Bad links corrected Jan. 2018 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Trout’s Notes on Cactus Chemistry By Species 2014 Light Assembled by Keeper Trout & friends 1 PDF generated 9 January 2014 (adapted from the illustrated PDF) Bad links updated 2018 http://sacredcacti.com Cactus Chemistry By Species Copyright ©2014, 2013 Mydriatic Productions (where applicable). Copyrighted 2007 by Mydriatic Productions; 1997-1999 by Trout’s Notes & Better Days Publishing Previously published entitled Distribution of the Alkaloids & Triterpenoids Reported in CaCtaCeae; By Species (1997) and as Trout’s Notes #C-10 Cactus Chemistry Summary: By Species (1999 and later). This version merges, updates, corrects and replaces all previous versions. It is now section 2 of Sacred Cacti 4th edition Part C Cactus Chemistry Produced by Mydriatic Productions; a division of Better Days Publishing © 2014 Reproduction without written authorization is prohibited. All rights reserved. Acquiring & processing the references needed for a comprehensive treatment has postponed the planned release date so dramatically that I have decided to make this version available while the inal book takes shape. Due to the ongoing nature of research and this subject that book could be a never ending project to complete so the inal book will be a compromise formed by time, life & literature access. he intensely illustrated version that was the source for this same work can be found at: http://troutsnotes/com/ Important note: Any editions of Trout’s Notes PDFs including our former webpage and download site at Largely Accurate Information Media are now compromised due to that page being abandoned by us and then being purchased by someone linking malware to our links! Please do not use those links and I suggest deleting those iles and downloading new ones. Most replacements are already online and the remaining are being worked on to enable their return. kt Jan. 2018 MydriaticProductions This series of works are intended to serve the reader with reference material for further research and study. Trout’s Notes therefore strongly encourages the dissemination of any and all factual information contained within these pages so long as proper acknowledgment of authorships are maintained. This is not permission to reproduce this work but it is an encouragement to educate. No one owns facts or factual data. 2 Cactus Chemistry: By Species “ It is pertinent to mention that all of the Trichocereus species, which have been reported to contain alkaloids, grow in a rather limited geographical area conined to Argentina.” Djerassi et al. 1956 JACS 78: 2312-2315. Table of Contents Distribution of Alkaloids, Triterpenoids & other Compounds in the CaCtaCeae 4 Cactus taxonomy and names in this work 5 Leguminosae 7 The Cactus Species 9 Activity (& Mythology) Notes 78 Traditional Ethanol-sources 98 References 99 Index 124 Cactus Phenethylamines: A Tabular Key to their Structural Formulas 156 Cactus Isoquinolines: A Tabular Key to their Structural Formulas 160 Structural table Isoquinolines in alphabetical order 164 Some Cactus Triterpenoids, Sterols & Similar Molecules 166 A Tabular Key to their Structural Formulas 166 Some other nonalkaloidal molecules 170 What is Cactus Slime? 172 Betalains 173 Biominerals 173 Spines 173 3 http://sacredcacti.com Distribution of Alkaloids, Triterpenoids & other Compounds Reported in the CaCtaCeae hydrolyze or otherwise alter some components. The concentrations given are as they were reported in the literature. Many were calculated as the inal yield of highly puriied and repeatedly recrystallized alkaloids and will therefore be low values. Identiication criteria can be found in the occurrence lists under individual alkaloid entries. (Previously released in an abridged form as C-9 Appendix A) This supplemental listing is primarily of the alkaloids & triterpenoids reported from cacti although we have taken the liberty of including some additional compounds and reports indicating either that alkaloids were present but not identiied or else that alkaloids seemed to be absent. Many fruit or lower pigments, carbohydrate, mucilage & polyphenolic studies were omitted. In every case possible, the original research reports were used for the entries below but in a few instances we relied on second-hand listings when the primary source paper was unavailable. (Instances are indicated in the text.) (%?) indicates both that the entry was from a second-hand listing and did not include a percentage. Assembled & edited by Keeper Trout It is important to understand that all alkaloid concentrations can be highly variable. This can be the result of many factors. Genetics, environment, age, part sampled, weather, health, time of year or time of day, and whether the plants were wild or cultivated, have all been noted as factors potentially capable of inluencing the alkaloid content and/or composition in plants. Substantial variations can be encountered based on the variety, local form, age, growth stage and other factors. An obvious but frequently overlooked fact is that analysis of a cactus can really only tell us about the actual material in hand undergoing analysis and can serve as no more than a probable guideline for what MIGHT be the case with another specimen within the same species. Differences might simply be quantitative but are frequently found to be qualitative as well should enough samplings be performed. The trend in the literature is a look at one sampling, sometimes using batched materials, and then move on to the next species. Those which have had in-depth workups performed for different collections and at different times of years suggest this should be undertaken for any species that has only one published analysis. What should always be kept in mind when encountering any species where a single given alkaloid composition and concentration is stated this indicates that said species has only been analyzed that one single time. Analysis involving different tissues within a single plant have consistently produced divergent results suggesting that distribution WITHIN a given specimen is also an avenue worthy of greater in-depth exploration. Mescaline users already utilize this unequal distribution by removing and ingesting only the outer portions of green tissue from the cactus Trichocereus pachanoi as, while wasteful of much of its contained alkaloid, it generates material that contains a greater percentage of mescaline by weight than would the intact plant. Sadly much of this work is not published and due to the current illegality of such practices (whether sacramental or recreational) will probably never be published in detail. In many cases not enough variables are noted to understand the reported differences. We would suggest that detailed information about the actual source, the speciic part or parts investigated (young or old tissues can produce quite different results as can different internal structures), the date and time of day they were collected and details about how they were processed PRIOR to investigation become regarded as vital information to include along with the normal procedural workup. The word “dried”, as an example, can mean a number of things. For instance, freeze-dried material appears to give lower yields than does careful drying and standard extractions but whether this is the NORM remains to be evaluated. Extraction approach can also generate differing results. Lengthy heating during Soxhlet extraction can cause changes compared to a room temperature soak being used. Similarly the use of acids during extraction, while valuable, can readily Also included are notes of some errors appearing in the literature (an incomplete list). These are included simply to help the reader evaluate and resolve the conlicts they may ind between this list and others. While making no note as to the source for any of these erroneous entries, they (and the reference that was cited) were included in hopes of reducing the number of errors being perpetuated in the future. We do not suggest people simply take us at our word over highly respected authorities and oficial databases; we do suggest that in these instances they look at the primary references given and determine the truth for themselves. One point we would like to make concerning some of the disparities between various researchers is that Agurell & coworkers speciically did not look for any quaternary amines and therefore would not have detected any even if present in their material. It is also important to note that some workers used young cultivated material grown from seed while others used adult ield collected specimens. The claim has been presented, without any indication of its basis, that analytical results are identical between these sets of samples but the available work as will be detailed within does not support that assertion beyond a rough qualitative generalization. Both have value for understanding the chemistry of the plants but in no case can the analysis of a given species or specimen be reliably extrapolated to indicate what will be found in anything other than what was analyzed on the day that it was analyzed. Cacti can sometimes be highly variable in appearances. This work attempts to present multiple images of single species in habitat and grown under different situations or in multiple hands whenever possible. One clear advantage to this being a PDF is the elimination of concerns about minimizing cost through limiting the number of color photos that are included. 4 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Cactus taxonomy and names in this work Aviso concerning the results of Djerassi Many species have been renamed multiple times; a partial list of synonyms or points of potential confusion is included. Please see BAckeBerg, BrAvo, Britton & rose, Anderson, Hunt or the speciic botanical authority listed for more nomenclatural or taxonomic details. Some names have been changed so many times over the course of their analytical history that it can be dificult to locate comprehensive information about what has been published. The obscuring of analytical accounts by the proliferation of synonyms precluding effective indexing is an under appreciated problem. This is not limited to plants. My friend Jon Hanna pointed out a particularly amusing series of names changes. In a sweeping revision of Amphibia Bufo alvarius had its name changed to Cranopsis alvaria in 2006. Later in 2006 the name was changed again, by implication, to Ollotis alvaria. In 2008 it became Incilius alvarius. Incredibly the only one of its historical synonyms not resurrected in that process was Phrynoidis alvarius. Few indexing services of publications can successfully manage to include all known synonyms of either plants or animals causing a fragmented access to the contents of scientiic papers. In many cases chemical work does not relect the current name en vogue. We have often left names as encountered with efforts made only to reduce confusion. In this process we have employed what many may object to as outdated names. This work is a compendium of published analytical accounts involving cacti rather than being a taxonomic treatment of cacti. Its just as likely that the following are presented however they were analyzed than with what is now their present accepted name. Please be aware therefore that our use of one speciic name over another does not necessarily indicate any agreement with or advocacy of that placement. In a number of other cases older “splitter” synonyms were deliberately preserved to prevent lumping from obscuring some interesting analytical results. A listing of synonyms is also incorporated so this should not cause any problems. Feedback is welcomed. It should emphasized that most, if not all, of the triterpenoids investigated by djerAssi (and other workers) were primarily artifacts of their isolation and analytical procedure. With only very few exceptions, it is not made clear if any of them actually exist in the plants and, if so, how much is there. In those few cases where it does appear that they actually may exist in the plant, it is as only a very small portion of the total triterpenoids recovered (The usual source for these triterpenoids & sterols was via acid hydrolysis of the corresponding glycosates.) While it might therefore be debated as to whether these aglycones are really properly listed as cactus components, since they are products arising from the hydrolysis of the mixed saponin fraction, it was deemed important to include them as they appear to have valuable chemotaxonomic signiicance. Another point concerns djerAssi’s alkaloid investigations. Many species they reported as being devoid of alkaloids were later shown to contain alkaloids (sometimes in appreciable amounts). While not dismissing the possibility of individual variation between samples, we suspect their alkaloid screening technique played a signiicant role in at least some of the disparate results. It was speciically lawed with regards to detecting mescaline, substances with similar solubilities or any neutral alkaloids. djerAssi’s primary criteria for detecting alkaloids: 1) The residue remaining from an initial ethanolic extract would form an alkaline solution when extracted with ether. [Ed.: Not all alkaloids are soluble in ether & not all alkaloids form alkaline solutions.] 2) Alkaloids could be isolated and obtained as crystalline material. 3) Positive Mayer test. (Apparently not used in many cases) djerAssi sometimes noted the presence of unidentiied materials but in many cases there was obviously material present they did not elaborate on or investigate further. d jerAssi repeatedly made the claim that alkaloids and triterpenoid glycosides are not found in the same plant. While this is obviously incorrect if made as a blanket statement when considering trace or low amounts, it might prove true that the presence of substantial amounts of either may preclude large amounts of the other simultaneously being present. A systematic overview and evaluation is needed before drawing any irm conclusions. Some useful trivia 0.00X% indicates X milligrams per 100 grams. (i.e. 0.1% indicates 100 milligrams per 100 grams.) 0.01% by dry wt. is ~4.5 grams of alkaloid per 100 pounds dry wt. [i.e. 10 mg per 100 gm] ”5 to 25+ mg. per 100 grams of fresh” indicates approximately from ~0.01% to over 0.03% by wet wt. Reported water content in some cacti has ranged from 62 to 95%. Around 90% water by weight is common. Many entries based on bioassays of varieties of known active species were omittted from this work. More details on those and many of the other species that are included in this work can be found in the pages of Sacred Cacti Part A and/or Part B 5 http://sacredcacti.com PDFs & books: Trout’s Notes Thanks to erowiD The ayahuasca book is online with copyright free text http://erowid.org/library/books_online/ayahuasca_apa/ Sacred Cacti in its 4th edition! http://sacredcacti.com/ San Pedro http://www.troutsnotes.com/pdf/SP.html Some Simple Tryptamines http://www.troutsnotes.com/pdf/SST.html Opening comments from Sacred Cacti http://www.troutsnotes.com/pdf/SC3_A.pdf he Genus Desmodium http://www.troutsnotes.com/pdf/D2_2004_Trout.pdf Some Other Succulents http://www.troutsnotes.com/pdf/SoS_2004_Trout.pdf Cactus Chemistry By Species http://www.troutsnotes.com/pdf/C10.html This is the intensely illustrated version of the work you are reading. The Cactus Alkaloids http://www.troutsnotes.com/pdf/C13.html formerly known as Appendix A More information: Trout’s Notes http://troutsnotes.com Highly recommended website: Cactus Conservation Institute http://www.cactusconservation.org/ 6 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Leguminosae These 3 plants are included simply because they are, so far, the only reported occurrences appearing in the literature for simple mescaline derivatives & a number of peyote alkaloids outside of the cActAceAe. Be sure to read to the end. Leaves, petioles & tender stems; samples fresh frozen. Collected Zavala County, Texas Acacia berlandieri Bentham Acacia rigidula Bentham Compound Spring Late fall (all via gc-ms) ppm ppm Phenethylamine 991.3 1390.0 N-Methylphenethylamine 1702.7 3742.2 N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine 99.1 604.4 N,N,N-Trimethylphenethylammonium hydroxide* nd 23.6 Amphetamine 3.1 10.1 Methamphetamine 20.1 11.5 N,N-Dimethyl-a-methylphenethylamine 45.6 229.7 p-Hydroxyamphetamine 8.0 7.3 p-Methoxyamphetamine nd 35.7 Tyramine 367.2 1263.4 N-Methyltyramine 188.5 745.7 Hordenine 9.2 333.1 Candicine* nd 35.1 Dopamine 3.6 25.3 N-Methyldopamine 1.9 10.8 N,N-Dimethyldopamine nd nd 3-Methoxytyramine 2.6 15.3 Mescaline 4.9 35.7 N-Methylmescaline 3.2 30.2 Trichocereine nd 28.1 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium hydroxide* nd 13.2 3,5-Dimethoxytyramine 2.7 43.4 3,4-Dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenethylamine 11.4 40.9 b-Methoxy-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine nd 30.2 3,4-Dimethoxy-a-methyl-5-hydroxyphenethylamine 2.0 47.2 Nicotine 39.6 108.3 Nornicotine 19.2 72.5 Anhalamine 4.9 39.6 Anhalidine (N-Methylanhalamine) 2.9 40.9 Anhalonidine 2.7 46.8 Mimosine, methyl ester 10.6 24.2 3a-Cumyl-1,3,4-oxadiazolidine2,5-dione 308.4 420.9 Nortriptyline 19.8 71.5 Musk ambrette 26.5 27.3 Compound Spring Late fall (all via gc-ms) ppm ppm 2-Cyclohexylethylamine 0.8 35.2 N-2-Cyclohexylethyl-N-methylamine 1.2 47.1 Phenethylamine 872.3 1135.7 N-Methylphenethylamine 2314.6 5264.8 N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine 123.6 724.5 Amphetamine 6.7 11.8 Methamphetamine nd 12.4 N,N-Dimethyl-a-methylphenethylamine 57.6 394.2 p-Hydroxyamphetamine 2.1 6.9 p-Methoxyamphetamine nd 15.7 Tyramine 459.1 1699.2 N-Methyltyramine 237.4 1237.6 Hordenine 6.4 533.8 Dopamine 8.9 36.1 N-Methyldopamine 0.5 8.2 N,N-Dimethyldopamine 11.2 44.6 3-Methoxytryamine 1.8 12.9 N-Methyl-3methoxytyramine 3.4 28.4 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethylamine 15.8 163.2 N-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethylamine 19.2 184.7 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine 1.3 6.5 N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 7.6 28.3 3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenethylamine 1.6 12.4 N-Methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxyphenethylamine 0.3 1.9 Mescaline 3.4 27.5 N-Methylmescaline 1.8 35.3 Trichocereine 0.2 13.8 3,5-Dimethoxytyramine 1.6 21.6 3,4-Dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenethylamine 15.6 57.1 b-Methoxy-3,4-dihydroxy-5methoxyphenethylamine 4.6 22.1 3,4-Dimethoxy-a-methyl-5-hydroxyphenethylamine 5.3 61.4 Nicotine 45.8 152.4 Nornicotine 23.4 84.3 clement et al. 1997 *Identity and amount present was inferred from the corresponding styrene 7 Trouts Notes on Cactus Chemistry Acacia rigidula Bentham continued Alhagi pseudalhagi (BieBerstein) Desvaux Compound ppm Tryptamine 0.8 N-Methyltryptamine 4.6 N,N-Dimethyltryptamine 323.8 Anhalamine 9.6 Anhalidine (N-Methylanhalamine) 5.6 Anhalonidine 2.3 Peyophorine 3.8 Pipecolamide 872.8 p-Hydroxypipecolamide 241.6 1,4-Benzenediamine 104.8 4-Methyl-2-pyridinamine 341.5 Phenethylamine (0.0017%; 180 mg from 10.3 kg dry wt.) N-Methylphenethylamine (0.0007%; 72 mg from 10.3 kg dry wt.) N-Methylmescaline (8.7x10-5%; 9 mg from 10.3 kg dry wt.) Hordenine (0.00037%; 38 mg from 10.3 kg dry wt.) N-Methyltyramine (0.00011%; 11 mg from 10.3 kg dry wt.) Coryneine (the N-trimethyl cation of Dopamine) [3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyltrimethyl ammonium (isolated as chloride/ hydroxide)] (0.00027%; 28 mg from 10.3 kg dry wt.) Salicifoline (the N-trimethyl cation of 3-methoxytyramine) [3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyltrimethylammonium (isolated as chloride)] (0.00012%; 12 mg from 10.3 kg dry wt.) dl-Salsolidine (0.00041%; 42 mg from 10.3 kg dry wt.) Choline (0.002%; 222 mg from 10.3 kg dry wt.) Betaine (Traces detected) All % listed relect the amount of base isolated from air dried and milled stems (Varanasi, India) The roots were said to contain “essentially the same alkaloids but in different proportions” Details were not included. gHosAl et al. 1974 See also gHosAl & srivAstAvA 1973a. ppm 21.2 54.9 568.4 48.7 51.2 15.7 43.4 978.2 353.1 129.6 567.3 clement et al. 1998 It was brought to my attention by Sasha Shulgin that there were some odd discrepancies in the accounts of Clement. Despite repeated attempts to learn answers, apparently no one connected with authorship of this paper has been willing to respond to several professional researchers attempting to obtain clariication. Most glaring : not all the novel compounds that their paper claimed were synthesized as reference materials have a published synthesis (personal communication with Sasha). More recent work, published in PAwAl et al. 2013, was unable to detect the presence of mescaline, mescaline derivatives or any of the purported amphetamines but it supported the prior analytical work by cAmP et al. All of the other novel results in Clement’s accounts need a conirmation by someone or they should similarly be considered to be suspect. A commentary with references is online at http://sacredcacti.com/blog/acacia/ Unlike the two papers by Clement et al. there is no reason to doubt Ghosal’s results. Shibnath Ghosal did quite meticulous work during his research career. Despite the problems, or perhaps because of them, results of Clements deserve to be revisited using the specialized sample collection techniques they purported to have used. It seems unlikely that amphetamines will be found but it is curious that one amphetamine (p-methoxy-amphetamine) has been reported from Browningia candelaris. Details and a reference are located under that species farther below. 8 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Ariocarpus issuratus (engeLmann) K.sChumann The Cactus Species “chaute”, “chautle”, “peyote cimarrón”, “peyote” (said to be erroneous) stAndley 1924: 933 Hordenine (200 mg of sulfate from 1 kg dry) HeFFter 1894b N-Methyltyramine (%?) diAz et al. 1977 See comments in the Activity Notes. Assembled by Keeper Trout & friends Acanthocereus pentagonus (L.) Britton & rose (Now Acanthocereus tetragonus (l.) Hummelinck) “ o rg a n o ” , “ p i t a h a y a ” , “ p i t a h a y a m o r a d a ” , “pitahaya naranjadas”, “night-blooming cereus”, “barb-wire cactus” Powell & weedin 2004 & stAndley 1924 See comments in Activity Notes Ariocarpus fissuratus var. fissuratus (r ose ) marshaLL 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (Major alkaloid. 0.004% dry wt.) norquist & mclAugHlin 1970 Hordenine (0.006% by dry weight) mclAugHlin 1969 N-Methyltyramine (visual estimate of 10 mg from 1.92 kg dry) mclAugHlin 1969 Anhalonium elongata See as Ariocarpus trigonus Anhalonium jourdanianum lewin was determined to contain an unidentiied but pharmacologically active alkaloid; lewin 1894b. It cannot be demonstrably linked to Lophophora jourdaniana HABermAnn. [See comment under] Anderson 1980 Ariocarpus issuratus var. hintonii see as Ariocarpus bravoanus ssp. hintonii Anhalonium lewinii Hennings See as Lophophora williamsii Anhalonium prismaticum lemAire See as Ariocarpus retusus Anhalonium williamsii rümPler See as Lophophora diffusa Anhalonium williamsii (lemAire) lemAire See as Lophophora diffusa [See BruHn & Holmstedt 1974 for details] Ariocarpus issuratus var. lloydii (engeLmann) sChumann Anisocereus foetidus (mAcdougAll & mirAndA) mArsHAll See as Pterocereus foetidus Anisocereus gaumeri (Britton & rose) BAckeBerg See as Pterocereus (?) gaumeri Ariocarpus furfuraceous see Ariocarpus retusus (most regard as retusus var. furfuraceous; lacks published analysis) Aporocactus lagelliformis (L.) Lemaire Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus (Lemaire) sChumann Hordenine (no quantiication) mclAugHlin 1969 N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) mclAugHlin 1969 Ariocarpus hintonii see as Ariocarpus bravoanus ssp. hintonii “lor del cuerno”, “loricuerno”, “lor del látigo”, “hierba de la alferecía”, “junco”, “junquillo”, “cuerno”, “rat-tail cactus” Standley 1924: 917 Flowers contained Betanin (35.4% of total), Phyllocactin (59.8% of total) & an unidentified Betacyanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 See comments in Activity Notes “pezuña de venado” (Nuevo León) stAndley 1924: 933 78% water by weight Hordenine (0.059% dry wt.) neAl et al. 1971b N-Methyltyramine (0.015% dry wt.) neAl et al. 1971b Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 See Activity Notes for additional comments. Ariocarpus agavoides (CastañeDa) e.F.anDerson Ariocarpus retusus sCheiDweiLLer 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (trace) N,N-Dimethyl-3-methoxytyramine (trace) Hordenine (Over 50% of 1-10 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 gm. fresh.) BruHn & BruHn 1973 “chaute”, “chautle”, “peyote” (said to be an erroneous name) stAndley 1924: 933 86% water by weight. BrAgA & mclAugHlin 1969 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (0.00047% dry wt.) neAl & mclAugHlin 1970 Hordenine (0.02% dry wt.: 214 mg from 1.19 kg dry) BrAgA & mclAugHlin 1969 N-Methyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine (0.00045% by dry weight) neAl & mclAugHlin 1970 N-Methyltyramine (0.0016% by dry weight, i.e. 18.5 mg from 1.19 kg.) BrAgA & mclAugHlin 1969 Ariocarpus bravoanus hernanDez & anDerson Lacks published analysis. See comments in Activity Notes. Ariocarpus bravoanus ssp. hintonii (stuppy & tayLor) anDerson & Fitz mauriCe Lacks published analysis. See comments in Activity Notes. [neAl & mclAugHlin 1970, did not report the latter compound.] Reported with no detectable alkaloids in smolenski et al. 1973. Retusin (a lavonoid) & β-Sitosterol were recovered by dominguez et al. 1968. This was the irst isolation of retusin (tetramethylated quercetrine); formerly known as a synthetic compound (gomm & nierenstein 1931). See Activity Notes for additional comments. Ariocarpus denegrii (Fric) mArsHAll See as Obregonia denegrii Ariocarpus disciformis (decAndolle) mArsHAll See as Strombocactus disciformis 9 http://troutsnotes.com More recently Opuntia cylindrica reverted to an older synonym Australocylindropuntia cylindrica. Authenticated Opuntia cylindrica was determined to contain no measurable alkaloid in Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources]. Ariocarpus scaphirostris BoeDeCKer (Originally misspelled Ariocarpus scapharostrus) Hordenine (Major alkaloid of 4 in 0.012% total alkaloids) N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) 3,4-Dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine (no quant.) 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (no quant.) BruHn 1975b (Cultivated: California) Austrocylindropuntia exaltata Berger [Considered varietal to Opuntia subulata in Hunt 2006] 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (less than 0.01% dry wt.) 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Less than 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 (ostoLaza #84284) Ariocarpus trigonus (weBer) sChumann 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (0.007% dry) Hordenine (Major alkaloid. 0.013% dry weight) N-Methyltyramine (trace) sPeir et al. 1970 Austrocylindropuntia pachypus K.sChumann [sic as Opuntia pachiypus] The claim for the presence of Mescaline was made by cAycHo jimenez 1977 (page 91) but no reference was cited and nothing was included to support his assertion. [Tyramine has been listed in error; the reference cited, sPeir et al. 1970, did not report it from this species.] Ariocarpus williamsii (lemAire) voss See as Lophophora williamsii Austrocylindropuntia subulata (mühLenpForDt) engeLmann Armatocereus humilis (Britton & rose) BAckeBerg See as Lemaireocereus humilis Armatocereus laetus (HBk.) BAckeBerg See as Lemaireocereus laetus 3-Methoxytyramine (no quantiication) An unidentiied alkaloid was also present. meyer et al. 1980 88% of the daily CO2 uptake occurred through the leaves during the daytime but some occurred at night (under well watered conditions) Nobel & Hartsock 1986 Oddly the entire genus Astrophytum lacks published analysis Astrophytum asterias (zuccArini) lemAire “star cactus”, “peyote” (stAndley 1924: 955) Unpublished analysis failed to show the presence of alkaloids (Martin Terry 2005; personal communication) Aylostera pseudodeminuta (BAckeBerg) BAckeBerg See as Rebutia pseudodeminuta Astrophytum myriostigma Lemaire Aztekium ritteri (BöDeKer) BöDeKer “mitra” (San Luís Potosí), “birreta de obispo” (Coahuila) “bonete”, “peyote cimarrón” (Durango) stAndley 1924: 955 Appears listed as containing unidentiied alkaloid(s) but either the entry included no reference (ex. soulAire 1947) or else the reference that was cited (Brown et al. 1968) did not mention the species. (Plants greenhouse grown in Czechoslovakia) N-Methyltyramine (0.0031%) 3-Methoxytyramine (Less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (Less than 0.0001%) N,N-Dimethyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.0036%) Mescaline (0.0009%) Anhalidine (0.0008%) Pellotine (0.0026%) ŠtArHA 1994 (All % above are by fresh wt.) See comments on the Astrophytum species in Activity Notes. Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica LamarCK [“Opuntia cylindrica” was erroneously listed as containing mescaline in the following reports: cocH Frugoni 1956(?), cruz sáncHez 1948b, gutiérrez-noriegA & cruz sáncHez 1947, mArini-Bettòlo & cocH Frugoni 1956, mArini-Bettòlo & cocH Frugoni 1958 and, aLmost inCreDiBLy, turner & HeymAn 1960. der mArderosiAn 1966 indicated that “correspondence with the original author” veriied that their material had indeed been misidentiied. While it was not speciically stated; turner & HeymAn were implied. All of the above were apparently based on misidentiied plants. (Actual identity was almost certainly Trichocereus pachanoi.in all instances. It is demonstrably the case in cruz sáncHez 1948 where an unmistakable T. pachanoi photograph was included. This is also discussed in more detail in Part B; San Pedro] Azureocereus ayacuchensis johns Tyramine (0.135% by dry weight as HCl) lee et al. 1975 (cultivated in Arizona) The genus Azureocereus needs analysis. Backebergia militaris (anDot) Bravo ex sanChez mejoraDa 3-Methoxytyramine (0.02% dry wt.) PummAngurA & mclAugHlin 1981a [Collected in Michoacan, Mexico] [Also in PummAngurA et al. 1981b]; (Not identiied by Ferrigni et al. 1984.) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.025% dry wt. [as HCl]) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980b; (Not identiied Ferrigni et al. 1984.) 10 Cactus Chemistry: By Species 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (Detected: No quantiication) Ferrigni et al. 1984. 3,4-Dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine (0.0588% dry wt.) PummAngurA & mclAugHlin 1981a; (Trace: Ferrigni et al. 1984.) Popular ornamental purportedly used as an ayahuasca admixture and alone as a hallucinogenic. The claims were discredited by stuArt 2003. See more comments in the Activity Notes. [3-Methoxyphenethylamine (Error. Based on typo in Ferrigni et al. 1984.] [Phenethylamine (Error. Based on misreading of typo in Ferrigni et al. 1984.] Browningia candelaris (meyen) Br. & r. In dried aerial parts: 0.0058% N-Acetyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.0245% N,N-Dimethyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.0327% N,N-Dimethyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine 0.0330% 4-Methoxyamphetamine ecHeverríA & neimeyer 2012 Also see the interesting conjecture in ostolAzA 1987 Also contains some isoquinolines [See Note]; (tetrahydro, dihydro and fully aromatic): Heliamine (0.75% dry wt. [as HCl]) Mata & McLaughlin 1980b; 1.02% by dry wt. [as HCl]) PummAngurA & mclAugHlin 1981a; (Identiied by ms/ms; but not mentioned in experimental account of isolations: Ferrigni et al. 1984) Lemaireocereine (0.034% by dry wt. [as HCl]) PummAngurA & mclAugHlin 1981a [Also by PummAngurA et al. 1981b]; (Not identiied in ms/ms by Ferrigni et al. 1984) N-Methylheliamine (Identiied by ms/ms; Detected in an impure residue) Ferrigni et al. 1984 Dehydroheliamine (Identiied by ms/ms; 0.07% by dry wt. isolated) Ferrigni et al. 1984 Dehydrolemaireocereine (Identiied by ms/ms; 0.006% by dry wt. isolated) Ferrigni et al. 1984 Backebergine (Identiied by ms/ms; 0.0126% by dry wt. isolated) Ferrigni et al. 1984 Isobackebergine (Identiied by ms/ms; 0.022% by dry wt. isolated) Ferrigni et al. 1984 N-Methyllemaireocereine (possible presence; neither proven nor dismissed) Ferrigni et al. 1984 The entire genus Browningia needs analysis. Cactus grandilora linnAeus See as Selenicereus grandilorus Carnegiea euphorbioides (HAw.) BAckeBerg See as Neobuxbaumia euphorbioides Carnegiea gigantea (engeLmann) Britton & rose AKA “saguaro”, “sahuaro”, “suwarrow”, “suwarro”, “suaharo”, “suguaro” stAndley 1924: 909 87-88% water by weight kircHer 1982 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (“less than” 0.00145%) BruHn & lundström 1976b (See Note A) & (trace) BruHn et al. 1970 3-Methoxytyramine (trace) Bruhn et al. 1970 & (small amounts) BruHn & lundström 1976b Dopamine (0.26%, as HCl, reported from young cultivated plants [Raised in the Netherlands ]; not observed in their analysis of wild-collected material [Collected in Arizona ]) BruHn & lundström 1976b. [Reported in cortical tissue (pulp) at 1%; Callus tissue and adjacent areas had higher dopamine concentrations than healthy tissue (See Note B): steelink et al. 1967 [Collected in Arizona] [7,8-Dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroxyisoquinoline is a typographical error intending 7,8-Dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (i.e. Dehydrolemaireocereine) Ferrigni et al. 1984 was cited as the reference] unger et al. 1980 evaluated this species using MIKES and reported detecting 3 alkaloids but it is unclear exactly which isomers they observed. One appeared to be N-Methylheliamine. tlc examination showed the presence of alkaloids and the absence of triterpene glycosides: kircHer 1982 Kircher reported the same sterols as they had encountered in L. schottii and also what they thought was Lauric acid. Lipid content determined to be 7% by dry weight: kircHer 1982 Backebergia Note: One other partially saturated THIQ was [Tyramine, 3,4-DiMeO-5-OH-PEA and 3,5-DiMeO-4-OH-PEA have also been erroneously listed for this species but the claims are not supported by Agurell 1969b (the reference that was cited).] [Mescaline has been erroneously listed for this species. The claim is not supported by any of the references that were given. [i.e. Agurell 1969b, kAPAdiA & FAyez 1970 [See Note B] and mAtA & mclAugHlin 1976.] Carnegine Isolated (0.7% dry wt) & named by Heyl 1928. (0.575% yield by dry weight (as HCl) in ordAz et al. 1983.) Identiied in Brown et al. 1968; Reported present in decent amounts (70% of total alkaloid content) in Brown et al. 1972b. [Presence also noted in Hodgekins et al. 1967] Also by BruHn et al. 1970, who, unlike Brown, suggested presence in young plants but not in larger specimens. Unable to determine details due to procedural differences. Also; 0.019% by fresh weight (2.9 grams of base from 15 kg fresh) BruHn & lundström 1976b [Agurell et al. 1971a is also cited but is not presently available to us.] Isolated by sPätH 1929. Gigantine (5-Hydroxycarnegine) (Identiied) Brown et al. 1968 [See Note C]; Only reported in substantial amounts during analysis of wild collected adult cacti and found to be higher in growing tips (see also Brown et al. 1972b who found it composed 25-30% of the total alkaloid content in the whole depicted in Ferrigni’s line diagram key but appears to have been used as a synthetic intermediary and not isolated from the plant. It should be noted that besides having at least one typo in their key, the irst two generic line diagrams are switched. [PEA  THIQ] Borzicactus sepium (hBK) Britton & rose Flower contains Betanin, Phyllocactin, Isophyllocactin and traces of Isobetanin PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis (wiLLDenow) Berger Positively identiied in stuArt 2003 as “tchai”. Mucilage comprised of Arabinose (26.2%), Galactose (49.8%), Galacturonic acid (6.1%), Rhamnose (9.4%) & Xylose (8.6%). moynA & diFABio 1978 (MAM 1308) 11 http://troutsnotes.com plant but 50% in the growing tip). [Said to comprise 30% of total alkaloid content in Hodgekins et al. 1967] BruHn & lundström 1976b reported 0.0016% by fresh wt. (281.6 mg base from 15 kilos of fresh material) Not reported in greenhouse grown plants (BruHn & lundström 1976b); nor in young plants grown outdoors in Arizona (BruHn et al. 1970). Salsolidine (Norcarnegine) BruHn et al. 1970 & BruHn & lundström 1976b reported salsolidine to be the major alkaloid (0.02% fresh wt.: 3.2 grams of base from 15 kg fresh), whereas Brown et al. 1972b did not ind salsolidine in any samples they tested. 0.47% yield by dry weight (as HCl) was repoJrted in ordAz et al. 1983. [See also Agurell Carnegiea Notes: A: Concerning our math-work for Bruhn & LunDström 1976b: 15 kg of fresh cactus yielded 32 grams of alkaloids. 80% was nonphenolic and 20% was phenolic. When purifying these fractions they only used 1 gram of the nonphenolic and 0.5 grams of the phenolic fractions. The amounts listed in their account is what was obtained from these aliquots rather than totals. For all compounds except dopamine the yields were calculated, by kt, as if they had used all of their product and then recalculated them in terms of their free bases (Alkaloids were obtained as the hydrochloride salts in all cases except for Arizonine) B: We should note that while listing kAPAdiA & FAyez 1970, they used the volume, and a page number, in kAPAdiA et al. 1969. C: The unusual substitution at the 5 position has also been observed in several other alkaloids found in Pachycereus pringlei, and Pachycereus weberi, as well as in Pachycereus tehuantepecanas. (Gigantine is also found in Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum.) The question of whether any of the Pachycereus alkaloids are active as visionary compounds is an area overdue for evaluation. Preliminary evaluations depict them as rough and with a heavy body load yet some few people appear to like them. More study is clearly needed. D: Dopamine concentrations were reported to increase with exposure to air or to ascorbic acid solutions. In one case; a sample with 1.4% dopamine was taken. After 1 hour, a second sample, that was taken immediately next to the site of the irst, showed 2.1%. They also noted a a high dopamine content in samples taken near the base (which always has a heavy callus layer). et al. 1971a; See note above] Arizonine (0.0036% by freshJ wt.; 1.1 grams of base from 15 kg fresh) BruHn & lundström 1976b [See also Agurell et al. 1971a; See note above] Dehydrosalsolidine (%?) lundstrom 1983 cited PummAngurA et al. (1983) JJ. Nat. Prod. (In press) [S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin, D.V. Davies & R.G. Cooks] Not in 1983 or 1984 author index. Heliamine (%?) lundstrom 1983 cited PummAngurA et al. 1983. (See note above) Dehydroheliamine [0.0008% yield by dry weight (as HCl) was reported in ordAz et al. 1983.] unger et al. 1980 evaluated this species using MIKES and reported detecting 4 (or 5?) quinolines. One was reported to be Salsolidine; another was either Carnegine or else isomeric with it. The exact isomeric identities of the rest was not clear to us. Two appeared to be trimethoxylated. 1-1.7% alkaloid (Carnegine and Gigantine) kircHer 1982 Glucaric acid (tlc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Isocitric acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Quinic acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Vanillin, Syringaldehyde & p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde were found to be higher in healthy tissue than in callus tissue. A glycoside of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid and Ferulic acid were reported as minor & trace components respectively. 3 , 4 - D i h y d r o x y b e n z o i c a c i d , Va n i l l i c a c i d & p-Hydroxybenzoic acid found in callus tissue along with trace amounts of p-Coumaric acid & Ferulic acid. Quercetin was also observed at 0.1% of the total callus but was absent from the ribs themselves. steelink et al. 1967 tlc examination showed the presence of alkaloids and the absence of triterpene glycosides: kircHer 1982 Lipid content determined to be 2.5% by dry weight. 0.1% sterols: Campesterol, Sitosterol and 1 unknown sterol. Unable to detect any sterol or triterpene glycosides. kircHer 1982 Carbohydrates in healthy cortical tissue were reported to be composed of Glucose, Galactose (31% of all saccharide constituents), Xylose & Arabinose. Galactose was lacking from the wound tissue. steelink et al. 1968 See also comments in the Activity Notes. Cephalocereus chrysacanthus (weBer) Britton & rose. See as Pilocereus chrysacanthus Cephalocereus columna-trajani (kArw.) k.scHumAnn See as Cephalocereus hoppenstedtii Cephalocereus euphorbioides (HAw.) Br & r. See as Neobuxbaumia euphorbioides Cephalocereus gaumeri Britton & rose is NOT synonymous with Pterocereus (?) gaumeri Cephalocereus glaucescens (LaBouret) Borg This species was reported to show no detectable alkaloids in the alkaloid screenings of smolenski et al. 1973. Fruit contains Betanin (major), Phyllocactin and traces of Isophyllocactin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Cephalocereus guerronis (BAck.) BuxB. See as Pilocereus guerreronis Cephalocereus hoppenstedtii (A.weB.) K. sChumann No detectable alkaloids. cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 Cephalocereus leucocephalus (poseLger) Britton & rose “napisora” (Pennington 1963: 155) No detectable alkaloids in the alkaloid screenings of smolenski et al. 1973. 12 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Cereus imbriatus See as Lemaireocereus hystrix See comment in Activity Notes. Fruit contains Betanin (major), Phyllocactin, Betanidin and traces of Isophyllocactin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 See comments in Activity Notes. Cereus gummosus See as Machaerocereus gummosus Cactus lagelliformis L. = Cereus lagelliformis (L.) mill. See as Cephalocereus maxonii rose See as Pilocereus maxonii Aporocactus lagelliformis Cephalocereus melanostele vaupeL Cephalocereus sp. (?) pFeiFFer Cereus forbesii o. Tyramine (Over 50 mg/ 100 gm of fresh) Agurell 1969b [European commercial source] Claim purporting the presence of Mescaline is made by cAycHo jimenez 1977 (page 91) but he cites no reference and does not include anything that support the assertion. Cereus gigantens engelmAnn. See as Carnegiea gigantea Cereus giganteus engelmAnn See as Carnegiea gigantea Please note that, in the past, Trichocereus pachanoi has been sold (improperly) under the name Cereus giganteus and there is also a Karel Knize nomen nudum designated Trichocereus giganteus knize n.n. There is also material in cultivation designated as Trichocereus peruvianus var. giganteus that is the same Knize nomen nudum. Cephalocereus nobilis (haworth) Britton & rose Fruit contains Betanin (major), Phyllocactin and traces of Isophyllocactin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Cephalocereus senilis (haworth) pFeiFFer Cereus glaucus saLm-DyCK No detectable alkaloids. Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources ]. NOT synonym for Mamillopsis senilis. Traces of unidentiied triterpene(s) djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished observations by djerAssi & mArFey Hordenine (1-10% of 1-10 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm of fresh plant) Agurell 1969b [European commercial sources] Tyramine (Over 50% of 1-10 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm of fresh) Agurell 1969b Cereus grandilorus mill. See as Selenicereus grandilorus Cephalocereus tetetzo (A.weB.) vAuPel See as Neobuxbaumia tetetzo Cereus hirschtianus K.sChumann Citric acid (1.8% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 Cereus acranthus (K.scHumAnn) vAuPel See as Haageocereus (Weberbauerocereus) acranthus Cereus jamacaru DeCanDoLLe Cereus aethiops haworth “mandacaru” Tyramine (total 0.2% crude but only 0.02% was recovered as the Hcl) BruHn & lindgren 1976 [Obtained via the Kew]. (second to most abundant for Davet 2005) N-Methyltyramine dAvet 2005 (major alkaloid in dAvet 2005) Tyrosine dAvet 2005 Hordenine dAvet 2005 beta-Sitosterol dAvet 2005 Candicine (%?) Ruiz et al. 1973 Hordenine (%?) ruiz et al. 1973 Tyramine (%?) ruiz et al. 1973 Cereus alacriportanus pFeiFFer Hordenine. (Sole alkaloid 1-10 mg/ 100 gm of fresh plant) Agurell 1969b [European commercial source] Cereus azureus parmentier No detectable alkaloids. Agurell 1969b [European commercial source] [Caffeine (0.08-0.11%) was reported in the seeds by F reise 1935 (1936?), and this was iterated in willAmAn & scHuBert 1961, but BruHn & lindgren 1976, reported that they could detect NO caffeine in either the seeds or stems of this plant. Freise apparently reported it in only some samples of seeds but neglected to note how he identiied it. No xanthine derivative has ever been demonstrably isolated from any cacti despite his claim. BruHn & lindgren 1976 reported no alkaloidal material in the seeds.] [Hordenine appeared listed in error but more recently was reported. The reference cited intially, Agurell 1969b, did not investigate this species. dAvet 2005 did.] Cereus caespitosus engelmAnn & A. grAy = Echinocereus reichenbachii subs. caespitosus See comments under Echinocereus reichenbachii in Activity Notes. Cereus comarapanus CarDenas Flower contains Isophyllocactin, Betanin, Phyllocactin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 b-Sitosterol djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished observations by djerAssi & kAn he name cactin was assigned to a methionine rich albumin isoated from the seeds of Cereus jamaracu. It was found to resemble a protein found in Brazil nuts. Aragão et al. 2000 Cereus coryne. See as Stetsonia coryne Cactus divaricatus lAm. non kuntze = Cereus divaricatus (lAm.) de cAnd. See as Harrisia divaricata. See comment in Activity Notes. 13 http://troutsnotes.com Sultan had earlier used the name cactine for an uncharacterized alkaloid from Selenicereus grandilorus. he main sugars that accumulated in the fruit pulp were Fructose and Glucose in a 1:1 ratio. Each one increased from 25 to 275 μmol/g fw during ripening. Sucrose was present in low concentration (0-10 μmol/g fw) which did not change signiicantly during ripening. he decrease in polysaccharide content is too low to account for the increases in soluble sugars so Ninio felt “it is likely that the observed accumulation of fructose and glucose during ripening is dependent on assimilated transport from the mother plant. “ Ninio also found that fruits which were harvested at the green stage contained lower levels of soluble sugars than red fruits. heir conclusion: “To obtain fruits of high quality with high sugar concentration, it is recommended to postpone fruit harvest as much as possible (before fruit cracks).” The list of endophytes in BezerrA et al. 2013 suggests that the potential for bioactivity is worth study. Alkaloid production of callous tissue culture was studied by de Oliveira & Machado 2003 Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. Wohlpart & Mabry 1968 cited Dreiding 1961 Cereus macrostibas (K.scHumAnn) Berger See as Neoraimondia macrostibas Cereus peruvianus (Linnaeus) miLLer [See note on the next page.] Hordenine (%?) devries et al. 1971 Tyramine (trace) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources] Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Malic acid constituted 90% of the fruit’s organic acids. When the mature green fruit turned purple the content of malic acid decreased by half (from 50 to 25 μmol/g fresh weight) and remained constant for the rest of the ripening process. Concentrations of citric, succinic, and oxalic acids were all lower than 4 μmol/g fw. Erroneously listed both as a mescaline containing plant and as a hallucinogen. See comments in Activity Notes. During ripening, the composition of the volatile components changed from being comprised of 2-Heptenal, (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal, (E,Z)-2,4-Decadienal, 2-Decenal & Benzoic acid at the mature green stage to being largely Linalool with smaller amounts of Epoxy linalool and 3,7-Dimethyl-1,5-octadiene-3,7-diol when violet, increasing dramatically when completely red. hose three compounds comprise 99% of the total volatiles in the ripe fruit. Linalool reaches concentrations of 1.5-3.5 μg/g fresh weight in mature red fruits. Ninio et al. 2003 Mucilage polysaccharide - 1.6% of total weight of fresh plant. Uronic acid content of polysaccharide: 44% Rhamnose: arabinose, galactose (1:1:2) Mindt et al. 1975 Cereus peruvianus is under intensive development for fruit production. he fruit is called koubo in Israel. It “..can produce fruits 3-4 years after planting from seeds and 2-3 years after planting from cuttings. A 7-year-old plant can bear 60-80 kg of fruits annually.” ninio et al. 2003 The aroma of the fruit is the product of (S)-linalool and linalool derivatives. The initial detection of linalool coincides with the development of the purple color and increases during ripening into a cracked red fruit. The highest values were found in fruit ripening in storage. These indings are in line with the reports that higher linalool levels accumulate in fruit ripening in storage compared to fruit ripening on the tree. sitrit et al. 2004 cited Ninio et al. 2003 & 2004. S-(+)-Linalool was found to be the main volatile accumlating in the ripening fruit and was determined to occur in a remarkably high optical purity of 98%. sitrit et al. 2004 he color of the peel changes from green to violet in the early stages of ripening and then from violet to red at the end of the process. he irst appearance of color begins near the perianth scar becoming complete violet color about a week later. As ripening continues, the color of the peel changes to red, which is usually followed by the cracking of the fruit. All fresh wt. Green Purple Red Ethanolinsoluble polysaccharides 14 mg/g 4 mg/g 4 mg/g Ethanolsoluble sugars 20 mg/g ~75 mg/g 110 mg/g Note Trichocereus macrogonus, T. pachanoi, T. peruvianus, T. sp. TJG & some material resembling what is known as Trichocereus argentinensis have all been improperly sold or published as photos in cactus books under this name. (As are other Cereus species) 14 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Similarly “Cereus” sp. Peru 68.0235 at the Berkeley Botanical Gardens and the fat blue “Cereus” encountered mislabelled are both Trichocereus. It appears probable that Cereus arequipensis, SOME of the material marked Cereus argentinensis (but NOT true Cereus argentinensis), Cereus bolivianus (No. 6231 in the NY Bot. Garden), some Cereus colossus (but NOT true Cereus coloseus), Cereus hempelianus BAuer, & Cereus tephracanthus bolivianus weBer, may prove to be active Trichocereus species once analyzed. Choline (0.012%: branches; 0.029%: green fruit; 0.022%: ripe fruit; All by dry wt.) nieto et al. 1982 Chamaecereus silvestrii (speg.) Br. & r. Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Weddellite was identiied as druses. Monje & Baran 2002 Cleistocactus baumannii (Lemaire) Lemaire Weddellite was identiied as druses and crystal sand. Monje & Baran 2002 Cereus peruvianus formae monstrosus DeCanDoLLe Tyramine (over 50% of 10-50mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm of fresh plant) Agurell 1969b [From European commercial source] Cleistocactus jujuyensis (BaCKeBerg) BaCKeBerg Flowers contains Betanin (major) & Phyllocactin PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Cereus pilocereus is somehow a mistaken rendering referring to Pilocereus Sargentianus (i.e. Lophocereus schottii) that appears in some early medical literature (ex.: remington et al. 1918) Cleistocactus parvilorus (K.sChumann) gosseLin Cereus rosei werdermAnn See as Trichocereus peruvianus Flower contains Betanin (major), Isophyllocactin, Betanidin & traces of Phyllocactin PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Cereus sp. miLLer Claim for the presence of Mescaline is made by cAycHo jimenez 1977 (page 91) but no reference was cited and he does not include anything to support his assertion. Cleistocactus smaragdilorus (weBer) Britton & rose Flowers contains Betanin (minor) & Phyllocactin (major) PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Cereus sp. (unidentiied; Mexico) was reported to show detectable alkaloids in smolenski et al. 1973. Cleistocactus strausii (heese) BaCKeBerg Cereus speciosus K.sChumann Flower contains Phyllocactin, Isophyllocactin, Betanin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 The genus Copiapoa seemingly lacks analysis Cereus stenogonus K.sChumann Flower contains Betanin, Phyllocactin (30.4% of total), Isophyllocactin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Corynopuntia clavata (engeLmann) Knuth N-Methyltyramine (Major base; 0.51%) vAnderveen et al. 1974 [collected near Albuquerque, NM. 3 collections made]. Also isolated in keller 1980 Tyramine (trace) vAnderveen et al. 1974 Hordenine (trace) vAnderveen et al. 1974. Cereus stenogonus K.sChumann X Heliaporus smithii (pFeiFF.) rowL. Flower contains Betanin, Phyllocactin (60.9% of total), Isophyllocactin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Corynopuntia emoryi (engeLmann) griFFith (Analyzed as Opuntia standlyi v. standlyi) N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) meyer et al. 1980 Tyramine (no quantiication) meyer et al. 1980 Cereus thouarsii weBer Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Corynopuntia invicta (BranDegee) Knuth Hordenine (%?) N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) Tyramine (no quantiication) meyer et al. 1980 Cereus validus haworth 92.6% water by weight in March (fruiting)/ 88.1% in October (no fruit). (Argentina) 3-Nitrotyramine (0.19% dry wt.) neme et al. 1977 & (0.19% dry wt. in branches) nieto et al. 1982 Tyramine (0.023%: branches; 0.377%: green fruit; 0.382%: ripe fruit; All by dry wt.) nieto et al. 1982 [2 unidentiied bases reported in all samples; nieto et al. 1982] Corynopuntia kunzei (rose) griFFith (Analyzed as Opuntia stanlyi v. kunzei) N-Methyltyramine (0.05%) meyer et al. 1980 Tyramine (no quantiication) meyer et al. 1980 15 http://troutsnotes.com Coryphantha cornifera var. echinus (engeLmann) L.Benson Corynopuntia schottii engeLmann Hordenine (0.049% dry wt) N-Methyltyramine (0.018%) Tyramine (no quantiication) meyer et al. 1980 [Brown et al. 1968 found no detectable alkaloid in their sample of this species.] b-O-Methylsynephrine (no quantiication) 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (0.0007% dry wt.) 4-Methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine (no quantiication) Hordenine (0.0006% dry wt.) Macromerine (no quantiication) [Macromerine also reported in HABermAnn 1974a (from ŠtArHA nd)] N-Methyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine (0.0002% dry wt.) N-Methyltyramine (0.0002% dry wt.) Synephrine (no quantiication) HornemAn et al. 1972 Coryphantha bumamma (ehrenBerg) Britton & rose 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (trace) Hordenine (Over 50% of 10- 50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams of fresh plant.) N-Methyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine (trace) BruHn et al. 1975b [Wild collected; Guerrero, Mexico] Coryphantha durangensis (rünge) Britton & rose 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (no quantiication) Hordenine (no quantiication) N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) Synephrine (no quantiication) HornemAn et al. 1972 Coryphantha calipensis h.Bravo b-Methoxy-3,4-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine (40 mg from 2.56 kg fresh) BruHn & Agurell 1974; (10-50% of over 50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 gramsfresh) BruHn et al. 1975b [Wild collected; Puebla, Mexico]. b-Methoxy-3,4-dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine [Calipamine] (210 mg from 2.56 kg fresh.) BruHn & Agurell 1974; (10-50% of over 50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) BruHn et al. 1975b 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (trace) BruHn & Agurell 1974 & BruHn et al. 1975b Hordenine (trace) BruHn et al. 1975b N-Methyltyramine (trace) BruHn et al. 1975b Normacromerine (0.005% dry wt.) BruHn & Agurell 1974. [N,N-DiMe-3,4-diMeO-PEA has also been listed in an alkaloid summary. One of the references given, BruHn & Agurell 1974, did not report this alkaloid. The other, BruHn 1975a, is presently unavailable to us.] [Macromerine has also been listed. The reference given, BruHn 1975a, is presently unavailable to us.] Isocitric acid (tlc, glc & gc-ms by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Coryphantha echinus See as Coryphantha cornifera var. echinus Coryphantha elephantidens Lemaire Macromerine (no quantiication) b-O-Methylsynephrine (no quantiication) 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (no quantiication) Hordenine (no quantiication) N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) Synephrine (no quantiication) HornemAn et al. 1972 [N-Me-4-MeO-PEA has been reported in error, the reference cited, HornemAnn et al. 1972, did not report this alkaloid] Coryphantha greenwoodii h.Bravo b-Methoxy-3,4-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethyl-phenethylamine (10-50% of over 50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) BruHn et al. 1975b b-Methoxy-3,4-dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (Calipamine) (10-50% of over 50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) BruHn et al. 1975b; (As (-)-form: 0.034% dry wt.) rAnieri et al. 1976 b-O-Methylsynephrine (trace) BruHn et al. 1975b and rAnieri et al. 1976 3,4-Dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine (trace) BruHn et al. 1975 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine. (1-10% of over 50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) BruHn et al. 1975; (0.0095% by dry weight) rAnieri et al. 1976 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-formyl-b-hydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine sHulgin & sHulgin 1997 Coryphanthine (0.022%) meyer et al. 1983 Also observed by dAvis et al. 1983 Hordenine (trace) BruHn et al. 1975 Normacromerine (0.043% dry wt.) rAnieri et al. 1976 O-Methylcandicine (no quantiication) meyer et al. 1983 Synephrine (trace) rAnieri et al. 1976 Coryphantha compacta (engelmAnn) Britton & rose Needs an analysis. See Activity Notes Coryphantha cornifera (DeCanDoLLe) Lemaire b-O-Methylsynephrine (no quantiication) 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (no quantiication) 4-Methoxyphenethylamine (no quantiication) Hordenine (no quantiication) N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) Synephrine (no quantiication) HornemAn et al. 1972 [Macromerine has been listed in error. The reference cited, HornemAn et al. 1972, did not report this alkaloid.] 16 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Coryphantha ottonis (pFeiFFer) Lemaire Coryphantha macromeris (engeLmann) Lemaire “Doña ana” “Big nipple cactus” Macromerine (0.16% dry wt.) Brown et al. 1972a [Also observed as the major alkaloid in Brown et al. 1968] Hodgekins et al. 1967 reported it to be the “main alkaloid”. Unidentiied alkaloids were observed in Brown et al. 1968 4-Methoxyphenethylamine (no quantiication) Hordenine (no quantiication). N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) Synephrine (no quantiication) HornemAn et al. 1972 [All of the many listings, or mention, of other alkaloids reported from this species (including normacromerine) are apparently in error as they all cited references, (such as keller), that actually analyzed Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii (C. runyonii). The equating of analytical reports for different varieties and the assumption that they could be viewed as generalized alkaloid proiles for the entire species, has lead to not a few unfortunate errors in the chemical literature; both in discussions and in tabular summaries. Normacromerine would not be surprising but someone needs to report it based on an actual analysis. Mescaline is an erroneous listing. BArceloux 2008 confusedly includes Coryphantha macromeris along with “several South American cactus species [that] contain mescaline”] Coryphantha palmeri Britton & rose b-Sitosterol (0.003% dry wt) Dotriacontane Eicosanol Galactose Saccharose Small amounts of an unsaturated triterpenol (a tetracyclic triterpenoid). Small amounts of an unidentiied alkaloid. dominguez et al. 1970 No detectable alkaloid. cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 [Traces of Mescaline are seemingly implied to have been detected in this species but the account is unclear and does not speciically state it. gennAro et al. 1996] Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii L.Benson Needs additional analysis. See comment & image in Activity Notes 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (trace) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources]; (0.0006% fresh) keller et al. 1973. Epinephrine (14.22 mg/gm fresh), keller 1978. Hordenine (trace) Agurell 1969b; (0.0004%) fresh) keller et al. 1973. Macromerine (Major alkaloid. 0.07% dry wt.) Below et al. 1968; (major alkaloid- over 50% of over 50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b; (0.0021% fresh) keller et al. 1973. Metanephrine (0.0002% fresh) keller et al. 1973. N-Formylnormacromerine [0.0077% fresh] keller et al. 1973; [0.19% dry wt.] keller & mclAugHlin 1972 N-Methyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine (0.0005% fresh) keller et al. 1973. N-Methylmetanephrine (trace) keller et al. 1973. N-Methyltyramine (0.0019% fresh wt) keller et al. 1973 Norepinephrine (5.54 mg/gm fresh) keller 1978. Normacromerine [Major alkaloid. 0.0710% (fresh)] keller et al. 1973. [Also isolated in keller 1980] Conlicting assays; see Macromerine above in this entry. Synephrine (0.0001% fresh wt) keller et al. 1973. Tyramine (trace) Agurell 1969b; (0.0001fresh wt) keller et al. 1973 Coryphantha pectinata (engeLmann) Britton & rose b-O-Methylsynephrine 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine 4-Methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine Hordenine Macromerine N-Methyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine N-Methyltyramine Synephrine HornemAn et al. 1972 (no quantiication) Coryphantha poselgeriana (DietriCh) Britton & rose 4-Methoxyphenethylamine Hordenine N-Methyltyramine Synephrine HornemAn et al. 1972 (no quantiication) Coryphantha radians (DeCanDoLLe) Britton & rose [N-Me-4-OH-tyramine appears in the literature erroneously. It is probably a typo meaning N-Me-4-MeO-PEA or N-Me-4-OHPEA. (Tyramine IS 4-OH-PEA)] Hordenine (1-10% of over 1-10 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh.) BruHn et al. 1975 [Wild collected: Querétaro, Mexico]. N-Methyltyramine (Over 50% of 1-10 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) BruHn et al. 1975 Coryphantha missouriensis (sweet) Britton & rose 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (trace) Hordenine (0.39% dry wt.) N-Methyltyramine (0.013% dry wt.) Tyramine (trace) PummAngurA et al. 1981 [Traces of Mescaline are seemingly implied to have been detected in this species but the account is unclear and does not speciically state it. gennAro et al. 1996] 17 http://troutsnotes.com Cylindropuntia echinocarpa engeLmann & Bige- Coryphantha ramillosa CutaK b-O-Methylsynephrine (0.0015% dry wt. 1.9% of total alkaloid.) sAto et al. 1973. Hordenine (0.73% in dry. 91.8% of total alkaloid.) sAto et al. 1973. N-Methyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine (0.00092% dry wt.: 0.1% of total alkaloid.) sAto et al. 1973. N-Methyltyramine (0.043% by dry weight. 5.5% of total alkaloid) sAto et al. 1973 Synephrine (0.0057% dry wt.) sAto et al. 1973. Low “silver cholla” 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (Around 0.01% dry wt.) 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Around 0.01% dry wt.) Mescaline (Around or less than 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 (F. zeylmAker #8327 & 8328) See comments in Activity Notes. Cylindropuntia fulgida engeLmann Coryphantha runyonii Britton & rose See as Coryphantha macromeris var runyonii as Escobaria tuberculosa Britton & rose Reported to contain druses of Weddellite. riverA & smitH 1979 (collected in the Marathon Basin, West Texas) Unidentiied alkaloids reported by meyer et al. 1980 Quercetin-3-rutinoside, Quercetin-3-glucoside and Kaempferol-3-glucoside (lavonoids) were reported in the lowers. clArk et al. 1980 [Collected east of Florence, Arizona] Cholla gum was determined to contain Arabinose (51.6%), Galactose (31.7%), Galacturonic acid (11.2%), Rhamnose (2 or 3%) & Xylose (15.0%). (Gum degradation products were studied) PArikH & jones 1966. [sAnds & klAss 1929 found: Arabinose (53.2%), Galactose (8.4%), Galacturonic acid (11.5%) & Rhamnose (5.5%) They did not detect Xylose; Brown et al. 1949 reported L-Arabinose (6 parts), D-Galactose (3 parts), D-Galacturonic acid (1 part), L-Rhamnose (traces) & D-Xylose (2 parts)] See also Anderson et al. 1925 Coryphantha vivipara (nuttaLL) engeLmann Cylindropuntia imbricata haworth Coryphantha scolymoides (sCheiDweiLer) A. Berger [excluded] Traces of Mescaline reported (between 4-12 mg/gm fresh) gennAro et al. 1996 Coryphantha tuberculosa 3-Methoxytyramine (no quantiication) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (no quantiication) Mescaline (Not quantiied) Tyramine (no quantiication) Unidentiied alkaloid also present. meyer et al. 1980 Reported to contain druses of Whewellite. riverA & smitH 1979 (collected on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin) Hordenine (Sole alkaloid present. 10-50 mg/ 100 grams of fresh plant.) BruHn et al. 1975 [Cultivated: Switzerland] CO2 uptake occurred entirely at night through the stems (under well watered conditions). Nobel & Hartsock 1986 Coryphantha vivipara (nuttaLL) Britton & rose var. arizonica (engeLmann) w.t.marshaLL Hordenine (0.017% by dry weight) Howe et al. 1977b An unidentiied quaternary alkaloid was reported by Brown et al. 1968 Cylindropuntia kleiniae DeCanDoLLe N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) Tyramine (no quantiication) meyer et al. 1980 Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa engeLmann & BigeLow 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (around 0.01% dry wt.) 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Less than 0.01% dry wt.) Mescaline (0.01% dry wt. [ie 10 mg/ 100 gm dry wt]) Ma et al. 1986 (Analyzed F. Zeylmaker #8320) [Hordenine has also been listed in error, this species is not included by TA smitH 1977; the reference cited.] [meyer et al. 1980: traces of unidentiied alkaloids] Quercetin-3-rutinoside, Quercetin-3-glucoside and Kaempferol-3-glucoside (lavonoids) were reported in the lowers. clArk et al. 1980 [Collected east of Florence, AZ] 18 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Chemical studies have been performed on Aspergillus terreus. This fungus was found inhabiting the rhizosphere of Opuntia versicolor. Asterredione (a novel cyclopentenedione) (+)-5(6)-Dihydro-6-methoxyterrecyclic acid A (a new terrecyclic acid A derivative) (+)-5(6)-Dihydro-6-hydroxyterrecyclic acid A (a new terrecyclic acid A derivative) (+)-Terrecyclic acid A (–)-Quadrone Betulinan A Asterriquinone D and Asterriquinone C wijerAtne et al. 2003 See comments in Activity Notes. Cylindropuntia leptocaulis DC (AKA “tasajillo”) Most often appearing in the literature as Opuntia leptocaulis. Reported by Meyer et al. 1980 to contain traces of unidentiied alkaloids. It was reported to show no detectable alkaloids in the screenings of Smolenski et al. 1973. Betacyanins reported as pigments. Mabry et al. 1963 A number of compounds were isolated from Chaetomium globosum. This fungus was found inhabiting the rhizosphere of Opuntia leptocaulis. Globosuxanthone A (a new dihydroxanthenone) Globosuxanthone B (a new tetrahydroxanthenone) Globosuxanthone C (a new xanthone) Globosuxanthone D (a new xanthone) 2-Hydroxyvertixanthone Chrysazin (anthraquinone) 1,3,6,8-Tetrahydroanthraquinone wijerAtne et al. 2006a Cylindropuntia whipplei (engeLmann & BigeLow) F.m. Knuth 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (no quantiication) Unidentiied alkaloids were also present. meyer et al. 1986 Five new isocoumarins were isolated from cultures of Paraphaeosphaeria quadriseptata, a fungal strain living in association with Opuntia leptocaulis. Paraphaeosphaerin A, B & C and Chaetochiversins A and B Along with a new chroman-4-one, Aposphaerin C. wijerAtne et al. 2006b Cylindropuntia stanlyi engelmAnn var. kunzei (rose) l.Benson See as Corynopuntia kunzei Cylindropuntia stanlyi var. stanlyi engelmAnn See as Corynopuntia emoryi Denmoza rhodacantha (saLm-DyCK) Britton & rose Candicine (%?) nieto 1987 See additional comments in the Activity Notes. Dolichothele baumii (BoeDeCKer) werDermann & BuxBaum Cylindropuntia ramosissima (engeLmann) F.m. Knuth Dolichotheline (an imidazole) 6 unidentiied alkaloids (tentatively) dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973b Dehydrogeosmin - Minor volatile in the loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Trace volatile in the loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile in the loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (less than 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 (F. zeylmAker #8501) Cylindropuntia spinosior (engeLmann) toumey Tyramine (0.0018% dry wt.) 3-Methoxytyramine (0.0011% dry wt.) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine. (trace) Mescaline (0.00004% dry wt.) [Initially detected by kruger et al. 1977] This is 40 μg per 100 grams of dried material. Dolichothele longimamma (DeCanDoLLe) Britton & rose PArdAnAni et al. 1978 Quercetin-3-rutinoside, Quercetin-3-glucoside and Kaempferol-3-glucoside (lavonoids) were reported in the lowers. clArk et al. 1980 [Collected east of Florence, Arizona] N-Methyl-4-methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine (Longimammine: O-Methylsynephrine) (0.00037% dry wt.) rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1976. [Reported in rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1975b] Normacromerine (0.012% dry wt.) rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1976. [Reported in rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1975b] Synephrine (0.43% dry wt.) rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1976. [Reported in rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1975b] Also contains a few tetrahydroisoquinolines (If you ever Cylindropuntia versicolor (engeLmann ex J.M. CouLter) F.m. Knuth Hordenine (no quantiication) N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) Tyramine (no quantiication) Unidentiied alkaloids were also present. meyer et al. 1980 doubted there are chemists with a twisted sense of humor…) 19 http://troutsnotes.com Dolichotheline (N-Isovalerylhistamine) 0.7% by dry wt: (no mention of other alkaloids) rosenBerg & PAul 1969 & 1970; (0.65%: major alkaloid) dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973b (reported presence of other, mainly trace, alkaloids). [0.65% also reported in dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973a [Also said to be reported in HABermAnn 1974a (from ŠtArHA nd)] Detected in tlc in dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973c. Longimammosine [6-Hydroxy-2-methyl-THIQ] (0.0019% dry wt.) rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1976. [Reported in rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1975b] Longimammidine [8-Hydroxy-2-methyl-THIQ] (0.0019% dry wt.) rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1976. [Reported in rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1975b] Longimammatine [6-Methoxy-THIQ] (0.0028% dry wt.) rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1976. [Reported in rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1975b] Longimammamine [4,8-Dihydroxy-2-methyl-THIQ] (0.0008% dry wt.) rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1976. [Reported in rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1975b] Note: Do not confuse Dolichothele surculosa (BoeDeCKer) F.BuxBaum Hordenine (0.178% dry wt.) N-Methyltyramine. N-Methylphenethylamine (0.25% by dry weight) Synephrine (0.017% dr wt.) The imidazole, Dolichotheline was also identiied. [An unidentiied imidazole was also reported] dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973b with Longimammine which is a phenethylamine. Ubine (no quantiication) kruger et al. 1977; NOT reported in rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1976 And Dolichotheline (An imidazole) (Identiied) Dingerdissen & McLaughlin 1973b (Also noted “...large number of [dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973a is also cited as a reference but they DID NOT analyze this species] unusual compounds that were unidentiied...”) Reported to contain Betalains as pigments (as Mammillaria surculosa). woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Natural occurrence in the plant of lauric, myristic and other fatty acids esteriied to the C-3 hydroxyl groups of assorted 12-Oleanene series triterpenes, including: β-Amyrin, Erythrodiol, Longispinogenin, Methyl oleanolate, Maniladiol, Oleanonate, Oleanolic aldehyde. sPencer et al. 1983 Volatile components of the loral scent have been studied. Dehydrogeosmin - Minor volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Trace volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile in loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Dehydrogeosmin - Minor volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Minor volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile in loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Dolichothele uberiformis (zuCCarini) Britton & rose Dolichothele melaleuca (DietriCh) Britton & rose 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (0.007% dry wt.) Hordenine (trace) [Also in kruger et al. 1977] N-Methyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine (0.004% dry wt.) N-Methyltyramine (trace) [Also in kruger et al. 1977] Normacromerine (0.068% dry wt.) Synephrine (0.12%+ dry wt.) Ubine (N,N-diMe-b-OH-PEA) (Major alkaloid. 0.24% dry wt.) (-)-Longimammine (0.016% dry wt) Longimammatine (trace) Uberine (5-MeO-7-OH-2-Me-THIQ) (0.002% dry wt) [Also in kruger et al. 1977] rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1977. Dolichotheline (an imidazole) dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973b (Also noting a “...large number of unusual compounds Dolichotheline (an imidazole) (Tentatively) 6 unidentiied alkaloids dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973b Dolichothele sphaerica (Dietr.) Britton & rose Phenethylamine (traces) keller 1982 b-O-Ethylsynephrine (0.0038% dry wt.) dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973a. Recovered via preparative tlc but said to have been shown to be an extraction artifact of Synephrine. dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973c b-O-Methylsynephrine (0.0060% dry wt.) dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973a. Recovered via preparative tlc: dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973c N-Methylphenethylamine (0.0411% by dry weight) dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973a. Recovered via preparative tlc: dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973c N-Methyltyramine (0.0115% by dry weight) dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973a. Recovered via preparative tlc: dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973c. Also reported in keller 1982. Synephrine (0.0033% dry wt.) dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973a. Recovered via preparative tlc: dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973c that were unidentiied...”) [Agurell 1969b is cited as a reference by DID NOT analyze this species. wHeAton & stewArt 1970 also appears cited as a reference but DOES NOT mention this species.] Longimammamine was reported in error. rAnieri & mclAugHlin 1977 did NOT observe this alkaloid. See comments in Activity Notes. Echinocactus arechavaletai scHumAnn. See as Wiggensia arechavaletai 20 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Echinocactus caespitosus was reported to contain an unidentiied alkaloid by Brown et al. 1968 Echinocereus blanckii poseLger ex rümpLer Has 94% water by weight N,N-Dimethylhistamine (0.016% by fresh wt/ 0.285% by dry wt. (as 2Hcl) ) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.0065 % by fresh wt/ 0.114% by dry wt. (as Hcl) wAgner & grevel 1982b Echinocactus concinus monville. See as Notocactus concinus Echinocactus grandis rose b-Sitosterol (0.005% by dry wt) Galactose, Rhamnose, traces of an aliphatic saturated tetrol & small amounts of a polyhydroxylated steroid. dominguez et al. 1970 Reported to contain no detectable alkaloid. cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 [N-Me-3,4-DiMeO-PEA has been listed in error. The reference, wAgner & grevel 1982b, did not report this compound.] Citric acid (7.6% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 Echinocactus polycephalus Mescaline NOT observable at the levels they were capable of detecting. gennAro et al. 1996 Synonym of Echinocactus platyacanthus link & otto according to Hunt 1999. Echinocereus chloranthus engeLmann Brown et al. 1968 reported to contain unidentiied alkaloid. Echinocactus horizonthalonius Lemaire No detectable alkaloid. Brown et al. 1968 Reported to contain druses of Weddellite. riverA & smitH 1979. See comments on the Biominerals page. Echinocereus cinerascens (DeCanDoLLe) rümpLer 3,4-Dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine (0.01% fresh) BruHn & sáncHez-mejorAdA 1977 [Wild collected: Hidalgo, Mexico]. 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (0.0002%; 1.95x10-4 % fresh) BruHn & sáncHez-mejorAdA 1977 Glucaric acid (tlc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Echinocactus hystrix HAw. See as Lemaireocereus hystrix Echinocactus ingens Pfeiffer See as Echinocactus platyacanthus Echinocactus lewinii k.scHumAnn See as Lophophora williamsii Echinocereus enneacanthus var. stramineus (engeLmann) L.Benson “pitahaya” stAndley 1924 Brown et al. 1968 reported to contain unidentiied alkaloids. Contains large amounts of some form of Calcium oxalate. See a photo on the biomineral page in this work. Echinocactus platyacanthus was reported to contain unidentiied alkaloids. (from soulAire 1947) Echinocactus polycephalus engeLmann & BigeLow Mescaline was NOT observed at the levels they were capable of detecting. gennAro et al. 1996 Echinocereus merkerii hiLDm. Echinocactus polycephalus engeLmann & BigeLow var. xeranthoides CouLter Brown et al. 1968 reported to contain unidentiied alkaloid. 3,4-Dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine (no quantiication) Agurell et al. 1969 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (no quantiication) Agurell et al. 1969 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (no quantiication) Agurell et al. 1969 and mcFArlAne & slAytor 1972 3-Methoxytyramine (no quantiication) Agurell et al. 1969 Tyramine (no quantiication) mcFArlAne & slAytor 1972b Hordenine (no quantiication) Agurell et al. 1969 and mcFArlAne & slAytor 1972b Candicine (no details) sHulgin & sHulgin 1997 Salsoline (no quantiication) Agurell et al. 1969; (no details) sHulgin & sHulgin 1997 Echinocactus pruinosus O. See as Lemaireocereus pruinosus Echinocactus ritteri Böd. See as Aztekium ritteri Echinocactus texensis hopF AKA the “Horse Crippler” or “Devil’s Head” or “Viznaga” Reported to contain unidentiied quaternary alkaloid(s) by Brown et al. 1968 Echinocactus visnaga hooKer Appears in the literature for a report of an unidentiied alkaloid. Synonym of Echinocactus platyacanthus link & otto according to Hunt 1999. Echinocereus pectinatus (sCheiDweiLer) engeLmann has been listed in error as containing hordenine. Agurell 1969b, the reference cited for the claim, did not examine this species. Echinocereus triglochidiatus engeLmann var. gurneyi Benson Echinocactus williamsii lemAire ex sAlm-dyck See as Lophophora williamsii Dihydroquercetin Dihydroquercetin 7-O-glucoside Dihydrokaempferol Dihydrokaempferol 7-O-glucoside Dihydromyricetin Echinocereus acifer (otto) Lemaire dominguez et al. 1969 reported an unidentiied alkaloid. 21 http://troutsnotes.com Echinocereus viridilorus engelmAnn var. chloranthus BAckeBerg See as Echinocereus chloranthus Dihydromyricetin 7-O-glucoside Quercetin 7-O-glucoside Quercetin 3-O-glucoside Quercetin 3-O-rhamnosylglucoside Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnosylglucoside Present in perianth parts; in particular the tepals. Epidermis & spines contained traces only. Absent from the cortex. miller & BoHm 1982. (Wild collected: Marathon, Texas) Echinofossulocactus multicostatus (hiLDm.) Br. & r. no detectable alkaloid. cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 Echinomastus dasyacanthus Britton & rose; See as Neolloydia intertexta var. dasyacantha Echinomastus intertextus engelmAnn var. dasyacanthus engelmAnn See as Neolloydia intertexta var. dasyacantha Echinopsis andalgalensis (w eBer ) F riedricH & r owley See as Trichocereus andalgalensis Echinocereus triglochidiatus engeLmann var. neomexicanus (stanDLey) stanDLey ex w.t.marshaLL Echinopsis bridgesii SD lacks an analysis N,N-Dimethylhistamine (no quantiication; tlc) Ferrigni et al. 1982. Echinopsis camarguensis (c A r d .) F r i e d r i c H & r o w l e y See as Trichocereus camarguensis Echinopsis candicans weBer See as Trichocereus candicans E ch i n o p si s ch i l o en si s ( c o l l A ) F r i e d r i c H & r o w l e y See as Trichocereus chilensis Echinocereus triglochidiatus engeLmann var. paucispinus engeLmann ex w.t.marshaLL N,N-Dimethylhistamine (no quantification) m AtA & mclAugHlin 1982 citing Ferrigni & mclAugHlin 1981: unpublished results; (0.11% dry wt; isolation, tlc, mp, mmp, pmr) Ferrigni et al. 1982. Echinopsis eyriesii (turpin) zuCCarini 93.8% water by weight (pH of juice: 4.6-5) Herrero-ducloux 1930a Hordenine (10-50% of 1-10 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b [European commercial sources] Small amounts of unidentiied alkaloids were reported to be present by Herrero-ducloux 1930a. Soulaire 1947 was of the opinion, that the photograph in Herrero-Ducloux showed an erroneous identiication had been made and that Herrero-Ducloux had actually examined either Echinopsis oxygona or E. multiplex. Echinocereus triglochidiatus has been listed as containing 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethylhistamine but there is no basis for that assertion. (This compound was nowhere mentioned in the reference cited: i.e. Bye 1979. It does not appear to have ever been reported in nature.) This species has also had a report of 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine or what was suspected to be 5-MeO-DMT (irst mentioned as a possibility in Bye 1979, citing personal communication with JL McLaughlin, and later repeated as fact many other places.) Schultes & Hofmann 1979 & 1980 also mentioned the possibility that a tryptamine derivative may have been observed. In some retellings the identity was inexplicably recreated as DMT. This was never proven. More importantly, Ferrigni et al. made a comment that whatever indole(s) they observed was present in trace amounts and was unstable in their extraction procedure. Unknown(s) were suspected of being indolic due to reacting with Ehrlichs reagent and forming a blue chromophore in TLC. Had unknown been DMT or 5-MeO-DMT, they would have been both stable and easily been recovered using their approach so, whatever the identity of their unidentiied compound(s) turns out to be, it was decidedly NEITHER 5-MeO-DMT NOR DMT. They determined the main alkaloid present was dimethylhistamine. Some imidazoles are reactive with Ehrlichs reagent but Dimethylhistamine is not, more investigation is needed. To risk adding more confusion to the issue the plants being discussed are actually E. coccineus (tetraploid), var. paucispinus & var. gurneyii, and not E. triglochidiatus (which is diploid) This is also true for part of neomexicanus, but I do not know which Ferrigni used. See Powell & weedin 2004. See comments in the Activity Notes. Echinopsis fulvilana (ritt.) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus fulvilanus Echinopsis gigantea knize n.n. (in Friedrich & Glaetzle 1983) = Trichocereus giganteus hort. knize See in San Pedro Echinopsis hybrid Dehydrogeosmin - Minor volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Trace volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile in loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Echinopsis huascha (weB.) FriedricH & rowley See as Helianthocereus huascha Echinopsis kermesina (krAinz) krAinz See analysis under Pseudolobivia kermesina Echinopsis lamprochlora (weBer) FriedricH & glAetzle See as Trichocereus lamprochlorus Echinopsis lageniformis (Foerst.) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus bridgesii Echinopsis macrogona (sAlm-dyck) Friedr. & rowley See as Trichocereus macrogonus Echinopsis manguinii (BAckeBerg) Friedr. & rowley See as Trichocereus manguinii Echinopsis mamilosa guerKe See potential analysis under Pseudolobivia kermesina. Hunt recognizes these as synonyms but, even if true, it should not be taken for granted that the chemistry of synonyms are the same without some analytical work. Material recognized as Echinopsis 22 Cactus Chemistry: By Species mamilosa should be analyzed and compared to that of material identiied as Echinopsis kermesina. Epiphyllum sp. Unsubstantiated and referenceless claim for the presence of mescaline is made by cAycHo Jimenez 1977 (page 91). He does not include anything supporting his assertion. Echinopsis multiplex (Pfeiffer) Pfeiffer & Otto Showed antitumor & antineoplastic activity. See Activity Notes. his species presently appears to lack any published analysis. Sterols isolated from leaves: Avenasterol (8.4% of total) 24ḉ-Methylcholesterol (9.4% of total) Stigmasterol (2.5% of total) Sitosterol (75.5% of total) 24ḉ-Methylcholestenol (traces) Sitostanol (4.2% of total) sAlt et al. 1987 Echinopsis obrepanda (saLm-DyCK) K. sChumann Dehydrogeosmin - Trace volatile in loral scent. trans-Nerolidol - Major volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Trace volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Trace volatile in loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Epiphyllum phyllanthoides (dc) sweet See as Nopalxochia phyllanthoides Echinopsis pachanoi (Britton & rose) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus pachanoi Echinopsis pasacana (weBer) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus pasacana Echinopsis peruviana (Britton & rose) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus peruvianus Echinopsis peruviana spp. puquiensis (rAuH & BAckeBerg) ostolAzA See as Trichocereus puquiensis Epithelantha micromeris (engeLmann) weBer Tyramine (less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995b; (0.0003%) ŠtArHA 1994 [All of Štarha’s Epithelantha specimens were seed grown in Czechoslovakian greenhouses] N-Methyltyramine (less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995b; (0.0004%) ŠtArHA 1994 Hordenine (0.003%) ŠtArHA 1995b; (0.0026%) ŠtArHA 1994 3-Methoxytyramine (0.006%) ŠtArHA 1995b; (0.0059%) ŠtArHA 1994 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.440%) ŠtArHA 1995b [Note from Dr. ŠtArHA, rec’d. Jan. 1999 indicates this to be a typo intending 0.004% by fresh weight]; (0.0042%) ŠtArHA 1994 N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995b; (0.0010%) ŠtArHA 1994 (All values above are % by fresh weight.) [Both dominguez et al. 1969 and mclAugHlin (unpublished) detected trace amounts of alkaloids.] It should also be noted that west & mclAugHlin 1977 isolated and crystallized the following (as acid hydrolysis products of the corresponding saponins): Epithelanthic acid (D9(11)-12-oxo-oleane) (0.00008% dry wt) Methylepithelanthate (a triterpene) (0.0004% dry wt) Methylmachaerinate (a triterpene diol) (0.0003% dry wt) Echinopsis rhodotricha K.sChumann Hordenine (Major alkaloid in the traces present) Tyramine (10-50% of the traces of alkaloid present) Agurell et al. 1971b [Commercial source: Netherlands] [A gurell 1969b reported no detectable alkaloid. European commercial sources] Echinopsis schickendantzii weB See as Trichocereus schickendantzii Echinopsis scopulicola (ritter) mottrAm See as Trichocereus scopulicola Echinopsis spachiana (lemAire) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus spachianus Echinopsis strigosa (sAlm-dyck) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus strigosus Echinopsis taquimbalensis (cArdenAs) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus taquimbalensis Echinopsis terscheckii (PArmentier) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus terscheckii Echinopsis thelegonoides (sPegAzzini) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus thelegonoides Echinopsis thelegona (weBer) FriedricH & rowley See as Trichocereus thelegonus e r (Thought to possibly be an artifact arising from machaeric acid) Oleanolic acid (a triterpene) (0.58% (crude) dry wt) b-Sitosterol (a sterol) (0.001% dry wt) An unidentiied triterpene lactone (0.0002% dry wt) Methyl oleanate (as 5% of oleanolic acid content; thought to possibly be an artifact) See Activity Notes. The several varieties of this plant appear to lack analysis Echinopsis triumphans r.mey was reported to contain Isocitric acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Echinopsis tubilora (Pfeiffer) Zuccarini Eriocereus guelichii (spez.) Berg. 24ḉ-Methylcholesterol (33.1% of total) Sitosterol (66.9% of total) Salt et al. 1987 Fruit contains Phyllocactin, Betanin, Isobetanin & Isophyllocactin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Eriocereus spp. This genus seriously needs some analysis. Echinopsis valida monv. See as Trichocereus validus but please be aware that 2 or 3 different plants are sometimes called E. valida. Escobaria aguirreana (glAss & Foster) tAylor See as Gymnocactus aguirreanus 23 http://troutsnotes.com Escobaria missouriensis (sweet) Hunt See as Coryphantha missouriensis Escobaria roseanus (Bödekker) tAylor See as Gymnocactus roseana BuxBAum Escobaria tuberculosa See as Coryphantha tuberculosa Escobaria vivipara (nuttAll) BuxBAum See as Coryphantha vivipara Glandulicactus crassihamatus (weBer) marshaLL Reported to contain unidentiied alkaloid(s). cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 Escontria chiotilla (weBer) rose Grusonia clavata (engelmAnn) H.roBinson see as Corynopuntia clavata Grusonia emoryi (engelmAnn) PinkAvA see as Corynopuntia stanlyi var. stanlyi Grusonia invicta (t.BrAndegee) e.F.Anderson see as Corynopuntia invicta Grusonia kunzei (rose) PinkAwA see as Corynopuntia stanlyi var. kunzei Grusonia schottii (engelmAnn) H.roBinson see as Corynopuntia schottii Grusonia bradtiana (CouLter) Britton & rose Reported to contain unidentiied alkaloid(s). cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 86.3% water by weight 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Around 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 Longispinogenin [0.29% yield; dry wt.] Maniladiol [0.1% yield; dry wt.] djerAssi et al. 1956a [Collected at marker km 368 along Mexico City-Oaxaca Hwy, Puebla, Mexico] Escontria gaumeri See as Pterocereus gaumeri Gymnocactus aguirreanus gLass & Foster Hordenine (2.26% dry wt.) N-Methyltyramine (trace) N-Methylphenethylamine (trace) west et al. 1974 Espostoa huanucensis ritter Hordenine (0.002% dry wt.) N-Methyltyramine (0.002% by dry weight) Tyramine (0.004% by dry weight) mAtA et al. 1976a [Also mAtA et al. 1976b] Unidentiied trace alkaloid detected in mAtA et al. 1976a. Gymnocactus beguinii (weBer) BaCKeBerg Hordenine (trace) N-Methyltyramine (trace) N-Methylphenethylamine (trace) west et al. 1974 Traces of Mescaline (between 4-12 mg/gm fresh) gennAro et al. 1996 Espostoa lanata (hBK) Br. & r. Reported to be alkaloid negative (based on Mayer’s test showing no detectable alkaloid); also reported to lack triterpenes. djerAssi et al. 1955b [Wild collected in Peru] [mAtA & mclAugHlin 1976 also appears listed as a reference but they simply mentioned Djerassi’s work.] Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose Gymnocactus horripilus (Lemaire) BaCKeBerg Hordenine (trace) N-Methylphenethylamine (0.17% dry weight) west et al. 1974 CO2 uptake occurred entirely at night through the stems (under well watered conditions) Nobel & Hartsock 1986 Gymnocactus knuthianus (BoeDeCKer) BaCKeBerg Ferocactus hamatocanthus (muehLenpForDtii) Britton & rose N-Methylphenethylamine (trace) west et al. 1974 Gymnocactus mandragora (FriC) BaCKeBerg No detectable alkaloids. cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 N-Methylphenethylamine (trace) N-Methyltyramine (trace) west et al. 1974. Ferocactus latispinus (haworth) Britton & rose No detectable alkaloids in the screenings of Fong et al. 1972 Gymnocactus roseanus (B oeDeCKer ) g Lass & Foster Ferocactus recurvus (miLL.) Berg. No detectable alkaloids. cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 Hordenine (2.39% dry wt.) N-Methylphenethylamine (trace) N-Methyltyramine (trace) west et al. 1974 Ferocactus stainesii (anDot) Britton & rose var. pringlei (CouLter) Britton & rose Reported to contain unidentiied alkaloid(s). cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 Gymnocactus sp. (thought to be a variety of G. roseanus) N-Methylphenethylamine (0.04% dry wt.) Hordenine (1.89% dry wt.) west et al. 1974 [Collected from El Chilon, Mexico] Ferocactus wislizeni (engeLmann) Britton & rose Unidentiied alkaloids indicated. Brown et al. 1968 24 Cactus Chemistry: By Species N-Methylmescaline (less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalidine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonidine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocactus viereckii (werDermann) BaCKeBerg N-Methylphenethylamine (trace) west et al. 1974 Gymnocalycium achirasense tiLL & sChatzL Tyramine (0.00159% [± 0.00008]) N-Methyltyramine (0.00045% [± 0.00006]) Hordenine (0.00129% [± 0.00006]) Mescaline (0.00007% [± 0.00001]) N-Methylmescaline (0.00013% [± 0.00001]) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (0.00025% [± 0.00002]) Anhalamine (0.00097% [± 0.00001]) ŠtArHA et al. 1998 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium asterium ito Tyramine (0.00089% [± 0.00013]) N-Methyltyramine (0.00012% [± 0.00004]) Hordenine (0.00105% [± 0.0001]) Mescaline (0.00013% [± 0.00002]) N-Methylmescaline (0.00031% [± 0.00004]) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (0.0005% [± 0.00004]) O-Methylanhalidine (0.00011% [± 0.00002]) Anhalidine (Trace) Anhalamine (0.00054% [± 0.00002]) Anhalonidine (Trace) Pellotine (Trace) Anhalonine (Trace) Lophophorine (Trace) ŠtArHA et al. 1998 (% by fresh weight) stArHA used cultivated plants; gc or gcms to identify. Gymnocalycium albispinum BaCKeBerg Tyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalinine (Less than 0.0001%) O-Methylanhalonidine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (Less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalonine (Less than 0.0001%) Lophophorine (Less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium baldianum (spegazzini) spegazzini Tyramine (less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) Mescaline (less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalidine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalamine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonine (less than 0.0001%) Lophophorine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Gymnocalycium andreae (B ö D .) B a C K e B . & F.m.Knuth Betalains. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 trans-β-Ocimene - Minor volatile in loral scent, absent in some Dehydrogeosmin - Minor volatile, major or absent in some; present in 73%, absent in 15%, questionable in 12%. Heptadecene - Minor volatile, trace in some. Bergamotene - Minor volatile. β-Farnesene - Major volatile, trace or absent in some. Sesquiterpene alcohol - Trace volatile, absent in some. Alkane - Trace volatile, absent in some. Eudesman-3,7-dien? - Minor volatile, absent in some. trans-Nerolidol - Major volatile, trace or absent in some. Alkene 1 - Minor volatile, trace in some. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Minor volatile, trace in some. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile. Alkene 2 - Minor volatile, absent in some. Alkene 3 - Minor volatile, trace in some. Highly variable among cultivated individuals. 19 of 20 showed loral scent dominated by either β-Farnesene or trans-Nerolidol; 1 specimen had Dehydrogeosmin as the largest peak. Six wild specimens from Argentina had a uniform loral scent composed almost entirely of β-Farnesene. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Gymnocalycium bayrianum tiLL Tyramine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Hordenine (between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Lophophorine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium bodenbenderianum ssp. intertextum Dehydrogeosmin - Major volatile in the lower scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Minor volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Major volatile in loral scent. Scent emission from the apical half of tepal was dominated by Dehydrogeosmin and Sesquiterpene alcohol 1; basal half was dominated by β-Farnesene. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Gymnocalycium anisitsii (K.sChumann) Br. & r. Tyramine (less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) 25 http://troutsnotes.com N-Methylmescaline (Between 0.0001-0.001%) O-Methylanhalidine (Less than 0.0001%) O-Methylanhalonidine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (Less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Lophophorine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium boszingianum sChütz Tyramine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) Anhalinine (between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (less than 0.0001%) N-Methyltyramine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (approximately 0.001%) Anhalonine (less than 0.0001%) Lophophorine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium comarapense BaCKeBerg Tyramine (Between 0.001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Less than 0.001%) Hordenine (Less than 0.001%) Mescaline (Less than 0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (Less than 0.001%) Anhalamine (Less than 0.001%) Pellotine (Less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium bruchii (spegazzini) hosseus trans-β-Ocimene - Minor volatile in loral scent. Dehydrogeosmin - Major volatile, minor in some. trans-Nerolidol - Major volatile, absent in some. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Minor volatile, trace in some. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile, major in some. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Gymnocalycium curvispinum FriC Gymnocalycium calochlorum (BoeDeCKer) y.ito Tyramine (between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonidine (less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Mescaline (between 0.0001-0.001%) Tyramine (between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalidine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalamine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Pellotine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium delaetii BaCKeBerg Tyramine (less than 0.0001%) N-Methyltyramine (less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium cardenasianum ritter Tyramine (between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalinine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium denudatum (L.&o.) pFeiFF. Tyramine (0.00066% [± 0.00006]) N-Methyltyramine (0.00061% [± 0.00002]) Hordenine (0.00052% [± 0.00005]) Mescaline (Trace) N-Methylmescaline (0.00008% [± 0.00001]) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (0.00073% [± 0.00005]) O-Methylanhalidine (0.00025% [± 0.00003]) Anhalinine (0.00006% [± 0.00002]) O-Methylanhalonidine (0.0001% [± 0.00002]) Anhalidine (Trace) Anhalamine (0.00048% [± 0.00002]) Anhalonidine (Trace) ŠtArHA et al. 1998 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium carminanthum Borth & Koop Tyramine (0.00007% [± 0.00003]) N-Methyltyramine (Trace) Hordenine (0.00016% [± 0.00005]) Mescaline (0.00006% [± 0.00005]) N-Methylmescaline (Trace) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (0.00008% [± 0.00002]) O-Methylanhalidine (0.00007% [± 0.00002]) Anhalamine (0.00088% [± 0.00003]) Anhalonidine (Trace) ŠtArHA et al. 1998 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium chubutense spegazzini Gymnocalycium eytianum Cárdenas Tyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) Weddellite was identiied as druses. Monje & Baran 2002 26 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Gymnocalycium leischerianum BaCKeBerg Gymnocalycium leeanum (hooKer) Br. & r. Anhalonine (Unconirmed) Herrero-ducloux 1930b Not observed by devries et al. 1971 Hordenine (%?) devries et al. 1971 Lophophorine (Unconirmed) Herrero-ducloux 1930b Not observed by devries et al. 1971 Mescaline (Unconirmed) Herrero-ducloux 1930b Not observed by devries et al. 1971 N-Methyltyramine (?%) devries et al. 1971 Tyramine (0.00583%) devries et al. 1971 Tyramine (0.0001-0.001% dry wt.) N-Methyltyramine (0.001% dry wt.) Hordenine (0.0001-0.001% dry wt.) Mescaline (0.0001-0.001% dry wt.) N-Methylmescaline (0.0001-0.001% dry wt.) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (0.0001-0.001% dry wt.) Anhalamine (0.0001-0.001% dry wt.) Anhalonidine (0.00001-0.0001% dry wt.) ŠtArHA 2001c did not include a citation for his information. (G. leischerianum is included only in the table on page 91 and not in the by species breakdown) Gymnocalycium marsoneri (FriC) ito Tyramine (Less than 0.0001%) N-Methyltyramine (Less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (Approximately 0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (Between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium friedrichii paz. Tyramine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Hordenine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium gibbosum (haworth) pFeiFFer Gymnocalycium mazanense BaCKeBerg 92.1% water by weight (pH of juice: 4.6-5.0) Herrero-ducloux 1930b Tyramine (Less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 N-Methyltyramine (approximately 0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 Mescaline (unquantiied and tentatively identiied. Colorless N-Methyltyramine (Less than 0.0001%) Tyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Hordenine (Approximately 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium megalotheles (senCKe) Britton & rose birefringent crystals, n 1.544, mp 160-162o were claimed to show the “reactions of mescaline”) Herrero-ducloux 1930b. not Tyramine (Approximately 0.001%) Hordenine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (Less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) observed by ŠtArHA et al. 1997. N-Methylmescaline (Between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 O-Methylanhalidine (approximately 0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 Anhalinine (approximately 0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 O-Methylanhalonidine (approximately 0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 Anhalidine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 Anhalamine No quantiication (or accurate identiication) attempted; Herrero-ducloux 1930b [Our source was reti; Gymnocalycium mesopotamicum KiessLing Tyramine (Trace) N-Methyltyramine (Trace) Hordenine (Trace) Mescaline (Trace) N-Methylmescaline (Trace) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (0.00279% [± 0.0005]) Anhalamine (0.0019% [± 0.00028]) Anhalonidine (0.00005% [± 0.00003]) ŠtArHA et al. 1998 (% by fresh weight) CA gives this as Anhalonine. We presently lack the primary paper.] (approximately 0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 Anhalonidine (Less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 Pellotine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 Anhalonine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 Lophophorine No quantiication (or accurate identiication) attempted; Herrero-ducloux 1930b (Between 0.00010.001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 [All of stArHA’s values are % by fresh wt] Gymnocalycium mihanovichii (FriC & gürKe) Britton & rose Hordenine (less than 0.0001%) Tyramine (between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Gymnocalycium horridispinum FranK Mescaline (between 0.0001-0.001%) Tyramine (approximately 0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium monvillei (Lemaire) Britton & rose Tyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Hordenine (Approximately 0.001%) 27 http://troutsnotes.com Mescaline (Less than 0.0001%) N-Methylmescaline (Less than 0.0001%) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Less than 0.0001%) O-Methylanhalidine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (Less than 0.0001%) O-Methylanhalonidine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalidine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalamine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Pellotine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Lophophorine (Less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 (% by fresh weight) Dehydrogeosmin - Major volatile in loral scent, minor or absent in some. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Minor volatile, trace in some. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile. Dehydrogeosmin present in 85% of their samples, absent in 5%, questionable in 10%. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (0.00009% [± 0.00002]) O-Methylanhalidine (0.00012% [± 0.00006]) Anhalamine (0.00019% [± 0.00004]) Anhalonidine (0.00008% [± 0.00002]) ŠtArHA et al. 1998 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium oenanthemum BaCKeBerg Tyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) Mescaline (Less than 0.0001%) N-Methylmescaline (Less than 0.0001%) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Less than 0.0001%) O-Methylanhalidine (Less than 0.0001%) O-Methylanhalonidine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalidine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalamine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Pellotine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonine (Less than 0.0001%) Lophophorine (Less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium moserianum sChutz Tyramine (0.00077% [± 0.0001]) N-Methyltyramine (0.0001% [± 0.00003]) Hordenine (0.00011% [± 0.00003]) Mescaline (0.00007% [± 0.00001]) N-Methylmescaline (0.00151% [± 0.00015]) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (0.00071% [± 0.00006]) O-Methylanhalidine (0.00007% [± 0.00001]) Anhalinine (0.00007% [± 0.00001]) O-Methylanhalonidine (0.00007% [± 0.00001]) Anhalidine (0.00007% [± 0.00001]) Anhalamine (0.00215% [± 0.00014]) Anhalonidine (0.00014% [± 0.00003]) Pellotine (0.00012% [± 0.00003]) Anhalonine (Trace) Lophophorine (Trace) ŠtArHA et al. 1998 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium paraguayense sChutz Tyramine (0.00047% [± 0.00004]) N-Methyltyramine (0.00104% [± 0.00014]) Hordenine (0.00043% [± 0.00008]) Mescaline (0.00011% [± 0.00006]) N-Methylmescaline (0.00041% [± 0.0001]) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (0.00427% [± 0.00032]) Anhalamine (0.00505% [± 0.0005]) Anhalonidine (0.00017% [± 0.00006]) ŠtArHA et al. 1998 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium planzii (vaupeL) werDermann Tyramine (approximately 0.001%) Hordenine (between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (less than 0.0001%) N-Methylmescaline (less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalamine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Lophophorine (between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium multilorum (hooKer) Br. & r. Herrero-ducloux 1932a reported the recovery of small quantities of a ‘mescaline-like’ alkaloid but did not identify it. This species is now considered G. monvillei. Gymnocalycium netrelianum Britton & rose Tyramine (Less than 0.001%) Hordenine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Mescaline (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (Less than 0.001%) Pellotine (Less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995a (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium platense (Spegazzini) Britton & Rose Gymnocalycium nigriareolatum BaCKeBerg Gymnocalycium pungens FLeisCher Tyramine (0.00047% [± 0.00005]) N-Methyltyramine (0.00008% [± 0.00002]) Hordenine (0.0014% [± 0.00006]) Mescaline (0.00006% [± 0.00002]) N-Methylmescaline (0.00006% [± 0.00001]) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) Tyramine (between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Weddellite was identiied as druses. Monje & Baran 2002 28 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Anhalinine 0.00001-0.0001% dry wt. ŠtArHA 2001c cited ŠtArHA 2001a Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. ŠtArHA 2002 O-Methylanhalonidine 0.00001-0.0001% dry wt. ŠtArHA 2001c cited ŠtArHA 2001a Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. ŠtArHA 2002 Pellotine 0.00001-0.0001% dry wt. ŠtArHA 2001c cited ŠtArHA 2001a Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. ŠtArHA 2002 Anhalonidine 0.00001-0.0001% dry wt. ŠtArHA 2001c cited ŠtArHA 2001a Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. ŠtArHA 2002 Gymnocalycium quehlianum (haage) Berg. Tyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) Mescaline (Less than 0.0001%) N-Methylmescaline (Less than 0.0001%) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (Less than 0.0001%) O-Methylanhalonidine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonidine (Less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalonine (Less than 0.0001%) Lophophorine (Less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium ragonesii Cast. Tyramine (0.00009% [± 0.00002]) N-Methyltyramine (0.00005% [± 0.00001]) Hordenine (0.0035% [± 0.00014]) Mescaline (Trace) N-Methylmescaline (Trace) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Trace) O-Methylanhalidine (0.00048% [± 0.00003]) Anhalinine (0.00109% [± 0.00018]) O-Methylanhalonidine (0.00007% [± 0.00001]) Anhalidine (0.00006% [± 0.00001]) Anhalonidine (Trace) Pellotine (Trace) ŠtArHA et al. 1998 (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium riojense Frič ex H.tiLL & W.tiLL ssp. kozelskyanum sChütz ex h.tiLL & w.tiLL Tyramine 0.002% fresh wt. N-Methyltyramine Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. Hordenine 0.004% fresh wt. Mescaline Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. N-Methylmescaline Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. Anhalinine Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. O-Methylanhalonidine Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. Pellotine Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. Anhalonidine Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. ŠtArHA 2002 Gymnocalycium riojense Frič ex h.tiLL & w.tiLL Tyramine 0.001% dry wt. ŠtArHA 2001c cited ŠtArHA 2001a Not observed. ŠtArHA 2002 N-Methyltyramine 0.00001-0.0001% dry wt. ŠtArHA 2001c cited ŠtArHA 2001a Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. ŠtArHA 2002 Hordenine 0.001% dry wt. ŠtArHA 2001c cited ŠtArHA 2001a Not observed. ŠtArHA 2002 Mescaline 0.00001-0.0001% dry wt. ŠtArHA 2001c cited ŠtArHA 2001a Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. ŠtArHA 2002 N-Methylmescaline 0.00001-0.0001% dry wt. ŠtArHA 2001c cited ŠtArHA 2001a Less than 0.0001% fresh wt. ŠtArHA 2002 Gymnocalycium riojense Frič ex h.tiLL & w.tiLL ssp. paucispinum BaCKeBerg ex h.tiLL & w.tiLL Tyramine 0.002% fresh wt. N-Methyltyramine less than 0.0001% fresh wt. Hordenine 0.004% fresh wt. Mescaline less than 0.0001% fresh wt. N-Methylmescaline less than 0.0001% fresh wt. 29 http://troutsnotes.com N-Methylmescaline (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) O-Methylanhalonidine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalamine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Pellotine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Lophophorine (Less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 (% by fresh weight) Anhalinine less than 0.0001% fresh wt. O-Methylanhalonidine less than 0.0001% fresh wt. Pellotine less than 0.0001% fresh wt. Anhalonidine less than 0.0001% fresh wt. ŠtArHA 2002 Gymnocalycium riograndense CarDenas Gymnocalycium striglianum jeggLe Tyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Less than 0.001%) Hordenine (Less than 0.001%) Mescaline (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (Less than 0.001%) Anhalinine (Less than 0.001%) Anhalidine (Less than 0.001%) Anhalonidine (Less than 0.001%) Pellotine (Less than 0.001%) Anhalonine (Less than 0.001%) Lophophorine (Less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995a (% by fresh weight) Tyramine (Less than 0.001%) Hordenine (Less than 0.001%) Mescaline ( “readily apparent” at around 0.001%) N-Methylmescaline ( “readily apparent” at around 0.001%) Anhalinine (Less than 0.001%) Anhalidine (Less than 0.001%) Anhalamine ( “readily apparent” at around 0.001%) Anhalonidine (Less than 0.001%) Pellotine ( “readily apparent” at around 0.001%) Anhalonine (Less than 0.001%) Lophophorine (Less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995a (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium saglione (CeLs) Britton & rose Tyramine (0.027% dry wt.) nieto et al. 1982. Also; Less than 0.001% [fresh wt] in ŠtArHA 1995a Hordenine (0.008% dry wt.) nieto et al. 1982. Also; Less than 0.001% [fresh wt] in ŠtArHA 1995a Anhalidine (Less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995a Anhalonidine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995a Pellotine (Less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995a Anhalonine (Less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995a Lophophorine (Less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995a Candicine (0.041% dry wt.) nieto et al. 1982. [3 unidentiied bases reported; nieto et al. 1982] Gymnocalycium tillianum rausCh Tyramine (Less than 0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Less than 0.001%) Hordenine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalinine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalidine (Less than 0.001%) Anhalonidine (Less than 0.001%) Pellotine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995a (% by fresh weight) Gymnocalycium triacanthum BaCKeBerg Gymnocalycium schickendantzii (weBer) Britton & rose Tyramine (Trace) N-Methyltyramine (0.00005% [± 0.00001]) Hordenine (0.00054% [± 0.00004]) Mescaline (Trace) N-Methylmescaline (Trace) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Trace) O-Methylanhalidine (0.00015% [± 0.00001]) Anhalinine (0.00014% [± 0.00001]) Anhalidine (Trace) Anhalonidine (0.0006% [± 0.00001]) ŠtArHA et al. 1998 (% by fresh weight) Tyramine (approximately 0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1996; Also (%?) ruiz et al. 1973 Anhalinine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalidine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalamine (less than 0.0001%) Pellotine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonine (less than 0.0001%) Lophophorine (less than 0.0001%) All above by ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Candicine (%?) ruiz et al. 1973 According to Hunt 1999, Gymnocalycium triacanthum was lumped into Gymnocalycium riojense Frič ex H.Till & W.Till. Hunt 2006 mentions that Till & Till recognized four subspecies within G. riojense with three varieties within each of three of the four. Hunt 2006 also notes that G. riojense has more recently been absorbed into Gymnocalycium bodenbenderianum (Bgr.) Hill. Gymnocalycium stellatum spegazzini Tyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Less than 0.0001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) Mescaline (Less than 0.0001%) 30 Cactus Chemistry: By Species See also the synonym list of Ulrich Creutzberg 2010 and Creutzberg’s great informational website. Hariota salicornioides DC Citric acid (5.2% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Gymnocalycium uebelmannianum rausCh Tyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Hordenine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Mescaline (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (Less than 0.0001%) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Less than 0.0001%) O-Methylanhalidine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalinine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) O-Methylanhalonidine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalidine (Less than 0.0001%) Anhalamine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonidine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Pellotine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonine (Less than 0.0001%) Lophophorine (Less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA et al. 1997 (% by fresh weight) Harrisia adscendens (gürke) Br. & r. “rabo de raposa ” Unconirmed report of caffeine (0.12-0.2%) in the seeds. HegnAuer 1964 & mAtA & mclAugHlin 1982 cite Freise 1935. As was mentioned elsewhere here, Freise’s reports of caffeine from cactus seeds have never been conirmed by anyone. Haseltonia columna-trajani (kArw.) BAckeBerg See as Cephalocereus hoppenstedtii Heliabravoa chende (gosselin) BAckeBerg See as Polaskia chende Helianthocereus andalgalensis (weBer) BAckeBerg See as Trichocereus andalgalensis Helianthocereus atacamensis (PHil.) BAckeBerg See as Trichocereus atacamensis Helianthocereus huascha (weBer) BAckeBerg See as Trichocereus huascha Helianthocereus pasacana (weBer) BAckeBerg. See as Trichocereus pasacana Helianthocereus poco (BAckeBerg) BAckeBerg See as Trichocereus poco Helianthocereus speciosus (cAvAn.) Br. & r. See as Cereus speciosus Gymnocalycium valnicekianum jajó Tyramine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (Less than 0.001%) Hordenine ( “readily apparent” at around 0.001%) Mescaline (Less than 0.001%) Anhalinine (Less than 0.001%) Anhalonidine (Between 0.0001-0.001%) Pellotine (Less than 0.001%) Anhalonine (Less than 0.001%) Lophophorine (Less than 0.001%) ŠtArHA 1995a (% by fresh weight) Hertrichocereus beneckei (eHrenBerg) BAckeBerg See as Stenocereus beneckei Gymnocalycium vatteri Buining Mescaline (between 0.0001-0.001%) Tyramine (approximately 0.001%) N-Methyltyramine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Hordenine (approximately 0.001%) N-Methylmescaline (between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalinine (approximately 0.001%) Anhalidine (less than 0.0001%) Anhalonidine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Pellotine (between 0.0001-0.001%) Anhalonine (less than 0.0001%) Lophophorine (less than 0.0001%) ŠtArHA 1996 (% by fresh weight) Homalocephala texensis Britton & rose See as Echinocactus texensis Hylocereus costaricensis (Weber) Britton & Rose Total betacyanin Phyllocactin was present at several times the betanin content. Total 0.39 ± 0.041 mg/g in fruit pulp. Betanin (17.9 ± 1.4% of total) Phyllocactin (63.9 ± 4.1% of total) Hylocerenin (6.4 ± 0.72% of total) Isobetanin (2.8 ± 0.32% of total) Isophyllocactin (7.4 ± 0.66% of total) Isohylocerenin (1.0 ± 0.15% of total) (% = relative percent of total peak in HPLC) Wybraniec & Mizrahi 2002 Haageocereus acranthus (vpL.) BaCKeBerg Flower contains Phyllocactin, Isophyllocactin, Betanin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Claim for the presence of mescaline is made by cAycHo 1977 (page 91 as Cereus acranthus vAuPel) but no reference was cited and he does not include anything to support his assertion. See comment in Activity Notes. Hylocereus costaricensis X purpusii Fruit contained: Betanidin 5-O-β-sophoroside Betanin & Isobetanin 2’-Apiosyl-betanin & 2’-Apiosyl-isobetanin Phyllocactin & Isophyllocactin Hamatocactus hamatocanthus (müHlenPF.) Borg See as Ferocactus hamatocanthus 31 http://troutsnotes.com 2’-Apiosyl-phyllocactin & 2’-Apiosyl-isophyllocactin Peel contained the same and additionally 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylphyllocactin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisophyllocactin Wybraniec et al. 2007 (hplc) 4’-Malonyl-betanin & 4’-Malonyl-isobetanin Hylocerenin & Isohylocerenin 2’-Apiosyl-phyllocactin & 2’-Apiosyl-isophyllocactin Peel contained Same and additionally 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylphyllocactin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisophyllocactin Wybraniec et al. 2007 (hplc) Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) Britton & Rose (now Hylocereus monacanthus (Lemaire) Britton & Rose “pitaya” Commercial fruit in Israel. Total 0.28 ± 0.019 mg/g in fruit pulp. Betanin (18.9 ± 1.3% of total) Phyllocactin (36.1 ± 2.2% of total) Hylocerenin (11.7 ± 1.1% of total) Isobetanin (7.2 ± 0.55% of total) Isophyllocactin (19.2 ± 1.5% of total) Isohylocerenin (5.8 ± 0.32% of total) (% = relative percent of total peak in HPLC) Wybraniec & Mizrahi 2002 Hylocereus hybrid 1 (Hylocereus undatus (whitelesh) X sp. 487) Total 0.28 ± 0.024 mg/g in fruit pulp. Betanin (76.2 ± 5.7% of total) Phyllocactin (12.0 ± 1.0% of total) Hylocerenin (1.3 ± 0.12% of total) Isobetanin (9.6 ± 0.79% of total) Isophyllocactin (0.7 ± 0.09% of total) Isohylocerenin (0.2 ± 0.03% of total) (% = relative percent of total peak in HPLC) Wybraniec & Mizrahi 2002 Fruit pulp was reported to contain: Betanin Phyllocactin (= 6’-O-malonylbetanin) Betanidin 5-O-[6’-O-(3”-hydroxy-3”-methyl-glutaryl)β-D-glucopyranoside] (New compound named Hylocerenin.) Isobetanidin 5-O-[6’-O-(3”-hydroxy-3”-methyl-glutaryl)β-D-glucopyranoside] (New compound Isohylocerenin) Isobetanin Isophyllocactin (electrospray MS/MS, HPLC, and NMR) Wybraniec et al. 2001 Hylocereus Hybrid 35 (Hylocereus sp. 487 X polyrhizus) Total 0.33 ± 0.031 mg/g in fruit pulp. Betanin (60.6 ± 4.2% of total) Phyllocactin (19.5 ± 1.9% of total) Hylocerenin (4.1 ± 0.34% of total) Isobetanin (13.6 ± 1.3% of total) Isophyllocactin (1.9 ± 0.17% of total) Isohylocerenin (0.2 ± 0.04% of total) (% = relative percent of total peak in HPLC) Wybraniec & Mizrahi 2002 Hylocereus Hybrid 95 (Hylocereus polyrhizus X sp. 487) Total 0.30 ± 0.023 mg/g in fruit pulp. Betanin (57.9 ± 3.8% of total) Phyllocactin (19.7 ± 1.5% of total) Hylocerenin (3.6 ± 0.44% of total) Isobetanin (11.3 ± 1.1% of total) Isophyllocactin (6.4 ± 0.53% of total) Isohylocerenin (1.0 ± 0.11% of total) (% = relative percent of total peak in HPLC) Wybraniec & Mizrahi 2002 Fruit contained: Betanidin 5-O-β-sophoroside Betanin & Isobetanin 2’-Apiosyl-betanin & 2’-Apiosyl-isobetanin Phyllocactin & Isophyllocactin 4’-Malonyl-betanin & 4’-Malonyl-isobetanin Hylocerenin & Isohylocerenin 2’-Apiosyl-phyllocactin & 2’-Apiosyl-isophyllocactin Peel contained the same and additionally 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylphyllocactin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisophyllocactin Wybraniec et al. 2007 (hplc) Hylocereus ocamponis (Salm-Dyck) Br. & R. Fruit contained: Betanidin 5-O-β-sophoroside γ-Aminobutyric acid Betaxanthin Indicaxanthin Betanin & Isobetanin 2’-Apiosyl-betanin & 2’-Apiosyl-isobetanin Phyllocactin & Isophyllocactin 4’-Malonyl-betanin & 4’-Malonyl-isobetanin Hylocerenin & Isohylocerenin Hylocereus polyrhizus X undatus Fruit contained: Betanidin 5-O-β-sophoroside Betanin & Isobetanin 32 Cactus Chemistry: By Species 2’-Apiosyl-betanin & 2’-Apiosyl-isobetanin Phyllocactin & Isophyllocactin 4’-Malonyl-betanin & 4’-Malonyl-isobetanin Hylocerenin & Isohylocerenin 2’-Apiosyl-phyllocactin & 2’-Apiosyl-isophyllocactin Peel contained the same and additionally 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylphyllocactin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisophyllocactin Wybraniec et al. 2007 (hplc) Hylocereus undatus (haworth) Britton & rose “pitahaya” (Jalisco, Yucatan, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Puerto Rico), “pitahaya orejona” (Oaxaca), “tasajo” (Durango) “junco”, “juco tapatío”, “chacoub”, “zacoub” (Yucatan) “caliz” (Phillippines) stAndley 1924: 913 From leaves: Cholesterol (traces) 24ḉ-Methylcholesterol (18.5% of total) Stigmasterol (8.3% of total) Sitosterol (73.2% of total) sAlt et al. 1987 Total 0.29 ± 0.027 mg/g in redleshed fruit pulp. Betanin (61.2 ± 4.3% of total) Phyllocactin (28.0 ± 2.1% of total) Hylocerenin (2.2 ± 0.17% of total) Isobetanin (6.0 ± 0.51% of total) Isophyllocactin (1.9 ± 0.17% of total) Isohylocerenin (0.6 ± 0.07% of total) (% = relative percent of total peak in HPLC) Wybraniec & Mizrahi 2002 Hylocereus purpusii (weingart) Britton & rose Lupeone & Lupeol (In a 4:1 ratio in the surface wax) [Grown in Germany] wollenweBer & dörr 1995 Total 0.23 ± 0.018 mg/g in fruit pulp. Betanin (66.9 ± 4.1% of total) Phyllocactin (21.3 ± 1.4% of total) Hylocerenin (2.0 ± 0.18% of total) Isobetanin (7.2 ± 0.73% of total) Isophyllocactin (2.4 ± 0.17% of total) Isohylocerenin (0.1 ± 0.03% of total) (% = relative percent of total peak in HPLC) Wybraniec & Mizrahi 2002 Fruit contained: Betanidin 5-O-β-sophoroside Betanin & Isobetanin 2’-Apiosyl-betanin & 2’-Apiosyl-isobetanin Phyllocactin & Isophyllocactin 4’-Malonyl-betanin & 4’-Malonyl-isobetanin Hylocerenin & Isohylocerenin 2’-Apiosyl-phyllocactin & 2’-Apiosyl-isophyllocactin Peel contained the same and additionally 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylphyllocactin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisophyllocactin Wybraniec et al. 2007 (hplc) Flowers reported to contain: isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside isorhamnetin 3-O-α-L-rhamopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside. isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-rutinoside kaempferol kaempferol 3-O-α-L-arabinfuranoside kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside ...kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside kaempferol 3-O-β-D-rutinoside quercetin quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside yi et al. 2011 wu et al. 2011 added three glycosides they named Undatusides A-C. See comments in Activity Notes. Fruit contained: Betanidin 5-O-β-sophoroside Betanin & Isobetanin 2’-Apiosyl-betanin & 2’-Apiosyl-isobetanin Phyllocactin & Isophyllocactin 4’-Malonyl-betanin & 4’-Malonyl-isobetanin Hylocerenin & Isohylocerenin 2’-Apiosyl-phyllocactin & 2’-Apiosyl-isophyllocactinl contained the same and additionally 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylphyllocactin 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisophyllocactin Wybraniec et al. 2007 (hplc) Hylocereus sp. 487 Total 0.30 ± 0.023 mg/g in fruit pulp. Betanin (57.2 ± 4.2% of total) Phyllocactin (34.2 ± 2.1% of total) Hylocerenin (1.5 ± 0.11% of total) Isobetanin (3.4 ± 0.41% of total) Isophyllocactin (2.0 ± 0.18% of total) Isohylocerenin (0.2 ± 0.04% of total) (% = relative percent of total peak in HPLC) Wybraniec & Mizrahi 2002 33 http://troutsnotes.com hree new triterpenoid saponins (as Isolatocereus dumortieri Backeberg) Dumortierinoside A methyl ester Pachanoside I1 (aglycon was pachanol I: new pachanane-type triterpene skeleton.) Pachanoside D1 (aglycon was pachanol D) Kakuta et al. 2012 Islaya minor BaCKeBerg (t) Phenethylamine (no quantiication) Tyramine (no quantiication) N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) Hordenine (no quantiication) 3-Methoxytyramine (no quantiication) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.0038% dry wt.) Mescaline (0.0017% dry wt.) Corypalline (7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline) Pellotine (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 Lemaireocereus eruca Britton & rose See as Stenocereus eruca Lemaireocereus euphorbioides (HAw.) werd. See as Neobuxbaumia euphorbioides Lemaireocereus griseus (haworth) Britton & rose Isolatocereus dumortieri (scHeidw.) BAckeBerg See as Lemaireocereus dumortieri “Cardon dato”, “Mexican organ pipe”, “dagger cactus”, “pitaya”, “pitayo de mayo”, “yato” (Netherland Antilles) “No alkaloids” Erythrodiol (0.58% dry wt.) Longispinogenin (0.82% dry wt.) Oleanolic acid (Isolated via acetate methyl ester as 2% dry wt.) Betulin (Isolated via the acetate methyl ester as 4% dry wt.) Unidentiied lactone 0.12% [Thought identical with material from L. hystrix; i.e “hystrix lactone”) djerAssi et al. 1956a [Venezuela] Lemaireocereus aragonii (weBer) Britton & rose This is now Stenocereus aragonii 91.3% water by weight Thought to contain an Amyrin mixture but never fully investigated due to insuficient material. No ether soluble alkaloids. djerAssi et al. 1955b [Wild collected; Costa Rica] Lemaireocereus beneckei (eHrenBerg) Berger See as Stenocereus beneckei Lemaireocereus chende (gosselin) Britton & rose See as Polaskia chende Lemaireocereus chichipe (gosselin) Britton & rose See as Polaskia chichipe Lemaireocereus gummosus Britton & rose See as Machaerocereus gummosus Lemaireocereus hollianus (weB.) Britton & rose Lemaireocereus deiciens (o. & Dietr.) Br. & r. No saponins or terpenes. HegnAuer 1964 Traces of unidentiied terpene(s). djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished observations by djerAssi & mitscHer This is now Pachycereus hollianus. “baboso” 86.5% water by weight. djerAssi et al. 1956a No alkaloids present. unger et al. 1980 Yielded only small amounts of a nonpolar substance that they believed was “probably similar” to the “aromatic” [?] alcohol they encountered with T. chiloensis and T. cuzcoensis. No triterpenes detected. djerAssi et al. 1956a [Collected on Tehuacán-Puebla road 7 km from Zapotitlán, Mexico] Lemaireocereus dumortieri Britton & rose This is now Stenocereus dumortieri. Dumortierigenin (A triterpene lactone) 0.21% by dry wt. No detectable alkaloid. djerAssi et al. 1954b [Wild collected; Hildago, Mexico] Two triterpene sapogenins, Dumortierigenin Pachanol D (new triterpene sapogenin a new skeletal type. hey named it pachanane) Kinoshita et al. 1998 Lemaireocereus humilis Britton & rose This is now Stenocereus humilis. No saponins or terpenes. HegnAuer 1964 Traces of unidentiied terpene(s). djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished observations by djerAssi & mitscHer with Dumortierinoside A (a new triterpenoid saponin) i.e. Dumortierigenin 3-O-α-Lrhamno-pyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside Kinoshita et al. 2000 Lemaireocereus hystrix (haw.) Britton & rose 79.7% water by weight Unidentiied neutral triterpene lactone (“hystrix lactone”; possibly isomeric with thurberogenin) [0.025% by dry wt] Erythrodiol [0.067% by dry wt] Oleanolic acid [(crude) 0.95% by dry wt ] 34 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Oleanolic acid (an acidic triterpene; single component: 0.2% fresh wt/ 1.8% dry) djerAssi et al. 1955b [Cultivated: California] Longispinogenin [0.17% by dry wt] Betulinic acid (0.025% by dry wt) [isolated via its methyl ester]) No detectable alkaloid. djerAssi & liPPmAn 1954 [Collected in Mona district, Jamaica] Noted an almost identical qualitative composition as L. First analyzed by L.H. Liu (unpublished observation from djerAssi’s lab) according to djerAssi & liPPmAn 1954. This is now Stenocereus pruinosus. longispinus Lemaireocereus queretaroensis (weBer) saFForD See Activity Endnote for a more recent curiosity. “pitahaya” stAndley 1924: 900 Queretaroic acid (A dihydroxy triterpene acid) No isolation details included. djerAssi et al. 1955a. Also in djerAssi et al. 1956b. Oleanolic acid djerAssi et al. 1956b See comments in Activity Notes. Lemaireocereus laetus Britton & rose This is now Armatocereus laetus 82.3% water by weight [Concluded it was almost devoid of alkaloids or triterpenes. (Unable to resolve and separate. No ether soluble alkaloids. Much unidentiied oily material (all neutral)] djerAssi et al. 1955b [Wild collected; Peru]. Lemaireocereus quevedonis g.ortega This is now Stenocereus quevadonis. 87.2% water by weight “hystrix lactone” (~0.4% yield dry wt) Longispinogenin (1.42% yield dry wt.) Oleanolic acid Betulinic acid djerAssi et al. 1956a [Collected near Aculpulco, Mexico] This species needs an analysis. E. Wade dAvis purportedly encountered it being used on a local basis as a T. pachanoi substitute See Activity Notes for more comments. Lemaireocereus longispinus Britton & rose This is now Stenocereus eichlamii. 81.5% water by weight Alkaloid devoid. “Rich source” of triterpenoid glycosides. Erythrodiol [0.33% by dry wt] Oleanolic acid [(crude) 2.76% by dry wt] Longispinogenin [0.4% by dry wt] djerAssi et al. 1953c [Guatemala; cultivated specimen from Guatemala City] See comments in the Activity Notes. Lemaireocereus thurberi (engeLmann) Britton & rose This is now Stenocereus thurberi. “Pitahaya dulce” or “Organ pipe” or “Pitahaya” stAndley 1924 84.9% water by weight djerAssi et al. 1953a [kirscHer 1972 reported 85%; kirscHer 1982 reported 77-80%] No alkaloids- Based on negative Mayer test djerAssi et al. 1953a [Collected: Sonora, Mexico] tlc examination showed the absence of alkaloids and the strong presence of triterpene glycosides: kircHer 1982 Oleanolic acid (an acidic sapogenin) 1.8% dry wt. djerAssi et al. 1953a (Also reported in kirscHer 1977) Thurberogenin (a neutral triterpenoid lactone: irst reported occurrence) 0.46% dry wt. djerAssi et al. 1953a. (This paper was the irst report of triterpenes in cacti) (It was also reported in kirscHer 1977 & in jolAd & steelink 1969) Queretaroic acid (No details) giBson & HorAk 1978 cited H.W. kircHer (unpublished data); (Also reported in kirscHer 1972) Thurberin (a pentacyclic triterpene; a lupenediol) jolAd & steelink 1969 See comment under Calenduladiol below Betulin jolAd & steelink 1969 Calenduladiol (A triterpene diol; D-20,30-lupen3b,12b -diol) Shown to be identical with Thurberin. kAsPrzyk et al. 1970 [Previously isolated from the Composite Calendula oficinales (Marigold) by kAsPrzyk & Pyrek 1968] kircHer 1980 isolated the following (See also in kircHer 1982): Lupeol Betulin Betulinic aldehyde Methyl betulinate Calenduladiol Longispinogenin Lemaireocereus marginatus (dc) Berg. See as Pachycereus marginatus Lemaireocereus matucanense. Hunt 2006: “doubtfully distinct from Armatocereus laetus” See additional comments in the Activity Notes. Lemaireocereus mixtecensis (PurPus) Britton & rose See as Polaskia chichipe Lemaireocereus montanus Britton & rose This is now Stenocereus montanus. “pithaya” [sp?] Oleanolic acid Queretaroic acid b-Sitosterol djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished observations by djerAssi & kAn Lemaireocereus pruinosus (otto) Britton & rose AKA “Pitayo” 89% water by weight. djerAssi et al. 1955b Reported to show no detectable alkaloids in the screenings of Fong et al. 1972 Unidentiied alkaloids detected by Brown et al. 1968 35 http://troutsnotes.com Lupenetriol (Lup-20(29)-en-3b,16b,28-triol) Oleanolic aldehyde Methyl oleanolate (3b,6aSterol diols were isolated as 2.6% of dry wt. kircHer 1980) The following 5 sterol diols were isolated and identiied in kircHer & Bird 1982. (No concentrations included) Cyclostenol (14a-Methyl-9,19-cyclo-5a-cholestan-3b,6adiol) Stenocereol (14a-Methyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b,6adiol) Macdougallin (14a-Methyl-5a-cholest-8-en-3b,6a-diol) Thurberol (5a-Cholesta-8,14-dien-3b,6a-diol) Peniocerol (5a-Cholest-8(9)-en-3b,6a-diol) Lipids determined to compose 10-17% of the dry weight (comprised of neutral Oleanene and Lupene mono-, diand triols, 0.07% Phytosterols [Cholesterol, Campesterol & Sitosterol] and a large proportion of Dihydroxysterols.) kircHer & Bird 1982 cited Bird 1974. Lobivia backebergii (werDermann) BaCKeBerg Hordenine (0.011% dry wt.) FollAs et al. 1977. N-Methyltyramine (0.0008% dry wt.) FollAs et al. 1977. Tyramine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977 Lobivia binghamiana BaCKeBerg Hordenine (0.004% dry wt.) FollAs et al. 1977. N-Methyltyramine (0.0003% dry wt.) FollAs et al. 1977. Tyramine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977 Lobivia chlorogona wessn. Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Lobivia famatimensis (speg.) Br. & r. Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Lobivia formosa (pFeiFFer) DoDDs Candicine (0.268% [column chromatography] & 0.242% [via precipitation of picrate] All dry wt) nieto et al. 1982 Lipid content determined to be 11% by dry weight: kircHer 1982 See comments in Activity Notes. Lobivia huashua (weBer) w.t.mArsHAll = Lobivia huascha Lobivia huascha (weBer) w.t.mArsHAll See as Helianthocereus huascha Lemaireocereus treleasei Br. & r. See as Stenocereus treleasei Lemaireocereus weberi (coulter) Br. & r. See as Pachycereus weberi Lobivia pentlandii (hooKer) Britton & rose Hordenine (0.012% dry wt.) FollAs et al. 1977. N-Methyltyramine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977. Tyramine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977 Leocereus bahiensis Br. & r. Unconirmed report of caffeine (0.10-0.35%) in seeds. HegnAuer 1964 & mAtA & mclAugHlin 1982 cited Freise 1935. Lophocereus australis (K.BranDegee) Borg Leuchtenbergia principis hooKer Reported to contain unidentiied alkaloid(s). cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 See comments in Activity Notes. [Considered a local variant of L. schottii by some; Lophocereus schottii var. Australis] 92% water (inaccurate due to prior removal of core) Pilocereine [(crude) 0.5% by dry wt; 0.27% yield after puriication) djerAssi et al. 1954c Lophenol (a sterol) present both free and esteriied. djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished analysis by djerAssi, mArFey & liu Lobivia allegriana BaCKeBerg Lophocereus gatesii m.e.jones Lepidocoryphantha macromeris (engelmAnn) BAckeBerg See as Coryphantha macromeris Lepidocoryphantha runyonii (Britton & rose) BAckeBerg See as Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii Hordenine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977. N-Methyltyramine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977. Tyramine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977 91% water by weight Pilocereine (0.5% by dry wt) [Unidentiied alkaloids present] djerAssi et al. 1954c Lobivia andalgalensis (weBer) Br. & r. IS NOT Trichocereus andalgalensis Probably is synonymous with Trichocereus huascha See Ritter 1980. [Agurell 1969b also appears listed as a reference but only mentions pilocereine. Did not analyze this species.] Lophenol (a sterol) present both free and esteriied. djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished analysis by djerAssi, mArFey & liu Lobivia aurea (Britton & rose) BaCKeBerg Hordenine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977. N-Methyltyramine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977 Tyramine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977. Lophocereus mieckleyanus (wgt.) BAckeBerg See as Lophocereus schottii forma mieckleyanus Lophocereus sargentianus (orcutt) Britton & rose See as Lophocereus schottii 36 Cactus Chemistry: By Species 5a-Campest-7-en-3b-ol a-Spinasterol (5a-Stigmasta-7,22E-dien-3b-ol) 5a-Cholesta-8,14-dien-3b-ol [First isolation from plants] Locereol (4a-Methylcholesta-8,14-dien-3b-ol) [First isolation from plants] 24-Methylenelophenol (4a-Methyl-5a-ergosta-7,24(28)dien-3b-ol) cAmPBell & kircHer 1980 Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid and Linolenic acid were the main fatty acids in all specimens tested. kircHer 1969 Lophocereus schottii notes: A: There appears to be a typo in one of these papers. djerAssi et Lophocereus schottii (engeLmann) Britton & rose “sinita”, “senita”, “cina”, “zina” (Sonora) “garambullo”, “hombre viejo”, “cabeza de viejo”, “pitahaya barbona” (Baja) stAndley 1924 91.29% & 92.25% water by weight reported by Heyl 1901. (kircHer 1969 found it to range from 80-90%; kircHer 1982 listed it with 81% water by weight) 3.7% total alkaloid isolated according to HegnAuer 1964 [See Note A] Pilocereine (novel cactus alkaloid) djerAssi et al. 1958c); (0.5% yield by dry wt: djerAssi et al. 1953b) (Observed in tlc west et al. 1975); (Noted as present: o’donovAn & HorAn 1968 & 1969 & o’donovAn et al. 1971); (Not extracted but pharmacologically evaluated by Powell & cHen 1956) wAni et al. 1980 recovered 0.016% [Heyl 190 isolated 5.8% (amorphous) & named Pilocereine.] Lophocerine 0.19% by dry wt. djerAssi et al. 1958c; (Observed in tlc: west et al. 1975); (Noted as present: o’donovAn & BArry 1974, o’donovAn & HorAn 1968 & 1969 & o’donovAn et al. 1971) Piloceredine 1.456% by dry wt. djerAssi et al. 1958c. Unidentiied alkaloids ((Observed in tlc west et al. 1975) al. 1953b determined that the majority of this was in the green epidermis (6.7% crude alkaloid); a minor portion in the cortex (1.1% crude alkaloid) and almost no alkaloid in the core & pith (0.2% crude alkaloid). See comment in Activity Notes. Lophocereus schottii var. schottii and Lophocereus schottii var. tenuis Determined to have no signiicant differences in their overall phytochemistry. [Lophocine was reported by wAni et al. 1980 at 0.004% dry weight but it is believed to be an artifact] [Agurell 1969b is cited as a reference but only mentions a previous report of pilocereine and lophocereine and did not analyze this species. lundstrom 1971 is also cited; he mentions lophocereine but did not analyze this species. dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973b also appears listed as a reference but does not mention this species] [unger et al. 1980 reported the presence of two alkaloids using MIKES. Both were presented as dimethoxylated THIQs. They suggested the identities as N-Methylheliamine and another THIQ that was either isomeric or identical with Heliamine, Lemaireocereine or Uberine. This report needs conirmation. Unless MIKES fails entirely for the 1-Isobutyl-substituted THIQs, their results stand in direct and complete conlict with the rest of the work published for this species.] [Differences however were seen when comparing mature stems with young stems on a single plant or when comparing the nonalkaloidal chemistry of the cortex and epidermis.] The young stems contained higher proportions of phenolic alkaloids despite having lower alkaloid levels overall. L. schottii variety schottii tenuis Phenolic alkaloid fraction: % are dry weight Young stem 0.4% 0.5% Mature stem 0.7% 0.6% Total alkaloid fraction: Young stem 1.1% 1.2% Mature stem 8.7% 9.1% kircHer 1969 Reported to be devoid of glycosides in djerAssi et al. 1958a n-Octyl-alcohol (0.9%) djerAssi et al. 1958b Lupeol (0.02% via its acetate) djerAssi et al. 1958b [Was also reported in kircHer 1969 & cAmPBell & kircHer 1980. Noted to be isolated from neutral nonglycosidic fraction djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished analysis by djerAssi, mills, krAkower, liu & lemin] Lophenol (a neutral alcohol; 4a-Methyl-D7-cholesten-3b-ol [AKA 4a-Methyl-5a-cholest-7-en-3b-ol]) (0.23% dry wt.) djerAssi et al. 1958b [Also isolated in djerAssi et al. 1958a & kircHer 1969 (the latter inding it higher in older stems and in the cortex than in the epidermis) & reported in kircHer & Heed 1970 & cAmPBell & kircHer 1980. Present both free and esteriied djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished analysis by djerAssi, mills, krAkower, liu & lemin] Schottenol (D7-Ergosten-3b-ol [AKA D7–Stigmasten-3b-ol and 5a-Stigmast-7-en-3b-ol]) (0.13%) djerAssi et al. 1958b [Also reported by kircHer 1969 & kircHer & Heed 1970 & cAmPBell & kircHer 1980] In addition, the following sterols were later reported: Lathosterol (5a-Cholest-7-en-3b-ol) tlc examination showed the strong presence of alkaloids and the absence of triterpene glycosides. In general, younger stems contained more Linolenic acid than mature stems. Lipid content determined to be 6-7% by dry weight: kircHer 1982 Lophocereus schottii forma mieckleyanus g.LinDsey Pilocereine (0.005% yield by dry wt) Lophocereine (Observed) Unidentiied alkaloids west et al. 1975 [west et al. commented that this form proved to be quantitatively the richest in alkaloids but this claim is directly in conlict with their experimental details] Lophocereus schottii (engeL.) Br. & r. forma monstrosus gates AKA “Totem pole cactus” Pilocereine (0.01% yield by dry wt) 37 http://troutsnotes.com Lophocereine (Observed) Unidentiied alkaloids west et al. 1975 L. diffusa Notes: A: Analyzed as L. echinata. This is an incorrect designation for L. diffusa that is not uncommonly, but unfortunately, encountered in European collections. tHis BegAn wHen croizAt described L. echinata as being from Texas and then went on to describe L. diffusa as L. echinata var. diffusa. L. echinata (L. williamsii var. echinata) is most commonly used for the greyish, larger & higher alkaloid material found in southern Trans-Pecos Texas and southward into Coahuila. It is probably synonymous with the Coahuilan material NOW being called L. decipiens by some European cactophiles. Lophocereus schottii (engel.) Br. & r. var. Australis (k.BrAnd.) Borg See as Lophocereus australis Lophophora diffusa (Croizat) h.Bravo 0.9% total alkaloid (whole plants; dry wt) 98% phenolic. BruHn & Holmstedt 1974 Tyramine 0.1% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997 [Cultivated material: GR 1086] N-Methyltyramine 0.1% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997 Hordenine (trace) BruHn & Holmstedt 1974; 0.5% of total alkaloid [from ŠtArHA 1997]; (In contrast to todd 1969 who had not observed it in tlc.) Mescaline (As traces or absent entirely.) Traces in tops & roots (tlc) todd 1969; Minor base: HABermAnn 1977, 1978a & 1978b (from Anderson 1980 & ŠtArHA nd); B: Possible error on our part. ŠtArHA 1997 lists this as O-Methylanhalinine which we assumed is a typo (as a compound cannot exist with this name) Lophophora diffusa var. koehresii ríha [See Note A] (Wild-collected in Mexico) Sample was 2.4 gm dry (Total alkaloid concentration not included) Tyramine (0.04% [± 0.01] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [0.1% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] N-Methyltyramine (Trace of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [0.1% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] Hordenine (0.37% [± 0.05] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [0.4% of total alkaloid; ŠtArHA 1997] N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.01% [± 0.01] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 Mescaline (1.32% [± 0.35] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [1.3% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] N-Methylmescaline (0.07% [± 0.02] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [0.1% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine (0.10% [± 0.02] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 O-Methylanhalidine (0.07% [± 0.01] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [? 0.8% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] [See Note B] Anhalinine (0.44% [± 0.07] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [0.5% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] [See Note C] O-Methylpellotine (Trace of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [0.1% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] Anhalidine (Trace of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [0.1% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] Anhalamine (4.74% [± 0.32] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [4.7% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] Anhalonidine (3.45% [± 0.82] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [3.5% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] Pellotine (88.39% [± 2.12] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [88.4% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] 0.018% ( ± 0.012) HABermAnn 1978a (from ŠtArHA 1997); 0.003% by dry weight (isolated): siniscAlco 1983 [See Note A]; 1.2% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997; (Not observed by BruHn & Holmstedt 1974.) N-Methylmescaline (traces) BruHn & Holmstedt 1974; 0.1% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997 Anhalinine 0.6% of total alkaloid [from ŠtArHA 1997] (Not detected; todd 1969 [Wild material: collected Queretaro, Mexico]) O-Methylanhalidine 0.7% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997 [See Note B] Anhalamine (no quantiication [tlc]- in tops only, not in roots) todd 1969; 5% of total alkaloid. ŠtArHA 1997 Anhalidine (trace) BruHn & Holmstedt 1974; 0.1% of total alkaloid. ŠtArHA 1997 Anhalonidine (trace) BruHn & Holmstedt 1974; (tlc showed in tops & roots: todd 1969); 3.8% of total alkaloid. ŠtArHA 1997 Anhalonine 0.1% of total alkaloid. ŠtArHA 1997 (Not detected; todd 1969) Lophophorine (no quantiication, [tlc] present in tops & roots: todd 1969); 0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997 O-Methylpellotine (trace) BruHn & Agurell 1975. Pellotine (0.75-0.89% [fresh wt]) HeFFter 1894b. [Also observed as the major base by HABermAnn 1977, 1978a & 1978b (from Anderson 1980 & ŠtArHA nd)]; 2.105% (± 0.108) HABermAnn 1978a (from ŠtArHA 1997); (Todd 1969 reported it to be the major alkaloid but did not quantify); 86.2% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997 [Ed.:? Please note that ŠtArHA (in grym) 1997 cited ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 but some included entries are not in ŠtArHA & kucHnyA 1996. They may refer to otherwise unpublished material but we lack details; most likely due to our lack of understanding of Czechoslovakian.] Glucaric acid (tlc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Quinic acid (tlc, glc & gc-ms by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) 38 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Details from both Aragane and Sasaki papers still need to be inserted as inding nothing in this species. hey also assigned a mistaken identiication of Lophophora williamsii var. decipiens despite obtaining them as Ginkangyoku. hose particular specimens that were reported to contain no mescaline should have been listed as Lophophora fricii. Anhalonine (0.12% [± 0.02] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [0.1% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] Lophophorine (Trace of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; [0.1% of total alkaloid: ŠtArHA 1997] L. diffusa var Koehresii Notes: A: Also described as Lophophora williamsii var. koehresii (ríHA) grym. See grym 1997. B: Possible error. ŠtArHA 1997 lists as O-Methylanhalinine See Lophophora jourdaniana haBermann [Note A] comment in earlier footnote C: In ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 this appears as a typo (anhalamine is listed twice). We based our assignment on a comparison of the gc value with those in Starha’s other papers. Mescaline (Major) H ABermAnn 1978a (From Š tArHA n.d.): Anderson 1980 cited HABermAnn 1977 & 1978a; [0.690% (± 0.105) ŠtArHA 1997 cited HABermAnn 1978a (See Note B)]; (31% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997); See comments in Activity Notes. Pellotine (Minor) HABermAnn 1978a (From ŠtArHA n.d.): Anderson 1980 cited HABermAnn 1977 & HABermAnn 1978a; [0.710% (± 0.089) H ABermAnn 1978a (from ŠtArHA 1997) (See Note C)]; (17.8% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Tyramine (0.6% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) N-Methyltyramine (0.5% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Hordenine (2.9% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) N-Methylmescaline (3.2% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalinine (0.6% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) O-Methylanhalidine (?) (0.8% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) [See Note D] Anhalidine (3.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalamine (1.7% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalonidine (20.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalonine (1.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Lophophorine (1.4% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Lophophora fricii haBermann “Ginkangyoku” [See Note A] Pellotine (Major) HABermAnn 1978a (From ŠtArHA n.d.); Anderson 1980 cited HABermAnn 1977 & HABermAnn 1978a; [1.819% (± 0.212) (from ŠtArHA 1997 citing HABermAnn 1978a)]; (65.2% & 65.5% of total alkaloid [See Note B] [ŠtArHA 1997 cited ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996]) Mescaline (Minor) HABermAnn 1978a (From ŠtArHA n.d.); Anderson 1980 cited HABermAnn 1977 & HABermAnn 1978a; [0.014% (± 0.009) (from ŠtArHA 1997 citing HABermAnn 1978a)]; (0.9% & 1.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997); Tyramine (0.1% & 0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) N-Methyltyramine (0.1% & 0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Hordenine (0.3% & 0.4% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) N-Methylmescaline (0.1% & 0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalinine (2.7% & 2.2% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) O-Methylanhalidine (?) (2.3% & 1.9% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) [See Note C] Anhalidine (1.0% & 1.0% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalamine (0.2% & 0.7% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalonidine (25.9% & 24.9% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalonine (0.2% & 0.2% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Lophophorine (0.1% & 0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Ed.:? Please note that ŠtArHA 1997 only cited ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 but some entries are not in our copy of ŠtArHA & kucHnyA 1996. They may refer to otherwise unpublished research but we lack details. The values refer to work performed with material cultivated in Germany L. jourdaniana Notes: A: Published in HABermAnn 1975a & 1975b The use of the speciic name “jourdaniana” is potentially misleading (and should be rejected as invalid) as it was previously used, including for horticultural offerings (initially ‘jourdaniana’ appeared as a speciic name in an old Pierre Rebut catalog) and had already been published in several vague and unclear accounts (as Anhalonium jourdanianum lewin, Echinocactus jourdaniana reBut ex mAAss, Echinocactus lewinii (Hen.) scHum. var. jourdaniana micHAelis & Lophophora jourdaniana kreuz) None of these can be linked with Habermann’s with any degree of certainty. Habermann’s assignment referred to a rose-violet lower color appearing in European imported & cultivated plants (arising from within lots of material identiied as L. williamsii), while his actual description (and type) was based on a Mexican plant purchased from K.H. Uhlig (as L. williamsii) that he felt looked like the same material as was already in European collections, and thus this name, as Habermann described it, cannot be reliably extrapolated to include any of the earlier material referred to by the same name. Ed.:? Please note that ŠtArHA (in grym) 1997 only cited ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 but some entries are not in our copy of ŠtArHA & kucHnyA 1996. They may refer to otherwise unpublished material but we lack details. L. fricii Notes: A: Published in HABermAnn 1974b & 1975a.. Speciic name is not widely accepted and needs more work to clarify its status and placement. B: The 2 igures refer respectively to GR 1086 & PR 3293; both were cultivated C: Possible error. ŠtArHA 1997 lists this as O-Methylanhalinine. See comment in earlier footnote. See comments in Activity Notes. 39 http://troutsnotes.com Anhalonidine (5.32% [± 0.32] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (5.2% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Pellotine (76.28% [± 1.92] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (76.3% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalonine (0.10% [± 0.02] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Lophophorine (0.08% [± 0.02] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) A: Possible error. ŠtArHA 1997 lists this as O-Methylanhalinine. Lophophora jourdaniana is not widely accepted and was rejected by Anderson. See Anderson 1980. The presence of readily visible persistent spines in the available horticultural material may support a separate varietal status or at least indicates this “species” needs additional investigation and, if speciic status is warranted, a legitimate name assignment. B: There appears to be some discrepancy as this is not the major alkaloid with regards to the pellotine present. C: There appears to be some discrepancy as this is not a minor alkaloid with regards to the mescaline present. D: Possible error. ŠtArHA 1997 lists this as O-Methylanhalinine. See comment in earlier footnote. lewin 1894 commented that Hildman isolated an alkaloid in 1889. Lophophora lutea is another invalid name. It was given by Croizat to material that was said to be yellow in lower, hair and body color. Presently it is used for yellow lowering specimens of L. diffusa as are known in cultivation in European collections. See more comments in Sacred Cacti Part A See comment in earlier footnote. B: In ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 this appears as a typo (anhalamine is listed twice). The listed identity was inferred from their GC. Lophophora williamsii (Lemaire) CouLter AKA Peyote and many other names 89% water by weight. Total alkaloid reported: 8.41% in dried “buttons”; 0.47% in fresh whole plants; 0.2% in fresh roots and 0.93% in fresh tops. BruHn & Holmstedt 1974. 82.5% of the alkaloid total in tops and 75.2% in roots: Anonymous 1959 cited rouHier 1927a. 1,2-Dimethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium inner salt (0.00008% fresh wt.) 2-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium inner salt (0.001% fresh wt.) 1-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (0.0001% fresh weight) 6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (0.0008% fresh weight) FujitA et al. 1972 (above 4 as L. williamsii var. caespitosa). 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine (trace) lundström 1971a 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (trace) lundström 1971a. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) l undström & Agurell 1968 and lundström 1971a. [ŠtArHA nd cf HABermAnn 1978b] Lophophora sp. var. Viesca (Vieska), Mex. (Wild-collected in Mexico) Sample was 7.6 gm dry (Total alkaloid concentration not included) Tyramine (0.03% [± 0.01] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) N-Methyltyramine (0.08% [± 0.01] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Hordenine (6.47% [± 0.29] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (6.5% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) N,N-Dimethyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine (0.02% [± 0.01] of total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.04% [± 0.01] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 Mescaline (1.01% [± 0.25] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (1.0% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) N-Methylmescaline (0.09% [± 0.01] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine (0.77% [± 0.09] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 O-Methylanhalidine (0.07% [± 0.01] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 [See Note A]; (0.9% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalinine (0.45% [± 0.06] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (0.5% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) [See Note B] O-Methylpellotine (Trace of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996 Anhalidine (0.14% [± 0.in] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (0.1% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) Anhalamine (6.94% [± 0.30] of the total alkaloid content) ŠtArHA & kucHynA 1996; (6.9% of total alkaloid ŠtArHA 1997) [3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylalanine [i.e. (3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethyl)glycine] reported in error (Used only as reference material- Did not observe in plant). See s etHi et al. 1973. Please note that N-[3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethyl]-glycine and N-[3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethyl]-alanine are synonyms for Mescaloxylic acid and Mescaloruvic acid (respectively); See kAPAdiA & HussAin 1972a.] 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine [AKA 5-OH3,4-diMeO-PEA or 3-Demethylmescaline] (5% of total alkaloid: Agurell & lundström 1968); (1-5% of total alkaloid content in fresh material: lundström & Agurell 1971b) Also (identiied) by kAPAdiA et al. 1969 and Agurell & lundström 1968 3-Methoxytyramine (trace) lundström 1971a 40 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Anhalamine (0.1-0.7% dry wt. has been reported) sPätH & Becke 1935b and lundström 1971b. [Also in HABermAnn 1974a (from ŠtArHA nd)] [8% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] Anhalidine (trace) (0.001% dry wt.) sPätH & Becke 1935b; (0.16% dry wt. i.e. 2% of 8% total alkaloid content) lundström 1971b Anhalinine (0.01% dry wt.) sPätH & Becke 1935b; (0.04% dry wt.) [0.5% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] Anhalonidine (1.12% dry wt.) [14% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] [ŠtArHA nd cf. HABermAnn 1974a] Anhalonine (0.24% dry wt.) [3% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] Anhalotine (0.0003% dry wt. kAPAdiA et al. 1968 [Also in HABermAnn 1978a & 1978b (from ŠtArHA nd)] [30% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b]; 0.255% by fresh weight (2.55 mg/gm fresh: average of two specimens; estimated using HPLC) They also reported an average of 1.75% by dry weight. (Ed.: Note the obvious discrepancy) [Container grown in Italy] gennAro et al. 1996; [As L. williamsii var. typica Croizat: 0.709% (± 0.032) dry wt. HABermAnn 1978a (from ŠtArHA 1997)] Starr Co.: 2.77%; Jim Hogg Co: 3.2%; Val Verde Co: 3.5%; Presidio Co: 3.52%. (Averaged % by dry weight.) Hulsey et al. 2011. 3.80% mature crowns, 2.01% small regrowth crowns. (Jim Hogg Co. - Averaged % by dry weight.) kAlAm et al. 2012 & 2013. 1.82-5.50% in crown tissue, 0.125-0.376% in subterranean stem tissue, and 0.0147-0.0520% in root tissue. (Starr Co.; Analyzed individually. All % by dry wt.). klein et al. 2013. Mescaline citrimide (trace) kAPAdiA et al. 1970 Mescaline isocitrimide lactone (trace) kAPAdiA et al. 1970 Mescaline maleimide (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 Mescaline malimide (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 Mescaline succinamide (trace) kAPAdiA & HigHet 1968 Mescaloruvic acid (trace) kAPAdiA & HussAin 1972 Mescalotam (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 Mescaloxylic acid (trace) kAPAdiA & HussAin 1972 N,N-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.04% dry weight i.e. 0.5% of 8% total alkaloid content) lundström 1971c. [0.5% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] N,N-Dimethyl-3-methoxytyramine (trace) lundström 1971a. [0.5-2% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] N-Acetyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Acetylanhalamine (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Acetylanhalonine (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Acetylmescaline (trace) sPätH & Bruck 1938 and kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Formyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Formyl-O-methylanhalonidine (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Formylanhalamine (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Formylanhalinine (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Formylanhalonidine (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Formylanhalonine (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Formylmescaline (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 N-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) lundström 1971c N-Methyl-3-methoxytyramine (trace) lundström 1971a. [<0.5% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] N-Methylmescaline (0.24% dry wt.) [3% of total alkaloid] lundström 1971b. See also sPätH & Bruck 1937. N-Methyltyramine (0.012% dry wt.) mclAugHlin & PAul 1966. (trace) lundström 1971a. [Candicine. (Presence is unconirmed and questionable. Detection by mclAugHlin & PAul 1966 relied entirely on tlc. All other workers were unable to detect it. Ex.: See kAPAdiA et al. 1968 & dAvis et al. 1983) ] Choline (0.005% dry wt.) kAPAdiA et al. 1968 Dopamine (trace) lundström 1971a. Epinine (trace) lundström 1971a. Hordenine (0.6-0.7% dry wt.) lundström 1971b; (0.008% dry wt.) mclAugHlin & PAul 1966; todd 1969 found it only in roots (tlc). [Also in HABermAnn 1978b (from ŠtArHA nd)] [8% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] Isoanhalamine (trace) lundström 1972 Isoanhalidine (trace) lundström 1972 & 1971b Isoanhalonidine (trace) lundström 1972 Isopellotine (0.04% dry weight) [0.5% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] Lophophorine (0.4% dry wt.) lundström 1971b; (0.5% dry wt.) HeFFter 1898b. [Also in HABermAnn 1974a (from ŠtArHA nd)] [5% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] (Appeared to be the major alkaloid in 2 varieties of summer collected plants: todd 1969) Lophotine (0.0002% dry weight) kAPAdiA et al. 1968 Mescaline ([0.10-]0.9-6.0[-6.3]% dry wt. has been reported [See Note A] [Anonymous 1959, HeFFter 1896a, lundström 1971b, mArtin & AlexAnder 1968 & siniscAlco 1983); Anderson 1980 cited kelsey 1959 (0.9%), BergmAn 1971 (1.5%), FiscHer 1958 (3%), HeFFter 1896a (4.6-5.6 %[-6.3%])]; 2.4-2.7 % dry (~400 mg. per 16 grams of dried cactus) ott 1993 citing BruHn & Holmstedt 1974 and lundström 1971b; [crosBy & mclAugHlin 1973 stated peyote can reach 6% mescaline but rarely exceeds 1% (dry wt.)]; [Tops>>Roots; todd 1969 (See Note B)] ; siniscAlco 1983 reported the isolation of 0.10% (well irrigated), 0.93% (grafted) and up to 2.74% dry weight (after 6 months of dry conditions) from plants cultivated in Italy; 0.1 to 0.2% by fresh weight is common; Friends with extraction experience found fresh Texas plants to average 0.2% mescaline content during 1970s; 75-125 mg of Hcl was recovered from 70-140 gm plants greenhouse grown in northern Europe. lundström & Agurell 1971b (This approaches 0.1% by fresh weight) 41 http://troutsnotes.com O-Methyl-anhalonidine (0.04% dry wt.) [<0.5% of total alkaloid content] lundström 1971b [Varietal name is wisely rejected by most authorities as simply being [O-Methylpellotine (Probable erroneous listing. We cannot locate any primary or substantiating source.)] a multi-headed form that normal growth can take. See Anderson or Benson. Bottom image is a normal wild caespitose plant.] Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa y.ito n.n. O-Methylpeyoruvic acid (trace) kAPAdiA et al. 1973. O-Methylpeyoxylic acid (trace) kAPAdiA et al. 1973. Pellotine (1.36% dry weight) l undström 1971b [Also (%?) HABermAnn 1974a, 1978a & 1978b (from ŠtArHA nd)] [17% of total alkaloid content: l undström 1971] [As L. williamsii var. typica: 0.296% (± 0.065) HABermAnn 1978a (from ŠtArHA in grym 1997)] Peyoglunal (trace) kAPAdiA et al. 1970 Peyoglutam (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968 Peyonine (trace) kAPAdiA & HigHet 1968 Peyophorine (trace) kAPAdiA & FAles 1968; (0.04% dry wt.) lundström 1971b. [0.5% of total alkaloid content: lundström 1971b] Peyoruvic acid (trace) kAPAdiA et al. 1970 Peyotine (0.00015% dry wt.) kAPAdiA et al. 1968 Peyoxylic acid (trace) kAPAdiA et al. 1970 [Serotonin (a tryptamine) was thought to be observed (but was neither isolated nor the identity actually proven); via ion-interaction HPLC: gennAro et al. 1996] Tyramine (0.001% dry wt.) mclAugHlin & PAul 1966; (trace) lundström 1971a. [Also in HABermAnn 1978b (from ŠtArHA nd)] Mescaline 0.701% (± 0.085) [dry wt?] Pellotine 0.300% (± 0.095)[dry wt?] HABermAnn 1978a (from ŠtArHA in grym 1997)] Another analysis of this variety was published (in Japanese) by FujitA et al. 1972. In this paper they reported the four new alkaloids listed under L. williamsii above (irst 4 on our list) and also Pellotine (0.01%), Anhalidine (0.005%), Anhalonidine (0.001%), Anhalamine (detected), & Lophophorine (detected); All % by fresh wt. They apparently did not detect ANY mescaline (a caespitose diffusa?) but we have some distrust of our translator’s accuracy so mention this with reservations. They analyzed plants grown in Japan. And apparently named one of their new compounds, Peyotine. sHulgin & sHulgin 1997 have pointed out that this is certain to cause confusion at some point down the road due to its use for another compound entirely. Lophophora williamsii var. decipiens Croizat [Varietal name is wisely rejected by most authorities. croizAt’s designated type specimen was a drawing (in Britton & rose 1922), made from a photograph taken of a peyote plant, obtained via France, with no collection or locality information available. His description was further based on a plant furnished to him with no origin information. It was apparently identiied as synoymous with the drawing based on it lacking ribs, instead being basally tubercled, and having more prominent lowers. He claims decipiens possesses lowers that “freely reaches out of the top of the plant”. See Anderson and/or Benson and/or BrAvo. Modern attempts to describe the Coahuilan material by this name seem to lack published descriptions that can be demonstrably linked to the type. It is said to have an ashen grey color, light pink lowers and expressing tubercles rather than ribs (the latter form is not infrequently observable as individuals within large populations of normal L. diffusa, L. fricii and L. williamsii) These features (ashen grey coloration, a tuberclate appearance and pink or reddish lowers) can actually be considered to be fairly common for fricii. In fact Koehres & some others logically recognize their “decipiens” as L. fricii var. decipiens. So far as we can determine the purported synonymity is based entirely on inferrences from a couple of points of simple morphology and supposition based on reported geographical distribution rather than proof. There is no doubt fricii expressed this form though. The novel characteristics (including an unusually high number of seeds in the fruit) that are now mentioned in the newer description of var. decipiens were NEVER mentioned by Croizat. It MAY eventually be proven to be synonymous but this is presently still in need of proof. BruHn et al. 2008 reported Lophophine, 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenethylamine (Homopiperonylamine), and N ,N-Dimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine (Lobivine) as new minor alkaloids both this species and in San Pedro. This paper and these three alkaloid identiications need to be viewed with serious reservations. See comments in Activity Notes. Glucaric acid (tlc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Oxalate druses are present in abundance. Rouhier 1927 L. williamsii notes: A: Note that this is 63X from min to max. Peyote plants, collected from the wild in the late 19th century, have been reported that were 63 times stronger than other peyote plants, cultivated and well watered. B: todd 1969 presented an interesting tlc assessment of two distinct populations of L. williamsii. His Coahuilan specimens were far more potent than those collected in San Luis Potosí lending support to the claim that the Coahuilan populations are a higher alkaloid form, designated by most as L. echinata or L. williamsii var. echinata. Croizat’s ENTIRE Latin diagnosis: “Culta pusilla ca. 5-6 cm. lata. Costis primum ca. 1.1, subtus in tuberculis conicus solutis. Flore roseo, in anthesi tubo elongato primo intuitu peculiari.” Due to its prior usage, decipiens is AT BEST an invalid name. It is also possible that this material could be synonymous with that referred to by US authors as Lophophora echinata or Lophophora williamsii var. echinata (a good amount of which does form ribs). Be aware that in Europe material labeled L. echinata is often L. diffusa] Mescaline 0.724% (± 0.092) [dry wt?] Pellotine 0.288% (± 0.066)[dry wt?] HABermAnn 1978a (from ŠtArHA in grym 1997)] 42 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Lophophora williamsii var. pentagona Croizat Mammillaria aselliformis w.wAtson See as Pelecyphora aselliformis [Varietal name is wisely rejected by most authorities as simply being a 5-ribbed form that normal growth can take and it can be found occurring in any Lophophora species. It is not even correct to describe it as a proper form since it is typically transitory. It is common in juveniles but does infrequently persist into adulthood. See Anderson or Benson] Mammillaria centricirrha Lemaire Fruit contains Phyllocactin (63.9% of total), Betanin (26.2% of total), Isophyllocactin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 The betacyanin Mammillarinin (Betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-beta-sophoroside) was identiied as a fruit pigment. wyBrAniec & nowAk-wydrA 2007 Listed as containing unidentiied alkaloid(s) but either the entry included no reference or else the reference that was cited (Brown et al. 1968) did not mention the species. Mescaline 0.714% (± 0.049) [dry wt?] Pellotine 0.296% (± 0.065)[dry wt?] HABermAnn 1978a (from ŠtArHA in grym 1997)] Machaerocereus eruca (BrAndegee) Britton & rose See as Stenocereus eruca Machaerocereus gummosus (engeLmann) Br. & r. Mammillaria coronata Scheidweiler 89.5% (djerAssi) & 74.09% (Heyl 1901) water by weight [kircHer 1982 reported 80% water by weight) Gummosogenin (a new triterpene; D 12-18b-oleanene3b,16b-diol-28-al) 0.76% dry weight; 0.08% fresh weight. djerAssi et al. 1954d. First report was djerAssi et al. 1953c citing future publ. [Also in djerAssi et al. 1954a & 1955b.] Longispinogenin (Reported in djerAssi et al. 1954a.) Machaeric acid [21-Keto-oleanolic acid; first isolation] 0.125% dry wt. (Isolated via its Methyl ester) djerAssi et al. 1955b Machaerinic acid (a 21-hydroxy-oleanolic acid) Traces. djerAssi & liPPmAn 1955. [Also in 1954] A new betacyanin (Betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-βsophoroside) was reported and named Mammillarinin. wyBrAniec & nowAk-wydrA 2007 Mammillaria craigii LinDsay Needs an analysis. See comments in the Activity Notes Mammillaria crinita dc See as Mammillaria wildii (?) Mammillaria dactylithele lABouret See as Coryphantha macromeris Mammillaria dioica K.Brandegee CO2 uptake occurred entirely at night through the stems (under well watered conditions) noBel & HArtsock 1986 Heyl 1901 isolated a hemolytic principle from Machaerocereus gummosus and believed it responsible for its activity as a traditional ish poison. He named it Cereinic acid but it was apparently never actually characterized. Heyl reported the dried plant material to have a total saponin content of 24%. tlc examination showed the absence of alkaloids and the strong presence of triterpene glycosides: kircHer 1982 Lipid content 6.5% by dry weight: kircHer 1982 Mammillaria disciformis dc See as Strombocactus disciformis Mammillaria donatii Berge ex Schumann A new betacyanin (Betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-beta-sophoroside) was reported and named Mammillarinin. wyBrAniec & nowAk-wydrA 2007 See comment in Activity Notes. Mammillaria elongata DeCanDoLLe b-O-Methylsynephrine (trace) Hordenine (0.0005% dry wt.) N-Methyltyramine (trace) Synephrine (0.0009% dry wt.) Tyramine (trace) west & mclAugHlin 1973 Maihuenia poeppigii (Pfeifer) Schumann All CO2 uptake occurred entirely during the day through the stems (under well watered conditions) Maihueniopsis darwinii (Henslow) ritter See as Opuntia hickenii Mammillaria elongata DeCanDoLLe var. rufrocrocea K.sChumann Mamillopsis senilis (loddiges) weBer ex Br. & r. = Mammillaria senilis LoDDiges ex saLm-DyCK AKA “Cabeza de viejo”. rose 1899 calls it the “Sacred Cactus” No analysis reported rose 1899 suggested this may be an active species based on the fearful reluctance of a Tarahumara to assist Nelson while collecting this cactus [and the respectful treatment they applied to the spot where said cacti was harvested.] Reported to contain Kaempferol & Quercetin (Flavonols) ricHArdson 1978 (based on acid hydrolysis) Mammillaria gracilis pFeiFFer Structures of protein linked N-glycans in different tissues of this cactus was studied by BAlen et al. 2006 BAlen et al. 2007 looked on how environmental factors inluenced their structure. See comments in the Activity Notes 43 http://troutsnotes.com Mammillaria grahamii engeLmann Needs an analysis Mammillaria grahamii engeLmann var. olivae (orCutt) L.Benson Needs an analysis See comments in the Activity Notes. A new betacyanin (betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-βsophoroside) was reported and named mammillarinin. wyBrAniec & nowAk-wydrA 2007 Mammillaria gummifera Engelmann Fruit contains Phyllocactin (80.0% of total), Betanin (10.2% of total), Isobetanin (9.8% of total) and traces of Isophyllocactin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Mammillaria magnimamma var. divergens haworth A new betacyanin was reported; named Mammillarinin (Betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-β-sophoroside). wyBrAniec & nowAk-wydrA 2007 Mammillaria meiacantha Britton & rose Positive Mayer’s test. GC showed one alkaloid present but it was not identiied. BruHn & BruHn 1973. An unidentiied alkaloid was reported by Brown et al. 1968. Mammillaria hidalgensis j.purpus Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Mammillaria melaleuca kArwinsky ex sAlm-dyck See as Dolichothele melaleuca Mammillaria heyderi muehLenpForDt 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (Over 50% of the 10-50 mg of total alkaloid/ 100 grams fresh) BruHn & BruHn 1973 (Also mentioned in BruHn 1973) Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited woHlPArt 1967 Reports of ethnopharmacological use appear to be in error. See Activity Notes for more details. Mammillaria melanocentra poseLger Acetovanillone (Apocynine) (0.11367% dry wt.) Mammillarol (a partially characterized triterpenoid) (0.0069% dry wt.) ACl-9 (A new steroid) (0.0043% dry wt.) dominguez & Pugliese 1967 [Collected Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Analyzed under synonym Mammillaria runyonii (Br. & r.) Böd.] This particular paper by Dominguez is in reference to Mammillaria melanocentra rather than to Coryphantha runyonii as is sometimes presented in alkaloid listings. Confusion on synonymy is not just easy but easy to locate. Mammillaria infernillensis Craig A new betacyanin (Betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-βsophoroside) was reported and named Mammillarinin. wyBrAniec & nowAk-wydrA 2007 Mammillaria karwinskiana martius A new betacyanin (Betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-βsophoroside) was reported and named Mammillarinin. wyBrAniec & nowAk-wydrA 2007 Nomenclatural synonyms: Mammillaria melanocentra Poselger var. runyonii (Britton & Rose) R.T.Craig in the Mammillaria Handbook 65. 1945 = Mammillaria runyonii Boed. Mammillarien-Vergleichs-Schluessel 52. 1933 = Mammillaria runyonii (Britton & Rose) Boed. = Neomammillaria runyonii Britton & Rose; Britton & Rose Cactaceae 4: 81. 1923 [24 Dec 1923] here are many references to Mammillaria runyonii Britton & Rose being a synonym for Coryphantha runyonii. Including some authoritative databases. Oten this is given as Coryphantha runyonii (Britton & Rose) Cory which was published In: Rhodora 38(455): 407. 1936. Coryphantha runyonii Britton & Rose: Coryphantha macromeris subsp. runyonii (Britton & Rose) N.P. Taylor Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii (Britton & Rose) L.D. Benson Lepidocoryphantha runyonii (Britton & Rose) Backeberg. Mammillaria krameri mühLenpForDt A new betacyanin (betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-betasophoroside) was reported and named mammillarinin. wyBrAniec & nowAk-wydrA 2007 Mammillaria lenta K.BranDegee Reported to contain unidentiied alkaloid(s). cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 Mammillaria lewinii kArsten See as Lophophora williamsii Mammillaria longimamma decAndolle See as Dolichothele longimamma Mammillaria longimamma sphaerica k.B rAndegee See as Dolichothele sphaerica Mammillaria longimamma uberiformis scHumAnn See as Dolichothele uberiformis Mammillaria macromeris e ngelmAnn See as Coryphantha macromeris Mammillaria magnimamma haworth Unidentiied alkaloid(s) reported. HeFFter 1898a Incredibly, Britton & Rose 1923 actually used “runyonii” for two diferent new species; both of which were discovered by Runyon. However, neither one was as Mammillaria runyonii. Hence Cory’s use of Mammillaria runyonii in 1936 to refer to Britton & Fruit contains Phyllocactin (65.2% of total), Betanin (34.8% of total) and traces of Isophyllocactin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 44 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Rose’s Coryphantha runyonii and Boedekker’s use of Mammillaria runyonii in 1933 to refer to Mammillaria melanocentra (Britton & Rose’s Neomammillaria runyonii) has resulted in some persistent confusion. Mammillaria roseo-alba BoeDeCKer Mammillaria microcarpa engeLmann Mammillaria runyonii (Britton & rose) Boedecker See as Mammillaria melanocentra Mammillaria runyonii (Britton & rose) Boedecker IS NOT synonymous with Mammillaria runyonii cory Mammillaria runyonii cory See as Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii Mammillaria runyonii Hort See as Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii A new betacyanin (Betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-βsophoroside) was reported and named Mammillarinin. wyBrAniec & nowAk-wydrA 2007 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.0015% (± 0.0006) in chlorophyllous tubercles, 0.0035% (± 0.0027) in cortex tissue, 0.0007% (± 0.0002) in vascular tissue and 0.0008% (± 0.0004) in the root.) knox et al. 1983. [knox & clArk 1986 found it to be present in only 64% of their samples.] Hordenine (0.0017% by dry weight) Howe et al. 1977; (0.0035% (± 0.0017) in chlorophyllous tubercles, 0.017% (± 0.0053) in cortex tissue, 0.019% (± 0.012) in vascular tissue and 0.036% (± 0.023) in the root.) knox et al. 1983. [knox & clArk 1986 found it to be present in 95% of their samples] N-Methyltyramine (0.0019% dry wt.) Howe et al. 1977; (0.0094% (± 0.0028) in chlorophyllous tubercles, 0.025% (± 0.006) in cortex tissue, 0.014% (± 0.0073) in vascular tissue and 0.014% (± 0.0023) in the root.) knox et al. 1983. [knox & clArk 1986 found it to be present in all of their samples] Tyramine 0.0064% (± 0.0033) in chlorophyllous tubercles, 0.014% (± 0.0099) in cortex tissue, 0.004% (± 0.0028) in vascular tissue and 0.0029% (± 0.0017) in the root.) knox et al. 1983. [knox & clArk 1986 found it to be present in all of their samples] [knox & clArk 1986 looked at 129 individuals from 15 Arizona Mammillaria saffordii (Br. & r.) Bravo Reported to have no detectable alkaloids in dingerdissen & mclAugHlin 1973b Mammillaria senilis is not the same plant as Mamillopsis senilis but the equating of them appears in the literature. (ex.: Bye 1979, p 35) Mammillaria seitziana martius Fruit contains Phyllocactin (60.1% of total), Betanin (24.9% of total), Isobetanin (15.0% of total) and traces of Isophyllocactin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Mammillaria setigera Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cf dreiding 1961 populations. The occurrences of particular alkaloids showed no clear associations with the geographical distribution.] Mammillaria microcarpa is considered variously either synonymous with Mammillaria grahamii or a variety of it. Toss a coin. For sake of aiding keyword searches we kept them separate. Mammillaria sphaerica dietricH ex Poselger See as Dolichothele sphaerica Mammillaria tetrancistra engeLmann Hordenine (0.0038% (± 0.0023) in chlorophyllous tubercles, 0.013% (± 0.0027) in cortex tissue, 0.026% (± 0.017) in vascular tissue and 0.047% (± 0.03) in the root.) knox et al. 1983 N-Methyltyramine (0.012% (± 0.0034) in chlorophyllous tubercles, 0.06% (± 0.017) in cortex tissue, 0.022% (± 0.004) in vascular tissue and 0.0094% (± 0.0028) in the root.) knox et al. 1983 (Wild collected: Arizona) Mammillaria multiceps saLm-DyCK Reported to contain unidentiied alkaloid(s). cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 Mammillaria neumanniana Lemaire Fruit contains Phyllocactin (50.2% of total), Betanin (30.9% of total), Isophyllocactin (18.9% of total) and traces of Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Mammillaria uberiformis zuccArini ex PFeiFFer See as Dolichothele uberiformis Mammillaria pilcayensis Bravo Seed coats reported to contain guaiacyl/syringyl lignins. cHen et al. 2012 Mammillaria wildii a.DietriCh had 1 unidentiied alkaloid reported [C13H13NO3] rätscH 1998 cited lütHy 1995. Mammillaria pusilla (DC) sweet Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Mammillaria williamsii coulter See as Lophophora williamsii Mammillaria rhodantha LinK & otto Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Mammillaria woodsii r.t.Craig Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Mammillaria zeilmanniana BöD. 45 Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 http://troutsnotes.com Myrtillogenic acid (A b-Amyrin-type terpene: 3b, 16b,28trihydroxy-D12-oleanen-29-oic acid [djerAssi & monsimer 1957]) (0.19% dry wt. via the methyl ether) djerAssi et al. 1957. [Cultivated: Corona, California] Longispinogenin (0.157% dry wt) djerAssi et al. 1957 Oleanolic acid (via the methyl ether) sAndovAl et al. 1957 djerAssi 1957 presents almost the same list but omits oleanolic acid; citing unpublished observations by djerAssi, monsimer & tHomAs Mammillaria zuccariniana martius Fruit contains Phyllocactin (45.2% of total), Betanin (25.3% of total), Isophyllocactin (19.6% of total) & Isobetanin (9.9% of total). PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Marginatocereus marginatus (dc) BAckeBerg See as Pachycereus marginatus Marshallocereus aragonii (weB.) BAckeBerg See as Lemaireocereus aragonii Marshallocereus thurberi (engelmAnn) BAckeBerg See as Lemaireocereus thurberi Myrtillocactus eichlamii Britton & rose Melocactus bellavistensis has been purported to have use. It needs study and an analysis. See additional comments in Activity Notes. Cochalic acid (0.37% by dry wt via the methyl ether) Chichipegenin (?This is listed in their discussion in the text but does not appear in the experimental account) Myrtillogenic acid (0.028% dry wt. via the methyl ether) Longispinogenin (0.83% dry wt) Oleanolic acid (0.16% dry wt. via the methyl ether) b-Sitosterol (detected) Maniladiol (0.14% dry wt)\ djerAssi et al. 1957 [Collected near Guatemala City] citing unpublished observations by djerAssi & Burstein Melocactus delessertianus Lemaire Myrtillocactus geometrizans (vonmartius) Con- Matucana madisoniorum is erroneously rumored to contain mescaline. Analysis of it could detect no alkaloid (unpublished GC-MS by Shulgin; personal communication) See additional comments in Activity Notes. Tyramine (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 soLe “garambullo” or “padre nuestro” or “blue myrtle” or “billberry cactus” Melocactus maxonii (rose) gürKe [Mescaline was apparently reported in error. Weak presence [0.30% by dry weight] was only isolated from plants previously used as grafting stocks for L. williamsii. However, directly in conlict with his experimental account, siniscAlco also includes a closing comment that suggests one of his controls contained mescaline. siniscAlco 1983] 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (less than 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Around 0.01% dry wt.)[?] mA et al. 1986 (Commercial: CA) Tyramine (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 [Alkaloids were only detected in one of the preliminary screenings of this species by Fong et al. 1972. All other tests indicated no alkaloid. All were from Mexico.] Cochalic acid (0.25% by dry wt via the methyl ether) Chichipegenin (0.62% by dry wt via the methyl ether) Myrtillogenic acid (0.14% dry wt. via the methyl ether) Longispinogenin (0.0025% dry wt) No detectable alkaloid. djerAssi et al. 1957 [Material was collected at km 205 of Mexico-Laredo Hwy] djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished observations by djerAssi, liPPmAn & monsimer Chichipegenin, Peniocerol, Macdougallin were reported from an extract of plant and roots. césPedes et al. 2005 Melocactus obtusipetalis Lemaire Seed coats reported to contain a homopolymer of cafeyl alcohol as C-lignins. cHen et al. 2012 Melocactus peruvianus vaupeL Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 cAycHo jimenez 1977 (page 91) asserted that it contains Mescaline but did not offer any supportive reference. See additional comments in the Activity Notes. Monvillea spegazzinii (a.weBer) Britton & rose Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 A study of the lavor of the “berrycactus” decided that nine volatile compounds were the most important components: Furfural, 5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2(5H)-Furanone, 5-Acetoxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, Octanoic acid ethyl ester, Decanoic acid ethyl ester, Myrtillocactus cochal (orC.) Britton & rose “cochal” stAndley 1924: 911 92.6% water by weight [sAndovAl et al. 1957 found that 70% water weight was lost when drying 7 days at 35o C.] Cochalic acid (A triterpene acid; 16-epi-echinocystic acid) 0.56% dry wt. djerAssi et al. 1955c and djerAssi & tHomAs 1954; (1.25% by dry wt djerAssi et al. 1957 [a portion of this was via its methyl ether]) Chichipegenin (A triterpene) 2.47% by dry wt: djerAssi et al. 1957; 0.83% by dry wt: sAndovAl et al. 1957 [Collected near Tehuacán, Puebla] 46 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Octanoic acid, Phenylethyl alcohol. vAzquez-cruz et al. 2012 higher than the ratio of its environmental atmosphere (the ratio was also richer than was found within woody tissues). The cortex of older regions within the stem was found to contain up to 50% of its dry weight as the oxalate. riverA & smitH 1979 (Collected in Paradise Canyon, West Texas) See comments in Activity Notes. Myrtillocactus geometrizans var. grandiareolatus (BrAvo) BAckeBerg See as Myrtillocactus grandiareolatus. Hunt 1999 considers this to be synonymous with Myrtillocactus geometrizans Neolloydia intertexta var. dasyacantha (engeLmann) L.Benson Reported to contain a single unidentiied alkaloid when harvested in Spring and no alkaloid when harvested in the Fall. Brown et al. 1968. Myrtillocactus grandiareolatus Bravo [See BrAvo 1932] Chichipegenin (nearly 1% by dry wt) Oleanolic acid (0.2% dry wt. via the methyl ether) djerAssi et al. 1957 [Collected near Zapotitlán, Mexico] djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished observations by estrAdA & mAnjArrez Neolloydia odorata was reported to show no detectable alkaloids. cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 Neomammillaria anything. See under Mammilllaria Neomammillaria runyonii Britton & rose See as Mammillaria melanocentra [Not a synonym for Coryphantha runyonii] Myrtillocactus schenckii (purpus) Br. & r. AKA “vichishovo” or “garambullo” Stellatogenin (0.052% by dry wt) Oleanolic acid (0.136% dry wt. via the methyl ether) djerAssi et al. 1957 [Collected in Oaxaca, Mexico] djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished observations by mAn- Neoporteria ebenacantha Betalain pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 We are unclear if this was Neoporteria ebenacantha (Hort. non monv.) y.ito or Neoporteria ebenacantha (monv.) Berg. jArrez Neobuxbaumia euphorbioides (haw.) BuxB. Reported to show no detectable alkaloids (with MIKES) in unger et al. 1980 Neoraimondia arequipensis var. roseilora (werDermann & BaCKeBerg) rauh 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (less than 0.01% dry wt.) 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Less than 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 (Collected by ostolAzA #85055) Neobuxbaumia multiareolata (e.y. Dawson) Bravo et al. Salsolidine, Anhalidine and Arizonine in trace amounts. Flores ortiz et al. 2003 (gc-ms) Neoraimondia macrostibas (sChumann) Britton & rose Neobuxbaumia scoparia (poseLger) BaCKeBerg 86% water by weight “no alkaloid” Salsolidine, Anhalidine and Arizonine in trace amounts. Flores ortiz et al. 2003 (gc-ms) A basic, partially crystalline material was obtained. It showed multiple components: all unidentiied; ethanol soluble & ether insoluble. Also noted was a gummy ‘non-glycosidic’ neutral material and substantial amounts of an unidentiied neutral material (oily or amorphous) Neobuxbaumia tetetzo (weBer ex CouLter) BaCKeBerg No detectable alkaloids. cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 (analyzed as Cephalocereus tetetzo (A.weBer) vAuPel) Salsolidine, Anhalidine and Arizonine in trace amounts. Flores ortiz et al. 2003 (gc-ms) [No saponins or terpenes observed] djerAssi et al. 1955b [Wild collected; Peru] This species is in need of further analysis. See more comments in Part B San Pedro Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) saLm-DyCK Neogomesia agavioides cAstAñedA. See as Ariocarpus agavoides Mucilage polysaccharide was 0.48% of total weight of the fresh plant. Uronic acid content of polysaccharide: 20% Rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, xylose (1:4.7:2.1:1.8) mindt et al. 1975 Neolloydia intertextus (engeLmann) KimnaCh [as Echinomastus intertextus engelmAnn ] Reported to contain druses of Weddellite. These druses appeared to be comprised of symmetrical tetragonal crystals that were piled onto one another. They were found to possess a 13C/12C ratio that was 1% See comments in Activity Endnotes. 47 http://troutsnotes.com Ty r a m i n e . ( O v e r 5 0 % o f 1 - 1 0 m g o f t o t a l alkaloids/ 100 gm. of fresh) B ruHn & B ruHn 1973 [All 3 reported in HABermAnn 1974a (from ŠtArHA nd)] Quinic acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) b-Sitosterol (tentative ID) dominguez et al. 1969 Anderson 1967 & dominguez et al. 1969 reported unidentitifed Nopalxochia ackermannii (haworth) F.m.Knuth Appears listed as containing an unidentiied alkaloid but either the entry included no reference or else the reference that was cited (Brown et al. 1968) did not mention the species. The intended reference was likely HeFFter 1898; who included no additional information. alkaloids. According to Hortus, the plants propagated under this name are actually a hybrid of this species with a Heliocereus Opuntia More detailed entries for the mescaline containing species can be found in Part A of Sacred Cacti. Nopalxochia phyllanthoides (DC) Br. & r. Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. Betacyanin irst reported by Kryz. PiAttelli 1981 cited kryz 1919 & kryz 1920. Opuntia basilaris engeLmann & BigeLow Also appears spelled basilaria. We went with Benson 1982. 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Less than 0.01%) Mescaline (0.01% dry wt.) [ie 100 mg/ 1 kg. dry wt] mA et al. 1986 (Analyzed F. Zeylmaker #8504) The genus Nopalxochia is now lumped into Disocactus along with some former members of Epiphyllum, Phyllocactus and Heliocereus. Opuntia bergeriana weBer Normanbokea pseudopectinata (BAckeBerg) klAdiwA & BuxBAum. See as Pelecyphora pseudopectinata Fruit contains Betanin (major), Isobetanin, Betanidin and traces of Phyllocactin & Isophyllocactin: PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Betanin in fruit (biosynthetic study) miller et al. 1968 Flower contains betacyanins: Betanin (major) & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & minAle 1964b The former Notocactus are now in the genus Parodia. Notocactus concinnus (monviLLe) Berger Mucilage determined to be comprised of Arabinose (22.0%), Galactose (42.7%), Galacturonic acid (14.1%), Rhamnose (7.6%) & Xylose (13.7%). moynA & diFABio 1978 (Analyzed MAM 1219) Opuntia bigelovii engeLmann (Analyzed F.zeyLmaKer #8508) Reported by mA et al. 1986 to contain no detectable alkaloid. Notocactus mammulosus (Lemaire) a.Berger Opuntia boldinghii Britton & rose Hunt lists as Notocactus mammulosus (lemAire) BAckeBerg Fatty acids composition of seed oil (relative percents). Linoleic acid 67.2±0.1% Oleic acid 18.0±0.1% Palmitic acid 10.4±0.1% Stearic acid 3.0±0.1% Palmitoleic acid 0.5±0.1% Linolenic acid 0.3±0.1% Arachidic acid 0.3±0.1% Gadoleic acid 0.4±0.1% gArcíA PAntAleón et al. 2009 Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Notocactus ottonis (Lemaire) Berger ex BaCeKBerg & Knuth Hordenine (%?) devries et al. 1971 [N-Me-3,4-DiMeO-PEA has been listed in error. It is not supported by the reference that was cited: smitH 1977.] Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961 Fruits shown to contain betalains by viloriA-mAtos et al. 2002. Proximate analyses was performed on fruits and on cladodes by moreno-AlvArez et al. 2003 & 2006. [from gArcíA PAntAleón et al. 2009] Nyctocereus guatemalensis Britton & rose Devoid of glycosides djerAssi et al. 1953c [Guatemala; cultivated Guatemala City] Most members of this genus, including this species, have been transferred elsewhere. (In this case to Peniocereus and absorbed into Peniocereus hirschtianus (scHumAnn) Hunt) The work of Arias et al. 2005 indicates that Nyctocereus should be preserved only as a monotypic genus (N. serpentinus). Opuntia brasiliensis (willdenow) HAwortH See as Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis Opuntia bradtiana (coulter) k. BrAndegee see as Grusonia bradtiana Opuntia clavata engelmAnn see as Corynopuntia clavata Obregonia denegrii FriC Hordenine (0.002% dry wt.) neAl et al. 1971a; (1-10% of 1-10 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm. fresh.) BruHn & BruHn 1973. N-Methyltyramine (0.0002% dry wt.) neAl et al. 1971a; (trace) BruHn & BruHn 1973. Opuntia chlorotica engeLmann & BigeLow Quercetin-3-glucoside, Quercetin-3-rutinoside, Iso-rhamnetin-3-glucoside, Isorhamnetin-3rutinoside, Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside, and 48 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Kaempferol 3-galactoside (all lavonoids) in lowers. clArk & PArFitt 1980 Narcissin (a flavone) was found in the flowers. sHABBir & zAmAn 1968 Opuntia comonduensis (Coulter) Britton & Rose Opuntia erinacea engeLmann & BigeLow var. hystricina (engeLmann & BigeLow) L.Benson Reported by meyer et al. 1980 to contain traces of unidentiied alkaloids. Cholesterol (4.4% of total) 24ḉ-Methylcholesterol (8.8% of total) Sitosterol (86.7% of total) Salt et al. 1987 Opuntia icus-indica (Linnaeus) miLLer Pads determined to contain 87.4% (young) and 85.4% (mature) water by weight. kircHer 1982 Mescaline (% not given) N-Methyltyramine (% not given) Tyramine (% not given) Four additional unidentiied bases present as trace amounts. el-mogHAzy et al. 1982 (Material growing in Egypt.) Unidentiied lactone-forming acid (tlc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Opuntia curvispina griFFiths Quercetin-3-glucoside, Quercetin-3-rutinoside, Iso-rhamnetin-3-glucoside, Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, Iso-rhamnetin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside, and Kaempferol 3-galactoside (all flavonoids) in flowers. clArk & PArFitt 1980 This name is considered unresolved. Opuntia decumbens saLm-DyCK In cladodes: Glucose and Galacturonic acid were found to be the primary sugars Kaempferol and Isorhamnetin glycosides (as glucosides and rhamnosides) were also detected. Calcium oxalate crystals were present in large amounts. Reported no observable antimicrobial activity. mAndAlAri et al. 2009 Fruit determined to contain betalains. FiscHer & dreiding 1972 & miller et al. 1968 (Both studied the biosynthesis of Betanin) Opuntia dejecta saLm-DyCK Fruit contains Betanin (major), Isobetanin and traces of Phyllocactin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Opuntia diademata Lemaire Myrcene, Limonene & g-Terpinene (terpenes: small amounts in the de Castilla variety fruit) FlAtH & tAkAHAsHi 1978. [Also reported the presence of other volatile compounds in the fruit including many alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters & hydrocarbons such as Toluene & Methylcyclohexane] b-Sitosterol dAwider & FAyez 1961; (0.04% dry wt. in lowers) Arcoleo 1966 var. saboten (leaf & stem): 2 triterpenoids and eight lavonoids. (6S,9S)-3-oxo-ceionol-[3-D-glucopyranoside Corchoionoside C (+)-Dihydrokaempferol (Aromadendrin) (+)-Dihydroquercetin (Taxifolin) Eriodictyol Kaempferol Kaempferol 3-methyl ether Narcissin Quercetin Quercetin 3-methyl ether lee et al. 2003 Flowers were found to contain the lavonoids: Penduletin, Luteolin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Quercitrin & Rutin el-mogHAzy et al. 1982 Citric acid (3.0% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 Opuntia dillenii HAwortH See as Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Opuntia ellisiana griFFiths Crystalline material isolated from the stems shows a very complex mineral composition that includes: Whewellite (monohydrated calcium oxalate) Opal (SiO2) Calcite (CaCO3) Glushinskite (dihydrated Magnesium oxalate). Monje & Baran 2005 Opuntia engelmannii saLm-DyCK Flower contains Betanin (major), and an unidentified Betacyanin. Fruit contains Betanin (major), Phyllocactin & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Reported to contain druses of Whewellite. riverA & smitH 1979 (collected on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin) Opuntia elatior miLL. Mucilage was determined to be comprised of D-Glucose, D-Galactose, L-Arabinose, D-Xylose, L-Rhamnose and d-Galacturonic and d-Glucuronic acids. el-mogHAzy et al. 1982 b-Sitosterol Opuntiol (0.05% dry wt) (2-Hydroxymethyl-4-methoxya-pyrone) gAngul et al. 1965 (Collected in India) 49 http://troutsnotes.com Kaempferol 3-methyl ether Quercetin 3-methyl ether Narcissin (+)-Dihydrokaempferol (Aromadendrin) (+)-Dihydroquercetin (Taxifolin) Eriodictyol along with two terpenoids: (6S,9S)-3-Oxo-α-ionol-β-D-glucopyranoside Corchoionoside C Lee et al. 2003 free Lauric acid, Myristic acid, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Oleic acid & also the esters of Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic, and Oleic acids. Arcoleo 1966 Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited PiAttelli & minAle 1964 Fruit contains betacyanins: Betanin (major) & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & minAle 1964 Indicaxanthin (a betaxanthin) was reported in mature fruit (orange yellow variety) by imPellizzeri & PiAttelli 1972 (Also in PiAttelli et al. 1964a & 1964b) Indicaxanthin & Betanin in fruit. minAle et al. 1965 Dok-Go et al. 2003 reported: Quercetin (+)-Dihydroquercetin Quercetin 3-methyl ether hese lavonoids were isolated from the ethyl acetate fractions of an extract of the fruits and stems of Opuntia icus-indica var. saboten . tlc examination showed a small amount of unidentiied alkaloid and the absence of triterpene glycosides: kircHer 1982 Lipid content determined to be 2.5% by dry weight: kircHer 1982 Pulp Skin Glucose 35% 21% Fructose 29% – Protein 5.1% 8.3% Starch yes yes Cellulose 14.4% 29.1% Calcium – 2.09% Potassium – 3.4% El-Kossori et al. 1998. Isorhamnetin was found in the hydrosylate of lower pigments. Arcoleo et al. 1961. Fruit was found to contain Maleic, Malonic, Malic, Succinic, Tartaric, Oxalic & Ascorbic acids. Ascorbic acid content determined to be 0.094% by fresh weight. el-mogHAzy et al. 1982 Malic acid, Citric acid, Piscidic acid, Piscidic acid monoethyl ester (0.0433%), Piscidic acid diethyl ester (0.0333%) and several other nonvolatile acids in fruit. nordAl et al. 1966. 1-Methylcitrate, 1,3-Dimethylcit r a t e , Tr i m e t h y l c i t r a t e & 1 - M e t h y l malate were isolated from the fruit of Opuntia icus-indica var. saboten ‘Makino’: Han et al. 2001 Seeds – – 11.8% yes 45.1% (in ibers) – – (All as dry weight) Fruit sugars were found to include D-Glucose, D-Galactose, L-Arabinose, Fructose, & D-Glucuronic and D-Galacturonic acids prior to hydrolysis and showed D-Xylose, L-Rhyrcose (? - I cannot locate this name) & L-Rhamnose ater hydrolysis. el-mogHAzy et al. 1982. El-Moghazy mentioned that Awad et al. 1970 & Haralambs 1979 had reported Galactose, Arabinose, Xylose, Rhamnose and Galacturonic acid. de Castilla fruit showed pH 4.85-6.3. Citric acid was reported at levels of 0.084-0.12% according to FlAtH & tAkAHAsHi 1976 Fruit juice of Sicilian cultivars of Opuntia icus indica: pH 6.4-6.5 Sugar content of 11-12% (mainly glucose and fructose) L-ascorbic acid content of 31-38 mg/100 grams. Manganese(II) (1.7-2.9 ppm) Iron(III) (0.6-1.2 ppm) Zinc(II) (0.3-0.4 ppm) he metal ions appeared to be present mainly in the skin of the fruit or were “trapped” inside of the pulp. Gurrieri et al. 2000 Betalain distribution for three Sicilian cultivars of Opuntia icus indica was studied by Butera . hese cultivars difer by producing either yellow, red, or white fruits due to the combination of two betalains, namely betanin (purple-red) and indicaxanthin (yellow-orange) hey found that the yellow cultivar exhibited the highest amount of betalains, followed by the red and white ones. White fruit: Indicaxanthin comprised about 99% of the betalains. Also found polyphenolic pigments. Yellow fruit: he ratio of betanin to indicaxanthin was 1:8 (w:w) Also found polyphenolic pigments. Red fruit: he ratio of betanin to indicaxanthin was 2:1 (w:w) Found that polyphenol pigments were negligible components. Butera et al. 2002 Linoleic acid was determined to be the major fatty acid in the seed oil (61.01%), with Oleic (25.52%) and Palmitic (12.23%) acids. Myristic, Stearic and Arachidonic acids were also present in low concentrations. Özcan & Al Juhaimi 2011 Eight lavonoids were isolated from the stems and fruits of Opuntia icus-indica var. saboten: Kaempferol Quercetin 50 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Similar results were reported for oil extracted from Opuntia icus-indica seeds. he oil constituted 13.6% of the whole seed. 16% saturated fatty acid, with a linoleic acid content of 63.66% followed by oleic 18.34%, palmitic 12.84% and stearic acid 2.81%. el Finti et al. 2013 Methyl butanoate See comments in Activity Notes. Methyl 2-methyl-butanoate 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol Hexanal 3-Pentanol 1-Butanol 1-Pentene-3-ol 3-Pentene-2-ol Z-3-Hexenal 1, 8-Cineol E-2-Hexenal 2-Pentylfuran Fruit fragrance has been studied: “In cactus pear, R-(–)-linalool is present in an enantiomeric excess of 36%.” sitrit et al. 2004 cited weckerle et al. 2001 3-Methyl-3-butene-1-ol 1-Pentanol Methyl 3-hexenoate Hexyl acetate Acetoin E-2-Pentene-1-ol E-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, E-2-hexen-1-ol, E-2-nonenol and E,Z-2,6-nonadienol are considered to be responsible for the melon-like character. Weckerle et al. 2001 E-2-Heptenal Z-2-Pentene-1-ol E-2-Hexenyl acetate 1-Hexanol E-3-Hexen-1-ol Z-3-Hexen-1-ol Nonanal Methyl 2-(methylthio)acetate E-2-Hexen-1-ol Z-2-Hexen-1-ol E-2-Octenal Acetic acid 1-Octene-3-ol 1-Heptanol Also, reported by Wu et al. 2008: Aspergiketal (A new spiroketal) Physcion Asterric acid All three of which were isolated from a culture broth of Aspergillus terreus (An endophytic fungus found associated with the stems of Opuntia icus-indica) M e t h y l 3 - h y d r o x y - E,E-2,4-Heptadienal butanoate Volatile compounds identiied in the fruit of Opuntia icus indica by HRGC-MS E-2-Hepten-1-ol Linalool 1-Nonene-3-ol 1-Octanol E, Z-2, 6-Nonadienal Methyl benzoate E-2-Octen-1-ol 1-Nonanol 2-Methylbutanoic acid γ -Hexalactone E-2-Nonenol Methyl salicylate E, Z-2,6-Nonadienol 1-Phenylethanol Hexanoic acid Geraniol Benzyl alcohol Perillalcohol Octanoic acid γ-Nonalactone Methyl cinnamate γ-Decalactone Nonanoic acid Decanoic acid γ-Dodecalactone Dodecanoic acid Weckerle et al. 2001 Compound Enantiomeric ratio R S 1-Phenylethanol 74% 26% Linalool 68% 32% Methyl 2-methylbutanoate 2% 98% Methyl 3-hydroxybutanoate 73% 27% γ -Nonalactone 35% 65% γ -Decalactone 79% 21% γ-Dodecalactone 99.5% 0.5% Weckerle et al. 2001 51 http://troutsnotes.com CO2 uptake occurred entirely at night through the stems (under well watered conditions while lealess). Nobel & Hartsock 1986 Opuntia littoralis (engeLmann) CoCKereLL var. martiniana (L.Benson) L.Benson Quercetin-3-glucoside, Quercetin-3-rutinoside, Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside, Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside, and Kaempferol 3-galactoside (all lavonoids) in lowers. clArk & PArFitt 1980 Opuntia glomerata See as Opuntia articulata. Opuntia guatemalensis Britton & rose Fruit contains Betanin (major), and an unidentiied Betacyanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Opuntia longispina Haworth Whewellite was identiied as druses. monje & BArAn 2002 Opuntia hickenii Britton & rose Candicine (%?) nieto 1987 Opuntia macrocentra engeLmann Opuntia humifusa raFinesque-sChmaLtz meyer et al. 1980 reported as containing unidentiied alkaloids. Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited woHlPArt 1967 (as Opuntia violaceae) Flavonol production in was found to be largely reduced when grown in the absence of UV rather than in sunlight. Berger et al. 2007. No detectable alkaloid reported by meyer et al. 1980 Lutein (A carotenoid: Xanthophyll), Carotene & possibly Rhodoxanthin (in pads). romAriz 1946. Quercetin was reported from the pads. See comments in Activity Notes. cHo et al. 2006 (Wild collected in New Jersey) Cholesterol (5.0% of total) 24ḉ-Methylcholesterol (8.0% of total) Sitosterol (87.0% of total) Salt et al. 1987 Opuntia maldonadensis areChavaLeta Hordenine (%?) devries et al. 1971 Opuntia matudae sCheinvar cv. Cuaresmeño “Xoconostle” Gallic, Vanillic, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acids, Catechin, Epicatechin, and Vanillin were detected in the soluble phenolic fractions of the fruit. guzmán-mAldonAdo et al. 2010 Opuntia leuchotricha DC Reported to contain Isorhamnetin, Quercetin & Kaempferol (Flavonols) ricHArdson 1978 (based on acid hydrolysis) Opuntia megacantha Opuntia lindheimeri engeLmann Most view as a spiny wild Opuntia icus-indica. meyer et al. 1980 reported to contain unidentiied alkaloids. Reported to contain Betacyanins as pigments. mABry et al. 1963 Isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside, Isorhamnetin 3-rhamnosylgalactoside, Quercetin, and Isorhamnetin 3-galactoside (all lavonoids) in lowers. clArk & PArFitt 1980 Hyperin (Quercetin-3-galactoside), Narcissin (Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside), Isorhamnetin-3-galactoside, Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnogalactoside (lavonol glycosides; pigments from lowers) rösler et al. 1966 See comments in Activity Notes. Opuntia microdasys (Lehmann) pFeiFFer Whewellite was identiied as druses. monje & BArAn 2002 Opuntia monacantha haworth Flower contains Betanin (major), and Isobetanin. Fruit contains Betanin (30.2% of total), Isobetanin (24.8% of total), an unidentiied Betacyanin, Betanidin and Isobetanidin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Mucilage polysaccharide - 0.53% of total weight of fresh plant. Uronic acid content of polysaccharide: 25% Rhamnose: arabinose, galactose, xylose (1:3:3.5:1.5) Mindt et al. 1975 Del Weniger 1984 related an amusing tale concerning this species. Apparently Engelmann based this species’ description on the pads of one species and the fruit of another. When discovering his error he corrected the description to being partly O. engelmannii and partly what he thought was a hybrid. The latter became O. leptocarpa “so there is nothing left to be O. lindheimeri” Opuntia littoralis (engeLmann) CoCKereLL var. littoralis Opuntia penicilligera spegazzini Quercetin-3-glucoside, Quercetin-3-rutinoside, Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside, Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside, and Kaempferol 3-galactoside (all lavonoids) in lowers. clArk & PArFitt 1980 Whewellite was identiied as druses. monje & BArAn 2002 52 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Was suggested to be a good commercial choice due to betanin concentrations and low pH. cAstellAr et al. 2006. cAstellAr et al. 2003 had reported 80 mg betanin /100 g fresh fruit. Opuntia pachypus K.scHumAnn see as Austrocylindropuntia pachypus Opuntia paraguayensis K.sChumann Fruit contains Betanin (major), Isobetanin, and Phyllocactin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Opuntia stricta (haw.) haw. var. dillenii (Ker-gawLer) L.Benson Opuntia phaeacantha engeLmann was reported by meyer et al. 1980 to contain unidentiied alkaloids. Unidentiied alkaloids reported by meyer et al. 1980. Malic acid & Succinic acid. meyer & mclAugHlin 1982 cited HAjAnArvis 1964. Arabinogalactan (a polysaccharide composed of L-Arabinose & D-Galactose 1:3) isolated from dried fruit in 0.5% yield. srivAstAvA & PAnde 1974 Known as Xian Ren Zhang in Chinese. Opuntia phaeacantha engeLmann var. discata (griFFiths) L.Benson & waLKington and var. major engeLmann Quercetin-3-glucoside, Quercetin-3-rutinoside, Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside, Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside, and Kaempferol 3-galactoside (all lavonoids) in lowers. clArk & PArFitt 1980 Qiu isolated (from aqueous ethanolic extract of fresh stems): Opuntiol (0.0032%) p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (0.0023%) L-(–)-Malic acid (0.00019%) Opuntioside I (0.078%) [an α-pyrone] 3,3’-Dimethylquercetin (0.00019%) Ferulic acid (0.00053%) 4-Ethoxyl-6-hydroxymethyl-α-pyrone (0.00013%) 1-Heptanecanol (0.0019%) Vanillic acid (0.00035%) Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (0.0070%) Rutin (0.00014%) Kaempferol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (0.0001%) [a lavonol glycoside] 3-O-Methyl quercetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (0.00015%) Kaempferol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (0.00019%) Manghaslin (0.003%) Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (0.00014%) 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (0.00041%) (all % as dry weights) Plant material was harvested in Hainan, China qiu et al. 2002 Opuntia pilifera weBer was reported to contain no detectable alkaloids in the screenings of Fong et al. 1972 Opuntia polyacantha haworth Approximately 90% water by weight. Opuntiol (0.007% dry wt) (an a-pyrone: See O. elatior) Positive Mayer’s test for alkaloids but none identiied. telAng 1973 [Collected at Drumheller, Alberta, Canada] Fruit contains Betanin (major), Isobetanin & Betanidin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Opuntia ritteri Berger Fruit contains Betanin (major), Isobetanin and Phyllocactin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Opuntia robusta wenDL. Reported to contain Isorhamnetin, Quercetin & Kaempferol (Flavonols) ricHArdson 1978 (based on acid hydrolysis) Earlier (in 2000) Qiu had isolated: Quercetin 3-O-Methyl quercetin Kaempferol Kaempferide Isorhamnetin β-Sitosterol (from qiu et al. 2002 citing qiu et al. 2000) Opuntia spp. hybrids Variable amounts of Quercetin-3-rutinoside, Quercetin-3glucoside and Kaempferol-3-glucoside (lavonoids) were comparatively reported in the lowers of 6 hybrids (and 3 species). clArk et al. 1980 [Collected east of Florence, Arizona] Opuntia streptacantha Lemaire Fruit contains Betanin (major), Isobetanin, Phyllocactin & Isophyllocactin PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 See comment in Activity Notes. Opuntisterol [(24R)-24-ethyl-5β-cholest-9-ene-6β,12α-diol] (a novel C29-5β-sterol) Opuntisteroside [(24R)-24-ethyl-6β-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-5β-cholest-9-ene-12α-ol] (a novel C29-5β-sterol) β-Sitosterol Taraxerol Friedelin Methyl linoleate Opuntia stricta (haw.) haw. (var. ?) was reported by meyer et al. 1980 to contain unidentiied alkaloids. “Opuntia stricta” extract. Stable as a natural food pigment. 53 http://troutsnotes.com 7-Oxositosterol 6β-Hydroxystigmast-4-ene-3-one Daucosterol Methyl eucomate Eucomic acid jiAng et al. 2006 Isolated from stems collected in Guizhou Province, China. Opuntia vulgaris miLLer Hordenine (%?) devries et al. 1971 Opuntin B (new alkaloid) 4-Hydroxyproline Tyrosine jiAng et al. 2003 b-Sitosterol (used whole plant) AnjAneyulu et al. 1965. Ascorbic acid & Dehydroascorbic acid. meyer & mclAugHlin 1982 cited girAl & AlvArez 1943. Friedelin (0.01% dry wt.), Friedelan-3a-ol (0.001% dry wt.), Taraxerone (0.0025% dry wt.) & Taraxerol (0.005% dry wt.): (triterpenoids). cHAtterjee et al. 1976. Fruit contains betacyanins: Betanin (major) & Isobetanin. PiAttelli & minAle 1964 Reported to show the presence of waxy materials and some sort of a rubber in the studies of de grAFFe 1896. HoBscHette 1929 See comment in Activity Notes. Isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside Orientin (Luteolin 8-C-glucoside) Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (Quercetrin) Vitexin (Apigenin 8-C-glucoside) guPtA et al. 202 Isolated from stems growing in India. Flavonoid glycosides isolated from the combined lowers, fruit & stems were identiied as : Kaempferol 3-O-α-arabinoside Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside AHmed et al. 2005 Material was harvested in Egypt. Compound pulp peel Opuntia wilcoxii Flavonol production in was found to be largely reduced when grown in the absence of UV rather than in sunlight. Berger et al. 2007 seed Pachycereus calvas (wAtson) Britton & rose See as Pachycereus pringlei mg/100gm Betanin 18.2 ± 1.8 15.7 ± 1.8 nd Isobetanin 19.1 ± 0.1 19.2 ± 1.0 nd Ascorbic acid 15.1 ± 0.6 1.2 ± 0.1 nd Catechin 22.7 ± 0.7 18.0 ± 0.2 35.6 ± 3.7 nd 0.6 ± 0.0 2.2 ± 0.1 p-Coumaric acid Epicatechin 10.9 ± 0.2 17.1 ± 0.1 31.8 ± 1.1 Ferulic acid nd 4.0 ± 0.1 10.2 ± 1.2 Gallic acid 2.7 ± 0.03 4.0 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.1 Quercetin nd 4.6 ± 0.1 33.5 ± 1.6 Rutin nd nd 0.3 ± 0.0 Sinapinic acid nd nd 26.8 ± 1.4 nd = below detection limits Pachycereus chrysomallus (Lemaire) Britton & rose Traces of unidentiied triterpene(s). djerAssi 1957 cited unpublished observations by djerAssi & mArFey Pachycereus gaumeri Britton & rose See as Pterocereus (?) gaumeri Pachycereus gigas (BAckeBerg) BAckeBerg See as Pachycereus weberi Pachycereus grandis rose Glucaric acid (a lactone-forming acid) (tlc) Isocitric acid (a lactone-forming acid) (tlc & glc) kringstAd & nordAl 1975 Chang et al. 2008 Pachycereus hollianus (weBer) BuxBAum See as Lemaireocereus hollianus Opuntia tomentella Berger Fruit contains Betanin (major), Isobetanin, Phyllocactin and traces of Isophyllocactin PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Pachycereus marginatus (DeCanDoLLe) Britton & rose AKA “órgano” Pilocereine Over 0.076% [fresh wt] (Additional alkaloid Opuntia tomentosa saLm-DyCK Citric acid (1.2% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 Fruit contains Betanin (major), Isobetanin, Phyllocactin and traces of Isophyllocactin PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 was obtained but it is unclear how much was pilocereine and what was unidentiied material) djerAssi et al. 1954c [Collected from wild: State of Hidalgo, Mexico] [Agurell 1969b also appears listed as a reference. He mentioned this species in passing but did not analyze it.] Opuntia violacea engelmAnn var. macrocentra (engelmAnn) l.Benson See as Opuntia macrocentra engeLmann Lophocereine was reported in mass fragmentography by lindgren et al. 1971 [djerAssi et al. 1954c, also appears listed as a reference but did not report this alkaloid.] 54 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Unidentiied alkaloids also present. djerAssi et al. 1954c (djerAssi reported no detectable triterpenes) Isocitric acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Quinic acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Carnegine (gc-ms) N-Methylheliamine (gc-ms) crockett & sHulgin 1999 (Personal communication; unpublished indings) N-Methylmescaline (gc-ms) sHulgin 2001 (personal conversation) Heliamine (0.017% by dry wt) Lemaireocereine (Detected) Tehuanine (0.05% dry wt.) Weberine (Detected) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980d Tehuanine-N-oxide (0.014% yield by dry wt.) PummAngurA et al. 1982b Glucaric acid (tlc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Isocitric acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) [unger et al. 1980 reported the presence of Salsolidine and N-Methylheliamine but their conclusion needs questioning. A similar discrepancy exists for L. schottii. See comments under its entry.] [Cereine, Pachycereine and Ochoterenine were reported by rocA 1930. djerAssi et al. 1954c felt all three names should be removed from the literature due to their lack of characterization. See more details in rocA 1931 & 1932] Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (DC) Britton & rose Notice the discrepancies between the published accounts. Additional work is needed to adequately exaplain the details. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) BruHn & lindgren 1976 [Material from Michoacan, Mexico]. 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethylamine (1-10% of 1-10 mg of total alkaloid/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b; [Obtained via commercial sources in Germany & the Netherlands]; strömBom & BruHn 1978 could not detect this alkaloid; nor did BruHn & lundström 1976b [Both used material collected from wild: Michoacán, Mexico]. 3-Methoxytyramine (detected) stromBom & BruHn 1978 [Sole phenethylamine they reported (major alkaloid in the phenolic fraction).] Arizonine (detected) stromBom & BruHn 1978 Carnegine [H eyl 1928 isolated and named Pectenine (pectenin); it was shown by sPAtH & kuFFner 1929 to be identical to Carnegine] (However, Agurell et al. 1971b & BruHn & lindgren 1976 & stromBom & BruHn 1978 could NOT detect carnegine.) [Possibly detected by unger et al. 1980 but MIKES does not differentiate between aromatic isomers.] Heliamine (Minor: 22 mg from 4.3 kg fresh [as HCl]) stromBom & BruHn 1978 Isosalsoline (detected) stromBom & BruHn 1978 Salsoline (detected) stromBom & BruHn 1978 Salsolidine (Major alkaloid: (at 282 mg from 4.3 kg fresh) by BruHn & lindgren 1976 & by stromBöm & BruHn 1978 [unger et al. 1980 DID NOT detect Salsolidine (using MIKES)] Agurell et al. 1971b noted that other alkaloids were present but reserved presenting details for a later paper that we have not been able to locate (citing it as “Kapadia & agurell”) Quinic acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) [unger et al. 1980 reported 5, possibly 6, quinoline alkaloids. Two were identiied, as N-Methylheliamine and Weberidine, but we could not determine the isomeric identities of the others. All by MIKES.] See comments in Activity Notes. Pachycereus queretaroensis (weBer) Britton & rose See as Lemaireocereus queretaroensis Pachycereus schottii (engelmAnn) Hunt See as Lophocereus schottii Pachycereus sp. (unidentiied; collected in Mexico) was reported to show a very strong preliminary alkaloid screening but only gave positive results in the conimatory tests for quaternary alkaloids. smolenski et al. 1972 Pachycereus tehuantepecanus t.maCDougaLL & h.Bravo [BAckeBerg considered this species to be synonymous with Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum.] Tepenine (no details) Tehuanine (no details) lundstrom 1983 & mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980d cited weisenBorn (personal communication 1978: Unpublished data). kAPAdiA et al. 1970c mentions that J. weisenBorn (at Squibb) irst presented this in a discussion during the 5th Ann. Meeting of the American Society of Pharmacognosy June 22-25, 1964 (Pittsburgh, PA) and that it was planned for publication submission. It evidently never was. Pachycereus tetetzo (A.weB.) ocHot. See as Cephalocereus tetetzo Pachycereus thurberi Britton & rose See as Lemaireocereus thurberi unger et al. 1980 reported N-Methylheliamine, Weberidine & N-Methylpachycereine using MIKES. They also reported 4 other isoquinoline alkaloids but it is unclear which isomers were actually detected. Pachycereus weberi (CouLter) BaCKeBerg AKA “candelabro” & “cardon” Pachycereus pringlei (s.wats) Br. & r. AKA “saguesa” or the “elephant cactus” This species is most commonly called “cardon” (a name that is also used for many other Cereoids) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (gc-ms) [“not yet rigidly proven”] 55 Anhalidine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Anhalonidine (0.01% dry wt.) djerAssi et al. 1954c. (traces) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980c; (NOT observed by rousH et al. 1985) O-Methylpellotine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985; unger et al. 1980 Pellotine (0.0005% dry wt.) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980c; (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985. http://troutsnotes.com 5,6,7-TriMeO-THIQ (Nortehuanine) (0.0095% [as HCl] dry wt.) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980c; (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 7,8-DiMeO-THIQ (Lemaireocereine) (0.003% [HCl] dry wt.) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980c; (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 [PummAngurA & mclAugHlin 1981a used this species as the source of their reference material for Lemaireocereine] 7-MeO-THIQ (Weberidine) (0.00024% dry wt.) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980c; (no quantif.) rousH et al. 1985 6,7-Dimethoxy-THIQ (Heliamine) (0.0155% dry wt.; also 0.05% [all HCl]) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980c; (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Backebergine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Carnegine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Dehydroheliamine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Dehydrolemaireocereine (no quantif.) rousH et al. 1985 Dehydronortehuanine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Dehydropachycereine (no quantif.) rousH et al. 1985 Dehydrosalsolidine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Dehydronorweberine (no quantif.) rousH et al. 1985 Isobackebergine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Isonortehuanine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Isopachycereine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Salsolidine (detected with MIKES) unger et al. 1980 Isosalsolidine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Isonorweberine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 Norweberine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 2-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-THIQ (N-Methylheliamine: O-Methylcorypalline) [Detected by MIKES unger et al. 1980] (0.0012% [HCl] dry wt.) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980c; (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 N-Methylpachycereine (no quantif.) rousH et al. 1985 Pachycereine (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985 2-Methyl-5,6,7-triMeO-THIQ (Tehuanine) (0.105% & 0.1% [HCl] dry wt.) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980c; (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985; Detected with MIKES (?) unger et al. 1980 2-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetraMeO-THIQ (Weberine) (0.0012 [HCl] dry wt.) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980c; (no quantiication) rousH et al. 1985; Detected with MIKES unger et al. 1980 Parodia mutabilis BaCKeBerg Betalain pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. Parodia procera ritter Volatile compounds in loral scent have been studied. Dehydrogeosmin - Minor volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Trace volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile in loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Parodia sanguinilora BaCKeBerg Betalain pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. Parodia stuemeri (werDermann) BaCKeBerg Betalain pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. Parodia tuberculosa CárDenas Dehydrogeosmin - Major volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Trace volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile in loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Pelecyphora aselliformis ehrenBerg “peyote”, “peyotillo” stAndley 1924: 973 62% water by weight. neAl et al. 1972 [300 dried plants weighed 5.5 kg] Tyramine (Less than 0.0001% [fresh wt]) ŠtArHA 1994 [Seed grown in Czechoslovakian greenhouses] N-Methyltyramine (0.0002% [fresh wt]) ŠtArHA 1994 Hordenine (10-50% of the 1-10 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via commercial source in the Netherlands]; (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 gm. fresh. Not major alkaloid.) BruHn & BruHn 1973; (Major alkaloid. 0.00063% dry wt.) neAl et al. 1972; (0.0007% [fresh wt]) ŠtArHA 1994 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) neAl et al. 1972; (0.0002% [fresh wt]) ŠtArHA 1994 N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) neAl et al. 1972 N,N-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxy-phenethylamine (0.00018% dry wt.: Minor alkaloid) neAl et al. 1972; (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 gm.fresh: Major alkaloid) BruHn & BruHn 1973. Mescaline (Less than 0.00002% dry wt.) neAl et al. 1972 [Plants obtained commercially. Not indicated if ield collected or seed grown ]; (0.003% dry wt.) siniscAlco 1983 [Plants was cultivated in Italy]; (Less than 0.0001% [fresh wt]) ŠtArHA 1994. Not observed by other workers (including Agurell Four other THIQs were reported by rousH et al. 1985 but they were uncertain of the positions of the methoxy groups on the aromatic ring due to the identiication by MIKES. Similarly, for the same reason, it does not appear possible to assign precise isomeric identity to several of the THIQs reported in unger et al. 1980 (2 appeared to be O-Methylanhalonidine and O-Methylpellotine but we cannot state this with certainty). Pachycereus weberi was reported to show positive results in the alkaloid screenings of Fong et al. 1972 [3-OH-4-MeO-PEA is listed in error, the reference cited, smitH 1977, does not mention this species.] Djerassi et al. reported no detectable triterpenes. et al. 1971b [Material cultivated in Europe] & BruHn & BruHn 1973 [Material was ield collected in Mexico]). Lemairin (0.018% yield by dry wt.) (a glucoside) mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980a Glucaric acid (tlc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Isocitric acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) N-Methylmescaline (trace) neAl et al. 1972 Anhalidine (0.000067% dry wt.) neAl et al. 1972; (10-50% of 1-10 mg total alkaloids per 100 grams of [fresh wt]) Agurell et al. 1971b & BruHn & BruHn 1973; (Less than 0.0001% [fresh wt]) ŠtArHA 1994 56 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Pereskia grandilora hort. Pellotine (0.000009% dry wt.) neAl et al. 1972; (Less than 0.0001% [fresh wt]) ŠtArHA 1994 Tyramine (no quantiication) b-Hydroxymescaline (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 [PEA, N-Me-PEA, 4-MeO-PEA and N-Me-4-MeO-PEA have been erroneously listed for Pelecyphora aselliformis. The cited reference, neAl et al. 1972, ran these 4 alkaloids as their dansyl-derivatives using pure reference compounds. They were NOT found in the plant.] Unidentiied alkaloids reported by reko 1928. Quinic acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Betalamic acid in lowers. PiAttelli 1981 cited cHAng et al. 1974 but this reference is incorrect as they only investigated Portulaca grandilora. [A number of color forms and F1 hybrids have been surveyed for betalains. PiAttelli 1981 cited ootAni & HAgiwArA 1969. This reference has not been located but it too may also be suspect] Pelecyphora pseudopectinata BAckeBerg See as Turbinicarpus pseudopectinatus Pereskia grandifolia haworth Tyramine (no quantiication) 3-Methoxytyramine (no quantiication) 4-Methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 Flowers contains Betanin (major), and an unidentiied Betacyanin. Also traces of Isobetanin & Phyllocactin PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 [As Rhodocactus grandifolius (HAw.) knutH]. Reported to contain Quercetin & Kaempferol (Flavonols) ricHArdson 1978 (based on acid hydrolysis) All CO2 uptake occurred entirely during the day through the leaves (under well watered conditions) noBel & HArtsock 1986 Peniocereus fosterianus CutaK Chichipegenin (a triterpene) (in stem) Peniocerol (1% by dry wt. in root) (a sterol: cholest-8-en3b,6a-diol) djerAssi et al. 1961 [From State of Colima, Mexico] Peniocereus greggii & Peniocereus striatus See comment under Activity Notes. Pereskia aculeata miLLer “grosellero” (Cuba),”Barbados gooseberry”, “Spanish Gooseberry” stAndley 1924 Tyramine (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 Citric acid (2.3% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 Betalains. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. All CO2 uptake occurred during the day through the stems (under well watered conditions) noBel & HArtsock 1986 Cholesterol (2.5% of total sterols) 24ḉ-Methylcholesterol (18.7% of total sterols) Stigmasterol (6.3% of total sterols) Sitosterol (72.5% of total sterols) sAlt et al. 1987 Pereskia grandifolia fruit reported to contain a saponin of oleanolic acid. Methyl oleanolate was found to be the sapogenin with D-Glucose and D-Glucuronic acid as the sugars. sAHu et al. 1974 Pereskia pititache (KarwinsKy) Britton & rose Phenethylamine (no quantiication) Tyramine (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 Pereskia tampicana weBer Pereskia autumnalis (eiChLam) rose Phenethylamine (no quantiication) Tyramine (no quantiication) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.0025%) 4-Methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine (no quantiication) Mescaline (0.0013% dry wt.) doetscH et al. 1980 Phenethylamine (no quantiication) Tyramine (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 Pereskia bleo DC Reported to contain Quercetin & Kaempferol (Flavonols) ricHArdson 1978 (based on acid hydrolysis) [3-MeO-b-hydroxy-PEA has been listed in error. The cited reference, doetscH et al. 1980, did not report this compound.] Pereskia corrugata CutaK Tyramine (no quantiication) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.0009%) 3-Methoxytyramine (no quantiication) Mescaline (0.0005% dry wt.) doetscH et al. 1980 Pereskiopsis chapistle (weBer) Britton & rose “chapiztli” stAndley 1924 Phenethylamine (no quantiication) Tyramine (no quantiication) 4-Methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine (no quantiication) 3-Methoxytyramine (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 Pereskia cubensis Britton & rose Tyramine (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 Pereskia godsefiana (sanDwith) Knuth Pereskiopsis porteri (BranDegee) Britton & rose Tyramine (no quantiication) doetscH et al. 1980 “alcajer” (Baja California) stAndley 1924 Reported to contain Kaempferol (a Flavonol) ricHArdson 1978 (based on acid hydrolysis) 57 http://troutsnotes.com 88% of the CO2 uptake occurred during the day through the leaves (under well watered conditions) noBel & HArtsock 1986 N,N-Dimethyl-3-methoxytyramine (0.004% dry wt.) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) PummAngurA et al. 1977. Pereskiopsis scandens Britton & rose Pilocereus nobilis HAwortH See as Cephalocereus nobilis Pilocereus pasacana weBer See as Trichocereus pasacana Pilocereus sargentianus orcutt See as Lophocereus schottii Pilocereus schottii (engelmAnn) lemAire See as Lophocereus schottii Pilocereus schottii lemAire See as Lophocereus schottii Pilocereus senilis (HAw.) PFeiFFer See as Cephalocereus senilis Pilocereus thurberi rümPler See as Lemaireocereus thurberi Tyramine (no quantiication) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.0029%) Mescaline (0.0022% dry wt.) doetscH et al. 1980 Phyllocactus ackermannii Link See as Nopalxochia ackermannii Phyllocactus hybridus Pilosocereus chrysacanthus (weBer) Byles & rowley See as Pilocereus chrysacanthus Pilosocereus gaumeri (Br. & r.) BAckeBerg is NOT synonymous with Pterocereus (?) gaumeri Pilosocereus glaucescens (lAB.) Byles & rowley See as Cephalocereus glaucescens Pilosocereus guerronis (BAckeBerg.) Byles & rowley See as Pilocereus guerreronis Pilosocereus leucocephalus (Poselger) Byles & rowley See as Cephalocereus leucocephalus Pilosocereus maxonii (rose) Byles & rowley See as Pilocereus maxonii Pilosocereus nobilis (HAw.) Britton & rose See as Cephalocereus nobilis Flower contains betacyanins: Betanin (major), Isobetanin, Phyllocactin & Isophyllocactin. PiAttelli & minAle 1964a & 1964b (Also minAle et al. 1966 [Collected near Naples, Italy ]) Pilocereus chrysacanthus weBer N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Major alkaloid. 0.006% fresh) BruHn & sáncHez-mejorAdA 1977 [Wild collected; Puebla, Mexico] Reported as showing no detectable alkaloids in the screenings of Fong et al. 1972 Quinic acid (tlc, glc & gc-ms by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Polaskia chende (gosseLin) giBson & horaK Pilocereus chrysomallus lemAire See as Backebergia militaris Pilocereus euphorbioides (HAw.) rümPler See as Neobuxbaumia euphorbioides Pilocereus gaumeri (Br. & r.) knutH is NOT synonymous with Pterocereus (?) gaumeri Pilocereus giganteus rümPler See as Carnegiea gigantea Pilocereus glaucescens lABouret See as Cephalocereus glaucescens “chende”, “chente”, “chinoa” stAndley 1924: 899 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (less than or around 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Around 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 Mescaline (Around or less than 0.01%.) mA et al. 1986 Oleanolic acid Oleanolic aldehyde Erythrodiol sHAmmA & rosenstock 1959 (didn’t include starting weight) Strongly positive in alkaloid screening of Fong et al. 1972 Oleanolic acid & Chichipegenin were reported to be present. giBson & HorAk 1978 cited BrAvo & cox 1958 Pilocereus gounellei (weBer) ByLes & rowLey “alastrado” Unconirmed report of caffeine (0.15-0.22%) in its seeds. HegnAuer 1964 & mAtA & mclAugHlin 1982 cited Freise 1935. This alkaloid identiication is highly questionable. Pilocereus guerreronis (B aCKeBerg ) B yLes & rowLey Polaskia chichipe (gosseLin) BaCKeBerg “chichipe”, “chichibe” stAndley 1924: 898 69.8% water by wt. Reported no detectable alkaloids. Oleanolic acid (as 0.008% dry wt via its methyl ester) Chichipegenin (a triterpene & tetrol) (0.083% dry wt.) sAndovAl et al. 1957 [Wild collected; Puebla, Mexico] Longispinogenin giBson & HorAk 1978 cited djerAssi 1957 N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (~ 0.042% (~60% of 0.07% total alkaloid) [fresh wt] Recovered 0.012%.) N,N-Dimethyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (approximately 0.025% fresh wt. (~35% of 0.07% total alkaloid) Recovered 0.0044% as pure compound.) O-Methylcorypalline (i.e. N-Methylheliamine) (trace) lindgren & BruHn 1976 [Wild collected; Guerrero, Mexico] Pseudolobivia kermesina Krainz Pilocereus leucocephalus Poselger See as Cephalocereus leucocephalus Tyramine (0.0002% dry wt.) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977 Pilocereus maxonii (rose) Knuth Tyramine (trace) N-Methyltyramine (trace) N-Methyl-3-methoxytyramine (0.002% dry wt.) 58 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Pterocereus foetidus Th.maCDougaLL & F.miranDa Rebutia fabrisii rausCh 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (around 0.01% dry wt.) 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Less than 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 Emission rates varied up to 12-fold between individuals Dehydrogeosmin - Major volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Minor volatile in loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Pterocereus (?) gaumeri (Britton & rose) th.maCDougaLL & F.miranDa Rebutia krainziana w.KesseLring Betalain pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. [Given by mAcdougAll & mirAndA as a provisional name] 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (less than or around 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Around or less than 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 Mescaline (Less than 0.01%) mA et al. 1986 Pterocereine [a unique glucosylated cactus THIQ] (0.062% by dry wt) moHAmed et al. 1979 Also reported to contain the tetrahydroisoquinoline Deglucopterocereine. (yield of 0.164% dry wt) moHAmed et al. 1979 [This compound appears to be potentially pharmacologically active but lacks any published evaluation. It is formed via acid hydrolysis of Pterocereine so it is probable that at least part (and perhaps all) of their product was an extraction artifact.] Unidentiied alkaloids reported to present. moHAmed et al. 1979 Deglucopterocereine-N-oxide (0.038% yield by dry wt.) PummAngurA et al. 1982b Rebutia margarethae rausCh Weddellite was identiied as druses. monje & BArAn 2002 Rebutia marsoneri werDermann Betalain pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. Dehydrogeosmin - Major volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Minor volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile in loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Rebutia miniscula K.sChumann Betalain pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. Rebutia pseudodeminuta BaCKeBerg Puna clavarioides (pFeiFFer) AKA “Walllower-crown” Whewellite was identiied as druses. monje & BArAn 2002 Betalain pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. Pyrrhocactus strausianus (sChumann) BaCKeBerg Rebutia senilis BaCKeBerg Weddellite was identiied as druses, prisms & crystal sand. monje & BArAn 2002 AKA “Fire-crown cactus” Betalain pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. Quiabentia chacoensis BaCKeBerg Rhipsalis baccifera (js mueller) steArn is listed as containing unidentiied alkaloid(s) by sHulgin & sHulgin but no reference was included. Reported to contain Quercetin (a Flavonol) ricHArdson 1978 (based on acid hydrolysis) 88% of the daily CO2 uptake occurred through the leaves during the daytime but some occurred at night (under well watered conditions) noBel & HArtsock 1986 Rhipsalis capilliformis weBer Citric acid (3.5% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 Rauhocereus riosaniensis BaCKeBerg needs an analysis. Rhipsalis cassytha gaertner Citric acid (2.2% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 Rathbunia alamosensis (coulter) Britton & rose See as Stenocereus alamoensis Listed as containing unidentiied alkaloid(s) by sHulgin & sHulgin but no reference was included. Rebutia arenacea CárDenas See comment in Activity Notes. Dehydrogeosmin - Major volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Minor volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile in loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Rhipsalis conferta saLm-DyCK See comment in Activity Notes. Rhipsalis gaertneria var. maCKoy Citric acid (2.9% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 59 http://troutsnotes.com Rhipsalis juengeri BarthLott & n.p.tayLor Rhipsalis rhombea pFeiFFer (% = Relative percent of total) 10-Methylundecan-2-one (36.0%) Undecan-2-one (26.95%) Unidentiied: possibly Methyl undecenone (12.3%) 8-Methylnonan-2-one (1.918%) Linalool (1.86%) Styrene (2.4%) Heptan-2-one (1.2%) 6-Methylheptan-2-one (0.4%) 9-Methyldecanal (0.217%) Nonanal (0.2%) Nonanone-2 (0.86%) 2-Undecanol (0.53%) 8-Methylnonanol (0.494%) Benzaldehyde (0.352%) 6-Methylhept-5-en-2-one (0.19%) Hexadecane (0.133%) Decanal (0.12%) Tetradecane (0.115%) Octan-2-one (0.1%) Benzyl acetone (0.097%) Octanal (0.072%) Benzyl acetate (0.067%) Benzyl alcohol (0.064%) Oct-1-en-3-ol (0.059%) Tridecan-2-one (0.48%) 7-Methyloctan-2-one (0.035%) Octanol (0.035%) Dodecane (0.034%) Naphthalene (0.03%) Decan-2-one (0.023%) trans-Anethole (trace) α-Cedrene (trace) Coumarin (trace) p-Cymene (trace) Limonene (trace) 3-Methylbut-2-enyl acetate (trace) Methyl decanoate (trace) Methyl salicylate (trace) Phenoxyethanol (trace) α-Pinene (trace) α-Selinene (trace) scHlumPBerger et al. 2006 Citric acid (1.6% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cf. Bergström 1934 Rhipsalis teres (veLLozo) steuDeL Appears listed as containing unidentiied alkaloid(s) but either the entry included no reference or else the reference that was cited (Brown et al. 1968) did not mention the species. Rhipsalis virgata weBer Citric acid (1.8% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cf. Bergström 1934 Rhipsalis warmingiana K. sChumann Citric acid (3.1% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cf. Bergström 1934 Listed as containing unidentiied alkaloid(s) by sHulgin & sHulgin but no reference was included. Rhodocactus spp. See as Pereskia spp. Ritterocereus griseus (HAwortH) BAckeBerg See as Lemaireocereus griseus Ritterocereus hystrix (HAwortH) BAckeBerg See as Lemaireocereus hystrix Ritterocereus montanus (Britton & rose) BAckeBerg See as Stenocereus montanus Ritterocereus pruinosus (otto) BAckeBerg See as Lemaireocereus pruinosus Ritterocereus queretaroensis (weBer) BAckeBerg See as Lemaireocereus queretaroensis Ritterocereus weberi (coulter) BAckeBerg See as Pachycereus weberi Rooksbya euphorbioides (HAwortH) BAckeBerg See as Neobuxbaumia euphorbioides Roseocactus issuratus See as Ariocarpus issuratus Roseocereus tephracanthus (lAB.) BAckeBerg = Trichocereus tephracanthus No analysis reported but one seems needed. Schlumbergera bridgesii (Lemaire) LoFgren Cholesterol (traces) Avenasterol (8.5% of total) 24ḉ-Methylcholesterol (10.2% of total) Sitosterol (81.3% of total) sAlt et al. 1987 Listed as containing unidentiied alkaloid(s) by sHulgin & sHulgin but no reference was included. Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides stanDL. Mesembryanthemoidigenic acid (0.36%) (A dihydroxy triterpene acid) turscH et al. 1965 [Collected in the State of Guanabara, Brazil] Schlumbergera russelliana (hooKer) Britton & rose Listed as containing unidentiied alkaloid(s) but either the entry included no reference or else the reference that was cited (Brown et al. 1968) did not mention the species. Rhipsalis paradoxa saLm-DyCK Citric acid (2.3% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 Schlumbergera truncata (Haworth) Moran Analyzed as Zygocactus truncatus (HAwortH) scHumAnn “Christmas Cactus” Report of “Unknown amine” in wHeAton & stewArt 1970. Citric acid (1.3% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cf. Bergström 1934. Rhipsalis regnellii LinDB. Citric acid (4.5% in stem juice) HegnAuer 1964 cited Bergström 1934 60 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Flavonol-3-glycoside, and two glycosides of Isorhamnetin (Isorhamnetin-3-β-galactoside AKA Cacticin: 0.02% dry wt. & Isorhamnetin-3-β-rutinoside AKA Narcissin & Lycorine: 0.05% dry wt.) were isolated from lowers by Hörhammer et al. 1966. [It was found to contain no Isocitric acid by sodestrom 1962.] Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. Also caffeic acid. AArdvArk 2006 cf. scHultes & rAFFAuF 1990 Selenicereus pteranthus (LK. & o.) Br. & r. Schlumbergera x buckleyi (T. moore) tjaDen Hordenine (0.002% dry wt.) PetersHoFer-HAlBmeyer et al. 1982 “Christmas cactus” The betalains: Betalamic acid Betanidin 5-O-(2’-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-6’-Omalonyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside Betanidin 5-O-[(5’-O-E-feruloyl)-2’-O-β-Dapiofuranosyl-6’-O-malonyl)]-β-D-glucopyranoside Betanin Phyllocactin (6’-O-Malonylbetanin) Isophyllocactin Iso-2’-apiosyl-betanin Vulgaxanthin I and 7 others were detected in the lowers. koBAyAsHi et al. 2000 William Buckley produced this hybrid in the late 1840s between S. russelliana and S. truncata. Soehrensia bruchii (Br. & r.) BAckeBerg see as Trichocereus bruchii Solisia pectinata (B.stein.) Britton & rose N-Methyltyramine (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 gm. fresh.) Hordenine (Over 50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 gm. fresh.) BruHn & BruHn 1973 Solisia pseudopectinata BAckeBerg See as Pelecyphora pseudopectinata Stenocactus multicostatus (HildmAnn) A.Berger See as Echinofossulocactus multicostatus koBAyAsHi et al. 2000 made the comment that the pigments of Schlumbergera truncata ‘s petals showed “almost the same betalain pattern as that of Schlumbergera x buckleyi petals”. Kobayashi did not include any actual details. Stenocereus alamosensis (CouLter) a.giBson & horaK AKA “cina” or “sina” Interestingly, this analysis suggests that this species might be better grouped with the species we have listed under Lemaireocereus. Oleanolic acid was reported to be present. giBson & HorAk 1978 cited Bird 1974 Gummososide A methyl ester Gummososide A Kakuta et al. 2012 kircHer 1982 lists Longispinogenin as being present in higher concentrations than in Machaereocereus gummosus and the sterol diols being lower. Gummosogenin, Machaeric acid and Machaerinic acid also present but no details included. tlc examination showed no detectable alkaloids and the very strong presence of triterpene glycosides: kircHer 1982 Lipid content was 5.6% by dry weight: kircHer 1982 Selenicereus conilorus (weingart) Britton & rose See comment in Activity Notes. Selenicereus grandilorus (Linnaeus) Britton & rose “gigante” (Durango), “organillo” (Tamaulipas) stAndley 1924 Tyramine (0.3% dry wt.) wAgner & grevel 1982a Hordenine (0.001% dry wt.) PetersHoFer-HAlBmeyer et al. 1982 [N-methyltyramine appears to be an erroneous entry in the literature. EAMP 1999. See comments in Activity Notes.] Unidentiied alkaloid(s) reported in Brown et al. 1968 (3 major and 4 minor alkaloids; one of which had a MW of 330+-25.) [An uncharacterized alkaloid named Cactine was previously reported by sultAn 1891] Unidentiied alkaloid(s) reported in Brown et al. 1968 [An uncharacterized alkaloid named Cactine was previously reported by sultAn 1891] Claims of digitalis-like cardioactive glycosides, appearing in the literature, are ALL unsupported errors. See additional comments in Activity Notes. Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. See comment in Activity Notes. Stenocereus beneckei (ehrenBerg) BuxBaum 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (less than or around 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 (HBG 32973) 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Around 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 Mescaline (Less than 0.01%.) mA et al. 1986 Queretaroic acid (A dihydroxy triterpene acid; in hydrolyzed saponin) No isolation details included. djerAssi et al. 1955a. [Also isolated by djerAssi et al. 1956b] Lupenone (wax component) (0.12% by dry wt) kinosHitA et al. 1992 (Also by wollenweBer & dörr 1995) 61 http://troutsnotes.com Lupeol (wax component) (0.04% by dry wt) kinosHitA et al. 1992 (Also by wollenweBer & dörr 1995) Oleanolic acid (detected; in hydrolyzed saponin) djerAssi et al. 1956b b-Amyrin (In the surface wax; in a 1:1:3 ratio with Lupeol & Lupeone) [Grown in Germany] wollenweBer & dörr 1995 27-Desoxyphillyrigenin Treleasegenic acid (3α-hydroxytaraxastan-28,20α-olide) and four known triterpenes Betulinic acid Oleanolic acid Stellatogenin Thurberogenin ye et al. 1998 Stenocereus chende (gosselin) Byles & rowley See as Polaskia chende Stenocereus chichipe (gosselin) Byles & rowley See as Polaskia chichipe Stenocereus dumortieri (scHeidw.) BuxBAum See as Lemaireocereus dumortieri Oleanolic acid Thurberogenin Queretaroic acid Treleasegenic acid Machaerogenin Morolic acid Machaeroceric acid 21-Ketobetulinic acid 16β-Hydroxybetulinic acid 22β-Hydroxystellatogenin Desoxyphyllyrigenin Stellatogenin Betulinic acid yAng et al. 1998 Stenocereus eruca (BranDegee) giBson & horaK “chirinola”, “chirinole”, “chilenola” stAndley 1924: 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (less than 0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 (Baja, Mexico; AC Gibson 3625) 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Around 0.01% dry wt.)[?] mA et al. 1986 Mescaline (Less than 0.01% [?] ) mA et al. 1986 Stellatogenin (a triterpene) 0.07% [fresh wt] (3.1 gm from 4.5 kg [fresh wt]) djerAssi et al. 1955b Betulinic acid (a triterpene) (Identiied as present via the methyl ester) djerAssi et al. 1955b. Other compounds appeared to be present: djerAssi et al. 1955b. (Analysis has usually been as Machaerocereus eruca) Two lectins (MEAI and MEAII) were isolated and partially characterized. They were the irst lectins to be isolated from cacti. zenteno et al. 1988 Zenteno described the puriied lectins as being “glycoproteins containing 36% (MEAI) and 24% (MEAII) of total carbohydrate, respectively. hey do not contain sialic acid, but are rich in glucose, galactose, L-rhamnose and xylose; in addition, mannose is present as well as some L-arabinose in MEA1.” Two new triterpene saponins: 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)β-D-glucuronopyranosyl stellatogenin (They named it Stellatoside B.) 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl betulinic acid 28-O-α-Lrhamnopyranosyl ester (They named it Erucasaponin A.) okAzAki et al. 2007 Stellatoside C, D & E Stellatoside B methyl ester Stellatoside C methyl ester hurberoside A Phillyriside A Treleaseside A Kakuta et al. 2012 (all new triterpene saponins) Betulinic acid Machaerogenin (new) 111 mg from 67.8 g dry Oleanolic acid Stellatogenin Thurberogenin koyAmA et al. 1993 (aerial parts) See comments in Activity Notes. Stenocereus griseus (HAwortH) BuxBAum See as Lemaireocereus griseus Stenocereus gummosus (B rAndegee ) A.g iBson & H orAk See as Machaerocereus gummosus Stenocereus hystrix (HAwortH) BuxBAum See as Lemaireocereus hystrix Stenocereus longispinus (Br. & r.) BuxBAum See as Pachycereus marginatus Stenocereus marginatus (decAndolle) BuxBAum See as Pachycereus marginatus Stenocereus montanus (Britton & rose) BuxBAum See as Lemaireocereus montanus A germanicane derivative: 3α,19R-dihydroxygermanican-28-oic acid (They named Machaeroceric acid.) Three new lupane derivatives: 21-Ketobetulinic acid 16α-Hydroxybetulinic acid 22α-Hydroxystellatogenin Four new triterpenes, Morolic acid Queretaroic acid 62 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Thurberogenin 0.02% dry wt. [djerAssi 1957 thought this might be an artifact] Oleanolic acid 0.1% (via its methyl ester) [Also observed in djerAssi & mills 1958] Would not rule out possibility of traces of Betulinic acid. djerAssi et al. 1956a [Collected in Oaxaca, Mexico]. Treleasegenic acid (a triterpene) djerAssi & mills 1958 Oxyallobetulin was also listed in djerAssi 1957 who thought this might be an artifact. Stenocereus pruinosus (otto) BuxBAum See as Lemaireocereus pruinosus Stenocereus queretaroensis (weBer) BuxBAum See as Lemaireocereus queretaroensis Stenocereus quevedonis (g.ortegA) BuxBAum See as Lemaireocereus quevedonis Stenocereus stellatus (pFeiFFer) riCCoBono “tuna”, “joconostle” stAndley 1924: 899 87.4% water by weight djerAssi et al. 1955b 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (around 0.01% dry wt.) 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (around 0.01% dry wt.) Mescaline (0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 (HBG 34963) Stellatogenin (a neutral triterpene lactone (80% of neutral fraction); irst isolation but not clear if S. eruca or S. stellatus was irst) (2.2% by dry weight) [In another experiment in same paper they obtained 1.7% (crude)] Also in koyAmA et al. 1993 Thurberogenin 15% of neutral fraction [djerAssi 1957 thought this might be an artifact] Also in koyAmA et al. 1993 Oleanolic acid (0.009% by dry wt) (Isolated via the methyl ester) [Also in koyAmA et al. 1993] Betulinic acid (0.376% by dry wt) (Isolated via the methyl ester) djerAssi et al. 1955b [Collected: Mexico] Also koyAmA et al. 1993 16-β-Hydroxystellatogenin (new) 24 mg from 52.9 gm dry. Machaerogenin (new) 31 mg from 52.9 gm dry. koyAmA et al. 1993 (aerial parts) Stellatogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-αL-rhamno-pyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (They named it Stellatoside) 0.01% in cultivated plants and 0.22% in wild ones (dry weight). Oleanolic acid 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→3)-β-Dglucuronopyranosyl 28-O--D-glucopyranoside (0.10% in cultivated plants and 0.02% in wild ones). imAi et al. 2006 Species was reported as containing triterpenoid saponins but devoid of alkaloid; according to djerAssi & liPPmAn 1954 & djerAssi et al. 1954c; citing L.H. Liu (unpublished observation from djerAssi’s lab) Flower contains Betanin, Phyllocactin, Isobetanin, 2 unidentified Betacyanins & traces of Isophyllocactin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 Stenocereus weberi (coulter) riccoBono. See as Pachycereus weberi Stenocereus weberi (coulter) BuxBAum See as Pachycereus weberi Stetsonia coryne (saLm-DyCK) Britton & rose Tyramine (10-50% of 1-10 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) N-Methyltyramine (1-10% of 1-10 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh. 3-Methoxytyramine (Over 50% of the 1-10mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) Mescaline (0.1-1.0 mg. per 100 grams fresh.) Anhalonidine (trace) Anhalidine (trace) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via commercial sources in Germany & the Netherlands] (Did not analyze for 4o amines such as coryneine.) Coryneine (1% dry wt.) reti et al. 1935 [Collected from the wild in Argentina] [Oxycandicine is simply a synonym for Coryneine.] Strombocactus disciformis (DC) Br. & r. Reported to contain Isocitric acid (tlc & glc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Tephrocactus articulata (pFeiFFer) hunt Whewellite was identiied as druses. monje & BArAn 2002 [Examined as Tephrocactus articulatus and seperately as Tephrocactus glomeratus) Tephrocactus aurantiaca LinDLey Hordenine (%?) devries et al. 1971 Mucilage determined to be comprised of Arabinose (30.8%), Galactose (38.3%), Galacturonic acid (6.6%), Rhamnose (10.3%) & Xylose (14.0%). moynA & diFABio 1978 (Analyzed MAM 1307) Stenocereus thurberi (engelmAnn) BAckeBerg See as Lemaireocereus thurberi Stenocereus thurberi (engelmAnn) BuxBAum See as Lemaireocereus thurberi Tephrocactus soehrensii Britton & rose Stenocereus treleasei (Britton & rose) BaCKeBerg Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. “tunillo” Standley 1924: 899 82.6% water by weight 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (around 0.01% dry wt.) 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Around 0.01% dry wt.) Mescaline (0.01% dry wt.) mA et al. 1986 Stellatogenin 0.64% dry wt. [Also observed in djerAssi & mills 1958] Thelocactus bicolor (gaLeotti) Britton & rose AKA Glory of Texas Reported to contain unidentiied alkaloids. cHAlet 1980a cited dominguez et al. 1969 Itesmol (a steroid; 0.15% dry wt.) dominguez et al. 1968 Eisacol (a triterpenoid) dominguez et al. 1968 63 http://troutsnotes.com Two unidentiied components. dominguez et al. 1968 Reported to contain Betalains as pigments. woHlPArt & mABry 1968 cited dreiding 1961. helocactus setispinus: Cactus bicolor Terán & Berlandier, 1832 Echinocactus hamatus Muehlenpfordt, 1848 Echinocactus muehlenpfordtii Fennel, 1847 Echinocactus setispinus Engelmann, 1845 Echinocactus setispinus var. cachetianus Labouret, 1853 Echinocactus setispinus var. hamatus (Muehlenpfordt) Engelmann, 1850 Echinocactus setispinus var. mierensis K. Schumann, 1898 Echinocactus setispinus var. orcuttii Echinocactus setispinus var. setaceus Engelmann, 1850 Ferocactus setispinus (Engelm.) L.D. Benson, 1969 Hamatocactus bicolor (Terán & Berlandier) I.M.Johnston, 1924 Hamatocactus setispinus (Engelmann) Britton & Rose, 1922 Hamatocactus setispinus var. hamatus (Muehlenpfordt) Borg, 1937 helocactus setispinus (Engelmann) E.F. Anderson, 1987 helocactus setispinus var. cachetianus (Labouret) Pilbeam, 1996 helocactus setispinus var. hamatus (Muehlenpfordt) Pilbeam 1996 helocactus setispinus var. mierensis (K. Schumann) Pilbeam 1996 helocactus setispinus var. muehlenpfordtii (Fennel) Pilbeam 1996 helocactus setispinus var. orcuttii (K. Schumann) Pilbeam 1996 Thelocactus pseudopectinatus (BAckeBerg) Anderson & Boke See as Pelecyphora pseudopectinata Thelocactus spp. A number of Thelocactus species were said to have been found devoid of alkaloid but their speciic identities were not included. west et al. 1974 Two names appeared that seem to have created a divergent mess involving the name “bicolor”. Terán & Berlandier, 1832 published Cactus bicolor (now helocactus setispinus) his appears to be what Johnson decided to name Hamatocactus bicolor despite what many other authors seem to make of it. (Benson called this Ferocactus setispinus.) Galeotti ex Pfeif. 1848 published Echinocactus bicolor (now helocactus bicolor) Taylor called it Ferocactus bicolor in 1979. I am not sure how Anderson or Hunt merged I.M. Johnson’s bicolor with helocactus bicolor’s history. It is listed as renaming Galeotti ex Pfeifer’s plant but according to others Johnson renamed Terán & Berland’s plant (setispinus). he declarations of synonymity go much farther in terms of apparent errors in both directions with T. bicolor descriptions being lumped with setispina being declared a synonym while others have Teran & Berlandier included with bicolor while preserving setispina on its own. Its totally schizoid. Trichocereus andalgalensis (weBer) Kreuzinger Hordenine (%?) nieto 1987 Candicine (%?) nieto 1987 helocactus bicolor subsp. bicolor : Echinocactus bicolor Galeotti ex Pfeiffer, 1848 Echinocactus bicolor var. pottsii Salm-Dyck, 1850 Echinocactus bicolor var. schottii Engelmann, 1856 Echinocactus bicolor var. tricolor K. Schumann, 1898 Echinocactus wagnerianus A. Berger, 1929 Ferocactus bicolor (Galeotti ex Pfeiff.) N.P. Taylor, 1979 helocactus bicolor subsp. commodus (R.Haas) Doweld, 1999 helocactus bicolor subsp. zwakii Chvastek & Halda, 2000 helocactus bicolor var. commodus R. Haas, 1988 helocactus bicolor var. pottsii (Salm-Dyck) Backeberg, 1961 helocactus bicolor var. schottii (Engelmann) Krainz, 1961 helocactus bicolor var. tricolor (K. Schumann) Y. Ito, 1952 helocactus bicolor var. wagnerianus (A. Berger) Krainz, 1961 helocactus schottii (Engelmann) Kladiwa & Fittkau, 1975 helocactus wagnerianus A. Berger, 1929 Great confusion exists in horticulture concerning this plant. Several combinations have been made under this name involving at least two separate plants. See Ritter for a discussion. Trichocereus argentinensis n.n. hort. B.ressLer A stout peruvianoid-macrogonoid said to reach up to 8-9-(10?) inches in diameter. Initially mislabeled Cereus argentinensis, it is assumed to have originated in northern Argentina. In pictures it looks very bluish-blushed (See Ressler’s website) and interestingly similar to what is pictured on page 41 in innes & glAss 1991 mislabeled Cereus peruvianus with its origin given as Argentina! Roberto Kiesling, in correspondence, insists that nothing like this occurs in Argentina and the origin information is mistaken. Needs an analysis and taxonomic study. Also see an authentic Cereus argentinensis in innes & glAss 1991 Trichocereus atacamensis (phiLippi) marshaLL (San Pedro de Atacama, Chile) Needs an analysis. See comment in Activity Notes. 64 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Trichocereus bridgesii (saLm-DyCK) Britton & rose Trichocereus camaraguensis CarDenas AKA San Pedro & achuma (Bolivia) Tyramine (1-10% of over 50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm of fresh) 3-Methoxytyramine (1-10% of over 50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (1-10% of over 50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Tyramine (trace) N-Methyltyramine (trace) 3-Methoxytyramine (trace) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) Agurell 1969b [European commercial sources] Trichocereus candicans (giLL.) Britton & rose [3,4-diMeO-5-OH-PEA and 3,5-diMeO-4-OH-PEA are also listed in error for T. bridgesii. The reference cited, Agurell 1969b, did not report either compound.] [All forms & varieties of this species are said to contain levels of mescaline ranging from nearly inactive to potent: Conversations with friends, dAvis 1983, dAvis 1997, dAvis 1999 & also the 1998 Entheogen Review 7 (3): 70-71.] Tyramine (trace) mAtA et al. 1976a. Also reported in mAtA et al. 1976b N-Methyltyramine (0.004% by dry weight) mAtA et al. 1976a; Also isolated in mAtA et al. 1976b. Not observed by Agurell 1969b Hordenine (over 50% of over 50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources]; (Variable from 0.5 to 5%) reti 1950; also cAstrillón 1950 & reti 1933. Candicine (Variable. 0.5 to 5%) reti 1950 also reti 1933 and cAstrillón 1950 2 unidentiied trace alkaloids detected mAtA et al. 1976 See additional comments in Activity Endnotes. Trichocereus cephalomacrostibas rauh & BaCKe- Bridgesigenin A (a triterpene: 0.0378% dry wt.) Bridgesigenin B (a triterpene: 0.00657% by dry wt) Both triterpenes by kinosHitA et al. 1992 [Both triterpenes arose via acid hydrolysis of the saponin fraction] Reported to contain Kaempferol & Quercetin (Flavonols) ricHArdson 1978 (based on acid hydrolysis) The degree of sliminess for T. bridgesii is claimed by growers to range from extreme to almost lacking. Needs an analysis (Also called a Haageocereus. Now it is considered to be a Weberbauerocereus) This was purported to contain mescaline by Caycho Jimenez but no reference was included with the claim. See comments in the Activity Notes. Mescaline (Over 25 mg. per 100 grams fresh.) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources] 0.56% (dry green outer tissues) serrAno 2008 (Wild harvested; La Paz, Bolivia) 0.18% (dry outer green tissues) ogunBedede 2009 (Bob Gillette commercial nursery stock in California) Berg Trichocereus chalaensis rauh & BaCKeBerg Needs an analysis See images in the San Pedro book. Trichocereus sp. W. BaKer 5452 was collected by Trichocereus chiloensis (collA) Br. & r. See as Trichocereus chilensis Julio Cruz at Murillo, Jayuri Province, Bolivia, on 20 March, 1983. The original herbarium vouchers were submitted as Trichocereus pachanoi but it is clearly a bridgesii. Presence of Mescaline was proven both through human bioassays and unpublished analysis (Anonymous sources; personal communications.) Purported to have indigenous use but that claim lacks details or a reference. Lacking a published analysis. Trichocereus chilensis (CoLLa) Britton & rose AKA buisco Candicine (trace) cortes et al. 1972 “no triterpenes or alkaloids” “essentially devoid of alkaloids” b-Sitosterol Unidentiied material believed to be a straight chain alcohol [mp 82-82.5o [a]D –11o] (also described in this paper as a long chain aliphatic alcohol and an aromatic alcohol.) It was thought to resemble n-Nonacosan-10-ol but mmp was depressed. djerAssi et al. 1956a [Material from Chile] The monstrose forms of T. bridgesii have been purported to be especially active in human bioassays. ogunBedede 2010 analyzed the short jointed monstrose form and determined it to contain only 0.48% mescaline in the dried outer green tissues. b-O-Palmityl longispinogenin (Olean-12-ene-3b,16b,28triol-3-palmitate) in 1% yield. morAles & mclAugHlin 1989 (Collected in Chile) [Agurell 1969b (Obtained via European commercial sources) reported it devoid of alkaloids but speciically did not look for quaternary amines like Candicine] Trichocereus bruchii (Britton & rose) ritter Flower contains Betanin (major), Phyllocactin, Isobetanin, Isophyllocactin & an unidentiied Betacyanin. PiAttelli & imPerAto 1969 65 http://troutsnotes.com Trichocereus courantii (K.sChumann) BaCKeBerg Trichocereus grandilorus Tyramine (trace) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (1-10% of 1-10 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) 3-Methoxytyramine (1-10% of the 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) N-Methyl-3-methoxytyramine (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) N-Methyltyramine (Over 50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via commercial source in the Netherlands] This appears presented as a DMT container in both the underground literature and on the Internet. This arose from a preliminary report by Sasha Shulgin that he had observed what he suspected was DMT in GC-MS. He was unable to duplicate his observation but, upon lowering, discovered that he had used a yellow lowered form rather than the red-lowered one used in his initial analysis. It is unclear whether this was the cause for the disparate results or if a contaminated GC-MS was the culprit. Sasha suspects the latter. All of the various forms of plants known in horticulture within and around this name are in need of further investigation; both as chemical investigation and taxonomic study. (Masochists only need apply.) See comments on synonyms under T. huascha [The typo 2-Methoxytyramine has been published.] Trichocereus crassicostata ritter Needs an analysis & taxonomic study Trichocereus grandilorus (red-lowered) see Tricho- Trichocereus cuzcoensis Britton & rose cereus huascha There have been anecdotal reports of activity from material called Trichocereus grandilorus. While purely speculative, perhaps the mislabeled material depicted on page 78 of Part B San Pedro might provide one suggestion as to a possible source for this rumor? Of course the issue of what is meant by “active” should be the irst point to be clariied. Common names: “Giganton” and “Jahuackollai” Tyramine (trace) Agurell et al. 1971b 3-Methoxytyramine (Over 50% of the over 50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via commercial source in Germany ] and lindgren et al. 1971 Mescaline (0.5-5 mg. per 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b. [Also identiied by lindgren et al. 1971] 0.0% Cotaruse, Arequipa 0.0% Huaytampo, Cuzco 0.0% Huacarpay, Cuzco 0.0% Capacmarca, Cuzco serrAno 2008 (All were wild collections) Trichocereus huanucoensis H.johnson [Ex: UC Botanical Gardens (H. Johnson; Peru 56.1153; also in the Huntington as HBG18568. Released into horticulture by Johnson as T. huanucoensis and by HBG as HBG18562.] Needs an analysis. One human bioassay using 500 gm fresh wt of 1 version of the horticultural material sold under this name reported a stimulant but not hallucinogenic action. Anonymous 2000 It has conlicting bioassay reports with at least one claiming the presence of mescaline. Anonymous It should be emphasized that there appears to be 3 distinct versions in botanical gardens bearing this name and at least one additional offering in horticulture. The source for the material at both the Huntington & Berkeley Botanical Gardens was Harry Johnson, Sr., of Paramount California (better known as the source for the Paramount hybrids). Harry Johnson, Sr. ield collected the seeds in Peru (in 1956) so a possibility exists that the seeds produced F1 hybrids. See Part B San Pedro for images [4-MeO-PEA appears listed in error. The claim is not supported by any of the references cited.] “no triterpenes or alkaloids” [Ran with a second procedure and reported traces of non-phenolic basic material] djerAssi et al. 1956a [Material from Cuzco, Peru] b-Sitosterol (a sterol) djerAssi et al. 1956a Unidentiied alcohol that was also reported in T. chiloensis (see under). djerAssi et al. 1956a See also T. peruvianus var. cuzcoensis (under T. peruvianoids) which appears to be simply an undescribed synonym for T. cuzcoensis. They ALL appear to have originated with Karel Knize who has offered “peruvianus var. Cuzco KK340” & “peruvianus var. cuzcoensis KK340” Trichocereus fulvilanus ritter Tyramine (10-50% of over 50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) N-Methyltyramine (10-50% of over 50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Mescaline (trace) Agurell et al. 1971b [Commercial German source] Trichocereus huascha (weBer) Britton & rose Hordenine (Sole alkaloid. 10-50 mg/ 100 gm of fresh plant) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources]; (trace) FollAs et al. 1977 [FollAs analyzed as Lobivia huashua (weBer) w.t.mArsHAll.] N-Methyltyramine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977 Tyramine (trace) FollAs et al. 1977 BAckeBerg 1959 viewed this as possibly synonymous with T. deserticolus but, based on seed coat morphology, FriedricH & glAetzle 1983 considered the two to be separate species. Hunt sided with Backeberg. See Part B San Pedro 66 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Trichocereus lamprochlorus (Lemaire) BaCKeBerg Note on T. huascha: Hordenine (over 50% of 10-50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources] Candicine (trace) reti 1933, reti & Arnolt 1935 & reti 1950 In partial contrast to Ritter, Hunt considers the following to be synonyms of Echinopsis huascha (weBer) FriedricH & rowley (and this summation ignores all purely horticultural and ill-deined material such as the orange lowered “grandis”) Chamaecereus grandilorus (Britton & rose) Fric Echinopsis huascha (weBer) FrieDriCh & rowLey This is the name most commonly accepted at the present time. Echinopsis lobivioides BAckeBerg Echinopsis pecheretiana (BAckeBerg) FriedricH & rowley [In horticulture this has lemon-yellow lowers] Echinopsis rowleyi (FriedricH) kiesling Helianthocereus andalgalensis (weBer) BAckeBerg Helianthocereus grandilorus (Britton & rose) BAckeBerg Helianthocereus huascha (weBer) BAckeBerg Helianthocereus hyalacanthus (sPegAzzini) BAckeBerg Helianthocereus pecheretianus BAckeBerg Lobivia andalgalensis (weBer ex scHumAnn) Britton & rose (See photos under T. andalgalensis and under T. grandilora) Lobivia grandilora Britton & rose Lobivia huascha (weBer) W.T.mArsHAll Lobivia hyalacantha sPegAzzini Lobivia purpureominiata ritter Pseudolobivia lobivioides (BAckeBerg) BAckeBerg ex krAinz Trichocereus andalgalensis Hosseus Trichocereus catamarcensis ritter Trichocereus grandilorus BAckeBerg Trichocereus huascha (weBer) Britton & rose Trichocereus lobivioides grAeser & ritter ex ritter Trichocereus rowleyi FriedricH Friedrich & Glaetzle 1983 kept huascha and rowleyi separate based on their seed-coat morphology. Trichocereus macrogonus (saLm-DyCK) riCCoBono Tyramine (1-10% of 10-50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm of fresh) Agurell 1969b 3-Methoxytyramine (1-10 % of 10-50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh.) Agurell 1969b 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (1-10% of 10-50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources] Mescaline (5-25 mg. per 100 grams fresh.) Agurell 1969b [Human bioassays suggest that this value might be low for many specimens. Conversations with friends & the 1998 Entheogen Review 7 (3): 71. MANY horticultural offerings appear to be quite potent while others are demonstrably weak. It is unclear how much of this is strain related and how much relects variability within a given strain. Great confusion, or at least disagreement, apparently exists concerning what is and what is not this species.] [3,4-diMeO-5-OH-PEA and 3,5-diMeO-4-OH-PEA are also listed, in error, for this species. The reference cited, Agurell 1969b, did not report either compound.] No mucilage studies have been located thusfar but it should be noted that some strains are exceedingly slimy and other much less so. (Note also that we disregard much of this; pending the location of some sort of published research or clariications. Ideally this would take the form of a Monograph for the supergenus Echinopsis.) Also be aware that any Trichocereus lobivioides grandilorus is likely to be a hybrid. These are commercially available in red and other colorful lowers. T. huascha, as available in horticulture, is offered in both a yellow and red lowered form. Amazingly, Albesiano & Kiesling merged T. macrogonus and T. peruvianus as T. macrogona subsp. macrogona.♫ A number of triterpene saponins have been reported. Pachanol A (the hydrolyed sapogenin) by tAkizAwA et al 1993 Bridgesides A1, C1, C2, D1, D2, E1 & E2 (oleanane type) Pachanosides C1, E1, F1 and G1 (pachanane type) [Revised structure of Pachanol C to 21β-acetyloxy-3β,14β, 30-trihydroxypachan-12-en-28-oic acid 14β,28-lactone] by okAzAki et al. 2011. Trichocereus knuthianus BaCKeBerg Tyramine (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) 3-Methoxytyramine (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via commercial source in the Netherlands] Trichocereus manguinii BaCKeBerg 3-Methoxytyramine (1-10% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Hordenine (10-50% of the 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) N-Methyltyramine (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Tyramine (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b [Commercial source in the Netherlands] This species needs additional analysis. Some of the material bearing this label is reported to be hallucinogenically active. At least part of the commercial material available under this name is something else. The latter is sometimes referred to as T. peruvianus var. knuthianus which appears to lack any published description. See also T. peruvianus v. knuthianus also (under T. peruvianoids) It is unclear but likely that this is only an undescribed synonym for T. knuthianus -- more study of the chemistry is needed. 67 http://troutsnotes.com Alkaloids were detected in Brown et al. 1968 but none were identiied. Trichocereus pachanoi Britton & rose AKA “San Pedro”, “achuma”, “aguacolla”, “huachuma”, “giganton” & many other common names. Albesiano & Kiesling renamed T. pachanoi as Trichocereus macrogonus subsp. pachanoi. 93.5% water by weight according to Poisson 1960. Tyramine (trace) Agurell 1969a and Agurell 1969b 3-Methoxytyramine (0.01% by dry weight) crosBy & mclAugHlin 1973 [Obtained via Californian commercial sources]; (1-10% of over 50 mg total alkaloid/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b; (Less than 0.01% fresh) Agurell 1969a. [Also reported in Agurell & lundström 1968] Hordenine (trace) Agurell 1969b 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (1-10% of over 50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources] 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) Agurell 1969b 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) Agurell 1969a and 1969b. Also reported in Agurell & lundström 1968 Mescaline (Highly variable) 0.025%+ (over 25 mg per 100 gm) [Agurell 1969b] to 0.12% [Poisson 1960 (Collected in Peru)] reported by fresh weight. [Also 0.04% fresh/ ~ 0.67% dry: Agurell 1969a & 0.067-0.079% fresh: BruHn & lundström 1976a]; Recoveries from 0.331% [crosBy & mclAugHlin 1973] up to 2.0 % [Poisson 1960] have been reported from dry plants. [See also turner & HeymAn 1960 (Collected in Peru) who reported 0.9% by dry weight in misidentiied plants] From 0.109%-2.375% dry wt. (6 specimens) was estimated photometrically in Swiss cultivated plants by Helmlin & Brenneisen 1992 [See Note below]; 0.310% mescaline by fresh weight (3.10 mg/gm fresh as the average of three specimens; estimated using HPLC) They also reported an average of 2.06% by dry weight. (Ed.: Notice the obvious discrepancy.) Grown in Italy. gennAro et al. 1996; gonzAles HuertA 1960 recovered 4.5% mescaline from the outer tissues of correctly identiied Peruvian plants. She reported being able to obtain this yield only when using the approach of Folkers & Koniuszy 1939 rather than that described in Cruz Sanchez 1948. cruz sAncHez 1948 reported recovering 5% dry wt; using only the outer layer of lesh (misidentiied as Opuntia cylindrica). [Alkaloid values are often very low in many cultivated plants but the controlling factors are not clear. Species appears highly variable in potency & palatability.] See comments in Activity Notes. [A gc estimate of 0.155% mescaline free base by dry wt. was made on a nongrafted control vs. 0.15% ten months after being used for grafting (with the mescaline-free T. spachianus). (Initially 2” by 12” plants) PummAngurA et al. 1982a]; [Anhalinine has been listed in error. The reference cited, Agurell 1969b did not report this alkaloid.] [Pellotine has been listed in error. The reference cited, lundstrom 1970 did not report this alkaloid.] Unidentiied lactone-forming acid (tlc by kringstAd & nordAl 1975) Aglycones isolated after acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of the isolated corresponding sapogenins: Pachanols A & B Bridgesigenins A, B & C kinosHitA et al. 1995 Some modern analytical reports for Peruvian pachanoi Specimens not obviously being cultivated: 0.00% Cataratas, Otuzco, La Libertad 0.00% El Alisal, San Marcos, Cajamarca 0.45% KunturWasi, San Pablo, Cajamarca 1.14% Laquipampa, Ferreñafe, Lambayeque 0.23% Moyán, San Vincente, Lambayeque 0.28% Puykate, Ferreñafe, Lambayeque 0.94% Tocmoche, Chota, Cajamarca 0.38% Yanasara, Sánchez Carrión, La Libertad Specimens obviously maintained as cultivated plants 0.55% Arequipa, Arequipa 0.80% Arequipa, Arequipa 0.86% Quequeña, Arequipa 1.13% Pueblo Libre, Lima All of the above were reported in cjuno et al. 2009 (Using dried outer green tissue) No note included as to whether under cultivation 1.4% Barranca 0.78% Chiclayo Both reported by reynA Pinedo & Flores gAércs 2001 4.7% Matucana (harvested in Peru; analyzed in USA) ogunBedede 2010 (Using dried outer green tissue) Bruhn et al. 2008 reported lophophine, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine (homopiperonylamine), and N ,N-dimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine (lobivine) to be new minor alkaloids in this species and in peyote. his paper needs to be viewed with reservations. See comments in Activity Notes. T. pachanoi notes: Note that this is nearly 23X from max to min (i.e A San Pedro specimen was observed that was almost 23 times stronger than another San Pedro that was simultaneously being evaluated) Notice also that Gennaro’s estimation was even higher. A far more detailed look at this species (and many more images) can be found in Part B San Pedro [Alkaloid values are commonly low in many cultivated plants.] Anhalonidine (0.01% of total alkaloid) Agurell 1969a; (trace) Agurell 1969b 68 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Ritter or Harry Johnson and others AND there are two Peruvian samples that produced 0.00% mescaline for Cjuno Trichocereus pachanoi so only more questions arise if looking closely at what little Cultivated under the mistaken name Trichocereus is known. peruvianus Huancabamba. It IS clear that its mescaline content is generally low: 0.54% mescaline by dry wt. typically it is less than 0.2% by dry weight. In the otherwise Grown by Oasis from seeds collected at Huancabamba. unpublished isolations appearing online values for mesca(Image on next page) line concentrations falling in the range of 0.1% to less than ogunBedede 2010 (Using dried outer green tissue) 0.05% are the most common. 1.2% mescaline by dry wt. Based on their bioassay results it is believed by several Grown by SS from the same seed lot. anonymous correspondents that other alkaloids such as (Images on this page) 3-Methoxytyramine and DMPEA may also be present. ogunBedede 2010 (Using outer green tissue) Trichocereus aff. pachanoi (Peru 64.0762) Trichocereus pachanot? (Clone wild collected by Paul C. Hutchison, Jerry K. Wright & R.M. Straw on August 8, 1964 as PCH et al. 6212) 0.82% mescaline by dry weight. (HPLC) ogunBedede 2010 (using green outer tissue) Originally collected from shaded canyon of Rio Marañon, Chagual, Huamachuco, La Libertad, above Chagual, 5 km below Aricapampa. Elev. 2740 m. his is by far the most commonly represented horticultural form of pachanoi in commerce in the USA and possibly also Australia (far more abundance of genetic diversity exists in Oz than in the USA) My present suspicion is that this may be a hybrid that has displaced bona ide pachanoi as the predominate cultivar in the US. I do not suspect malice or deliberate deception just simple displacement over time due to the vast numbers generated by both individual growers and by commercial propagation operations due to its far greater growth rate & overall vigor, cold/heat tolerances and rot resistance when compared to a bona ide Trichocereus pachanoi. My present GUESS based on its lowers, habit and intense vigor is that this may be a bridgesii crossed with a pachanoi or something similar but whether work is ever done that is capable of establishing this one way or another remains to be seen. It might be a product of horticulture but there is some, presently anecdotal, evidence to suggest it might have entered cultivation as a Bolivian collection during Harry Blossfeld’s Andean expedition. An error that I (Trout) have helped to widely propagate is referring to this cultivar as Backeberg’s clone. Whether there really is such a thing as a clone line from Backeberg’s hands that can be identiied in horticulture cannot presently be established despite the best eforts of friends in Germany. IF Backeberg did bring a clone line into horticulture it would be a bona ide pachanoi and not the cultivar I have so oten in past years mistakenly called Backeberg’s clone. See the growing summary of thoughts and photos at: “pachanoi or pachanot?” Trichocereus pachanoi cv. ‘Tom Juul’s Giant’ [Note 6] Unclear in origin prior to Tom Juul. Peru seems probable. 1.4% ogunBedede 2010 (using dried green outer layer) Presence of Mescaline was both demonstrated by human bioassay and conirmed previously by gc-ms. but it should be emphasized that there are conlicting reports ranging from full activity at 4-6 inches to powerful trips with 1 foot to complete inactivity with 2 feet.) See the 1998 Entheogen Review [7 (3): 70] and [7 (4): 99-100] Bioassay information came from various friends. See more details and lots of images in Part B San Pedro Juul’s Giant appears to be highly variable in potency with some apparently being completely inactive. It is purported by some users to contain additional alkaloids and this has been supported in some but not all gc-ms. At least 2 forms are in cultivation. GC-MS by Shulgin showed them to be distinct from each other chemically even though the original source was believed to be identical (Jim Daniel) http://troutsnotes.com/pdf/Pachanoi_Pachanot.pdf Juul’s Giant (A): Unknown Isoquinoline was 90% Mescaline less than 10% minor Isoquinoline (not identiied) 3 trace Isoquinolines (not identiied) [In a second sampling mescaline was the major alkaloid] he main body of this thought is also now attached to the San Pedro PDF also located at the same website. Presence of mescaline is established through innumerable human bioassays despite it not being clear if it has ever seen formal published analysis. Pummangura’s 0.155% material may also have been this plant but I cannot determine this one way or the other. It is tempting to think of other low values in the literature as being from the same source but is is clear that at least some came as seedlings which were produced by one or more of the many Western greenhouses supplied from known commercial collectors of wild seeds such as Karel Knize or Friedrich Juul’s Giant (JM): Major alkaloid was an Unknown compound Second largest peak in the graphs appears to be a lab artifact. Also observed some sort of phenylethanol 69 http://troutsnotes.com See more details in Part B San Pedro. human bioassays (Anonymous) indicated that twice this much was required for the same dosage] Many appear to be weaker than this. 0.05% fresh weight may be a better estimate of an average value for good peruvianus strains Mescaline was not detected by all investigators including BOTH Agurell 1969b and djerAssi et al. 1955 (Note E) 2-Chloro-mescaline (0.016% dry wt.) Thought to be an extraction artifact. PArdAnAni et al. 1977 Traces of an unidentiied triterpene lactone djerAssi et al. 1955b [Wild collected: Peru] Unidentiied waxy solid (0.22% by dry wt) djerAssi et al. 1955b It actually gets more complicated as Sasha commented he had thusfar run gc-ms on 5 samples, several of which were from the same form, and came up with 5 different results. Trichocereus pallarensis ritter 0.47% (dry outer green tissues) ogunBedede 2010 (From F. Ritter seed obtained from Winter in 1960; also depicted on entire page.) Presence of Mescaline previously established through human bioassays. See 1998 Entheogen Review 7 (3): 70-71. T. peruvianus notes: A: Based on one evaluation of a basal slice taken from T. peruvi- Trichocereus pasacana (weBer) Britton & rose Candicine (0.08% dry wt.) meyer & mclAugHlin 1980; (0.075% dry wt.) dAvis et al. 1983 Hordenine (no quantiication) meyer & mclAugHlin 1980; (over 50% of 1-10 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b N-Methyltyramine (no quantiication) meyer & mclAugHlin 1980 Tyramine (no quantiication) meyer & mclAugHlin 1980 anus ‘Blue Form’. PArdAnAni et al. 1977 reported the material they analysed as being KK242 grown in California by Abbey Garden (from Knize seed) What they speciically analyzed is therefor really anyone’s guess at this point but an educated guess would be that it was one of the spiny forms of KK242 as these are what predominately has been produced from Knize’s KK242 seeds. See the assorted KK242 images included in San Pedro for an illuminating look. C: This only approaches being a true statement if selectively comparing the only published isolation of mescaline from T. peruvianus with the lowest testing T. pachanoi reported to date. The highest T. pachanoi with a mescaline isolation reported is well over twice Pardanani’s value and an additional estimate exists that is nearly 3 times higher (Please remember that T. pachanoi exists which is many times stronger than other T. pachanoi.) Similarly, the lowest published value for T. pachanoi [0.109%] is greater than the lowest published value for L. williamsii [0.1%] D: Approximation based on a fresh weight determination of 128.5 grams per inch for a 3.75 inch in diameter Trichocereus specimen. E: The material did give a positive Mayer test, but the ether soluble fraction tested neutral and they were unable to isolate any crystalline material so Djerassi concluded it contained no alkaloid. Agurell on the other hand WOULD have observed even traces of mescaline had they been present. B: Has been reported to have stimulant activity in human bioassays. Anonymous source (via Voogelbreinder) Trichocereus pasacana inermis Frič 1928 was said to be a synonym for Echinopsis valida Monville in Kreuzinger 1935. Trichocereus peruvianoids see in Part B San Pedro Trichocereus peruvianus Britton & rose AKA “San Pedro”, “San Pedro Macho”, “cuchuma”, “Peruvian Torch” and a number of other common names. Appears to be 90% water by weight (See Note A). Tyramine (over 50% of 1-10 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh - mescaline was not reported but two minor unknowns were present.) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources]; (0.0085% dry wt.) PArdAnAni et al. 1977 [Grown from seed in California] 3-Methoxytyramine (trace) Agurell 1969b; (0.01% dry wt.) PArdAnAni et al. 1977. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) PArdAnAni et al. 1977. 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.0035% dry wt.) PArdAnAni et al. 1977. Mescaline (0.817% dry wt.) PArdAnAni et al. 1977 (See Note B) [Underground mythology claiming that 1) this species has 10X the concentration of T. pachanoi & 2) that it is comparable to peyote in potency, appears to have no basis in fact (See Note C). I have been told that a half inch slice of a large fresh stem would yield 500 milligrams of mescaline but this lacks any sort of conirmation. [turner 1998 (Entheogen Review 7 (1): 18.) recommended 4 inches of a 4-1/2 inch diameter plant for the same amount. The amount used in turner’s dose would indicate no more than 0.8% dry or 0.08% fresh wt. (See Note D) Other Important comment: Every horticultural form and variety of T. peruvianus lacks a published analysis; except for two versions of “KK242”, one from Knize seed and one from a Knize cutting, the undeined commercial European material was examined by Agurell and the Peruvian material that was screened by Djerassi. A negative alkaloid analysis was also reported by a friend working with 1.5 year old material grown from seed in New Zealand but this however turned out to be material misnomered Trichocereus peruvianus trujilloensis. This was a Dick Van Geest collection that is not a Trichocereus. See more comments in San Pedro. Species appears to be highly variable in potency & palatability. 70 Cactus Chemistry: By Species To complicate matters further; even material from the same origin appears highly variable in alkaloid content. Whether this is the result of differences in season, environment, water or time of day of harvest has not been established. To complicate matters even further still; material from a single clone has been reported to be highly variable in alkaloid content when bioassayed repeatedly. More study is clearly needed. The monstrose form has been reported to be mescaline containing in human bioassay. 20 inches was described as being of “medium strength” (Correspondent requesting anonymity) Many more images of can be viewed in Part B San Pedro Trichocereus purpureopilosus weingart 0.13% mescaline (From a clone collected by Paul Hutchison) ogunBedede 2010 [Both accounts above analyzed dried outer green tissues.] at http://troutsnotes.com/pdf/SP.pdf Tyramine (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b N-Methyltyramine (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via commercial source in the Netherlands] Trichocereus peruvianus KK242 0.817% Mescaline. Seed grown by Abbey Garden using KK242 seeds from Karel Knize. PArdAnAni et al. 1977 (Using intact plant) 0.24% K242 propagated from a live cutting sent by Karel Knize. ogunBedede 2010 (Using dried outer green tissue) Trichocereus riomizquiensis Ritter 0.40% grown from Ritter’s seed (FR 856) ogunBedede 2010 (dried outer green tissue) Trichocereus santaensis rauh & BaCKeBerg Widely asserted to be nearly useless or totally inactive according to anecdotal bioassay accounts. Some of this is believed to be the result of some confusion between peruvianus and cuzcoensis in some commercial seeds originating from Karel Knize in Peru. See MS smitH online for comments and the photograph at the bottom of this page. While it is certainly true that there are abundant occurrences of cuzcoensis produced from Knize seeds that were mislabelled KK242 this does not include a huge number of KK242 specimens worldwide which are peruvianus or pachanoid. There are also unmistakable Trichocereus bridgesii specimens which have been grown from Knize’s KK242 seeds. Successful bioassay reported by source requesting anonymity. 0.31% Mescaline. Mancos, Yungay, Ancash cjuno et al. 2009 (Wild Peruvian collection.) 0.32% (using OST 92701 seed-grown in cultivation.) ogunBedede 2010 (Everything above using dried outer green tissue.) PAlomino’s 1972 dissertation details the process he used for isolating alkaloids and describes their physiological effects on mice (with results that were strongly reminiscent of the comments in cruz sAncHez 1948) He described Trichocereus santaensis as being of “low toxicity.” (Meaning low alkaloid?) Oddly, it never mentioned how he identiied the plant or what the alkaloids were. Our thanks to Dr. Carlos Ostolaza for completing the details concerning this obscure paper. A plant obtained as a live cutting from Karel Knize in Peru as Trichocereus peruvianus KK242 Matucana has been shown to be as active as many pachanoi plants according to its grower. Trichocereus santiaguensis (spegazzini) BaCKeBerg Hordenine (10-50% of the 1-10 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b [commercial sources in Germany & the Netherlands] Tyramine (10-50% of 1-10 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b Trichocereus santiaguensis is considered to be conspeciic with T. spachianus. Hunt 2006 Trichocereus peruvianus [or aff. pachanoi?] 0.25% Mescaline. Chavin de Huantar, Huari, Ancash cjuno et al. 2009 (Using dried outer green tissue) Images can be found online of the cacti growing at Chavin de Huantar. Trichocereus poco BaCKeBerg Hordenine (over 50% of 1-10 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm of fresh plant) Agurell 1969b [European commercial sources] Trichocereus schickendantzii (weBer) Britton & rose N-Methyltyramine (trace) Agurell 1969b Hordenine (over 50% of 1-10 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial Trichocereus puquiensis rauh & BaCKeBerg Determined to contain Mescaline. 0.28% Chaviña, Lucanas, Ayacucho 0.13% Chumpi, Parincochas, Ayacucho 0.11% Incuyo, Parincochas, Ayacucho 0.50% Vado, Lucanas, Ayacucho serrAno 2008 & cjuno et al. 2009 (Wild Peruvian collections) sources 71 http://troutsnotes.com Candicine (%?) reti 1950, reti 1954 & reti & cAstrillon: all citing private communication from HAAgen-smit & olivier. [Agurell 1969b & mAtA & mclAugHlin 1976 have Trichocereus schoenii rauh & BaCKeBerg Mescaline was isolated from three wild Peruvian collections: 0.22% Cotahuasi, La Unión, Arequipa (June) 0.20% Pampacola, Castilla, Arequipa (July) 0.14% Huambo, Arequipa (April) All of above from serrAno 2008 & cjuno et al. 2009 (dried outer green tissue; all percentages by dry weight) See also the work of cHoquenAirA et al. 2007 Trichocereus schoenii is now merged with T. cuzcoensis. been listed with regards to this compound but neither detected it. Agurell speciically did not look for quaternary compounds; both simply mentioned a prior report.]; 0.093% by dry weight: dAvis et al. 1983 [Mescaline has been erroneously listed for this species; the reference cited, PummAngurA & mclAugHlin 1982, [i.e. PummAngurA et al. 1982a] speciically stated that they DID NOT detect the presence of mescaline.] Reported to contain Kaempferol & Quercetin (Flavonols) ricHArdson 1978 (based on acid hydrolysis). See comments in Activity Notes. Trichocereus scopulicola ritter 0.85% Grown from FR 991 seed by NMCR ogunBedede 2010 (dried outer green tissue) Despite some earlier attempts to reject this as an invalid species, Hunt recognizes it as a valid Echinopsis species: Echinopsis scopulicola (ritter) mottrAm - presenting as the describer someone who has neither written nor published a taxonomic description! [Personal communication with Roy Mottram] First demonstrated to contain mescaline based on human bioassays. See Activity Notes. T. scopulicola is presently suspected of being extinct in the wild. Trichocereus sp. N.Chile (torres & torres) Presence of Mescaline has been proven by human bioassay torres & torres 1995 Lacking published analysis. Trichocereus sp. SS02 (a T. bridgesii form) Reported to be a reliably effective form in multiple human bioassays; presence of mescaline demonstrated in GC-MS (seemingly as sole alkaloid?) Needs taxonomic study and an analysis. Anonymous 1999 & 2000. There are many named and unnamed Trichocereus cultivars, forms or maybe even some species that are in need of analysis and/or have been determined to be active in human bioassays. See Part B San Pedro for details and many images. The book is available and there is a pdf download at http://troutsnotes.com/pdf/SP.pdf Trichocereus scopulicolus ritter See as Trichocereus scopulicola ritter. This descriptionless name appeared in Backeberg’s Cactus Lexicon, seemingingly to bring the spelling into line with the other Trichocereus species. Backeberg commented that no description was available. Evidently his dislike/hatred of Ritter caused him to not be able to obtain any of Ritter’s three published descriptions. Trichocereus strigosus (saLm-DyCK) Br. & r. Tyramine (trace) nieto et al. 1982 Hordenine (Sole alkaloid present. 10-50 mg/ 100 grams fresh: Agurell et al. 1971b [Commercially obtained greenhouse material grown in Germany]. (0.139% dry wt.: nieto et al. 1982) Mescaline (trace) nieto et al. 1982 Candicine (0.11% dry wt.) nieto et al. 1982 [Material from Argentina; Medoza and San Juan provinces ] [One unidentiied base also reported. nieto et al. 1982] Trichocereus skottsbergii BaCKeBerg N-Methyltyramine (1-10% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b Hordenine (Over 50% of the 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via commercial source in Germany] Trichocereus smrzianus Reported to be “psychoactive” but “different than San Pedro” Anonymous in correspondence 1998. Needs an analysis. Trichocereus tacnaensis ritter Needs an analysis Considered a synonym of T. peruvianus by Hunt Trichocereus spachianus (Lemaire) riCCoBono Trichocereus tacaquirensis (vAuPel) cArdenAs ex BAckeBerg Needs an analysis. Trichocereus taquimbalensis cArdeñAs is now considered a subspecies of E. tacaquirensis by Hunt. AKA “White torch” Tyramine (trace) mAtA et al. 1972, also reported in mAtA & mclAugHlin 1976. Not observed by Agurell 1969b. N-Methyltyramine (0.007% dry wt.) mAtA et al. 1972, also reported in mAtA & mclAugHlin 1976; Not observed by Agurell 1969b Hordenine (over 50% of 1-10 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources]. Also reported in mAtA & mclAugHlin 1976 [The Trichocereus taquimbalensis CarDenas 3-Methoxytyramine. (trace) Hordenine (1-10% of 10-20 mg total alkaloid/ 100 gm) 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) Mescaline (5-25+ mg. per 100 grams) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via commercial source in the Netherlands] (all % are as fresh weight) cited reference mAtA et al. 1980 (which appears listed for this compound) actually intended to indicate mAtA & mclAugHlin 1980 but it does not include this species] 72 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Trichocereus torataensis ritter Needs an analysis Considered a synonym of T. peruvianus by Hunt See comments in Activity Notes. Trichocereus terscheckii (parmentier) Britton & rose Trichocereus tulhuayacensis oChoa Claim for the presence of mescaline is made by cAycHo jimenez 1977 (page 91) but he cites no reference to support his assertion. See comments in Activity Notes. 92-95% water by weight reti & cAstrillón 1951 Total alkaloid content varied between 0.25-1.2% dry wt. reti & cAstrillón 1951 [Collected from the wild in Argentina] 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine Observed as minor alkaloid by Shulgin in GC-MS N-Methyl- 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine Observed as minor alkaloid by Shulgin in GC-MS N,N-Dimethyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine Observed as minor alkaloid by Shulgin in GC-MS Mescaline (5-25+ mg. per 100 grams fresh.) (Major alkaloid) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources]; [Also noted in Agurell 1969a: “contains rather exclusively mescaline”] (Minor alkaloid [Reported a yield of 4 gm. from 10 kg. dry: 0.04% dry wt]; sometimes entirely absent in higher alkaloid material) reti & cAstrillon 1951. Found to be the major alkaloid by Shulgin in GC-MS (material from NW Argentina) N-Methylmescaline Observed by Shulgin in GC-MS N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Trichocereine) Major alkaloid (5:1 ratio with mescaline). reti & cAstrillon 1951. [Not observed by Agurell 1969b. Observed by Shulgin in GC-MS.] Anhalonine (trace detected) reti & cAstrillon 1951. Shulgin unable to detect in GC-MS Trichocereus tunariensis CarDenas Tyramine (10-50% of 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b Hordenine (10-50% of the 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via commercial source in the Netherlands] Trichocereus uyupampensis BaCKeBerg 0.053% ogunBedede 2010 UC records indicated this was grown from a clone deposited at Monaco by Backeberg. (Analysis using dried outer green tissue) I presently (2012) believe this plant to be misideniied. The results of the analysis performed by Ogunbodede were accurate but the identiication of this species by Monaco was not. Trichocereus validus (monviLLe) BaCKeBerg Mescaline (Over 25 mg. per 100 grams fresh.) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via the Kew Royal Botanical Gardens] Needs further analysis. Unpublished GC-MS has variously shown mescaline as the only alkaloid, the major of multiple alkaloids or only a minor alkaloid. (Conlicting analysis seems to be the norm. An hplc example taken from the Internet: 0.061% [sic] mescaline content by dry wt. Of 0.72% total alkaloid: 16% was mescaline [0.11%], 44% was Anhalonine or some PEA 0.32[%], 30% was either methyl or dimethyl mescaline [0.22%] and 10% was an unidentiied PEA [0.07%]. There appears to be mathematical errors in this account so it should all be viewed with caution. For instance 16% of 0.72 is 0.11 not 0.061) The claim of DMT being in this cactus resulted from an unfortunate typo by Schultes & Hofmann; intending N,N-Dimethylmescaline not N,N,-Dimethyltryptamine. This error has sadly taken on a life of its own via the counterculture rumor mills. Note that there are SEVERAL unrelated plants stuffed into this name as represented in horticulture. NOT synonymous with Echinopsis valida which is short and clumping. It has been uselessly redesignated as Echinopsis sp. by Hunt. The stout, taller columnar form apparently rarely offsets, and is MOST LIKELY what was analyzed by Agurell. Its not possible to know with any certainty. Seemingly without further comment or a reference, Hunt inexplicably refers to this as = ?T. uyupampensis. Echinopsis forbesii was said to be synonymous with Echinopsis valida monville by Britton & rose Trichocereus terscheckii was said to be synonymous with Echinopsis valida monville in kreuzinger 1935 See comments in Activity Notes. Trichocereus thelegonoides (spegazzini) Britton & rose Trichocereus vollianus BaCKeBerg Mescaline (traces by dry weight) siniscAlco 1983 Hordenine (Sole alkaloid; 10-50 mg/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via commercial source in Germany] Mescaline (traces) siniscAlco 1983. Not detected by Agurell et al. 1971b. Trichocereus volcanensis Lack an analysis Trichocereus werdermannianus BaCKeBerg Tyramine (trace) Agurell 1969a and 1969b 3-Methoxytyramine (trace) Agurell 1969b 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (1-10% of 10-50 mg total alkaloids/ 100 gm fresh) Agurell 1969b [Obtained via European commercial sources] 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (trace) Agurell 1969b; (0.1% of total alkaloid) Agurell 1969a Trichocereus thelegonus (weBer) Britton & rose N-Methyltyramine (trace) Agurell et al. 1971b Hordenine (Over 50% of the 10-50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 grams fresh) Agurell et al. 1971b [Obtained via the Kew Royal Botanical Gardens & a commercial source in Germany] 73 http://troutsnotes.com Mescaline (5 to 25+ mg. per 100 grams fresh.) Agurell 1969a and 1969b Another problematic issue regards the fact that most of the Turbos are highly variable based on conditions of growth and that European labelings frequently conlict with the presented identiications of North American horticultural material. We therefore present the following, largely, as they were labeled. Caveat lector! [3,4-diMeO-5-OH-PEA is also listed, in error, for this species. Neither Agurell 1969 nor T.A. smitH 1977, the references cited, reported this compound.] Human bioassays have found this species to be highly variable; it is claimed that some are active and others are not. Anonymous source relayed via MS smitH 1998 Reported in some human bioassays to be 2-3X as strong as T. pachanoi. 1998 Entheogen Review 7 (3): 70-71. Turbinicarpus alonsoi Glass & Arias (% dry weight) N-Methyltyramine (0.0052 ± 0.0008%) Hordenine (0.0048 ± 0.0008%) N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (0.0020 ± 0.0005%) Pellotine (0.0075 ± 0.0009%) ŠtArHA et al. 1999b [All Turbinicarpus species analyzed by Dr. Štarha were seed grown in Czechoslovakian greenhouses.] According to David Hunt’s CITES Cactaceae Checklist werdermannianus no longer existed and was absorbed into terscheckii. This was done apparently without further comment and with no reference to any source that did not keep them separated. In Hunt’s Cactus Lexicon they reappeared as separate species. Patching the hole in the Rules of Nomenclature which permits this type of casual publication of taxonomic nomenclatural decision making will be required if cactus taxonomy is ever to become a branch of science. It is often regarded as science but the reality is that taxonomy needs to require the same proofs or reference to published reasoning that is demanded by good science. In this case we can only scratch our head and wonder. Amusingly, almost as fast as Anderson published the merger in The Cactus Family, some botanical gardens such as UC changed the name tags on their werdermannianus specimens. Turbinicarpus bonatzii G.Frank Needs an analysis. Turbinicarpus dickisoniae (Glass & Foster) Glass & Hofer See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. dickisoniae Turbinicarpus lavilorus G.Frank & Lau See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. lavilorus Turbinicarpus gracilis Glass & Foster See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. gracilis Tunilla soehrensii (Britton & rose) d.r.Hunt & iliFF See as Tephrocactus soehrensii Turbinicarpus hoferi Luethy & Lau Needs an analysis. Turbinicarpus laui Glass & Foster Needs an analysis. Turbinicarpus jauernigii G.FrAnk Needs an analysis. A comment on the state of the genus Turbinicarpus. Many members of this genus has been repeatedly shufled and recombined as various varieties, subspecies and forms of each other with seemingly little to no agreement with earlier workers. This seemingly constant revision with its novel recombinations of former species within one species or another (and the repetition of the same but with totally different subspeciic assignments) is a major source of the confusion in horticulture; (especially among those growers who disdain the use of trinomials). It is also a major source of the assorted labeling inconsistencies that the careful reader will notice below. We have left all Turbinicarpus depicted AS they were labeled (altering only their subspeciic placements for the sake of uniformity) since all are either in the collections of serious Turbinicarpus collectors/growers or botanical gardens. We are certainly not qualiied to sort out the taxonomic mess known as the genus Turbinicarpus but look forward to the daythat DNA work begins to help set it on a more sound basis. Our choices of synonyms used do not indicate our agreement with them, we have simply attempted to present this in a manner enabling the reader to see what analytical work has been done. We suggest that any taxonomic treatments of the genus or relationships within it be viewed with a healthy dose of caution pending DNA work. Turbinicarpus klinkerianus BAckeBerg & H.J.jAcoBsen See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus Turbinicarpus krainzianus (g.FrAnk) BAckeBerg See as Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus Turbinicarpus krainzianus vAr. minimus See as Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus f. minima Turbinicarpus lausseri Needs an analysis. Turbinicarpus lilinkeudus Needs an analysis. Turbinicarpus lophophoroides (werDermann) BuxBaum & BaCKeBerg Phenethylamine (1.04% [± 0.27] of total alkaloid fraction of Over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Tyramine (1.82% [± 0.17] of total alkaloid fraction of Over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methyltyramine (0.13% [± 0.11] of total alkaloid fraction of Over 500 mg total alk./ 100 gm of fresh) Hordenine (91.69% [± 0.54] of total alkaloid fraction of Over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Mescaline (Trace detected) N-Methylmescaline (0.51% [± 0.11] of total alkaloid fraction of Over 500 mg total alk./ 100 gm of fresh) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Trace detected) O-Methylanhalidine (0.55% [± 0.02] of total alkaloid fraction of over 500 mg total alk./ 100 gm of fresh) 74 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Turbinicarpus pseudopectinatus (BaCKeBerg) gLass Anhalinine (0.15% [± 0.08] of total alkaloid fraction of Over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Anhalonidine (2.37% [± 0.12] of total alkaloid fraction of Over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Pellotine (0.46% [± 0.08] of total alkaloid fraction of Over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) ŠtArHA et al. 1999c & Foster Hordenine (Over 50% of over 50 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 gm. fresh.) BruHn & BruHn 1973 Phenethylamine (0.98% [± 0.12] of total alkaloid fraction of over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Tyramine (3.18% [± 0.19] of total alkaloid fraction of over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methyltyramine (25.15% [± 1.21] of total alkaloid fraction of over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Hordenine (62.11% [± 2.42] of total alkaloid fraction of over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methylmescaline (1.11% [± 0.13] of total alkaloid fraction of over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Trace detected) O-Methylanhalidine (1.92% [± 0.15] of total alkaloid fraction of over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Anhalinine (2.88% [± 0.15] of total alkaloid fraction of over 500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) ŠtArHA et al. 1999 (P. pseudopectinata was analyzed as Turbinicarpus synonym. Seed grown in Czechoslovakia) Turbinicarpus lophophoroides ssp. jauernigii (FrAnk) BAttAiA & zAnovello See as Turbinicarpus jauernigii Turbinicarpus macrochele (werdermAnn) BuxBAum & BAckeBerg See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. macrochele Turbinicarpus macrochele ssp. macrochele var. polaskii P.lecHner & jAntscHgi See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus f. polaskii Turbinicarpus macrochele var. schwarzii f. polaskii klAdiwA See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus f. polaskii Turbinicarpus polaskii BAckeBerg See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus f. polaskii Turbinicarpus panarito Needs an analysis. Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele (B aCKeBerg ) F.BuxBaum & BaCKeBerg Hordenine (Sole alkaloid. 1-10 mg of total alkaloids/ 100 gm. fresh.) BruHn & BruHn 1973 Turbinicarpus roseilorus (BAckeBerg) G.FrAnk Needs an analysis. Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus (g.FranK) gLass & Foster Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus (BöDeKer) BuxBaum & BaCKeBerg Phenethylamine (1.12% [± 0.13] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Tyramine (0.98% [± 0.18] of total alkaloid fraction of 250500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methyltyramine (Trace detected) [Not listed in Štarha 2001c] Hordenine (49.60% [± 0.55] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Mescaline (2.48% [± 0.19] of total alkaloid fraction of 250500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methylmescaline (3.27% [± 0.09] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alk./ 100 gm of fresh) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (2.89% [± 0.15] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alk./ 100 gm of fresh) [Candicine is also listed in Štarha 2001c but the only citation given is ŠtArHA et al. 1999c which does not support it.] O-Methylanhalidine (0.77% [± 0.04] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alk./ 100 gm of fresh) Anhalinine (29.24% [± 0.04] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Anhalonidine (2.44% [± 0.13] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Pellotine (0.36% [± 0.08] of total alkaloid fraction of 250500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) ŠtArHA et al. 1999c Dehydrogeosmin - Minor volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 - Trace volatile in loral scent. Sesquiterpene alcohol 2 - Minor volatile in loral scent. scHlumBerger et al. 2004 (in tepals; gc-ms) Also encountered schmiedeckianus; we used the spelling of glAss & Foster 1977 Phenethylamine (1.1% [± 0.12] of total alkaloid fraction of 100-250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Tyramine (5.46% [± 0.14] of total alkaloid fraction of 100250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methyltyramine (Trace detected) [Not listed in Štarha 2001c] Hordenine (43.02% [± 1.86] of total alkaloid fraction of 100-250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methylmescaline (1.02% [± 0.21] of total alkaloid fraction of 100-250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Trace detected) O-Methylanhalidine (2.76% [± 0.42] of total alkaloid fraction of 100-250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Anhalinine (17.19% [± 1.00] of total alkaloid fraction of 100-250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Anhalonidine (19.86% [± 1.41] of total alkaloid fraction of 100-250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Pellotine (9.02% [± 0.06] of total alkaloid fraction of 100250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) ŠtArHA et al. 1999c 75 http://troutsnotes.com Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. dickisoniae (gLass & Foster) N.P.tayLor Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus (BaCKeBerg & jaCoBson) N.P.tayLor Phenethylamine (1.70% [± 0.15] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Tyramine (2.59% [± 0.13] of total alkaloid fraction of 250500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methyltyramine (0.51% [± 0.02] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) [Not listed in Štarha 2001c] Hordenine (42.45% [± 0.45] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) [Mescaline is also listed in Štarha 2001c but the only citation given is ŠtArHA et al. 1999c] [N-Methylmescaline is also listed in Štarha 2001c but the only citation given is ŠtArHA et al. 1999c] O-Methylanhalidine (1.42% [± 0.30] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Anhalinine (2.78% [± 0.31] of total alkaloid fraction of 250500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Anhalonidine (22.70% [± 1.14] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Pellotine (19.33% [± 0.28] of total alkaloid fraction of 250500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) ŠtArHA et al. 1999c Tyramine (2.95 ± 0.15% of total alkaloid content) N-Methyltyramine (trace) Hordenine (52.15 ± 0.40% of total alkaloid content) N-Methylmescaline (trace) O-Methylanhalidine (2.78 ± 0.40% of total alkaloid content) Anhalinine (37.15 ± 0.90% of total alkaloid content) Pellotine (0.43 ± 0.15% of total alkaloid content) Anhalonidine (trace) Štarha 2001c cited Štarha et al. 2000 Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus f. schwarzii (Shurly) Panarotto See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. schwarzii Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. macrochele (werDermann) gLass & Foster Tyramine (2.90 ± 0.15% of total alkaloid content) N-Methyltyramine (trace) Hordenine (49.01 ± 1.38% of total alkaloid content) O-Methylanhalidine (2.50 ± 0.30% of total alkaloid content) Anhalinine (35.42 ± 0.85% of total alkaloid content) Pellotine (0. 03 ± 0.10% of total alkaloid content) [Given on p. 89 but not included in its by-species listing on p. 52) Anhalonidine (trace) Štarha 2001c cited Štarha 2001b Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. lavilorus (FranK & Lau) gLass & Foster Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus f. polaskii Phenethylamine (1.01% [± 0.21] of total alkaloid fraction of 100-250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Tyramine (3.08% [± 0.08] of total alkaloid fraction of 100250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methyltyramine (Trace detected) [Not listed in Štarha 2001c] Hordenine (92.05% [± 0.71] of total alkaloid fraction of 100-250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Mescaline (Trace detected) N-Methylmescaline (Trace detected) O-Methylanhalidine (2.89% [± 0.46] of total alkaloid fraction of 100-250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm fresh) Anhalinine (Trace detected) Anhalonidine (0.88% [± 0.12] of total alkaloid fraction of 100-250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Pellotine (0.15% [± 0.07] of total alkaloid fraction of 100250 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) ŠtArHA et al. 1999c Tyramine (2.93 ± 0.20% of total alkaloid content) N-Methyltyramine (trace) Hordenine (49.11 ± 1.18% of total alkaloid content) O-Methylanhalidine (2.58 ± 0.25% of total alkaloid content) Anhalinine (36.88 ± 0.92% of total alkaloid content) Pellotine (0. 38 ± 0.10% of total alkaloid content) [Given on p. 89 but not included in its by-species listing on pp. 51-52) Anhalonidine (trace) Štarha 2001c cited Štarha 2001b Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. rubrilorus (sHurly) PAnArotto See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. schwarzii f. rubrilorus Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. schwarzii (shurLy) n.p.tayLor Phenethylamine (1.07% [± 0.42] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Tyramine (2.92% [± 0.25] of total alkaloid fraction of 250500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methyltyramine (Trace detected) [Not listed in Štarha 2001c] Hordenine (48.81% [± 2.72] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Mescaline (1.26% [± 0.21] of total alkaloid fraction of 250500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) N-Methylmescaline (0.98% [± 0.24] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm fresh) Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. gracilis (gLass & Foster) gLass Tyramine (4.98 ± 0.28% of total alkaloid content) N-Methyltyramine (trace) Hordenine (48.15 ± 0.97% of total alkaloid content) O-Methylanhalidine (2.48 ± 0.42% of total alkaloid content) Anhalinine (20.69 ± 1.12% of total alkaloid content) Pellotine (7.92 ± 0.56% of total alkaloid content) Anhalonidine (trace) Štarha 2001c cited Štarha 2001b 76 Cactus Chemistry: By Species N,N-Dimethylmescaline (Trace detected) [Not listed in Štarha 2001c] O-Methylanhalidine (2.82% [± 0.41] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm fresh) Anhalinine (39.57% [± 1.14] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Anhalonidine (0.52% [± 0.11] of total alkaloid fraction of 250-500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) Pellotine (0.41% [± 0.11] of total alkaloid fraction of 250500 mg total alkaloids per 100 gm of fresh plant) ŠtArHA et al. 1999c The former members of Wigginsia have been placed in Parodia. Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus ssp. schwarzii f. rubrilorus Tyramine (2.90 ± 0.12% of total alkaloid content) Hordenine (48.99 ± 0.40% of total alkaloid content) O-Methylanhalidine (2.51 ± 0.25% of total alkaloid content) Anhalinine (37.58 ± 1.83% of total alkaloid content) Pellotine (0.33 ± 0.10% of total alkaloid content) Štarha 2001c: the actual primary source citation is unclear to me. (It was not given separately in the by-species listing. The data above appears on page 89. The by-species listing for schwarzii appears to imply that Štarha 1999 and/or Štarha et al. 1999c was the reference(s) BUT neither one is listed for O-Methylanhalidine or for Pellotine in the by-species entry on page 52.) Turbinicarpus schwarzii (sHurly) BAckeBerg See as Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus var. schwarzii Turbinicarpus swobodae Diers & Esteves Pereira Needs an analysis. Turbinicarpus valdezianus (moeller) glAss & Foster Needs an analysis. Wigginsia arechavaletai Mucilage determined to be comprised of Arabinose (2.1%), Galactose (18.3%), Galacturonic acid (20.8%), Rhamnose (51.6%) & Xylose (2.7%). moynA & diFABio 1978 (Analyzed MAM 1694) Wigginsia erinacea (haworth) D.m.porter Hordenine (%?) devries et al. 1971 Mucilage polysaccharide was found to be 0.31% percentage of total weight of fresh plant. Uronic acid content of polysaccharide: 51% Rhamnose: arabinose, galactose (3.7:1:2.7) Mindt et al. 1975 Wigginsia macrocantha (areChavaLeta) D.m.porter Hordenine (%?) devries et al. 1971 Wigginsia tephracantha (LinK & otto) D.m.porter Hordenine (%?) devries et al. 1971 Weddellite & α-quartz were identiied as druses, bipyramids (few) & crystal sand (abundant). monje & BArAn 2002 77 http://sacredcacti.com Pronounced antihelminthic activity. Flower infusion is used in Mexico against eclampsia. Flowers are sold in markets under the name lor de cuerno (horn lower.) Comments lacked details or references. soulAire 1947 Activity (& Mythology) Notes he word ‘mythology’ appears in the title for an important reason. In the section that follows many medical and ethnomedicinal applications are mentioned. his is historical information that has been collected from the literature and the inclusions should not be regarded or assumed to mean that they are accurate or appropriate or efective in their recorded applications. None of this should this be regarded as a recommendation to employ any of these for any application or to suggest how to treat any medical conditions. Or for that matter, for any reason. I believe that the error-to-fact ratio in this area of the publihed literature is disturbingly high. Ethnographic and anthropological accounts in particular may actually be mistakenly overlaying linear Western concepts onto comments made by nonlinear thinkers; especially when they assert hallucinogenic activity. If a worker reporting a particular claim did not include conirmation in the form of a known human bioassay, ideally their own so a meaningful report can be made, it needs to be regarded as only anecdotal hearsay. Some applications are better evaluated, even if they are just as poorly understood, such as the topical employment of a number of cacti as analgesics. Ariocarpus bravoanus Lacks any published analysis. Used for medicinal purposes miller 2000 Ethanolic extract is used externally as analgesic in Mexico. Anonymous 2000 Ariocarpus bravoanus ssp. hintonii Lacks published analysis. Used as an externally applied analgesic in Mexico. Anonymous 2000 Ariocarpus issuratus “peyote cimarrón” (see comments below) “sunami” (Tarahumara), Lumholtz 1902 claimed that an intoxicating drink was prepared from this species by the Tarahumares. he plant was said to be “even more powerful that wanamé” and used similarly. In the region of the headwaters of the Río Concho, Pennington 1963 (p. 159) includes it as a “narcotic” cacti and noted that the expressed juice from Ariocarpus issuratus was sometimes added to tesguino by the Tarahumana to “make the corn beer more enjoyable.” Calling it “peyote” Havard 1896 made a similar comment that it was eaten raw or added to liquor to increase the efects. It is not adequately clear though that Havard was not confusing this plant with West Texas peyote. Standley 1924 also refers to the use of this name but says it is incorrect. 5 San Pedros The “5 San Pedros” purportedly recognized by some Peruvian shamans (Personal communication with a correspondent in South America requesting anonymity) Photos to the immediate right & occurring later herein were used with permission. hese plants were said to have been collected in the vicinity of Matucana, Peru except for the one on the far right which was purported to be a bridgesii from Huanuco. Attempts to obtain live cuttings including the dark pachanoi second from the right procured the specimen that was analyzed by Ogunbodede. See comments and images for the one second from the far let under Haageocereus acranthus See comments and images for the one on the far right under Lemaireocereus laetus and Lemaireocereus matucanense. I know little about them beyond the unconirmed claim that they are said to be used by shamans in Peru as San Pedro. Additional photographs of the plants that were shipped from Peru are on the previous page. Older tubercles are said to be smoked in Mexico for “mildly hallucinogenic effects” lasting several hours. Anonymous 2000. “ Consumed fresh or ground in water, it was taken in the same manner as Lophophora. his “hikuli” was also used as a stimulant by the runners.” Bye 1979 While peyote cimarrón sensu hord-Gray would appear to be a diferent plant, this has become its common name both in Mexico and among Western drug users. (Standley 1924 also gave this name) As recently as the late 1970s a person could ind this cacti being ofered for sale under that name by street vendors in Austin, Texas. While the anecdotal accounts of friends said they were the wrong plants that did not produce the same efects as peyote, they were being sold speciically intended for drug use purposes. Lumholz 1902 also made the comment “Robbers are powerless to steal anything where Sunami calls soldiers” Chewed and placed upon bruises, bites and wounds. Pennington 1963:186 Acanthocereus pentagonus (This is now Acanthocereus tetragonus) Antihelminthic activity (no detail or reference). soulAire 1947 Has an edible fruit. stAndley 1924: 906-907 Aporocactus lagelliformis Dried lowers are used for “heart affections” in the form of an infusion. The juice of the stems is caustic and used internally as a vermifuge. This application is claimed to be dangerous. stAndley 1924: 917 Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus 78 Ethanolic extract of whole plant used externally as analgesic Cactus Chemistry By Species for blows & bruises. http://www.ariocarpus.tsnet.co.net & www.brunt.demon.co.uk/cactus/mexico/img2054-55.html Said to show some type of activity in human bioassay but to be “more mild” than A. isssuratus. ER 1999 Antimicrobial activities studied in gArzA PAdrón 2010. Jackrabbits are said to become visibly intoxicated from eating this plant and to develop a taste for it. entHeogen review 1998. Ariocarpus retusus Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis Used for fever. joHnson 1999 Roots have antipyretic properties. The fruit gives a refreshing drink that is effective against scurvy. Branches are used as a calming poultice for sciatica Sap has been used for swelling of eyelids. soulAire 1947 Reported to be smoked as a recreational inebrient similarly to Ariocarpus issuratus. The rare Huichol shaman is said to use 2 tubercles as an oral dose after a 5 year apprenticeship. Anonymous 2000 Standley 1924 notes the use of the name “peyote” but says that it is incorrect. soulAire 1947 commented that this species enjoys the same reputation in Mexico as peyotl but did not include a reference. An unidentiied Opuntia species was claimed by Rivier & Lindgren to be incorporated into ayahuasca as an admixture called tchai. More recently Antonio Bianchi & Giorgio Samorini presented it to only be used alone, as a hallucinogen, due to the mixture being “too strong”. BiAncHi & sAmorini 1993 included an image of the leaves on page 38 that suggested to this author that it was possibly a Brasiliopuntia. Field work by R. Stuart in 2001 proved that the identity was Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis. Bob Wallace funded the research. Stuart had been provided with the source’s contact information by Antonio Bianchi. Stuart went to Peru and undertook a course of introduction to the plant that was guided by the shaman. Stuart collected live material for propagation, and prepared herbarium vouchers - positively establishing the identity of the plant. While in Peru Stuart also bioassayed it multiple times; irst under guidance of the shaman and later independently. After repeated failures while working directly with the shaman, Stuart concluded anything he was experiencing was entirely due to the green tobacco that was being added to the expressed juice of the tchai leaf. Stuart tested this by secretly ingesting a much larger amount of the plant without tobacco and in combination with an MAOI. Stuart proposed that the story may have been created to satisfy the questions of ethnobotanists desiring to be told of even more ayahuasca admixtures. Perhaps bolstered by noticing the ethnobotanists were not checking the claims with bioassays. The interesting and entertaining account of his adventure can be found in the 2002 Enthogen Review. Huichol: tsuwíri Furst comments that a person with an impure heart, meaning a person who has not properly purifed themself prior to their peyote journey may be tricked into thinking this plant was peyote “because it is capable of sorcery and deception.” Furst was told by Huichols it was “very dangerous” to eat. Interestingly saying a person “who had a “Huichol heart” would not be fooled into doing so.” Furst described the effects as being Datura-like and characterized by unpleasant delusions ranging from terrifying hallucinations to obsessions with sexual partners who had not been properly confessed prior to the pilgrimage. “Afterwards they become more aflicted and frightened. Because they begin to see many things. Terrible, crazy things. Animals they see, animals which are poisonous…There before them a deep pit, very large, very dark. They jump into this pit, escaping from those animals. It is as if one had thrown these animals at them, great heaps of those snakes, great heaps of those scorpions, as if from a basketful of those animals. But no, there are no animals. There are no snakes. There are no scorpions. There is no pit. There is where he jumped, where he fell in his terror, there is no pit. Only the ground, only the sand with the cactus thorns which pierce him.” Furst 1971 Astrophytum asterias Called “peyote” according to stAndley 1924 Sometimes collected by South Texas peyote distributors and given as good luck fetish to NAC members. Occasionally reported to be eaten by NAC members. t erry 2007. Anecdotal accounts from drug users report this species to be inactive. One of several cactus species sold by Austin, Texas street vendors in the 1970s as “peyote cimarrón.” Carnegeia gigantea The saguaro is one of three plants that the Seri people of northwestern Mexico believe used to be human (Felger & moser 1991). There are ethnological reports of the saguaro being fermented into an intoxicating brew but none that reported it as hallucinogenic. BruHn 1971b discussed this 5% alcoholic drink made by the Papagos. Earlier in this century, densmore 1929 was told by one native informant that the drink enabled him to receive songs but his other informants denied this. BruHn 1973 made a comment that it contains a potentially active alkaloid but that any indication of or reference to its use as a drug was lacking. Despite that, Carnegeia gigantea Astrophytum capricorne Antimicrobial activities studied in gArzA PAdrón 2010. Astrophytum myriostigma Called “peyote cimarrón” (in Durango) stAndley 1924 79 http://sacredcacti.com imagine. My spirit was young, playful, and charming to say the least. My spirit and I didn’t communicate with words.... But we were communicating. And the information he gave me was that life after death is by far the grandest adventure that could ever be experienced. He came to me out of a yellow void. He could have been easy to miss amongst all the colors and swirling patterns he was jumping up and down waiving his arms so that I could notice him!!! I had this experience today in the desert. Ate about two and a half tablespoons, threw up an hour later, had an anxiety attack, tried to walk back to my truck that was 2 miles away, took ive steps and collapsed on all fours. I crawled to the nearest palo verde tree for shade and laid down. The effects were so nauseating I didn’t care if I laid on a rattlesnake, scorpion, or cholla. I will always remember this experience.” Itsjames1 has been rumored for many years to be a psychedelic plant. A typical example is lemmo 1977 which is clearly asserting claims about something that author has never actually tried. Reckless and sometimes sensational rhetoric is common in what few accounts exist; for instance Lemmo’s assertion that a single fallen limb could feed an army of trippers. Apparently very few people have tried it or else almost no one is reporting on what it did. The biggest exception I’m aware of is a youtube video asserting that a footlong section of a rib holds enough of a dose for “myself and some friends to enjoy the magic”. That quote was from among the comments made by a person who appears to have irst hand experience. It was taken from a youtube video posting on the “sugaro” by Daniel Vitalis. http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_-kNjwVO2g. Incredibly Vitalis urges viewers to preserve the secret: “So the Arizona state tree is a psychoactive plant. Shhhh!” “We want to keep this kinda private.” If wanting to keep something private, posting a youtube video for the masses would not seem like it would be among the most effective approaches? There were two positive accounts posted in response to that video but only one included details of the dose ingested. 2.5 tablespoons of the outer green layer sounded like a strong dose for that person and the physical distress he reported was echoed by several people online. One person at an online drug forum related a second-hand referenceless comment that 1 tablespoon of the green outer layer was believed to be a dose but included no more details. Many aspects are reminiscent of Earl’s account of the cardon. In particular, the seeming fact that almost no one, in this case except Vitalis, sounded like they had more than one experience with it. In an article entitled “Ever Tried This PsychoActive Cactus?” posted on his website Daniel Vitalis comments: “So, I was hesitant to leak this news…. but I just couldn’t hold it in any longer! “Yes, its true… the Arizona State Flower grows atop a Psychedelic Cactus!” “ This is one of those interesting Herbal Secrets that has been, all along, hidden right under our noses! When I was irst told about this I could hardly believe it. The very Symbol of the Desert is a Mind Altering Herb! “ “I tried eating a couple tablespoons of the dark inner bark a year ago after seeing this video and reading the page on your website. I deinetely noticed strong effects within half an hour of consumption. The world became extremely dreamlike and I drifted in and out of conciousness into a lucid dream state. (my irst experience with lucid dreaming). Overall it was like no other psychoactive I’ve ever experienced, but the taste is worse than anything I’ve ever eaten.” pigmie1 Posted on an online drug forum: “tried it once never again. My eye was twitching and I could feel if wiggle in a bad way when I looked around. Coordination totally fucked up. Felt like if was toxic to the nerves. My body was tense and shaking. Felt like I was starving but couldn’t eat. I was completely restless and couldn’t ind a comfortable position. Kept getting the hiccups and feeling the cactus coming up. Finally puked. It feels like you have Parkinson’s or something. Mild visuals with some weird auditory hallucinations. Feels toxic overall it’s not worth it. Just thinking of that taste turns my stomach, that sandy textured bitter lesh.” Eek In Vooglebreinder a comment in Ratsch (1998, 155) is noted: “The Seri refer to saguaro as a peyote substitute, suggesting a possible psychoactive use for the plant, although no specifics concerning such a use are available.” Unfortunately Ratsch employs this statement as a photo caption without any comment or a pertinent reference. The responses to his online video are maybe the most intriguing part of this story. The most common are people who insist the saguaro is not active (apparently based on never having heard this before); some are so certain of this they are aggresive, rude and hostile. The second most common response is outrage for his cutting on a cactus that people loved. Psychotropia quoted “The sap, which lows from the cactus when it has been wounded, is very bitter. When ingested, it typically produces nausea and dizziness (Bruhn & Lundstrom 1976, 197).” but that paper does not say that. Conlict seemingly exists surrounding analytical reports concerning the alkaloids that are present in Saguaro (Suggesting a high degree of variability based on presently undeined factors). It may just be a matter of age and part analyzed but the question is one for a future worker to resolve. For a summarized overview: Gigantine was only reported in substantial amounts during Among the replies to Vitale’s youtube video are two bioassay comments: (typos left intact) “I’m going to let everyone know, I ate the green inner bark. I felt the effects about 45 minutes after. It came on all at one and was so powerful it knocked me off my feet. Patterns of color everywhere, I saw my soul from the future if you can 80 Cactus Chemistry By Species analysis of wild collected adult cacti and was found to be higher in the growing tips. (see Brown et al. 1972) BruHn & lundström 1976b reported isolating 22 mg of gigantine from 15 kilos of fresh material. It was not reported in greenhouse grown plants, nor in young plants that were being grown outdoors in Arizona. (see BruHn et al. 1970). BruHn et al. 1970 and BruHn & lundström 1976) found salsolidine to be the major alkaloid, whereas Brown et al. 1972 did not observe salsolidine in any samples they tested. They did all agree that carnegine was present in decent amounts. Cereus repandus duke lists uses for diarrhea and as shampoo or soap. Corynopuntia relexispina (wiggers & roLLinson) BaCKeBerg Diarrhea. duke Coryphantha compacta Cephalocereus leucocephalus Tarahumara names: “bakana”; “bakánawa”; “wichuri”; “Santa Poli” (Bye 1979) Bye reported inding this to be a powerful medicinal plant employed by Tarahumara shamans and feared by some of the Tarahumara. It was regarded as a form of hikuri and Bye suspects it to be referable to bakanawa in Bennett and Zingg. While an analysis of the Tarahumara “bakana” was said to be underway in Bye 1979, the results were either not published or the analysis was not performed. tHord-grAy 1955 described “baka-nawa” as the most feared plant next to hi-kuri (p. 573) ”This is a quite a common small ball-cactus, apparently inoffensive but considered very “powerful medicine”.” “In certain sections of Tarahumaraland this plant is used in place of peyote.” (tHord-grAy 1955: 84) “..baka-nori has a ball shaped root and is used the same way. It may be the same plant.” (tHord-grAy 1955: 84) The roots of both of these cacti are said to be “chewed and then rubbed on the legs of the runners to make them light of foot.” (tHord-grAy 1955: 345) Its application is often topical. Bennett & Zingg commented that it was a common ball cactus they were cautioned not to touch. Their informant said it was second only to hikuli in power. Later in their account they say “The users consider this root more powerful than peyote.” It was said to be used a a cure by shamans but that it could not be kept for more than three years by any one individual and needs to be sold or hidden after that point. “The whole root is stirred in boiling water and used as a drink or application for many diseases. It is applied to the back for sickness in the lungs.” “The small ball is chewed by the shaman, and the patient anointed with it wherever he feels pain.” “During a race the shaman continually chews a bit to have it ready for the runners who tire.” “The plant is so strong that runners anoint themselves with it three days before an important race.” The plant is said to be used by shamans, not peyoteros. The shamans make special trips to obtain it. Bennett & Zingg were told that the plant must be harvested on Friday and smoked with incense. Anyone is permitted to harvest or carry the cactus but it is mostly used by the shamans. The shamans carry small bits of the root in their bags. The root has many uses. “Losing or burning one of the plants makes it very angry, and the offender is apt to become sick, turn crazy, or die. When one sleeps near the roots, he may hear singing as it moves Fruit used for producing tesgüino. Pennington 1963 Corynopuntia relexispina Used traditionally for treating diarrhea. joHnson 1999 Cereus hexagonus duke cites Pittier for its use as diuretic and for enterrhagia. Cereus jamaracu dAvet 2005 reported some antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Cereus peruvianus There are references to this plant as being hallucinogenic and as containing Mescaline. Both of those assertions are clearly in error. rouHier 1927 is thusfar the earliest instance of the mistaken claim that I can locate. From page 73: “ Le Cereus peruvianus est le seul représentant de la famille des Cactacées, à côté naturellement du Peyotl, qui ait été utilisé par les Indiens dans le sorcellerie.” = “Cereus peruvianus is the only representative of the family of the Cactaceae, next to of course peyote, which has been used by the Indians in witchcraft” The reference to coBo 1653: 451 on page 90 in rouHier where he equates this species with “la diabolique huachuma” clearly indicates that this was based entirely on confusion with San Pedro (T. pachanoi). Rouhier’s mistake was repeated in HoBscHette 1929, jAcquet 1934 and also in soulAire 1947. Hobschette and Soulaire both included Cobo’s description which leaves no doubt that Cobo was discussing San Pedro. See more details (and Cobo’s comments) in Sacred Cacti Part B. San Pedro Cereus quadrangularis duke cited HArtwell for its use in cancers. 81 http://sacredcacti.com about. By chewing it a bit, the singing becomes clearer.” has sampled this plant. Surely there must be someone which implies that either every single person who tried it found that it was so incredibly good they didn’t want to share it and independently suppressed the knowledge or else it was not worth bothering to recount. I’d lean towards the latter notion myself. Mescaline would seem obvious as a preferable alternative, especially as current law potentially considers macromerine to be a controlled substance thanks to the modern blanket of illegality. My only bioassay involved around half a pound (nearly half of one large and very old plant) harvested while frozen in mid-winter. Coryphantha elephantidens MS smitH 2002 related that “A personal correspondent had observed C. elephantidens sold under the title of peyote in a Mexico City market. With a note of caution, my acquaintance went on to mention the possibility that many cacti, medicinal or not, are considered peyote to indigenous groups.” From http://www.cactus-mall.com/mss/old.html Coryphantha macromeris RE: Coryphantha macromeris (engelmAnn) lemAire & Coryphantha runyonii Britton & rose Claims for mescaline’s presence in these two species appear in the literature erroneously. BArceleux presents C. macromeris as a mescaline containing cacti for no clear reason other than perhaps thinking rumors of use indicate that mescaline is present. This species is purported to be a mild hallucinogen in its own right for reasons other than mescaline. The claim purporting hallucinogenic activity irst appeared in ott 1976 who cited his own unpublished lab notes and Jerry McLaughlin, unpublished data, as his references. Schultes & Hofmann included Ott’s observation in Botany & Chemistry... and in Plants of the Gods. However, in his later works Ott began citing Schultes & Hofmann’s secondary reference (to him!) and ceased to cite either himself or Dr. McLaughlin. Coryphantha runyonii appears to be listed seemingly for nothing more than being considered to be a varietal form of Coryphantha macromeris. Its reported analysis is commonly merged with that of C. macromeris in phytochemical databases. Neither species has ever been found to contain mescaline. Nausea was pronounced and lengthy (far worse on both counts than with peyote), there was a distinct pharmacological action but it was an insuficient dose to enable a hallucinogenic experience. There were persistent side effects such as a weird feeling of unreality and a strange shiny plastic appearance to objects which lasted for several weeks after ingestion. I found it more weird than anything else with an underlying sense of borderline irritability that reminded me more of ephedrine or Catha edulis leaf. While it is clearly in need of further evaluation, there are no plans or desire to evaluate it at a higher level. [Its worth recalling that J.R. Briggs felt similarly after sampling a partial peyote button.] The lengthy after effects causes some empathy for the assertion that permanent insanity could result from the use of Coryphantha species by people who weren’t prepared. While thinking it unlikely, the possibility of prolonged effects or after effects had been considered before hand, due to the warnings, and so, while concerned and in some spots challenged, I was not overly worried. If a person experienced this and was not prepared, or was unstable to begin with, the duration and weirdness of the side-effects might potentially cause them some problems. Its important to mention that if either macromerine or normacromerine is indeed a hallucinogenic alkaloid, or if normacromerine is, they would be the ONLY N-methylated phenethylamines that are known to be hallucinogenic. N-methylation normally ameliorates hallucinogenic activity, doing so even on DOM (STP). If *any* activity remains on an N-methylated phenethylamine it is generally that of an amphetamine type stimulant. As is noted under normacromerine in The Cactus Alkaloids, the conjecture by sHulgin (personal communication) concerning potential interactions of this alkaloid with known MAOI Coryphantha alkaloids needs some study. Some counterculture ‘new age’ churches (such as “Crystal”) have been established declaring Coryphantha macromeris as their sacrament. The literature we have seen suggests that they might be less than informed. We have been unable to locate even a single person who has actually tried it. The plant is also rumored to be one ifth as strong as the peyote cactus. Which I suspect is due to a comparison of the mg/kg igures in the literature. This would place an effective dose in excess of two pounds of plant material; if thought of in terms of weight for weight equivalencies of cacti. However, this is likely to be in error as it must be remembered that, while macromerine has been reported to be one-ifth the potency of mescaline, the reported percentage of occurrence is around one tenth that normally encountered in peyote for mescaline. This implies that, IF it were active as a hallucinogen, 50 times more plant material would be required, not 5. There is also the reality that this plant lacks a thorough analysis and one of the alkaloids noted as present but unidentiied possesses MAOI capabilities. Shulgin proposed a “cactihuasca” potential for Coryphantha species based on reported MAOI properties of some of the Coryphantha alkaloids. (sHulgin in a personal conversation during 2005) We have, so far, been unable to ind any other person who Coryphantha palmeri There is an odd report by domínguez et al. 1970 that seems to have been left uninvestigated by later workers. In this paper they mention that Coryphantha palmeri was employed as a”narcotic”. They observed 4 spots during tlc but were unable to get the alkaloid they isolated to crystallize and never identiied it. (They did identify other nonalkaloidal components by mp, tlc, IR, UV, MS and NMR.) This is often cited as a report inding no alkaloid in this species. We do not 82 Cactus Chemistry By Species think the issue is settled yet. More work is needed. Employed in Dropsy; Used as Piscicide & Vermifuge. duke cited krocHmAl & krocHmAl1973 Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa Called the “strawberry cactus” due to its fruit. stAndley 1924 Ingested for gastrointestinal disturbances. joHnson 1999 Echinocereus stramineus Cylindropuntia bigeloviii (engeLmann) Knuth “pitahaya” Prized for its edible fruit, stAndley 1924 Used as a diuretic. joHnson 1999 Echinocereus coccineus Echinocereus salm-dyckianus Echinocereus triglochidiatus Cylindropuntia leptocaulis Mexico: “tasajillo”, “tasajulla”, “garumbulo” cAstetter & oPler 1936 reported a claim purporting psychoactivity from fruit consumption but I am unable to ind anyone who can reproduce these results in their bioassays. They were said to have such “pronounced narcotic effects that the Indians will not walk close to plants which bear them, and they claim that eating a single fruit will make one “drunk and dizzy.” ” [Never mind that the fruit have tiny glochids.] I would suspect that this might have arisen out of a Mescalero’s sense of humor. I can almost hear the words “Hey cowboy, ...” They are commonly included on the lists of the cactus species fruit eaten as food by the indigenous southwestern peoples. Bennett & zingg 1935 do not mention any drug use of any Echinocereus despite making comment on their commonness. Tarahumara name: “hikuri”; “wichuri” Mexican name: “pitallita” Bye reported that Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm. and E. salm-dyckianus Scheer “are “hikuri” of the sierras and can be used in the same manner as the preceding types although they are not as powerful.” Bye 1979 “High mental qualities are ascribed especially to all species of Mammilaria and Echinocactus, small cacti, for which a regular cult is instituted. he Tarahumares designate several varieties as hikuli, though the name belongs properly only to the kind most commonly used by them. hese plants live for months ater they have been rooted up, and the eating of them causes a state of ecstasy. hey are therefore considered demi-gods, who have to be treated with great reverence, and to whom sacriices have to be ofered.” Lumholtz (1902: 303) uses the name Echinocactus but his accompanying illustration is very clearly that of an Echinocereus. Cylindropuntia versicolor Chemical studies performed on Aspergillus terreus yielded interesting products. (It was inhabiting the rhizosphere of Opuntia versicolor. ) Among them was (+)-Terrecyclic acid A which was found to be “capable of disrupting the cell cycle through an apparent arrest to progression at the G(1) and G(2)/M phases in this p53 competent cell line. “ wijerAtne et al. 2003 Terrecyclic acid A (TCA) isolated from this fungus was also determined to be active as a small-molecule inducer of the heat shock response and showed anticancer activity. It was suggested that it affects pathways involved with oxidative and inlammatory cellular stress responses. turByville et al. 2005 It seems certain that what Bye referred to as Echinocereus triglochidiatus was Echinocereus coccineus. Confusion between the two species is quite common but Echinocereus triglochidiatus has a more northerly distribution. I am only aware of one person bioassaying this plant. He told me he experienced something vague and weird but was unable to obtain any interesting results despite subsequently isolating pure alkaloids and ingesting them alone and combined with an MAOI. Cylindropuntia whipplei Used to treat diarrhea. joHnson 1999 Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus) was purported by crosswHite 1992 as being under threat of illegal poaching for its purported DMT content. One has to wonder how much incidence of this actually existed before this report and how much, if any, has occurred after it. Speculations by Crosswhite that its “[...] evolutionary history may be linked to trading by the prehistoric Salado culture, implying that the species may actually be an early cultivar “ does not seem to be based on anything that is real. See USFWS 2001. Dolichothele uberiformis he juice from this cactus injected into a frog rapidly caused its death. (from soulAire 1947) This refers to a brief comment made in lewin 1894. Echinocereus enneacanthus 83 http://sacredcacti.com he Isleta in New Mexico ate the pulp of Echinocereus triglochidiatus ater baking it or making it into a candy with sugar. Echinocereus fendleri and Echinocereus gonacanthus were roasted and used as food by the Cochiti. Several species are valued as food but more are highly regarded for their fruit. cAstetter 1935: 26 A comment appeared in the Enthogen Review that a large doses of a water extract cause “hallucinations” (dekorne 1997). In checking the purported reference (H uson 2001) A ArdvArk 2006 discovered not only was the claim taken from g rieve 1931 but it actually referred to Selenicereus grandiflorus rather than to Epiphyllum oxypetalum! Epiphyllum oxypetalum apparently has some type of pharmacological/physiological actions. All in isolated tissue preparations: “decreased the flow rate of perfusion fluid in isolated guinea-pig lungs.” “shortened the guinea-pig tracheal chain.” “increased the spontaneous activity of the rat and mouse jejunum and elicited contraction of the guinea-pig ileum” The responses of the tracheal chain and the ileum were similar to the responses produced by acetylcholine or by histamine. Chow found this could be blocked or reversed by atropine and by chlortrimeton. “caused a shortening of the rat aortic strip which was antagonized by phentolamine.” “exhibited both inotropic and chronotropic effects on isolated rat auricles and hearts, which could be blocked by propanolol.” “produced slow contraction of the nictating membrane in anesthetized cats. This response was readily abolished by phentolamine.” cHow et al. 1977 (Above was from the English abstract.) Duke’s database lists Epiphyllum oxypetalum being used for “Longevity” citing Burkill 1966. I have not yet obtained that paper. Echinocereus chrysocentrus (golden spined strawberry) Echinocereus coccineus (hedgehog cactus) Echinocereus fendleri (desert strawberry) Echinocereus leeanus (salmon-lowered hedgehog) Echinocereus rigidissimus (rainbow cactus) were all valued for their fruit by the Mescalero. cAstetter & oPler 1936: 41 Echinopsis multiplex An aqueous decoction of Echinopsis multiplex showed in vivo tumor growth inhibition activity and increased the survival time of rats with solid tumour S180 and Lewis pulmonary carcinoma. (p.o. 30 g/kg and 60 g/kg). In vitro study of their plasma showed that it inhibited DNA synthesis in YAC-1 tumour cells and signiicantly suppressed the proliferation of EAC tumour cells (antineoplastic efect). Chen et al. 1999 Echinocereus mamillosus rümpLer soulAire 1947 says it has a “narcotic” action and, in animals, a lethal dose causes death by respiratory depression. Epiphyllum phyllanthus Echinocereus reichenbachii Duke’s database lists this species being used as “cardiac” & “tonic” citing duke 1972 Serves as a bandage for burns & wounds. soulAire 1947 remington et al. 1918 appears to have *somehow* confused this with Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum when saying: Tested in animals for possible antidepressant effects. Choice based on “being traditionally used for the treatment of bad dreams, witchcraft, or madness”, according to a Guaymí Indian informant. AArdvArk 2006 cited Anderson 2004a “From Cereus Caespitosus Engl. and A. Gray, Heyl separated an alkaloid, pectenine, which, according to Heffter (A. Pharm., 1901, ccxxxix, s. 462), produced both in cold and warm blooded animals tetanic convulsions with heightened relexes. According to the experiments of Mogilewa, the alkaloid acts upon the isolated frog’s heart as a depressant.” Epiphyllum spp. Culina: “Wamapanako” (rivier & lindgren 1977) Sharanahua: “Pukara” (Pinkley 1969) “Pokere” (rivier & lindgren 1977) grieve 1931 appears to draw from this source when writing: “Cereus caespitosus. An alkaloid separated from this variety, called Pectenine, produces tetanus convulsions in animals.” An unspeciied Epiphyllum species is said to be used by the Peruvian Sharanahua as an ayahuasca admixture. (appearing in rivier & lindgren’s 1972 listing) Only one leaf of the Epiphyllum species is added to ayahuasca or else its unboiled juice is consumed along with the prepared hoasca. Homer Pinkley 1969 commented that there is an herbarium voucher of the Epiphyllum (made by L. Rivier & I. Rüff) present in the Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames at Harvard. Cereus caespitosus became Echinocereus reichenbachii. The comments by Heffter appear within the pages of Heyl 1901 but this paper does not discuss Cereus caespitosus. All of the varieties of bona ide Echinocereus reichenbachii appear to lack any analysis? Epiphyllum oxypetalum 84 Cactus Chemistry By Species Duke’s database lists an unspeciied Epiphyllum species being used for “intestine”; citing AltscHul 1973. he phrase “much less efective” is interesting. his author has eaten the fruit of this cactus many times and never experienced stimulation, or any other efect, even faintly. hey taste mildly sweet and similar to Opuntia lower petals Standley noted that they are considered edible in México and called chilotes. Standley 1924: 933 An unspeciied Epiphyllum species is said to be used as an appetite stimulant in Costa Rica. AArdvArk 2006 cited Anderson 2004b. WORLDS WONDER REMEDY Report of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry west & mclAugHlin 1977 demonstrated the (rather consistent) toxicity of the saponin extract when injected into mice. Toxicity ranged from death within 24 hours at 100 mg/kg to death within 1 hour at 1 gram per kg.] Worlds Wonder Remedy is said to be prepared by macerating “the leaves of certain cactus plants, among them being the “Alligator Tail cactus,” the ‘Philo’ cactus and several other species of cactus in brandy. No eidence is submitted in regard to the possible properties of the “Alligator Tail.” the “Philo” cactus or the identities and properties of the “other species.” Neither are the quantities of the leaves in a given amount of the wonder remedy declared. It is claimed “We have also found this medicine to be a very good cure for nervousness, headache and all pains of the body, especially stomach trouble, indigestion, cancer of the stomach and we have also given it to people sick at this time of the year and they did not know what ailed them but it made them feel ine.” he Council has no evidence that this preparation has therapeutic virtues, and in the absence of such proof declared the claims unwarranted and preposterous. “Rosapara” Described as a “more advanced vegetative stage of the preceding species—though it looks quite different, being white and spiny. This, too, must only be touched with very clean hands, in the moral sense.” Lumholtz comments that the only people who are allowed to handle it are those “well baptised” and that “It is a good Christian and keeps a sharp eye on the people around it; and when it sees anyone doing some wrong, it gets very angry, and either drives the offender mad or throws him down precipices. It is therefore very effective in frightening off bad people, especially robbers and Apaches.” lumHoltz 1902 Ferocactus covillei ameriCan meDiCaL association 1918 = Ferocactus emoryi Maybe “Philo cactus” intended Phyllocactus but I do not have a guess for “Alligator tail cactus”. Aloe vera, several other Aloe species, and a rampant Kalanchoe amazingly all are known by the common name ‘Alligator cactus’. Used for treating sores. duke. Ferocactus sp Used for headaches, chest and women’s complaints. duke Epithelantha micromeris Asserted hallucinogenic based on some intriguing statements but this may be a cross-cultural conceptual force-itting? Haageocereus (Weberbauerocereus) acranthus This species appears to lack published analysis. It was asserted to contain mescaline in cAycHo jimenez who made this claim without including a reference. This irst image was sent to me to illustrate material that was purportedly being used by shamans in Peru. [See illustrated PDF for images] “Mulato” (Tarahumara) “his is believed to make the eyes large and clear to see sorcerers, to prolong life and to give speed to the runners.” lumHoltz 1902 tHord-grAy 1955 Purported this to be the Tarahumara’s “peyote mulato”: “…credited with great intellectual and moral qualities. A small dose of this plant will open the busi-ra (eyes). One can then clearly see the evil wizards and witches. It will prolong life and increase the speed of a runner in a race.” Haageocereus (Weberbauerocereus) cephalomacrostibas AKA Trichocereus cephalomacrostibas This species also lacks any published analysis. Asserted to contain mescaline in cAycHo jimenez who made this claim without including a reference. Mentioned by Pennington 1963: 166 as a “narcotic” cactus with use similar to Lophophora. Said to not be available at that time in Tarahumara country. “Specimens of Epithelantha micromeris in possession of Indians near Guaguachic and Nararachic are claimed to have been brought from slopes of ranges northeast of Valle de Allende, beyond the Rio Florido.” Harrisia divaricata (LamarK) Lourteig Antihelmintic (no reference included) remington et al. 1918 Harrisia nashii Britton (now H. gracilis) “The whole plant, as well as the fruit (although it is considered less effective), is used to stimulate and protect runners (Lumholtz 1902- Pennington, 1963). “... use appears to be restricted to the upper regions of the Rio Conchos.” Bye 1979 Vermifuge (Haiti) - Štarha 2001 Hylocereus undatus 85 http://sacredcacti.com claimed that herbarium vouchers had been prepared and that an analysis was ongoing but did not mention the results in either dAvis 1997 or 1999. Correspondence with Davis & D.M. McKenna established that an analysis was never performed. Caustic stem juice employed internally and externally for a vermicide. he internal use is said to be dangerous. Widely cultivated for its fruit. Standley 1924: 913 Lemaireocereus hystrix Lemaireocereus matucanense [Name accepted as Armatocereus matucanense] [Name accepted as Stenocereus imbriatus -commonly encountered as synonym Stenocereus hystrix] This is listed as a good species in Hunt 2006, yet Hunt also comments: “doubtfully distinct from Armatocereus laetus” This cactus is purported to be employed as a type of San Pedro in parts of Peru. (Information from Grizzly; personal communication) It is claimed to be “strong”. Independent conirmation of that activity has not been performed. As was also the case with Davis, Grizzly and friends did not bioassay the plant so the claim remains anecdotal. That particular population needs analysis. duke cites HArtwell for “Cereus imbriatus” being used for warts. This species appears in the analytical literature only under the more commonly encountered Stenocereus synonym. Lemaireocereus hystrix from Jamaica was analyzed by Carl Djerassi in the 1950s and was reported to be devoid of alkaloid. It was found to contain an uncharacterized triterpene lactone that he termed the hystrix lactone. This lactone also showed up in several other species of Lemaireocereus. More recently one ethnobotanical supplier has been claiming this plant to at least sometimes be potent with mescaline. The material being sold under this name as live cuttings and dried outer lesh irst appeared labeled Trichocereus cuzcoensis. It then was renamed as a peruvianus variety and then a peruvianus hybrid before settling on Stenocereus hystrix. When I asked the owner about the name and identiication he said the name was assigned by a botanist who examined the vegetative material. The irst cutting I obtained did resemble the material growing in the greenhouse at the Huntington. (The Huntington material was collected from Puerto Rico). He also commented that only material growing in one stand on the Dominican Republic was active and not the others growing elsewhere on the island. How this was determined, how it was irst determined to be active and why it was suspected of being a hybrid (and with what), were not known to him. The claim is that this material is mescaline containing and found to be active in human bioassay at 20 grams of dried material but it was commented on by the vendor that too much rain had reduced the potency in at least one harvest so he changed the estimated dosage range to 20-40 grams. I have been unable to locate anyone bioassaying anything except for pre-prepared dried commercial lesh. It needs an analysis starting with a living cactus. My two attempts to obtain live material proved problematic. Leuchtenbergia principis Purported to be used for treating wounds in “beasts of burden”. stAndley 1924: 934 It may be unrelated but in a massive rat invasion of my cactus nursery many years ago this was one of a very few species left completely untouched even as seedlings. Lemaireocereus thurberii Fruit used by the Tarahumara for producing tesgüino. Pennington 1963 Fruit colors the urine like blood. stAndley 1924: 901 Lemaireocereus queretaroensis Called “pitahaya” due to edible fruit. stAndley 1924 Used in Mexico as a purgative. soulAire 1947 Lophocereus schottii Felger & moser 1991 mention that the senita is one of the three plants that the Seri believe was once a human. Traditionally used for cancer. duke (HArtwell) Antimicrobial & other biological activities studied in: FimBres & gArcíA 1998 morAles 2006 rico-BoBAdillA et al. 2001 Lemaireocereus laetus [Name accepted as Armatocereus laetus] Lack of the appropriate enzyme for converting cholesterol into 7-dehydrocholesterol (termed the “Neverland” gene) makes this plant an onbligate food source for Drosophila pachea. Without consumption of Lathosterol it would be unable to successfully mature. lAng et al. 2012 Over 20 years ago, Wade Davis purported that cactus was used as a San Pedro substitute by a shaman near Huancabamba. It was purportedly called pishicol by Davis’ informant although our contact said it was locally called San Pedro. Human bioassays of cultivated material have thus far been without results although I am only aware of two attempts neither of which included the amount used or the form of preparation. In his 1983 paper on “Plants of the San Pedro Cult” Davis Lophophora fricii Cultivated Lophophora fricii were reported nonhallucinogenic at 3 gm/kg in HABermAnn 1978a. Lophophora jourdaniana 86 Cactus Chemistry By Species Cacti or Anderson or McLaughlin for a listing of additional uses. Cultivated Lophophora jourdaniana were bioassayed successfully (for mescaline) at 3gm/kg in HABermAnn 1978a. lewin 1894 commented that “Hildman” isolated an alkaloid in 1889 and showed that it caused convulsions in frogs. This was apparently personal communication with Lewin rather than published work. Machaerocereus gummosus “ pitaya agria”, “pitahaya agria”, “pitahaya”, “agria” Crushed stems sometimes thrown into water to stupefy ish. Bears a popular fruit called tajuá (Cochimí). stAndley 1924 Antimicrobial & antineoplastic activities studied in morAles 2006. General phytochemical screening in gArzA PAdrón 2005. Lophophora williamsii “he dried plants have been in use among the native people [in Mexico] since precolumbian times, and are still employed, although their use is forbidden by law.” “[…] the general efects are somewhat like those resulting from the use of hashish.” Standley 1924 “…used by Rio Grande Indians to produce intoxication -similar to cannabis, during religious ceremonies;” “Heart and respiratory stimulant, tonic, adjuvant to digitalis, narcotic, slightly slows pulse, produced mental and physical weariness, sleep without untoward symptoms; excessive quantities produce spasms resembling strychnine poisoning; pneumothorax, tuberculosis, angina pectoris, asthmatic dyspnea, hysteria.” culBretH 1927 he equating of peyote’s activity with that of either opium or hashish is common in the early literature. Mamillopsis senilis BruHn 1973a noted that Dr. J.N. Rose mentioned Mamillopsis senilis as a “sacred cactus” of the Tarahumara in his article entitled “Notes on useful plants of Mexico” [rose 1899] Bye 1979 refers to the plant as “Mammillaria senilis” and mentions than that rose “related an incident of Nelson who, while collecting in southern Chihuahua, reported encountering a Tarahumara who was fearfully reluctant to assist in collecting a similar cactus” Rose had given the name as “Mamillaria senilis” stating the potential of deferring to Weber’s new Mamillopsis once he had seen it lower. Rose speculated that this could be the “hikora rosapara” mentioned by Lumholtz. He related an account of E.W. Nelson in 1898: “This is one of the sacred plants of the Tarahumari Indians and I was informed that the Indians who have had little intercourse with the Mexicans can not be induced to touch one of them. The specimens I secured were gathered by a Tarahumari man living on the ranch where I stopped. When I told the Indian to gather the plants from the top of a great rock he hesitated and only did it when I insisted upon his compliance. In pulling the specimen loose he tore on another plant and before descending he raised the fallen plant and replacing its root in position he packed the soil very carefully about it. This little incident illustrates the respect in which these people hold this plant.” (rose 1899: 258) Green plants are “chewed and placed upon bruises, bites and wounds.” (Pennington 1963) “anodyne, antirheumatic, bitter, cardiac, cardiotonic, emetic, entheogen, febrifuge, intoxicant, lactogogue, narcotic, panacea” joHnson 1999 ref#6 “arthritis, backache, common cold, corns, diabetes, fever, gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, infection, inluenza, orthopedic ailments, sunstroke, tuberculosis, venereal ailments, wounds” joHnson 1999 ref#7 “...many uses in folkloric medicine including the treatment of arthritic, consumption, inluenza, intestinal disorders, diabetes, snake and scorpion bites and datura poisoning.” “The Huichol rub the juices of fresh peyote into wounds to prevent infection and to promote healing.” “It is used to gain knowledge, prophesize the future, and for almost every type of illness. It is also applied externally to painful joints.” joHnson 1999 With the three noteable exceptions of the analysis of Mammillaria microcarpa (considered either synonymous with or varietal of Mammillaria grahamii), and of M. heyderi (which was determined to contain no hallucinogenic alkaloids), and of the related M. meiacantha, which was reported to contain one unidentified alkaloid, there has been no chemical work performed for Mamillopsis senilis or any the species of Mammillaria claimed to be held in high respect by the Tarahumara (such as Mammillaria grahamii var. olivae). Unless one wants to also count lewin 1894b reporting several Mammillaria species to be nontoxic, Amusingly, entirely based on Bruhn’s comments that Mammillaria heyderi had been reported to have been used ethnobotanically and that he had found that it contained N-methyl-DMPEA, this alkaloid found itself mistakenly listed in Usdin & Efron (and beyond) as a known hallucinogenic compound. Extract is used externally for bruises, fractures, rheumatism, swellings and joint pain in the form of linament, ointments and cremes. Used orally or topically as an analgesic. Commercially produced and marketed online there is also a cottage industry that exists producing pomada de peyote. In the region of the headwaters of the Río Concho, Pennington 1963:159 noted that the expressed juice from Lophophora williamsii was sometimes added to tesgüino to “make the corn beer more enjoyable.” Havard had made a very similar claim. he plant has many folk medicinal applications. See Sacred 87 http://sacredcacti.com “The heart of the cactus is used to cure or relieve headaches. After the spines are removed, the plant is cut up into two or more pieces, roasted for a few minutes and then part of the stuff is pushed into the ear. ” tHord-grey 1955: 483 After similarly discussing its application for a headache remedy Bye goes on to comment “The upper portion of the plant is said to be the most effective. The top, with the spines removed, is ingested and is said to put one to sleep soon. During this sleep, the person “travels” to distant places and sees brilliant colors. If the person is not prepared, it will drive him crazy. Its effects are said to be similar to “hikuli”.” It is unclear where this comment came from. I’m assuming from Bye’s informants rather than a confusion with his account for M. grahamii v. olivae. he Genus Mammillaria he milky sap of some species were used to remove warts. Standley 1924: 975 Duke/ Martínez mentions use for earaches, dysentery, insecticidal, poison (not indicated whether as poison or for treating poisoning), pulicide, purgative, snake repellent. Mammillaria grahamii (sunset cactus) Mammillaria grahamii var. olivae (snowball pincushion) Mammillaria mainae (horned toad cactus) all have fruit that were valued by the Mescalero. cAstetter & oPler 1936: 41 Mammillaria craigii currently lacks any published analysis. It has however been reported to be used in Oz as recreational drug. The dose is said to be a single specimen 4 inches or so in diameter. The spines are irst removed and the entire body of the plant eaten. Fortunately there are a large number of large seed grown specimens available. Friends with irst-hand experience describe it as being MDMA-like. Whether this is realistic or if it just an expression of the “tastes-like-chicken” phenomenon, where people describe something new by comparison to the closest thing in their experience, I do not know. It is said by different bioassayists to be only mildly or not particularly hallucinogenic but with a euphoric component and pleasant stimulation causing it to become popular in at least some small subsets of the many Australian dance circles. Clearly more work is needed. Mammillaria arietina Lemaire lewin 1894 commented that this species was found to be nontoxic. [Now considered a synonym of Mammillaria magnimamma var. arietina (lem.) sAlm-dyck] Mammillaria centricirrha var. pachythele lewin 1894 commented that this species was found to be nontoxic. [Mammillaria centricirrha lemAire is now considered a form of Mammillaria magnimamma] Mammillaria craigii “Tarahumara names: “wichuri”; “witculiki” (Bennett & Zingg 1935), “wichuriki” (Thord-Gray 1955) Mexican names: “peyote de San Pedro”; “biznaga” (Bennett & Zingg 1935; Thord-Gray 1955) “ In the Barranca de Batopilas, M. craigii is respected by all Tarahumara. Mistreating it, such as making botanical specimens of it, is considered very ‘ dangerous and terriies many natives who may see it being collected by a botanist.” Bye 1979 Mammillaria geminispina Employed for excrescence. Duke (Hartwell) Mammillaria grahamii var. oliviae “Tarahumara name: “hikuri” Mexican name: “peyote” “ Small clusters of this cactus (Fig. 3) are found on the slopes of Barranca de Batopilas and are reported to be the actual “hikuri” of this region. It is said to be distinguished from similar species of Mammillaria by the reddish central spines and the reddish vascular tissue in the plant stem. he fruit and top of the plant with the spines removed are eaten and are said to cause drowsiness followed by “travel” with brilliant colors. It is taken by the shaman and participants during special ceremonies. If improperly used, the plant can cause a person to go crazy. Specimens of this Tarahumara “peyote” are awaiting analysis.” ” Bye 1979 I have been unable to locate the results of that analysis or determine if it occurred. Somehow M. grahamii found itself added to the list. Field work by Bye established that M. craigii lindsAy and not M. heyderii was the cactus discussed by Bennett & zingg 1935 & tHord-grey 1955 under the name “wichu-ri-ki“. This is commonly implied to have hallucinogenic activity or even to have fruit which is hallucinogenic but careful reading is suggested as the comments from Bennett & Zingg clearly said “The small, red fruit is sweet and casually eaten.” And what was said by tHord-grey 1955: “It has a small red fruit which is eaten. This plant is greatly feared, as it is supposed to have magical powers. [...] The shaman also uses this plant as a very important medicine to clear his vision so that he can see sorcerors and prolong life. The medicine will also make the foot light and increase the speed of a runner in a race.” Thord-Gray also commented “…It matters not how well the suku-ru-ame [witch] is hidden, the shaman can see him clearly.” Castetter & Opler 1936 mention Mammillaria grahamii and var. olivae as having fruit which are eaten as food. 88 Cactus Chemistry By Species Mammillaria heyderii Matucana madisoniorum (hutChison) rowLey In 1935 Bennett & Zingg reported on the use of Mammillaria heyderii by the Tarahumara. Thord-Gray & Robert A. Bye Jr. later published comments that among its many magical powers the plant was used for locating wizard and increasing speed in runners. It was also said to be used for inducing sleep during which time shamans would travel to distant places and see brightly colored things. “…greatly feared for its magical powers. his medicine will clear his vision. It matters not how well the suku-ru-ame [witch] is hidden, the shaman can see him clearly.” Thord-Gray 1955 Matucana madisoniorum is rumored variously to be used in Peruvian native medicine and to contain mescaline. It presently appears that rumors of this species as either 1) a hallucinogen or 2) a mescaline container are erroneous. Until fairly recently this species was rare in cultivation, When it was discovered it was a rare cacti in the wild s uggesting that any medicinal usage would have to be very localized. Furthermore when Hutchison returned to the original type locality he was unable to locate any plants remaining. Their absence was suspected to be the result of an abundance of local goats. Other occurrences have been found. It is unclear why Paul Hutchison thought it contained mescaline or why he believed it to have ethnomedical applications or if these are mistaken conclusions reached by others. It would also be valuable to track down any actual ield reports of use and determine what application they actually had. Cacti are used for MANY purposes by native cultures; hallucinogenesis is only one. An anti-infective topical agent seems every bit as likely. Additionally analysis of it has produced no evidence of evidence of mescaline or of any other alkaloid (unpublished GC-MS by Shulgin; personal communication) Shulgin’s analysis was performed on a specimen provided to him by one of Hutchison’s former students and was a clone from a plant from the original type collection. I saw the specimens that were extracted (and helped him mince the fresh plants with heavy scissors) so can say with certainty that they were very typical looking, nearly bald with a few weak spines. Sasha kept live plants for voucher material. Rumors of that particular material being a mescaline container are clearly erroneous. Regardless, this entire genus deserves a detailed analysis. These assertions were apparently considered by later workers to be conclusive proof of hallucinogenic use. Perhaps noteworthy is the fact that no Western workers ever bioassayed the plant. In 1973 Jan Bruhn commented on the results of an analysis reporting the presence of N-Methyl-DMPEA while repeating the claim of those earlier workers. Interestingly, as a result of that paper (BruHn & BruHn 1973) a person can ind this substance listed as a hallucinogen in a number of academic and online resources based entirely on that single report of its occurrence in this species. It is even common to ind this plant discussed as a hallucinogen and that activity attributed to this alkaloid despite there being no report of a bioassay and the pure compound apparently never having seen any pharmacological evaluation. Most pertinently, but incredibly having no impact on the persistence of the above accounts, in Bye’s 1979 report on the hallucinogenic plants used by the Tarahumara it was determined that the species employed by the Tarahumara was not Mammillaria heyderii but Mammillaria craigii. Pennington 1963:118 mentions Mammillaria heyderii only in regards to its fruit being used as food. Melocactus bellavistensis duke lists uses for earache, headache, deafness and longevity. He also reiterates the erroneous claim it is used as a hallucinogen. Melocactus bellavistensis has been purported to have hallucinogenic use in Catamayo Valley in Ecuador. kvist & morAes R. 2006. There are many problems with the claims around this plant. Most noteably the apparent unavailability of its primary reference: vivAnco 2000. It probably merits an analysis but needs some published primary work that is not made of unobtainium. Claims about this plant presently should be regarded with some reservation. There were some additional comments on it made by Peter Gorman (who refers to it as the “moon cactus”) that really do not deserve even this much of a mention. (In High Times and on his webpage.) Mammillaria magnimamma Lactogogue. duke Mammillaria microcarpa Earache. duke (Unclear if this is in reference to its synonymity with Mammillaria grahamii or if this was as independent claim.) Mammillaria polythele martius Melocactus depressus hooKer lewin 1894 commented that this species had been found to be nontoxic. An arabinogalactan from this species was reported to show activity at stimulating phagocytosis. dA silvA & PArente 2002 Mammillaria pulchra haworth lewin 1894 commented that this species was found to be nontoxic. M. pulchra is not currently recognized. 89 http://sacredcacti.com Myrtillocactus geometrizans Obregonia denegrii duke lists as used for Antibiotic, Poison (unclear if used as a poison or as a remedy for poisoning), Sympathomimetic. “garambullo” Pulp is used in Mexico as a diuretic & antipyretic. soulAire 1947. Opuntia basilaris Peniocerol, Macdougallin and Chichipegenin from an extract of plant and roots were all reported to have insecticidal and insect growth regulation activity. césPedes et al. 2005 Used as an analgesic. Employed to treat skin ailments and warts. joHnson 1999 Warts - HArtwell Sometimes called the berry cactus or the billberry cactus. Fruit is popular and sold fresh or dried in local Mexican markets. Fruit are referred to as garambullos or billberries. Opuntia bigelovii Diuretic - duke Opuntia dillenii see as Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Melocactus peruvianus vaupeL Opuntia echinocarpa cAycHo jimenez 1977 (page 91) asserted that it contains mescaline but did not offer any supportive reference. An analysis may be indicated but the origin for the claim seems questionable. An ethyl acetate extract derived from a strain of Fusarium oxysporum (mitosporic Hypocreales; an endophytic fungi inhabiting the stem tissue of Opuntia echinocarpa AKA “silver cholla”) were reported, using bioassays, to possess activity for the inhibition of metastasis [Using the wound-healing assay (WHA)] and proliferation/survival [MTT assay]. BAsHyAl et al. 2007 Neoraimondia macrostibas Said to be incorporated into the drink known as cimora. Cruz Sanchez 1948 (as Cereus macrostibas) his is presented as being in combination with other cacti and plants. See a more detailed discussion in Ott 1993 & in Sacred Cacti Part B. San Pedro pages 110-112;. To locate a pdf of the San Pedro book: http://troutsnotes.com/pdf/SP.pdf Opuntia elatior Antiseptic, Biliousness, Boils, Coughs, Expectorant, Guineaworms, Inlammation, Ophthalmia, Pertussis, Sores & Spasms. duke Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) saLm-DyCK Opuntia engelmannii “nocheznopalli” (Nahuatl), “nopal de San Gabriel” (Oaxaca), “tuna mansa” (Puerto Rico), “tuna”, “nopal” (El Salvador) Joints used as poultice for articular rheumatism, erysipelas, ophthalmia, earache and toothache. stAndley 1924 Pink or red loral tissues used as refreshing tea. soulAire 1947 An important host plant for cochineal insects (hence its name). “Cactus apple” “Arizona cactus pear extracts effectively inhibited cell growth in several different immortalized and cancer cell cultures, suppressed tumor growth in nude mice, and modulated expression of tumor-related genes. These effects were comparable with those caused by a synthetic retinoid currently used in chemoprevention trials.” zou et al. 2005 The owner of the company making this product told me that it is obtained from Opuntia engelmannii. [The cochineal insect was also commercially cultivated on Opuntia elatior mill., Opuntia horrida SD, Opuntia nopalilla kArw., Opuntia Hernandezii DC, Opuntia tuna mill, & Pereskia bleo DC. soulAire 1947] Used to treat “women’s ailments”. joHnson 1999 Opuntia icus-indica Used as a diuretic and for treating disarrhea. Flowers employed for dysentery. soulAire 1947 Poultice used for “various painful conditions”, ulcers, sores & boils. el-mogHAzy et al. 1982 Used as an emollient. Used to treat calluses, corns, leprosy, measles, tumors. Also for kidneys. joHnson 1999 Nopalea karwinskiana (saLm-DyCK) sChumann “nopalillo de lor” (Jalisco), “nopalillo” Root said to be used as remedy for dysentery. stAndley 1924 90 Cactus Chemistry By Species d uke lists uses as: Burn (Radiation), Callus, Corns, Decongestant, Diabetes, Diarrhea, Diuretic, Emollient, Internulcer, Kidney, Leprosy, Measles, Piles, Scald, Sore, Sunburn, Tumor & Wounds. Opuntia imbricata Decoction of fruit used to set cochineal dye. stAndley 1924 Opuntia lindheimeri Anti-hyperglycemic effects were only evident in temporarily hyperglycemic mice. AlArcon-AguilAr et al. 2003 Used for bruises (veterinary), dyspepsia, mumps, swelling. joHnson 1999, duke The betalain distribution and antioxidant activity for three Sicilian cultivars of Opuntia icus-indica was studied by Butera. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts from the edible pulp of the three cultivars were investigated as was the amount of reducing capacity for puriied betanin and indicaxanthin. The yellow cultivar exhibited the highest amount of betalains, followed by the red and white ones. The methanolic fruit extracts showed a marked antioxidant activity (measured as 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) equivalents per gram of pulp), dose-dependently inhibited the organic hydroperoxide-stimulated red cell membrane lipid oxidation, and inhibited metaldependent and metal-independent low-density lipoprotein oxidation. The extract from the white fruit showed the highest protection in all models of lipid oxidation. Puriied betanin and indicaxanthin were both reported to be more effective at scavenging the [2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] diammonium salt cation radical than Trolox. ButerA et al. 2002 Opuntia megacanthus Showed activity at reducing plasma glucose but was suggested to demonstrate possible kidney toxicity (in rodents). Bwiti et al. 2000 Employed as a laxative. joHnson 1999 Used for inlammation, pregnancy. joHnson 1999 Pads used as a poultice. duke stAndley 1924: the “best edible tunas” come from this species. Opuntia megarhiza Employed for treating fractures & inlammation. joHnson 1999 Palmer reported the leshy roots to be used as poultices for fractures and inlammation. stAndley 1924 Opuntia moniliformis (L.) steuDeL Used to treat tumors. joHnson 1999 (from HArtwell) Opuntia phaeacantha engeLmann “Tulip prickly pear” Use in “women’s ailments”. joHnson 1999 The 8 lavonoids isolated from the ethyl acetate fractions of an extract of the fruits and stems of Opuntia icus-indica var. saboten had antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects studied. All found to be active at inhibiting lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging. Quercetin and its 3-methyl ether were found to inhibit XO activity (in vitro). Quercetin was more active than (+)-dihydroquercetin. (Quercetin 3-methyl ether = most active.) lee et al. 2003 Opuntia plumbea rose Used for skin ailments & “women’s ailments”. joHnson 1999 Opuntia polyacantha haworth Used in folk medicine for backache, diarrhea, moles, warts, & wounds joHnson 1999 (HArt was source for the irst two.) The word “poison” is listed in joHnson 1999 but it is not clear if that means being used as a poison or for treating poisoning. Opuntia fragilis Opuntia pseudo-tuna saLm-DyCK Used for skin ailments & throat ailments. joHnson 1999 Used for treating tumors. joHnson 1999 (from HArtwell) Opuntia fulgida Opuntia rainesquei engelmAnn See under Opuntia humifusa. duke lists for: Toothache, Diarrhea & Short-windedness. Opuntia humifusa (= Opuntia compressa) Opuntia relexispina wiggers & rollinson See as Corynopuntia relexispina Used to treat skin ailments. joHnson 1999 Extract of the pads was shown to possess potent antioxidant, radical scavenging and antiinlammatory activity. One of the active radical scavengers was determined to be quercetin. cHo et al. 2006 lloyd BrotHers (1903, 1908) says Opuntia rainesquei (now Opuntia humifusa) has been “inexcusably substituted” for Selenicereus grandilorus. Opuntia reticulata A semimonstrose plant known as Opuntia zebrina, Opuntia zebrina forma reticulata and Opuntia dillenii forma reticulata Purgative & antihelminthic. Root has dental application. soulAire 1947 91 http://sacredcacti.com Opuntia spp. Opuntia tuna (L.) miLL. Young joints are applied as poultices to reduce inlammation. stAndley 1924 Used to treat asthma, diarrhea, gonorrhea, rheumatism. joHnson 1999 (from krocHmAl & krocHmAl 1973) Stems are boiled and used as poultice for rheumatism. joHnson 1999 Fruit for asthma, diarrhea, gonorrhea. joHnson 1999 duke lists as being used for: Astringent, Boils, Diarrhea, Diuretic, Dysentery, Dysuria, Expectorant, Eye, Hair-Tonic, Hallucinogen (erroneous), Headache, Inflammation, Insomnia, Lactogogue, Poultice, Snakebite, Swelling, Thirst, Tuberculosis, Tumors & Wounds. Pachycereus marginatus “hair black”, “inlammation” mArtinez 1969 Opuntia streptacantha Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum An extracted fraction believed to be proteinaceous in nature was found to inhibit replication of a number of DNA and RNA viruses in vitro and in vivo. AHmAd et al. 1996 Tarahumara: “cawe”, “cawé”, “chawe”, “wichowaka”, “wichowáka“, “bitaya mawali” Mexican: “cardon”, “hecho” One Tarahumara name, wichowaka, appears to be derived from wichuwa-ka; a term meaning “crazy” or “demented”. Administration of a stem extract to mice, horses, and humans was reported to inhibit replication of a number of RNAand DNA-viruses including Equine herpes virus, Herpes simplex virus Type 2, HIV-1, inluenza virus, pseudorabies virus, and respiratory syncitial disease virus. he active component was not identiied but was suspected to be proteinaceous. Ahmad et al. 1996 The plant is said to be used by crushing young branches to yield a juice which is added to 3 times as much water and then consumed. A fermented version is said to be purgative. Bye described the juice expressed from its stems as being “occasionally used by the Tarahumara of the western barrancas to induce visions, along with quick intoxication during “tesguinadas”.” Bye 1979 A “highly stable trypsin-like proteinase inhibitor” was isolated from seeds and characterized. torres-cAstillo et al. 2009 Pennington 1963:166-167 mentions this as being one of the “narcotic” cacti used similarly to Lophophora. “There is some minor utilization of juice from young branches of cawe (Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum) in ceremonies held in western canyons. A piece of the branch is crushed in a hollow rock and the expressed juice is added to water, about one part of juice to three parts of water. This mixture is claimed to produce the same effect as drinking a “mixture of jíkuri and water, and results in dizziness and visions.” Pennington 1963 No anti-hyperglycemic efects observed, except in alloxandiabetic mice. Alarcon-Aguilar et al. 2003 Opuntia stricta var. dillenii most often analyzed as Opuntia dillenii Used to treat pimples. joHnson 1999 Guineaworms, Ophthalmia, Pimples, Sores, Syphilis. duke “Actions: Promotes the low of ch ‘i, invigorates blood circulation, clears up heat, removes toxin.” Chest & abdominal pain due to nervousness, dysentary, hemorrhoids, cough, sore throat, lung abscess, mastitis, snakebite. 30-60 grams fresh stem is given as a dose Hsu et al. 1986 In spite of long reported accounts of Pachycereus pectenaboriginum (and others) being used ritually, and chemical evaluations being done, there has apparently been no published pharmacological assessment concerning which, if any, of its contained alkaloids are entheogenically active. BruHn & lindgren 1976 found the main alkaloid to be salsolidine in the wild plants they tested. This physiologically active alkaloid is not a hallucinogenic compound although it is thought to play a role in perceptual disturbances experienced by alcoholics. This certainly is an area both ripe and long overdue for an evaluation. [reti 1950 notes that both Carnegine and Pilocereine are known to be fairly toxic in mammals.] Employed in Chinese folk medicine for diabetes, gastric ulcer & inlammatory conditions. An aqueous ethanolic extract of stems showed signiicant radical scavenging activity. qiu et al. 2002 loro et al. 1999 reported that the aqueous extract of Opuntia dillenii fruit exhibited central analgesic properties associated with an antiinlammatory action. Analgesic & antiinlammatory effects were found to be present in the fruit, lowers & stem but were the most pronounced in the alcohol extract of the fresh lowers. AHmed et al. 2005 Pennington’s ethnological account mentioned that young branches are used, as opposed to young plants or older branches. Gigantine was found to be most prevalent in the growing tips of saguaro branches and was not observed in younger cultivated plants, so perhaps may be some rationale to the selection of this part of adult plants of P. pecten-aboriginum. Alkaloids often vary in levels and actual composition between plant parts and it is not uncommon for active growth to have an entirely different composition in some plants. Methanolic extract of cladodes and also purified Opuntioside-I, an α-pyrone glycoside that had been isolated from the cladodes, showed potent hypotensive activity in vivo. sAleem et al. 2005 92 Cactus Chemistry By Species MAOIs. Sasha referred to the combination as cactihuasca. He also lamented about the dificulty of inding bioassayists for completing this research. Apparently this was due to a heavy body load for both the plant and pure compound combinations. This is essentially where the matter still stands today, a decade later. The chemical evaluations concerning this particular plant (at least those we have seen) have not taken this into account. Native people who have an intimate familiarity with plants rarely do anything without purpose. Such things are often overlooked or dismissed as trivial or unimportant. They may be, and sometimes are, but one cannot automatically assume they can be disregarded. Pachycereus pringlei has been reported to be used for: Used in Mexican folk medicine: Gastric ulcers (Citing BrAvo 1964) Cancer remedy (Citing HArtwell 1968) (Both of which mention rather than being a primary account.) Heliamine was reported to inhibit the growth of sarcoma 45 in rats by 60-79%, in cHAcHoyAn et al. 1973. stromBom & BruHn 1978 Pachycereus pringlei Earache Rabies Blood clotting Evil eye Sores Bruises (joHnson 1999) Fever Tumors Burns Hemorrhoids Ulcer Digestive problems Headache Vaginal bleeding Cancer: stomach Kidney problems Varicose veins One of the three cactus that the Seri believe used to be human. Felger & Moser 1985 Earl Campbell concluded elements in Baja cave art represented the cardon in a supernatural context. Using a unique combination of Baja cave art, literature searches, intuitive guidance and personal courage Earl eventually harvested a section of cactus, cooked it into a tea in his hotel room, returned to the rock shelter that had been his inspiration, and ingested it. In doing so, Earl uncovered the activity of the cardon. He presented a story of his experience that he believed put him in contact with both the plant and the people who once used it. He described hearing their language, seeing their dress, manners & customs, and watching their lives. Following his adventure Earl sought out Sasha Shulgin in an attempt to stimulate more research into the plant’s bioactivity. A nice account of the next part of the story appears at: mdma.net/alexander-shu...ofessor-x.html “ So Shulgin dissolved the extract of the cactus into fruit juice, then poured a 4-ounce cup for each person. But his experiment went awry. “At about the two-hour point, my visual experiences became totally swamped by an overwhelming fear of moving,” recalls Shulgin, the 77-year-old chemist who introduced ecstasy to the world. His wife, Ann, had an even more severe reaction. Out on the deck, she remembers, “I could see the full moon shining down on me with what felt like chilling contempt, and I thought, What an awful, stupid way to die.” With her pulse racing, she went inside to check on her husband, who was upstairs in one of the bedrooms, lying still in the dark. “He said he was OK as long as he didn’t move.” Early the next morning, Shulgin assembled his test group, still in pajamas, to assess the effects of the cactus extract. All 12 of them had taken the same compound, but half had become violently ill, while the other six had the kind of pleasant but unremarkable experience Shulgin expected. The results, he decided, were inconclusive.” In a series of personal conversation between 2001-2005 Shulgin commented on his observation of N-Methylmescaline in the plant and its possible signiicance. He mentioned that, despite its established lack of interesting properties, he then suspected that was probably the active compound, enabled to be active orally by due to the presence of one or more Aches Cancer: uterus (joHnson 1999) Pimples Venereal disease Cough Poor circulation Wound healing Cramps Poisonous snake bites Diabetes Rheumatism (also in joHnson 1999) dimAyugA 1996 (except where noted) Suspected of being the plant that clAvigero 1789 described being used by missionaries for creating a balsam for wounds and bruises by boiling down the juice of its branches. stAndley 1924: 895 Pelecyphora aselliformis “peyote”, “peyotillo” Used to treat fevers in San Luís Potosí. stAndley 1924: 973 duke lists also used for anodyne, antibiotic, rheumatism. Peniocereus greggii (engeLmann) Britton & rose “night-blooming cereus”, “reina de noche”, “ho’o’k iwa”, “huevo de venado” Fruit mixed with deer grease is used as a salve for sores. cAstetter & underHill 1935: 65 Used as a plaster for lung inlammation, similarly to P. striata below. cAstetter & Bell 1937: 42 Peniocereus striatus (BranDegee) BuxBaum as Wilcoxia striata (T. S. BrAndegee) Britton & rose “cardoncillo”, “dahlia-rooted cereus”, “pitahayita”, “jarramatraca”, “racamatraca”, “sacamatraca” Valued medicinally in Baja California. “The tubers are sometimes crushed and a cloth saturated with the juice applied to the chest for lung troubles” goldmAn 1916: 356 “A cloth saturated with the juice of the crushed roots is sometimes applied to the chest to relieve inlammation of the lungs.” stAndley 1924: 903 93 http://sacredcacti.com “ A cloth saturated with juice of the crushed roots was applied to the chest to relieve inlammation of the lungs.” cAstetter & Bell 1937: 42 Rhipsalis conferta The juice from this cactus caused death by cardiac arrest when injected. (from soulAire 1947) This refers to comments in lewin 1894 concerning experiments on cold blooded animals. (I am unaware of any good outcomes ever being reported after injecting cactus juice.) Pereskia aculeata Fruits expectorant and antisyphilitic. soulAire 1947 Rhipsalis pachyptera pFFeiFFer Pereskia bleo Fruit is used for fevers in Brazil. soulAire 1947 Known as expectorant and antisyphilitic. Used in the treatment of yellow fever. Its sap is used to clarify water. soulAire 1947 Used in local Malasian folk medicine for the treatment of cancer & tumors, atopic dermatitis, diabetes, gastric pain, headache, inlammation, rheumatism and ulcers. The fresh leaves are usually consumed raw or as a decoction. sim et al. 2010a cited goH 2002, rAHmet 2004 & tAn et al. 2005. Whole plant is used to treat gastrointestinal problems (Panama) sim et al. 2010a cited guPtA et al. 1996. Cytotoxic effects (apoptosis) on various cancer cell lines. sim et al. 2010a cited er et al. 2007, sri nurestri et al. 2008 & tAn et al. 2005. tAn et al. 2005 had demonstrated a cytotoxic activity against the human breast carcinoma T47-D cell line. er et al. 2007 reported some degree of antiproliferative activity against some cell lines under some conditions but also noted a mutagenic potential in the presence of liver enzymes. Acute toxicity studies for this & P. grandifolia produced no deaths so the LD50 of the methanolic extract was estimated to be in excess of 2.5 grams/ kg of body weight. sim et al. 2010a Cereus Bonplandii J.parmentier ex pFeiFFer This is an old name that is usually considered to be a synonym or a variety of Selenicereus grandilorus. It is claimed to posess the same properties as S. grandilorus but the Lloyd Brothers’ Drug Treatise dismisses this. “FitcH” was mentioned as regarding this to be an “antipsoric of remarkable power” and purported curing eczema, deposits in urine, dropsy of cardiac and renal origin, neuralgia & insanity. clArke also indicates the stem tincture for emaciation, affections of the heart and of the kidneys. clArke 2002 (1900) Selenicereus conilorus “…gathered in large quantitites in Veracruz and shipped to the United States for use in preparation of medicine.” stAndley 1924: 914 The intended application was not mentioned. Selenicereus grandilorus Pereskia grandifolia Drug extracted from plant used to treat rheumatism. Standley 1924: 914 Used for dropsy according to Johnson 1999. “Cardiac stimulant (tonic), diuretic, similar to digitalis, but non-cumulative, counter-irritant; cardiac palpitation and weakness, heart failure from valvular disease, angina pectoris, aortic regurgitation, dropsies, low fevers, Grave’s disease, tobacco toxemia, sexual exhaustion.” Culbreth 1927 “Jarum Tujuh Bilah” (Malaysia) Used in local Malasian folk medicine for the treatment of cancer & tumors, atopic dermatitis, diabetes, gastric pain, headache, high blood pressure, inlammation, rheumatism, ulcers and “for revitalizing the body”. The fresh leaves are usually consumed raw or as a decoction. sim et al. 2010 cited goH 2002 & rAHmet 2004. Cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines. sim et al. 2010 cited sri nurestri et al. 2009 & tAn et al. 2005 Fruit reportedly used to reduce swellings. sAHu et al. 1974 (citing Anonymous 1969: 309) From the Lloyd Brothers 1903/1908 “Drug treatise” : Used in Jamaica & in Mexico for fevers, breathing diiculties, In excess amounts acts as an irritant producing diarrhoea, increases size of pulse, calming to stomach, raises blood pressure and body temperature, useful for cases of impotency in young men, as a sexual tonic for women, dyspepsia, Grave’s disease, angina, anti-tobacco smoking aid, aortic hypertrophy, nerve sedative, relieves symptoms of menopause, emmenogogue, neuritis, nerve tonic & restorative Pereskia guamacho Gum used in lung disorders and catarrh. Leaves used in enemas or as lavoring in herbal teas. Fruit are refreshing, diuretic and produce a pleasant drink. soulAire 1947 Used as cicatrizant, refrigerant, suppurative. Used for inlammation, sores, syphilis. joHnson 1999 More widely reknown as a cardiotonic. More words on that follow. A thoughtfully concerned comment cautioning that Selenicereus grandilorus contained cardiac glycosides appeared at the Cactus_etc chat group. An online search reveals no shortage of claims asserting the presence as well as claims of the absence of cardioactive glyco- Rhipsalis cassytha Antihelminthic activity. soulAire 1947 94 Cactus Chemistry By Species Selenicereus grandilorus had not been supported in humans and that earlier work had found its preparations inert. While one can ind at least assertions to the contrary in medical literature stretching back into the 1800s. it is just as easy to locate agreements with their conclusions. Even if however the contained alkaloids turn out to be efective cardiotonics (which most workers consider doubtful), the most commonly used - and studied - form appears to be a 1:100 homeopathic dilution; which should not be expected to contain pharmacologically meaningful amounts of alkaloid. Many workers have used dried and prepared stems for making a tincture. he Lloyd Brothers 1903/1908 “drug treatise” insisted that in addition to high quality and an adequate dosage (not homeopathic), the use of fresh plant juice for preparing the tincture was crucial for it retaining good activity. Finley Ellingwood, writing in that treatise (p.6), claims that the accounts of inefectuality revolve around heated, poorly prepared or otherwise inactive versions. heir account of its actions bear reading as they do not suggest it to be particularly toxic or Digitalis-like although they do include descriptions of many actions on cardiac function. (hat work is available online in PDF format.) Fetrow & Avila continued and pointed to a more recent study in rats and dogs reporting “a positive inotropic efect on the heart with increased systolic and diastolic pressures and peripheral blood low volume.” (his was in reference to Hapke 1995 who evaluated pure hordenine using very high dosages.) hey ended their entry with an ‘analysis’ beginning with the peculiar statement “Although night-blooming cereus contains a digitalis-like glycoside, its use as a substitute for digitalis preparations (digoxin or digitoxin) or treatment of heart-related disorders has not been evaluated in humans.” Fetrow & Avila ‘s only references were Hapke 1995 and Wadworth & Faulds 1992 . he irst paper discusses a pharmacological evaluation of hordenine and makes no mention of cardioactive glycosides, digitalis-like alkaloids or Selenicereus grandilorus. he second paper appears to have only marginal connectiveness, at best, to the pharmacology of Selenicereus grandilorus and none to the subject of digitalislike cardioactive glycosides. As was true for Hapke 1995, it does not even mention these compounds or Selenicereus grandilorus. While the glycosides cacticin, narcissin and lavonol-3glycoside were reported as being isolated from its lowers by Horhammer et al. 1966, I cannot determine that any of the three other than narcissin has ever seen pharmacological evaluation. Whatever evaluation narcissin has seen is apparently limited to a Chinese language article so I am presently unable to glean more. As its concentration in Selenicereus grandilorus is believed to be 0.05% by dry weight and its activity appears to revolve around decreased capillary permeability, it seems unlikely to make a signiicant contribution toward a purported digitalis-like action. My present GUESS is that someone somewhere saw that “glycosides” were reported from the lowers of the plant, noticed that the species was considered to be cardioactive in application and assumed there was a connection between the two that is, so far as I can determine, unwarranted. It could simply be that casual reading caused someone to mistakenly sides in Selenicereus grandilorus but none ind it necessary to include a reference to an actual evaluation. Vogel et al. 2005 asserts it to be “Digitalis-like” in either its efects or application (said table did not diferentiate them) and warned: “Increases efects of hypoglycemics; may enhance efects of cardiac glycosides, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antiarrhythmics, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers.” Ernst 2003 and “Data extracted from” Fugh-Berman 2000 were given as the references. he 2003 article cited Ernst 2000 as his source. When contacted, Dr. Ernst very graciously provided me with a copy of that elusive paper. his proved to contain a previous presentation of the aforementioned information. he 2000 article cited Fetrow & Avila 1999. Fetrow & Avila were pharmacists who assembled what they intended to serve as a medical & health professional’s reference work on this subject. Fetrow & Avila latly stated: “he plant contains a digitalis-like glycoside, either cactine or hordenine (N,N-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-beta-phenethylamine).” Fetrow & Avila might have gleaned their assertion from elsewhere or it might relect merely a bad verbal assemblage or translation of what they encountered elsewhere. However, let’s consider that rather densely inaccurate line that states Selenicereus grandilorus to contain a cardioactive glycoside, either cactine or hordenine. Cactine is generally believed to be synonymous with at least one of the known phenethylamines, usually it is said to be a synonym of hordenine. One must, however, ask the question of whether it was this or tyramine, or if it was one or more alkaloids. So far as I can tell, new plant material or medicinal preparations were what was always extracted for analysis and no actual samples of Sultan’s ‘cactine’ were ever analyzed by later workers. While hordenine, tyramine and N-methyltyramine are thought to be mild stimulants with an indirect action on the heart, they are all simple phenethylamine alkaloids and they are not glycosides. And none of them possess any digitalislike activity. Hordenine and tyramine have been reported to be present in at least potentially pharmacologically signiicant amounts for someone brewing a tea from dried stems (See respectively Petershofer-Halbmeyer et al. 1982 and Wagner & Grevel 1982a) but, as mentioned in an earlier post, the reports of these two alkaloids in this species have always been at odds with each other rather than their being reported as co-occurring. I can also locate a referenceless claim online for the occurrence of N-methyltyramine in this species but not an analytical account that reported its presence. his claim was encountered within a summary report on the veterinary use of a homeopathic solution of Selenicereus grandilorus that was posted in 1999 by “he European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit.” My request for clariication, emailed to their posted contact address, was returned as undeliverable. hese alkaloids are also not thought to be particularly active as cardiotonics. In a referenceless claim in Fetrow & Avila it was asserted that the believed mechanism of action of 95 http://sacredcacti.com link the words “cardioactive” and “glycoside” together into the familiar phrase “cardioactive glycosides”. Whatever the case this appears to have occurred fairly early in its clinical history. Melero 2000 includes a very nice discussion of cardioactive steroids and glycosides that clearly shows that these particular compounds are quite diferent from any of the steroids or glycosides reported as occurring within any member of the Cactaceae, including Selenicereus. Most glycosides have little or no discernable pharmacological activity of any type. Several other earlier claims asserting that cardioactive glycosides occur in this species have been encountered but I have not yet obtained their purported references, when references are included. (For instance Petershofer-Halbmeyer et al. 1982 made a unclearly referenced statement purporting a digitalislike substance -“[...] digitalisähnliche Stofe zurüchgeführt werden.” In their listed references we did ind another source that similarly made the claim “”[...] “digitalisähnliche” Stofe enhalten soll.”. Interestingly, that paper by Frohne 1977 enclosed digitalislike in quotation marks. Frohne did not include any references but did comment that any newer work on the pharmacology or establishing the structures of what is responsible was not known to him.) Standley 1924 also makes the unreferenced statement “Action similar to digitalis” which no doubt lodged in some people’s mind. Part of this topic achieving life that it was not warranted was probably due to the fact that medical professionals helped propagate the line both online and in prestigious peer reviewed journals. Peer review only works when said peers take the time to review the details of published data. If it concerns something deemed trivial, such as in this case a plant species that was not in use by modern medicine, it is easy for no one to care enough to look deeper, especially if the mistake appears in a commentary supporting the lack of use. Stenocereus eruca Anti-type I allergy activity of the saponins with RBL-2H3 (Rat basophilic leukemia) cells was studied by measuring the β-hexosaminidase release inhibitory activity. Thurberoside A exhibited mild activity (IC50 = 166.9 lM). kAkutA et al. 2012 Machaerogenic acid was reported to be an antagonist of the CCR6 receptor in a biological screening by rotH 2011. Trichocereus atacamensis Trichocereus atacamensis (San Pedro de Atacama, Chile) has been reported to have mild stimulant activity in human bioassays. [Dosage was 6-8” of a single rib. Anonymous]. Analysis is lacking. Trichocereus bridgesii Mescaline estimates based on isolations that have been posted online by anonymous sources in Oz have largely been between 0.12% to 0.23% with the occasional strain giving 1-2% The common reports of potency greater than seems to be able to be accounted for by the reported mescaline content (based on human bioassays) has lead a number of people to speculate that an MAOI or some other interactive alkaloid may also be present. More research seems warranted. Bridgesii is not just potent but apparently used at the folk level For example, one correspondent requesting anonymity has reported that bridgesii was used commonly, but privately, in Bolivia and was abundant both in the wild and cultivation. He found numerous examples of intensive propagation as well as heavily harvested plants, The reported potency was described as “phenomenal”. While Miguel Kavlin has claimed he could not ind it in use by anyone other than himself in Bolivia, Darylene Dickson reported it being used there and sold in La Paz. However she misidentiied it as T. pachanoi due to its name San Pedro. Part of this may stem from an eradication campaign aimed at bridgesii stands around major urban areas, conducted by the Bolivian military around the end of the 1970s. This was apparently in response to an inlux of “hippies”. One individual recalled seeing soldiers shaving the head of a long haired man in public by during that time period. (Personal communication with Bolivian correspondent requesting anonymity) My thanks go to Dr. Edzard Ernst for graciously providing a copy of his paper from Perfusion, also to Leo Martin for providing several very pertinent references and to Dr. Martin Terry for his help in obtaining some obscure papers. One other odd note concerning Selenicereus grandilorus. Some years ago I received a cutting from a San Pedro consumer in Austin who combines the juice of this plant with that brew. He claimed this was traditional practice but I have never been able to ind any support for that claim. Murple also made an interesting comment that he was unable to locate any stands of bridgesii in the La Paz area that did not show signs of heavy harvesting. He claimed to have encountered a quarter mile hedge of bridgesii in which he was unable to ind a single stem that had not seen a harvest. Stenocereus alamosensis Anti-type I allergy activity of the saponins with RBL-2H3 (Rat basophilic leukemia) cells was studied by measuring the β-hexosaminidase release inhibitory activity. Gummososide A methyl ester was found to show activity (IC50 = 99.5 lM) kAkutA et al. 2012 Trichocereus chiloensis Used to treat tumors. joHnson 1999 (i.e. HArtwell) 96 Cactus Chemistry By Species Trichocereus cuzcoensis Trichocereus scopulicola Sold in Cuzco as a hair rinse. kAmm personal communication. Used for treating cancer. joHnson 1999 (i.e. HArtwell) First proven to contain Mescaline based on human bioassays. In the US this was using NMCR grown material but no actual details were included beyond an opinion of substantially greater potency than Trichocereus pachanoi. (Personal communication from mArgAdArsi.) In Oz this was using material that was seed grown from Ritter seeds initially but by the late 1960s Australian commercial cactus producers in Victoria began successfully producing their own seeds. Personal communication from Snu Voogelbreinder reported good results using 800-1000 gm fresh wt. of Australian material. Voogelbreinder also determined that modern human sacramental usage was wider and older than suspected; by people mistakingly thinking it was T. pachanoi! It might be suspected that this may eventually prove to be true for any indigenous users as well since bridgesii and pachanoi are apparently used interchangably in Bolivia by people who would not consider this to be substantially different. As the species is believed to be extinct in the wild this is rather a moot point. Plant shown on lower right (in pdf) was sold as Trichocereus cuzcoensis but obviously misidentiied. The dried commercial material purported to be from this plant is proven to contain mescaline in human bioassays. Said to have been ield collected at Huamanga near Cuzco in Peru . Doses of 20 grams are reported by bioassayists. It may not be a Trichocereus. An identification and an analysis is needed. Trichocereus huallanca or huayanca. This name is not published. Nor is its variant T. huayanca. This is not simply not a good Trichocereus species name, this plant is not a Trichocereus. In fact it is unmistakably an Opuntia of some sort, most likely in what is now termed the Austrocylindropuntia. It does not appear to be Opuntia cylindrica despite the general resemblance. A number of similar appearing species are known, for instance Opuntia kuehrichiana, but I have no clue about the actual identity of this Opuntia species. More information and an analysis would be nice but perhaps a waste of time? My present suspicion is this claim is a scam as the dried material sold by the same vendor represented as being as lesh from this plant clearly did not come from the plant pictured. Despite a cutting being organized, no live material was included in the shipment. See images in illustrated PDF: Notice that those dried pieces came from a columnar cactus with straight ribs and not from this plant which is imbricate? There seems to be too much wrong with this picture to encourage me to waste much more time on it. Trichocereus spachianus Reported to be “psychoactive” but “different than San Pedro” Anonymous in correspondence 1998. Another correspondent claims to have determined it to be utterly inactive based on their bioassays. Another reported becoming “deathly” ill for a few hours. Needs further analysis. Trichocereus taquimbalensis d.m. turner asserted successful bioassays but included no details. grizzly reported encountering specimens in Bolivia showing evidence of harvesting on a scale suggestive of brew preparation. (Personal communication 2005) Trichocereus pachanoi Widely employed as a sacramental brew for treating and diagnosing illnesses. Used for spiritual, shamanic & religious purposes; credited with enhancing precognition & health. HeAven 2013 Employed as emetic, entheogen & hypnotic joHnson 1999 Used for enteritis, evil-eye, gastritis, pneumonia, sterility. joHnson 1999 Trichocereus terscheckii Reported fully active in human bioassays conducted in California. Some were stronger than others while others had simple stimulant effects. Anonymous; in correspondence 1998. Forms with simple stimulant action were described by one user as feeling like “‘dirty’ speed”. Anonymous; in correspondence 2006. Monstrose forms are rumored to be especially active in human bioassays. (Anecdotal claim made by vendors in the Lima plant drug market) ostolAzA 1996 illustrated the cristate form being depicted in a supernatural context by the Paracas culture in Peru. See more in Sacred Cacti Part B San Pedro. Trichocereus tulhuayacensis Trichocereus schoenii A claim for the presence of mescaline is made by cAycHo jimenez 1977 (page 91) but he cites no reference to support his assertion. The presence of mescaline would not be surprising in this species. grizzly encountered specimens in Colca Canyon, Peru showing evidence of intensive repeated harvesting suggesting its use for brew preparation. (Personal communication 2005) 97 http://sacredcacti.com In considering these cacti, it is important to keep in mind that cacti have many folk uses -- not just use as hallucinogens. hey are common and popularly used as hair rinses, in healing baths, for washing clothing, for treating fevers, stomach or intestinal complaints, as poultices and for “purifying water”. he latter I am assuming is in reference to removing heavy metal contamination as is now being done industrially using Opuntia cuticle? See Barrera-Díaz et al. 2005 & 2006. [A future entry on this subject is coming to this book.] Drinking water polluted by toxic metal run-of from mining activities and/or volcanic soils is common in the Andes. “Fruits of cawe (Lemaireocereus Thurberi) and naplsora (Cephalocereus leucocephalus), are used in preparing a fruit tesgiiino in western canyons. Pulp from ripe fruit is mashed upon a mataka or upon any convenient rock. The juice is collected and mixed with water which is boiled for several hours and set aside to ferment. The common catalyst is batari, bark of kakwari (Randia echinocarpa, R. Watsoni and R. laevigata) and kaya (Coutarea pterosperma), which is readily available in the canyons.” Pennington 1963: 155. stAndley suggested the early accounts of a cardon that created a brew which turned the urine red-like-blood referred to Lemaireocereus Thurberi. Traditional Ethanol-sources Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum Cephalocereus leucocephalus Bye described the fresh juice expressed from young branch tips of the stems of this plant as inding occasional use “[...] by the Tarahumara of the western barrancas to induce visions, along with quick intoxication during “tesguinadas”. The sap may be added to corn “tesguino” or cooked and fermented alone, although this last preparation is said to act as a strong purgative.” Bye 1979 See comments within Lemaireocereus thurberi below. Carnegiea gigantea Fruit syrup is used to prepare an intoxicating beverage. stAndley 1924: 909 Other cactus fruit The only important intoxicating beverage used by the Papago is said to be a cider made from the fruit of the saguaro. In its habitat, the brew making process is a matter of elaborate ceremony for every village with the brewing, the drinking and the intoxication itself being vital parts of the annual ritual for bringing rain. While individual families brew their own at home, there is a communal co-creation of the ceremonial brew and the council house is kept warm by a small ire to aid the fermentation process. Each family contributes a jar of boiled juice. As soon as the juice is decanted from its air-tight container into a large jar, it is mixed with four times as much water. Sometimes a starter from a previous batch may be added if the fermentation is too slow. Fermentation is allowed to proceed for seventy-two hours. “The resulting drink, called navai’t, is a crimson-colored sort of cider with a slightly nauseating taste, which, when drunk in the ritual quantity induces vomiting. This beverage is almost impossible to keep, therefore the tradition is that the whole supply must be consumed within twenty-four hours.” cAstetter & underHill 1935: 26 Ferocactus and Opuntia species provide fruit to the Tarahumara that, when they are available in suficient quantities, are mashed and strained free from seeds. This juice is then diluted with water and boiled in the same manner as the other tesgüinos. Pennington comments that in the Urique Canyon strained but undiluted and unboiled juice obtained from fruits of any of the local cactus species is put in the sun to ferment for several hours. “It is said to turn to “wine” very quickly and when drunk produces a heady sensation that does not last as long as that caused from drinking boiled tesgüino. There is a tradition in the canyons that the setting aside of fruit juice for quick fermentation was formerly a widespread practice.” Pennington 1963: 155. The Papago once made a fermented drink from Opuntia engelmannii fruit but this was never extensively used and lacked any ceremonial signiicance. cAstetter & underHill 1935: 26 Colonche is boiled and fermented Opuntia fruit juice. Nochote or nochocle is a fermented brew made from Opuntia fruit juice, pulque and water. stAndley 1924: 865 Lemaireocereus thurberi In the southern part of their territory, the Papago made a drink similar to navai’t using the fruit of Lemaireocereus thurberi. It was the ceremonial drink for that region. Castetter & Underhill 1935: 26 98 Cactus Chemistry: By Species References [Brackets around a title indicates it is likely an English translation of the actual title. ] Incomplete citations or the use of the qualiier “From” indicates that the paper listed was a second-hand reference. This often means that this work was unavailable to us but was the reference cited by our source. Aardvark, David (Ed.) (1998) Entheogen Review (The Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) 7 (3): 70–71 & 7 (4): 99–100. [Aardvark: editor; beginning with Volume 7 (1998)] ISSN 1066-1913. Aardvark, David (2006) Entheogen Review, 15 (3): 95-96. “Epiphyllum oxypetalum and Checking Citations.” Abramovitch, R.A. et al. (1968) Planta Medica, 16 (2): 147–157. “Identiication of constituents of Opuntia fragilis.” (R.A. Abramovitch, R.T. Coutts & E.E. Knaus) Agurell, Stig (1969) Experientia, 25: 1132. “Cactaceae alkaloids. VIII. N-Methyl-4-methoxy-phenethylamine from Lepidocoryphantha runyonii (Br. & R.).” [This actually should be (1969)a but, due to their use by ourselves and others in works concerning only mescaline producing cacti, it was felt that changing the other two to b and c, respectively, would create more confusion than it would alleviate.] Agurell, Stig (1969)a Lloydia, 32 (1): 40–45. “Identiication of Alkaloid Intermediates by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. I. Potential Mescaline Precursors in Trichocereus Species.” Agurell, Stig (1969)b Lloydia, 32 (2): 206–216. “Cactaceae Alkaloids I.” Agurell, Stig & Jan Lundström (1968) Journal of the Chemical Society. D. Chemical Communications, 1968: 1638–1639. “Apparent intermediates in the biosynthesis of mescaline and related tetrahydroisoquinolines.” Agurell, S. et al. (1969) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 58 (11): 1413–1414. “Cactaceae Alkaloids. VII. Alkaloids of Echinocereus merkeri.” (Stig Agurell, Jan Lundström & A. Masoud) Agurell, S. et al. (1971)a Abh. Deut. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (in press) [From lundstrom 1983] Agurell, S. et al. (1971)b Lloydia, 34 (2): 183–187. “Cactaceae Alkaloids. X. Alkaloids of Trichocereus species and some other cacti.” (Stig Agurell, Jan G. Bruhn, Jan Lundström & Ulla Svensson) Ahmad, A. et al. (1996) Antiviral Research, 30 (2-3): 75–85. “Antiviral properties of extract of Opuntia streptacantha.” (A. Ahmad, J. Davies, S. Randall & G.R. Skinner) Ahmed, M.S. et al. (2005) Phytotherapy Research, 19 (9): 807–809. “Antiinlammatory lavonoids from Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl) Haw. lowers growing in Egypt.” (M.S. Ahmed, N.D. El Tanbouly, W.T. Islam, A.A. Sleem & A.S. El Senousy) Aires, V. et al. (2004) Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 260 (1-2): 103–110. “Modulation of intracellular calcium concentrations and T cell activation by prickly pear polyphenols.” (V. Aires, S. Adote, A. Hichami, K. Moutairou, E.S. Boustani & N.A. Khan) Alarcon-Aguilar, A.F. et al. (2003) Proceedings of the Western Pharmacological Society (46): 139–142. “Hypoglycemic activity of two polysaccharides isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica and O. streptacantha.” (Francisco Javier Alarcon-Aguilar, Argelia Valdes-Arzate, Santiago Xolalpa-Molina, Tania Banderas-Dorantes, Manuel Jimenez-Estrada, Erica Hernandez-Galicia & Ruben 99 Roman-Ramos) Albesiano, Sofía (2012) Haseltonia, 18: 119–142. “Taxonomic revision of the genus Trichocereus (cActAceAe) in Chile.” Albesiano, Sofía & Roberto Kiesling (2012) Haseltonia, 17: 24–34. “Identity and neotypiication of Cereus macrogonus, the Type of the generic name Trichocereus (cActAceAe).” Albesiano, Sofía & Teresa Terrazas (2012) Haseltonia, 17: 3–23. “Cladistic Analysis Of Trichocereus (cActAceAe: Cactoideae: Trichocereeae) Based On Morphological DATA And Chloroplast DNA Sequences.” Altschul, Siri Von Reis (1973) Drugs and foods from little-known plants. Harvard University Press A.M.A. (1918) Annual Reprint of the Reports of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association for 1918, (Report of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry.) page 82, “World’s Wonder Remedy.” Amin, E. S. et al. (1970) Carbohydrate Research, 15, 159– 161. “The mucilage of Opuntia icus indica.” (E. S. Amin, O. M.Awad & M. M. El-Sayed) Andersen, F. et al. (1999) Allergy, 54 (5): 511–516. “Immediate allergic and nonallergic reactions to Christmas and Easter cacti.” Erratum in: (1999) Allergy, 54 (8): 891. (F. Andersen, C. Bindslev-Jensen, P. Stahl Skov, E. Paulsen & K.E. Andersen) Anderson, B. (2004a) “Antidepressant Effects of Ethanolic Plant Extracts on Mice.” Ethnobiology, Cost Rica. Organization for Tropical Study Abroad Program. [from AArdvArk 2006] Anderson, B. (2004b) “Searching in the Dark Jungle for Answers to Dark Times: An Ethnobiological Investigation into Therapies for Mental Illness.” Ethnobiology, Cost Rica. 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(1925) American Journal of Pharmacy, 97: 589–592. “Some Plant Gums of the Southwestern United States.” (Ernest Anderson, Lila Sands & Nelson Sturgis) Anjaneyulu, B. et al. (1965) Indian Journal of Chemistry, 3 (5): 237–238. “Chemical Investigation of Some Indian Plants.” (B. Anjaneyulu, V. Babu Rao, A.K. Ganguly, T.R. Govindachari, B.S. Joshi, V.W. Kamat, A.H. Manmade, P.A. Mohamed, A.D. Rahimtula, A.K. Saksena, D.S. Varde & N. Viswanathan) http://troutsnotes.com Anonymous (1959) Bulletin on Narcotics, 11 (2): 16–20. “Peyotl.” Anonymous (1948-1976) The Wealth of India raw materials. 11 volumes. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. Anonymous (1969) Wealth of lndia. Vol. VII. page 309. Council of Scientiic & Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. [from sAHu et al. 1974] Anonymous (All other than 1959 and 1969 above) indicates correspondence or reports from workers who requested anonymity. Aragane, M. et al. 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(2008) Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals, ISBN-10: 047172761X; ISBN-13: 9780471727613. Wiley. 1200 pages. (pp. 837–840 “Cactus”) Barceloux, Donald G. (with Robert B. Palmer as editor & contributor) (2012) Medical Toxicology of Drugs Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471727601, 9780471727606, 1041 pages (page 63: Coryphantha macromeris comment) Barrera-Díaz, C. et al. (2005) Environmental Technology, 26 (7): 821–829. “Cd(II) and Pb(II) separation from aqueous solution using clinoptilolite and Opuntia ectodermis.” (C. Barrera-Díaz, C. Almaraz-Calderón, M.T. Olguín-Gutiérrez, M. Romero-Romo & M. Palomar-Pardavé) Barrera, H et al. (2006) Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3): 846–853. “Removal of chromium and toxic ions present in mine drainage by Ectodermis of Opuntia.” (H. Barrera, F. Ureña-Núñez, B. Bilyeu & C. Barrera-Díaz) Bashyal, B.P. et al. 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(2007) Chemical Biodiversity, 4 (7): 15251532. “The effect of ultraviolet-depleted light on the lavonol contents of the cactus species Opuntia wilcoxii and Opuntia violacea.” (J.M. Berger, Y. Itagaki & K. Nakanishi) Bergman, Robert (1971) American Journal of Psychiatry, 128: 695-699. “Navajo Peyote Use: Its Apparent Safety.” Bergström, G.A. (1934) Kungl. Fysiograf. Sällskapets i Lund Förhand 4: 235 “Further Note on the Occurrence of Citrate in Succulent Plants.” [From HegnAuer 1964] Bezerra, J.D.P. et al. (2013) Symbiosis, 60: 53–63. “Fungal endophytes from cactus Cereus jamacaru in Brazilian tropical dry forest: a irst study.” (Jadson D. P. Bezerra, Marília G. S. Santos, Renan N. Barbosa, Virgínia M. Svedese, Débora M. M. Lima, Maria José S. Fernandes, Bruno S. Gomes, Laura M. Paiva, Jarcilene S. AlmeidaCortez & Cristina M. Souza-Motta) 100 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Bianchi, Antonio & Giorgio Samorini (1993) “Plants in Association with Ayahuasca.” pp. 21-42 in Christian Rätsch & John R. Baker (Eds.) Jahrbuch für Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness, Issue 2. [Epiphyllum & tchai] Bird, H.L., Jr. (1974) PhD dissertation; University of Arizona at Tucson. “Sterols and Fatty Acids of Organ Pipe Cactus (Lemaireocereus thurberii).” [From giBson & HorAk; also kircHer & Bird 1982] Blossfeld, Harry (1946) Cactus & Succulent Journal of America, 18 (10): 153-155. “Field list of Blossfeld collections.” Böhm, Hartmut (2008) Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development, 148-170. “ “Opuntia dillenii” – An Interesting and Promising Cactaceae Taxon.” Boke, Norman H. & Edward F. Anderson (1970) American Journal of Botany, 57 (5): 569-578. “Structure, Development and Taxonomy in the Genus Lophophora.” Braga, D.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1969) Planta Medica, 17 (1): 87-94. “Cactus alcaloids.[sic] V. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyltyramine from Ariocarpus retusus.” Braga, R. (1976) Plantas do Nordeste, Especialmente do Ceará. Escola Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró. Pages 210-211. [from dA silvA & PArente 2002] Bravo H., Helia (1932) Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional de México. 3 (1): 15-18. “Contribucion al Conocimiento de las Cactaceas de Mexico. Myrtillocactus grandiareolatus, sp. nov.” Bravo-Hollis, Helia (1937) Las Cactáceas de México. Volume 1. (in collaboration with Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada R.) [First edition] Bravo H., Helia (1964) Cactáceas y Suculentas Méxicanas, 9(4): 89-94. “Datos acerca de la utilización, cultivo y plagas de Cactáceas.” [cited by stromBom & BruHn 1978] Bravo, Helia (1967) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas, 12: 8-17. “Una revision del genero Lophophora.” Bravo-Hollis, Helia (1978) Las Cactáceas de México. Volume 1. (in collaboration with Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada R.) [Second edition] Bravo, Helia & Don K. Cox (1958) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas, 3: 3-12. “Estudios Cactalógicos. Heliabravoa chende (goss.) BAckeBerg.” Bravo-Hollis, Helia & Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada R. (1991) a Las Cactáceas de México. Volume 2 Bravo-Hollis, Helia & Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada R. (1991) b Las Cactáceas de México. Volume 3 Britton, Nathaniel Lord & Joseph Nelson Rose (1913) Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 16: 239-242. “Studies in Cactaceae.” Britton, Nathaniel Lord & Joseph Nelson Rose (1913) Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 16 (9): 255-. “The genus Epiphyllum and its Allies.” Britton, Nathaniel Lord & Joseph Nelson Rose (19191923) The Cactaceae. Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family. [The Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication No. 248, Washington.] Reprinted many times. Our information came from the 1937 reprint by Scott E. Haselton, Abbey San Encino Press, Pasadena, California. Also reprinted in 1977, with the four volumes bound as two volumes, by Dover, New York. Britton & Rose (1919) Volume One. Britton & Rose (1920) Volume Two. Britton & Rose (1922) Volume Three. Britton & Rose (1923) Volume Four. Brown, F. et al. (1949) Journal of the Chemical Society (London), 1761-1766. “Cholla Gum.” (F. Brown, E.L. Hirst & J.K.N. Jones) Brown, S.D. et al. (1968) Phytochemistry, 7 (11): 2031-2036. “Cactus Alkaloids.” (Stanley D. Brown, John L. Massingill, Jr. & Joe E. Hodgkins) Brown, S.D. et al. (1972)a Journal of Organic Chemistry, 37 (5): 773-775. “The isolation, structure, synthesis and absolute coniguration of the cactus alkaloid macromerine.” (Stanley D. Brown, Joe E. Hodgkins & Manfred G. Reineke) Brown, S.D. et al. (1972)b Journal of Organic Chemistry, 37 (11): 1825-1828. “The isolation, structure, synthesis and absolute coniguration of the cactus alkaloid gigantine.” (Stanley D. Brown, J.E. Hodgkins, J.L. Massingil, Jr. & M.G. Reinecke) Bruhn, Jan G. (1973) Planta Medica, 24 (4): 315-319. “Ethnobotanical Search for Hallucinogenic Cacti.” Bruhn, Jan G. (1975) Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 3-38. See as BruHn 1975a. Bruhn, Jan G. (1975)a Doctoral thesis: Uppsala University. “Pharmacognostic studies of peyote and related psychoactive cacti.” ISBN 91-0554-0335-2. 38 pages. This document appears to be missing an actual dissertation? If not, the bar for a doctoral dissertation from Uppsala Univerisity would seem to be set surprisingly low. Bruhn, Jan G. (1975)b Phytochemistry, 14: 2509-2510. “Phenethylamines of Ariocarpus scapharostrus.” Bruhn, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1974) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 63 (4): 574-576. “Cactaceae alkaloids. XVIII. Two new alkaloids from Coryphantha calipensis H. BrAvo.” Bruhn, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1975) Phytochemistry, 14: 1442-1443. “O-Methylpellotine, a new peyote alkaloid from Lophophora diffusa.” Bruhn, Jan G. & Catarina Bruhn (1973) Economic Botany 27: 241-251 “Alkaloids and Ethnobotany of Mexican Peyote Cacti and Related Species.” (Nice anthropological review of other sacred cacti. Their chemical analysis did not include any quaternary or neutral compounds.) Bruhn, Jan G. & Bo Holmstedt (1974) Economic Botany, 28 (4): 353-390. “Early Peyote Research. An Interdisciplinary Study.” Bruhn, Jan G. & Jan-Erik Lindgren (1976) Lloydia. 39 (2-3): 175-177. “Cactaceae Alkaloids. XXIII. Alkaloids of Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum and Cereus jamacaru.” Bruhn, Jan G. & Jan Lundström (1976)a American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 40: 159-160. “A Student Experiment in Pharmacognosy: Biosynthesis of Mescaline in the Cactus Trichocereus pachanoi.” Bruhn, Jan G. & Jan Lundström (1976)b Lloydia, 39 (4): 197203. “Alkaloids of Carnegiea gigantea. Arizonine, a New Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloid.” Bruhn, Jan G. & Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada (1977) Phytochemistry, 16: 622-623. “Phenethylamines From Echinocereus cinerascens and Pilocereus chrysacanthus.” Bruhn, Jan G. et al. (1970) Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 24 (10): 3775-3777. “Biosynthesis of tetrahydroisoquinolines in Carnegiea gigantea Br. and R.” (Jan G. Bruhn, Ulla Svensson & Stig Agurell) 101 http://troutsnotes.com Bruhn, Jan G. et al. (1975) Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica, 12 (2): 199-204. “Cactaceae Alkaloids. XXI. Phenethylamine Alkaloids of Coryphantha Species.” (Jan G. Bruhn, Stig Agurell & Jan-Erik Lindgren) Bruhn, Jan G. et al. (2008) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40 (2): 219-222. “Ecstacy analogues found in cacti.” (Jan G. Bruhn, Hesham R. El-Seedi, Nikolai Stephanson, Olof Beck & Alexander T. Shulgin) [In a personal conversation in 2009, ‘Sasha’ Shulgin expressed his extreme embarassment to have been included as an author for such a poor work.] Burkill, J.D. (1966) A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. Art Printing Works. [from AArdvArk 2006 and duke] Butera, D. et al. (2002) Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 50 (23): 6895-6901. “Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear (Opuntia icus indica) fruit extracts and reducing properties of its betalains: betanin and indicaxanthin.” (Daniela Butera, Luisa Tesoriere, Francesca Di Gaudio, Antonino Bongiorno, Mario Allegra, Anna Maria Pintaudi, Rohn Kohen & Maria A. Livrea) Butler, George F. (1908) The American Journal of Clinical Medicine, 15: 1043-1056. “A Study of Cactus Grandilorus. A demonstration of the fact that theoretical pharmacology and practical clinical experience do not always agree. A presentation of the case for the latter.” Bwititi, P. et al. (2000) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69: 247-252. “Effects of Opuntia megacantha on blood glucose and kidney functions in streptozotocin diabetic rats.” (P. Bwititi, C.T. Musabayane & C.F.B. Nhachi) Bwititi, P.T. et al. (2001) Renal Failure, 23 (2): 149-158. “Effects of Opuntia megacantha leaves extract on renal electrolyte and fluid handling in streptozotocin (STZ)diabetic rats.” (P.T. Bwititi, T. Machakaire, C.B. Nhachi, & C.T. Musabayane) Bye, Robert A., Jr. (1979) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1: 28-48. “Hallucinogenic Plants of the Tarahumara.” Cacti_etc archives: http://www2.labs.agilent.com/bot/cactus_home. Early references on Selenicereus from the 1800s onward can be found in CACTI_ETC Digest 4521. Cai, Y.Z. et al. (2006) Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 54 (18): 6520-6526. “Rapid identification of betacyanins from Amaranthus tricolor, Gomphrena globosa, and Hylocereus polyrhizus by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-light mass spectrometry (MALDI-QIT-TOF MS).” (Y.Z. Cai, J. Xing, M. Sun & H. Corke) Caldwell, Roger Lee (1966) PhD Dissertation; University of Arizona. “A Biochemical Investigation of Callus Tissue in the Saguaro Cactus (Carnegiea Gigantea (engelm.) Britt. & rose).” Campbell, C. E. & H. W. Kircher (1980) Phytochemistry, 19: 2777-2779. “Senita cactus: A plant with interrupted sterol biosynthetic pathways.” Castellanos-Santiago E & E.M. Yahia (2008) Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 56 (14): 5758-5764. “Identiication and quantiication of betalains from the fruits of 10 mexican prickly pear cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.” Castellar, R. et al. (2003) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51 (9): 2772-2776. “Color Properties and Stability of Betacyanins from Opuntia Fruits.” (Rosario Castellar, José M. Obón, Mercedes Alacid & José A. Fernández-López) Castellar, R. et al. (2006) Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86: 122-128. “The isolation and properties of a concentrated red-purple betacyanin food colourant from Opuntia stricta fruits.” (R. Castellar, J.M. Obón & J.A. Fernández-López) Castetter, Edward F. (1935) The University of New Mexico Bulletin. Biological Series, 4 (1): 160-220. “Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food.” Castetter, Edward F. & Ruth Underhill (1935) University of New Mexico Bulletin. Biology Series, 4 (5): 3-84. “Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest. II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians.” Castetter, Edward F. & M.E. Opler (1936) University of New Mexico Bulletin. Biology Series, 4 (5): 3-63 “III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. A. The Use of Plants for Foods, Beverages and Narcotics.” Campbell, Carolyn E. & Henry W. Kircher (1980) Phytochemistry, 19: 2777-2779. “Senita Cactus: A Plant With Interrupted Sterol Biosynthetic Pathways.” Castrillón, J.A. (1950) Thesis, Buenos Aires University. [from reti 1954] Caycho Jimenez, Abraham (1977) Folklore Americana, 23: 89-100. “Folklore médico y itoalucinismo en el Perú.” Céspedes, C.L. et al. (2005) Phytochemistry, 66 (20): 24812493. “Insect growth regulatory effects of some extracts and sterols from Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Cactaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda and Tenebrio molitor.” (Carlos L. Céspedes, J. Rodrigo Salazar, Mariano Martínez & Eduardo Aranda) Chachoyan, A.A. et al. (1973) Biol. Zh. Arm. 25: 102. [Chemical Abstracts (1973) 78:52538m] (A.A. Chacoyan, B.T. Garibdzhanyan & E.Z. Markaryan) [from stromBom & BruHn 1978] Chalet, Jean Marc (1980)a Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas, 25: 75-92. “Los Alcaloides de las Cactáceas.” Chang, C. et al. (1974) Phytochemistry, 13: 2771-2775. “Biogenesis of Betalamic Acid.” (Christina Chang, Linda Kimler & Tom J. Mabry) Chang, S.-F., et al (2008) Food Chemistry, 106: 569-575. “The protective effect of Opuntia dillenii HAw. fruit against low-density lipoprotein peroxidation and its active compounds.” (Su-Feng Chang, Chiu-Lan Hsieh & GowChin Yen) Chatterjee, A. et al. (1976) Tetrahedron, 32: 3051-3053. “Lewis Acid Catalyzed Rearrangement of Triterpenoids.” (A.S. Chatterjee, S. Mukhopadhyay & K. Chattopadhyay) Chen, C. et al. (1999) Zhong Yao Cai, 22 (11): 581-583. [Studies of Echinopsis multiplex on antineoplastic effects.] (Article is in Chinese. (C. Chen, R. Jin, Z. Sun &amp; H. Zhang ) (From PuBmed) Chen, F. et al. (2012) Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences U S A. 109 (5): 1772–1777. “A polymer of caffeyl alcohol in plant seeds.” (Fang Chen, Yuki Tobimatsu, Daphna Havkin-Frenkel, Richard A. Dixon & John Ralph) 102 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Chen, S.-B. & H.-M. Meng (1997) Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mater. Med. 13: 36-37. [Study on Anti-Lipid Peroxidation of Opuntia dillenii Haw] in Chinese with English Abstract. (From PuBmed) Chen, X.P. & X. Zhao (1998) Chin. J. Tradition. Med. Sci. Technol. 5: 335-336. [The progress on pharmacological action of Opuntia dillenii study.] in Chinese. (From PuBmed) Cho, J.Y. et al. (2006) Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 58 (1): 113-119. “Radical scavenging and anti-inlammatory activity of extracts from Opuntia humifusa rAF.” (J.Y. Cho, S.C. Park, T.W. Kim, K.S. Kim, J.C. Song, S.K. Kim, H.M. Lee, H.J. Sung, H.J. Park, Y.B. Song, E.S. Yoo, C.H. Lee & M.H. Rhee) Chomcheon, P. et al. (2005) Journal of Natural Products, 68: 1103-1105. “3-Nitropropionic Acid (3-NPA), a Potent Antimycobacterial Agent from Endophytic Fungi: Is 3-NPA in Some Plants Produced by Endophytes?” (Porntep Chomcheon, Suthep Wiyakrutta, Nongluksna Sriubolmas, Nattaya Ngamrojanavanich, Duangnate Isarangkul & Prasat Kittakoop) Chow, S.Y. et al. (1977) Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi (Journal of the Formosan Medical Association), 76 (12): 916–925. [Pharmacological studies of Chinese herbs (6) Pharmacological effects of Epiphyllum oxypetalum HAw.] (article is in Chinese with an English abstract.) (Sien-Yao Chow, Chieh-Fu Chen & Shih-Ming Chen) Cjuno, M. et al. (2009) Quepo, 23: 38-45. “El género Trichocereus, Ecología y Contenido Mescalínico.” (Mijail Cjuno, Jorge Choquenaira, Policarpo Quispe, Carlos Serrano & Ciro Tomaylla) Clark, W. Dennis & Bruce D. Paritt (1980) Phytochemistry, 19: 1856-1857. “Flower Flavonoids of Opuntia Series Opuntiae.” Clark, W.D. et al. (1980) Phytochemistry, 19: 2042-2043. “Flower Flavonoids of Opuntia Subgenus Cylindropuntia.” (W. Dennis Clark, G.K. Brown & R.L. Mays) Clarke, John Henry (1900) A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica, Volume 1, Homoeopathic Publishing Company. Clarke, John Henry (2005) A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica, Volumes 1-3, South Asia Books, ISBN10 8131902617, ISBN-13 9788131902615, 2616 pages. Also was reprinted in 1986 as: A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica, 3 volumes. Jain Publishers. ISBN-10 8170210135, ISBN-13 9788170210139. 736 pages Clavijero, Francisco Javier (1789) Historia de la antigua ó Baja California, Four Volumes. Venice. Reprinted in 1852 by Impr. de J.R. Navarro (México) and in 1970 by Miguel Leon-Portilla (México). Clement, B.A. et al. (1997) Phytochemistry, 46 (2): 249-254. “Toxic Amines and Alkaloids From Acacia berlandieri.” (Beverly A. Clement, Christina M. Goff & David A. Forbes) Clement, B.A. et al. (1998) Phytochemistry, 49 (5): 1377-1380. “Toxic Amines and Alkaloids From Acacia rigidula.” (Beverly A. Clement, Christina M. Goff & T. David A. Forbes) Cobo, Barnabé (1653) Historia del Nuevo Mundo, (Book 5): 450-451. Comments on Huachuma. Coch Frugoni, Juan A. (1956?) Anales. Facultad de Química. [y farmacia (?)], Universidad de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay, in press] [“The inluence of pH on the electrophoretic separation of alkaloids on paper.”] [From 1959 CA 53: 1633c which gives as Anales fac. quím. y farm, Univ. rep. oriental Uruguay. ] Given by mArini-Bettòlo & cocH-Frugoni 1956 as (1956) Anal. Fac. Chim. y Farm. (Montevideo) 5: (in press). [Also in 1958 CA 52: 653c as being “in press” ] Cole, L.K. et al. (1975) Mycologia, 67: 701–708. “Antifungal properties of the insect alarm pheromones citral, 2-heptanone, and 4-methyl-3-heptanone.” (L.K. Cole, M.S. Blum & R.W. Roncadori) [from scHlumPBerger et al. 2004] Cooper, M. et al. (2013) Strength Testing and Material Characterization of Cactus Spines. Senior Project, Materials Engineering Department California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, 26 pages. (Mary Cooper, Jeff Goldstein, Tom Tarlton) Correspondents requesting anonymity indicate people sharing bioassay information and/or analytical data but wisely requesting their identities be omitted due to the current state of illegality for both mescaline possession and usage. The Entheogen Review contains the published accounts; personal communications with the bioassayist(s) were the source for the others Cortes, M. et al. (1972) Phytochemistry, 11: 849-850. “Cactaceae. Isolation of Candicine From Trichocereus chilensis.” Coulter, John M. (1891) Contributions from the US National Herbarium, 2 (1): 1-152. “Manual of the Plants of Western Texas.” [Peyote: page 129] Coulter, John M. (1894) Contributions from the US National Herbarium, 3 (3): 91-132. “Preliminary revision of the North American species of Cactus, Anhalonium, and Lophophora.” [Peyote: pages 131-132] Creutzberg, Ulrich (2010) Gymnocalycium Taxa 2010-01. (PDF: http://uc.privat.t-online.de/Taxa.pdf) At http://www. creutzburg-info.de/ along with much more information. Based on Ulrich Creutzburg (2006) Gymnocalycium Taxa. extraction and update of Metzing, Meregall, Kiesling (1995) Allonia, 33: 181-228. “An annotated checklist of the genus Gymnocalycium PFeiFFer ex mittler (Cactaceae).” Croizat, Leon (1943-1945) Desert Plant Life, 15: 116-120, 138-140, 152-154; 16: 7-10, 37-38, 43-44, 53-55, 90-93, 103-108, 118-122, 139-143, 150-156; 17: 11-16, 28-29. “A study of the genus Lophophora.” Crosby, D.M. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973) Lloydia, 36 (4): 416418. “Cactus Alkaloids. XIX. Crystallization of Mescaline HCl and 3-Methoxytyramine from Trichocereus pachanoi.” Crosswhite, M. (1992) Ecology of the Arizona hedgehog cactus. (Unpublished manuscript prepared for Cedar Creek Associates, Inc. July 1992.) 16 pp. (cited by usFws 2001) Cruz Sánchez, Guillermo (1948) “Estudio Farmacologico de la Opuntia cylindrica.” PhD Thesis; Instituto de Farmacologia y Terapeutica Universidad Nacionale Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. (pp. 10-36) [This was clearly Trichocereus pachanoi that was misidentiied as Opuntia cylindrica.] Cruz Sánchez, Guillermo (1948)b Revista de la Farmacologia y Medicina Experimental. (Lima) 1: 143-? . “Farmacología de ‘Opuntia cylindrica’.” [From gutiérrez-noriegA; also given as 143ff] Culbreth, David M.R. (1927 ) A Manual of Materia Medica and Pharmacology. 7th edition. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. da Silva, Bernadete & José P. Parente (2002) Planta Medica, 68 (1): 74-76. “Chemical properties and biological activity of a polysaccharide from Melocactus depressus.” 103 http://troutsnotes.com Davet, Aline (2005) MS dissertation in pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil. “Estudo Fitoquímico e Biológico do Cacto – Cereus jamacaru decAndolle, CACTACEAE.” Davis, E. Wade (1983) Botanical Museum Lealets. Harvard University, 29 (4): 367-386. “Sacred Plants of the San Pedro Cult.” Davis, E. Wade (1997) One River. Explorations and Discoveries in the Amazon Rain Forest. (First edition in 1996) Touchstone: New York. 537 pages ISBN 0-684-80886-2 (hard)/ 0-684-83496-0 (pbk.) Davis, E. Wade (1999) Shaman’s Drum 52: 50-60. “San Pedro, Cactus of the Four Winds.” Davis, D.V. et al. (1983) Analytical Chemistry, 55 (8): 1302-1305. “Identiication of Naturally Occurring Quaternary Compounds by Combined Laser Desorption and Tandem Mass Spectrometry.” (D.V. Davis, R.G. Cooks, B.N. Meyer & J.L. McLaughlin) Dawider, A.A. & M.B.E. Fayez (1961) J. Chem. United Arab Republic, 4: 145.-147 “Identification of b-Sitosterol in Opuntia icus-indica.” [From 1961 CA 56: 9121g] De Feo, V. (2003) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85 (2-3): 243-256. “Ethnomedical ield study in northern Peruvian Andes with particular reference to divination practices.” De Graffe, Bertha L. (1896) American Journal of Pharmacy, 68: 169-177 plus 1 plate. “Opuntia vulgaris.” (from HoBscHette 1929) DeKorne, Jim (1997) Entheogen Review, 6 (2):12. “NightBlooming Cereus.” De Oliveira, Arildo José Braz & Maria de Fátima Pires Da Silva Machado (2003) Applied Biochemical Biotechnology, 104 (2): 149-155. “Alkaloid production by callous tissue cultures of Cereus peruvianus (Cactaceae).” (In citation indexes as de Oliveira AJ & M.F. Machado) Der Marderosia, Ara (1966) American Journal of Pharmacy, 138 (5): 204-212. “Current Status of Hallucinogens in the Cactaceae.” DeVries, J.X. et al. (1971) Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica, 2 (1): 21-23. “Alcaloides de cactos del Uruguay.” (Juan X. DeVries, Patrick Moyna, Victor Diaz, Stig Agurell & Jan G. Bruhn) [See also 1971 CA 75: 31357] Díaz Medina, E.M. et al. (2007) Food Chemistry, 103: 38-45. “Chemical characterization of Opuntia dillenii and Opuntia icus indica fruits.” (E.M. Díaz Medina, E.M. Rodríguez Rodríguez & C. Díaz Romero) Diaz, J.L. (1977) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 17: 647 [from sHulgin & sHulgin; Vol. 17 was stolen from our library] Diguet, Léon (1907) Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, 4: 21-29, “Le “peyote” et son usage rituel chez les Indiens du Nayarit.” Diguet, Léon (1928) Les Cactacées Utiles du Mexique. Paris: Société nationale d’acclimitation de France. 552 pages Dimayuga, Rosalba Encarnación (1996) Medicina Tradicional y Popular de Baja California Sur. SEP (Secretaría de Educación Pública), Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, ISBN10: 9688960675: ISBN-13: 9789688960677, 121 pages Dingerdissen, J.J. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973)a Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62 (10): 1663-1666. “Cactus Alkaloids. XXI. b-Phenethylamines from Dolichothele sphaerica.” Dingerdissen, J.J. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973)b Lloydia, 36 (4): 419-421. “Cactus alkaloids. XXII. Dolichothele surculosa and other Dolichothele species.” Dingerdissen, J.J. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973)c Lloydia (Proceedings), 439-440. “Cactus Alkaloids. XXI. b-Phenethylamines from Dolichothele sphaerica.” Djerassi, Carl (1957) “Cactus Triterpenes”, pp. 330-352; in Festschrift Professor Dr. Arthur Stoll. Birkhäuser, Basel. (Paper XXVI in Djerassi’s “Terpenoids” series) [p. 320 in the literature is a typo.] Djerassi, Carl & A.E. Lippman (1954) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 76: 5780-5781. “Terpenoids. X. The Triterpenes of the Cactus Lemaireocereus hystrix.” Djerassi, Carl & A.E. Lippman (1955) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 77: 1825-1828. “Terpenoids. XIII. The Structures of the Cactus Triterpenes Machaeric Acid and Machaerinic Acid.” Djerassi, Carl & John S. Mills (1958) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 80: 1236-1243. “Terpenoids. XXXII. The Structure of the Cactus Triterpene Treleasegenic Acid. Ring Conformational Alterations in a Pentacyclic Triterpene.” Djerassi, Carl & H.G. Monsimer (1957) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 79: 2901-2905. “Terpenoids. XXVII. The Structure of the Cactus Triterpene Myrtillogenic Acid.” Djerassi, C. & G.H. Thomas (1954) Chemistry & Industry ,1354. “Terpenoids. XII. The Constitution of the Cactus Triterpene Cochalic Acid.” Djerassi, C. et al. (1953)a Journal of the American Chemical Society, 75: 2254-2256. “Terpenoids. I. The Triterpenes of the Cactus Lemaireocereus Thurberi.” (Carl Djerassi, L.E. Geller & A.J. Lemin) Djerassi, C. et al. (1953)b Journal of the American Chemical Society 75: 3632-3635. “Alkaloid Studies I. The Isolation of Pilocereine from the Cactus Lophocereus schottii.” (C. Djerassi, N. Frick & L.E. Geller) Djerassi, C. et al. (1953)c Journal of the American Chemical Society, 75: 5940-5942. “Terpenoids. III. The Isolation of Erythrodiol, Oleanolic Acid and a New Triterpene Triol, Longispinogenin, from the Cactus Lemaireocereus longispinus.” (Carl Djerassi, R.M. McDonald & A.J. Lemin) Djerassi, C. et al. (1954)a Chemistry and Industry, 161-162. “Terpenoids. IV. “The Structures of the Cactus Triterpenes Gummosinogenin and Longispinogenin.” (Carl Djerassi, L.E. Geller & A.J. Lemin) Djerassi, C. et al. (1954)b Journal of the American Chemical Society, 76: 2969-2973. “Terpenoids. VI. Dumortierigenin, a New Triterpene Lactone from the Cactus Lemaireocereus dumortieri.” (Carl Djerassi, Eugene Farkas, A.J. Lemin, J.C. Collins & F. Walls) Djerassi, C. et al. (1954)c Journal of the American Chemical Society, 76 (12): 3215-3217. “Alkaloid studies. III. Isolation of Pilocereine and Anhalonidine from four cactus species.” (Carl Djerassi, C.R. Smith, S.P. Marfey, R.N. McDonald. A.J. Lemin, S.K. Figdor & H. Estrada) Djerassi, C. et al. (1954)d Journal of the American Chemical Society, 76: 4089-4091. “Terpenoids. VIII. The Structures of the Cactus Triterpenes Gummosogenin and Longispinogenin.” (Carl Djerassi, L.E. Geller & A.J. Lemin) Djerassi, C. et al. (1955)a Chemistry and Industry, 1520-1521. “The Constitution of the Cactus Terpene Queretaroic Acid.” (Carl Djerassi, J.A. Henry, A.J. Lemin & T. Rios) [Terpenoid paper XXI] 104 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Djerassi, C. et al. (1955)b Journal of the American Chemical Society, 77 (5): 1200-1203. “Terpenoids. XI. Investigation of Nine Cactus Species. Isolation of Two New Triterpenes, Stellatogenin and Machaeric Acid.” (Carl Djerassi, L.H. Liu, E. Farkas, A.E. Lippman, A.J. Lemin, L.E. Geller, R.N. McDonald & B.J. Taylor) Djerassi, C. et al. (1955)c Journal of the American Chemical Society, 77: 3579-3582. “Terpenoids. XVI. The Constitution of the Cactus Triterpene Cochalic Acid. Partial Reductions of Methyl Diketoechinocystate.” (Carl Djerassi, G.H. Thomas & H. Monsimer) Djerassi, C., C. et al. (1956)a Journal of the American Chemical Society 78 (10): 2312-2315. “Terpenoids. XXII. Triterpenoids from Some Mexican and South American Plants.” (Carl Djerassi, S. Burnstein, H. Estrada, J. Grossman, J. Herrán, A. Manjarrez & S.C. Pakrashi) Djerassi, C. et al. (1956)b Journal of the American Chemical Society, 78: 3783-3787. “Terpenoids. XXIV. The Structure of the Cactus Triterpene Queretaroic Acid.” (C. Djerassi, J.A. Henry, A.J. Lemin, T. Rios & G.H. Thomas) Djerassi, C. et al. (1957) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 79: 3525-3528. “Terpenoids. XXVIII. The Triterpene Composition of the Genus Myrtillocactus.” (Carl Djerassi, S. Burstein, H. Estrada, A.J. Lemin, A.E. Lippman, A. Manjarrez & H.G. Monsimer) Djerassi, C. et al. (1958)a Journal of the American Chemical Society, 80: 1005-1006. “The Structure of the Cactus Sterol Lophenol. A Link in Sterol Biosynthesis.” (Carl Djerassi, J.S. Mills & Richardo Villottii) Djerassi, C. et al. (1958)b Journal of the American Chemical Society, 80: 6284-6292. “The Neutral Constituents of the Cactus Lophocereus schotti. The Structure of Lophenol – 4a-Methyl-D7-cholesten-3b-ol – A Link in Sterol Biosynthesis.” (C. Djerassi, G.W. Krakower, A.J. Lemin, Liang H. Liu, J.S. Mills & R. Villottii) Djerassi, C. et al. (1958)c Tetrahedron, 2 (1-2): 58-63. “Alkaloid studies. XX. Isolation and structure of two new cactus alkaloids Piloceredine and Lophocereine.” [From Lophocereus schotti.] Djerassi, C. et al. (1961) Chemical Society (London) Proceedings, 450. “The Structure of the Cactus Sterol, Peniocerol (Cholest-8-en-3b,6a-diol).” (Carl Djerassi, R.D.H. Murray & R. Villotti) Djerassi, C. et al. (1962) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 84: 3210-3212. “Alkaloid Studies XXXVIII. Pilocereine – A Trimeric Cactus Alkaloid.” (Carl Djerassi, H.W. Brewer, C. Clark & L.J. Durham) Doetsch, P.W. et al. (1980) Journal of Chromatography, 189: 79-85. “Cactus Alkaloids XL. Identiication of Mescaline and Other b-Phenethylamines in Pereskia, Pereskiopsis and Islaya by Use of Fluorescamine Conjugates.” (Paul W. Doetsch, John M. Cassady and Jerry L. McLaughlin) Dok-Go, H. et al. (2003) Brain Research 965 (1-2): 130-136. “Neuroprotective effects of antioxidative flavonoids, quercetin, (+)-dihydroquercetin and quercetin 3-methyl ether, isolated from Opuntia icus-indica var. saboten.” (Hyang Dok-Go , Kwang Heun Lee, Hyoung Ja Kim, Eun Ha Lee, Jiyong Lee, Yun Seon Song, Yong-Ha Lee, Changbae Jin, Yong Sup Lee & Jungsook Cho) Domínguez, X.A. & O. Pugliese C. (1967) Planta Medica, 15 (4): 401-403. “A Chemical Study of Mammillaria Runyoni. The isolation of acetovanillone and a new triterpenoid, mamillarol.” Dominguez, X.A. et al. (1968) Planta Medica, 16: 458-461. “The Constituents of Thelocactus bicolor. Part I. The isolation of itesmol, a new steroid and eisacol, a new pentacyclic triterpenoid.” (Xorge Alejandro Domínguez, Víctor A. Barragán, Joaquín O. León V., Lothar Krause S., Gloria A. Bravo & Joseina Morales G.) Domínguez X.A.et al. (1968) Planta Medica, 16 (2): 182-183. “Chemical study of the cactus Ariocarpus retusus.” (Xorge Alejandro Domínguez, Rafael H. Ramírez, Olga Lock Ugaz, Jesús García D. & Roger Ketcham) Domínguez, X.A. et al. (1969) Rev. Soc. Quim. Mex. 13 (1): 8A-12A. “Estudio químico preliminar de 31 cactáceas.” (X.A. Domínguez, P. Rojas, M. Gutiérrez, N. Armenta & G. de Lara) Domínguez, X.A. et al. (1970) Planta Medica, 18 (4)): 315-317. “Chemical Studies of Cacti. V. Constituents of the Coryphantha palmeri B ritton -r ose and Echinocereus grandis rose.” (Xorge A. Domínguez, Saúl Escarria & Carlos Pérez E.) Dreiding, André S. (1961) “The Betacyanins, A Class of Red Pigments in the Centrospermae.” p. 194[-?] in W.D. Ollis (ed) Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Natural Phenolic Compounds. [From miller et al. 1968] Duke, James A. (1972) Isthmian ethnobotanical dictionary. Self-published. duke (no date) came from the online reference site below. Duke, James A. (1985) CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. ISBN 0-8493-3630-9. [For folk uses of San Pedros: Duke cited J. A. Duke & K.K. Wain (1981) Medicinal Plants of the World (Computer Index with over 85,000 entries. 3 volumes; 1,654 pages) This one of Duke’s primary references for his published claims but it is poorly to awkwardly referenced. Duke often cites himself as a primary reference even when it is clear that the material was derived from elsewhere in the published literature. See in “Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.” at www.ars-grin.gov/duke. Duke’s comment on that site’s reference page might be found illuminating: “Please note that this is far from a complete list of references used by the database, and many more will be documented as time is allotted for such weighty matters.” EAMP See Under the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit. Echeverría, Javier & Hermann M. Niemeyer (2012) Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 11 (4): 341-344. “Phenylethylamines from Browningia candelaris (Cactaceae).” El Finti, A. et al. (2013) Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7 (35): 2574-2583. “Assessment of some agro-technological parameters of cactus pear fruit (Opuntia icus-indica mill.) in Morocco cultivars.” (Aissam El Finti, Rachida El Bouillani, Mohamed Fallah, Fouad Msanda & Abdelhamid El Mousadik) El-Kossori, R.L. et al. (1998) Plant Foods & Human Nutrition, 52 (3): 263-270. “Composition of pulp, skin and seeds of prickly pears fruit (Opuntia icus indica).” (R.L. El Kossori, C. Villaume, E. El Boustani, Y. Sauvaire & L. Méjean) 105 http://troutsnotes.com El-Moghazy, A.M. et al. (1982) Egyptian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 23: 247-254. “A Phytochemical Study of Opuntia Ficus Indica (L.) mill. Cultivated in Egypt.” (A.M. El-Moghazy, S.M. El-Sayyad, A.M. Abdel-Baky & E.Y. Bechait) El-Seedi, H.R. et al. (2005) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101 (1-3): 238-242. “Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas.” (H.R. El-Seedi, P.A. De Smet, O. Beck, G. Possnert & J.G. Bruhn) Engelmann, George (1852) American Journal of Science and Arts, 2nd series., 14: 1-5. “Notes on the Cereus Giganteus of South Eastern California and some other Californian Cactaceae.” Engstad, J.E. (1890) Therapeutic Gazette 3 (6): 606-607. “Cactus grandilorus in Heart-disease.” (from HoBscHette 1929) Entheogen Review (The Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) (1998) 7 (3): 70-71 & 7 (4): 99-100. [David Aardvark: editor; K. Trout: technical editor; beginning with Volume 7 (1998)] ISSN 1066-1913. Er, H.M. et al. (2007) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113 (3): 448-456. “Anti-proliferative and mutagenic activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves from Pereskia bleo (kuntH) DC (Cactaceae).” (Er Hui Meng, En-Hsiang Cheng & Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan) Ernst, E. (2000) Perfusion, 13: 4-15 [i.e. 4-6,8-15]. “Possible interactions between synthetic and herbal medicinal products. Part 1: a systematic review of the indirect evidence.” Ernst, E. (2003) Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 19 :818–27. “Cardiovascular adverse effect of herbal medicines: a systematic review of the recent literature.” Esquivel, P. et al. (2007) Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, C 62 (9-10): 636-644. “Phenolic compound proiles and their corresponding antioxidant Capacity of purple pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) genotypes.” (Patricia Esquivel, Florian C. Stintzing & Reinhold Carle) European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit. (EAMP) (1999) “Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products . Selenicereus grandilorus. Summary Report.” [http://www.emea.eu.int/pdfs/ vet/mrls/060199en.pdf] Ewell, Ervin E. (1896) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 18 (7): 624-638. “The Chemistry of the Cactaceae.” Faiveley, J. (1920) PhD thesis, Paris. “Contribution à l’étude des Cactées Opuntiées.” (from HoBscHette 1929) Farwell, Oliver Atkins (1924) Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 13 (3): p 211-?. (from HoBscHette 1929) Felger, Richard Stephen & Mary Beck Moser (1991) People of the Desert and Sea: Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. University of Arizona Press. ISBN-10: 0816512671; ISBN-13: 978-0816512676. 435 pages. First printing in 1985. Feng Z. et al. (1993) Helvetica Chimica Acta, 76: 25472552. “Biosynthesis of the irregular C 12 -terpenoid dehydrogeosmin in lower heads of Rebutia marsoneri werd. (Cactaceae).” (Z. Feng, U. Huber & W. Boland ) [from scHlumPBerger et al. 2004] Fernández-López, JA, & L. Almela (2001) Journal of Chromatography A. 913 (1-2): 415-420. “Application of highperformance liquid chromatography to the characterization of the betalain pigments in prickly pear fruits.” Ferrigni & mclAugHlin 1981 refers to unpublished results that were published as Ferrigni et al. 1982. Ferrigni, N.R. et al. (1982) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 5: 359-364. “Cactus Alkaloids XLVIII. Na,NaDimethylhistamine, A Hypotensive Component of Echinocereus triglochidiatus.” (Nelson R. Ferrigni, David E. Nichols, Jerry L. McLaughlin & Robert A. Bye, Jr.) Ferrigni, N.R. et al. (1984) Journal of Natural Products, 47 (5): 839-845. “Identiication of New Cactus Alkaloids in Backebergia militaris by Tandem Mass Spectrometry.” (N.R. Ferrigni, S.A. Sweetana, J.L. McLaughlin, K.E. Singleton & R.G. Cooks.) Fetrow, Charles W. & Juan R. Avila (1999) Professional’s handbook of complementary & alternative medicines. Fimbres, P.Y. & R. García (1998) XXX Congreso Nacional de Microbiología. México. Abril 2-4. “Evaluación del efecto fungicida y bactericida de la mezcla de cactáceas Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (cardón) y Lophocereus schottii (músaro).“ [From gArzA PAdrón 2010] Fischer, Nikolaus & André S. Dreiding (1972) Helvetica Chimica Acta, 55 (2): 649-658. “Biosynthesis of Betalaines. On the Cleavage of the Aromatic Ring durng the Enzymatic Transformation of Dopa in Betalamic Acid.” Fischer, Roland (1958) Revue Canadienne de Biologie, 17 (3): 389-409. “Pharmacology and Metabolism of Mescaline.” Flath, Robert A. & Juan M. Takahashi (1978) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 26 (4): 835-837. “Volatile Constituents of Prickly Pear (Opuntia icus-indica mill. de Castilla Variety).” Flores Ortiz, C.M. et al. (2003) Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 31 (6): 581-585. “Alkaloids from Neobuxbaumia species (Cactaceae).” (C.M. Flores Ortiz, P. Dávila & L. B. H. Portilla) Fogleman, James C. & Phillip B. Danielson (2001) Integrative and Comparative Biology, 41 (4): 877-889. “Chemical Interactions in the Cactus-Microorganism-Drosophila Model System of the Sonoran Desert.” Folkers, Karl & Frank Koniuszy (1939) Journal of the American Chemcial Society. 61: 1232-1235. “Erythrina Alkaloids. III. Isolation and Characterization of a New Alkaloids Erythramine.” Follas, W.D. et al. (1977) Phytochemistry, 16 (9): 1459-1460. “Phenethylamines from the cactus genus Lobivia.” (W.D. Follas, J.M. Cassady & J.L. McLaughlin) Fong, H.H.S. et al. (1972) Lloydia, 35 (2): 117-149. “Alkaloid Screening. II.” (H.H.S. Fong, M. Trojánkova, J. Trojánek & N.R. Farnsworth) Font Query, P. (1979) Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. 5th Ed. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. Förster, C.F. (1846) Handbuch der Cacteenkunde, 285: 519. [Second edition was in 1885] Förster, C.F. (1861) Hamburger Gartenz 17: 164 “Cereus lagenaeformis.” Frank, Gerhardt (1960) Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten, 11 (11): 168-170. [as Toumeya krainzianus] Frank, Gerhardt & Albert Lau (1979) Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten, 30 (1): 6-7. Frati-Munari, AC et al. (1988) Diabetes Care, 11 (1): 63-66. “Hypoglycemic effect of Opuntia streptacantha lemAire in NIDDM.” (A.C. Frati-Munari, B.E. Gordillo, P. Altamirano, & C.R. Ariza) Frati-Munari, AC et al. (1989) Archivos de Investigacion Medica (Mexico). 20 (2): 197-201. [Hypoglycemic action of different doses of nopal (Opuntia streptacantha lemAire) in patients with type II diabetes mellitus] [Article in Spanish] 106 Cactus Chemistry: By Species (A.C. Frati-Munari, L.M. Del Valle-Martínez, C.R. Ariza-Andraca, S. Islas-Andrade & A. Chávez-Negrete) Frati-Munari, AC et al. (1989) Archivos de Investigacion Medica (Mexico). 20 (4): 297-300. [Duration of the hypoglycemic action of Opuntia streptacantha lem.] [Article in Spanish] (A.C. Frati-Munari, U. Ríos Gil, C.R. Ariza-Andraca, S. Islas Andrade & R. López Ledesma) F r a t i - M u n a r i , A . C . e t a l . ( 1 9 8 9 ) A rc h i v o s d e Investigacion Medica (Mexico). 20 (4): 321-325. [Hypoglycemic action of Opuntia streptacantha lemAire: study using raw extracts.] [Article in Spanish] (A.C. Frati-Munari, E. Altamirano-Bustamante, N. Rodríguez-Bárcenas, R. Ariza-Andraca & R. López-Ledesma) Frati-Munari, A.C. et al. (1990) Archivos de Investigacion Medica (Mexico). 21 (2): 99-102. [Activity of Opuntia streptacantha in healthy individuals with induced hyperglycemia] [Article in Spanish] (A.C. Frati-Munari, R. Licona-Quesada, C.R. Araiza-Andraca, R. López-Ledesma & A. Chávez-Negrete ) Freise, F.W. (1935) Pharmazeutische Zentralblatte, 76: 704. “Das Vorkommen von Koffein in brasilianischen Heilplanzen.” Frič, Alberto Vojtěch (1925) Kaktusová příloha, Život v přírodě 8: 25-28. “Rod Anhalonium lem.” [grym gives as pp 23-28] Fridericus, C. & P. De Martius (1967 reprint) Flora Brasiliensis, IV (II): page 202 & plate 40. “Cereus macrogonus sAlm-dyck” [It should be noted that much of this is a mistake of Schumann’s based and described something other than Trichocereus macrogonus. Schumann’s correction has largely been overlooked. See more comments under T. macrogonus OR under Schumann in the reference list.] Friedrich, Heimo (1974) IOS Bulletin, 3 (3): 79-93. “Zur Ta x o n o m i e u n d P h y l o g e n i e d e r E c h i n o p s i d i n a e (Trichocereinae).” Friedrich, H. & W. Glaetzle (1983) Bradleya, 1: 91-104 “Seed morphology as an aid to classifying the genus Echinopsis Zucc.” Friedrich, H. & G.D. Rowley (1974) I.O.S. Bull. 3: 96. Reference given by mAdsen 1989. This is a simple name assignment list and nothing more. [See rowley 1974] Friedrich, H. & G.D. Rowley (1974) I.O.S. Bull. 3: 97. Reference given by mAdsen 1989. This is a simple name assignment list and nothing more. [See rowley 1974] Frohne, D. (1977) Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrit, 102 (22): 849. “Pharmacologisch wirksame Substanzen aus Cactaceen.” Fu, G. & M. Wu (1994) Food Science / Shipin Kexue, 170: 18-21. [Chemical characteristics and stability of red pigment in Opuntia dillenii fruits.] in Chinese with English Abstract Fugh-Berman, Adriane (2000) Lancet, 355: 134–38. “Herb-drug interactions”. Fujita, M. et al. (1972) Yakugaku Zasshi [J. Pharm. Soc. Japan ] 92 (4): 482-489. “On the Cactus-Alkaloids of Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa (Kobuki-ubadama).” (Mitiiti Fujita, Hideji Itokawa, Junko Inouse (née Oka), Yoshimasa Nozu, Natsue Goto & Kazuko Hasegawa) Furst, Peter T. (1971) Economic Botany, 25. 182-187. “Ariocarpus retusus, the “False Peyote” of Huichol tradition.” Galati, E.M. et al. (2001) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 76: 1–9. “Antiulcer activity of Opuntia icus indica (L.) mill. (Cactaceae): ultrastructural study.” (E.M. Galati, M.T. Monforte, M.M. Tripodo, A. d’Aquino & M.R. Mondello) Galati, E.M. et al. (2003) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51 (17): 4903-4908. “Chemical Characterization and Biological effects of Sicilian Opuntia icus indica (L.) mill. Fruit Juice: Antioxidant and Antiulcerogenic activity.” (Enza Maria Galati, Maria Rita Mondello, Daniele Giuffrida, Giacomo Dugo, Natalizia Miceli, Simona Pergolizzi & Maria Fernanda Taviano.) Ganguly, A.K. et al. (1965) Tetrahedron, 21: 93-99. “Structure of Opuntiol, a Constituent of Opuntia elatior.” (A.K. Ganguly, T.R. Govindachari & P.A. Mohamed) García Pantaleón, D.M. et al. (2009) J. PACD, 11: 45-52. “Chemical, biochemical, and fatty acids composition of seeds of Opuntia boldinghii Britton et Rose.” Garvie, L.A. (2006) Naturwissenschaften, 93 (3): 114-118. “Decay of cacti and carbon cycling.” Garza Padrón, Ruth Amelia (2005) Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. “Respuesta in vitro y determinación de compuestos químicos de Acanthocereus occidentalis (Britton & rose) y Stenocereus gummosus (engelmAnn) giBson & HorAk.” [from gArzA PAdrón 2010] Garza Padrón, Ruth Amelia (2010) PhD Thesis, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León. “Análisis Fitoquímico y Actividad Biológica de los Extractos de Tallos y Tejido in vitro de Astrophytum myriostigma (lemAire, 1839) y Astrophytum capricorne (dietricH, 1922) Fam. Cactaceae.” Gennaro, M.C., et al. (1996) Analytical Letters, 29 (13): 23992409. “Determination of Mescaline in Hallucinogenic Cactaceae By Ion-Interaction HPLC.” (M.C. Gennaro, E. Gioannini, D. Giacosa & D. Siccardi) Ghosal, Shibnath & R.S. Srivastava (1973)a Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62 (9): 1555-1558. “Chemical Investigation of Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv.: b-Phenethylamines and Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids.” Ghosal, S. et al. (1974) Planta Medica, 26 (4): 318-326. “The active principles of Alhagi pseudalhagi: b-phenethylamine and tetrahydroisoquinoline bases.” (S. Ghosal, R.S. Srivastava, S.K. Bhattacharya & P.K. Debnath) Gibson, Arthur C. & Karl E. Horak (1978) Annals. Missouri Botanical Gardens. 65 (4): 999-1057. “Systematic Anatomy and Phylogeny of Mexican Columnar Cacti.” [K.G. Horak is a typo] Giral, F. & C.S. Alvarez (1943) Ciencia (Mexico), 4: 66. “Vitamin C content of Mexican legumes and other vegetables.” [From meyer & mclAugHlin 1982] Glass, Charles & Robert Foster (1977) Cactus & Succulent Journal (US), 49 (4): 161-176. “A Revision of the Genus Turbinicarpus (BAckBg.) BuxB. & BAckBg.” Glaetzle. See Friedrich & Glaetzle Goh, K.L. (2002) Malaysian herbaceous plants. Malaysia: Advanco Press. [from sim et al. 2010] Gomm, A.S. & M. Nierenstein (1931) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 53 (12): 4408-441. “The exhaustive O-methylation of quercetin.” (from dominguez et al. 1969) Goldman, Edward Alphonso (1916) Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Volume 16 Issue 14. “Plant Records of an Expedition to Lower California.” Washington, US Government Printing Ofice. Gonzales Huerta, Ines (1960) Revista del Viernes Médico [Lima], 11 (1): 133-137. “Identiicación de la Mescalina Contenida en el Trichocereus pachanoi (San Pedro).” Grieve, Maud (1931) A Modern Herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic and economic properties, cultivation and folk-lore 107 http://troutsnotes.com of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs & trees with all their modern scientiic uses. J. Cape. Grym, Rudolph (1997) “Rod/ Die Gattung Lophophora” Vydavatelstvo Roman Štaník, Bratislava. (In German & Czech.) [125 pages; packed with B&W and color photos] ISBN 80-9000339-6 (This ISBN, as printed in the book, is a typo according to Books-In-Print). [Features a nice chemical summary by Roman ŠtArHA pp. 85-90.] Gupta, M.P. et al. (1996) International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 34: 18–27. “Screening of Panamanian medicinal plants for brine shrimp toxicity, crown gall tumor inhibition, cytotoxicity and DNA intercalation.” (M.P. Gupta, A. Monge, G.A. Karikas, A. Lopez de Cerain, P.N. Solis & E. De Leon) [from sim et al. 2010] Gupta, R.S. et al. (2002) Pharmaceutical Biology, 40 (6): 411415. “Antispermatogenic Effect and Chemical Investigation of Opuntia dillenii.” (R.S. Gupta, Rakhi Sharma, Aruna Sharma, Rakesh Chaudhudery, A.K. Bhatnager, M.P. Dobhal, Y.C. Joshi & M.C. Sharma) Gutiérrez-Noriega, Carlos & Guillermo Cruz Sánchez (1947) Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría 10 (4): 422-468 . “Alteraciones mentales producidas por la ‘Opuntia cylindrica’.” Guzmán-Maldonado, S.H. et al. (2010) Journal of Food Science, 75 (6): C485-C492. “Physicochemical, nutritional, and functional characterization of fruits xoconostle (Opuntia matudae) pears from Central-México Region.” (S.H. Guzmán-Maldonado, A.L. Morales-Montelongo, C. Mondragón-Jacobo, G. Herrera-Hernández, F. Guevara-Lara & R. Reynoso-Camacho) HAAgen-smit & olivier, private communication with L. reti. Habermann, Vlastimil (1974)a Kaktusy 10: 1, 2, 3, 4, 12-14, 2833, 65-67, 81-83. “Alkaloidy kaktusů.” From Štarha’s cactus alkaloid summary. Habermann, Vlastimil (1974)b Kaktusy 10: 123-127, 144. [“Lophophora fricii Habermann species nova.”] (From Anderson 1980 & grym) Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)a Cactus & Succulent Journal (US), 47: 157-160; “Two Red Flowering Species of Lophophora.” Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)b Kaktusy, 11: 3-6, 24. “Lophophora jourdaniana HABermAnn species nova.” Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)c Kaktusy, 54-57, 80-82 “Rod Lophophora coulter.” [From grym 1997] Habermann, Vlastimil (1977) Plzenský Lékarský Sborník, 44: 17-21. “Přispěvek ke studiu halucinogenního účinku peyotlu.” [From ŠtArHA nd] Habermann, Vlastimil (1977) Plzenský Lékarský Sborník, 44: 1722. [“A Contribution to the Study of the Hallucinogenic Effect of Peyote (Lophophora coulter).”] [From Anderson 1980] Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)a Biochimia (SSSR), 43: 246-251. “Stanoveni meskalinu pellotinu v r. rodu Lophophora.” [From stArHA’s cactus alkaloid summary.] Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)a Biokhimiya, 43: 246-251. [“Estimation of Mescaline and Pellotine in Lophophora coulter Plants (Cactaceae) by Oscillographic Polarography.”] Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)b Plzeňský Lékařský Sborník, 46: 95-102. “Oscilografická polarografie meskalinu, pellotinu a některých strukturně blízkých alkaloidů rostlin rodu Lophophora.” [From stArHA’s cactus alkaloid summary (grym 1997 gives as p. 94)] Habermann, Vlastimil (1979) Plzeňský Lékařský Sborník, 47: 61-63. “Oscilograická polarograie některých tetrahydroisochinolinových alk. rostlin rodu Lophophora.” [From Starha’s cactus alkaloid summary.] Habibi, Y. et al. (2002) Carbohydrate Research, 337 (17): 15938. “Isolation and structure of D-xylans from pericarp seeds of Opuntia icus-indica prickly pear fruits.” (Y. Habibi, M. Mahrouz, & M.R. Vignon) Habibi, Y. et al. (2004)a Carbohydrate Research, 339 (6): 11191127. “Structural features of pectic polysaccharides from the skin of Opuntia icus-indica prickly pear fruits.” (Y. Habibi, A. Heyraud, M. Mahrouz & M.R. Vignon) Habibi, Y. et al. (2004)b Carbohydrate Research, 339 (6):12011205. “An arabinogalactan from the skin of Opuntia icus-indica prickly pear fruits.” (Y. Habibi, M. Mahrouz, M.F. Marais & M.R. Vignon) Hajanarvis, L.S. (1964) Current Science (India), 33: 584. “Free organic acids in some xerophytes.” [From meyer & mclAugHlin 1982] Hapke, H.J. (1995) DTW - Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrite, 102: 228-232. “Pharmacological efects of hordenine.” Harlay (1902) Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie, 6 (16): 193198. “Sur le mucilage du Cactus à raquettes.” [From HoBscHette 1929] Hart, Jeffrey A. (1979) Botanical Museum Lealets Harvard University, 27 (10): 261– 307. “The ethnobotany of the Flathead Indians of Western Montana.” Hartwell, Jonathan L. (1968) Lloydia, 31 (2): 71-170. “Plants used against cancer. A survey.” (This was part of a series that also included 1967, 30: 379-436; 1969, 32, 247–296; 32, 153–205; 32, 78–107; 1970, 33, 288–392; 33, 97–194; 1971, 34, 386–425; 34, 204–255; 34, 310–361; 34, 103–150. CHECK IF 150 or 160 Havard, V. (1869) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 23 (2): 33-46. “Drink Plants of the North American Indians.” Heaven, Ross (2013) Cactus of Mystery. The Shamanic Powers of the Peruvian San Pedro Cactus. Park Street Press. ISBN 9781-59477-491-1. 372 pages. Recommended reading. Heffter, Arthur (1894)b Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 27: 2975-2979. “Ueber zwei Cacteenalkaloïde.” [Pellotine from A. williamsii (0.89%) and Hordenine (Anhaline) from A. issuratum (0.2 gm from 1 kg)] Heffter, Arthur (1896)a Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 29: 216-227. “Ueber Cacteenalkaloïde II. Mitteilung” [Pellotine and Mescaline.] Heffter, Arthur (1896)b Therapeutische Monatshefte, 10: 327-328. “Ueber Pellotin.” Heffter, Arthur (1898)a Naunyn-Schmeidebergs Archiv fur experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 40: 385-429. “Ueber Pellote. Beitrage zur chemischen und pharmakologischen Kenntnis der Cacteen. II. Mittheilung.” Hegnauer, R. (1964) “40. Cactaceae”, pp. 324-336: in Chemotaxonomie der Planzen [Vol. 3: Dicotyledonae: Acanthaceae–Cyrillaceae], Birkhauser Verlag: Basel & Stuttgart. H e l m l i n , H a n s - J ö rg & R u d o l f B r e n n e i s e n ( 1 9 9 2 ) Journal of Chromatography, 593: 87-94. “Determination of psychotropic phenylalkylamine derivatives in biological matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection.” Hennings, P. (1888) Gartenlora, 37 (410): 92-93. “Eine giftige Kaktee, Anhalonium Lewinii n. sp.” 108 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1930)a Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 6 (II): 43-49. “Datos quimicos sobre el Echinopsis eyriesii (turPin) zucc.” [1930 CA 24: 4077] Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1930)b Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 6: 7585. “Datos quimicos sobre el Gymnocalycium gibbosum (HAw.) PFeiFF.” [1930 CA 24: 4077] Heyl, George (1901) (E. Reichardt) Archiv der Pharmazie. [says Archiv der Pharmacie on the spine] 239: 451-473. “Über das Vorkommen von Alkaloiden und Saponinen in Cacteen.” Heyl, George (1928) Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft. [says Archiv der Pharmazie on the spine] 266 (3): 668-673. “Über das Alkaloid von Carnegiea gigantea (engelm.) Britt. und rose. (Cereus giganteus engelm.)” Hiller, K. et al. (1973) Die Pharmazie, 28: 409-410. “Erynginol A – Ein neues Triterpensapogenin.” [K. Hiller, M. Keipert, S. Pfeiffer, L. Tökés & J. Nelson] Hobschette, A. (1929) Les Cactacées Médicinales. Gaston Doin, Paris. 79 pages. Hodgkins, J.E. et al. (1967) Tetrahedron Letters, 14: 1321-1324. “Two new alkaloids in cacti.” (J.E. Hodgkins, S.D. Brown and J.L. Massingill) Holmes, E.M. (1897) Pharmacy Journal, 5: 165-167. “Cactus grandilorus.” [From HoBscHette 1929] Hörhammer, L. et al. (1966) Ber. 99: 1384. [Not obtained yet.] Hornemann, K.M. Kelley et al. (1972) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61: 41-45. “Cactus Alkaloids XII. b-Phenethylamine Alkaloids of the Genus Coryphantha” (K.M. Kelley Horneman, J.M. Neal and J.L. McLaughlin) Hortus refers to Liberty Hyde Bailey & Ethel Zoe Bailey (1976) Hortus Third. A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Revised and expanded by the staff of the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University. 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(2012)a Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 22: 4793-4800. “New triterpenoid saponins from cacti and anti-type I allergy activity of saponins from cactus.” (Kazutaka Kakuta, Masaki Baba, Satoru Ito, Kaoru Kinoshita, Kiyotaka Koyama & Kunio Takahashi) Kakuta, K. et al. (2012)b Heterocycles, 85 (6): 1377. “New Triterpenoid Saponins from Stenocereus eruca.” (Kazutaka Kakuta, Takeshi Koike, Kaoru Kinoshita, Satoru Ito, Kiyotaka Koyama & Kunio Takahashi) Kalam, M.A. et al. (2012) “Mescaline concentrations in small regrowth crowns vs. mature crowns of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae): cultural, economic, and conservation implications.” Paper presented to the Bangladesh Chemical Society, 8 December 2012. (M.A. Kalam, M. Klein, D. Hulsey, P. Daley, K. Trout & M. Terry) 109 http://troutsnotes.com Kalam, M.A. et al. (2013) Journal of Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 7(1): 435-440. “A preliminary report of mescaline concentrations in small regrowth crowns vs. mature crowns of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae): cultural, economic, and conservation implications.” (M.A. Kalam, Molly T. Klein,, Diana Hulsey, Keeper Trout, Paul Daley & Martin Terry) Kampik, G. (1973) Allg. Homöopath. Ztg. 218: 249. [Not obtained yet.] Kandaswami, C. & E. Middleton, Jr. (1994) Advanced Experimental Biology & Medicine, 366: 351–376. “Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of plant lavonoids.” Kapadia, Govind J. & Henry M. Fales (1968)a The Chemical Society, London. Chemical Communications [Journal of the Chemical Society. D.] 24: 1688-1689. “Krebs cycle conjugates of mescaline. Identiication of fourteen new peyote alkaloid amides.” Kapadia, Govind J. & Henry M. 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(1-Methyl-6,7-di methoxy-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1carboxylic acid in L. williamsii proposed as immediate precursor to anhalonidine.) (G.J. Kapadia, M.B.E. Fayez, Y.S. [?N] Vaishnav, H.M. Fales & G. Subba Rao) Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1970)a Lloydia, 33 (4): 492. (Proceedings.) “Peyote and Related Alkaloids. XII. Structure and Synthesis of Peyoglunal, a New Cactus b-Phenethylpyrrole.” (G.J. Kapadia, B.K. Chowdury, M.B.E. Fayez and H.M. Fales) Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1973) Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 10 (1): 135-136 “Peyote and related alkaloids. XV. O-Methylpeyoxylic acid and O-Methylpeyoruvic acid, the new cyclic amino acid analogs of mescaline.” (Govind J. Kapadia, Rao, M.H. Hussein & B.K. Chowdury) Karsten, G.K. (1895) Flora Deutschland, Second Edition 457 Kasprzyk, Z. & J. Pyrek (1968) Phytochem. 7: 1631. [From kAsPrzyk et al. 1970] Kasprzyk, Z. et al. (1970) Phytochemistry, 9 (9): 2065-2066. “The Identity of Calenduladiol and Thurberin: A Lupenediol Found in Marigold Flowers and Organ Pipe Cactus.” (Zoia Kasprzyk, Jan Pyrek, S.D. Jolad & Cornelius Steelink) Kauder, Ernest (1899) Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft, 237: 190–198 “Über alkaloide aus Anhalonium Lewinii.” Kauder, Ernest (1899)b Chemische Central-Blatt, 1: 1244 “Über alkaloide aus Mescal-buttons.” I have not been able to locate this paper as cited in the literature. Something may be in error with the citation itself. CHECK THAT DATA from 1899 WAS INSERTED Keller, William J. (1978) Lloydia, 41 (1): 37-42. “The Involvement of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine in Normacromerine Biosynthesis” Keller, William J. (1980) Phytochemistry, 19: 413-414. “N-Methyltyramine: Formation in Opuntia clavata and Metabolism in Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii.” Keller, William J. 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(2005) Chemical Senses, 30 (1): 51-68. “Volatile organic compounds as signals in a plant-herbivore system: electrophysiological responses in olfactory sensilla of the moth Cactoblastis cactorum.” (Pophof B, Stange G, Abrell L. ) Erratum in Chem Senses. 2005 Mar;30(3):279. Powell, C.E. & K.K. Chen (1956) Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. Scientiic Edition, 45 (8): 559561. “Pilocereine, a Cactus Alkaloid.” Powell, A Michael & James F. Weedin (2004) Cacti of the Trans-Pecos & Adjacent Areas. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 0-89672-531-6, 510 pages + 313 plates. This is quite possibly the best book that has ever been written about cacti. Pummangura, S. & J.L. McLaughlin (1981) Journal of Natural Products, 44 (4): 498-499. “Cactus alkaloids. XLVI. 3-Methoxytyramine and Lemaireocereine from Backebergia militaris.” PummAngurA & mclAugHlin 1982 in the literature meant PummAngurA et al. 1982a Pummangura, S. et al. (1977) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66 (10): 1485-1487. “Cactus alkaloids. XXXIII. b-Phenethylamines from the Guatemalan cactus Pilocereus maxonii.” (S. Pummangura, D.E. Nichols & J.L. McLaughlin) Pummangura, S. et al. (1981) Journal of Natural Products, 44 (5): 614-616. “Cactus Alkaloids. XLVII. b-Phenethylamines from the “Missouri Pincushion”, Coryphantha (Neobessya) missouriensis.” (S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin & R.C. Schifferdecker) Pummangura, S. et al. (1982)a Journal of Natural Products, 45 (2): 224-225. “Cactus Alkaloids. LI. Lack of Mescaline Translocation in Grafted Trichocereus.” (S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin & R.C. Schifferdecker) Pummangura, S. et al. (1982)b Phytochemistry, 21 (9): 2375-2377. “Two Simple Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloid 115 http://troutsnotes.com N-oxides from Cacti.” (S. Pummangura, Y.A.H. Mohamed, C.-J. Chang & J.L. McLaughlin) Pummangura, S. et al. (1982)c Journal of Natural Products, 45: 277-282. “Cactus Alkaloids. XLIX. New Trace Alkaloids (Dehydrosalsolidine and Heliamine) from the Saguaro, Carnegiea gigantea, and Conirmation by MIKES (MS/MS).” (S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin*, D.V. Davis & R.G. Cooks) Pummangura, S. et al. (1983)a Journal of Natural Products, (In Press). [S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin, D.V. Davis & R.G. Cooks) [from lundström 1983: This is not in either the 1983 or 1984 author index under any name listed.] PummAngurA et al. 1983b Phytochemistry, “in press” (in the literature) meant PummAngurA et al. 1982b. Qin, S. et al. (2006).Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs, 37, 917–921. “Inhibitory activity of endophytic fungi from three plants of Opuntia mill.” (S. Qin, K. Xing, S.H. Wu, Q. Zhang, & Y.W. Chen) [from wu et al. 2008] Qin, W. et al. (2004) Food Sci./Shipin Kexue, 25: 6466. [Studies on characteristics and inhibition of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in Opuntia dillenii.] in Chinese with English Abstract. (W. Qin, S. Qian, & R. Zhou) [from qiu et al. 2007] Qiu, Y., Yoshikawa, M., Li, Y., Dou, D., Pei, Y., Chen, Y. (2000) J. Shenyang Pharm. Univ./ Shenyang Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 17: 267-268. [A study of chemical constituents of the stems of Opuntia dillenii (ker-gAw.) HAw.] in Chin. with Engl. Abstr. (= Chem. Abstr. 134, 136510 j, 2000). [from qiu et al. 2007] Qiu, Y. et al. (2002) Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 50 (11): 1507-1510. “Constituents with Radical Scavenging Effect from Opuntia dillenii: Structures of New α-Pyrones and Flavonol Glycoside.” (Yingkiun Qiu, Yingjie Chen, Yupin Pei, Hisashi Matsuda & Masayuki Yoshikawa) Qiu, Y., Chen, Y., Pei, Y., Matsuda, H., Yoshikawa, M. (2003)a J. Chin. Pharm. Sci. 12: 1-5. “New Constituents from the Fresh Stems of Opuntia Dillenii.” [from qiu et al. 2007] Qiu, Y. et al. (2003)b Yao Xue Xue Bao, 38 (7): 523-525. [The isolation and identiication of a new alpha-pyrone from Opuntia dillenii,] Article is in Chinese. (Y.K. Qiu, D.Q. Dou, Y.P. Pei, M. Yoshikawa, H. Matsuda & Y.J. Chen) [from PuBmed] Qiu, Y.K. et al. (2005) Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 30 (23): 1824-1826. [Study on chemical constituents from Opuntia dillenii.] Article is in Chinese. (Y.K. Qiu, D.Q. Dou, Y.P. Pei, M. Yoshikawa, H. Matsuda & Y.J. Chen) [from PuBmed] Qiu, Y.K. et al. (2007) Archives of Pharmacal Research, 30 (6): 665-669. “Two New α-Pyrones and Other Components from the Cladodes of Opuntia dillenii.” (Ying Kun Qiu, Yan Yan Zhao, De Qiang Dou, Bi Xia Xu & Ke Liu) Rahmat A. (2004) Daun jarum tujuh bilah untuk barah, sakit kepala. Malaysia: Utusan Melayu (M) Bhd; 5 December 2004. [from Sim et al. 2010] Ranieri, R.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1975)b Lloydia, 38 (6): 537 (Proceedings.) “Cactus alkaloids XXVIII. b-Phenethylamines and Tetrahydroisoquinolines from Dolichothele longimamma.” Ranieri, R.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1976) Journal of Organic Chemistry, 41 (2): 319-323. “b-Phenethylamines and Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids from the Mexican Cactus Dolichothele longimamma.” Ranieri, R.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1977) Lloydia, 40 (2): 173177. “Cactus Alkaloids. XXXI. b-Phenethylamines and Tetrahydroisiquinolines from the Mexican Cactus Dolichothele uberiformis.” Ranieri, R.L. et al. (1976) Lloydia, 39 (2-3): 172-174. “Cactus Alkaloids. XXIX. Isolation of b-phenethylamines from Coryphantha greenwoodii.” (R.L. Ranieri, J.L. McLaughlin & G.K. Arp) Rathbun, Richard (1912-1916) Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 16. “Systematic Investigations of Phanaerogams, Ferns and Mosses.” Ratsch, Christian. (1998) The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and its Applications. Rochester: Park Street Press. Rebut, Pierre (1905) Monatschr. f. Kakteenk. 15: 122 [Echinocactus jourdanianus (reBut) reBut ] [From scHultes 1940] [Grym 1997 gives this citation as C.A. Maass 1905] Reinberg, P. (1921) Journal de la Société des Américanistes Paris, 13: 25-54, 197-216. “Contributión a l’étude des biossons toxiques des indiens du nord-ouest de l’Amazone: l’ayahuasca, le yagé, le huánto. Étude comparative toxico-physiologique d’une experience personelle.” [This paper was miscited in scHultes.] Reko, Blas Pablo (1928) Mem. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate”, 49: 380. [From neAl et al. 1972] Reti, Ladislao (1933)a Comptes Rendus des séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses iliales, 114: 811-814. [(1933) Rev. Soc. Argentina Biol. 9: 344] “Sur les alcaloïdes de la cactacée Trichocereus candicans (Br et rose).” Reti, Ladislao (1939) Atti. X. Congr. int. Chim. Roma, 5: 396-405. “Nuovi alcaloidi di cactacee argentine.” (Paper presenting his preliminary report on terscheckii.) Reti, Ladislao (1950) Forstschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products), 6: 242-289. “Cactus Alkaloids and Some Related Compounds.” Reti, Ladislao (1954)a “Simple Isoquinoline Alkaloids.”, p. 7-21, (Chapter 26), in: R.H.F. Manske & H.L. Holmes (eds.) The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Physiology. Vol 4. Reti, Ladislao (1954)b “Cactus Alkaloids” pp. 23-28, (Chapter 27), in: R.H.F. Manske & H.L. Holmes (eds.) The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Physiology. Vol 4. Reti, Ladislao (1947) Ciencia e Investigacion. Revista Patrocinada por la Asociación Argentina, October: 405-411. “Alcaloides de las cactáceas y substancias naturales relacionadas.“ Reti, L & R.L. Arnolt (1935) Actas y trabajo del V. Congr. Nac. de Medicina, Rosario 3: 39. “Alcaloids del Trichocereus lamprochlorus (lem.) Britton And rose.” Reti, L. & J.A. Castrillón (1951) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 73 (4): 1767-1769. “Cactus alkaloids. I. Trichocereus tersheckii (PArmentier) Britton And rose.” Reti, L. et al. (1935) Comptes Rendus des séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses iliales (Société de Biologie de Rosario 25 Octobre 1934), 118: 591-593. [(1934) Rev. Soc. Argentina biol., 10: 437] “Sur un alcaloïde du Cereus coryne sAlm. (1850).” (L. Reti, R.I. Arnolt and F.P. Ludueña) Reyna Pinedo, Víctor & Flores Garcés, José (2001) Quepo, 15: 28-37. “El uso del “San Pedro” (Echinopsis pachanoi) en medicina tradicional peruana.” Riccobono, Vincenzo (1909) Bollettino delle R[eale] Orto Botanico di Palermo. 8: 215-266. “Studii sulle Cattee del R. Orto Botanico di Palermo.” Aporocactus lagelliformis 260-261 116 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Cereus grandilorus 249-250 Eriocereus jusberti 240 Eriocereus tephracanthus 244-245 Myrtillocactus geometrizans 224-225 Pilocereus euphorbioides 254-255 Piptanthocereus beneckei 226-227 Piptathocereus jamacaru 229-230 Piptanthocereus peruvianus 232-233 Stenocereus stellatus 253-254 Trichocereus macrogonus 236-237 Trichocereus spachianus 237-238 Riccobono, Vincenzo (1909) Bollettino delle R[eale] Orto Botanico di Palermo. 8: 244 -245. “Sp. 8. ° Eriocereus tephracanthus (BERG. l. c. p. 74).” Riccobono, Vincenzo (1909) Bollettino delle R[eale] Orto Botanico di Palermo. 8: 236-237. [i.e. Bollettino del R. Orto Botanico e Giardino Coloniale] “Sp. 1. ° Trichocereus macrogonus (BERG. 1. c, p. 83).” Richardson, A.B. et al. (1891) Cincinnati Lancet and Clinic, 27: 828-829. “Cactina, a New Cardiac Tonic.” (A.B. Richardson, J.C. Oliver & L.C. Colter) Richardson, A.B. et al. (1891) Cincinnati Lancet and Clinic, 27: 829. “Cactus grandilorus as a Heart Tonic.” (A.B. Richardson, J.C. Oliver & L.C. Colter) Richardson, Mick (1978) Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 6: 283-286. “Flavonols and C-Glycosyllavonoids of the Caryophyllales.” Rico-Bobadilla, A.C. et al. (2001) XXXII Congreso Nacional de Microbiología. Guanajuato, Guanajuato. México. Abril 3-5. “Efecto antimicrobiano del extracto lioillizado de músaro (Lophocereus schottii).” (AC Rico-Bobadilla, OLE Gassós & FA Félix) [from gArzA PAdrón 2010] Riggin, Ralph M. & Peter T. Kissinger (1977) Analytical Chemistry, 49 (4): 530-.533 “Determination of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids in Biological Materials with High Performance Liquid Chromatography.” Remington, J.P. et al. (eds.) (1918) The Dispensatory of the United States, 20th edition. (Joseph P. Remington, Horatio C. Wood, & others) [From the online version at The Southwest School of Botanical Medicine http://www.swsbm.com] Ritter, Friedrich (1966) Cactus (Paris). Organe de l’Association Française des Amateurs de Cactus et Plantes Grasses. Paris. 21 (87): 14-15. “Trichocereus scopulicola ritter spec. nov.” Ritter, Friedrich (1980) Kakteen in Südamerika. Argentinien/ Boliviens Vol. 2: 375-856. (Trichocereus: 437-456) F.Ritter/ Selbstverlag Ritter, Friedrich (1981) Kakteen in Südamerika. Peru. Vol. 4: 1239-1692. (Trichocereus: 1324-1329) F.Ritter/Selbstverlag Rivier, Laurent & Jan-Erik Lindgren (1972) Economic Botany, 26: 101-129. “ “Ayahuasca”, the South American Hallucinogenic Drink: an Ethnobotanical and Chemical Investigation.” [Epiphyllum & tchai] Robiola, P.F. (1955) Minerva Medica, 46 (103): 1975–1976. [A New Drug Compound with Cereus grandilorus mill., a Mexican Cactus with Cardiotonic Action] (article is in Italian) [From AArdvArk 2006] Roca, Juan (1930) Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional de México. 1 (3): 204. “Nota Preliminar Acerca del Estudio Quimico del Pachycereus Marginatus.” Roca, Juan (1931) Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional de México, 2 (2): 133-137. “Estudio Quimico Preliminar del Pachycereus Marginatus.” Roca, Juan (1932) Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional de México, 3 (1): 19-23. “Analisis Quimico del Pachycereus Marginatus.” Rodríguez, G.R.G. et al. (2008) VI Simposio Internacional sobre Flora Silvestre en Zonas Áridas. La Paz, B.C.S., Marzo 12-15. “Actividad biológica de Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus (lemAire), Ariocarpus retusus (scHeidweiler) y Fouquieria splendens (engelmAnn).” (GRG Rodríguez, SMJ Verde, CA Oranday, RME Morales, MC Rivas, GMA Núñez & NJF Treviño) [from gArzA PAdrón 2010] Romariz, I.C. (1946) Portugaliae Acta Biol., Ser. A. 1: 235-250. [“Unusual carotenoids in young leaves.”] [From 1949 CA 43: 1836i-1837a] See also 1947 Biological Abstracts, 21: 1511. Rose, Joseph Nelson (1899) Contributions from the US National Herbarium, 5 (4): 209-259. “Notes on Useful Plants of Mexico.” Rosenberg, H. & A.G. Paul (1969) Tetrahedron Letters, 13: 1039-1042. “Dolichotheline, a novel imidazole alkaloid from Dolichothele sphaerica.” [Dolichothelene was the only alkaloid they reported in this paper.] Rosenberg, H. & A.G. Paul (1970) Phytochemistry, 9 (3): 655-657. “The isolation and biosynthesis of dolichotheline.” [From Dolichothele sphaerica] Rösler, H. et al. (1966) Phytochemistry, 5: 189-192. “The Flavonoid Pigments of Opuntia lindheimeri.” (Heinz Rösler, Ursula Rösler, Tom. J. Mabry & Jacques Kagan) Rouhier, Alexandré (1926) “Monographie du Peyotl, Echinocactus Williamsii lem.” Thèse de pharmacie. Paris. Lons-le-Saunier. 372 pages. Rouhier, Alexandré (1927)a Le Plante qui Fait les Yeux Émerveilles-Le Peyotl. (Echinocactus williamsii lem.). Gaston Doin & Cie, Paris. [Also in 1926 by G. Tredaniel: Paris) [More recently; 1989 Éditions de la Maisnie. ISBN 2-85707332-1.] 371 pages. Huachuma comments are on page 90. Rouhier, Alexandré (1927)b Les Plantes divinatoires. Doin, Paris. (Huachuma page 12). Roush, R. et al. (1985) Analytical Chemistry, 57: 109-114. “Search for New Alkaloids in Pachycereus weberi by Tandem Mass Spectrometry.” (Robin A. Roush, R. Graham Cooks, Stephanie A. Sweetana & Jerry L. McLaughlin) Rowley, Gordon D. (1974) IOS Bulletin, 3 (3): 93-99. “Reunion of the Genus Echinopsis.” Rubini (1864) Therapeut. et Pathog., (October): 268-?. “Pathogénésie du Cactus grandilorus observée sur l’homme sain et conirmée sur le malade.” [From HoBscHette 1929] Ruiz, S.O. et al. (1973) An. Asoc. Quim. Argen. 61: 41. “Alcaloides de Cactaceas: Gymnocalycium schickendantzii (weBer) Br. & R, y Cereus aethiops HAwortH.” (S.O. Ruiz, G. Neme, M. Nieto & A.T. D’Arcangelo) [from sHulgin] Rümpler, Theodor (1886) Carl Friedrich Förster’s Handbuch der Cacteenkunde, Second ed. Leipzig: Verlag von Im. Tr. Woller. Page 233. [from grym 1997 & Anderson 1980] 2nd ed. is given as 1885 in Britton & rose and also by croizAt. Page 712: Cereus tephracanthus bolivianus weBer; Page 688: Pilocereus terscheckii rümPler; Page 827: Echinocereus strigosus var. spinosior rümPler & Echinocereus strigosus var. ruispinus rümPler 117 http://troutsnotes.com Rusby, H.H. (1888) Bulletin of Pharmacy, 2: 126. “A. Lewinii.” [From lABArre] Rusby, H.H. (1894) Bulletin of Pharmacy, 8: 306. “Mescal Buttons.” [From grym 1997 & lABArre] Rusby, H.H. (1903) Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, 6: 456. “Mescal Buttons.” [from lABArre] Sahu, N.P. et al. (1974) Phytochemistry, 13: 529-530. “A new saponin of oleanolic acid from Pereskia grandifolia.” (N.P. Sahu, N. Banerji & R.N. Chakravarti) Sanguin [sic] (1829) Hist. Nueva España, (ed. Bustamante) 2: 366)]. [From Safford] in reference to Bernardino de Sahagún’s Historia General de Las Cosas de Nueva España (inished cerca 1578 and published in 1829). Saleem, R. et al. (2005) Biological Pharmacology Bulletin, 28 (10): 1844-1851. “Hypotensive activity, toxicology and histopathology of opuntioside-I and methanolic extract of Opuntia dillenii.” (Rubeena Saleem, Mohammad Ahmad, Aisha Azmat, Syed Iqbal Ahmad, Zareen Faizi, Lubna Abidi & Shaheen Faizi) Saleem, M. et al. (2006) Phytochemistry, 67: 1390-1394. “Secondary metabolites from Opuntia icus-indica var. saboten.” (Muhammad Saleem, Hyoung Ja Kim, Chang Kyun Han, Changbae Jin & Yong Sup Lee) Salm-Dyck (1834) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1834: 334 [Cereus strigosus] [From Britton & rose] Salm-Dyck, Jos. de (1845) Cacteæ in Horto Dyckensi cultæ anno 1844. Additis tribuum generumque characteribus emendatis. Parisiis e Typis Crapelet. 51 pages. Cereus strigosus: 27 Cereus candicans: 27 Cereus chilensis: 27 Cereus chilensis f. fulvibarbis: 27 Cereus chilensis f. brevispinulus = C. quintero: 27 Cereus gladiatus: 28 Salm-Dyck, Jos. de (1850) Cacteæ in Horto Dyckensi cultæ anno 1849. Secundum tribus et genera digestæ, additis adnotationibus botanicis characteribusque specierum in enumeratione diagnostica cactearum doct. Pfeifferi non descriptarum. Bonnæ apud Henry & Cohen. Typis C. Georgii. 266 pages + 1 page addendum. Cereus brevispinulus 51 Cereus bridgesii 48 & 208-209 Cereus candicans 43 Cereus chilensis 44 & 198 Cereus chiloensis 44 Cereus eburneus 47 Cereus Forbesii 47 & 206 Cereus fulvibarbis 44 Cereus fulvispinus 46 Cereus gladiatus 48 Cereus grandilorus 51 & 216 Cereus intricatus 43 & 194 Cereus lamprochlorus 43 & 195 Cereus longispinus 44 & 196 Cereus macrogonus 46 & 203 Cereus nigricans 46 & 202 Cereus spachianus 43 & 194 Cereus tenuispina 62 Cereus Terscheckii 46 Cereus tetragonus 47 Cereus validus 48 Echinopsis bridgesii 38 & 181 Echinopsis valida 39 & 181 sAlm-dyck 1909 (in the literature) refers to riccoBono 1909. Salt, T.M. et al. (1987) Phytochemistry, 26 (3): 731-733. “Dominance of Δ5-Sterols in Eight Species of the Cactaceae.” (Thomas A. Salt, Joel E. Tucker & John H. Adler) Sandoval, A. et al. (1957) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 79: 4468-4472. “Terpenoids. XXX. The Structure of the Cactus Triterpene Chichipegenin.” (A. Sandoval, A. Manjarrez, P.R. Leeming, G.H. Thomas & Carl Djerassi) Sands, Lila & Rosalind Klaas (1929) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 51: 3441-3446. “The Composition of Cholla Gum. I. The Isolation of l-Arabinose, d-Galactose and l-Rhamnose.” Sasaki, Y. et al. (2009) Biological Pharmacology Bulletin, 32(5) 887-891. “Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Lophophora williamsii by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Ampliication.” (Yohei Sasaki, Tsuguto Fujimoto, Masako Aragane, Ichiro Yasuda & Seiji Nagumo) Sato, P.T. et al. (1973) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62 (3): 411-414. “Cactus Alkaloids. XVI. Isolation and identiication of alkaloids in Coryphantha ramillosa.” (P.T. Sato, J.M. Neal, L.R. Brady & J.L. McLaughlin) Saleem, R. et al. (2005) Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 28 (10): 1844-1851. “Hypotensive activity, toxicology and histopathology of opuntioside-I and methanolic extract of Opuntia dillenii.” (Rubeena Saleem, Mohammad Ahmad, Aisha Azmat, Syed Iqbal Ahmad, Zareen Faizi, Lubna Abidi & Shaheen Faizi) Schepetkin, I.A. et al. (2008) International Immunopharmacology, 8: 1455-1466. “Macrophage immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Opuntia polyacantha.” (Igor A. Schepetkin, Gang Xie, Liliya N. Kirpotina, Robyn A. Klein, Mark A. Jutila & Mark T. Quinn) Schlumpberger, B.O. et al. (2004) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 165 (6): 1007-1015. “Musty-Earthy Scent in Cactus Flowers: Characterization of Floral Scent Production in Dehydrogeosmin-Producing Cacti.” (Boris O. Schlumpberger, Andreas Jux, Maritta K u n e r t , Wi l h e l m B o l a n d & D i e t e r Wi t t m a n n ) All volatiles were found to be emitted by the perianth. Strongest emission was from the inner and middle tepals and the weakest for the outer tepals. On Schlumpberger’s relativistic rankings: Major= Greater than 10% of total volatiles Minor= Greater than 1% but less than 10% of total volatiles Trace = Less than 1% of total volatiles All of the volatiles were found to be emitted by the perianth. Strongest emission was from the inner and middle tepals and the weakest was from the outer tepals. Schlumpberger, B.O. et al. (2006) Plant Biology, (Stuttgart) 8 (2): 265-270. “A Unique Cactus with Scented and Possibly Bat-Dispersed Fruits: Rhipsalis juengeri.” (B. O. Schlumpberger, R. A. Clery & W. Barthlott) Schumann, K. (1894) Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde, 4: 3637. “Echinocactus Williamsii lem.” Schumann, K. (1895) Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde, 5: 1115. “Kleine Mitteilungen und Fingerzeige.” 118 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Schumann, Karl Moritz (1895) Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft, 103-110. “Über giftige Kakteen.” Schumann, Karl Moritz (1897) Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen (Monographia Cactearum) 80-81. “25. Cereus tephracanthus lAB.” Comments on Cereus tephracanthus var. boliviana weBer are on page 81. [Britton & rose cites this as their reference for Cereus tephracanthus bolivianus weBer] Schumann, Karl Moritz (1897) Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen (Monographia Cactearum), 107-108. “52. Cereus bridgesii S.-D.” [First apearance of Cereus bridgesii brevispinus scHumAnn & Cereus bridgesii lageniformis scHumAnn. Schumann also commented on his belief that the former is identical with C. macrogonus.] Schumann, Karl Moritz (1898) Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Planzengeschichte, und Planzengeographie, 24: 541-567. “Die Gattung Ariocarpus (Anhalonium).” (see page 551) Schumann, Karl Moritz (1902) Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde, 12 (2): 19-23. “Succulente Reiseerinerungen.” [Given as a reference for the name Cereus bolivianus weBer which is only mentioned in passing on page 21.] Schumann, Karl Moritz (1907) [in Rusby] Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard.4: 365 [Cereus lasianthus] [From Britton & rose] Schultes, Richard Evans (1972)a Botanical Museum Lealets. Harvard University 23 (3): 137-147. “De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes X. New Data on the Malpighiaceous Narcotics of South America.” [Epiphyllum] Schultes, Richard Evans (1972)c Plant Science Bulletin. 18 (4): 34-40. “De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XI. The Ethnotoxicological Signiicance of Additives to New World Hallucinogens.” [Epiphyllum] Schultes, Richard Evans & Robert F. Raffauf (1990) The Healing Forest: Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest Amazonia. Dioscorides Press. Sciuto, S. et al. (1972) Phytochemistry, 11: 2259-2262. “Betanidin glucosylation in Opuntia dillenii.” (S. Sciuto, G. Oriente & M. Piattelli) Serrano, Carlos (2008) Quepo 22: 29-35. “Avances en la Fitogeografía Química del género Trichocereus en el sur del Perú.” Sethi, M.L. et al. (1973) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 62 (11): 1802-1806. “Peyote and Related Alkaloids XVI: Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylalanine, an Amino Acid Analog of Mescaline.” (Manohar L. Sethi, G. Subba Rao and Govind J. Kapadia) [Synthetic compound - NOT found in peyote.] Shabbir, Mohamed & Asif Zaman (1968) Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 45 (1): 81. “Chemical investigation of the lowers of Opuntia elatior.” [See also 1968 CA 68: 93495g] Shaman’s Drum (A Journal of Experiential Shamanism & Spiritual Healing) Timothy White (editor) ISSN 0887-8897 [$18 US/ year (quarterly)] Cross-Cultural Shamanisn Network, PO Box 97, Ashland, Oregon 97520. Shamma, Maurice & Paul D. Rosenstock (1959) Journal of Organic Chemistry, 24: 726-728. “The Triterpenes of Heliabravoa chende.” Sharp, Gordon (1894) Pharm J. and Transactions, Nov 24, p 416. “A Preliminary Analysis of Cactus grandilorus.” [from nAgelvoort 1891] Schepetkin, I.A. et al. (2008) International Immunopharmacology, 8: 1455-1466. “Macrophage immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Opuntia polyacantha.” (Igor A. Schepetkin, Gang Xie, Liliya N. Kirpotina, Robyn A. Klein, Mark A. Jutila, Mark T. Quinn) Shulgin, Alexander T. (1995) THIQ/PEA Appendix 12/26/95Cactus Species Tabulation. [Included in TIHKAL] Shulgin, Alexander T. & Ann Shulgin (1997) TIHKAL: The Continuation. Transform Press ISBN 0-9630096-9-9. Sim, K.S. et al. (2010)a Pharmacognosy Magazine, 6 (21): 67-70. “Acute oral toxicity of Pereskia bleo and Pereskia grandifolia in mice.” (Sim KS, Sri Nurestri AM, Sinniah SK, Kim KH, Norhanom AW) Sim, K.S. et al. (2010)b Pharmacognosy Magazine, 6 (23): 248254. “Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Pereskia grandifolia HAw. (Cactaceae) extracts.” (K. S. Sim, A. M. Sri Nurestri, and A. W. Norhanom) siniscAlco et al. 1983 (in the literature) meant siniscAlco 1983 Siniscalco Gigliano, G. (1983) Bolletino Chimico Farmaceutico, 122: 499-504. “La Mescalina in Lophophora Coult. Ed in Altre Cactaceae.” Sitrit, Y. et al. (2004) Plant Sciences, 167: 1257-1262. “S-Linalool synthase activity in developing fruit of the columnar cactus koubo [Cereus peruvianus (L.) miller]” (Yaron Sitrit, Racheli Ninio, Einat Bar, Einav Golan, Olga Larkov, Uzi Ravid & Efraim Lewinsohn) Smith, Michael S. (1997) [Revised 1998 & 1999] Narcotic and Hallucinogenic Cacti of the New World. A 2002 revision was retitled Sacred & Medicinal Cacti. See at http://www.cactus-mall.com/mss/ [Also personal correspondence during 1997, 1998 & 1999] Michael Smith has my thanks for bringing Dr. ŠtArHA to my attention. Smith, Terence A. (1977)a Phytochemistry, 16: 9-18. “Phenethylamine and related compounds in plants.” Smithsonian (date?) Traditional Music of Peru 5. Celebrating divinity in the high andes. CD Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Smolenski, S.J. et al. (1972) Lloydia, 35 (1): 1-34. “Alkaloid Screening. I.” (S.J. Smolenski, H. Silinis & N.R. Farnsworth) Smolenski, S.J. et al.(1973) Lloydia, 36 (4): 359-389. “Alkaloid Screening. III.” (S.J. Smolenski, H. Silinis & N.R. Farnsworth) Sodestrom, Thomas R. (1962) American Journal of Botany, 49: 850-855. “The Isocitric Acid Content of Crassulacean Plants and a Few Succulent Species From Other Families.” Soulaire, Jacques (1947) Cactus et Médecine. Éditions Thiébaut Paris. (PhD thesis) 186 pages. Späth, Ernst (1929) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 62 (4): 1021-1024. “Über das Carnegin” Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)b Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 68 (5): 944-945. “Über des Anhalidin (XIV. Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)” [From peyote: Anhalamine 0.1%; Anhalinine 0.01%; Anhalidine 0.001%] Späth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1937) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 70 (12): 2446-2450. “Über ein neues alkaloid aus den Mezcal buttons. (XVIII Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)” [N-Methylmescaline.] Späth, Ernst & F. Kuffner (1929) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 62 (8): 2242-2243. “Die identitat des Pectinins mit dem Carnegin.” 119 http://troutsnotes.com Speir, W.W. et al. (1970) Lloydia, 33 (1): 15-18. “Cactus alkaloids. VII. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyl-3,4dimethoxy-b-phenethylamine from Ariocarpus trigonus.” (W.W. Speir, V. Mihranian & J.L. McLaughlin) Spencer, G.F. et al. (1983) Journal of Natural Products, 46: 551558. “The Triterpene Esters of Dolichothele longimamma (Cactaceae).” (G.F. Spencer, K. Payne-Wahl, R.B. Wolf & J.L. McLaughlin) Sri Nurestri, AM et al. (2008) International Journal of Cancer Research, 4: 20-27. “Cytotoxic activity of Pereskia bleo (Cactaceae) against selected human cell lines.” (AM Sri Nurestri, AW Norhanom, Y Hashim, KS Sim, SL Hong & GS Lee) [from sim et al. 2010] Sri Nurestri, A.M. et al. (2009) Journal of Biological Sciences, 9: 488-493. “Phytochemical and cytotoxic investigations of Pereskia grandifolia HAw. (Cactaceae) leaves.” (A.M. Sri Nurestri, K.S. Sim & A.W. Norhanom) [from sim et al. 2010] Srivastava, B.K. & C.S. Pande (1974) Planta Medica, 25: 92-97. “Arabinogalactan From the Pods of Opuntia Dillenii.” Standley, Paul. C. (1920-1926) Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Volume 23. “Trees and Shrubs of Mexico,” Štarha, Roman (n.d.) Cactus alkaloid summary. Undated (unpublished?) and privately distributed manuscript received from Dr. ŠtArHA in early 1999. Previous versions also exist; we received one around a year earlier via MSSmith] Our thanks also go to Dr. ŠtArHA for graciously providing us with the papers we could not locate sources for in the US. Štarha, Roman (1994) Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitas Ostraviensis, Physica-Chemia, 141 (2): 71-74. “Alkaloids of Three “Peyote” Cacti.” Štarha, Roman (1995)a Chemica [Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultas Rerum Naturalium], 34: 33-34. “Identiication of Alkaloids of the Cactus Genus Gymnocalycium.” Štarha, Roman (1995)b Fitoterapia, 66 (4): 375. “Alkaloids of Epithelantha micromeris.” Štarha, Roman (1996) Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 24 (1): 85-86. “Alkaloids from the Cactus Genus Gymnocalycium.” Štarha, Roman (1997) “Appendix IV. Chemický rozbor rodu Lophophora.” pp. 85-90 in grym 1997. Štarha, Roman (1999) Cactaceae 19 (4): 146-149. “Hybridni Turbinicarpusy.” Štarha, Roman (2001)a Bioch. Syst. Ecol. (In Press) “Constituents of Gymnocalycium riojense Fric ex H.till & W.till (Cactaceae).” (from ŠtArHA 2001c; See as 2002) Štarha, Roman (2001)b Bioch. Syst. Ecol. (In Press) “Alkaloids of four varieties of Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus (Bod.) BuxB. et BAckeBerg.” (from ŠtArHA 2001c; this article has not been located so our account lacks further detail) Štarha, Roman (2001)c Sekundární Metabolity Celedi Cactaceae. [Prací prírovedecké fakulty Ostravské Univerzity. Facultatis rerum naturalium Universitatis Ostraviensis. Spisy Scripta. Cislo 138] ISBN 80-7042-806-6. 108 pages. Štarha, Roman (2002) Biochemical Systematics & Ecology, 30: 365-366. “Constituents of Gymnocalycium riojense Fric ex H.Till & W.Till (Cactaceae).” Štarha, Roman (nd) Roman Štarha’s cactus alkaloid list. University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. Štarha, Roman & Jaroslav Kuchyna (1996) Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universtitas Ostraviensis, PhysicaChemia, 156 (3-4): 67-70. “Analysis of Mexican Populations of Lophophora (Cactaceae).” ŠtArHA et al. 1994 (in the literature) meant ŠtArHA 1994 Štarha, Roman et al. (1997) Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 25 (4): 363-364. “Alkaloids from the Genus Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae) – II.” (Roman Štarha, Kamila Urbánková, & Jaroslav Kuchyna) Štarha, Roman et al. (1998) Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universtitas Ostraviensis, Physica-Chemia, 173 (6): 41-46. “Identiikace Alkaloidu V Rostlinách Rodu Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae) – III.” (Roman Štarha, Adéla Chybidziurová & Zdenek Lacný) Štarha, R. et al. (1999)a Acta Fac. Rer. Nat., Univ. Ostrav., Physica-Chemia, 183: 129-134. “The influence of hybridization to morphological nondependent properties of cacti.” (R. Štarha, Z. Hajnová & Z. Lacný) (from Štarha 2001c; this article has not been obtained so our account lacks further detail) Štarha, R. et al. (1999)b Acta Universitatis Palackinae Olomucensis Facultas Rerum Naturalium (Chemica), 38: 71-73. “Constituents of Turbinicarpus alonsoi Glass & Arias (Cactaceae).” (Roman Štarha, Adéla Chybidziurová & Zdenìk Lacný) Štarha, Roman et al. (1999)c Biochemical Systematics & Ecology, 27: 839-841. “Alkaloids of the Genus Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae).” (Roman Štarha, Adéla Chybidziurová & Zdenek Lacný) Štarha, R. et al. (2000) Chem. Listy 94: 943-944. “Identiikace alkaloidu v rostlinách Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus var. klinkerianus.” (R. Štarha, V. Smolka & Z. Lacný) (from Štarha 2001c; this article has not been obtained so our account lacks further detail) Steelink, C. et al. (1967) Phytochemistry, 6: 1435-1440. “Phenolic Constituents of Healthy and Wound Tissues in the Giant Cactus (Carnegiea gigantea).” (Cornelius Steelink, Margery Yeung & Roger L. Caldwell) Steelink, C. et al. (1968) Phytochemistry, 7: 1673-1677. “Carbohydrate Constituents of Healthy and Wound Tissues in the Saguaro Cactus.” (Cornelius Steelink, Eve Riser & M.J. Onore) Steinmetz, E.F. (1957) Codex Vegetabilis. Self-published, Amsterdam. Stintzing, F.C. et al. (1999) Planta Medica, 65: 632-635. “Amino Acid Composition and Betaxanthin Formation in Fruits from Opuntia icus-indica.” (Florian C. Stintzing, Andreas Schieber & Reinhold Carle) Stintzing, F.C. et al (2002) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50 (8): 2302-2307. “Identification of betalains from yellow beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and cactus pear [Opuntia icus-indica (L.) mill.] by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.” (Florian C. Stintzing, Andreas Schieber & Reinhold Carle) Stintzing, F.C. et al. (2005) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53 (2): 442-451. “Color, Betalain Pattern, and Antioxidant Properties of Cactus Pear (Opuntia spp.) Clones.” (Florian C. Stintzing, Kirsten M. Herbach, Markus R. Mosshammer, Reinhold Carle, Weigung Yi, Subramani Sellappan, Casimir C. Akoh, Ron Bunch & Peter Felker) 120 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Strack, D. et al. 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Agricultural Research Service, USDA, US Government Printing Ofice, Washington, DC, 1961. Wilson, M. F. (2007) Medicinal Plant Fact Sheet: Opuntia: Prickly Pear Cactus. A collaboration of the IUCN Medicinal Plant Specialist Group, PCA-Medicinal Plant Working Group, and North American Pollinator Protection Campaign. Arlington, Virginia. Michael Wilson, Drylands Institute (www.drylandsinstitute.org) Wohlpart, Alfred (1967) Investigations on the biogenesis of betalains in the Centrospermae. Dissertation. University of Texas at Austin. 122 Cactus Chemistry: By Species Wohlpart, Alfred & Tom J. Mabry (1968) Taxon, 17: 148-152. “The Distribution and Phylogenetic Signiicance of the Betalains With Respect to the Centrospermae.” Wollenweber, Eckhard & Marion Dörr (1995) Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 23(5): 577. “Wax Composition of the Two Cacti Hylocereus purpusii and Stenocereus benecki.” Wu, S.H. et al. (2008) Journal of Basic Microbiology, 48: 140–142. “A new spiroketal from Aspergillus terreus, an endophytic fungus in Opuntia icus-indica Mill.” (Shao-Hua Wu, You-Wei Chen, Sheng Qin & Rong Huang) Wu, X. et al. (2011) J Asian Nat Prod Res., 13 (8): 728-733. “Three new glycosides from Hylocereus undatus.” (X. Wu, Y. Wang, X.J. Huang, C.L. Fan, G.C. Wang, X.Q. Zhang, Q.W. Zhang & WC. Ye) Wybraniec, Sławomir & Yosef Mizrahi (2002) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50 (21): 6086-6089. “Fruit Flesh Betacyanin Pigments in Hylocereus Cacti.” Wybraniec, Sławomir & Barbara Nowak-Wydra (2007) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55 (20): 8138-8143. “Mammillarinin: A New Malonylated Betacyanin from Fruits of Mammillaria.” Wybraniec, S. et al. (2001) Phytochemistry, 58 (8): 1209-1212. “Betacyanins from vine cactus Hylocereus polyrhizus.” (Sławomir Wybranieca, Itzhak Platzner, Shimona Geresh, Hugo E. Gottlieb, Marcela Haimberg, Michael Mogilnitzki & Yosef Mizrahi) Wybraniec, S. et al. (2007) Phytochemistry, 68: 251–259. “Minor betalains in fruits of Hylocereus species.” (Sławomir Wybraniec, Barbara Nowak-Wydra, Katarzyna Mitka, Piotr Kowalski & Yosef Mizrahi) Wybraniec, S. et al. (2009) Journal of Chromatography A, 1216 (41): 6890-6899. “Separation of polar betalain pigments from cacti fruits of Hylocereus polyrhizus by ion-pair high-speed countercurrent chromatography.”(S. Wybraniec, P. Stalica G. Jerz, B. Klose, N. Gebers, P. Winterhalter, A. Spórna, M. Szaleniec & Y. Mizrahi) Wyler, H. (1986) Phytochemistry, 25: 2238. “Neobetanin: A New Natural Plant Constituent?” Yang, Y. et al. (1998) Journal of Natural Products, 61: 456–460. “New Triterpenes from Machaerocereus eruca.” (Y. Yang, K. Kinoshita, K. Koyama, K. Takahashi, N. Kondo & H. Yuasa) Ye, Y. et al. (1998) Journal of Natural Products, 61: 456-460. “New Triterpenes from Machaerocereus eruca.” (Yang Ye, Kaoru Kinoshita, Kiyotaka Koyama, Kunio Takahashi, Norio Kondo & Hiroshi Yuasa) Yi, Y. et al. (2011) Zhong Yao Cai, 34 (5): 712-716. “[Studies on the lavonoids from the lowers of Hylocereus undatus].” [Article is in Chinese] (Y. Yi, X. Wu, Y. Wang , W.C. Ye & Q.W. Zhang) yingkun in the literature See as qiu. Zhang, F & M. Lu (1992) Tianran chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa, 4: 15-22. “Natural pigment from fruit of Opuntia dillenii.” [from guPtA et al. 2002] Zempoaltecatl, A (1999) Thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México, “Polisacáridos aislados en el nopal (Opuntia icus indica y O. streptacantha) y su utilidad como loculante en el tratamiento de aguas residuales.” page 12. Zenteno, E. et al (1988) FEBS Letters, 238(1): 95-100. “Puriication and partial characterization of two lectins from the cactus Machaerocereus eruca.” (Edgar Zenteno, Henri Debray & Jean Montreuil) Zenteno, E. et al (1995) Glycoconjugate Journal, 12 (5): 699-706. “Speciicity of the isolectins from the plant cactus Machaerocereus eruca for oligosaccharides from porcine stomach mucin.” (E. Zenteno, L. Vázquez, R. Chávez, F. Córdoba, J.M. Wieruszeski, J. Montreuil & H. Debray) Zhang, F. & M. Liu (1992) Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa, 4: 15-22. [Natural pigments from fruit of Opuntia dillenii.] in Chinese with English Abstr. (= Chemical Abstracts 117, 190506 z, 1992). Zhao, X. et al. (2002) Chin. J. Integrated Tradition. Western Med., 8: 215-218. “Clinical Observation of Opuntia Dillenii Tablet in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” (X. Zhao, J. Yang, Z. Tong, Y. Zhou, W. Zhang, S. Qi, & G. Yuan) Zuccarini, Joseph Gerhard (1832-1847) Plantarum novarum vel minus cognitarum, quae in horto botanico herbarioque regio Monacensi servantur, München: Königlich Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 123 http://troutsnotes.com 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethyl- 76 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylalanine 38 structure 159 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-1,2-diMe-isoquinolinium structure 162 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-1-Me-isoquinoline structure 162 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-2-Me-isoquinolinium ion structure 162 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-IQ structure 162 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine 38 structure 158 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 10, 51 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyltrimethyl ammonium 77 3,4-Dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenethylamine 76 3,4-Dimethoxy-a-methyl-5-hydroxyphenethylamine 76 3,4-Dimethoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine structure 157 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-formyl-b-hydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine 14 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 18, 19, 38, 42 structure 157 3,4-Dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine 8, 9, 14, 19 structure 158 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine 8, 9, 16, 17, 19, 21, 32, 38, 43, 44, 45, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 76 structure 157 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenethylamine 40, 66 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine 36, 38, 76 3,7-Dimethyl-1,5-octadiene-3,7-diol 12 3a-Cumyl-1,3,4-oxadiazolidine-2,5-dione 76 3b,6aSterol diols 34 3b, 16b,28-Trihydroxy-D12-oleanen-29-oic acid 44 3-Demethylmescaline 38 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 38, 64, 66 structure 158 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenethylamine 76 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethylamine 53 structure 157 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyltrimethylammonium 77 3-Methoxyphenethylamine 9 3-Methoxytyramine 8, 9, 16, 17, 19, 21, 32, 38, 53, 55, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 76 structure 157 3-Methyl-3-butene-1-ol 49 3-Methylbut-2-enyl acetate 58 Index Symbols 1,2-Dimethyl-6,7-dimethoxy8-hydroxy-3,4dihydroisoquinoline 38 1,3,6,8-Tetrahydroanthraquinone 17 1,3-Dimethylcitrate 48 1,4-Benzenediamine 77 1, 8-Cineol 49 1-Butanol 49 1-Heptanecanol 51 1-Heptanol 49 1-Hexanol 49 1-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy3,4-dihydroisoquinoline 38 1-Methylcitrate 48 1-Methylmalate 48 1-Nonene-3-ol 49 1-Octanol 49 1-Octene-3-ol 49 1-Pentanol 49 1-Pentene-3-ol 49 1-Phenylethanol 49 2,4-Decadienal 12 2(5H)-Furanone 44 2,6-Dichloro-mescaline structure 159 2’-Apiosyl-betanin 29, 30, 31 2’-Apiosyl-isobetanin 29, 30, 31 2’-Apiosyl-isophyllocactin 30, 31 2’-Apiosyl-phyllocactin 30, 31 2-Chloro-mescaline 68 structure 159 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol 44 2-Cyclohexylethylamine 76 2-Heptenal 12 2-Hydroxymethyl-4-methoxy-a-pyrone 47 2-Hydroxyvertixanthone 17 2-Methoxytyramine 64 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 49 2-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetraMeO-THIQ 54 2-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy8-hydroxy-3,4dihydroisoquinoline 38 2-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-THIQ 54 2-Methylbutanoic acid 49 2-Pentylfuran 49 2-Undecanol 58 3,3’-Dimethylquercetin 51 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-phenethylamine 76 3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenethylamine structure 158 124 http://troutsnotes.com 3-Nitrotyramine 13 structure 158 3-OH-4-MeO-PEA 54 3-O-Methyl quercetin 51 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 51 3-Oxo-alpha-ionolβ-D-glucopyranoside 48 3-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→2)- β-D-glucuronopyranosylstellatogenin 60 3-Pentanol 49 3-Pentene-2-ol 49 3α,19R-Dihydroxygermanican-28-oic acid 60 3α-Hydroxytaraxastan-28,20α-olide 60 4,8-Dihydroxy-2-methyl-THIQ 18 4a-Methyl-5a-cholest-7-en-3b-ol 35 4a-Methyl-5a-ergosta-7,24(28)-dien-3b-ol 35 4a-Methylcholesta-8,14-dien-3b-ol 35 4a-Methyl-D7-cholesten-3b-ol 35 4-Ethoxyl-6-hydroxymethyl-α-pyrone 51 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 8, 16, 22, 44, 45, 46, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 66, 68, 71 structure 158 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 50 glycoside 10 4-Hydroxyproline 52 4’-Malonyl-betanin 30, 31 4’-Malonyl-isobetanin 30, 31 4-Methoxyamphetamine 9 4-Methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine 14, 15, 55 structure 156 4-Methoxyphenethylamine 14, 15 structure 156 4-Methyl-2-pyridinamine 77 5,6,7-TriMeO-THIQ 54 5(6)-Dihydro-6-hydroxyterrecyclic acid A 17 5(6)-Dihydro-6-methoxyterrecyclic acid A 17 5a-Campest-7-en-3b-ol 35 5-Acetoxymethyl-2-furaldehyde 44 5a-Cholest-7-en-3b-ol 35 5a-Cholest-8(9)-en-3b,6a-diol 34 5a-Cholesta-8,14-dien-3b,6a-diol 34 5a-Cholesta-8,14-dien-3b-ol 35 5a-Stigmast-7-en-3b-ol 35 5a-Stigmasta-7,22E-dien-3b-ol 35 5-Hydroxycarnegine 9 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethylhistamine 20 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine 20 5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde 44 5-O-[6’-O-(3”-hydroxy-3”-methyl-glutaryl)β-D-glucopyranoside 30 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 30, 31 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 30, 31 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylisophyllocactin 30, 31 125 5’’-O-E-Feruloyl-2’-apiosylphyllocactin 30, 31 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylbetanin 30, 31 5’’-O-E-Sinapoyl-2’-apiosylisobetanin 30, 31 5 San Pedros 78 Activity note 78 images 78 6,7-Dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline 38 6-Hydroxy-2-methyl-THIQ 18 6-Methoxy-THIQ 18 6-Methylhept-5-en-2-one 58 6-Methylheptan-2-one 58 6’-O-malonylbetanin 30 6’-O-Malonylbetanin 59 (6S,9S)-3-Oxo-alpha-ionolβ-D-glucopyranoside 48 (6S,9S)-3-Oxo-ceionol-[3-D-glucopyranoside 47 6β-Hydroxystigmast-4-ene-3-one 52 7,8-DiMeO-THIQ 54 7,8-Dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroxyisoquinoline 9 7-dehydrocholesterol 86 7-Dehydrocholesterol 86 7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydroisoquinoline 32 7-MeO-THIQ 54 7-Methyloctan-2-one 58 7-Oxositosterol 52 8-Hydroxy-2-methyl-THIQ 18 8-Methylnonan-2-one 58 8-Methylnonanol 58 9-Methyldecanal 58 10-Methylundecan-2-one 58 14a-Methyl-5a-cholest-8-en-3b,6a-diol 34 14a-Methyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b,6a-diol 34 14a-Methyl-9,19-cyclo-5a-cholestan-3b,6a-diol 34 16-epi-Echinocystic acid 44 16α-Hydroxybetulinic acid 60 16β-Hydroxybetulinic acid 60 16-β-Hydroxystellatogenin 61 21-Hydroxy-oleanolic acid 41 21-Ketobetulinic acid 60 21-Keto-oleanolic acid 41 21β-Acetyloxy-3β,14β,30trihydroxypachan-12-en28-oic acid 14β,28-lactone 65 22α-Hydroxystellatogenin 60 22β-Hydroxystellatogenin 60 24‰-Methylcholesterol 21, 31, 47, 50, 55, 58 24-Ethyl-5β-cholest-9-ene-6β,12α-diol 51 24-Ethyl-6β-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-5β-cholest-9ene-12α-ol 51 24-Methylenelophenol 35 27-Desoxyphillyrigenin 60 56.1153 64 68.0235 13 http://troutsnotes.com 5452 63 8504 46 8508 46 84284 8 α-Cedrene 58 α-Pinene 58 α-Pyrone 92 α-Quartz 75 α-Selinene 58 β-Amyrin 18 β-Farnesene 23 β-Hexosaminidase release inhibitory activity 96 β-Ocimene 24 β-Sitosterol 7, 51 A abdominal pain 92 Acacia berlandieri 76 Acacia rigidula 76, 77 Acanthocereus pentagonus 7 Activity note 78 Acanthocereus tetragonus 7 Acetic acid 49 Acetoin 49 Acetovanillone 42 aches 93 achuma 63, 66 ACl-9 42 Activity Notes 78 agria 87 aguacolla 66 alastrado 56 alcajer 55 aldehydes 47 Alhagi pseudalhagi 77 alkaloid summary by species 4 Alkane 23 Alkene 23 Aminobutyric acid 30 Amphetamine 76 structure 156 Amyrin 18, 32 structure 166 analgesic 78, 87, 90, 92 anesthetized cats 84 Anethole 58 angina pectoris 87, 94 Anhalamine 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 76, 77 structure 161 Anhalidine 8, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 53, 54, 61, 76, 77 126 structure 161 Anhalinine 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 66, 73, 74, 75 structure 161 Anhalonidine 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53, 61, 66, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 structure 161 Anhalonine 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 71 structure 161 Anhalonium elongata See as Ariocarpus trigonus 7 Anhalonium jourdanianum 37 analysis 7 Anhalonium lewinii 7 Anhalonium williamsii 7 Anhalotine 39 structure 162 Anisocereus foetidus 7 Anisocereus gaumeri 7 anodyne 87, 93 antagonist CCR6 receptor 96 antibiotic 90, 93 anticancer activity 83 antihelminthic 78, 94 anti-hyperglycemic efects 91 anti-inlammatory 91, 92, 94 anti-metastatic activity 90 antimicrobial 79, 87 antineoplastic activity 21, 84, 87 antioxidant 91 antiproliferation 90 antipyretic 79, 90 antirheumatic 87 antiseptic 90 antisyphilitic 94 antitumor 21 anti-type I allergy activity 96 aortic regurgitation 94 Apigenin 8-C-glucoside 52 Apocynine 42 apoptosis 94 Aporocactus lagelliformis Activity note 78 analysis 7 Aposphaerin C 17 appetite stimulant 85 a-pyrone 51 Arabinogalactan 51, 89 Arabinose 9, 10, 16, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 61, 75 Arachidic acid 46 Arachidonic acid 48 http://troutsnotes.com Ariocarpus agavoides analysis 7 Ariocarpus bravoanus activity note 78 image 7 ssp. hintonii activity note 78 var. hintonii 7 Ariocarpus denegrii 7 Ariocarpus disciformis 7 Ariocarpus issuratus activity note 78 analysis 7 var. issuratus analysis 7 var. hintonii lower 7 var. lloydii analysis 7 Ariocarpus furfuraceous 7 Ariocarpus hintonii lower 7 Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus activity note 78 analysis 7 water content 7 Ariocarpus retusus analysis 7 water content 7 Ariocarpus scaphirostris analysis 8 Ariocarpus trigonus analysis 8 Ariocarpus williamsii 8 Arizona cactus pear 90 Arizona hedgehog cactus 83 Arizona state tree 80 Arizonine 10, 45, 53 structure 160 Armatocereus laetus 8 activity note 86 Aromadendrin 47, 48 arthritic 87 arthritis 87 articular rheumatism 90 Ascorbic acid 10, 48, 52 Aspergiketal 49 Aspergillus terreus 17, 49, 83 a-Spinasterol 35 structure 166 Asterredione 17 Asterric acid 49 Asterriquinone C 17 Asterriquinone D 17 asthma 92 asthmatic dyspnea 87 astringent 92 Astrophytum 8 Astrophytum asterias analysis 8 Astrophytum capricorne activity note 79 Astrophytum myriostigma activity note 79 analysis 8 lower 8 zoobioassay 8 atopic dermatitis 94 atropine 84 Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica analysis 8 entry 8 Austrocylindropuntia exaltata analysis 8 Austrocylindropuntia pachypus image 8 Austrocylindropuntia subulata analysis 8 Avenasterol 58 ayahuasca admixture 9, 79, 84 Ayahuasca book 6, 174 Aztekium ritteri analysis 8 B baboso 32 backache 87, 91 Backebergia militaris analysis 8 Backebergine 9, 54 structure 160 Backeberg’s clone 67 bakana 81 bakanawa 81 balsam 93 b-Amyrin 60 structure 166 b-Amyrin-type terpene 44 bandage 84 Barbados gooseberry 55 barb-wire cactus 7 batari 98 beasts of burden 86 Benzaldehyde 58 Benzoic acid 12 Benzyl acetate 58 Benzyl acetone 58 Benzyl alcohol 49, 58 127 http://troutsnotes.com Bergamotene 23 berrycactus 44 Berry cactus 90 best edible tunas 91 Betacyanin 7, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 55, 56, 63 Betaine 77 Betalains 7, 12, 13, 18, 23, 25, 29, 34, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 54, 55, 59, 61, 62 Betalamic acid 59 Betanidin 11, 13, 30, 46, 50, 51 5-O-(2’-O-β-D-Apiofuranosyl6’-O- malonyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside 59 5-O-[(5’-O-E-feruloyl)2’-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-6’-O-malonyl)]β-D-glucopyranoside 59 Betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-betasophoroside 42, 43 Betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-beta-sophoroside 41 Betanidin 5-O-(6’-O-malonyl)-β-sophoroside 42 Betanidin 5-O-β-sophoroside 29, 30, 31 Betanin 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 21, 29, 30, 31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 59, 61, 63 Betaxanthin 30, 48 Betulin 32, 33 structure 166 Betulinan A 17 Betulinic acid 33, 55, 60, 61 structure 166 Betulinic aldehyde 33 b-Hydroxy-mescaline structure 159 b-Hydroxymescaline 55 Bianchi & Samorini 79 Big nipple cactus 15 biliousness 90 billberries 90 billberry cactus 44 bioassay 79 birreta de obispo 8 bitaya mawali 92 bites 78, 87 bitter 87 blood circulation 92 blood clotting 93 blood pressure 94 blows & bruises 79 blue myrtle 44 b-Methoxy-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine 76 b-Methoxy-3,4-dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine 14 b-Methoxy-3,4-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine 14 128 structure 158 b-O-Ethylsynephrine 18 structure 156 boils 90, 92 b-O-Methylsynephrine 14, 15, 16, 18, 41 structure 156 bonete 8 b-O-Palmityl longispinogenin 63 Borzicactus sepium analysis 9 Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis activity note 79 analysis 9 brew 97 Bridgeside A1 65 Bridgeside C1 65 Bridgeside C2 65 Bridgeside D1 65 Bridgeside D2 65 Bridgeside E1 65 Bridgeside E2 65 Bridgesigenin A 63, 66, 96 structure 166 Bridgesigenin B 63, 66 structure 166 Bridgesigenin C 66 structure 166 Browningia 9 Browningia candelaris analysis 9 bruises 78, 79, 87, 91, 93 b-Sitosterol 11, 15, 19, 21, 33, 44, 46, 47, 52, 63, 64 structure 166 Bufo alvarius 5 buisco 63 burns 84, 91, 93 radiation 91 busi-ra 85 C cabeza de viejo 35, 41 Cacticin 59 cactihuasca 82 Cactine 59, 95 cactus apple 90 cactus fruit 98 Cactus grandilora 9 cafeyl alcohol 44 cafeic acid 59 Cafeine 11, 29, 34, 56 Calcite 47 Calcium oxalate 19, 47 http://troutsnotes.com Calenduladiol 33 structure 166 Calendula oicinales 33 Calipamine 14 structure 157 caliz 31 callus 91 calluses 90 calming 79 Calycotomine structure 161 Campesterol 10, 34 structure 166 cancer 90, 94, 97 uterus 93 cancer remedy 93 candelabro 53 Candicine 11, 17, 19, 28, 34, 39, 50, 62, 63, 65, 68, 70, 73, 76 structure 156 cannabis 87 carcinoma 84 cardiac 84 cardiac arrest 94 cardiac glycosides 94 cardiac palpitation 94 cardiac stimulant 94 cardioactive glycosides 94 cardiotonic 87, 94 cardon 53, 92 cardoncillo 93 Cardon dato 32 Carnegiea euphorbioides 9 Carnegiea gigantea activity note 79 analysis 9 bioassay 80 brew 98 water content 9 Carnegine 9, 10, 53, 54 structure 161 carotenoid 50 catalyst 98 Catechin 50, 52 cawe 92, 98 cawé 92 CCR6 receptor antagonist 96 Cedrene 58 Cellulose 48 Cephalocereus chrysacanthus 10 Cephalocereus columna-trajani 10 Cephalocereus euphorbioides 10 Cephalocereus gaumeri 10 129 Cephalocereus glaucescens analysis 10 Cephalocereus guerronis 10 Cephalocereus hoppenstedtii analysis 10 Cephalocereus leucocephalus activity note 81 analysis 10 brew 98 Cephalocereus maxonii 11 Cephalocereus melanostele analysis purported 11 Cephalocereus nobilis analysis 11 Cephalocereus sp 11 Cephalocereus tetetzo analysis 11 Cereine 53 Cereus acranthus 29 Cereus aethiops analysis 11 Cereus alacriportanus analysis 11 Cereus arequipensis 13 Cereus argentinensis 13, 62 mislabeled 62 Cereus azureus analysis 11 Cereus bolivianus 13 Cereus caespitosus 11 Cereus Caespitosus 84 Cereus colossus 13 Cereus comarapanus analysis 11 Cereus coryne 11 Cereus forbesii analysis 11 Cereus gigantens 11 Cereus giganteus 11 Cereus glaucus analysis 11 Cereus grandilorus 11 Cereus hempelianus 13 Cereus hexagonus activity note 81 Cereus hirschtianus analysis 11 Cereus jamacaru analysis 11 Cereus macrostibas 90 Cereus peruvianus activity note 81 analysis 12 http://troutsnotes.com formae monstrosus analysis 13 fruit analysis 12 mislabeled 62 Cereus peruvianus monstrosus analysis 13 Cereus repandus activity note 81 Cereus rosei 13 Cereus sp analysis 13 analysis purported 13 image 13 unidentiied 13 Cereus speciosus analysis 13 Cereus sp. Peru 68.0235 13 Cereus stenogonus analysis 13 XHeliaporus smithii analysis 13 Cereus tephracanthus bolivianus 13 Cereus thouarsii analysis 13 Cereus validus analysis 13 water content 13 chacoub 31 Chaetochiversins 17 Chaetomium globosum 17 Chamaecereus silvestrii analysis 13 chapiztli 55 chaute 7 chautle 7 Chavin de Huantar 69 chawe 92 chende 56 chente 56 chest 85 chest pain 92 chichibe 56 chichipe 56 Chichipegenin 44, 45, 55, 56, 90 structure 166 chilenola 60 chinoa 56 chirinola 60 chirinole 60 chlortrimeton 84 Cholest-8-en-3b,6a-diol 55 Cholestane structure 166 Cholestanol structure 166 Cholesterol 31, 34, 47, 50, 55, 58, 86 structure 166 Choline 13, 77 cholla gum 16 Christmas cactus 59 Christmas Cactus 58 chronotropic 84 Chrysazin 17 cicatrizant 94 cider 98 cimora 90 cina 35, 59 circulation 93 Citric acid 19, 29, 47, 48, 52, 55, 57, 58 clears up heat 92 Cleistocactus baumannii analysis 13 Cleistocactus jujuyensis analysis 13 Cleistocactus parvilorus analysis 13 Cleistocactus smaragdilorus analysis 13 Cleistocactus strausii analysis 13 Cobo 81 cochal 44 Cochalic acid 44 structure 166 cochineal dye ixing 91 cochineal insect 90 cochineal insects 90 host 90 cold 87 colonche 98 colors urine red 86 commercial fruit 30 consumption 87 convulsions 84 Copiapoa 13 Corchoionoside C 47, 48 corns 87, 90, 91 Coryneine 61, 77 structure 157 Corynopuntia clavata analysis 13 Corynopuntia emoryi analysis 13 image 22 Corynopuntia invicta analysis 13 130 http://troutsnotes.com Corynopuntia kunzei 22 Corynopuntia relexispina activity note 81 Corynopuntia schottii analysis 14 Corynopuntia stanlyi var. kunzei analysis 17 var. stanlyi analysis 13, 17 Corypalline 32 structure 160 Coryphantha bumamma analysis 14 Coryphantha calipensis analysis 14 Coryphantha compacta activity note 81 Coryphantha cornifera analysis 14 var. echinus analysis 14 Coryphantha durangensis analysis 14 Coryphantha echinus 14 Coryphantha elephantidens activity note 82 analysis 14 Coryphantha greenwoodii analysis 14 Coryphantha macromeris activity note 82 analysis 15 bioassay 82 runyonii activity note 82 var. runyonii analysis 15 Coryphantha missouriensis analysis 15 Coryphantha ottonis analysis 15 Coryphantha palmeri activity note 82 analysis 15 Coryphantha pectinata analysis 15 Coryphantha poselgeriana analysis 15 Coryphantha radians 15 Coryphantha ramillosa analysis 16 Coryphantha runyonii 16 activity note 82 Coryphantha scolymoides analysis 16 Coryphantha vivipara analysis 16 var. arizonica analysis 16 Coryphanthine 14 structure 156 cough 92, 93 coughs 90 Coumarin 58 counter-irritant 94 Coutarea pterosperma 98 cramps 93 Cranopsis alvaria 5 crazy 85 Crosby & McLaughlin 1973 66 Cruz, Julio 63 Cruz Sanchez 1948 66 Cruz Sánchez 1948b 8 Crystal 82 crystal sand 57, 75 Cuaresmeño 50 cuchuma 68 cuerno 7 cultivar 83 Cyclostenol 34 structure 167 Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa activity note 83 analysis 16 Cylindropuntia bigeloviii activity note 83 Cylindropuntia echinocarpa activity note 90 analysis 16 Cylindropuntia fulgida analysis 16 Cylindropuntia imbricata analysis 16 Cylindropuntia kleiniae analysis 16 Cylindropuntia leptocaulis activity note 83 analysis 17 Cylindropuntia ramosissima 17 Cylindropuntia spinosior analysis 17 Cylindropuntia versicolor activity note 83 analysis 17, 83 Cylindropuntia whipplei activity note 83 analysis 17 131 http://troutsnotes.com Cymene 58 cytotoxic 94 D D7-Ergosten-3b-ol 35 D7 Stigmasten-3b-ol 35 D9(11)-12-oxo-oleane 21 D12-18b-Oleanene-3b,16b-diol-28-al 41 D-20,30-Lupen-3b,12b -diol 33 dagger cactus 32 dahlia-rooted cereus 93 datura poisoning 87 Daucosterol 52 Decalactone 49 Decan-2-one 58 Decanal 58 Decanoic acid 49 Decanoic acid ethyl ester 44 de Castilla 47, 48 decongestant 91 deer grease 93 Deglucopterocereine 57 structure 162 Deglucopterocereine-N-oxide 57 structure 162 Dehydroascorbic acid 52 Dehydrogeosmin 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 54, 57, 73 Dehydroheliamine 9, 10, 54 structure 160 Dehydrolemaireocereine 9, 54 structure 160 Dehydronortehuanine 54 structure 162 Dehydronorweberine 54 structure 163 Dehydropachycereine 54 structure 163 Dehydrosalsolidine 10, 54 structure 160, 161 Denmoza rhodacantha analysis 17 dermatitis 94 desert strawberry 84 Desoxyphyllyrigenin 60 detectable alkaloids 13 devilís head 19 diabetes 87, 91, 92, 93, 94 diarrhea 81, 83, 91, 92 Diarrhea 81, 91 digestive problems 93 digitalis 94 digitalis adjuvant 87 132 Digitalis-like 95 digitalis-like cardioactive glycosides 59 Dihydrokaempferol 19, 47, 48 Dihydrokaempferol 7-O-glucoside 19 Dihydromyricetin 19 Dihydromyricetin 7-O-glucoside 20 Dihydroquercetin 19, 47, 48, 91 Dihydroquercetin 7-O-glucoside 19 Dihydroxysterols 34 Dimethyltryptamine 20, 64, 71 diuretic 81, 83, 90, 91, 92, 94 Djerassi aviso concerning 5 DMT 20, 64, 71, 83 Dodecalactone 49 Dodecane 58 Dodecanoic acid 49 Dolichothele baumii analysis 17 Dolichothele longimamma analysis 17 Dolichothele melaleuca analysis 18 Dolichothele sphaerica analysis 18 Dolichothele surculosa analysis 18 Dolichothele uberiformis Activity note 83 analysis 18 Dolichotheline 17, 18 Doña ana 15 Dopamine 9, 39, 76, 157 Dotriacontane 15 dropsy 83, 94 Drosophila pachea 86 drunk 83 druses 13, 16, 19, 24, 40, 45, 47, 50, 57, 75 Dumortierigenin 32 structure 167 Dumortierigenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)β-D-glucuronopyranoside 32 Dumortierinoside A 32 Dumortierinoside A methyl ester 32 dysentary 92 dysentery 88, 90, 92 dyspepsia 91 dyspnea 87 dysuria 92 E E-2-Hepten-1-ol 49 http://troutsnotes.com E-2-Heptenal 49 E-2-Hexen-1-ol 49 E-2-Hexenal 49 E-2-Hexenyl acetate 49 E-2-Nonenol 49 E-2-Octen-1-ol 49 E-2-Octenal 49 E-2-Pentene-1-ol 49 E-3-Hexen-1-ol 49 EAMP 1999 59 earache 88, 89, 90, 93 Echinocactus arechavaletai 18 Echinocactus caespitosus analysis 19 Echinocactus concinus 19 Echinocactus grandis analysis 19 Echinocactus horizonthalonius analysis 19 Echinocactus hystrix 19 Echinocactus ingens See as Echinocactus platyacanthus 19 Echinocactus jourdaniana 37 Echinocactus lewinii 19 Echinocactus lewinii var. jourdaniana 37 Echinocactus platyacanthus 19 Echinocactus polycephalus analysis 19 var. xeranthioides analysis 19 Echinocactus pruinosus 19 Echinocactus ritteri 19 Echinocactus texensis 19 Echinocactus visnaga analysis 19 Echinocactus williamsii 19 Echinocereus acifer analysis 19 Echinocereus blanckii analysis 19 water content 19 Echinocereus chloranthus analysis 19 Echinocereus chrysocentrus 84 Echinocereus cinerascens analysis 19 Echinocereus coccineus 84 activity note 83 Echinocereus enneacanthus activity note 83 var. stramineus analysis 19 Echinocereus fendleri 84 eaten 84 133 Echinocereus gonacanthus eaten 84 Echinocereus leeanus 84 Echinocereus mamillosus activity note 84 Echinocereus merkerii analysis 19 Echinocereus pectinatus 19 Echinocereus reichenbachii activity note 84 Echinocereus rigidissimus 84 Echinocereus salm-dyckianus activity note 83 Echinocereus triglochidiatus activity note 83 eaten 84 tryptamines purported 20 var. arizonicus activity note 83 DMT purported 83 var. gurneyi analysis 19 var. neomexicanus analysis 20 var. paucispinus analysis 20 Echinocereus viridilorus 20 Echinofossulocactus multicostatus analysis 20 Echinomastus dasyacanthus 20 Echinomastus intertextus 45 var. dasyacanthus 20 Echinopsis andalgalensis 20 Echinopsis bridgesii 20 Echinopsis camarguensis 20 Echinopsis candicans 20 Echinopsis chiloensis 20 Echinopsis eyriesii analysis 20 water content 20 Echinopsis fulvilana 20 Echinopsis gigantea 20 Echinopsis huascha 20, 65 synonyms 65 Echinopsis kermesina 20 Echinopsis lageniformis 20 Echinopsis lamprochlora 20 Echinopsis lobivioides 65 Echinopsis macrogona 20 Echinopsis mamilosa 20 Echinopsis manguinii 20 Echinopsis multiplex 21 activity note 84 Echinopsis obrepanda analysis 21 http://troutsnotes.com Echinopsis pachanoi 21 Echinopsis pasacana 21 Echinopsis pecheretiana 65 Echinopsis peruviana 21 ssp. puquiensis 21 Echinopsis rhodotricha analysis 21 Echinopsis rowleyi 65 Echinopsis schickendantzii 21 Echinopsis scopulicola 21 Echinopsis spachiana 21 Echinopsis strigosa 21 Echinopsis taquimbalensis 21 Echinopsis terscheckii 21 Echinopsis thelegona 21 Echinopsis thelegonoides 21 Echinopsis triumphans analysis 21 Echinopsis tubilora analysis 21 eclampsia 78 E,E-2,4-Heptadienal 49 Eicosanol 15 Eisacol 61 elephant cactus 53 emetic 87, 97 emission rates variable 57 emollient 90, 91 endophytic fungi 90 endophytic fungus 49 enteritis 97 enterrhagia 81 entheogen 87, 97 Epicatechin 50, 52 Epinephrine 15 structure 157 Epinine 39, 157 Epiphyllum oxypetalum activity note 84 Epiphyllum sp 21 activity note 84 Epiphyllum truncatum See as Schlumbergera truncata 21 Epithelantha micromeris activity note 85 analysis 21 Epithelanthate structure 167 Epithelanthic acid 21 Epoxy linalool 12 equine herpes virus 92 Eriocereus guelichii analysis 21 Eriocereus sp 21 Eriodictyol 47, 48 Erucasaponin A 60 Erynginol A structure 167 erysipelas 90 Erythrodiol 18, 32, 33, 56 structure 167 Escontria chiotilla analysis 22 water content 22 Escontria gaumeri 22 Espostoa huanucensis analysis 22 Espostoa lanata analysis 22 Ethanol 98 Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate 51 Eucomic acid 52 Eudesman-3,7-dien 23 evil-eye 97 excrescence 88 expectorant 90, 92, 94 extraction artifact 18 eye 92 eyes large 85 E, Z-2, 6-Nonadienal 49 E, Z-2,6-Nonadienol 49 E,Z-2,6-Nonadienol 49 F Farnesene 23 fatty acids 18 febrifuge 87 Ferocactus brew 98 Ferocactus covillei activity note 85 Ferocactus emoryi activity note 85 Ferocactus hamatocanthus analysis 22 Ferocactus latispinus analysis 22 Ferocactus sp activity note 85 Ferocactus stainesii analysis 22 Ferocactus wislizeni analysis 22 Ferulic acid 10, 51, 52 glycoside 10 fever 79, 87, 94 ire-crown cactus 57 134 http://troutsnotes.com Flavone 47 Flavonoids 17, 47, 50, 51 Flavonol-3-glycoside 50, 59 lavonols 63, 70 Flavonols 41, 50, 51, 55 leshy roots 91 loral scent 17, 18, 54, 57, 73 emission rates variable 57 lor de cuerno 78 lor del cuerno 7 lor del látigo 7 loricuerno 7 FR 856 69 FR 991 70 fractures 87, 91 fragrance 49 free radical scavenging 91, 92 Friedelan-3a-ol 52 structure 167 Friedelin 51, 52 structure 167 frightening 85 frog 83 Fructose 12, 48 Fusarium oxysporum 90 Globosuxanthone B 17 Globosuxanthone C 17 Globosuxanthone D 17 glochids 173 glory of Texas 61 Glucaric acid 10, 19, 36, 40, 52, 53, 54 Glucose 10, 12, 47, 48, 55 Glucuronic acid 47, 48, 55 Glushinskite 47 golden spined strawberry 84 gonorrhea 92 Gonzales Huerta 1960 66 good luck fetish 79 Gorman 89 GR 1086 36, 37 Grave’s disease 94 grosellero 55 Grusonia bradtiana analysis 22 guinea-pig ileum 84 guinea-pig lungs 84 guinea-pig tracheal chain 84 guineaworms 90, 92 Gummosogenin 41, 59, 167 Gummososide A 59 Gummososide A methyl ester 59, 96 activity note 96 Gymnocactus aguirreanus analysis 22 Gymnocactus beguinii analysis 22 Gymnocactus horripilus analysis 22 Gymnocactus knuthianus analysis 22 Gymnocactus mandragora analysis 22 Gymnocactus roseanus analysis 22 Gymnocactus viereckii analysis 23 Gymnocalycium achirasense analysis 23 Gymnocalycium albispinum analysis 23 Gymnocalycium andreae analysis 23 Gymnocalycium anisitsii analysis 23 Gymnocalycium asterium analysis 23 Gymnocalycium baldianum analysis 23 G GABA 30 Gadoleic acid 46 Galactose 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 61, 75 Galacturonic 75 Galacturonic acid 9, 16, 46, 47, 48, 61 Gallic acid 50, 52 garambullo 35, 44, 45 garambullos 90 garumbulo 83 gastric pain 94 gastric pain, 94 gastric ulcer 92 Gastric ulcers 93 gastritis 97 gastrointestinal disturbances 83, 87 gastrointestinal problems 94 Gennaro et al. 1996 66 Geraniol 49 gigante 59 Gigantine 9, 10 structure 161 giganton 64, 66 Ginkangyoku 37 Glandulicactus crassihamatus analysis 22 Globosuxanthone A 17 135 http://troutsnotes.com Gymnocalycium bayrianum analysis 23 Gymnocalycium bodenbenderianum ssp. intertextum analysis 23 Gymnocalycium boszingianum analysis 24 Gymnocalycium bruchii analysis 24 Gymnocalycium calochlorum analysis 24 Gymnocalycium cardenasianum analysis 24 Gymnocalycium carminanthum analysis 24 Gymnocalycium chubutense analysis 24 Gymnocalycium comarapense analysis 24 Gymnocalycium curvispinum analysis 24 Gymnocalycium delaetii analysis 24 Gymnocalycium denudatum analysis 24 Gymnocalycium eytianum 24 Gymnocalycium leischerianum analysis 25 Gymnocalycium friedrichii analysis 25 Gymnocalycium gibbosum analysis 25 pH of juice 25 water content 25 Gymnocalycium horridispinum analysis 25 Gymnocalycium leeanum analysis 25 Gymnocalycium marsoneri analysis 25 Gymnocalycium mazanense analysis 25 Gymnocalycium megalotheles analysis 25 Gymnocalycium mesopotamicum analysis 25 Gymnocalycium mihanovichii analysis 25 Gymnocalycium monvillei analysis 25 Gymnocalycium moserianum analysis 26 Gymnocalycium multilorum analysis 26 Gymnocalycium netrelianum analysis 26 Gymnocalycium nigriareolatum analysis 26 Gymnocalycium oenanthemum analysis 26 Gymnocalycium paraguayense analysis 26 Gymnocalycium planzii analysis 26 Gymnocalycium pungens analysis 26 Gymnocalycium quehlianum analysis 27 Gymnocalycium ragonesii analysis 27 Gymnocalycium riograndense analysis 28 Gymnocalycium riojense analysis 27 ssp. kozelskyanum 27 ssp. paucispinum 27 Gymnocalycium saglione analysis 28 Gymnocalycium schickendantzii analysis 28 Gymnocalycium stellatum analysis 28 Gymnocalycium striglianum analysis 28 Gymnocalycium tillianum analysis 28 Gymnocalycium triacanthum analysis 28 Gymnocalycium uebelmannianum analysis 29 Gymnocalycium valnicekianum analysis 29 Gymnocalycium vatteri analysis 29 H H 18568 64 Haageocereus acranthus 78, 85 activity note 85 analysis 29 Haageocereus cephalomacrostibas 85 activity note 85 hair black 92 hair rinse 97 hair-tonic 92 hallucinations 84 hallucinogen 79, 82, 92 Hamatocactus hamatocanthus 29 136 http://troutsnotes.com Hariota salicornioides analysis 29 Harrisia adscendens analysis 29 Harrisia divaricata activity note 85 Harrisia gracilis activity note 85 Harrisia nashii 85 activity note 85 Haseltonia columna-trajani 29 HBG 34963 61 headache 85, 87, 92, 93, 94 healing 87 heart afections 78 heart failure 94 heart stimulant 87 hecho 92 hedgehog cactus 84 Heliabravoa chende 29 Heliamine 9, 10, 53, 54 structure 160 Helianthocereus andalgalensis 29, 65 Helianthocereus atacamensis 29 Helianthocereus grandilorus 65 Helianthocereus huascha 29, 65 Helianthocereus hyalacanthus 65 Helianthocereus pasacana 29 Helianthocereus pecheretianus 65 Helianthocereus poco 29 Helianthocereus speciosus 29 Helmlin & Brenneisen 1992 66 hemorrhoids 92 Heptadecene 23 Heptadienal 49 Heptan-2-one 58 Hepten-1-ol 49 herpes simplex virus type 2 92 Hertrichocereus beneckei 29 Hexadecane 58 Hexalactone 49 Hexanal 49 Hexanoic acid 49 Hexenal 49 Hexyl acetate 49 hierba de la alferecía 7 high blood pressure 94 hikora rosapara 87 hikuri 83, 88 HIV-1 92 hombre viejo 35 Homopiperonylamine 40, 66 ho’o’k iva 93 ho’o’k iwa 93 Hordenine 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 46, 50, 52, 54, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 95 structure 156 horned toad cactus 88 horse crippler 19 huallanca 97 Huamanga 97 Huancabamba 67, 86 huayanca 97 huevo de venado 93 human bioassay 63 Hydrocotarnine structure 161 Hydrohydrastinine structure 161 Hylocerenin 29, 30, 31 Hylocereus costaricensis analysis 29 Hylocereus costaricensis X purpusii analysis 29 Hylocereus hybrid 1 analysis 30 Hylocereus Hybrid 35 analysis 30 Hylocereus Hybrid 95 analysis 30 Hylocereus monacanthus See as Hylocereus polyrhizus 30 Hylocereus ocamponis analysis 30 Hylocereus polyrhizus analysis 30 Hylocereus polyrhizus X sp. 487 analysis 30 Hylocereus polyrhizus X undatus analysis 30 Hylocereus purpusii analysis 31 Hylocereus sp. 487 analysis 31 Hylocereus sp. 487 X polyrhizus analysis 30 Hylocereus undatus activity note 85 analysis 31 Hylocereus undatus X sp. 487 analysis 30 Hyperin 50 hypnotic 97 hypotensive 92 hysteria 87 137 http://troutsnotes.com hystrix lactone 32, 33 I Incilius alvarius 5 Indicaxanthin 30, 48 infection 87 inlammation 90, 91, 92, 94 inlammatory conditions 92 inluenza 87 inluenza virus 92 inhibits viral replication 92 inhibit XO activity 91 inotropic 84, 95 insanity 85 insect growth regulation 90 insecticidal 88, 90 insomnia 92 internulcer 91 intestinal disorders 87 intestine 85 intoxicant 79, 87 intoxicating beverage 98 introduction 4 invigorates blood 92 Iron 48 Islaya minor analysis 32 Iso-2’-apiosyl-betanin 59 Isoanhalamine 39 structure 161 Isoanhalidine 39 structure 161 Isoanhalonidine 39 structure 161 Isobackebergine 9, 54 structure 160 Isobetanidin 30, 50 Isobetanin 9, 10, 11, 13, 21, 29, 30, 31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 61, 63 Isocitric acid 10, 14, 21, 52, 53, 54, 59, 61 Isohylocerenin 29, 30, 31 Isolatocereus dumortieri 32 Isonortehuanine 54 structure 162 Isonorweberine 54 structure 163 Isopachycereine 54 structure 163 Isopellotine 39 structure 161 Isophyllocactin 9, 10, 11, 13, 21, 29, 30, 31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 51, 52, 56, 59, 61, 63 138 Isoquinoline key to structural table 163 structure table 160 Isorhamnetin 31, 47, 48, 50, 51, 59 3-O-glucoside 52 3-O-rutinoside 52 3-O-α-L-rhamopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside 31 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 31 3-O-β-D-rutinoside 31 Isorhamnetin3-O-galactoside 52 3-O-glucoside 52 Isorhamnetin-3-galactoside 50 Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside 46, 47, 50, 51 Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside 51 Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnogalactoside 50 Isorhamnetin 3-rhamnosylgalactoside 50 Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside 46, 47, 50, 51 Isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside 50 Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside 46, 47, 50, 51 Isorhamnetin-3-β-galactoside 59 Isorhamnetin-3-β-rutinoside 59 Isosalsolidine 54 structure 161 Isosalsoline 53 structure 160 Itesmol 61 J jackrabbits 79 Jahuackollai 64 Jamaica 86 jarramatraca 93 Jarum Tujuh Bilah 94 jíkuri 92 joconostle 61 Johnson Harry, Sr. 64 joint pain 87 joints 87 juco tapatío 31 junco 7, 31 junquillo 7 Juul’s Giant 67 K Kaempferide 51 Kaempferol 31, 41, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55, 63, 70 3-methyl ether 48 3-O-α-arabinoside 52 3-O-α-L-rhamopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside 31 http://troutsnotes.com 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 51 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→4)-β-D-gluco- pyranoside 51 Kaempferol3-methyl ether 47 Kaempferol 3-galactoside 47, 50, 51 Kaempferol-3-glucoside 16, 17, 20, 51 Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnosylglucoside 20 kaempferol 3-O-α-L-arabinfuranoside 31 kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside 31 kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 31 kaempferol 3-O-β-D-rutinoside 31 kakwari 98 kaya 98 ketones 47 key to structural tables 163 kidney 90, 91, 93 kidney toxicity 91 KK340 64 knowledge 87 koubo 12 Krebs acid conjugates 165 structure 165 activity note 86 analysis 32 water content 32 Lemaireocereus laetus 78 activity note 86 analysis 33 water content 33 Lemaireocereus longispinus analysis 33 water content 33 Lemaireocereus marginatus 33 Lemaireocereus matucanense 78 activity note 86 Lemaireocereus mixtecensis 33 Lemaireocereus montanus analysis 33 Lemaireocereus pruinosus analysis 33 water content 33 Lemaireocereus queretaroensis activity note 86 analysis 33, 86 Lemaireocereus quevedonis analysis 33 water content 33 Lemaireocereus thurberi analysis 33 brew 98 water content 33 Lemaireocereus thurberii activity note 86 Lemaireocereus treleasei 34 Lemaireocereus weberi 34 Lemairin 54 Leocereus bahiensis analysis 34 Lepidocoryphantha macromeris 34 Lepidocoryphantha runyonii 34 leprosy 90, 91 Leuchtenbergia principis activity note 86 analysis 34 Lewis pulmonary carcinoma 84 Limonene 47, 58 linalool 12 Linalool 12, 49, 58 R-(-)-Linalool 49 S-(+)-Linalool 12 linament 87 Linoleic acid 35, 46, 48, 49 Linolenic acid 35, 46 lipid peroxidation 91 L lactogogue 87, 89, 92 Lathosterol 35, 86 Lauric acid 48 laxative 91 lectins 60 Leguminosae 76 Lemaireocereine 9, 53, 54 structure 160 Lemaireocereus aragonii analysis 32 water content 32 Lemaireocereus beneckei 32 Lemaireocereus chende 32 Lemaireocereus chichipe 32 Lemaireocereus deiciens analysis 32 Lemaireocereus dumortieri analysis 32 Lemaireocereus eruca 32 Lemaireocereus euphorbioides 32 Lemaireocereus griseus analysis 32 Lemaireocereus gummosus 32 Lemaireocereus hollianus analysis 32 Lemaireocereus humilis 32 Lemaireocereus hystrix Activity Endnotes 86 139 http://troutsnotes.com lipoprotein oxidation inhibition 91 Lobivia allegriana analysis 34 Lobivia andalgalensis 34 Lobivia aurea analysis 34 Lobivia backebergii analysis 34 Lobivia binghamiana analysis 34 Lobivia chlorogona analysis 34 Lobivia famatimensis analysis 34 Lobivia formosa analysis 34 Lobivia huascha 34 Lobivia huashua 34 Lobivia pentlandii analysis 34 Lobivine 40, 66 Locereol 35 longevity 84 Longimammamine 18 structure 160 Longimammatine 18 structure 160 Longimammidine 18 structure 160 Longimammine 17, 18, 156 Longimammosine 18 structure 160 Longispinogenin 18, 22, 32, 33, 41, 44, 56, 59, 167 Lophenol 34, 35 structure 167 Lophocereine 35, 36, 52 structure 161 Lophocereus australis analysis 34 Lophocereus gatesii analysis 34 Lophocereus mieckleyanus 34 Lophocereus sargentianus 34 Lophocereus schottii activity note 86 analysis 35 Australis 34, 36 analysis 34 mieckleyanus analysis 35 monstrosus analysis 35 schottii analysis 35 tenuis analysis 35 water content 35 Lophocerine 35 Lophocine 35 Lophophine 40, 66 Lophophora difusa analysis 36 var Koehresii analysis 36 Lophophora echinata 40 Lophophora fricii activity note 86 analysis 37 Lophophora jourdaniana activity note 86 analysis 37 Lophophora koehresii analysis 36 Lophophora sp var. Viesca analysis 38 Lophophora williamsii activity note 87 analysis 38, 39 caespitosa 38 analysis 40 decipiens analysis 40 echinata 40 pentagona 41 typica analysis 39, 40 water content 38 Lophophorine 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 structure 161 Lophotine 39 structure 162 lung abscess 92 lung inlammation 93 lungs 93, 94 Lup-20(29)-en-3b,16b,28-triol 34 Lupene 34 Lupenetriol 34 structure 167 Lupenone 59 Lupeol 31, 33, 35, 60 structure 167 Lupeone 31 Lutein 50 Luteolin 47 140 http://troutsnotes.com Luteolin 8-C-glucoside 52 Lycorine 59 var. olivae 42, 88 activity note 88 Mammillaria gummifera analysis 42 Mammillaria heyderi analysis 42 Mammillaria heyderii activity note 89 Mammillaria hidalgensis analysis 42 Mammillaria karwinskiana analysis 42 Mammillaria lenta analysis 42 Mammillaria lewinii 42 Mammillaria longimamma 42 Mammillaria longimamma sphaerica 42 Mammillaria longimamma uberiformis 42 Mammillaria macromeris 42 Mammillaria magnimamma activity note 89 var. divergens analysis 42 Mammillaria mainae 88 Mammillaria meiacantha analysis 42 Mammillaria melanocentra analysis 42 Mammillaria microcarpa activity note 89 analysis 42 Mammillaria multiceps analysis 43 Mammillaria neumanniana analysis 43 Mammillaria pilcayensis 43 Mammillaria polythele activity endnote 89 Mammillaria pulchra activity endnote 89 Mammillaria pusilla 43 Mammillaria rhodantha analysis 43 Mammillaria roseo-alba analysis 43 Mammillaria runyonii 42, 43 Mammillaria safordii analysis 43 Mammillaria seitziana analysis 43 Mammillaria senilis 41 Mammillaria setigera analysis 43 Mammillaria sphaerica 43 M Macdougallin 34, 44, 90 structure 167 Machaeric acid 41, 59 structure 167 Machaerinic acid 41, 59 structure 167 Machaerocereus gummosus activity note 87 Machaeroceric acid 60 Machaerogenic acid activity note 96 Machaerogenin 61 Macromerine 14, 15, 82 human bioassay 82 Pharmacology 82 structure 158 Magnesium oxalate 47 Maihueniopsis darwinii 41 Makino 48 Maleic 48 Malic acid 12, 48, 51 Malonic acid 48 MAM 1219 46 MAM 1307 61 MAM 1308 9 Mamillopsis senilis activity note 87 ethnobotanical 41 Mammillaria arietina activity endnote 88 Mammillaria centricirrha activity endnote 88 Mammillaria coronata analysis 41 Mammillaria craigii 41 activity note 88 Mammillaria crinita 41 Mammillaria dactylithele 41 Mammillaria dioica 41 Mammillaria disciformis 41 Mammillaria donatii analysis 41 Mammillaria elongata analysis 41 var. rufrocrocea analysis 41 Mammillaria geminispina activity note 88 Mammillaria gracilis 41 Mammillaria grahamii 42, 88 141 http://troutsnotes.com Mammillaria surculosa see as Dolichothele surculosa 18 Mammillaria tetrancistra analysis 43 Mammillaria wildii analysis 43 Mammillaria williamsii 43 Mammillaria woodsii analysis 43 Mammillaria zeilmanniana analysis 43 Mammillaria zuccariniana analysis 44 Mammillarinin 41, 42, 43 Mammillarol 42 mandacaru 11 Manganese 48 Manghaslin 51 Maniladiol 18, 22, 44 Marshallocereus aragonii 44 Marshallocereus thurberi 44 mastitis 92 Matuacana pujupati 89 Matucana madisoniorum 44 activity note 89 MEAI 60 MEAII 60 measles 90, 91 medicinal 78 Melocactus bellavistensis 44 activity note 89 Melocactus delessertianus analysis 44 Melocactus depressus activity note 89 Melocactus maxonii analysis 44 Melocactus obtusipetalis 44 Melocactus peruvianus activity note 90 analysis 44 Mescaline 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89, 97 citrimide 39 structure 165 erroneous claim 8 erroneous reports 29 isocitrimide lactone 39 structure 165 maleimide 39 structure 165 142 malimide 39 structure 165 questionable 29 structure 158 succinamide 39 structure 165 trace reports 29 mescaline-like alkaloid 26 Mescaloruvic acid 39 structure 165 Mescalotam 39 structure 162, 165 Mescaloxylic acid 39 structure 165 Mesembryanthemoidigenic acid 58 Metanephrine 15 structure 157 Methamphetamine 76 structure 156 Methyl 2-methyl-butanoate 49 Methyl 2-methylbutanoate 49 Methyl 2-(methylthio)acetate 49 Methyl 3-hexenoate 49 Methyl 3-hydroxybutanoate 49 Methyl 3-hydroxybutanoate 49 Methyl benzoate 49 Methyl betulinate 33 structure 167 Methyl butanoate 49 Methylbutanoic acid 49 Methylcholesterol 31, 47 Methyl cinnamate 49 Methylcyclohexane 47 Methyl decanoate 58 Methyl epithelanthate structure 167 Methylepithelanthate 21 Methyl eucomate 52 Methyl linoleate 51 Methyl machaerinate structure 167 Methylmachaerinate 21 Methyl oleanate 21 Methyl oleanolate 18, 34, 55 structure 168 Methyl queretaroate structure 168 Methyl salicylate 58 Methyl undecenone 58 Mexican organ pipe 32 mice 85 http://troutsnotes.com Mimosine, methyl ester 76 mitra 8 moles 91 Monvillea spegazzinii analysis 44 moon cactus 89 Morolic acid 60 Mucilage 9, 46, 47, 61, 65, 75 mulato 85 mumps 91 Musk ambrette 76 Myrcene 47 Myristic acid 48 Myrtillocactus cochal analysis 44 water content 44 Myrtillocactus eichlamii analysis 44 Myrtillocactus geometrizans activity note 90 analysis 44 var. grandiareolatus 45 Myrtillocactus grandiareolatus analysis 45 Myrtillocactus schenckii analysis 45 Myrtillogenic acid 44 structure 168 N N-2-Cyclohexylethyl-Nmethylamine 76 N-[3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethyl]-alanine 38 N-[3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethyl]-glycine 38 N-Acetyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 9 N-Acetyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 39 structure 158 N-Acetylanhalamine 39 N-Acetylanhalonine 39 N-Acetyl DMPEA structure 157 N-Acetylmescaline 39 structure 159 NAMT structure 157 Naphthalene 58 napisora 10 naplsora 98 Narcissin 47, 48, 50, 59 narcotic 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 92 navai’t 98 143 Neobuxbaumia euphorbioides analysis 45 Neobuxbaumia multiareolata 45 Neobuxbaumia scoparia 45 Neobuxbaumia tetetzo 45 analysis 11 Neogomesia agavioides 45 Neolloydia intertexta var. dasyacantha analysis 45 Neolloydia intertextus 45 Neolloydia odorata analysis 45 Neomammillaria runyonii 45 Neoporteria ebenacantha analysis 45 Neoraimondia arequipensis var. roseilora analysis 45 Neoraimondia macrostibas activity note 90 analysis 45 water content 45 Nerolidol 21, 23, 24 nervousness 92 neuroprotective 91 Neverland gene 86 N-Formyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 39 structure 158 N-Formylanhalamine 39 N-Formylanhalinine 39 N-Formylanhalonidine 39 N-Formylanhalonine 39 N-Formylmescaline 39 structure 158 N-Formylnormacromerine 15 N-Formyl-O-methylanhalonidine 39 N-Glycans 41 Nicotine 76, 77 nictating membrane 84 night-blooming cereus 7, 93 N-Isovalerylhistamine 18 N-Methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxy- phenethylamine 76 N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-phenethylamine 21, 36, 38, 54, 56, 71, 72, 76 N-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 39 structure 158 N-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4- methoxyphenethylamine 76 N-Methyl-3-methoxytyramine 39, 56, 64, 76 structure 157 N-Methyl-4-methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine 17 http://troutsnotes.com N-Methyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine 7, 14, 15, 16, 18 structure 156 N-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinium chloride structure 162 N-Methylanhalamine 76, 77 N-Methyldopamine 76 N-Methylheliamine 9, 35, 53, 54, 56 structure 161 N-Methylisosalsoline structure 161 N-Methyllemaireocereine 9 N-Methylmescaline 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 53, 54, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 93 structure 158 N-Methylmetanephrine 15 structure 157 N-Methyl-pachycereine structure 163 N-Methylpachycereine 53, 54 N-Methylphenethylamine 18, 22, 23, 76, 77 structure 156 N-Methyltryptamine 77 N-Methyltyramin 64 N-Methyltyramine 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 46, 47, 54, 56, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77 structure 156 N,N-Dimethyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 8, 9, 56, 71 N ,N-dimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine 66 N ,N-Dimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine 40 N,N-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 54 structure 158 N,N-Dimethyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine 38 N,N-Dimethyl-3-methoxytyramine 7, 39, 56 structure 157 N,N-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine 156 N,N-Dimethyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine 9, 156 N,N-Dimethyl-a-methyl- phenethylamine 76 N,N-Dimethyl-a-methyl-phenethylamine 76 N,N-Dimethyldopamine 76 N,N-Dimethylhistamine 19, 20 N,N-Dimethylmescaline 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 71, 72, 73, 75 N,N-Dimethyl-phenethylamine 76 N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine structure 156 N,N-Dimethyltryptamine 20, 64, 71, 77 N,N,N-Trimethyl-phenethyl-ammonium hydroxide 76 n-Nonacosan-10-ol 63 no alkaloid 45 nocheznopalli 90 nochocle 98 nochote 98 n-Octyl-alcohol 35 no detectable alkaloid 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22, 32, 33, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 56, 59, 62, 90, 91 no detectable alkaloids 17 no detectable triterpenes 54 Nonadienal 49 Nonadienol 49 Nonalactone 49 Nonanal 49, 58 Nonanoic acid 49 Nonanol 49 Nonanone-2 58 Nonenol 49 nopal 90 nopal de San Gabriel 90 Nopalea cochenillifera activity note 90 analysis 45 Nopalea karwinskiana activity note 90 nopalillo 90 nopalillo de lor 90 Nopalxochia ackermannii analysis 46 Nopalxochia phyllanthoides analysis 46 Norcarnegine 10 Norepinephrine 15, 157 Normacromerine 14, 15, 17, 18 structure 157 Normetanephrine structure 157 Nornicotine 76 Nortehuanine 54 structure 161 Nortriptyline 76 Norweberine 54 structure 163 Notocactus concinnus analysis 46 Notocactus mammulosus analysis 46 Notocactus ottonis analysis 46 144 http://troutsnotes.com N-trimethyl cation of 3-methoxytyramine 77 N-trimethyl cation of Dopamine 77 Nyctocereus guatemalensis analysis 46 O Obregonia denegrii activity note 90 analysis 46 Ochoterenine 53 Ocimene 23, 24 Oct-1-en-3-ol 58 Octan-2-one 58 Octanal 58 Octanoic acid 44, 49 Octanol 49, 58 Octen-1-ol 49 Octopamine structure 156 ointments 87 Olean-12-ene-3b,16b,28-triol-3-palmitate 63 Oleanene 34 Oleanolic acid 21, 32, 33, 44, 45, 56, 59, 60, 61 structure 168 Oleanolic acid 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→3)-β-D- glucuronopyranosyl 28-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside 61 Oleanolic aldehyde 18, 34, 56 structure 168 Oleanonate 18 Oleic acid 35, 46, 48 Ollotis alvaria 5 O-Methyladrenaline structure 157 O-Methylanhalidine 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 72, 73, 74, 75 O-Methylanhalinine 36, 37, 38 O-Methyl-anhalonidine 40 O-Methylanhalonidine 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 54 structure 161 O-Methylcandicine 14, 156 O-Methylcorypalline 54, 56 structure 161 O-Methylpellotine 36, 38, 40, 53 structure 162 O-Methylpeyoruvic acid 40 structure 162 O-Methylpeyoxylic acid 40 structure 162 O-Methylsynephrine 17 Opal 47 opening comments 4 ophthalmia 90, 92 145 Opuntia ayahuasca admixture 79 brew 98 Opuntia basilaris 46 Opuntia bergeriana analysis 46 Opuntia bigelovii activity note 90 analysis 46 Opuntia boldinghii analysis 46 Opuntia bradtiana see as Grusonia bradtiana 46 Opuntia brasiliensis 79 See as Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis 46 Opuntia clavata see as Corynopuntia clavata 46 Opuntia comonduensis analysis 47 Opuntia compressa 91 activity note 91 Opuntia curvispina 47 Opuntia decumbens analysis 47 Opuntia dejecta analysis 47 Opuntia diademata analysis 47 Opuntia dillenii 47 activity note 92 reticulata 91 Opuntia elatior 90 activity note 90 analysis 47 Opuntia ellisiana analysis 47 Opuntia engelmannii activity note 90 analysis 47 brew 98 Opuntia erinacea var. hystricina analysis 47 Opuntia icus-indica activity note 90 fruit fragrance 49 water content 47 Opuntia fragilis activity note 91 Opuntia fulgida activity note 91 Opuntia guatemalensis analysis 50 http://troutsnotes.com Opuntia Hernandezii 90 Opuntia hickenii analysis 50 Opuntia horrida 90 Opuntia humifusa activity note 91 analysis 50, 91 Opuntia imbricata activity note 91 Opuntia leuchotricha analysis 50 Opuntia lindheimeri activity note 91 analysis 50 Opuntia littoralis var. littoralis analysis 50 var. martiniana analysis 50 Opuntia longispina analysis 50 Opuntia macrocentra analysis 50 Opuntia maldonadensis analysis 50 Opuntia matudae 50 Opuntia megacanthus activity note 91 Opuntia megarhiza activity note 91 Opuntia monacantha 50 Opuntia moniliformis activity note 91 Opuntia nopalilla 90 Opuntia pachypus see as Australocylindropuntia pachypus 51 Opuntia paraguayensis analysis 51 Opuntia penicilligera 50 Opuntia phaeacantha activity note 91 analysis 51 var. discata analysis 51 var. major analysis 51 Opuntia pilifera 51 Opuntia plumbea activity note 91 Opuntia polyacantha activity note 91 analysis 51 Opuntia pseudo-tuna activity note 91 Opuntia relexispina activity note 81, 91 Opuntia ritteri analysis 51 Opuntia robusta analysis 51 Opuntia soehrensii analysis 61 Opuntia sp activity note 92 Opuntia spp. hybrids analysis 51 Opuntia streptacantha analysis 51 Opuntia stricta analysis 51 var. dillenii activity note 92 analysis 51 Opuntia tomentosa analysis 52 Opuntia tuna 90 activity note 92 Opuntia violacea var. macrocentra 52 Opuntia violaceae 50 Opuntia vulgaris analysis 52 Opuntia zebrina 91 Opuntin B 52 Opuntiol 47, 51 Opuntioside I 51 Opuntioside-I 92 Opuntisterol 51 Opuntisteroside 51 organillo 59 organo 7, 52 organ pipe 33 Orientin 52 orthopedic ailments 87 OST 92701 69 Ostolaza #84284 8 Oxalate druses 40 Oxalic acid 48 Oxyallobetulin 61 Oxycandicine 61 P Pachanane 32 Pachanol A 66 structure 168 Pachanol B 66 Pachanol C revised structure 65 146 http://troutsnotes.com Pachanol D 32 Pachanoside C1 65 Pachanoside D1 32 Pachanoside E1 65 Pachanoside F1 65 Pachanoside G1 65 Pachanoside I1 32 Pachycereine 53, 54, 163 Pachycereus calvas 52 Pachycereus chrysomallus analysis 52 Pachycereus gaumeri 52 Pachycereus gigas 52 Pachycereus grandis analysis 52 Pachycereus hollianus 52 Pachycereus marginatus activity note 92 analysis 52 Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum activity note 92 analysis 53 brew 98 Pachycereus pringlei analysis 53 Pachycereus queretaroensis 53 Pachycereus schottii 53 Pachycereus sp 53 Pachycereus tehuantepecanus analysis 53 Pachycereus tetetzo See as Cephalocereus tetetzo 53 Pachycereus thurberi See as Lemaireocereus thurberi 53 Pachycereus weberi analysis 53 padre nuestro 44 pain 92 painful joints 87 Palmitic acid 35, 46, 48, 49 Palmitoleic acid 46 panacea 87 Paraphaeosphaeria quadriseptata 17 Paraphaeosphaerin 17 Pardanani et al. 1977 68 Parodia mutabilis 54 Parodia procera analysis 54 Parodia sanguinilora analysis 54 Parodia stuemeri analysis 54 Parodia tuberculosa analysis 54 PCH et al. 6212 67 p-Coumaric 10 p-Coumaric acid 52 p-Cymene 58 Pectenin 53 Pectenine 53, 84 Pelecyphora aselliformis activity note 93 water content 54 Pelecyphora pseudopectinata 55 Pellotine 8, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 53, 55, 66, 72, 73, 74, 75 structure 161 Penduletin 47 Peniocereus fosterianus analysis 55 Peniocereus greggii 55 activity note 93 Peniocereus hirschtianus 46 Peniocereus striatus activity note 93 Peniocerol 34, 44, 55, 90 structure 168 Pentene-1-ol 49 Pereskia aculeata analysis 55 Pereskia autumnalis analysis 55 Pereskia bleo 90 activity note 94 acute toxicity 94 analysis 55 LD50 94 Pereskia corrugata analysis 55 Pereskia cubensis analysis 55 Pereskia godseiana analysis 55 Pereskia grandilora analysis 55 Pereskia grandifolia activity note 94 acute toxicity 94 analysis 55 LD50 94 Pereskia guamacho activity note 94 Pereskia pititache 55 analysis 55, 94 Pereskia tampicana analysis 55 Pereskiopsis chapistle analysis 55 147 http://troutsnotes.com Pereskiopsis porteri analysis 55 Pereskiopsis scandens 56 Perillalcohol 49 pertussis 90 Peru 56.1153 64 Peru 64.0762 67 Peru 68.0235 13 Peruvian torch 68 Peyoglunal 40 structure 165 Peyoglutam 40 structure 162, 165 Peyonine 40 structure 165 Peyophorine 40, 77 structure 162 Peyoruvic acid 40 structure 162 peyote 7, 8, 38, 54, 79, 88, 93 peyote cimarron 78 peyote cimarrón 7, 8, 79 peyote mulato 85 peyotillo 54, 93 Peyotine 40 structure 162 Peyoxylic acid 40 structure 162 pezuña de venado 7 pH 20, 48 phagocytosis 89 Phenethylamine 9, 18, 32, 55, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77 structure 156 phenethylamines key to structural table 159 structure table 156 Phenoxyethanol 58 phentolamine 84 Phenylethanol 49 Phillyriside A 60 Phrynoidis alvarius 5 p-Hydroxyamphetamine 76 p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 10 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid 10, 51 p-Hydroxypipecolamide 77 Phyllocactin 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 21, 29, 30, 31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 51, 52, 55, 56, 59, 61, 63 Phyllocactus ackermannii 56 Phyllocactus hybridus 56 Physcion 49 Phytosterols 34 piles 91 148 Piloceredine 35 Pilocereine 34, 35, 52 structure 163 Pilocereus chrysacanthus analysis 56 Pilocereus chrysomallus 56 Pilocereus euphorbioides 56 Pilocereus gaumeri 56 Pilocereus giganteus 56 Pilocereus glaucescens 56 Pilocereus gounellei analysis 56 Pilocereus guerreronis analysis 56 Pilocereus maxonii analysis 56 Pilocereus nobilis 56 Pilocereus pasacana 56 Pilocereus sargentianus 56 Pilocereus schottii 56 Pilocereus senilis 56 Pilocereus thurberi 56 Pilosocereus chrysacanthus 56 Pilosocereus gaumeri 56 Pilosocereus glaucescens 56 Pilosocereus guerronis 56 Pilosocereus leucocephalus 56 Pilosocereus maxonii 56 Pilosocereus nobilis 56 pimples 92, 93 Pinene 58 Pipecolamide 77 piscicide 83 Piscidic acid 48 Piscidic acid diethyl ester 48 Piscidic acid monoethyl ester 48 pishicol 86 pitahaya 7, 19, 31, 33, 86 Pitahaya 33 pitahaya barbona 35 Pitahaya dulce 33 pitahaya morada 7 pitahaya naranjadas 7 pitahaya orejona 31 pitahayita 93 pitallita 83 pitaya 30, 32 pitaya agria 87 pitayo 33 pitayo de mayo 32 plaster 93, 94 p-Methoxyamphetamine 76 pneumonia 97 pneumothorax 87 http://troutsnotes.com Quinic acid 10, 36, 46, 53, 55, 56 poison 88, 90, 91 Poisson 1960 66 pokere 84 Polaskia chende analysis 56 Polaskia chichipe analysis 56 polyphenolic pigments 48 polysaccharide 45, 51 pomada de peyote 87 poultice 79, 90, 91, 92 PR 3293 37 pregnancy 91 prisms 57 prolong life 85 Promotes the low of ch ‘i 92 propanolol 84 prophesize 87 Pseudolobivia kermesina 56 pseudorabies virus 92 psychoactive 70, 97 Pterocereine 57 structure 162 Pterocereus foetidus 57 Pterocereus gaumeri analysis 57 pukara 84 pulicide 88 pulse slowed 87 Puna clavarioides 57 purgative 86, 88, 98 Pycnarrhine structure 162 Pyrrhocactus strausianus 57 R Q Quadrone 17 Quercetin 10, 31, 41, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 63, 70, 91 3-methyl ether 48 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside 31 Quercetin-3-galactoside 50 Quercetin-3-glucoside 16, 17, 20, 46, 47, 50, 51 Quercetin 3-methyl ether 47, 91 Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside 52 Quercetin 3-O-rhamnosylglucoside 20 quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 31 Quercetin-3-rutinoside 16, 17, 46, 47, 50, 51 Quercetin 7-O-glucoside 20 Quercitrin 47 Queretaroic acid 33, 59, 60 structure 168 Queretarol structure 168 149 rabies 93 rabo de raposa 29 racamatraca 93 radiation burn 91 radical scavengers 91 rainbow cactus 84 Randia echinocarpa 98 Randia laevigata 98 Randia watsoni 98 rat auricles 84 Rat basophilic leukemia 96 Rathbunia alamosensis 57 rat hearts 84 rat invasion 86 rat-tail cactus 7 RBL-2H3 96 reactions of mescaline 25 Rebutia arenacea analysis 57 Rebutia fabrisii analysis 57 Rebutia krainziana analysis 57 Rebutia margarethae 57 analysis 57 Rebutia marsoneri analysis 57 Rebutia miniscula analysis 57 Rebutia pseudodeminuta analysis 57 Rebutia senilis analysis 57 recreational inebrient 79 reduces plasma glucose 91 red urine 86, 98 References 99 refreshing 79 refreshing tea 90 refrigerant 94 regurgitation 94 reina de noche 93 religious 87 removes toxin 92 respiratory depression 84 respiratory stimulant 87 respiratory syncitial disease virus 92 Retusin 7 revitalizing 94 Rhamnose 9, 16, 19, 45, 46, 47, 48, 61, 75 rheumatism 87, 90, 92, 93, 94 http://troutsnotes.com Rhipsalis baccifera analysis 57 Rhipsalis capilliformis analysis 57 Rhipsalis cassytha activity note 94 analysis 57 Rhipsalis conferta Activity note 57, 94 Rhipsalis gaertneria analysis 57 Rhipsalis juengeri analysis 58 Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides analysis 58 Rhipsalis pachyptera activity note 94 Rhipsalis paradoxa analysis 58 Rhipsalis regnellii analysis 58 Rhipsalis rhombea analysis 58 Rhipsalis teres analysis 58 Rhipsalis virgata analysis 58 Rhipsalis warmingiana analysis 58 rhizosphere 17, 83 Rhodocactus sp 58 Rhodoxanthin 50 Rhyrcose 48 Ritterocereus griseus 58 Ritterocereus hystrix 58 Ritterocereus montanus 58 Ritterocereus pruinosus 58 Ritterocereus queretaroensis 58 Ritterocereus weberi 58 robbers 78, 85 Rooksbya euphorbioides 58 rosapara 85, 87 Roseocactus issuratus 58 Roseocereus tephracanthus 58 rubber 52 Rules of Nomenclature loopholes 72 runners 85 Rutin 47, 51, 52 Sacred Cacti cover 6, 174 Sacred Cactus 41 saguaro 9 saguesa 53 sahuaro 9 Salado 83 Salicifoline 77 structure 157 salmon-lowered hedgehog 84 Salsolidine 10, 45, 53, 54, 77 structure 160 Salsoline 19, 53 structure 160 Salsolinol structure 160 salve 93 San Pedro 63, 66, 68 Macho 68 Trichocereus peruvianus 68 San Pedro book 6, 174 San Pedros 5 78 San Pedro substitute 86 Santa Poli 81 sarcoma 45 93 scald 91 Schlumbergera bridgesii analysis 58 Schlumbergera russelliana analysis 58 Schlumbergera truncata analysis 58 Schlumbergera x buckleyi 59 Schottenol 35 sciatica 79 scorpion sting 87 scurvy 79 Selenicereus conilorus 59 activity note 94 Selenicereus grandilorus activity note 94 analysis 59 inexcusable substitute 91 Selenicereus pteranthus analysis 59 Selinene 58 senita 35, 86 Seri 79, 86 Serotonin 40 Sesquiterpene alcohol 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 54, 57, 73 Sesquiterpene alcohol 1 54 sexual exhaustion 94 shortwindedness 91 S sacamatraca 93 Saccharose 15 150 http://troutsnotes.com silver cholla 16 sina 59 Sinapinic acid 52 Siniscalco 1983 39, 44 sinita 35 Sitosterol 7, 10, 11, 15, 19, 21, 31, 33, 47, 50, 51, 55, 58 structure 166 skin ailments 90, 91 sleep 87 smoked 78, 79 snake bite 87, 93 snakebite 92 snake repellent 88 snowball pincushion 88 Soehrensia bruchii 59 solid tumour S180 84 Solisia pectinata analysis 59 Solisia pseudopectinata 59 Some Simple Tryptamines book 6, 174 sorcerers 85 sores 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 sore throat 92 Spanish Gooseberry 55 spasms 87, 90 speed 85 Spinasterol structure 166 Spiroketal 49 star cactus 8 Stearic acid 46, 48, 49 Stellatogenin 45, 60, 61 structure 168 Stellatoside 61 Stellatoside B 60 Stellatoside B methyl ester 60 Stellatoside C 60 Stellatoside C methyl ester 60 Stellatoside D 60 Stellatoside E 60 Stenocactus multicostatus 59 Stenocereol 34 structure 168 Stenocereus alamosensis analysis 59 Stenocereus beneckei analysis 59 Stenocereus chende See as Polaskia chende 60 Stenocereus chichipe 60 Stenocereus dumortieri 60 Stenocereus eruca activity note 96 analysis 60 Stenocereus griseus 60 Stenocereus gummosus 60 Stenocereus hystrix 60, 86 activity note 86 Stenocereus longispinus 60 Stenocereus marginatus 60 Stenocereus montanus 60 Stenocereus pruinosus 61 Stenocereus queretaroensis 61 Stenocereus quevedonis 61 Stenocereus stellatus analysis 61 water content 61 Stenocereus thurberi 61 Stenocereus treleasei analysis 61 Stenocereus weberi 61 sterility 97 steroid 19 sterol 10 Stigmasterol 31, 55 structure 168 stimulant 85, 96 stimulant activity 68 strawberry cactus 83 Strombocactus disciformis analysis 61 Structural formula key Isoquinoline generic diagram 163 key 163 Isoquinolines 160 alphabetical 164 Phenethylamines 156 generic diagram 159 key 159 Triterpenoids 166 generic diagram 169 key 169 structure table isoquinolines 160 phenethylamines 156 triterpenoids 166 Stuart 79 stupefy ish 87 Styrene 58 suaharo 9 Succinic acid 48, 51 Sucrose 12 sugaro 80 suguaro 9 151 http://troutsnotes.com sunami 78 sunburn 91 sunset cactus 88 sunstroke 87 suppurative 94 suwarro 9 suwarrow 9 swelling 91, 92 reduce 94 swelling of eyelids 79 swellings 87, 88, 94 sympathomimetic 90 Synephrine 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 41 structure 156 syphilis 92, 94 Syringaldehyde 10 hurberogenin 33, 60, 61 structure 169 hurberol 34 structure 169 hurberoside A 60, 96 activity note 96 tobacco toxemia 94 Todd 1969 39 Toluene 47 Tom Juul 67 tonic 84, 94 too strong 79 toothache 90 Toothache 91 Torres & Torres bioassay 70 totem pole cactus 35 toxemia 94 toxicity 85 trans-Nerolidol 21, 23, 24 trans-β-Ocimene 23, 24 Treleasegenic acid 60, 61 structure 169 Treleaseside A 60 Trichocereine 71, 76 structure 159 Trichocereus af. pachanoi 67 Trichocereus andalgalensis analysis 62 Trichocereus argentinensis 12, 62 Trichocereus atacamensis activity note 96 bioassay 62 Trichocereus bridgesii activity note 96 analysis 63 monstrose 63 Trichocereus bruchii analysis 63 Trichocereus camaraguensis analysis 63 Trichocereus candicans analysis 63 Trichocereus cephalomacrostibas 63, 85 activity note 85 Trichocereus chalaensis 63 Trichocereus chilensis analysis 63 Trichocereus chiloensis 63 activity note 96 Trichocereus courantii analysis 64 Trichocereus crassicostata 64 T tajuá 87 Taraxerol 51, 52 Taraxerone 52 Tartaric acid 48 tasajillo 17 tasajo 31 tasajulla 83 Taxifolin 47, 48 tchai 79 Tehaunine-N-oxide 53 Tehuanine 53, 54 structure 161 Tehuanine-N-oxide structure 161 Tepenine 53 structure 161 terpenoid summary by species 4 Terpinene 47 Terrecyclic acid A 17, 83 tesgüino 78, 81, 86, 87, 98 tetanic convulsions 84 tetracyclic triterpenoid 15 Tetradecane 58 tetramethylated quercetrine 7 Tetrol 19 helocactus bicolor analysis 61 helocactus pseudopectinatus 62 helocactus sp analysis 62 thirst 92 throat ailments 91 throw down precipice 85 hurberin 33 152 http://troutsnotes.com Trichocereus cuzcoensis activity note 97 analysis 64 not 97 Trichocereus cv Juulís Giant 67 Trichocereus fulvilanus analysis 64 Trichocereus giganteus 11 Trichocereus grandilorus 64 analysis 64 tryptamine question 64 Trichocereus huallanca activity note 97 cutting 97 dried 97 Trichocereus huanucoensis bioassay 64 Trichocereus huascha analysis 64 Trichocereus huayanca 97 Trichocereus knuthianus analysis 65 Trichocereus lamprochlorus analysis 65 Trichocereus lobivioides grandilorus 65 Trichocereus macrogonus analysis 65 subsp. pachanoi 66 Trichocereus manguinii analysis 65 Trichocereus pachanoi activity note 97 analysis 66 water content 66 Trichocereus pallarensis 68 Trichocereus pasacana analysis 68 bioassay 68 Trichocereus peruvianoids 68 Trichocereus peruvianus analysis 68 Chavin de Huantar 69 Huancabamba 67 KK242 analysis 69 KK242 Matucana 69 trujilloensis 68 var. knuthianus 65 water content 68 Trichocereus poco analysis 69 Trichocereus puquiensis 69 monstrose bioassay 69 153 Trichocereus purpureopilosus analysis 69 Trichocereus santaensis 69 Trichocereus santiaguensis 69 analysis 69 Trichocereus schickendantzii analysis 69 Trichocereus schoenii activity note 97 analysis 70 Trichocereus scopulicola activity note 97 Trichocereus scopulicolus 70 Trichocereus skottsbergii analysis 70 Trichocereus smrzianus bioassay 70 Trichocereus sp N. Chile bioassay 70 SS02 bioassay 70 Trichocereus spachianus activity note 97 analysis 70 Trichocereus strigosus 70 Trichocereus taquimbalensis 70 activity note 97 analysis 70 Trichocereus terscheckii analysis 71 Trichocereus thelegonoides analysis 71 Trichocereus thelegonus analysis 71 Trichocereus torataensis 71 Trichocereus tulhuayacensis 71 activity note 97 Trichocereus tunariensis analysis 71 Trichocereus validus 71 analysis 71 Trichocereus volcanensis 71 Trichocereus vollianus analysis 71 Trichocereus werdermannianus analysis 71 Tridecan-2-one 58 Trimethylcitrate 48 triterpene summary by species 4 triterpenoids key to structure table 169 structural table 166 Triterpenol 15 http://troutsnotes.com Tryptamine 20, 40, 77 tsuwíri 79 tuberculosis 87, 92 Tulip prickly pear 91 tumor growth inhibition 84 tumors 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96 tuna 61, 90 tuna mansa 90 Tunilla soehrensii 72 tunillo 61 Turbinicarpus comments 72 Turbinicarpus alonsoi analysis 72 Turbinicarpus bonatzii 72 Turbinicarpus dickisoniae 72 analysis 74 Turbinicarpus lavilorus 72 analysis 74 Turbinicarpus gracilis 72 analysis 74 Turbinicarpus hoferi 72 Turbinicarpus jauernigii 72 Turbinicarpus klinkerianus 72 analysis 74 Turbinicarpus krainzianus 72 var. minimus 72 Turbinicarpus laui 72 Turbinicarpus lausseri 72 Turbinicarpus lilinkeudus 72 Turbinicarpus lophophoroides analysis 72 ssp. jauernigii 73 Turbinicarpus macrochele 73 analysis 74 ssp. macrochele var. polaskii 73 var. schwarzii f. polaskii 73 Turbinicarpus panarito 73 Turbinicarpus polaskii 73 analysis 74 Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele analysis 73 ssp. krainzianus analysis 73 Turbinicarpus pseudopectinatus analysis 73 Turbinicarpus roseilorus 73 Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus analysis 73 f. polaskii analysis 74 ssp. dickisoniae analysis 74 ssp. lavilorus analysis 74 ssp. klinkeranus f. schwarzii 74 ssp. klinkerianus analysis 74 ssp. macrochele analysis 74 ssp. rubrilorus 74 ssp. schwarzii analysis 74 f. rubrilorus 75 ssp. schwarzii f. rubrilorus analysis 75 Turbinicarpus schwarzii 75 analysis 74 f. rubrilorus analysis 75 Turbinicarpus swobodae 75 Turbinicarpus valdezianus 75 Tyramine 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 54, 55, 56, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 structure 156 Tyrosine 11, 52 U Uberine 18 structure 160 Ubine 18 structure 156 ulcer 92, 93 ulcers 90, 94 Undatuside A 31 Undatuside B 31 Undatuside C 31 Undecan-2-one 58 unidentiied alcohol 64 alkaloid 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63 amine 58 bases 13, 28 imidazole 18 lactone 32 lactone-forming acid 47 quaternary alkaloid 16, 19 terpene 32 triterpene 11, 52, 68 154 http://troutsnotes.com triterpene lactone 21 waxy solid 68 urine red like blood 86, 98 useful trivia 5 UV 50 Wigginsia arechavaletai analysis 75 Wigginsia macrocantha analysis 75 Wigginsia tephracantha analysis 75 Wilcoxia striata activity note 93 see as Peniocereus striatus 93 women’s ailments 85, 90, 91 wounds 78, 84, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93 V valvular disease 94 Van Geest 68 Vanillic acid 10, 50, 51 Vanillin 10, 50 venereal ailments 87 vermicide 86 vermifuge 78, 83, 85, 86 veterinary 86, 91 vichishovo 45 Viesca 38 Vieska 38 Vitalis 80 Vitexin 52 viznaga 19 volatile compounds 47 volatiles 12 Vulgaxanthin I 59 X Xanthophyll 50 Xian Ren Zhang 51 XO activity inhibits 91 xoconostle 50 Xylose 9, 10, 16, 45, 46, 47, 48, 61, 75 Y yellow fever 94 Z Z-2-Hexen-1-ol 49 Z-2-Pentene-1-ol 49 Z-3-Hexen-1-ol 49 Z-3-Hexenal 49 zacoub 31 Zeylmaker #8504 46 Zeylmaker #8508 46 zina 35 Zinc 48 Zygocactus truncatus 58 W walllower-crown 57 wamapanako 84 warts 88, 90, 91 water content 7, 13, 20, 25, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 44, 45, 47, 51, 54, 61, 66, 68, 71 water puriication 94 W. Baker 5452 bioassay 63 weakness 94 Weberbauerocereus acranthus 85 activity note 85 Weberbauerocereus cephalomacrostibas activity note 85 Weberidine 53, 54 structure 160 Weberine 53, 54 structure 163 Weddellite 13, 19, 24, 45, 57, 75 formula 173 Whewellite 16, 47, 50, 57 formula 173 white torch 70 wichowaka 92 wichowáka 92 wichuri 81, 83 155 http://troutsnotes.com Cactus Phenethylamines: A Tabular Key to their Structural Formulas Position: Compound Phenethylamine 2 3 Phenyl 4 5 6 b Ethyl a N1 Amine N2 H H H H H na na H H na Amphetamine* H H H H H na Me H H na N-Methylphenethylamine H H H H H na na Me H na Methamphetamine* H H H H H na Me Me H na H H H H H na na Me Me na Ubine H H H H H HO na Me Me na Coryphanthine H H H H H MeO na Me Me Me+ Tyramine H H HO H H na na H H na Octopamine H H HO H H HO na H H na N-Methyltyramine H H HO H H na na Me H na Synephrine H H HO H H HO na Me H na b-O-Methylsynephrine H H HO H H MeO na Me H na b-O-Ethylsynephrine H H HO H H EtO na Me H na Hordenine H H HO H H na na Me Me na Candicine H H HO H H na na Me Me Me+ 4-Methoxyphenethylamine H H MeO H H na na H H na 4-Methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine H H MeO H H HO na H H na N-Methyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine H H MeO H H na na Me H na Longimammine H MeO H H HO na Me H na N,N-Dimethyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine H H MeO H H na na Me Me na N,N-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine H H MeO H H HO na Me Me na O-Methyl-candicine H H na na Me Me Me+ N3+ N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine H H H MeO * Not reported as a cactus alkaloid; included for structural comparison 156 Trouts Notes on Cactus Chemistry PEA cont. 5 6 Ethyl b a Amine N1 N2 N3+ HO H H na na H H na HO HO H H HO na H H na H HO HO H H na na Me H na Epinephrine H HO HO H H HO na Me H na N-Methyladrenaline H HO HO H H HO na Me Me na Coryneine H HO HO H H na na Me Me Me+ 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethylamine H HO MeO H H na na H H na 3-Methoxytyramine H MeO HO H H na na H H na Normetanephrine H MeO HO H H HO na H H na H MeO HO H H na na Me H na Metanephrine H MeO HO H H HO na Me H na NAMT H MeO HO H H na na C(O)Me H na N,N-Dimethyl-3-methoxytyramine H MeO HO H H na na Me Me na Salicifoline* H MeO HO H H na na Me Me Me+ H MeO HO H H HO na Me Me na 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine H MeO MeO H H na na H H na 3,4-Dimethoxy-b-hydroxyphenethylamine H MeO MeO H H HO na H H na 3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine H MeO MeO H H na na Me H na Normacromerine H MeO MeO H H HO na Me H na Calipamine H MeO MeO H H MeO na Me H na N-Acetyl DMPEA H MeO MeO H H na na C(O)Me Position: 2 3 Compound Dopamine H HO Norepinephrine H Epinine Phenyl 4 N-Methyl-3-methoxytyramine N-Methylmetanephrine * Not reported as a cactus alkaloid; included for structural comparison 157 H na Structural tables: Phenethylamines PEA cont. Position: 2 3 Phenyl 4 5 6 Ethyl b a Amine N1 N2 N3+ Compound 3,4-Dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine H MeO MeO H H na na Me Me na Macromerine MeO H H HO na Me Me na b-Methoxy-3,4-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine H MeO MeO H H MeO na Me Me na 3-Nitrotyramine H H MeO NO2 HO H H na na H H na OH OH OH H na na H H na 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine H HO HO MeO H na na H H na 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine H HO MeO MeO H na na H H na N-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine H HO MeO MeO H na na Me H na N-Formyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine H HO MeO MeO H na na C(O)H H na N-Acetyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine H HO MeO MeO H na na C(O)Me H na N,N-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine H HO MeO MeO H na na Me Me na 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine H MeO HO MeO H na na H H na Mescaline H MeO MeO MeO H na na H H na N-Methylmescaline H MeO MeO MeO H na na Me H na na na C(O)H H na 3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenethylamine* H N-Formylmescaline H MeO MeO MeO H * Not reported as a cactus alkaloid; included for structural comparison 158 Trouts Notes on Cactus Chemistry PEA cont. Ethyl b a Amine N1 N2 N3+ MeO H na na C(O)Me H na MeO MeO H HO na H H na MeO MeO MeO H na na Me Me na 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylalanine* H MeO MeO MeO H na -CO2H H H na 2-Chloro-mescaline** Cl MeO MeO MeO H na na H H na Cl MeO MeO MeO Cl na na H H na Position: Phenyl 4 2 3 N-Acetylmescaline H MeO MeO b-Hydroxy-mescaline H MeO Trichocereine H 5 6 Compound 2,6-Dichloro-mescaline* * Not reported as a cactus alkaloid; included for structural comparison ** Believed to be extraction artifact Generic structural diagram for phenethylamine table Phenethylamine Key: Abbreviations a: Carbon adjacent to the nitrogen. b: Carbon adjacent to the phenyl ring. Cl: Chlorine C(O)H: Formyl C(O)Me: Acetyl CO2H: COOH: Carbonyl EtO: Ethoxy H: Hydrogen HO: Hydroxy Me: Methyl Me+: Methyl cation MeO: Methoxy na: Not applicable. NO2: Nitrate PEA: Phenethylamine Structure of Lemairin 159 http://troutsnotes.com Cactus Isoquinolines: A Tabular Key to their Structural Formulas (The following includes related isoquinolines that do not occur in cacti; these are included for comparative purposes) Compound mono-ring-sub 1. Longimammatine R5 R6 R7 R8 R1 R2a R2b R4 unsat H MeO H H H H H na H na 2. Weberidine H H MeO H H H H na H na 3. Longimammosine H OH H H H H Me na H na 4. Longimammidine H H H OH H H Me na H na Me H na H na 5. ?-Mono-MeO-1-Me-THIQ (MIKES) MeO (position?) 6. Longimammamine H H H OH H H Me na OH na 7. Arizonine H H H MeO OH H Me na H na di-ring-sub 8. Heliamine H MeO MeO H H H H na H na 9. H MeO MeO H H H na H 1,2 10. Backebergine H MeO MeO H H H na H 1,2 3,4 11. Lemaireocereine H H MeO MeO H H H na H na 12. Dehydrolemaireocereine H H MeO MeO H H na H 1,2 13. Isobackebergine H H MeO MeO H H na H 1,2 3,4 14. Uberine MeO H OH H H H Me na H na 15. Corypalline H MeO OH H H H Me na H na 16. Salsolinol* H OH OH H Me H na H na 17. Salsoline H OH MeO H Me H na H na 18. Isosalsoline H MeO OH H Me H na H na 19. Salsolidine H MeO MeO H Me H na H na 20. Dehydrosalsolidine H MeO MeO H Me H na H 1,2 Dehydroheliamine * Not reported as a cactus alkaloid; included for structural comparison 160 Trouts Notes on Cactus Chemistry Isoquinoline cont. 21. N-Methylheliamine (O-Methyl-corypalline) R5 R6 R7 R8 R1 R2a R2b R4 unsat H MeO MeO H H Me na H na 22. Hydrohydrastinine* H H H H Me na H na 23. N-Methylisosalsoline H MeO OH H Me Me na H na 24. Lophocereine H MeO OH H i-butyl Me na H na 25. Carnegine H MeO MeO H Me Me na H na 26. Tepenine H H MeO MeO Me Me na H na 27. Calycotomine* H MeO MeO H -MeOH H na H na 28. Isosalsolidine H MeO MeO H Me H na H 1,2 3,4 29. Dehydrosalsolidine H MeO MeO H Me H na H 1,2 tri-ring-sub 30. HydrocotarnineH –O–Me–O– MeO Me Me na H na 31. Anhalamine H MeO MeO OH H H na H na 32. Isoanhalamine H OH MeO MeO H H na H na 33. Anhalinine H MeO MeO MeO H H na H na 34. Nortehuanine MeO MeO MeO H H H na H na 35. Anhalidine H MeO MeO OH H Me na H na 36. Isoanhalidine H OH MeO MeO H Me na H na 37. Anhalonine H MeO Me H na H na 38. Anhalonidine H MeO MeO OH Me H na H na 39. Iso-anhalonidine H OH MeO MeO Me H na H na 40. Lophophorine H MeO –O–Me–O– Me Me na H na 41. O-Methyl-anhalonidine H MeO MeO MeO Me H na H na 42. Tehuanine MeO MeO MeO H H Me na H na 43. Tehuanine-N-oxide MeO MeO MeO H H Me ®O H na 44. Gigantine Me Me Me na na H OH na na OH H MeO MeO MeO MeO H H Me 45. Pellotine H MeO MeO OH Me Me na H na 46. Isopellotine H OH MeO MeO Me Me na H na 3,4 Incorrect proposal –O–CH–O– H –O–Me–O– * Not reported as a cactus alkaloid; included for structural comparison 161 Structural tables: Isoquinolines Isoquinoline cont. tri-ring-sub cont. 47. O-Methylpellotine R5 R6 R7 R8 R1 R2a R2b R4 unsat H MeO MeO MeO Me Me na H na glucose–O– MeO MeO H -MeOH Me na H na OH MeO MeO H -MeOH Me na H na 50. Deglucopterocereine-N-oxide OH MeO MeO H -MeOH Me ®O H na 51. Anhalotine (Iodide) H MeO MeO OH H Me I H na 52. Lophotine (Iodide) H MeO Me Me I H na 53. Peyotine (Iodide) H MeO MeO MeO Me Me I H na MeO MeO OH H H na H 1,2 55. 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-2-Me-isoquinolinium inner salt H MeO MeO O- H Me+ na H 1,2 56. 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-1-Me-isoquinoline H MeO MeO Me H na H 1,2 H 1,2 48. Pterocereine 49. Deglucopterocereine 54. 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-IQ H –O–Me–O– OH 57. 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-1,2-diMe-isoquinolinium inner salt H MeO MeO OMe Me+ H H Me+OH- 59. N-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinium chloride* H MeO MeO H H Me+Cl- 60. Peyoglutam H MeO MeO OH 61. Mescalotam H MeO MeO 62. Peyoxylic acid H MeO H 58. Pycnarrhine* 1,2 H MeO OH na na H na H 1,2 –CH2-CH2-C(O)– na H na MeO –CH2-CH2-C(O)– na H na MeO OH –CO2H H na H na MeO MeO MeO –CO2H H na H na H MeO MeO OH –Me –CO2H H na H na 65. O-Methylpeyoruvic acid H MeO MeO MeO –Me –CO2H H na H na 66. Isonortehuanine MeO MeO MeO H H H na H 1,2 3,4 67. Dehydronortehuanine MeO MeO MeO H H H na H 1,2 68. Peyophorine H MeO –O–Me–O– Me Et na H na 63. O-Methyl-peyoxylic acid 64. Peyoruvic acid * Not reported as a cactus alkaloid; included for structural comparison 162 Trouts Notes on Cactus Chemistry Isoquinoline cont. R5 R6 R7 tetra-ring-sub 69. ?-Mono-OH-tri-MeO-2-Me-THIQ (MIKES) (MeO)3 & OH (positions?) R8 R1 R2a R2b R4 unsat H Me na H 1,2 3,4 70. ?-Tri-MeO-1-Me-1,2,3,4-dehydro-IQ (MIKES) (MeO)3 (positions?) Me H na H 1,2 3,4 71. ?-Tri-MeO-1-Me-1,2-dehydro-IQ (MIKES) (MeO)3 (positions?) Me H na H 1,2 72. Norweberine MeO MeO MeO MeO H H na H na 73. Dehydronorweberine MeO MeO MeO MeO H H na H 1,2 74. Isonorweberine MeO MeO MeO MeO H H na H 1,2 3,4 75. Pachycereine MeO MeO MeO MeO Me H na H na 76. Dehydropachycereine MeO MeO MeO MeO Me H na H 1,2 77. Isopachycereine MeO MeO MeO MeO Me H na H 1,2 3,4 78. Weberine MeO MeO MeO MeO H Me na H na 79. N-Methylpachycereine trimeric MeO MeO MeO MeO Me Me na H na 80. Pilocereine H H H MeO MeO MeO OH XO YO X Y H i-butyl i-butyl i-butyl Me Me Me na na na H H H na na na Generic structural diagram for isoquinoline table Isoquinoline key: Abbreviations 1,2: 1,2-Dehydro 3,4: 3,4-Dehydro CO2H: COOH: Carbonyl H: Hydrogen Me: Methyl MeO: Methoxy na: Not applicable OH: Hydroxy -O-Me-O-: Methylenedioxy X: Point of attachment (X-X) Y: Point of attachment (Y-Y) 163 http://troutsnotes.com Structural table Isoquinolines in alphabetical order Name (cont.) Name List # ?-Mono-MeO-1-Methyl-THIQ 5 ?-Mono-OH-tri-MeO-2-MethylTHIQ 69 ?-Tri-MeO-1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-dehydro-isoquinoline 70 ?-Tri-MeO-1-Methyl-1,2-dehydro-isoquinoline 71 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-isoquinolinium inner salt 57 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-1-methyl-isoquinoline 56 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-2-methyl-isoquinolinium inner salt 55 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-isoquinoline 54 Anhalamine 31 Anhalamine, Iso32 Anhalidine 35 Anhalidine, Iso36 Anhalinine 33 Anhalonidine 38 Anhalonidine, Iso39 Anhalonidine, O-Methyl- 41 Anhalonine 37 Anhalotine (Iodide) 51 Arizonine 7 Backebergine 10 Backebergine, Iso13 Calycotomine 27 Carnegine 25 Corypalline 15 Corypalline, O-Methyl- 21 Deglucopterocereine 49 Deglucopterocereine-N-oxide 50 Dehydroheliamine 9 Dehydro-lemaireocereine 12 Dehydronortehuanine 67 Dehydronorweberine 73 Dehydropachycereine 76 Dehydrosalsolidine 20 Dehydrosalsolidine 29 Gigantine 44 Name (cont.) List # List # Heliamine 8 Heliamine, Dehydro9 Heliamine, N-Methyl21 Hydrocotarnine 30 Hydrohydrastinine 22 Isoanhalamine 32 Isoanhalidine 36 Isoanhalonidine 39 Isobackebergine 13 Isonortehuanine 66 Isonorweberine 74 Isopachycereine 77 Isopellotine 46 Isosalsolidine 28 Isosalsoline 18 Isosalsoline, N-Methyl- 23 Lemaireocereine 11 Lemaireocereine, Dehydro12 Longimammamine 6 Longimammatine 1 Longimammidine 4 Longimammosine 3 Lophocereine 24 Lophophorine 40 Lophotine (Iodide) 52 Mescalotam 61 N-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinium chloride 59 N-Methylheliamine 21 N-Methylisosalsoline 23 N-Methyl-pachycereine 79 Nortehuanine 34 Nortehuanine, Dehydro- 67 Nortehuanine, Iso66 Norweberine 72 Norweberine, Dehydro- 73 Norweberine, Iso74 O-Methyl-anhalonidine 41 O-Methylcorypalline 21 O-Methylpellotine 47 O-Methylpeyoruvic acid 65 O-Methylpeyoxylic acid 63 Pachycereine 75 Pachycereine, Dehydro- 76 Pachycereine, Iso77 Pachycereine, N-Methyl- 79 Pellotine 45 Pellotine, Iso46 Pellotine, O-Methyl47 164 Peyoglutam 60 Peyophorine 68 Peyoruvic acid 64 Peyoruvic acid, O-Methyl65 Peyotine (Iodide) 53 Peyoxylic acid 62 Peyoxylic acid, O-Methyl63 Pilocereine 80 Pterocereine 48 Pterocereine, Degluco- 49 Pycnarrhine 58 Salsolidine 19 Salsolidine, Dehydro20 Salsolidine, Dehydro29 Salsolidine, Iso28 Salsoline 17 Salsoline, Iso18 Salsoline, N-Methyl-iso- 23 Salsolinol 16 Tehuanine 42 Tehuanine, Dehydronor 67 Tehuanine, Isonor66 Tehuanine, Nor34 Tehuanine-N-oxide 43 Tepenine 26 Uberine 14 Weberidine 2 Weberine 78 Weberine, Dehydro-nor- 73 Weberine, Isonor74 Weberine, Nor72 Trouts Notes on Cactus Chemistry Mescaline Krebs acid conjugates & other compounds: Peyonine and Peyoglunal are pyrrole derivatives rather than Krebs cycle conjugates; they are included on this page only for convenience. The remaining Krebs acid conjugates include Peyoxylic acid, O-Methylpeyoxylic acid, Peyoruvic acid & O-Methylpeyoruvic acid. These are included in the tables above. 165 Some Cactus Triterpenoids, Sterols & Similar Molecules A Tabular Key to their Structural Formulas (The following includes several related compounds that do not occur in cacti; these are included for comparative purposes) Compound b-Amyrin Ring C R1 OH R2 Me R3 H H R4 H H R5 H R6 Me H R7 H H R8 Me R9 Me a-Sitosterol C8=C9 B OH Me H H Et Me na na na b-Sitosterol C5=C6 B OH H H H Et Me na na na a-Spinasterol C7=C8 C22=C23 B OH H H H Et Me na na na 3-b-Hydroxy-11a,12a-epoxyoleanan-28,13B-olide C11-O-C12 C OH Me H H H H -O-C(O)- H (to C13) H H H Me Me Alamosenogenin C OH Me H H OH H CHO H H H H CH2OH Me Betulin A OH Me Me H CH2OH H H H =CH2 H Betulinic acid A OH Me Me H CO2H H =CH2 H Bridgesigenin A C OH Me -O-C(O)- H (to R5) H (from R3) H H H H CH2OH Me Bridgesigenin B C OH Me -O-C(O)- H (to R5) H (from R3) H OH OH H CH2OH Me Bridgesigenin C C OH Me -O-C(O)- H (to R5) H (from R3) H OH AcO H CH2OH Me Calenduladiol A acc. to kircHer 1980 OH Me Me OH Me H H H =CH2 H Calenduladiol A acc. to kAsPrzyk et al 1970 OH Me Me OH Me H H H =CH2 OH Campesterol C5=C6 B OH Me H H Me Me na na na Chichipegenin C OH Me H H OH H CH2OH OH H H H Me Me Cholestane (all saturated) Cholestanol (all saturated) B H H H H H Me na na na B OH H H H H Me na na na Cholesterol C5=C6 B OH H H H H Me na na na Cochalic acid C OH Me H H OH H CO2H H H H H Me Me 166 H H Trouts Notes on Cactus Chemistry Compound Cyclostenol (all saturated) Ring B R1 OH R2 H R3 OH R4 Me R8 na R9 na Dumortierigenin C OH Me -O-C(O)- H (to R5) H (from R3) OH H H H Me Me Epithelanthate D OH Me na na na na na na Erynginol A C OH Me H H OH H CH2OH OH H OH H CH2OH Me Erythrodiol C OH Me H H H H CH2OH H H H H Me Me Friedelan-3a-ol C No Me at C1 Me at C4, C13 & C18 OH Me H H H H Me H H H H Me Me Friedelin C No Me at C1 Me at C4, C13 & C18 =O Me H H H H Me H H H H Me Me Gummosogenin C OH Me H H OH H CHO H H H H Me Me Longispinogenin C OH Me H H OH H CH2OH H H H H Me Me Lophenol 7=8 B OH H H H H na na na Lupenetriol A OH Me Me OH CH2OH H H =CH2 H Lupeol A OH Me Me H Me H H H =CH2 H Macdougallin 8=9 B OH Me OH Me H Me na na na Machaeric acid C OH Me H H H H CO2H H H =O Me Me Machaerinic acid C OH Me H H H H CO2H H H OH Me Me Machaerogenin 12=13 C OH Me H H H H -C(O)-O- H (to R7) H (from R5) CH2OH Me H Maniladiol C OH Me H H OH H Me H H H H Me Me Methyl betulinate A OH Me Me H COOMe H H H =CH2 H Methyl epithelanthate D OH Me na na na na na na Methyl machaerinate C OH Me H H H H COOMe H H =O Me Me 167 R5 H R6 R7 -C(H2) - na (to C9) na Me na Structural tables: Triterpenes & sterols Compound Ring Methyl oleanolate C R1 OH R2 Me R3 H H R4 H H R5 R6 COOMe H H R7 H H R8 Me Methyl queretaroate C OH Me H H H H COOMe H H H H CH2OH Me Myrtillogenic acid C OH Me H H OH H CH2OH H H H H CH2OH Me Oleanolic acid C OH Me H H H H CH2OH H H H H Me Me Oleanolic aldehyde C OH Me H H H H CHO H H Me Me Pachanol A C12=C13 C14=C15 E OH Me Me H H -C(O)-O- H (to R7) H (from R5) CH2OH Me H Pachanol B C11=C12 C13=C18 E OH Me Me H H -C(O)-O- OH (to R7) H (from R5) CH2OH Me H Pachanol C C12=C13 OH at 14 E OH Me Me H H -C(O)OH H H OAc H CH2OH Me Pachanol D C12=C13 E OH Me Me H H -C(O)-O- OH (to C14) H H H CH2OH Me Peniocerol C8=C9 B OH H OH H H Me na na Queretaroic acid C OH H H H H H CO2H H H H H CH2OH Me Queretarol C OH H H H H H CH2OH H H H H CH2OH Me Stellatogenin A OH Me Me H -C(O)-O- H (to R7) H (from R5) Me OH H Stenocereol C8=C9 C22=C23 B OH H OH Me H Me na na na Stenocereol C8=C9 C22=C2 B OH H OH Me H Me na na na Stigmasterol C5=C6 C22=C23 B OH H H H H Me na na na Taraxerol C C14=C15 No Me at C14 Me at C13 & C18 OH Me H H H H Me H H H H Me Me 168 H H R9 Me na http://troutsnotes.com Compound Thurberin Ring A R1 OH R2 Me R3 Me R4 H R5 Me R6 H H R7 H Thurberogenin acc to HegnAuer A OH Me Me H -C(O)-O- H (to R7) H Thurberogenin acc to kircHer A OH Me Me H -C(O)-O- (from R5) H (to R6) H Thurberol C8=C9 C14=C15 B OH H OH H H Me Treleasegenic acid C OH Me H H H H CO2H H H R8 =CH2 (from R5) =CH2 OH H =CH2 R9 H H H CH2OH Me Triterpenoids Key: Abbreviations: Stereochemistry is not relected in table unless indicated in structural diagram =: Indicates position of a double bond COOMe: Methyl ester -O-: Epoxy A, B, C, or D: Ring structure (see diagrams) Et: Ethyl: C2H5 OH: Hydroxy C#: Indicates speciic carbon atom to H: Hydrogen “to R#”: Indicates the place it is bonded CHO: formyl Me: Methyl “from R#”: Indicates where it is linked CO2H: COOH: Carbonyl na: Not applicable 169 http://troutsnotes.com Generic Ring Skeletons to accompany the key to Triterpenoid & Sterol structural tables Some other nonalkaloidal molecules 170 170 Trouts Notes on Cactus Chemistry 171 What is Cactus Slime? Mucilage Mucilage is often used to describe an aqueous solution of gums. Mucilages are different from gums however in that gums are usually produced in response to injury and are secreted into cavities whereas mucilage is produced inside of highly specialized cells that accumulate it between the cell wall and the cell membrane. Mucilages are water soluble complex acidic or neutral polysaccharides of high molecular weight. Some components are related to cell wall components such as galactose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid. Mucilages are highly branched and ibrous. This makes them not just large but very sticky and troublesome to handle. Most cactus mucilages have not been studied except for some of the Opuntias. In Opuntia icus-indica the mucilage consists of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues to which are side chains composed of three galactose residues. Arabinose and xylose residues branch from the galactose. It is believed that arabinose is attached to the galactose and the xylose is attached to the arabinose. Some galactose side chains have only arabinose and some others have two arabinose residues and one xylose. Other Opuntia species were found to have different ratios of these sugar residues. In Opuntia they were found to act as a calcium storage reservoir. As much as 20% of the plant’s calcium may be associated with its mucilage. This is due to the carboxylic acid moiety of galacturonic acid creating a strongly negative charge (causing the whole molecule to have a net negative charge). See: Amin et al. 1970 McGarvie & Parolis 1979 Medina-Torres 2000 172 Mindt et al. 1975 Techtenberc & Mayer 1981 http://troutsnotes.com Betalains Spines Betalains are water soluble pigments that are typically associated with cacti and other members of the Caryophyllae. Betacyanins are red-violet and are the immonium conjugates of betalamic acid with cyclodopa. They are often glycosides. Betaxanthins are yellow and are the nonglycosidic immonium conjugates of betalamic acid with any of the various known amino acids or other amines. These are the pigments in cactus fruit & lowers rather than anthocyanins. The glochids of at least two species were said to be composed of pure crystalline cellulose. meyer & mclAugHlin 1982 cited PritcHArd & HAll 1976. Spines consist of an “intimate composite “ of a compact arrangement of slender cellulosic microibrils (0.4mm x 6–10μm) embedded in a matrix of arabinan. Vignon et al. 2004 Biominerals Remnants of a couple of dead eagle’s claw cactus (see illustrated version for image), AKA Echinocactus horizonthalonius, in Hudspeth County, Texas visibly show abundant biominerals deposited in the form of hydrated calcium oxalate. This material is the most important way that cacti sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide. Stored in the form of the oxalate they slowly decompose into calcium carbonate. The cortex of older regions within the stem was found to contain up to 50% of its dry weight as the oxalate (in the form of druses of Weddellite) riverA & smitH 1979 A similar picture is true for Echinocereus stramineus (see the carcass below, also in Hudspeth County.) There are many species of minerals which can form and some of them have taxonomic value. There also can be dynamic biotransformations during both the life and decay of the plant. Two trends may interest readers: Trichocereus species produce druses of Weddellite (Calcium oxalate dihydrate CaC204·(2+x) H20 [with x ≤ 0.5]). These look like small white drusy crystalline spheroids (this is the white ‘sand’ in the bottom of San Pedro tea). It can be ‘readily’ biotransformed into Whewellite. Opuntia species mainly produce Whewellite (Calcium oxalate monohydrate CaC204·H20) Commonly forms acutely pointed radiating druses. These look like jagged 3-D stars. The reported occurrences of biominerals are scattered through the text. The references cited will take interested readers into this fascinating world. Spines were described as a nanoiber composite that consists of roughly 50% cellulose and 50% arabinan. he strength values of Opuntia icus-indica under three point bending stress was greater than several composite materials (more than double carbon iber reinforced polycarbonate (13 GPa)3 but less than half an individual E-glass iber (72 GPa)3. Also measured % of crystallinity and found there was no correlation between percent crystallinity of the spines and lexural stress. Pilosocereus pachycladus had the strongest spines of the species they examined. Cooper et al 2013 Species % Crystalinity Echinocactus platyacanthus 53.4 Echinocactus grusonii 54.7 Echinopsis terscheckii 75.9 Myrtillocactus geometrizans 48.0 Pilosocereus languinosus 72.9 Pachycereus pringlei 65.6 Pilosocereus ulei 75.8 Pilosocereus pachycladus 75.9 Stenocactus crispatus 64.7 Stenocactus multicostatus 51.4 Stenocactus vaupelianus 57.6 Stenocereus thurberi 76.3 Cooper et al 2013 djerAssi et al., [1954 JACS 76: 4089-4091], reported the successful use of a blow torch to deal with spines that caused handling dificulties even with heavy gloves. The qualitative and quantitative analytical results from cacti they despined this way showed no difference from controls. Obviously some care is needed to avoid cooking the lesh. Wire clippers, needlenose pliers & safety glasses also work. 173 http://troutsnotes.com PDFs & books: Trout’s Notes The return of Sacred Cacti -- in its 4th edition! http://sacredcacti.com Thanks to erowiD The ayahuasca book is online with copyright free text http://erowid.org/library/books_online/ayahuasca_apa/ San Pedro http://www.troutsnotes.com/SP.html Some Simple Tryptamines http://www.troutsnotes.com/pdf/SP.html Opening comments from Sacred Cacti http://www.troutsnotes/pdf/SC3_A.pdf he Genus Desmodium http://www.troutsnotes.com/pdf/D2_2004_Trout.pdf Some Other Succulents http://www.troutsnotes/pdf/SoS_2004_Trout.pdf Cactus Chemistry By Species http://www.troutsnotes/pdf/C10.html The Cactus Alkaloids http://www.www.troutsnotes/pdfC13.html formerly known as Appendix A More information: Trout’s Notes http://troutsnotes.com Highly recommended website: Cactus Conservation Institute http://www.cactusconservation.org/ 174