
()

611

ISO 10419

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesDrilling and Production EquipmentInstallation,

Maintenance and Repair of Surface Safety Valves and Underwater Safety Valves Offshore
First Edition

ISO 10423

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesDrilling and Production EquipmentSpecification for Valves, Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment First Edition

ISO 10433

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesDrilling and Production EquipmentSpecification for Wellhead Surface Safety Valves and Underwater Safety Valves for Offshore Service
First Edition

ISO 10497

Testing of ValvesFire TypeTesting Requirements First Edition

ISO 10522

Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentDirect-Acting PressureRegulating Valves First Edition

ISO 10631

Metallic Butterfly Valves for General Purposes First Edition

ISO 10931-4

Plastic Piping Systems for Industrial ApplicationsPoly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF)

Part 4: Valves First Edition

ISO 10933

Polyethylene (PE) Valves for Gas Distribution Systems First Edition

(511)
:
Herbert O: Prandtls Essentials of Fluid Mechanics
Schweitzer, Philip, A., P.E., Corrosion-Resistant Piping Systems
US Army Corps of Engineers: Liquid Process Piping
KSB:
Stephen C. Dexter: Galvanic Corrosion, University of Delaware, Sea Grant College Program, Marine
Advisory Service (MAS) notes
Practical Galvanic Series, MIL-STD-889
Denny Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, Prentice-Hall, 1996
R. E. Bolz, G. L. Tuve, CRC Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd edition, CRC
Press 1973.
(12-14) :
Piping Handbook, edited by Mohinder L. Nayyar, 7th ed McGraw-Hill 2000

612

()
()

( )
( )

dimensionless
number
dimensionless groups
pure constants
radial flow
nozzle
pump
jet pump
gear pump
lobe pump
rotary vane pump
screw pump
centrifugal pump
axial flow pump
mixed flow pump
turbine pump
peripheral pump
buoyancy
axial flow
waste
distillate
sudden expansion
sudden contraction
inviscid flow

(, )

calibration
valve
angle valve
ball valve
butterfly valve
check valve
control valve
gate valve
globe valve
relief valve
Best Efficiency Point
(BEP)
sounding pipe

( )

fresh water
streamline
elbow
mitered elbow

tank
clearance
diameter
Nominal
Diameter (ND)
Outside Diameter
(OD)
Inside Diameter
(ID)

( )

vena contracta
conservation of
energy
conservation of mass
dilatant
dimensionally
homogeneous
dimensional variables
dimensional
constants
dimensional analysis
shear stress
differential analysis
diffuser
inertia forces
buoyancy force

implode
jet
weir
submersion
continuity equation
inducer
surface tension

( )

thixotropic

,
,

streakline
viscosity
viscous flow, viscid
flow

power

Net Positive Suction

Head (NPSH)
center of buoyancy
center of gravity
center of pressure
cavity
solvent cementing
shock wave

sewage

modulus of elasticity
unsteady flow
microjet
steady flow

613

ballast water
potable water
feedwater

()

,
,
,
,

,

control volume
grey water
total head
similarity
orifice
drag
black water
boundary layer
jet boundary
momentum
linear momentum

,
(h = p/ = p/g)

boundary-layer
thickness
wall thickness
flow field
volute, casing
hydraulic grade line
pressure
absolute pressure
gage (gauge)
pressure
pressure drop
pressure force
vapor pressure
pressure head
hub
hub and spigot
standard
blade
vane
impeller

( )

rheopectic
resins
fluid flow
streamtube
moment
moment of inertia

operating point
cavitation
gaseous
cavitation
vaporous
cavitation
eddy
laminar flow
compressibility

(),
,

compressible flow
condensate
contraction
vortex
angular momentum
cohesion
joint
universal joint
heat fusion
flanged joint
screwed joint
sleeve joint
socket-weld, SW
welded joint
butt-welded, BW
no slip condition
pipe
expansion pipe
seamless pipe, tubing
welded pipe

( )

reservoir
stress
velocity
technical
specification
perfect guidance
roughness
friction
capillary phenomena
capillary tube
pathline
standardization
turbulent boundary
layer
turbulent flow

( )

altitude
pump suction lift
head loss
velocity head

centrifugal pump
centrifugal separator
centrifugal force

hollow vortex
cast iron pipe
hubless

( )

pseudoplastic

614

altitude
angular momentum
axial flow

dilatant

ballast water
Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
black water
blade
boundary layer
boundary-layer thickness
buoyancy
buoyancy force
butt-welded, BW

,
,

C
calibration
capillary phenomena
capillary tube
cast iron pipe
cavitation
gaseous cavitation
vaporous cavitation
cavity
center of buoyancy
center of gravity
center of pressure
centrifugal force
centrifugal pump
centrifugal separator
clearance
cohesion
compressibility
compressible flow
condensate
conservation of energy
conservation of mass
continuity equation
contraction
control volume

(),

D
diameter
Nominal Diameter
Outside Diameter
Inside Diameter
differential analysis
diffuser

dimensional analysis
dimensionally homogeneous
dimensional variables
dimensional constants
dimensionless groups
dimensionless number
distillate
drag

(
)

elbow
mitered elbow
eddy
expansion pipe

F
feedwater
flow field
fluid flow
fresh water
friction

G
grey water

H
head loss
heat fusion
hub
hub and spigot
hubless
hydraulic grade line

I
impeller
implode
inducer
inertia forces
inviscid flow

J
jet

jet boundary
joint
flanged joint
screwed joint
sleeve joint
socket-weld, SW

universal joint

615
welded joint

pump suction lift

pure constants

L
laminar flow
linear momentum

()

M
microjet
modulus of elasticity
moment
moment of inertia
momentum

N
Net Positive Suction Head
no slip condition
nozzle

operating point
orifice

P
pathline
perfect guidance
pipe
seamless pipe, tubing
welded pipe
potable water
power
pressure
absolute pressure
gage (gauge) pressure
pressure drop
pressure force
vapor pressure
pressure head
pseudoplastic
pump
jet pump
gear pump
lobe pump
rotary vane pump
screw pump
centifugal pump
axial flow pump
mixed flow pump
turbine pump
peripheral pump

(h = p/ = p/g)
(
)

()

( )

R
radial flow
resins
rheopectic
reservoir
roughness

(
)
,

S
sewage
shear stress
shock wave
similarity
solvent cementing
sounding pipe
standard
standardization
steady flow
streakline
streamline
streamtube
stress
submersion
sudden contraction
sudden expansion
surface tension

, (
)

(
)
(
)

T
tank
technical specification
thixotropic
total head
turbulent boundary layer
turbulent flow

(
)
()

U
unsteady flow

V
valve
angle valve
ball valve
butterfly valve
check valve
control valve
gate valve
globe valve
relief valve
vane
velocity

, (, )

( )

616
velocity head
vena contracta
viscid flow
viscosity
viscous flow
volute, casing

( )

,
,

vortex
hollow vortex

,
,

W
wall thickness
waste
weir

617

, S

b
b
b
Br
c
cp
cv
C
Cc
CD
Cv
d
dh
dx, dy
D
D
DN,
E
E

E
Eu
f
ff
F
FD
F
Fr
g
h
h
hf
hk, hi
hi
hp
ht
K

,max

Hm

m
N
m
m
m

J/KgK
J/KgK
J/KgK

m
m
m
m
m
Kg/ms
J
J
J
W

N
N
N

m/s2
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

m
m
m
m
m
m
m

()


Brinkman



Hazen-Williams
(orifice)



( )




( )

Euler

Fanning

Froude

( )


i






( )

618
H
H
H
h
H

X
XY
J
k

L, l
L
eq
L,L
m

m
mr
M

n
n
n
n
n
n

NS
SU
NSP
NSS
NSSU
SSA
SSUA
NPSHa
NPSHr
Nu
p
p
p
pv
P
P
P
P
P
Po
Pe
Pr
q

m
m
m
J/Kg
J
Kg m2
m4
m4
Kgm/s

Pa
m
m
Kgm2/s
Kg
Kg/s
g/mole
Nm

s1

moles

m
m

Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
W
W
W
W
W
W

J/Kg
W

()


()
()

x
x, y

(k = cp/ cv)

,

Mach
( )
()

Manning



(SI, Metric, US)
(, universal)


()

()


Nusselt

( )


Peclet
Prandtl
()
()

619
Q
Q
Q
Qn
R, r
R
Rw
Re
S
Smin

t
u
u
u
U
v
vr
vu
V
y
y
w
w
W
We

, W

Qj

h
m
v
,

m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
m
J/KgK
J/mole oK
m2/m
m
K
s
s
m/s
m/s
J/Kg
J
m/s
m/s
m/s
m3
m
m
m/s
J/Kg
J

m/s2
K-1
rad
m/s2
m/s2
rad/s2
K-1
Pa-1

N/m3

m3/s
m

rad

()
Rw = 8,314 J/mole oK
Reynolds

()
()

()
()
Weber

,
j

620

h
hj

x, y, z

Kg/ms
m2/s

Kg/m3

N/m

m
m
Pa
Pa
m3/Kg
rad/s
Kgm/s
m

K
( )

621

ABS
AFNOR
ANSI
API
ASME
ASTM
BEP
BSI
CEN
CPE
CPVC
DIN
DN
ECTFE

EPDM
ETFE
FEP
FKM
gpm
HDPE
HI
HVAC
ID
IEC
ISO
FKM
JIS
LCC
NPSHa
NPSHr
NR
OD
PE
PFA
PP
psi
PTFE
PVC
PVDC
PVDF
rpm
rps
SAE
SBR
SI
SSU
UNI

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
Association Francaise de Normalisation
American National Standards Institute
American Petroleum Institute
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Society for Testing and Materials
Best Efficiency Point
British Standards Institute
Comite Europeen de Normalization
Chlorinated Poly-Ethylene
Chlorinated Poly-Vinyl-Chloride
Deutsches Institut fr Normung
Nominal Diameter
Ethylene-Chloro-Tri-Fluoro-Ethylene
European Standard
Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer
Ethylene-Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene
Fluoro-Ethylene-Propylene
Fluoroelastomer
gallons per minute
High Density Poly-Ethylene
Hydraulic Institute
Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
Inside Diameter
International Electrotechnical Commission
International Standards Organization
Fluoroelastomer
Japan Industrial Standards
Life Cycle Cost
Net Positive Suction Head available
Net Positive Suction Head Required
Natural rubber
Outside Diameter
Poly-Ethylene
Per-Fluoro-Alkoxyethylene
Polypropylene
Pounds per square inch
Poly-Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene (Teflon)
Poly-Vinyl-Chloride
Poly-Vinyl-Dene-Chloride
Poly-Vinyli-Dene-Fluoride
Revolutions per minute
Revolutions per second
Society of Automotive Engineers
styrene butadiene rubber
Systeme International d Units
Seconds Saybolt Universal (same as SUS)
Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione

622

. .
1. .: , 2, 1970.
2. .: , , .
3. .: , 4 , , 1986.
4. M., Trusler M., : , 1997.
5. .: , , 1979.
6. .: , 1982.
7. . .: , , 2003.
8. .: , , 2000.
9. .: , 2001.
10. .: , 1975.
11. . .: , 3 , , 1999.
12. .: , , 1993.
13. .: , 1995.
14. .: -, , , 2003.
15. .: , 1977.
16. Brodkey R., Hershey H: , -, 1989.
17. Daugherty R. Franzini J. , , .
18. Hughes W. Brighton J.: , 3 , 2005.
19. Mc Kabe W. Smith C.: , 2 , Mc Graw-Hill,
, 1971).
20. KSB: , - ., 1982.
21. Steeter V. Benjamin W.: , , 2000.
. .
1. Bachus L. Custodio A.: Know and understand centrifugal pumps, Elsevier Ltd 2003.
2. Bloomer J.: Practical Fluid Mechanics for Engineering Applications, Dekker 2000.
3. Brennen CE.: Hydrodynamics of Pumps, Oxford University Press, 1994.
4. Brennen CE.: Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics, Oxford University Press 1995.
5. Bruce H.: Fluid Mechanics for Civil Engineers, New Zealand 1995.
6. Chaurette J.: Pump System Analysis and Sizing, 5th Ed, Fluide Design Inc. 2003.
7. Chaurette J.: Tutorial Centrifugal Pump Systems, Fluide Design Inc. 2005.
8. Darby R.: Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, Dekker 2001.
9. Dorf R. (Ed.): The Engineering Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 2000.
10. Fenton J.: Numerical methods, Universitt Karlsruhe, 2006.
11. Fenton J.: A First Course in Hydraulics, Universitt Karlsruhe, 2007.
12. Fenton J.: Hydromechanics, Universitt Karlsruhe, 2007.
13. Frankel M.: Facility Piping Systems Handbook, 2th ed, McGraw-Hill 2002.
14. Herbert O.: Prandtls Essentials of Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, Springer-Verlag New York 2004.
15. Karassik I. Messina J. Cooper P. Heald C.: Pump Handbook, 3th ed, McGraw-Hill 2001.
16. Kreith F. Raton B.: Mechanical Engineering Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999.
17. Kundu R. Cohen I.: Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, Academic Press 2002.
18. Lobanoff V. Ross R.: Centrifugal pumps, design & application, 2th ed, Butterworth-Heinemann 1992.
19. Marghitu Dan B.: Mechanical Engineers Handbook, Academic Press 2001.
20. Mohinder L. Nayyar: Piping Handbook, 7th ed, McGraw-Hill 2000.
21. Nakayama Y.: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Butterworth-Heinemann 1999.
22. Parisher R. Rhea R.: Pipe Drafting and Design, 2th ed, ButterworthHeinemann 2002.
23. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th ed, McGraw-Hill 1997.

623
24. Poling B. Prausnitz J., OConnell P.: The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th ed, McGraw-Hill,
2004.
25. Schweitzer P.: Corrosion Resistance Tables, 4th Ed, Dekker, New York 1995.
26. Upp E., La Nasa P.: Fluid Flow Measurement, 2th ed., Butterworth Heinemann, 2002.
27. White F: Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
28. Zappe, W: Valve Selection Handbook 4th ed, Elsevier Science 1999.
29. Dictionary of Engineering, 2th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
30. DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow, DOE-HDBK 1992.
31. DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Mechanical Science, DOE-HDBK 1993.
32. DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings, DOE-HDBK 1993.
33. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM): The International System of Units (SI), 8th ed.,
2006.
34. NCEES: Fundamentals of Engineering Supplied-Reference Handbook, 8th ed, National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying, USA 2007.
35. US Army Corps of Engineers: Liquid Process Piping, Washington 1999.
36. Europump and the Hydraulic Institute: Pump Life Cycle Costs: A Guide to LCC Analysis of Pumps and
Pumping Systems, 2001.
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me.queensu.ca/courses/MECH451/
www.ansi.org
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www.bipm.org/en/si/
www.chemengg.com
www.eere.energy.gov
www.efluids.com/
www.efunda.com
www.elot.gr
www.emis.de
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www.engineering.com
www.engineeringpage.com
www.engineeringtoolbox.com
www.europump.org
www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/engineering/
www.iso.org
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www.flowserve.com
www.ksb.com
www.lightmypump.com
www.physics.nist.gov/Pubs
www.pumplearning.org
www.pump-magazine.com
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www.pumpschool.com
www.reference.com
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www.vikingpump.com
www.weirsp.com/
www.wikipedia.org/wiki
www.windows.ucar.edu/

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.6
0.7

0.8
0.9

0.10
0.11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.7.1 ewton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
18
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
23
23
23

1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26
26
27
31
33
41
43
46
53
59
60
66

2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70
70
70
73
77
82

625
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.4.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.5 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114


3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 Newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.4 - Reynolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3 Bernoulli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.6 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 rricelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2 Venturi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.4 Pitot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

120
120
124
126
128
131
135
137
139
143
143
147
148
150
152
154
155
155
157
158
159
159
160
162

4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

168
168
168
170
172
173

626
4.1.6 Rayleigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.7 Buckingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

174
177
181
185
185
186
188
188
190

5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5.4.2 f Moody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
5.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
5.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5.5.3 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5.5.4 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
5.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
5.7.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
5.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
5.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245


6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
6.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
6.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
6.5.3 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
6.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
6.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
6.5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
6.7.1 Reynolds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

627
6.7.2 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
6.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
6.7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284


7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
7.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.2.3. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.2.4 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.2.7 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327


8.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
8.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
8.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
8.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
8.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
8.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
8.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
8.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361


9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Hardy Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

628
9.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
9.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
9.5.3 HazenWilliams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
9.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
9.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
9.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.6 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401


10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
10.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
10.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
10.4 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
10.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
10.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
10.5 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
10.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
10.5.2 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
10.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
10.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
10.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429


11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
11.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
11.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
11.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
11.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
11.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
11.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
11.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
11.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466


12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
12.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

629

12.2
12.3

12.4

12.5

12.6

12.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
12.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
12.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
12.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
12.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
12.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
12.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
12.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
12.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
12.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
12.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
12.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
13.1.1 = f1(Q) -Q ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
13.1.2 P = f2(Q) P-Q ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
13.1.3 = f3(Q) -Q (BEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
13.1.4 NPSHr = f4(Q) NPSHr-Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
13.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
13.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
13.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
13.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
13.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
13.4.4 NPSHQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
13.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
13.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
13.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
13.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
13.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557


14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
(LCC Analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582

630
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
2. X Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
3. (VG) ISO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
6. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
10. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
12. ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
13. ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
14. ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624