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Eastern Atlantic: Morocco to Cape Verde, including Azores and the Mediterranean. Western Atlantic: Bermuda and the Bahamas to the Lesser Antilles (Leeward Islands).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref.
4472
); common length : 20.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
3397
)
Primarily in insular waters (Ref.
4964
), on sand and sand-rock bottoms (Ref.
6808
). Feeds mainly on other fishes, but may also prey on other animals (Ref.
12382
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Sulak, K.J.
, 1990. Synodontidae. p. 365-370. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref.
4472
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 16.4 - 27.9, mean 19.8 °C (based on 172 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00408 - 0.00562), b=3.16 (3.12 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.5 ±0.8 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 62.6 [26.0, 157.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.802 [0.272, 1.691] mg/100g; Protein = 15.7 [12.7, 18.2] %; Omega3 = 0.177 [0.060, 0.432] g/100g; Selenium = 32.8 [12.2, 77.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 21.3 [4.9, 80.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.557 [0.327, 0.867] mg/100g (wet weight);
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Laguna, Philippines
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