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| The families of mushrooms and toadstools represented in Britain and Ireland |
‘Wax-gills’, etc.
Inc. Hygrophoraceae
Morphology. The fruit-bodies producing basidia and basidiospores; ephemeral; clustered (often densely), or solitary (less commonly); differentiated into a stipe and pileus with the hymenium underneath the latter (nearly always), or fan-shaped (some Panellus); small to large (mostly), or very large; (0.5–)2–15(–30) cm across. The mature pileus convex, or parasol-shaped, or more or less flat or somewhat depressed, or concave. The fruit-bodies brightly pigmented, or not brightly pigmented. The top of the pileus conspicuously patterned with scales (occasionally), or not patterned with scales; white or whitish to cream or yellowish, or buff to yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown, or light brown to dark brown, or orange, or olive, or yellow, or green (notably in Clitocybe odora), or lilac, or red, or grey, or blackish. The fruit-bodies with a mealy smell, with or without rancid overtones (in many Tricholoma species, sometimes rancid, nauseous in Asterophora), or with an earthy, “spermatic” smell, or smelling of radish (e.g., Mycena pura), or with a faintly sweetish or pleasant aroma (e.g., Phaeolepiota aurea), or smelling of cucumber (e.g., Tricholoma aurantium, Clitocybe asterospora), or smelling of aniseed (in Clitocybe odora), or smelling of radish (e.g., in Mycena pura), or with a faintly sweetish or pleasant aroma (e.g., in Clitocybe nebularis), or smelling of cucumber (e.g., Tricholoma aurantium, Clitocybe asterospora), or with no particular odour other than an ordinary fungoid one. The stipe with neither ring nor volva (though some Hygrophorus species exhibit a ring-like zone where the texture and/or colour of the stipe changes sharply). The hymenium borne on gills (lamellae decurrent or free, the hymenophoral trama regular to irregular, bilateral or not); thickening, or not thickening (thick and waxy in Hygrophoraceae, thin in Tricholomataceae s. str.). The hymenophore free, or adnexed to decurrent (usually attached, often sinuate). The hymenophoral trama bilateral (some Hygrophoraceae), or not bilateral. The basidia ‘unmodified’. The basidiospores ballistosporic; hyaline, or white, or cream (never dark, rarely if ever pink?); smooth (mostly), or ornamented; without a germ pore; amyloid, or inamyloid.
The hyphae with clamp connections, or without clamp connections (?). The hyphal walls lamellate, with a thin, electron-dense outer layer and a relatively thick, electron-transparent inner layer. The hyphae monomitic. The generative hyphae inflated. Spaerocysts not occurring among the context hyphae.
Ecology. Parasitic (Asterophora parasitica), or saprophytic, or saprophytic and mycorrhizal; when parasitic, on other fungi. The fruit-bodies borne on the ground. Found in grassy places, in heathland, in coniferous woodland, in broad-leaved woodland, in mixed woodland, and in places modified by human activities.
Representation in Britain and Ireland. Ampulloclitocybe, Arrhenia, Asterophora, Calocybe, Calyptella, Camarophyllopsis, Cantharellula, Cellypha, Cheimonophyllum, Chrysomphalina, Clitocybe, Clitocybula, Collybia, Conchomyces, Crinipellis, Cystoderma, Delicatula, Dendrocollybia, Dermoloma, Fayodia, Floccularia, Gamundia, Gymnopus, Haasiella, Hemimycena, Hydropus, Hygrocybe, Hygrophorus, Hypsizygus, Lactocollybia, Lepista, Leptoglossum, Leucopaxillus, Lyophyllum, Maireina, Megacollybia, Melanoleuca, Mycena, Mycenella, Myxomphalia, Neoclitocybe, Nyctalis, Omphalia, Omphalia, Omphaliaster, Omphalina, Omphalopsis, Ossicaulis, Panellus, Phaeolepiota, Phyllotopsis, Pleurocybella, Porpoloma, Prunulus, Pseudobaeospora, Pseudoclitocybe, Pseudoomphalina, Resinomycena, Resupinatus, Rhodotus, Rickenella, Rimbachia, Ripartites, Squamanita, Tephrocybe, Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis, Trogia, Xeromphalina.
World representation. 2356 species; genera 107. “Widespread”.
Classification. Basidiomycota; Basidiomycetes; Agaricomycetidae; Agaricales.
Comments. Calocybe gambosa and several Tricholoma and Lepista species edible (and good). The hymenophoral trama regular; Mycena species characterised by their “polished” stipes.
Illustrations. • Ampulloclitocybe, Arrhenia, Asterophora, Cantharellula, Fayodia, Omphaliaster, Omphalia (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Asterophora lycoperdoides; 2, Asterophora parasitica. 3, Ampulloclitocybe clavipes. 4, Omphaliaster asterosporus. 5, Arrhenia sphagnicola. 6, Fayodia bisphaerigera. 7, Cantharellula umbonata. 8, Omphalina pyxidata. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Lichenomphalia, Rickenella fibula, R. swartzii, Xeromphalina (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Xeromphalina campanella. 2, Rickenella swartzii; 3, Rickenella fibula. 4, Lichenomphalia umbellifera. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Calocybe chrysenteron, gambosa, Megacollybia platyphylla, Leucopaxillus giganteus, Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis. 2, Leucopaxillus giganteus. 3, Megacollybia platyphylla. 4, Calocybe gambosa (St. George’s Mushroom); 5, Calocybe chrysenteron. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Cystoderma amianthinum, C. carcharias, C. granulosum, Lyophyllum connatum, L. decaster (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Lyophyllum decastes; 2, Lyophyllum connatum. 3, Cystoderma amianthinum; 4, Cystoderma granulosum; 5, Cystoderma carcharias. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Lepista flaccida, L. nuda, L. saeva, Melanoleuca cognata, M. melaleuca (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Lepista nuda (Wood Blewits); 2, Lepista saevum (Blewits); 3, Lepista flaccida. 4, Melanoleuca cognata; 5, Melanoleuca melaleuca. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Tephrocybe anthracophila, murinum, palustris, rancida, tylicolor (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Tephrocybe tylicolor; 2, Tephrocybe palustris; 3, Tephrocybe rancida; 4, Tephrocybe murina; 5, Tephrocybe anthracophila. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Clitocybe dealbata, fragrans, geotropa, infundibuliformis, nebularis, odora, rivulosa, vibecina (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Clitocybe dealbata; 2, Clitocybe geotropa; 3, Clitocybe infundibuliformis; 4, Clitocybe nebularis; 5, Clitocybe fragrans; 6, Clitocybe odora; 7, Clitocybe vibecina; 8, Clitocybe rivulosa. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Collybia butyracea, confluens, dryophila, fagiphila, fusipes, maculata, peronata, tuberosa (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Collybia maculata; 2, Collybia dryophila; 3, Collybia fusipes; 4, Collybia butyracea; 5, Collybia tuberosa; 6, Collybia confluens; 7, Collybia peronata; 8, Collybia fagiphila. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Hygrocybe citrina, conica, laeta, nivea, pratensis, psittacina, punicea, turundra (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Hygrocybe pratensis; 2, Hygrocybe punicea; 3, Hygrocybe turundra; 4, Hygrocybe psittacina; 5, Hygrocybe nivea; 6, Hygrocybe citrina; 7, Hygrocybe laeta; 8, Hygrocybe conica. From Lange & Hora (1965). • Hygrophorus agathosmus, camarophyllus, dichrous, eburneus, hypothejus, olivaceoalbus, pustulatus (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Hygrophorus eburneus; 2, Hygrophorus dichrous; 3, Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus; 4, Hygrophorus agathosmus; 5, Hygrophorus hypothejus; 6, Hygrophorus pustulatus; 7, Hygrophorus camarophyllus. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Mycena adonis, flavoalba, galericulata, inclinata, metata, pura, tintinnabulum, vulgaris (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Mycena galericulata; 2, Mycena inclinata; 3, Mycena metata; 4, Mycena pura; 5, Mycena tintinnabulum; 6, Mycena flavoalba; 7, Mycena adonis; 8, Mycena vulgaris. From Lange & Hora (1965). • Mycena alcalina, crocata, epipterygia, galeropus, haematopus, polygramma, vitilis (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Mycena polygramma; 2, Mycena alcalina; 3, Mycena haematopus; 4, Mycena vitilis; 5, Mycena crocata; 6, Mycena epipterygia; 7, Mycena galopus. From Lange & Hora (1965). • Panellus mitis, P. serotinus, P. stipticus, Phaeolepiota aurea, Phyllotopsis nidulans (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Panellus stipticus; 2, Panellus mitis; 3, Panellus serotinus. 4, Phyllotopsis nidulans. 5, Phaeolepiota aurea. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Tricholoma fulvum, T. imbricatum, T. psammopus, T. terreum, T. vaccinum (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Tricholoma psammopus; 2, Tricholoma imbricatum; 3, Trichloma terreum; 4, Tricholoma fulvum; 5, Tricholoma vaccinum. From Lange & Hora (1965). • Tricholoma aurantium, T. populinum, T. ustale, Tricholomopsis rutilans (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Tricholoma aurantium; 2, Tricholoma ustale; 3, Tricholoma populinum. 4, Tricholomopsis rutilans. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Tricholoma columbetta, T. inamoenum, T. lascivum, T. saponaceum, T. sudum, T. sulphureum (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Tricholoma columbetta; 2, Tricholoma lascivum; 3, Tricholoma sulphureum; 4, Tricholoma inamoenum; 5, Tricholoma sudum; 6, Tricholoma cingulatum; 7, Tricholoma saponaceum. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Tricholoma argyraceum, T. cingulatum, T. equestre, T. portentosum, T. virgatum (LH). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Tricholoma portentosum; 2, Tricholoma equestre; 3, Tricholoma virgatum; 4, Tricholoma argyraceum; 5, Tricholoma cingulatum. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • 7 Mycena spp., Omphalina pyxidata and Panellus mitis (Berkeley). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Mycena pelianthina (Fr.) Quel.; 2, Mycena galopus var. galopus (Pers.) Quél.; 3, Mycena amicta (Fr.) Quél.; 4, Mycena vulgaris (Pers.) P. Kumm.; 5, Mycena stylobates (Pers.) P. Kumm.; 6, Mycena ascendens (Lasch) Maas Geest.; 7, Mycena pterigena (Fr.) P. Kumm.; 8, Omphalina pyxidata (Bull.) Quél.; 9, Panellus mitis (Pers.) Singer. From Berkeley (1860. • Calocybe, 4 Tricholoma spp., and Lepista nuda (Berkeley). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 2, Tricholoma equestre (L.) P. Kumm.; 3, Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.) P. Kumm.; 4, Tricholoma sulphurum Bull.; 5, Calocybe gambosa (L.) Donk.; 6, Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) P. Kumm.; 7, Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke. MARASMIACEAE. 1, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. (Honey Fungus). From Berkeley (1860). • Clitocybe, 2 Collybia species, Crenipellis, and Lepista (Berkeley). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Lepista saeva (Fr.) Orton; 2, Clitocybe infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Fr.; 5, Collybia fusipes (Bull.) Quél.; 6, Crinipellis scabella (Alb. & Schwein.); 7, Collybia dryophila (Bull.) P. Kumm. HYDNANGIACEAE. 3, Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke. MARASMIACEAE. 4, Xerula radicata (Relhan) Dörfelt. From Berkeley (1860). • Arrhenia retiruga and Collybia peronata (Berkeley). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 2, Arrhenia retiruga (Bull.) Redhead; 3 & 4, Collybia peronata (Bolton) P. Kumm. From Berkeley (1860). MARASMIACEAE. 5, Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr,; 6, Marasmius insititius Fr.; 7, Marasmius rotula Scop.; 8, Marasmius graminum (Lib.) Berk. & Broome. HYGROPHOROPSIDACEAE. 1, Hygrophoropis aurantiaca (Wulfen) Maire. • Hygrophorus distans (Berkeley). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Hygrophorus distans Berk. RUSSULACEAE. 2, Lactarius insulsus (Fr.) Fr.; 3, Lactarius piperatus (Scop.) Fr.; 4, Lactarius serifluus (DC.) Fr.; 5, Russula heterophylla (Fr.) Fr.; 6, Russula virescens (Schaeff.) Fr.; 7, Russula nitida (Pers.) Fr.; 8, Russula alutacea (Fr.) Fr. • Hygrophorus eburneus (Berkeley). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull.) Fr. POLYPORACEAE. 2, Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. FOMITOPSIDACEAE. 3, Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) P. Karst. (Birch Polypore). BOLETACEAE. 4, Pseudoboletus parasiticus (Bull.) Sutara, on Scleroderma; 5, Boletus luridus var. luridus Schaeff.; 6, Boletus edulis (Bull.). From Berkeley (1860). • Asterophora parasitica (Berkeley). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 2, Asterophora parasitica (Bull.) Singer. CORTINARIACEAE. 1, Cortinarius bolaris (Pers.) Fr. MARASMIACEAE. 3, Marasmius wynnei Berk. & Broome. AURISCALPIACEAE. 4, Lentinellus cochleatus (Pers.) P. Karst. FOMITOPSIDACEAE. Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers. CANTHERELLACEAE. Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. From Berkeley (1860). • Mycena epipterygia (Scop.) Gray (from Curtis, 1826).
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2008 onwards. The families of mushrooms and toadstools represented in Britain and Ireland. Version: 5th August 2019. delta-intkey.com’.
