Abstract
Macrophage is a kind of immune cell and performs multiple functions including pathogen phagocytosis, antigen presentation and tissue remodeling. To fulfill their functionally distinct roles, macrophages undergo polarization towards a spectrum of phenotypes, particularly the classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) subtypes. However, the binary M1/M2 phenotype fails to capture the complexity of macrophages subpopulations in vivo. Hence, it is crucial to employ spatiotemporal imaging techniques to visualize macrophage phenotypes and polarization, enabling the monitoring of disease progression and assessment of therapeutic responses to drug candidates. This review begins by discussing the origin, function and diversity of macrophage under physiological and pathological conditions. Subsequently, we summarize the identified macrophage phenotypes and their specific biomarkers. In addition, we present the imaging probes locating the lesions by visualizing macrophages with specific phenotype in vivo. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects associated with monitoring immune microenvironment and disease progression through imaging of macrophage phenotypes.
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Abbreviations
- AS:
-
Atherosclerosis
- BNIP3:
-
Adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3
- CD163:
-
Hemoglobin–haptoglobin scavenger receptor
- CD206:
-
Mannose receptor
- COX-2 :
-
Cyclooxygenase-2
- CSF1R:
-
Colony-stimulating factor receptor
- CXCL4:
-
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 4
- DN-ICG:
-
Dextran–indocyanine green
- FAD:
-
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FR-β:
-
Folate receptor-β
- FUNDC1:
-
FUN14 domain-containing protein 1
- GLUTs:
-
Glucose transporters
- HFHC:
-
High-fat and high-cholesterol diet
- HIF1α:
-
Hypoxia-induced factor 1α
- iNOS:
-
Nitric oxide synthase
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IL :
-
Interleukin
- LDs:
-
Lipid droplets
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- M1:
-
Pro-inflammatory macrophage
- M2:
-
Anti-inflammatory macrophage
- MARCO:
-
Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure
- M-CSF:
-
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor 1
- MHC-II:
-
Major histocompatibility complex II
- MMP7:
-
Metalloproteinase-7
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- NAFL:
-
Non-alcoholic fatty liver
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of B cell
- NIR-II:
-
Second near-infrared window
- OCT-NIRF:
-
Optical coherence tomography–near-infrared fluorescence
- OI:
-
Optical imaging
- OXPHOS:
-
Oxidative phosphorylation
- PET:
-
Positron emission tomography
- PINK1:
-
PTEN Induced Putative Kinase 1
- PPARγ:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- RA:
-
Rheumatoid arthritis
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- S100A8:
-
Calgranulin-A
- SIGN-R1:
-
Specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin-related 1 receptors
- SPECT/CT:
-
Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography
- STAT6:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6
- TAMs:
-
Tumor-associated macrophages
- TB:
-
Tumor-bearing
- TCA:
-
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
- TLRs:
-
Toll-like receptors
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- TSPO:
-
18 KDa translocator protein
- VEGFA:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor A
- WT:
-
Wildtype
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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 92159304, 82227806), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 82025019), and the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Project (202040106).
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DN and HZ contributed equally to this work. DN and HZ performed the literature survey and wrote the manuscript. PW participated in manuscript revision work. FX participated in the final manuscript version. CL provided the theme and corrected the manuscript.
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Ni, D., Zhou, H., Wang, P. et al. Visualizing Macrophage Phenotypes and Polarization in Diseases: From Biomarkers to Molecular Probes. Phenomics 3, 613–638 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43657-023-00129-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43657-023-00129-7