Abstract
Historic and contemporary data can shed light on a species’ conservation status and work together to address two main goals in conservation biology: (1) identifying species under extinction risk and (2) the forces shaping this process. Museomics is the study of historical DNA acquired from museum specimens that allows researchers to answer myriad questions across many taxa. Museomics is an effective way to understand how populations have been affected by human and climate factors from a historic perspective. Here, our goal is to investigate changes in wild populations of two small carpenter bee species (Ceratina calcarata and C. dupla) across a 50-year time span. We sampled museum specimens and recent collections to determine their genetic diversity, population structure, effective population size, signatures of selection, and local adaptation. Both species displayed reduced genetic diversity and effective population size through time. We identified signatures of adaptation in both species across human-altered land use and climate change scenarios. We found signatures of selection in genes related to biochemical defense, insecticide, and thermal tolerance, which are consistent with the observed increase in agricultural land use development and rising temperatures over the past 50 years. Our findings suggest that these species are facing population inbreeding, possibly attributable to human land-use change and agrochemicals in their environment. Overall, this study highlights the use of museomics to understand species declines, threats to populations, and targets for remediation.
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Acknowledgements
We thank members of the Rehan lab for providing helpful feedback on earlier versions of this manuscript. Thanks to the Raine lab (Guelph) and the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto) for the loan of bee specimens, and Floragenex (Oregon) for library preparation and sequencing.
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This study was supported by National Science Foundation (DBI-1906494 Biological Collections Postdoctoral Fellowship to EPK), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Discovery Grant, Supplement and E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship to SMR).
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SMR conceived and funded the study. EPK obtained specimens, conducted DNA extractions and sent material for sequencing. SNRB analyzed the data and prepared the figures. SNRB and SMR wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Brasil, S.N.R., Kelemen, E.P. & Rehan, S.M. Historic DNA uncovers genetic effects of climate change and landscape alteration in two wild bee species. Conserv Genet 24, 85–98 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-022-01488-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-022-01488-w