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A Review on Flaming Ignition of Solid Combustibles: Pyrolysis Kinetics, Experimental Methods and Modelling

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Abstract

Thermal induced pyrolysis and the following flaming ignition of solid combustible play crucial roles in determining the occurrence of fire and the subsequent flame spread. This contribution reviews recent advances in global investigation on these two topics. Solid fuels involved in this study covering from natural materials, such as wood and biomass-based products, to artificially synthetized substances, encompassing neat polymers and functional composites, are in dense continuous form rather than piled combustibles. Most frequently utilized experimental methodologies, from microscale (TGA, DSC, STA) to bench-scale (cone calorimeter, FPA, etc.), and the corresponding analytical or numerical methods employed to extract kinetics and thermodynamics from experimental data are introduced. Meanwhile, the controlling mechanisms of piloted and auto ignitions, various types of ignition criteria, influential factors of ignition, and the modelling techniques are elaborated. Smoldering combustion, glowing ignition, and utilization of flame retardant to suppress pyrolysis or delay ignition time are mentioned in some sections, but not discussed in detail as they are beyond the focused scope. Finally, the challenging issues encountered in current stage which deserve further endeavors are indicated.

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Abbreviations

AI:

Artificial intelligence

AMALGAM:

Multialogrithm genetically adaptive multiobjective method

CAPA:

Controlled atmosphere pyrolysis apparatus

CACC:

Controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter

DMA:

Dynamic mechanical analysis

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

DTG:

Derivative thermogravimetry

DTA:

Differential thermal analysis

EGA:

Evolved gas analysis

FDS:

Fire dynamics simulator

FFB:

Flat-flame burner

FIST:

Forced-flow ignition and flame spread test

FIIR:

Fourier transform infrared

FPA:

Fire propagation apparatus

FR:

Flame-retardant

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

GA:

Genetic algorithm

GASA:

Genetic algorithm with simulated annealing

GCMS:

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry

HC:

Hill climbing

HF:

Heat flux

HRR:

Heat release rate

IAFSS:

International association for fire safety science

ICTAC:

International confederation for thermal analysis and calorimetry

IR:

Infrared

KDA:

Kinetic deconvolution analysis

LFL:

Lower flammability limit

LIFT:

Lateral ignition and flame-spread test

LH:

Left hand side of equation

MaCFP:

Measurement and computation of fire phenomena

MC:

Moisture content

MCC:

Microscale combustion calorimetry

MDA:

Mathematical deconvolution analysis

MLR:

Mass loss rate

NSGA:

Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

OFW:

Ozawa, Flynn and Wal

OSU:

Ohio State University

OSB:

Oriented strand board

PA:

Polyamide

PC:

Polycarbonate

PE:

Polyethylene

PET:

Polyether ether ketone

PID:

Proportional integral derivative

PLA:

Polylactic acid

PMMA:

Polymethylmethacrylate

POM:

Polyoxymethylene

PP:

Polypropylene

PPSU:

Polyphenylene sulfone resins

PS:

Polystyrene

PSO:

Particle swarm optimization

SCE:

Shuffled complex evolution

SKLFS:

State Key Laboratory of Fire Science

STA:

Simultaneous thermal analysis

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

TMA:

Thermomechanical analysis

TPS:

Transient plane source

TVA:

Thermal volatilization analysis

USTC:

University of Science and Technology of China

WUI:

Wildland-Urban Interface

\(a\) :

Thermal diffusivity (m2/s)

\(A\) :

Pre-exponential factor (s−1)

\(Bi\) :

Biot number (–)

\(c\) :

Relative amount of species (–)

\(C_{P}\) :

Specific heat (J/g K)

\(Const\) :

Constant value (–)

\(D_{a}\) :

Damkohler number (–)

\(erfc\) :

Complementary error function (–)

\(E_{a}\) :

Activation energy (J/mol)

\(f(\alpha )\) :

Differential form of reaction model (–)

\(g(\alpha )\) :

Integral form of reaction model (–)

\(h\) :

Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

\(h_{c}\) :

Convection coefficient (W/m2 K)

\(h_{r}\) :

Heat of reaction (kJ/kg)

\(I\) :

Radiation intensity (kW/m2)

\(k\) :

Thermal conductivity (W/m K)

\(k(T)\) :

Rate constant (s−1)

\(L\) :

Thickness (m)

\(\dot{m}^{\prime\prime}\) :

Mass flux (g/m2s)

\(n\) :

Reaction order (–)

\(\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}\) :

Heat flux (kW/m2)

\(Q\) :

Absorbed energy (MJ/m2)

\(r\) :

Reflectivity of surface (–)

\(R\) :

Universal gas constant (J/mol K)

\(t\) :

Time (s)

\(T\) :

Temperature (K)

\(v\) :

Airflow velocity (m/s)

\(x\) :

Path length (m)

\(\infty\) :

Infinite (–)

\(\alpha\) :

Extent of conversion (–)

\(\beta\) :

Heating rate (K/min)

\(\delta\) :

Thermal penetration depth (m)

\(\Delta\) :

Difference (–)

\(\varepsilon\) :

Surface emissivity (–)

\(\theta\) :

Relative temperature (K)

\(\kappa\) :

In-depth absorption coefficient (m−1)

\(\lambda\) :

Fraction of surface absorption (–)

\(\xi\) :

Nondimensional parameter (–)

\(\rho\) :

Density (g/m3)

\(\sigma\) :

Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W/m2 K4)

\(\tau\) :

Variable of integration (–)

0:

Initial condition

\(auto\) :

Autoignition

\(A\) :

Species A

\(B\) :

Species B

\(c\) :

Convection

\(cri\) :

Critical value

\(dry\) :

Dry wood

\(e\) :

External

\(\exp\) :

Experimental

\(g\) :

Glass transition

\(i\) :

i-Th component

\(ig\) :

Ignition

\(in\) :

Incident

\(j\) :

j-Th reaction

\(l\) :

l-Th reaction

\(min\) :

Minimum

\(net\) :

Net

\(N\) :

Total number of data point in optimization

\(p\) :

Product

\(peak\) :

Peak value

\(R\) :

Radiative

\(s\) :

Surface

\(thick\) :

Thermally thick

\(thin\) :

Thermally thin

\(T\) :

Thermal

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Acknowledgements

Junhui Gong thanks the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (51974164), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20221311) and University Natural Science Research Project in Jiangsu Province (21KJA620002). Lizhong Yang thanks the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (52076202) and Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2008085ME153).

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  1. Junhui Gong and Lizhong Yang have contributed equally to this work and should be considered as co-first authors.

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  1. College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China

    Junhui Gong

  2. State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China

    Lizhong Yang

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  1. Junhui Gong
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  2. Lizhong Yang
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Gong, J., Yang, L. A Review on Flaming Ignition of Solid Combustibles: Pyrolysis Kinetics, Experimental Methods and Modelling. Fire Technol 60, 893–990 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-022-01339-7

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