The Role of AGN in Luminous Infrared Galaxies from the Multiwavelength Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Central Regions of (U)LIRGs
2.1. High-Energy Observations in the X-ray
2.2. Spectroscopic Diagnostics Using Optical and Near-Infrared Emission Lines
2.3. Probing the Infrared Excess
2.4. The Submillimeter and Radio Regimes with ALMA and VLA
2.5. Spectral Energy Distributions and Multiwavelength Comparisons
- The correlation between far-infrared and radio emissions as a way to distinguish radio-loud AGN from starbursts [142,143,144]; while radio excess (infrared-excess) sources with extremely low (high) values of q (as defined in Table 1) could both contain an AGN or obscured AGN, there are more likely to be starburst contaminants among the high q sources [145,146]. This indicator has since been refined by adopting 24 m flux instead of far-infrared flux [144,147].
- Optical spectral classification based on the BPT diagrams and line widths of the hydrogen recombination emission features [86].
3. The Coevolution of SMBHs and the Host Galaxies
3.1. AGN Fueling
3.1.1. Transporting Gas to the Center
3.1.2. Black Hole Masses in Galaxy Mergers
3.1.3. Emergence of AGN in ULIRGs
3.2. AGN Feedback
3.2.1. Feedback: A Multiphased Phenomenon
3.2.2. A Case Study: Tracing Outflows in Mrk 273 from the Core to the Halo
3.2.3. How Does AGN Drive Outflows in (U)LIRGs?
3.2.4. The AGN–Outflow–Merger–ULIRG Connection
4. Dual SMBHs in Merger Systems
4.1. The Observational Challenges and Significance of Constraining the SMBH Pair Population
4.2. The Multiwavelength Searches for Duals in Mergers
4.3. Implications from Duals in Merging (U)LIRGs
5. Future Outlook from the Observational Perspective
5.1. Peering through the Dust
5.2. A Leap in Resolution
6. Concluding Remarks
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AGN | Active Galactic Nuclei |
ALMA | Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array |
AO | Adaptive Optics |
BAT | Burst Alert Telescope |
CON | Compact Obscured Nuclei |
CT | Compton Thick |
ELT | Extremely Large Telescope |
GOALS | Great Observatories All-sky LIRGs Survey |
HST | Hubble Space Telescope |
IFU(S) | Integral Field Unit (Spectroscopy) |
IRAS | Infrared Astronomical Satellite |
ISM | Interstellar Medium |
IP | Ionization Potential |
JWST | James Webb Space Telescope |
LIRG | Luminous Infrared Galaxy |
MIRI | Mid-Infra-Red Instrument |
MRS | Medium Resolution Spectroscopy |
MUSE | Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer |
NIRCam | Near Infrared Camera |
NIRSpec | Near Infrared Spectrograph |
NLR | Narrow Line Region |
PG | Palomar-Green (quasar) |
PUMA | Physics of ULIRGs with MUSE and ALMA |
PTA | Pulsar Timing Arrays |
QSO | Quasi Stellar Object |
QUEST | Quasars/ULIRGs Evolutionary STudy |
SDSS | Sloan Digital Sky Survey |
SFR | Star Formation Rate |
SFMS | Star Formation Main Sequence |
SMBH | Supermassive Black Hole |
ULIRG | Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy |
VLA | Very Large Array |
VLBI | Very Long Baseline Interferometry |
WISE | Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WiSE) |
1 | https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/orcas/about/ (accessed on 24 June 2022) |
References
- Martin, D.C.; Matuszewski, M.; Morrissey, P.; Neill, J.D.; Moore, A.; Steidel, C.C.; Trainor, R. A Newly Forming Cold Flow Protogalactic Disk, a Signature of Cold Accretion from the Cosmic Web. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2016, 824, L5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- White, S.D.M.; Rees, M.J. Core condensation in heavy halos: A two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 1978, 183, 341–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blumenthal, G.R.; Faber, S.M.; Primack, J.R.; Rees, M.J. Formation of galaxies and large-scale structure with cold dark matter. Nature 1984, 311, 517–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanders, D.B.; Soifer, B.T.; Elias, J.H.; Madore, B.F.; Matthews, K.; Neugebauer, G.; Scoville, N.Z. Ultraluminous infrared galaxies and the origin of quasars. Astrophys. J. 1988, 325, 74–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hopkins, P.F.; Hernquist, L.; Cox, T.J.; Kereš, D. A Cosmological Framework for the Co-evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies. I. Galaxy Mergers and Quasar Activity. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2008, 175, 356–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rieke, G.H.; Lebofsky, M.J. Infrared emission of extragalactic sources. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1979, 17, 477–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lonsdale, C.J.; Persson, S.E.; Matthews, K. Infrared observations of interacting/merging galaxies. Astrophys. J. 1984, 287, 95–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neugebauer, G.; Habing, H.J.; van Duinen, R.; Aumann, H.H.; Baud, B.; Beichman, C.A.; Beintema, D.A.; Boggess, N.; Clegg, P.E.; de Jong, T.; et al. The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) mission. Astrophys. J. Lett. 1984, 278, L1–L6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Beichman, C.A.; Neugebauer, G.; Habing, H.J.; Clegg, P.E.; Chester, T.J. Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) Catalogs and Atlases. Volume 1: Explanatory Supplement; IRAS Project Office, California Institute of Technology: Pasadena, CA, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Soifer, B.T.; Sanders, D.B.; Madore, B.F.; Neugebauer, G.; Danielson, G.E.; Elias, J.H.; Lonsdale, C.J.; Rice, W.L. The IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample. II. The Sample and Luminosity Function. Astrophys. J. 1987, 320, 238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schechter, P. An analytic expression for the luminosity function for galaxies. Astrophys. J. 1976, 203, 297–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huchra, J.P. The nature of Markarian galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 1977, 35, 171–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, M.; Green, R.F. Quasar evolution derived from the Palomar bright quasar survey and other complete quasar surveys. Astrophys. J. 1983, 269, 352–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanders, D.B.; Mirabel, I.F. LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1996, 34, 749–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, D.C.; Sanders, D.B. The IRAS 1 Jy Survey of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. I. The Sample and Luminosity Function. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 1998, 119, 41–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Surace, J.A. A High-Resolution Near-Infrared Study of the Evolutionary Link between Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies and Optical QSOS. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Institute for Astronomy, Honolulu, HI, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Rothberg, B.; Fischer, J.; Rodrigues, M.; Sanders, D.B. Unveiling the σ-discrepancy. II. Revisiting the Evolution of ULIRGs and the Origin of Quasars. Astrophys. J. 2013, 767, 72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kessler, M.F.; Steinz, J.A.; Anderegg, M.E.; Clavel, J.; Drechsel, G.; Estaria, P.; Faelker, J.; Riedinger, J.R.; Robson, A.; Taylor, B.G.; et al. The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) mission. Astron. Astrophys. 1996, 315, L27–L31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holland, W.S.; Robson, E.I.; Gear, W.K.; Cunningham, C.R.; Lightfoot, J.F.; Jenness, T.; Ivison, R.J.; Stevens, J.A.; Ade, P.A.R.; Griffin, M.J.; et al. SCUBA: A common-user submillimetre camera operating on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 1999, 303, 659–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Werner, M.W.; Roellig, T.L.; Low, F.J.; Rieke, G.H.; Rieke, M.; Hoffmann, W.F.; Young, E.; Houck, J.R.; Brandl, B.; Fazio, G.G.; et al. The Spitzer Space Telescope Mission. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2004, 154, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Le Floc’h, E.; Papovich, C.; Dole, H.; Bell, E.F.; Lagache, G.; Rieke, G.H.; Egami, E.; Pérez-González, P.G.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Rieke, M.J.; et al. Infrared Luminosity Functions from the Chandra Deep Field-South: The Spitzer View on the History of Dusty Star Formation at 0 ≲ z ≲ 1. Astrophys. J. 2005, 632, 169–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casey, C.M.; Narayanan, D.; Cooray, A. Dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshift. Phys. Rep. 2014, 541, 45–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Madau, P.; Dickinson, M. Cosmic Star-Formation History. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2014, 52, 415–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Scoville, N.; Aussel, H.; Brusa, M.; Capak, P.; Carollo, C.M.; Elvis, M.; Giavalisco, M.; Guzzo, L.; Hasinger, G.; Impey, C.; et al. The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS): Overview. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2007, 172, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elbaz, D.; Dickinson, M.; Hwang, H.S.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Magdis, G.; Magnelli, B.; Le Borgne, D.; Galliano, F.; Pannella, M.; Chanial, P.; et al. GOODS-Herschel: An infrared main sequence for star-forming galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 2011, 533, A119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grogin, N.A.; Kocevski, D.D.; Faber, S.M.; Ferguson, H.C.; Koekemoer, A.M.; Riess, A.G.; Acquaviva, V.; Alexander, D.M.; Almaini, O.; Ashby, M.L.N.; et al. CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2011, 197, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koekemoer, A.M.; Faber, S.M.; Ferguson, H.C.; Grogin, N.A.; Kocevski, D.D.; Koo, D.C.; Lai, K.; Lotz, J.M.; Lucas, R.A.; McGrath, E.J.; et al. CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey—The Hubble Space Telescope Observations, Imaging Data Products, and Mosaics. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2011, 197, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zheng, X.Z.; Hammer, F.; Flores, H.; Assémat, F.; Pelat, D. HST/WFPC2 morphologies and color maps of distant luminous infrared galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 2004, 421, 847–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bell, E.F.; Papovich, C.; Wolf, C.; Le Floc’h, E.; Caldwell, J.A.R.; Barden, M.; Egami, E.; McIntosh, D.H.; Meisenheimer, K.; Pérez-González, P.G.; et al. Toward an Understanding of the Rapid Decline of the Cosmic Star Formation Rate. Astrophys. J. 2005, 625, 23–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bridge, C.R.; Appleton, P.N.; Conselice, C.J.; Choi, P.I.; Armus, L.; Fadda, D.; Laine, S.; Marleau, F.R.; Carlberg, R.G.; Helou, G.; et al. The Role of Galaxy Interactions and Mergers in Star Formation at z<=1.3: Mid-Infrared Properties in the Spitzer First Look Survey. Astrophys. J. 2007, 659, 931–940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kartaltepe, J.S.; Sanders, D.B.; Le Floc’h, E.; Frayer, D.T.; Aussel, H.; Arnouts, S.; Ilbert, O.; Salvato, M.; Scoville, N.Z.; Surace, J.; et al. A Multiwavelength Study of a Sample of 70 μm Selected Galaxies in the COSMOS Field. II. The Role of Mergers in Galaxy Evolution. Astrophys. J. 2010, 721, 98–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kartaltepe, J.S.; Dickinson, M.; Alexander, D.M.; Bell, E.F.; Dahlen, T.; Elbaz, D.; Faber, S.M.; Lotz, J.; McIntosh, D.H.; Wiklind, T.; et al. GOODS-Herschel and CANDELS: The Morphologies of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies at z∼2. Astrophys. J. 2012, 757, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Larson, K.L.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Armus, L.; Privon, G.C.; Linden, S.T.; Evans, A.S.; Howell, J.; Charmandaris, V.; U, V.; Sanders, D.B.; et al. Star-forming Clumps in Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2020, 888, 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wuyts, S.; Förster Schreiber, N.M.; van der Wel, A.; Magnelli, B.; Guo, Y.; Genzel, R.; Lutz, D.; Aussel, H.; Barro, G.; Berta, S.; et al. Galaxy Structure and Mode of Star Formation in the SFR-Mass Plane from z ∼ 2.5 to z ∼ 0.1. Astrophys. J. 2011, 742, 96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Speagle, J.S.; Steinhardt, C.L.; Capak, P.L.; Silverman, J.D. A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming “Main Sequence” from z ∼ 0–6. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2014, 214, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Linden, S.T.; Song, Y.; Evans, A.S.; Murphy, E.J.; Armus, L.; Barcos-Muñoz, L.; Larson, K.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Privon, G.C.; Howell, J.; et al. A Very Large Array Survey of Luminous Extranuclear Star-forming Regions in Luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS. Astrophys. J. 2019, 881, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Skibba, R.A.; Engelbracht, C.W.; Dale, D.; Hinz, J.; Zibetti, S.; Crocker, A.; Groves, B.; Hunt, L.; Johnson, B.D.; Meidt, S.; et al. The Emission by Dust and Stars of Nearby Galaxies in the Herschel KINGFISH Survey. Astrophys. J. 2011, 738, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cano-Díaz, M.; Sánchez, S.F.; Zibetti, S.; Ascasibar, Y.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Ziegler, B.; González Delgado, R.M.; Walcher, C.J.; García-Benito, R.; Mast, D.; et al. Spatially Resolved Star Formation Main Sequence of Galaxies in the CALIFA Survey. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2016, 821, L26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, C.; Courteau, S.; Jarrett, T.; Cluver, M.; Meurer, G.; Carignan, C.; Audcent-Ross, F. Unique Tracks Drive the Scatter of the Spatially Resolved Star Formation Main Sequence. Astrophys. J. 2018, 865, 154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medling, A.M.; Cortese, L.; Croom, S.M.; Green, A.W.; Groves, B.; Hampton, E.; Ho, I.T.; Davies, L.J.M.; Kewley, L.J.; Moffett, A.J.; et al. The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Spatially resolving the main sequence of star formation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2018, 475, 5194–5214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Armus, L.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Evans, A.S.; Surace, J.A.; Sanders, D.B.; Iwasawa, K.; Frayer, D.T.; Howell, J.H.; Chan, B.; Petric, A.; et al. GOALS: The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 2009, 121, 559–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanders, D.B.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Kim, D.C.; Surace, J.A.; Soifer, B.T. The IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample. Astron. J. 2003, 126, 1607–1664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lyu, J.; Rieke, G. Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution and Variability of Active Galactic Nuclei: Clues to the Structure of Circumnuclear Material. Universe 2022, 8, 304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sajina, A.; Lacy, M.; Pope, A. The Past and Future of Mid-Infrared Studies of AGN. Universe 2022, 8, 356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- U, V.; Sanders, D.B.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Evans, A.S.; Howell, J.H.; Surace, J.A.; Armus, L.; Iwasawa, K.; Kim, D.C.; Casey, C.M.; et al. Spectral Energy Distributions of Local Luminous and Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2012, 203, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paspaliaris, E.D.; Xilouris, E.M.; Nersesian, A.; Masoura, V.A.; Plionis, M.; Georgantopoulos, I.; Bianchi, S.; Katsioli, S.; Mountrichas, G. The physical properties of local (U)LIRGs: A comparison with nearby early- and late-type galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 2021, 649, A137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramos Padilla, A.F.; Ashby, M.L.N.; Smith, H.A.; Martínez-Galarza, J.R.; Beverage, A.G.; Dietrich, J.; Higuera-G., M.A.; Weiner, A.S. The AGN contribution to the UV-FIR luminosities of interacting galaxies and its role in identifying the main sequence. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2020, 499, 4325–4369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medling, A.M.; U, V.; Guedes, J.; Max, C.E.; Mayer, L.; Armus, L.; Holden, B.; Roškar, R.; Sanders, D. STELLAR AND GASEOUS NUCLEAR DISKS OBSERVED IN NEARBY (U)LIRGs. Astrophys. J. 2014, 784, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Linden, S.T.; Evans, A.S.; Larson, K.; Privon, G.C.; Armus, L.; Rich, J.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Murphy, E.J.; Song, Y.; Barcos-Muñoz, L.; et al. Massive Star Cluster Formation and Destruction in Luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS. II. An ACS/WFC3 Survey of Nearby LIRGs. Astrophys. J. 2021, 923, 278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imanishi, M.; Nakagawa, T.; Ohyama, Y.; Shirahata, M.; Wada, T.; Onaka, T.; Oi, N. Systematic Infrared 2.5–5 μm Spectroscopy of Nearby Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies with AKARI. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 2008, 60, S489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Imanishi, M.; Nakagawa, T.; Shirahata, M.; Ohyama, Y.; Onaka, T. AKARI IRC Infrared 2.5–5 μm Spectroscopy of a Large Sample of Luminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2010, 721, 1233–1261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, J.C.; Hwang, H.S.; Lee, M.G.; Kim, M.; Lee, J.H. AKARI Near-infrared Spectroscopy of Luminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2012, 756, 95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mazzarella, J.M.; Iwasawa, K.; Vavilkin, T.; Armus, L.; Kim, D.C.; Bothun, G.; Evans, A.S.; Spoon, H.W.W.; Haan, S.; Howell, J.H.; et al. Investigation of Dual Active Nuclei, Outflows, Shock-heated Gas, and Young Star Clusters in Markarian 266. Astron. J. 2012, 144, 125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teng, S.H.; Veilleux, S. X-QUEST: A Comprehensive X-ray Study of Local ULIRGS and QSOs. Astrophys. J. 2010, 725, 1848–1876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iwasawa, K.; Sanders, D.B.; Teng, S.H.; U, V.; Armus, L.; Evans, A.S.; Howell, J.H.; Komossa, S.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Petric, A.O.; et al. C-GOALS: Chandra observations of a complete sample of luminous infrared galaxies from the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Survey. Astron. Astrophys. 2011, 529, A106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ricci, C.; Bauer, F.E.; Treister, E.; Schawinski, K.; Privon, G.C.; Blecha, L.; Arevalo, P.; Armus, L.; Harrison, F.; Ho, L.C.; et al. Growing supermassive black holes in the late stages of galaxy mergers are heavily obscured. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2017, 468, 1273–1299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iwasawa, K.; Sanders, D.B.; Evans, A.S.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Armus, L.; Surace, J.A. High-Ionization Fe K Emission From Luminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2009, 695, L103–L106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iwasawa, K.; Comastri, A. ASCA spectroscopy of the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 6240: X-ray emission from a starburst and a buried active nucleus. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 1998, 297, 1219–1226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vignati, P.; Molendi, S.; Matt, G.; Guainazzi, M.; Antonelli, L.A.; Bassani, L.; Brandt, W.N.; Fabian, A.C.; Iwasawa, K.; Maiolino, R.; et al. BeppoSAX unveils the nuclear component in NGC 6240. Astron. Astrophys. 1999, 349, L57–L60. [Google Scholar]
- Ikebe, Y.; Leighly, K.; Tanaka, Y.; Nakagawa, T.; Terashima, Y.; Komossa, S. RXTE observation of NGC 6240: A search for the obscured active nucleus. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2000, 316, 433–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Komossa, S.; Burwitz, V.; Hasinger, G.; Predehl, P.; Kaastra, J.S.; Ikebe, Y. Discovery of a Binary Active Galactic Nucleus in the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 6240 Using Chandra. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2003, 582, L15–L19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Imanishi, M.; Terashima, Y.; Anabuki, N.; Nakagawa, T. X-ray Evidence of a Buried Active Galactic Nucleus in UGC 5101. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2003, 596, L167–L170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torres-Albà, N.; Iwasawa, K.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Charmandaris, V.; Ricci, C.; Chu, J.K.; Sanders, D.B.; Armus, L.; Barcos-Muñoz, L.; Evans, A.S.; et al. C-GOALS. II. Chandra observations of the lower luminosity sample of nearby luminous infrared galaxies in GOALS. Astron. Astrophys. 2018, 620, A140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pereira-Santaella, M.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Santos-Lleo, M.; Colina, L.; Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Longinotti, A.L.; Rieke, G.H.; Ward, M.; Esquej, P. The X-ray emission of local luminous infrared galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 2011, 535, A93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Capelo, P.R.; Dotti, M.; Volonteri, M.; Mayer, L.; Bellovary, J.M.; Shen, S. A survey of dual active galactic nuclei in simulations of galaxy mergers: Frequency and properties. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2017, 469, 4437–4454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koss, M.; Mushotzky, R.; Treister, E.; Veilleux, S.; Vasudevan, R.; Trippe, M. Understanding Dual Active Galactic Nucleus Activation in the nearby Universe. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2012, 746, L22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ellison, S.L.; Patton, D.R.; Mendel, J.T.; Scudder, J.M. Galaxy pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey—IV. Interactions trigger active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 418, 2043–2053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Satyapal, S.; Secrest, N.J.; Ricci, C.; Ellison, S.L.; Rothberg, B.; Blecha, L.; Constantin, A.; Gliozzi, M.; McNulty, P.; Ferguson, J. Buried AGNs in Advanced Mergers: Mid-infrared Color Selection as a Dual AGN Candidate Finder. Astrophys. J. 2017, 848, 126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harrison, F.A.; Craig, W.W.; Christensen, F.E.; Hailey, C.J.; Zhang, W.W.; Boggs, S.E.; Stern, D.; Cook, W.R.; Forster, K.; Giommi, P.; et al. The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) High-energy X-ray Mission. Astrophys. J. 2013, 770, 103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lutz, D.; Maiolino, R.; Spoon, H.W.W.; Moorwood, A.F.M. The relation between AGN hard X-ray emission and mid-infrared continuum from ISO spectra: Scatter and unification aspects. Astron. Astrophys. 2004, 418, 465–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bauer, F.E.; Yan, L.; Sajina, A.; Alexander, D.M. X-ray Constraints on the Active Galactic Nuclei Properties in Spitzer-Infrared Spectrograph Identified z ∼ 2 Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2010, 710, 212–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ricci, C.; Privon, G.C.; Pfeifle, R.W.; Armus, L.; Iwasawa, K.; Torres-Albà, N.; Satyapal, S.; Bauer, F.E.; Treister, E.; Ho, L.C.; et al. A hard X-ray view of luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies in GOALS—I. AGN obscuration along the merger sequence. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2021, 506, 5935–5950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blecha, L.; Snyder, G.F.; Satyapal, S.; Ellison, S.L. The power of infrared AGN selection in mergers: A theoretical study. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2018, 478, 3056–3071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramos Almeida, C.; Ricci, C. Nuclear obscuration in active galactic nuclei. Nat. Astron. 2017, 1, 679–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hickox, R.C.; Alexander, D.M. Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2018, 56, 625–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ricci, C.; Ueda, Y.; Koss, M.J.; Trakhtenbrot, B.; Bauer, F.E.; Gandhi, P. Compton-thick Accretion in the Local Universe. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2015, 815, L13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ricci, C.; Trakhtenbrot, B.; Koss, M.J.; Ueda, Y.; Del Vecchio, I.; Treister, E.; Schawinski, K.; Paltani, S.; Oh, K.; Lamperti, I.; et al. BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. V. X-ray Properties of the Swift/BAT 70-month AGN Catalog. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2017, 233, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baldwin, J.A.; Phillips, M.M.; Terlevich, R. Classification parameters for the emission-line spectra of extragalactic objects. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 1981, 93, 5–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veilleux, S.; Osterbrock, D.E. Spectral Classification of Emission-Line Galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 1987, 63, 295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kewley, L.J.; Nicholls, D.C.; Sutherland, R.S. Understanding Galaxy Evolution Through Emission Lines. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2019, 57, 511–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kewley, L.J.; Dopita, M.A.; Sutherland, R.S.; Heisler, C.A.; Trevena, J. Theoretical Modeling of Starburst Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2001, 556, 121–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kauffmann, G.; Heckman, T.M.; Tremonti, C.; Brinchmann, J.; Charlot, S.; White, S.D.M.; Ridgway, S.E.; Brinkmann, J.; Fukugita, M.; Hall, P.B.; et al. The host galaxies of active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2003, 346, 1055–1077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kewley, L.J.; Groves, B.; Kauffmann, G.; Heckman, T. The host galaxies and classification of active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2006, 372, 961–976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veilleux, S.; Kim, D.C.; Sanders, D.B. Optical Spectroscopy of the IRAS 1 JY Sample of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 1999, 522, 113–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Veilleux, S.; Kim, D.C.; Sanders, D.B.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Soifer, B.T. Optical Spectroscopy of Luminous Infrared Galaxies. II. Analysis of the Nuclear and Long-Slit Data. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 1995, 98, 171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, T.T.; Kewley, L.J.; Sanders, D.B. The Role of Starburst-Active Galactic Nucleus Composites in Luminous Infrared Galaxy Mergers: Insights from the New Optical Classification Scheme. Astrophys. J. 2010, 709, 884–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rich, J.A.; Kewley, L.J.; Dopita, M.A. Galaxy-wide Shocks in Late-merger Stage Luminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2011, 734, 87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rich, J.A.; Kewley, L.J.; Dopita, M.A. Composite Spectra in Merging U/LIRGs Caused by Shocks. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2014, 781, L12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rich, J.A.; Kewley, L.J.; Dopita, M.A. Galaxy Mergers Drive Shocks: An Integral Field Study of GOALS Galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2015, 221, 28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alonso-Herrero, A.; García-Marín, M.; Monreal-Ibero, A.; Colina, L.; Arribas, S.; Alfonso-Garzón, J.; Labiano, A. PMAS optical integral field spectroscopy of luminous infrared galaxies. I. The atlas. Astron. Astrophys. 2009, 506, 1541–1562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alonso-Herrero, A.; García-Marín, M.; Rodríguez Zaurín, J.; Monreal-Ibero, A.; Colina, L.; Arribas, S. PMAS optical integral field spectroscopy of luminous infrared galaxies. II. Spatially resolved stellar populations and excitation conditions. Astron. Astrophys. 2010, 522, A7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Marín, M.; Colina, L.; Arribas, S.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Mediavilla, E. Integral Field Spectroscopy of the Luminous Infrared Galaxy Arp 299 (IC 694 + NGC 3690). Astrophys. J. 2006, 650, 850–871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- U, V.; Medling, A.M.; Inami, H.; Armus, L.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Charmandaris, V.; Howell, J.; Stierwalt, S.; Privon, G.C.; Linden, S.T.; et al. Keck OSIRIS AO LIRG Analysis (KOALA): Feedback in the Nuclei of Luminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2019, 871, 166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mattila, S.; Väisänen, P.; Farrah, D.; Efstathiou, A.; Meikle, W.P.S.; Dahlen, T.; Fransson, C.; Lira, P.; Lundqvist, P.; Östlin, G.; et al. Adaptive Optics Discovery of Supernova 2004ip in the Nuclear Regions of the Luminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 18293-3413. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2007, 659, L9–L12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Väisänen, P.; Reunanen, J.; Kotilainen, J.; Mattila, S.; Johansson, P.H.; Ramphul, R.; Romero-Cañizales, C.; Kuncarayakti, H. Shutting down or powering up a (U)LIRG? Merger components in distinctly different evolutionary states in IRAS 19115-2124 (the Bird). Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2017, 471, 2059–2076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alonso-Herrero, A.; Rieke, G.H.; Rieke, M.J.; Colina, L.; Pérez-González, P.G.; Ryder, S.D. Near-Infrared and Star-forming Properties of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2006, 650, 835–849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Larkin, J.E.; Armus, L.; Knop, R.A.; Soifer, B.T.; Matthews, K. A Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of LINER Galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 1998, 114, 59–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez-Ardila, A.; Pastoriza, M.G.; Viegas, S.; Sigut, T.A.A.; Pradhan, A.K. Molecular hydrogen and [Fe II] in Active Galactic Nuclei. Astron. Astrophys. 2004, 425, 457–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez-Ardila, A.; Riffel, R.; Pastoriza, M.G. Molecular hydrogen and [FeII] in active galactic nuclei—II. Results for Seyfert 2 galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2005, 364, 1041–1053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Riffel, R.; Rodríguez-Ardila, A.; Pastoriza, M.G. A 0.8–2.4 μm spectral atlas of active galactic nuclei. Astron. Astrophys. 2006, 457, 61–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Riffel, R.; Rodríguez-Ardila, A.; Aleman, I.; Brotherton, M.S.; Pastoriza, M.G.; Bonatto, C.; Dors, O.L. Molecular hydrogen and [Fe II] in active galactic nuclei—III. Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region and star-forming galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2013, 430, 2002–2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Colina, L.; Piqueras López, J.; Arribas, S.; Riffel, R.; Riffel, R.A.; Rodriguez-Ardila, A.; Pastoriza, M.; Storchi-Bergmann, T.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Sales, D. Understanding the two-dimensional ionization structure in luminous infrared galaxies. A near-IR integral field spectroscopy perspective. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 578, A48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Riffel, R.A.; Bianchin, M.; Riffel, R.; Storchi-Bergmann, T.; Schönell, A.J.; Dahmer-Hahn, L.G.; Dametto, N.Z.; Diniz, M.R. Gemini NIFS survey of feeding and feedback in nearby active galaxies—IV. Excitation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2021, 503, 5161–5178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Müller Sánchez, F.; Davies, R.I.; Eisenhauer, F.; Tacconi, L.J.; Genzel, R.; Sternberg, A. SINFONI adaptive optics integral field spectroscopy of the Circinus Galaxy. Astron. Astrophys. 2006, 454, 481–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Müller-Sánchez, F.; Prieto, M.A.; Hicks, E.K.S.; Vives-Arias, H.; Davies, R.I.; Malkan, M.; Tacconi, L.J.; Genzel, R. Outflows from Active Galactic Nuclei: Kinematics of the Narrow-line and Coronal-line Regions in Seyfert Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2011, 739, 69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Piqueras López, J.; Colina, L.; Arribas, S.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Bedregal, A.G. VLT-SINFONI integral field spectroscopy of low-z luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies. I. Atlas of the 2D gas structure. Astron. Astrophys. 2012, 546, A64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bohn, T.; Canalizo, G.; Veilleux, S.; Liu, W. Near-infrared Coronal Line Observations of Dwarf Galaxies Hosting AGN-driven Outflows. Astrophys. J. 2021, 911, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iwasawa, K.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Surace, J.A.; Sanders, D.B.; Armus, L.; Evans, A.S.; Howell, J.H.; Komossa, S.; Petric, A.; Teng, S.H.; et al. The location of an active nucleus and a shadow of a tidal tail in the ULIRG Mrk 273. Astron. Astrophys. 2011, 528, A137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- U, V.; Medling, A.; Sanders, D.; Max, C.; Armus, L.; Iwasawa, K.; Evans, A.; Kewley, L.; Fazio, G. The Inner Kiloparsec of Mrk 273 with Keck Adaptive Optics. Astrophys. J. 2013, 775, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, W.; Veilleux, S.; Iwasawa, K.; Rupke, D.S.N.; Teng, S.; U, V.; Tombesi, F.; Sanders, D.; Max, C.E.; Meléndez, M. Elliptical Galaxy in the Making: The Dual Active Galactic Nuclei and Metal-enriched Halo of Mrk 273. Astrophys. J. 2019, 872, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rodríguez-Ardila, A.; Prieto, M.A.; Portilla, J.G.; Tejeiro, J.M. The Near-infrared Coronal Line Spectrum of 54 nearby Active Galactic Nuclei. Astrophys. J. 2011, 743, 100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Borish, H.J. Star Formation and Nuclear Activity in Local Starburst Galaxies: A Near-Infrared Perspective. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Herter, T.L.; Henderson, C.P.; Wilson, J.C.; Matthews, K.Y.; Rahmer, G.; Bonati, M.; Muirhead, P.S.; Adams, J.D.; Lloyd, J.P.; Skrutskie, M.F.; et al. The performance of TripleSpec at Palomar. In Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy II; McLean, I.S., Casali, M.M., Eds.; Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series; SPIE: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2008; Volume 7014, p. 70140X. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lacy, M.; Sajina, A. Active Galactic Nuclei as seen by the Spitzer Space Telescope. Nat. Astron. 2020, 4, 352–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armus, L.; Charmandaris, V.; Soifer, B.T. Observations of luminous infrared galaxies with the Spitzer Space Telescope. Nat. Astron. 2020, 4, 467–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Díaz-Santos, T.; Armus, L.; Charmandaris, V.; Lu, N.; Stierwalt, S.; Stacey, G.; Malhotra, S.; Werf, P.P.v.d.; Howell, J.H.; Privon, G.C.; et al. A Herschel /PACS Far-infrared Line Emission Survey of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2017, 846, 32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Petric, A.O.; Armus, L.; Howell, J.; Chan, B.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Evans, A.S.; Surace, J.A.; Sanders, D.; Appleton, P.; Charmandaris, V.; et al. MID-INFRARED SPECTRAL DIAGNOSTICS OF LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES. Astrophys. J. 2011, 730, 28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alonso-Herrero, A.; Pereira-Santaella, M.; Rieke, G.H.; Rigopoulou, D. Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies. II. Active Galactic Nucleus Activity from Spitzer/Infrared Spectrograph Spectra. Astrophys. J. 2012, 744, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Desai, V.; Armus, L.; Spoon, H.W.W.; Charmandaris, V.; Bernard-Salas, J.; Brandl, B.R.; Farrah, D.; Soifer, B.T.; Teplitz, H.I.; Ogle, P.M.; et al. PAH Emission from Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2007, 669, 810–820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Díaz-Santos, T.; Armus, L.; Charmandaris, V.; Stierwalt, S.; Murphy, E.J.; Haan, S.; Inami, H.; Malhotra, S.; Meijerink, R.; Stacey, G.; et al. Explaining the [C II]157.7 μm Deficit in Luminous Infrared Galaxies—First Results from a Herschel/PACS Study of the GOALS Sample. Astrophys. J. 2013, 774, 68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Díaz-Santos, T.; Charmandaris, V.; Armus, L.; Stierwalt, S.; Haan, S.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Howell, J.H.; Veilleux, S.; Murphy, E.J.; Petric, A.O.; et al. The Spatial Extent of (U)LIRGS in the Mid-infrared. II. Feature Emission. Astrophys. J. 2011, 741, 32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stern, D.; Eisenhardt, P.; Gorjian, V.; Kochanek, C.S.; Caldwell, N.; Eisenstein, D.; Brodwin, M.; Brown, M.J.I.; Cool, R.; Dey, A.; et al. Mid-Infrared Selection of Active Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2005, 631, 163–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lacy, M.; Storrie-Lombardi, L.J.; Sajina, A.; Appleton, P.N.; Armus, L.; Chapman, S.C.; Choi, P.I.; Fadda, D.; Fang, F.; Frayer, D.T.; et al. Obscured and Unobscured Active Galactic Nuclei in the Spitzer Space Telescope First Look Survey. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2004, 154, 166–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Satyapal, S.; Abel, N.P.; Secrest, N.J. Star-forming Galaxies as AGN Imposters? A Theoretical Investigation of the Mid-infrared Colors of AGNs and Extreme Starbursts. Astrophys. J. 2018, 858, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pfeifle, R.W.; Ricci, C.; Boorman, P.G.; Stalevski, M.; Asmus, D.; Trakhtenbrot, B.; Koss, M.J.; Stern, D.; Ricci, F.; Satyapal, S.; et al. BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey-XXIII. A New Mid-Infrared Diagnostic for Absorption in Active Galactic Nuclei. arXiv 2021, arXiv:2102.04412. [Google Scholar]
- Satyapal, S.; Kamal, L.; Cann, J.M.; Secrest, N.J.; Abel, N.P. The Diagnostic Potential of JWST in Characterizing Elusive AGNs. Astrophys. J. 2021, 906, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira-Santaella, M.; Colina, L.; García-Burillo, S.; Lamperti, I.; González-Alfonso, E.; Perna, M.; Arribas, S.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Aalto, S.; Combes, F.; et al. Physics of ULIRGs with MUSE and ALMA: The PUMA project. II. Are local ULIRGs powered by AGN? The subkiloparsec view of the 220 GHz continuum. Astron. Astrophys. 2021, 651, A42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imanishi, M.; Nakanishi, K.; Izumi, T. ALMA Spatially Resolved Dense Molecular Gas Survey of Nearby Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2019, 241, 19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kohno, K.; Ishizuki, S.; Matsushita, S.; Vila-Vilaró, B.; Kawabe, R. Enhanced HCN (1-0) Emission in the Type-1 Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1097. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 2003, 55, L1–L5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Costagliola, F.; Aalto, S.; Rodriguez, M.I.; Muller, S.; Spoon, H.W.W.; Martín, S.; Peréz-Torres, M.A.; Alberdi, A.; Lindberg, J.E.; Batejat, F.; et al. Molecules as tracers of galaxy evolution: An EMIR survey. I. Presentation of the data and first results. Astron. Astrophys. 2011, 528, A30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Privon, G.C.; Herrero-Illana, R.; Evans, A.S.; Iwasawa, K.; Perez-Torres, M.A.; Armus, L.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Murphy, E.J.; Stierwalt, S.; Aalto, S.; et al. Excitation Mechanisms for HCN (1-0) and HCO+ (1-0) in Galaxies from the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey. Astrophys. J. 2015, 814, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Privon, G.C.; Ricci, C.; Aalto, S.; Viti, S.; Armus, L.; Díaz-Santos, T.; González-Alfonso, E.; Iwasawa, K.; Jeff, D.L.; Treister, E.; et al. A Hard X-ray Test of HCN Enhancements As a Tracer of Embedded Black Hole Growth. Astrophys. J. 2020, 893, 149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakamoto, K.; Aalto, S.; Costagliola, F.; Martín, S.; Ohyama, Y.; Wiedner, M.C.; Wilner, D.J. Submillimeter Interferometry of the Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 4418: A Hidden Hot Nucleus with an Inflow and an Outflow. Astrophys. J. 2013, 764, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakamoto, K.; Aalto, S.; Evans, A.S.; Wiedner, M.C.; Wilner, D.J. Vibrationally Excited HCN in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 4418. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2010, 725, L228–L233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Falstad, N.; Aalto, S.; König, S.; Onishi, K.; Muller, S.; Gorski, M.; Sato, M.; Stanley, F.; Combes, F.; González-Alfonso, E.; et al. CON-quest. Searching for the most obscured galaxy nuclei. Astron. Astrophys. 2021, 649, A105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aalto, S.; Garcia-Burillo, S.; Muller, S.; Winters, J.M.; Gonzalez-Alfonso, E.; van der Werf, P.; Henkel, C.; Costagliola, F.; Neri, R. High resolution observations of HCN and HCO+J = 3-2 in the disk and outflow of Mrk 231. Detection of vibrationally excited HCN in the warped nucleus. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 574, A85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Andrews, B.H.; Thompson, T.A. Assessing Radiation Pressure as a Feedback Mechanism in Star-forming Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2011, 727, 97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aalto, S.; Muller, S.; König, S.; Falstad, N.; Mangum, J.; Sakamoto, K.; Privon, G.C.; Gallagher, J.; Combes, F.; García-Burillo, S.; et al. The hidden heart of the luminous infrared galaxy IC 860. I. A molecular inflow feeding opaque, extreme nuclear activity. Astron. Astrophys. 2019, 627, A147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Falstad, N.; Hallqvist, F.; Aalto, S.; König, S.; Muller, S.; Aladro, R.; Combes, F.; Evans, A.S.; Fuller, G.A.; Gallagher, J.S.; et al. Hidden or missing outflows in highly obscured galaxy nuclei? Astron. Astrophys. 2019, 623, A29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hayashi, T.J.; Hagiwara, Y.; Imanishi, M. Radio properties of 10 nearby ultraluminous infrared galaxies with signatures of luminous buried active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2021, 504, 2675–2686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barcos-Muñoz, L.; Leroy, A.K.; Evans, A.S.; Condon, J.; Privon, G.C.; Thompson, T.A.; Armus, L.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Meier, D.S.; et al. A 33 GHz Survey of Local Major Mergers: Estimating the Sizes of the Energetically Dominant Regions from High-resolution Measurements of the Radio Continuum. Astrophys. J. 2017, 843, 117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Condon, J.J.; Huang, Z.P.; Yin, Q.F.; Thuan, T.X. Compact Starbursts in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 1991, 378, 65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, L.; Chen, Y.; Huang, J.H.; Gu, Q.S.; Lei, S.J. The FIR-radio correlation of Wolf-Rayet galaxies and the role of star formation in LINERs. Astron. Astrophys. 2000, 355, 922–928. [Google Scholar]
- Donley, J.L.; Rieke, G.H.; Rigby, J.R.; Pérez-González, P.G. Unveiling a Population of AGNs Not Detected in X-rays. Astrophys. J. 2005, 634, 169–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yun, M.S.; Reddy, N.A.; Condon, J.J. Radio Properties of Infrared-selected Galaxies in the IRAS 2 Jy Sample. Astrophys. J. 2001, 554, 803–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vardoulaki, E.; Charmandaris, V.; Murphy, E.J.; Diaz-Santos, T.; Armus, L.; Evans, A.S.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Privon, G.C.; Stierwalt, S.; Barcos-Muñoz, L. Radio continuum properties of luminous infrared galaxies. Identifying the presence of an AGN in the radio. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 574, A4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Appleton, P.N.; Fadda, D.T.; Marleau, F.R.; Frayer, D.T.; Helou, G.; Condon, J.J.; Choi, P.I.; Yan, L.; Lacy, M.; Wilson, G.; et al. The Far- and Mid-Infrared/Radio Correlations in the Spitzer Extragalactic First Look Survey. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2004, 154, 147–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iwasawa, K.; Taniguchi, Y. The X-ray Baldwin Effect. Astrophys. J. Lett. 1993, 413, L15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mushotzky, R.F.; Done, C.; Pounds, K.A. X-ray spectra and time variability of active galactic nuclei. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1993, 31, 717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alberts, S.; Rujopakarn, W.; Rieke, G.H.; Jagannathan, P.; Nyland, K. Completing the Census of AGN in GOODS-S/HUDF: New Ultradeep Radio Imaging and Predictions for JWST. Astrophys. J. 2020, 901, 168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prieto, M.A.; Reunanen, J.; Tristram, K.R.W.; Neumayer, N.; Fernandez-Ontiveros, J.A.; Orienti, M.; Meisenheimer, K. The spectral energy distribution of the central parsecs of the nearest AGN. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2010, 402, 724–744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alonso-Herrero, A.; Colina, L.; Packham, C.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Rieke, G.H.; Radomski, J.T.; Telesco, C.M. High Spatial Resolution T-ReCS Mid-Infrared Imaging of Luminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2006, 652, L83–L87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Donley, J.L.; Rieke, G.H.; Pérez-González, P.G.; Rigby, J.R.; Alonso-Herrero, A. Spitzer Power-Law Active Galactic Nucleus Candidates in the Chandra Deep Field-North. Astrophys. J. 2007, 660, 167–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Donley, J.L.; Koekemoer, A.M.; Brusa, M.; Capak, P.; Cardamone, C.N.; Civano, F.; Ilbert, O.; Impey, C.D.; Kartaltepe, J.S.; Miyaji, T.; et al. Identifying Luminous Active Galactic Nuclei in Deep Surveys: Revised IRAC Selection Criteria. Astrophys. J. 2012, 748, 142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaspari, M.; Sądowski, A. Unifying the Micro and Macro Properties of AGN Feeding and Feedback. Astrophys. J. 2017, 837, 149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaspari, M.; Tombesi, F.; Cappi, M. Linking macro-, meso- and microscales in multiphase AGN feeding and feedback. Nat. Astron. 2020, 4, 10–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gaspari, M.; Temi, P.; Brighenti, F. Raining on black holes and massive galaxies: The top-down multiphase condensation model. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2017, 466, 677–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Naab, T.; Burkert, A. Gas Dynamics and Inflow in Gas-Rich Galaxy Mergers. In The Central Kiloparsec of Starbursts and AGN: The La Palma Connection; Knapen, J.H., Beckman, J.E., Shlosman, I., Mahoney, T.J., Eds.; Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series; ASP: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2001; Volume 249, p. 735. [Google Scholar]
- Marinacci, F.; Sales, L.V.; Vogelsberger, M.; Torrey, P.; Springel, V. Simulating the interstellar medium and stellar feedback on a moving mesh: Implementation and isolated galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2019, 489, 4233–4260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sivasankaran, A.; Blecha, L.; Torrey, P.; Kelley, L.Z.; Bhowmick, A.; Vogelsberger, M.; Losacco, R.; Weinberger, R.; Hernquist, L.; Marinacci, F.; et al. Simulations of black hole fueling in isolated and merging galaxies with an explicit, multiphase ISM. arXiv 2022, arXiv:2203.14985. [Google Scholar]
- Ueda, J.; Iono, D.; Yun, M.S.; Crocker, A.F.; Narayanan, D.; Komugi, S.; Espada, D.; Hatsukade, B.; Kaneko, H.; Matsuda, Y.; et al. Cold Molecular Gas in Merger Remnants. I. Formation of Molecular Gas Disks. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2014, 214, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mayer, L.; Kazantzidis, S.; Escala, A.; Callegari, S. Direct formation of supermassive black holes via multi-scale gas inflows in galaxy mergers. Nature 2010, 466, 1082–1084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mayer, L. Massive Black Hole binaries in gas-rich galaxy mergers; multiple regimes of orbital decay and interplay with gas inflows. Class. Quantum Gravity 2013, 30, 244008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Escala, A.; Larson, R.B.; Coppi, P.S.; Mardones, D. The Role of Gas in the Merging of Massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei. II. Black Hole Merging in a Nuclear Gas Disk. Astrophys. J. 2005, 630, 152–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dotti, M.; Colpi, M.; Haardt, F.; Mayer, L. Supermassive black hole binaries in gaseous and stellar circumnuclear discs: Orbital dynamics and gas accretion. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2007, 379, 956–962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mayer, L.; Kazantzidis, S.; Madau, P.; Colpi, M.; Quinn, T.; Wadsley, J. Rapid Formation of Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Galaxy Mergers with Gas. Science 2007, 316, 1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Medling, A.M.; U, V.; Max, C.E.; Sanders, D.B.; Armus, L.; Holden, B.; Mieda, E.; Wright, S.A.; Larkin, J.E. FOLLOWING BLACK HOLE SCALING RELATIONS THROUGH GAS-RICH MERGERS. Astrophys. J. 2015, 803, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ferrarese, L.; Merritt, D. A Fundamental Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2000, 539, L9–L12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gebhardt, K.; Bender, R.; Bower, G.; Dressler, A.; Faber, S.M.; Filippenko, A.V.; Green, R.; Grillmair, C.; Ho, L.C.; Kormendy, J.; et al. A Relationship between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2000, 539, L13–L16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tremaine, S.; Gebhardt, K.; Bender, R.; Bower, G.; Dressler, A.; Faber, S.M.; Filippenko, A.V.; Green, R.; Grillmair, C.; Ho, L.C.; et al. The Slope of the Black Hole Mass versus Velocity Dispersion Correlation. Astrophys. J. 2002, 574, 740–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merritt, D.; Ferrarese, L. The M-σ Relation for Supermassive Black Holes. Astrophys. J. 2001, 547, 140–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kormendy, J.; Gebhardt, K. Supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei. In 20th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics; Wheeler, J.C., Martel, H., Eds.; American Institute of Physics Conference Series; American Institute of Physics: College Park, MD, USA, 2001; Volume 586, pp. 363–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marconi, A.; Hunt, L.K. The Relation between Black Hole Mass, Bulge Mass, and Near-Infrared Luminosity. Astrophys. J. 2003, 589, L21–L24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Magorrian, J.; Tremaine, S.; Richstone, D.; Bender, R.; Bower, G.; Dressler, A.; Faber, S.M.; Gebhardt, K.; Green, R.; Grillmair, C.; et al. The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centers. Astron. J. 1998, 115, 2285–2305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gültekin, K.; Richstone, D.O.; Gebhardt, K.; Lauer, T.R.; Tremaine, S.; Aller, M.C.; Bender, R.; Dressler, A.; Faber, S.M.; Filippenko, A.V.; et al. The M-σ and M-L Relations in Galactic Bulges, and Determinations of Their Intrinsic Scatter. Astrophys. J. 2009, 698, 198–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McConnell, N.J.; Ma, C.P. Revisiting the Scaling Relations of Black Hole Masses and Host Galaxy Properties. Astrophys. J. 2013, 764, 184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medling, A.M.; Privon, G.C.; Barcos-Muñoz, L.; Treister, E.; Cicone, C.; Messias, H.; Sanders, D.B.; Scoville, N.; U, V.; Armus, L.; et al. How to Fuel an AGN: Mapping Circumnuclear Gas in NGC 6240 with ALMA. Astrophys. J. 2019, 885, L21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kormendy, J.; Ho, L.C. Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2013, 51, 511–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stickley, N.R.; Canalizo, G. Stellar Velocity Dispersion in Dissipative Galaxy Mergers with Star Formation. Astrophys. J. 2014, 786, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Scoville, N.; Sheth, K.; Walter, F.; Manohar, S.; Zschaechner, L.; Yun, M.; Koda, J.; Sanders, D.; Murchikova, L.; Thompson, T.; et al. ALMA Imaging of HCN, CS, and Dust in ARP 220 and NGC 6240. Astrophys. J. 2015, 800, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Veilleux, S.; Rupke, D.S.N.; Kim, D.C.; Genzel, R.; Sturm, E.; Lutz, D.; Contursi, A.; Schweitzer, M.; Tacconi, L.J.; Netzer, H.; et al. Spitzer Quasar and Ulirg Evolution Study (QUEST). IV. Comparison of 1 Jy Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies with Palomar-Green Quasars. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2009, 182, 628–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schweitzer, M.; Lutz, D.; Sturm, E.; Contursi, A.; Tacconi, L.J.; Lehnert, M.D.; Dasyra, K.M.; Genzel, R.; Veilleux, S.; Rupke, D.; et al. Spitzer Quasar and ULIRG Evolution Study (QUEST). I. The Origin of the Far-Infrared Continuum of QSOs. Astrophys. J. 2006, 649, 79–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Veilleux, S. QUEST: A Quasar/ULIRG Evolutionary Study with Spitzer/IRS. In Infrared Diagnostics of Galaxy Evolution; Chary, R.R., Teplitz, H.I., Sheth, K., Eds.; Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series; ASP: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2008; Volume 381, p. 24. [Google Scholar]
- Veilleux, S. The Latest Results from QUEST, the Quasar and ULIRG Evolution Study. In Journal of Physics Conference Series; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2012; Volume 372, p. 012001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prieto, J.; Escala, A.; Privon, G.; d’Etigny, J. Black hole fueling in galaxy mergers: A high-resolution analysis. arXiv 2021, arXiv:2101.09407. [Google Scholar]
- Sturm, E.; González-Alfonso, E.; Veilleux, S.; Fischer, J.; Graciá-Carpio, J.; Hailey-Dunsheath, S.; Contursi, A.; Poglitsch, A.; Sternberg, A.; Davies, R.; et al. Massive Molecular Outflows and Negative Feedback in ULIRGs Observed by Herschel-PACS. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2011, 733, L16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heckman, T.M.; Dahlem, M.; Lehnert, M.D.; Fabbiano, G.; Gilmore, D.; Waller, W.H. An X-ray and Optical Study of the Dwarf Galaxy NGC 1569: Evidence for a Starburst-driven Outflow. Astrophys. J. 1995, 448, 98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veilleux, S.; Cecil, G.; Bland-Hawthorn, J. Galactic Winds. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2005, 43, 769–826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fabian, A.C. Observational Evidence of Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2012, 50, 455–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rupke, D. A Review of Recent Observations of Galactic Winds Driven by Star Formation. Galaxies 2018, 6, 138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Veilleux, S.; Maiolino, R.; Bolatto, A.D.; Aalto, S. Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 2020, 28, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hopkins, P.F.; Wetzel, A.; Kereš, D.; Faucher-Giguère, C.A.; Quataert, E.; Boylan-Kolchin, M.; Murray, N.; Hayward, C.C.; Garrison-Kimmel, S.; Hummels, C.; et al. FIRE-2 simulations: Physics versus numerics in galaxy formation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2018, 480, 800–863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moreno, J.; Torrey, P.; Ellison, S.L.; Patton, D.R.; Bottrell, C.; Bluck, A.F.L.; Hani, M.H.; Hayward, C.C.; Bullock, J.S.; Hopkins, P.F.; et al. Spatially resolved star formation and fuelling in galaxy interactions. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamada, S.; Ueda, Y.; Tanimoto, A.; Imanishi, M.; Toba, Y.; Ricci, C.; Privon, G.C. Comprehensive Broadband X-ray and Multiwavelength Study of Active Galactic Nuclei in 57 Local Luminous and Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Observed with NuSTAR and/or Swift/BAT. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2021, 257, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soto, K.T.; Martin, C.L.; Prescott, M.K.M.; Armus, L. The Emission-line Spectra of Major Mergers: Evidence for Shocked Outflows. Astrophys. J. 2012, 757, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rupke, D.S.N.; Veilleux, S. The Multiphase Structure and Power Sources of Galactic Winds in Major Mergers. Astrophys. J. 2013, 768, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leung, G.C.K.; Coil, A.L.; Rupke, D.S.N.; Perrotta, S. KCWI Observations of the Extended Nebulae in Mrk 273. Astrophys. J. 2021, 914, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medling, A.M.; U, V.; Rich, J.A.; Kewley, L.J.; Armus, L.; Dopita, M.A.; Max, C.E.; Sanders, D.; Sutherland, R. Shocked gas in IRAS F17207-0014: ISM collisions and outflows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2015, 448, 2301–2311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cicone, C.; Maiolino, R.; Sturm, E.; Graciá-Carpio, J.; Feruglio, C.; Neri, R.; Aalto, S.; Davies, R.; Fiore, F.; Fischer, J.; et al. Massive molecular outflows and evidence for AGN feedback from CO observations. Astron. Astrophys. 2014, 562, A21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alatalo, K. Escape, Accretion, or Star Formation? The Competing Depleters of Gas in the Quasar Markarian 231. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2015, 801, L17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- García-Burillo, S.; Combes, F.; Usero, A.; Aalto, S.; Colina, L.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Hunt, L.K.; Arribas, S.; Costagliola, F.; Labiano, A.; et al. High-resolution imaging of the molecular outflows in two mergers: <ASTROBJ>IRAS 17208-0014</ASTROBJ> and <ASTROBJ>NGC 1614</ASTROBJ>. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 580, A35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Izumi, T.; Nguyen, D.D.; Imanishi, M.; Kawamuro, T.; Baba, S.; Nakano, S.; Kohno, K.; Matsushita, S.; Meier, D.S.; Turner, J.L.; et al. ALMA Observations of Multiple CO and C Lines toward the Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC 7469: An X-ray-dominated Region Caught in the Act. Astrophys. J. 2020, 898, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haan, S.; Surace, J.A.; Armus, L.; Evans, A.S.; Howell, J.H.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Kim, D.C.; Vavilkin, T.; Inami, H.; Sanders, D.B.; et al. The Nuclear Structure in Nearby Luminous Infrared Galaxies: Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Imaging of the GOALS Sample. Astron. J. 2011, 141, 100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, D.C.; Evans, A.S.; Vavilkin, T.; Armus, L.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Sheth, K.; Surace, J.A.; Haan, S.; Howell, J.H.; Díaz-Santos, T.; et al. Hubble Space Telescope ACS Imaging of the GOALS Sample: Quantitative Structural Properties of Nearby Luminous Infrared Galaxies with L IR > 10 11.4Lsun. Astrophys. J. 2013, 768, 102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kakkad, D.; Groves, B.; Dopita, M.; Thomas, A.D.; Davies, R.L.; Mainieri, V.; Kharb, P.; Scharwächter, J.; Hampton, E.J.; Ho, I.T. Spatially resolved electron density in the narrow line region of z < 0.02 radio AGNs. Astron. Astrophys. 2018, 618, A6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kakkad, D.; Mainieri, V.; Vietri, G.; Carniani, S.; Harrison, C.M.; Perna, M.; Scholtz, J.; Circosta, C.; Cresci, G.; Husemann, B.; et al. SUPER: II. Spatially resolved ionised gas kinematics and scaling relations in z ∼ 2 AGN host galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 2020, 642, A147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cicone, C.; Brusa, M.; Ramos Almeida, C.; Cresci, G.; Husemann, B.; Mainieri, V. The largely unconstrained multiphase nature of outflows in AGN host galaxies. Nat. Astron. 2018, 2, 176–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira-Santaella, M.; Colina, L.; García-Burillo, S.; Combes, F.; Emonts, B.; Aalto, S.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Arribas, S.; Henkel, C.; Labiano, A.; et al. Spatially resolved cold molecular outflows in ULIRGs. Astron. Astrophys. 2018, 616, A171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Scoville, N.Z.; Evans, A.S.; Thompson, R.; Rieke, M.; Hines, D.C.; Low, F.J.; Dinshaw, N.; Surace, J.A.; Armus, L. NICMOS Imaging of Infrared-Luminous Galaxies. Astron. J. 2000, 119, 991–1061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Klöckner, H.R.; Baan, W.A. An embedded circumnuclear disk in Mrk 273. Astron. Astrophys. 2004, 419, 887–896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez Zaurín, J.; Tadhunter, C.N.; Rupke, D.S.N.; Veilleux, S.; Spoon, H.W.W.; Chiaberge, M.; Ramos Almeida, C.; Batcheldor, D.; Sparks, W.B. Extended warm gas in the ULIRG Mrk273: Galactic outflows and tidal debris. Astron. Astrophys. 2014, 571, A57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Medling, A.M.; Kewley, L.J.; Calzetti, D.; Privon, G.C.; Larson, K.; Rich, J.A.; Armus, L.; Allen, M.G.; Bicknell, G.V.; Díaz-Santos, T.; et al. Tracing the Ionization Structure of the Shocked Filaments of NGC 6240. Astrophys. J. 2021, 923, 160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Alfonso, E.; Fischer, J.; Spoon, H.W.W.; Stewart, K.P.; Ashby, M.L.N.; Veilleux, S.; Smith, H.A.; Sturm, E.; Farrah, D.; Falstad, N.; et al. Molecular Outflows in Local ULIRGs: Energetics from Multitransition OH Analysis. Astrophys. J. 2017, 836, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gowardhan, A.; Spoon, H.; Riechers, D.A.; González-Alfonso, E.; Farrah, D.; Fischer, J.; Darling, J.; Fergulio, C.; Afonso, J.; Bizzocchi, L. The Dual Role of Starbursts and Active Galactic Nuclei in Driving Extreme Molecular Outflows. Astrophys. J. 2018, 859, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pereira-Santaella, M.; Spinoglio, L.; van der Werf, P.P.; Piqueras López, J. Warm molecular gas temperature distribution in six local infrared bright Seyfert galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 2014, 566, A49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rupke, D.S.; Veilleux, S.; Sanders, D.B. Outflows in Infrared-Luminous Starbursts at z < 0.5. I. Sample, Na I D Spectra, and Profile Fitting. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2005, 160, 87–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rupke, D.S.; Veilleux, S.; Sanders, D.B. Outflows in Infrared-Luminous Starbursts at z < 0.5. II. Analysis and Discussion. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2005, 160, 115–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rupke, D.S.; Veilleux, S. Keck High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Outflows in Infrared-luminous Galaxies. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2005, 631, L37–L40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rupke, D.S.; Veilleux, S.; Sanders, D.B. Outflows in Active Galactic Nucleus/Starburst-Composite Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2005, 632, 751–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veilleux, S.; Meléndez, M.; Sturm, E.; Gracia-Carpio, J.; Fischer, J.; González-Alfonso, E.; Contursi, A.; Lutz, D.; Poglitsch, A.; Davies, R.; et al. Fast Molecular Outflows in Luminous Galaxy Mergers: Evidence for Quasar Feedback from Herschel. Astrophys. J. 2013, 776, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harrison, C.M.; Alexander, D.M.; Mullaney, J.R.; Swinbank, A.M. Kiloparsec-scale outflows are prevalent among luminous AGN: Outflows and feedback in the context of the overall AGN population. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2014, 441, 3306–3347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, W.; Veilleux, S.; Rupke, D.S.N.; Tripp, T.M.; Hamann, F.; Martin, C. Galactic Winds across the Gas-Rich Merger Sequence II. Lyman Alpha Emission and Highly Ionized O VI and N V Outflows in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. arXiv 2022, arXiv:2206.09015. [Google Scholar]
- Rodríguez Zaurín, J.; Tadhunter, C.N.; Rose, M.; Holt, J. The importance of warm, AGN-driven outflows in the nuclear regions of nearby ULIRGs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2013, 432, 138–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, X.; Shen, Y.; Strauss, M.A.; Hao, L. Active Galactic Nucleus Pairs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. The Frequency on ∼5–100 kpc Scales. Astrophys. J. 2011, 737, 101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fu, H.; Zhang, Z.Y.; Assef, R.J.; Stockton, A.; Myers, A.D.; Yan, L.; Djorgovski, S.G.; Wrobel, J.M.; Riechers, D.A. A Kiloparsec-scale Binary Active Galactic Nucleus Confirmed by the Expanded Very Large Array. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2011, 740, L44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kharb, P.; Lal, D.V.; Merritt, D. A candidate sub-parsec binary black hole in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7674. Nat. Astron. 2017, 1, 727–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dey, L.; Valtonen, M.J.; Gopakumar, A.; Zola, S.; Hudec, R.; Pihajoki, P.; Ciprini, S.; Matsumoto, K.; Sadakane, K.; Kidger, M.; et al. Authenticating the Presence of a Relativistic Massive Black Hole Binary in OJ 287 Using Its General Relativity Centenary Flare: Improved Orbital Parameters. Astrophys. J. 2018, 866, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rodriguez, C.; Taylor, G.B.; Zavala, R.T.; Peck, A.B.; Pollack, L.K.; Romani, R.W. A Compact Supermassive Binary Black Hole System. Astrophys. J. 2006, 646, 49–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Burke-Spolaor, S.; Blecha, L.; Bogdanović, T.; Comerford, J.M.; Lazio, J.; Liu, X.; Maccarone, T.J.; Pesce, D.; Shen, Y.; Taylor, G. Supermassive Black Hole Pairs and Binaries. In Science with a Next Generation Very Large Array; Murphy, E., Ed.; Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series; ASP: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2018; Volume 517, p. 677. [Google Scholar]
- Foster, R.S.; Backer, D.C. Constructing a Pulsar Timing Array. Astrophys. J. 1990, 361, 300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hobbs, G.; Archibald, A.; Arzoumanian, Z.; Backer, D.; Bailes, M.; Bhat, N.D.R.; Burgay, M.; Burke-Spolaor, S.; Champion, D.; Cognard, I.; et al. The International Pulsar Timing Array project: Using pulsars as a gravitational wave detector. Class. Quantum Gravity 2010, 27, 084013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burke-Spolaor, S.; Taylor, S.R.; Charisi, M.; Dolch, T.; Hazboun, J.S.; Holgado, A.M.; Kelley, L.Z.; Lazio, T.J.W.; Madison, D.R.; McMann, N.; et al. The astrophysics of nanohertz gravitational waves. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 2019, 27, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- De Rosa, A.; Vignali, C.; Bogdanović, T.; Capelo, P.R.; Charisi, M.; Dotti, M.; Husemann, B.; Lusso, E.; Mayer, L.; Paragi, Z.; et al. The quest for dual and binary supermassive black holes: A multi-messenger view. New Astron. Rev. 2019, 86, 101525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bogdanovic, T.; Miller, M.C.; Blecha, L. Electromagnetic Counterparts to Massive Black Hole Mergers. arXiv 2021, arXiv:2109.03262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milosavljević, M.; Merritt, D. The Final Parsec Problem. In The Astrophysics of Gravitational Wave Sources; Centrella, J.M., Ed.; American Institute of Physics Conference Series; American Institute of Physics: College Park, MD, USA, 2003; Volume 686, pp. 201–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartel, N.; Dhawan, V.; Krichbaum, T.; Graham, D.A.; Pauliny-Toth, I.I.K. VLBI imaging with an angular resolution of 100 microarcseconds. Nature 1988, 334, 131–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burke-Spolaor, S. A Radio Census of Binary Supermassive Black Holes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 410, 2113–2122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boroson, T.A.; Lauer, T.R. A candidate sub-parsec supermassive binary black hole system. Nature 2009, 458, 53–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, J.M.; Chen, Y.M.; Hu, C.; Mao, W.M.; Zhang, S.; Bian, W.H. Active Galactic Nuclei with Double-Peaked Narrow Lines: Are they Dual Active Galactic Nuclei? Astrophys. J. Lett. 2009, 705, L76–L80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Comerford, J.M.; Gerke, B.F.; Newman, J.A.; Davis, M.; Yan, R.; Cooper, M.C.; Faber, S.M.; Koo, D.C.; Coil, A.L.; Rosario, D.J.; et al. Inspiralling Supermassive Black Holes: A New Signpost for Galaxy Mergers. Astrophys. J. 2009, 698, 956–965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Comerford, J.M.; Schluns, K.; Greene, J.E.; Cool, R.J. Dual Supermassive Black Hole Candidates in the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey. Astrophys. J. 2013, 777, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McGurk, R.C.; Max, C.E.; Rosario, D.J.; Shields, G.A.; Smith, K.L.; Wright, S.A. Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of SDSS J0952+2552: A Confirmed Dual Active Galactic Nucleus. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2011, 738, L2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barrows, R.S.; Stern, D.; Madsen, K.; Harrison, F.; Assef, R.J.; Comerford, J.M.; Cushing, M.C.; Fassnacht, C.D.; Gonzalez, A.H.; Griffith, R.; et al. A Candidate Dual Active Galactic Nucleus at z = 1.175. Astrophys. J. 2012, 744, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fu, H.; Yan, L.; Myers, A.D.; Stockton, A.; Djorgovski, S.G.; Aldering, G.; Rich, J.A. The Nature of Double-peaked [O III] Active Galactic Nuclei. Astrophys. J. 2012, 745, 67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Veilleux, S.; Shopbell, P.L.; Miller, S.T. The Biconical Outflow in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 2992. Astron. J. 2001, 121, 198–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fischer, T.C.; Crenshaw, D.M.; Kraemer, S.B.; Schmitt, H.R.; Mushotsky, R.F.; Dunn, J.P. Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Double-peaked Emission Lines in the Seyfert Galaxy Markarian 78: Mass Outflows from a Single Active Galactic Nucleus. Astrophys. J. 2011, 727, 71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, X.; Guo, H.; Shen, Y.; Greene, J.E.; Strauss, M.A. Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Identifies an rp = 1 Kpc Dual Active Galactic Nucleus in the Minor Galaxy Merger SDSS J0924+0510 at z = 0.1495. Astrophys. J. 2018, 862, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Greene, J.E.; Ho, L.C. A Comparison of Stellar and Gaseous Kinematics in the Nuclei of Active Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2005, 627, 721–732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, X.; Shen, Y.; Strauss, M.A.; Greene, J.E. Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei with Double-Peaked [O III] Lines: Narrow-Line Region Kinematics or Merging Supermassive Black Hole Pairs? Astrophys. J. 2010, 708, 427–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Smith, K.L.; Shields, G.A.; Salviander, S.; Stevens, A.C.; Rosario, D.J. Double-peaked Narrow-line Active Galactic Nuclei. II. The Case of Equal Peaks. Astrophys. J. 2012, 752, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McGurk, R.C.; Max, C.E.; Medling, A.M.; Shields, G.A.; Comerford, J.M. Spatially Resolved Imaging and Spectroscopy of Candidate Dual Active Galactic Nuclei. Astrophys. J. 2015, 811, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, D.C.; Yoon, I.; Evans, A.S.; Kim, M.; Momjian, E.; Kim, J.H. Dual AGN Candidates with Double-peaked [O III] Lines Matching that of Confirmed Dual AGNs. Astrophys. J. 2020, 904, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Comerford, J.M.; Pooley, D.; Barrows, R.S.; Greene, J.E.; Zakamska, N.L.; Madejski, G.M.; Cooper, M.C. Merger-driven Fueling of Active Galactic Nuclei: Six Dual and Offset AGNs Discovered with Chandra and Hubble Space Telescope Observations. Astrophys. J. 2015, 806, 219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koss, M.J.; Blecha, L.; Bernhard, P.; Hung, C.L.; Lu, J.R.; Trakhtenbrot, B.; Treister, E.; Weigel, A.; Sartori, L.F.; Mushotzky, R.; et al. A population of luminous accreting black holes with hidden mergers. Nature 2018, 563, 214–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pfeifle, R.W.; Satyapal, S.; Secrest, N.J.; Gliozzi, M.; Ricci, C.; Ellison, S.L.; Rothberg, B.; Cann, J.; Blecha, L.; Williams, J.K.; et al. Buried Black Hole Growth in IR-selected Mergers: New Results from Chandra. Astrophys. J. 2019, 875, 117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Inami, H.; Armus, L.; Surace, J.A.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Evans, A.S.; Sanders, D.B.; Howell, J.H.; Petric, A.; Vavilkin, T.; Iwasawa, K.; et al. The Buried Starburst in the Interacting Galaxy II Zw 096 as Revealed by the Spitzer Space Telescope. Astron. J. 2010, 140, 63–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ballo, L.; Braito, V.; Della Ceca, R.; Maraschi, L.; Tavecchio, F.; Dadina, M. Arp 299: A Second Merging System with Two Active Nuclei? Astrophys. J. 2004, 600, 634–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bianchi, S.; Chiaberge, M.; Piconcelli, E.; Guainazzi, M.; Matt, G. Chandra unveils a binary active galactic nucleus in Mrk 463. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2008, 386, 105–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Treister, E.; Privon, G.C.; Sartori, L.F.; Nagar, N.; Bauer, F.E.; Schawinski, K.; Messias, H.; Ricci, C.; U, V.; Casey, C.; et al. Optical, Near-IR, and Sub-mm IFU Observations of the Nearby Dual Active Galactic Nuclei MRK 463. Astrophys. J. 2018, 854, 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamada, S.; Ueda, Y.; Oda, S.; Tanimoto, A.; Imanishi, M.; Terashima, Y.; Ricci, C. Broadband X-ray Spectral Analysis of the Double-nucleus Luminous Infrared Galaxy Mrk 463. Astrophys. J. 2018, 858, 106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Koss, M.; Mushotzky, R.; Treister, E.; Veilleux, S.; Vasudevan, R.; Miller, N.; Sanders, D.B.; Schawinski, K.; Trippe, M. Chandra Discovery of a Binary Active Galactic Nucleus in Mrk 739. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2011, 735, L42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Privon, G.C.; Barnes, J.E.; Evans, A.S.; Hibbard, J.E.; Yun, M.S.; Mazzarella, J.M.; Armus, L.; Surace, J. Dynamical Modeling of Galaxy Mergers Using Identikit. Astrophys. J. 2013, 771, 120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barnes, J.E.; Hibbard, J.E. Identikit 1: A Modeling Tool for Interacting Disk Galaxies. Astron. J. 2009, 137, 3071–3090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pereira-Santaella, M.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Rieke, G.H.; Colina, L.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Smith, J.D.T.; Pérez-González, P.G.; Engelbracht, C.W. Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies. I. Spatially Resolved Observations with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2010, 188, 447–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stierwalt, S.; Armus, L.; Surace, J.A.; Inami, H.; Petric, A.O.; Diaz-Santos, T.; Haan, S.; Charmandaris, V.; Howell, J.; Kim, D.C.; et al. Mid-Infrared Properties of Nearby Luminous Infrared Galaxies. I. Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Spectra for the GOALS Sample. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2013, 206, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Davies, R.I.; Kasper, M. Adaptive Optics for Astronomy. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2012, 50, 305–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Do, T.; Wright, S.A.; Barth, A.J.; Barton, E.J.; Simard, L.; Larkin, J.E.; Moore, A.M.; Wang, L.; Ellerbroek, B. Prospects for Measuring Supermassive Black Hole Masses with Future Extremely Large Telescopes. Astron. J. 2014, 147, 93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Multiwavelength Indicator | AGN Criteria | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Radio-infrared flux ratio | ||
: radio-excess | [142,145,146] | |
FIR | ||
or | ||
[144,147] | ||
X-ray Detection | [31] | |
erg s | ||
X-ray Hardness Ratio | [55] | |
HR H (S): counts in 2−8 (0.5−2) keV | HR | |
X-ray Radio Excess | [150] | |
Mid-infrared Power-law Index | [31,152,153] | |
IRAC Colors | [154] | |
, | ||
Optical Spectral Classification | [81,86] | |
Seyfert 1: H (FWHM) km s | ||
Seyfert 2: lie above Kewley et al. [81] theoretical lines in BPT diagrams |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
U, V. The Role of AGN in Luminous Infrared Galaxies from the Multiwavelength Perspective. Universe 2022, 8, 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8080392
U V. The Role of AGN in Luminous Infrared Galaxies from the Multiwavelength Perspective. Universe. 2022; 8(8):392. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8080392
Chicago/Turabian StyleU, Vivian. 2022. "The Role of AGN in Luminous Infrared Galaxies from the Multiwavelength Perspective" Universe 8, no. 8: 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8080392