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ordo pugnatorum, cocJlOBHe - cpamai{)IUHXCfl bel/atores); HO 3TOT <<Op,ll.eH>> He COOTBeTCTBOB8JI HH·

BTopoe, (HJJH

KaKOMY HHCTHTyTy. TeM He MeHee HMeHHO 113 4HCJ1a pbiUapeH BbiXO,ll.HJIH HaH6oJJee BH,ll.Hble npe,ll.CTaBHTeJIH H pyKOBO· Jl.fllUHH

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op,neHOB,

CHa4aJia

XpaMa, focnHTaJJfl, TesToHcKoro, a noroM HcnaHCKHX op.n.e· HOB. O.nHaKo onpe.n.eJJRTb 3TH op.neHbi KaK pbiUapcKHe HeJib· 3fl . npem.ne BCero 3TO 6b!J1H MOH8WeCKHe Op,ll.eHbl, KaK KJJI{)HH, KaK CHTO (KcTaTH, HcnaHCKHe op.n.eHbl, KpoMe CaH· TbflfO, Bee BXO.UHJJH B COCTaB Op.UeHa CHTO) , HO 3TH MOH8· wecKHe op.neHbl a nepayl{) o4epe.nb HCKJ11{)4HTeJJbHO -

XOTfl, KOHe4HO, He

6b!JIH paCC4HTaHbl Ha y4aCTHe pb!UapeH

11 oTseYaJJH HX penHrH03HblM noTpe6HoCTfiM. TaMnJJHepbl 6b!JIH He MOHaXaMH uepKBH

(moines),

a BOeHHb!MH c.nymHTeJJf!MH

(religieux) 3 •

a Luttrell, Antony. Gli ospitalieri e l'eredit~ dei templari // Luttrell 3.

1992. P. 67-68.

BcrynneHHe

XIV s. o6cTmiTeJJbCTBa H noTpe6HoCTH, Koropbie npHse-

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see

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op.neH

( 1429).

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(1347)

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ct>paHUHH, BKJJJ04aJJ B ce6H

500

pbiUapeH ( 1350) 3 •

3TH CBeTCKHe op.n,eHbl He HMeJJH OTHOWeHHfi K BOeHHO-MOHaWeCKHM: HX 4JleHOB B.D,OXHOBJJHJJH .n,pyme H.UeaJJbl, H .UBH3JlH HMH HHbie HY>K.Ubi. Ho cospeMeHHHKH sepHJJH B Hx npeeMCTBeHHOCTb, 6JJaro.n,apH tieMy 3TH op.n,eHbl CT3HOBHJlHCb HHCTpyMeHTaMH .UJJH YTBep>K.n,eHHH KOpOJJeBCKOH peJlHrHHb.

opHTaHCKOH 6H6JJHOTeKe B JIOH.UOHe eCTb pyKo-

nHCb, 3BTOp KOTOpOH CBH3b!B3eT JJaTHHCKHH ycTaB op.neHa XpaMa co cTaTyTaMH op.neHa 3oJJOToro PyHac. O.n.HaKo a KOHetiHOM ct~eTe cseTCKHe H soeHHO-MOHawecKHe op.neHbi CJJHJJHCb soe.n.HHO.

Hosoe speMH 11 cospeMeHHYJO

3noxy Ka>K.noe rocy.napcTBO, Ka>K.noe KHH>KeCTBO cotiJJH cso-

a Boulton, D'Arcy Johathan Dacre. The knights of the Crown: the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe, 1325-1520. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2000. b Flori, Jean. La chevalerie en France au Moyen age . Paris: PUF. 1995. (Oue sais-je?) P. 118-120. c Cerrini, Simonetta. La tradition manuscrite de Ia regie du Temple II A.P.C. P. 209.

14 HM .n.oJiroM yqpe.n.HTb y ce6H op.n.eHa 3a 3acJiym. Bo paHU.HH peBOJilOU.HOHHble TIOTpHCeHHH npHBeJIH K C03Jl.aHHlO COBeprneHHO HOBOro op.n.eHa -

noqerHoro JierHOHa, HO B AHr-

JIHH op.n.eH no.ll.B513KH, a B nopryraJIHH -

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B., Kor.n.a B03HHKJia caM a KoHu.enu.HH, H

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rocnHraJibepbi, H3rHaHHhie c Po.n.oca ocMaHCKHM cyJiraHOM CyJieHMaHOM

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B 3anaJI.HYIO Eapony.

KJI11pHKH 3anaJI.HOH Eaponbi, pa3MbiWJIHH HaJJ. opraHH3aU11e}i Xp11CrHaHCKOrO 061ll.eCrBa, COOrBercrBy!Oill.eH 6o)KeCrBeHHOH BOJie, JI.eJIHJII1 ero Ha COCJIOBI1H, HJIH <tJyHKUHI1. B KapoJIHHrCKYIO 9noxy BbiJI.eJIHJII1 rp11 Karerop1111: MOHaxoa, KJIHpHKOB H M11pHH. 0JI.HaKo c KOHua

a. 3HMOH

OcepcKHH (HJIH 3pHK) HCrOJIKOBaJI rpexq>yHKUHOHaJibHOCrh 11Hat.Ie, pa3JI.eJIHB 061ll.eCrBO Ha reX, KrO MOJIHrCH (MOHaXOB 11 KJJ11pHKOB), reX, KrO Cpa)KaerCH (H KrO TIOBeJieaaer, KrO ynpaBJIHer), 11 rex, Kro rpyJI.I1rcHa. HeMHOrHM TI03)Ke t.IeM 4epe3 BeK 9ry <tJopMyJiy BOCTipOH3BeJII1, TI04rl1 B OJI.HHaKOBbiX Bbipa)KeHI1HX 11 B OJI.HO BpeMH (OKOJIO

1020-1 027),

a Duby, Georges. Les Trois ordres ou l'imaginaire du feodalisme. Paris: Gallimard, 1978. [PyccKHH nepesoa: /bo6u, )/(op')IC. TpexYaCTHaSJ MO· aeJib, HJII1 npeacTaBJieHI1Sl cpeaHeBeKosoro o6w.ecTBa o ce6e caMOM / nep. c cpp. 10. A. fl1H36ypr. M.: Sl3biKH pyccKOH KYJibTYPbl, 2000. J logna-Prat, D. Le •bapteme• du schema des trois ordres fonctionnels: !'apport de !'ecole d'Auxerre dans Ia seconde moitie du JXc siecle //

Annates, E.S.C. 1986. P. 101-126.

rna sa 1. 3anaAHOeBponei1cKIH:1 KOHTeKCT

fepap.LJ., emicKon KaM6pe11cKHH, H A.LJ.aJih6epoH, enHcKon JlaHCKHH, KOTOpb!H rmcaJI:

TaKHM o6pa3oM, Jl.OM Bora rpolicrseH, BbirJIH.D.H npH 3TOM e.u.HHbiM: O.li,HH 3.ll,eCb MOJIHTCH (orant), .D.pyme cpa)l{a!OTCH (pugnant), a rpeTbH rpy.D.HTCH (laborant); see rpoe o6be.D.HHeHbi H He pa3.ll,eJieHbl; IT03TOMY .ll,eJIO Ka)l{.ll,biX .li.BYX 3H)I{.ll,eTCH Ha CJiy)l{6e TpeTbero, H Ka)l{.ll,biH B CBOIO Ol!epe.D.b npHHOCHT o6Jierl!eHHe sceMa. 4eJIOBe4eCKOe 06W.eCTBO HepapXHI..!HO H COJIH.LJ.apHO. 0HO e.LJ.HHO

Tpex

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CaMbiH

HenocpencTBeHHhiH

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1129

r. co6op B Tpya npH3HaJI JierHTHMHOCTb op.LJ.e-

Ha XpaMa. A Be.LJ.b TOT o6beJI.HHHJI B ce6e .LJ.Be nepBbie <PYHKU.HH, MOJIHTBbl H cpa)!(eHHH, BOITpeKH Tpex<!JyHKU.HOHaJibHOH cxeMe, cTporo pa3.LJ.eJIHB!lleH HX. HeKoTopb!e 6e3 KOJie6aHHH Ha3BaJIH 3TO HOB!lleCTBO <<4Y.li.OBHW.HbiM•>b. Ha.LJ.o JIH HCKaTb HCTOK 3TOrO pa.ll.l·I KaJibHOrO HOB!lleCTBa B KpecTOBb!X ITOXO.LJ.aX H PeKOHKHCTe? HecoMHeHHO, HO He 6yneM 3a6biBaTb, I..!TO CaMH KpeCTOBb!e ITOXO.ll.bl YXO.li.HJIH KOpHHMH B 06W.eCTBO, KOTOpOe aKTHBHO pa3BHBaJIOCb.

DepeHeCeMCH B Tb!CHI..!Hb!H rO.LJ.. He3a.LJ.OJiro .li.O Hero H BCKope nocJie Hero nonbeM, Hal..!aBlliHikH B KapOJIHHfCKHe BpeMeHa, ycKOpHJICH H HHTeHCH<IJH-

Adalberon de Laon. Carmen ad Rodbertum regem (Poeme au roi Robert). Ed. et trad. par Claude Carozzi. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1979. P. 22, b Leclercq. J. St. Bernard's attitude toward war II Studies in medieval Cistercian history, 2. Cistercian studies, 24 ( 1976). P. 29. 3

u11posaJicH.

l-13secTHa

Kpac11sa51 . cppa3a

MOHaxa

PayJIH

fJia6epa: CJJoBHO 6br MHp caM scrpHxHyJJcH H, c6pocHB serowh, co scex cropoH o6JJatJHJJCH s 6eJJoe nJiaTbe uepKseii. TorJJ:a noqTH BCe uepKBH enHCKOnCKHX pe3HJleHUHH, MOHaCTblpCKHX CBHTHJJHW., nOCBHW.eHHbiX pa3HbiM CBHTb!M, H J{a)f{e MaJJeHbKHe JJ:epeaeHCKHe MOJJeJJbHH 6biJJH nepecrpoeHbi sepy!OW.HMH, eras ew.e Kpawea.

He 6y.n.eM socnpHHHMaTb cJioaa PayJIH fJia6epa 6yKBaJibHO, HO OHI1 OTpa)Ka!OT BTielJaTJieHI1e, KOTOpoe Ha COBpeMeHHHKOB OKa3aJio ycKopeHI1e no.n.beMa, 3axaaTI1Bwero see ccpepbl lJeJIOBelJeCKOH )KH3HH, 11 npO,ll.JII1JIC51 3TOT TIO,ll.beM

6oJiee

Tpex BeKoB, ccpopMHposas TOT o6JII1K Esponbi, KaKOH oHa COXpaHI1Jia BTIJIOTb ,ll.O HalJaJia npOMbiWJieHHOH peBOJIIOUHH . Tio.n.beM 6biJI .n.eMorpacpwieCKHM, nocKOJibKY HaceJieHHe Esponhi HenpepbiBHO pocJio BTIJIOTb .n.o py6e)Ka

XIII-XIV

BB.;

CeJibCKOX0351HCTBeHHbiM, Bblpa3HBWI1MCH B TOM, lJTO paCWHpHJII1Cb o6pa6aTbJBaeMbie TIJIOIUa,ll.H (pacnaWKa HOBH), WHpOKO pacnpocTpaHHJiacb

6oJiee

nepe.n.osaH arpoTeXHHKa, 11H-

TeHcHcp11U11posaJicH 3eMJie,ll.eJiblJeCKHH Tpy.n. 11 TIOBbiWaJiaCb ypo)KaHHOCTb, HeCOMHeHHO He ,ll.O TaKOH CTeneHI1, KaK ,ll.OJIroe BpeMH TIOJiaraJIH; npOMbiWJieHHb!M H ToprOBbiM, TIOTOMY lJTO pa3BI1BaJIHCb ropo.n.a H HX npOMbiWJieHHaH H ToproBaH ,ll.eHTeJJbHOCTb B 60JibWHX 11JIH cpe,ll.H11X MaCWTa6ax. 06pa30BaJIOCb ,ll.Ba UeHTpa: <!>JiaH.LI.pHH CO CBOHMI1 KpynHb!MI1 TeKCTHJibHb!MI1 ropo.n.aMH (feHTOM, J.1npOM , .LJ.y3), CBOHM napTOM

op!Orre

rJiaBHblM

ToproBb!M

nopTOM

Cesepo-

3ana.n.HOH Esponbi, npocTHpaswei1cH OT JloH.LI.OHa .n.o Hosropo.n.a; J1TaJIHH CO CBOHMH KpynHbiMI1 nOpTaMH (feHyeJ1, TIH3ol1, BeHeuHei1), cy.n.a KOTOpbiX 6opo3.LI.HJIH Cpe.LI.H3eMHoe Mope H KOTOpbie ,ll.OMHHHpOBaJIH B TOprOBJie BOCTOlJHbiMH npo.n.yKTaMH. Coe.n.HHeHHe .n.syx 3THX ueHTpos npoHCXO.LI.HJIO

a Raoul Glaber. Histoires, III, 4 II L'An mil. !:d. par Georges Duby. Paris: Julliard, 1967. (Archives, 30.) P. 197.

rnaea 1. 3anaAHOeeponeHCK~H KOHTeKCT

npH noepe.LJ.eTBe waMnaHeKHX HpMapOK, OTKpb!TbiX Kpyr.nbiH rO.Ll B JlaHbH, Bap-e!Op-06, nposeHe H Tpya. HaKOHeu, we.n peJIHrH03HblH H HHTeJIJieKTyaJibHbiH nO.LJ.beM, B XO.Lle KOTOporo XpHeTHaHeTBO Me.LJ.JieHHO, HO HeyKJIOHHO see r.ny6)Ke nponHTbiBa.no o6meerso. 3ana.LJ.HoeaponeHeKoe o6meerao roro apeMeHH 6hiJIO .LlHHaMHYHbiM. KpeeTbHHe B noHeKax .nyYwHx ye.noBHH )KH3HH nOKH.LlaJIH npe)KHHe TeppHTOpHH, nepeeeJIHHeb Ha HOBble 3eMJIH; 6biJ10 OeHOBaHO MHOrO HOBblX .LJ.epeBeHb e Ha3BaHHHMH THna BHJibHes [HoBbiH ropo.LJ.l. HesH.n.nb [HOBbiH ropo.LJ.l. Hewaro [HOBbiH 3aMoK] H T. n. B BoeT04HOH repMaHHH ee.nbeKOX03HHeTBeHHaH KOJ!OHH3aUHH npHHHJia o6JIHK nepBOnpOXO.LJ.YeeKOH .LJ.eHTeJibHOeTH. Bo3pO)K.LJ.aJIHeb ropo.LJ.a. O.LlHH HOpMaH.LJ.eKHe pbiUapH no npHMepy nOTOMKOB MHOrO.LJ.eTHOrD po.LJ.a 0TBHJieH ye3)KaJIH Ha eJiy)K6y BH3aHTHHeKHM X03HeBaM B IO)KHYIO HraJIHIO, .LJ.pyme ornpaBJIHJIHeb B KoH· eraHTHHono.nb, r.LJ.e HMneparopbi see 6o.nbwe HY)K.LJ.aJIHeb s .naTHHeKHX HaeMHHKax. PbiUapH H3 IO)KHOH <t>paHUHH nepeeeKaJIH nHpeHeH, 4T06bi npHHHTb yyaeTHe B epa)KeHHHX PeKOHKHeTbi. Ha nyrHx H .LJ.Oporax eraHOBHJIOeb see 6o.nbwe Kynuos H naJIOMHHKOB. K na.noMHHYeersaM B PHM .LJ.06asHJIHeb na.noMHHYeersa B KoMnoere.ny, r.LJ.e <<o6pe.nH•> Mom.ny eBHToro anoero.na HaKOBa Crapwero. na.nOMHHYeeTBa B HepyeaJIHM, HaYaBWHeeH paHbWe, 3aTpy.LJ.HHJIO npHeyTeTBHe TaM Myey.nbMaH, HO noe.ne.LJ.HHe He 3anpema.nH HX, H B XI B. nony.nHpHOeTb 3THX naJIOMHHYeeTB noeTOHHHO poe.na 3 .

CeHbOpbl6aHa B repMaHHH, r.LJ.e B 962 r. 0TTOH I aoeeTaHOBHJ! HMnepHIO, B AHrJIHH noe.ne 3asoesaHHH BH.nbre.nbMa 3aaoeaare.nH a Cahen, Claude. Orient et Occident au temps des croisades. Paris: Aubier Montaigne, 1983. (Collection historique.) P. 43.

21 3TI1M no.noeMOM pyKOBO.U11JI MOHapx. Bo ¢paHUI111 3TI1M noHaYaJiy 33HI1M3JII1Cb CeHbOpbl, BJia,UeBWI1e 3eMJieH 11 11MeBWHe npaBO 6aHa

BJIBCTb np11K33biB3Tb,

np11HY)K,U3Tb

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BJia,UeJib-

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11rpaaw11e

convenentiae,

CXO.UHYIO

pOJib,

Hanp11Mep,

11JIH <•corJiaweHHe•>. nposaHcaJibCKoro HJJI1

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(chevauchee,

(osf,

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milites - sca.nHI1KOB (cavaliers) (chevaliers).

HJIH, see

B JlpesHeM P11Me, KaK H rosop11JI, 3TO cJJoso 03HaYaJio coJJJlara B CBMOM W11p0KOM CMbiCJle. fepMBHCKHe HapO.Ubl, KOTOpbie BToprJIHCb B pHMCKI1H MHp, KYJibTHBHpOBBJIH BOI1H· CKHe .U06JieCTH, OK333BWI1e rJJy60KOe BJII151HI1e Ha HOBOe o6w.ecrso. Xp11CTI1aHH3BUHH sr11x HOBbiX Hapo.nos npoHcxoJl11Jia He 6e3 onpe.neJJeHHbiX ycrynoK 11x o6bi4afiM 11 MeHTa-

f11asa 1. 3anaAHOesponeikKI-1H KOHTeKcr

JIHTeTy, OT'-lero B JieKCHKOHe MO:>KHO OTMeTHTb JII060nbiTHbie nepece'-leHHH raK, CJIOBa

BOHHCKHX

miles, militia

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a Bull, Marcus Graham. Knightly piety and the lay response to the First Crusade: the Limousin and Gascony (c. 970-c. 1130). Oxford: Clarendon Press, New York: Oxford University Press. 1993. P. 33-37. b Lauranson-Rosaz, C. Le Velay et Ia croisade // Colloque uniuersitaire international de Clermont-Ferrand ( 1995). Le concile de Clermont de 1095 et l'appel a Ia Croisade. Rome: t:cole fran~aise de Rome, Palais Farn~se, 1997. (Collection de l't:cole fran~aise de Rome, 236.) P. 33.

25 ,lleJnKeHHe 50>Khero nepeMHpmi pacnpocrpaHHJIOCb ropa3.n.o ,n.aJibwe H noJiy4HJIO pe3oHaHc e 3ana.n.HoH Eepone; oHo HanpHMYIO CB513aHO C BOnpoCOM 0 npmiCXO)K.D.eHHH KOHUenUHH soeHHO-MOHawecKoro op.n.eHa. Ha ceA pa3 pe4b wJia o6 orpaHH4eHHH pbiUapCKOfO HaCHJlHH BO BpeMeHH, B COOTB€TCTBHH c KaJieH.n.apeM uepKOBHhiX npa3.D.HHKOB. BoeHHhie .n.eAcrsHH, arpeccHH JanpewaJIHCh s onpe.n.eJieHHbie .D.HH He.n.eJIH (s nHTHHUy, CrpacTHOH .n.eHb, a noroM c se4epa cpe.n.hr ,no noHe,n.eJibHHKa), no 60JlbWHM npa3.D.HHKaM (PO)K,n.eCTBO, nacxa H T. .n..) H s rrocr. Co6op s Hap6oHHe ( 1054) cocraBHJI nepe4eHb TaKHX 3anpeTHbiX .D.H€H H TeM CaMbiM 060CHO· eaJI eee.n.eHHe Bo)Kbero nepeMHpHH: <<.lla He y6ber o.n.HH xpHCTHaHHH ,n.pyroro XpHCTHaHHHa, H60 TOT, KTO y6HBaeT xpHCTHaHHHa, HeCOMHeHHO npoJIHBaer KpOBb XpHcTa•> 8 . Bo)Kbe nepeMHpHe BHecJio s )KH3Hb .n.sa 3JieMeHra pewaiOwero 3Ha4eHH51. C O.D.HOH CTOpOHbl, Tpe6yH <<B03,n.ep)KaHH51 or BOHHbl•> B rel!eHHe <<CBHLUeHHoro speMeHH>>, OHO no.n.sepraJJo pbiUapeli HCnbiTaHHIO c ueJibiO yKpenJieHHH HX sepbib. C .n.pyroli - OHO BBO.D.HJIO B o6Hxo.n. cpe.n.crsa .D.JIH 6opb6br C HapyWHTeJIHMH 50)Kbero nepeMHpHH: 3TO 6biJ1H, KOHelJHO, uepKOBHble CaHKUHH, HO ewe H cpopMHpOBaHHe BOHHCTBa MHpa - e HeKoropoM po.n.e o6b51BJIHJiacb soliHa BOHHe, soliHa 3JJo.n.ei1cKoli sm::!He. B caMoM .n.eJie, HacHJIHe 6biJIO onpas.n.aHHbiM, eCJIH CTaBHJIOCb Ha CJiy)K6y ,n.o6py, MHpy, uepKBH. 3Ha4HT, pbiUapH, cpa)KaBWHeCH Ha CJiy)K6e uepKBH, MOfJTH He 6biTb 3Jio.n.eRMH. TaKHM o6pa30M, nepe.n. uepKOBbiO ecraJia rpy.n.Ha51 npo6JieMa onpae.n.aHHOCTH BOHHbl. a Huberli, Ludwig. Studien zur Rechtsgeschichte der Gottenfrieden und Landfrieden. Ansbach: C. Bragel & Sohn, 1892. S. 317-321. nepeBOJl [Ha cjlpaHUY3CKHH]: Sources d'histoire mt!dievale: JXe-milieu du XIVe siecle. Paris: Larousse. I 992. (Textes essentiels.) P. 140. b Flori, Jean. Chevaliers et chevalerie au Moyen age. Paris: Hachette litteraire, 1~97. P. 186.

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a Regout, Robert. La doctrine de Ia guerre juste: de saint Augustin fl nos jours: d'apres les th~ologiens et les canonistes catholiques. Paris: A. Pedone, 1935. P. 42-45. -Augustin, saint. Quaestiones S. Augustini in Heptateuchum. VI, 10 // P.L. T. 34. Col. 781. - Isidore de Seville. Etymologies. XVIII, I // P.L. T. 82. Col. 639. CM. Ha ry )f{e reMy: Russell, Frederic Hooker. The just war in the middle ages. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 1975.

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a Friedberg, Emil. Corpus Juris Canonici. Lipsiae: Tauchnitz. 1879. Pars I. P. 894. - CM. raK>t<e: Vanderpol, Alfred. La doctrine scholastique du droit de Ia guerre. Paris: A. Pedone, 1919. P. 290. b Contamine, Philipp. La guerre au Moyen age . Paris: PUF, 1992. P. 449. [nepeao.n Ha pyccKHH: KoHmaMUH, 41uAunn . Boi1Ha a Cpe.nHHe BeKa. Cn6: IOaeHra, 2001 .) c Bull, M. The confraternity of La Sauve Majeure: a foreshadowing of the military orders? II The Military orders, I. P. 313-319.

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a Mayer, Hans Eberhard. The Crusades. Translated by John Gillingham. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. - Demurger, Alain. La Croisade au Moyen age: idee et pratiques. Paris: Nathan, 1988. b 0 KJiepMOHCKOM npH3biBe H era 3HaYeHHH cM .: Flori, Jean. Pierre I'Ermite et Ia premiere croisade. Paris: Fayard, 1999. -Flori, Jean. La guerre sainte: Ia formation de !'idee de croisade dans !'Occident chretien. Paris: Aubier, 2001. (Collection historique.)

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a Runciman, Steven. Histoire des croisades. Trad. de I'anglais par Denis-Armand Canal Guillaume Villeneuve. Pa ris: Dagorno, 1998. T. I. P. 57-58.

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a Luttrell, Anthony. The earliest Hospitallers // Montjoie: studies in Crusade history in honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer. Edited by Benjamin Z. Kedar, Jonathan Ri le y-Smith, and Rudolf Hiestand. Aldershot, Hampshire; Brookfield, Vt .: Variorum , 1997. P. 39.

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TaJISI, KOTOpblH 6bl OH KOHTpOJI11pOBaJI HarrpSIMy!O; OTC!Ona on11H war no BbJnBI1)KeHI1SI rrJiaHa apone Toro, LITO rrpenCTaBI1JI MaTUKe, HO, rro MHeHI110 A. JlaTTpeJIJia, Harrp11Mep, 3TOT war He 6bJJI cneJiaH 3 • KaK 6bJ TO Hl1 6hJJIO, rrocJie B3SITI1SI l1epycaJIHMa fepapn rrpenrrp11HSIJI CTp011TeJibCTBO HOBOrO rOCfli1TaJISI, 60JibWero; B To *e apeMSI OH rrp11o6peJI cocenHIOIO uepKOBb CaHroro l1oaHHa KpecTI1TeJISI 11 1136aBI1JI Hoaoe 3aseneHI1e or orreKI1 6eHeni1KT11HUeB. Korna? 15 ¢espaJISI 1113 r. TiacxaJII1H II 6yJIJIOH <•Pie postulatio voluntatis>> [Ha 6Jiary10 npoch6y 11 no)KeJJaHI1e Czam.)] np113HaJI opneH focrr11raJJSI He3aBI1CI1MOH opraHI13aU11e11, rrocrasJieHHOH HerrocpencrseHHO non noKpOBI1TeJibCTBO nanbJ; oH cneJiaJI focn11raJib Me*nyHaponHbJM opneHOM 11 ITO.lJ.411HI1Jl eMy CTpaHHOrrp1111MHble noMa, co3.LI.aHHbie B Esponeb. B 3TOM TeKcTe, K co)KaJieHI110, Hl1 cJioBa He cKa3aHo o peweHI1SIX fepap.LI.a . KoHe4HO, ecrb CB.Sl3b Me)Kny ITOCTpOHKOH HOBOrO rOCfli1TaJISI, pa3pb!BOM C 6eHe.LI.11KT11HUaMI1 11 (eCJII1 3TO CJIY411JIOCb 11MeHHO TOr.LI.a) CMeHOH He6eCHOrO f10KpOBI1TeJI.SI: KOHe4HO, CB.SITOH J1oaHH KpecTI1TeJib 6biJI rrpecTI1)KHe11 11 JiyLiwe 113BecreH 3ananHbiM naJIOMHI1KaM, LieM CBHTOH l1oaHH MI1JIOCTI1BbiH 113 nepsoHa4aJibHoro nocBHIUeH11SI. B xo.LI.e rex *e nepeMeH rocni1TaJJba Matzke, Michael. De origine Hospitalariorum Hierosolymitanorum. Vom Klosterlichen Pilgerhospital zur internationalen Organisation I I Journal of Medieval History. 22 ( 1996). P. 1-23. A. JlarrpeJJJJ, He C'lHTaH :ny r11nore3y a npHHUHne HeaepoHTHOH, He noJl,llep>KHBaer eeno ero MHeHHIO, AOKyMeHTaUHH, Ha KOTOpyiO om1paeTCH MaTUKe, JanyTaHa H He )laTHpoeaHa : Luttrell, Anthony. The earliest Hospitallers II Montjoie: studies in Crusade history in honour of Hans Eberh ard Mayer. Edited by Benjamin Z. Kedar, Jonathan Riley-Smith, and Rudolf Hiestand. Aldershot, Hampshire; Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum, 1997. P. 46, n. 68. b TeKCT 6yJJJJbl nacxaJJHH II 6b!JI ony6JJHKOBaH H nepeee,lleH oeJJTbeHCOM: Beltjens, Alain. Aux origines de l'ordre de Malte. Bruxelles: lmpr. Poot, 1995. P. 437-438. 192-193.

Or 6eHeA~KT~HcKoro rocmnan11 KopAeHy rocn1-1ran11

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(Deo et sancto Johanni Baptiste et ospitali sancti Sepulcri et pauperibus ipsius ospitalis)c. XpoHHCr AJib6epr a Ibid. P. 287.

b Luttrell, Anthony. The earliest Templars c C.H., t . I. p. 2, n' 3; p. 36, n' 42.

A .P.C. P. 193-202.

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soeHHoro op.ueHa, HO B03HHKaeT sonpoc: He 6hJJJO JIH y)!{e pbiUapeH, CBH3aHHbiX c rocnHTaJJeM? He HMeJJ JlH OH opy)KHH H KOHeH? 5paTbH fOCTIHTaJIH He ,UOBOJibCTBOBaJIHCb TeM, "'TO ,UaBaJIH naJJOMHHKaM npH!OT: OHH y)!{e conpOBO)K,UaJIH nocJie,UHHX B .uopore H 3aw.muaJJH c noMOW.bJO opy)KHHb. 3,UeCb B03HHKaeT HOBaH HeHCHOCTb, H, LJT06bi C HeH pa3o6paTbCH, HY)!{HO sepHyThC51 K fpo6y focno,UHJO. 3 Albert d'Aix. Historia hierosolymitana. Livre 7, 62 I I R.H.C., Hist. occ., t. IV. P. 548. - Liber christianae expeditionis pro ereptione emundatione et restitutione Sancta Hierosolymitanae ecclesiae, WITHpyeMaH A. JlaTTpe.nJJOM: Luttrell, Anthony. The earliest Hospitallers I I Montjoie: studies in Crusade history in honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer. Edited by Benjamin Z. Kedar, Jonathan Riley-Smith, and Rudolf Hiestand. Aldershot, Hampshire; Brookfield, Vt. : Variorum, 1997. P. 42. b Beltjens, Alain. Aux origines de l'ordre de Malte. Bruxelles: lmpr. Pool, 1995. P. 199. 3TO YTBep)K.UeHHe MaJJoy6e.uHTeJJbHO. Ec.nH rocnHT3Jlb y)Ke BblflO.nHHJI MHCCHIO BOOpy)KeHHOfO 3CKOpTa, 3a'leM nOHa.U06H.nOCb C03.UaBaTb Op.UeH XpaMa, .UJIH KOTOpOrO 3Ta MHCCHH 6bJJJa nepsoii?

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a Gennes, Jean-Pierre de . Les chevaliers du Saint-Sepulcre de Jerusalem. Cholet: Herault, 1995. P. 190-192. b Albert d'Aix. Historia hierosolymitana. Livre 7. 62 II R.H.C., His!. occ., t. IV. P. 545-54 7: triginla milites in convenlione solidorum se procurare promisit; UHTHpyercH y .naTTpeJina: Luttrell, Anthony. The earliest Hospitallers II Monljoie: studies in Crusade history in honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer. Edited by Benjamin Z. Kedar, Jonathan RileySmith, and Rudolf Hiestand. Aldershot, Hampshire; Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum, 1997. P. 195, n. 11.

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a Luttrell, Anthony. The earliest Templars // A.P.C. P. 193-202. bDemurger, Alain. Vie et mort de l'ordre du Temple: 1118-1314. Paris: Seuil, 1993. P. 22-23.

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a Shahar, S. Des lepreux pas comme les autres. L'ordre de Saini-Lazare dans le royaume latin de Jerusalem I I Revue historique. 541 (1982). b Y. T.2. P. 443-444. c Comte de Marsy. Fragment d'un cartulaire de l'ordre de Saint-Lazare en Terre sainte II Archives de /'Orient latin. T. II (1884).

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cTBY npoKa)KeHHbiX .n.oMa CBHToro J1a3apH B I1epycaJII1Me•>a. E,n.I1HCTBeHHbiH aKT, KoropbiH MO)KHO 6biJIO 6hi CBH3aTb c soeHHblMI1 ,n.eHCTBI151MI1, He noKa3aTeJJeH: B 1164 r. KOpOJib AMop11 I .n.aposaJI uep~BI1 CBHroro J1a3apH npaso 6paTh o.n.HOro pa6a - He pbiUapH (sic) 113 scex nJieHHbiX, B3HTblX 8 Ka)K.QOM noxo.n.e 11JII1 Ha6ere no.n. ero KOMaH.n.osaHI1eM, 3a co6oii oH np11 3TOM ocTaBJIHJI .n.ecHTb pa6osb. O.n.HaKo Ha.n.o OTMeTI14b, liTO cpe,n.11 CB11.UeTeJieH, no,n.ni1CbJBaBWI1X aKTbl, KOTOpb!e KaCalOTCH op,n.eHa CBHTOrO J1a3apH, llaCTO np11CyTCTBOBaJII1 TaMnJI11epbi. Cpe,n.11 HI1X Hepe,UKO qmryp11pyeT, Hanp11Mep, AH.n.pe .n.e MoH6ap, ceHewaJJb, a noroM MamcTp op.n.eHa XpaMa ( 1153-1156). Bnpot.teM, B ret.teHI1e scero XII 11 XIII BB. op.n.eH CBHToro J1a3apH 11MeJI oco6hie CBH311 c op.n.eHOM XpaMa. PbiUap11 CBHToro J1a3apH np11HHJII1 yt.tacrl1e B cpa)KeHI1HX npH Jia-ct>op611 (1244) 11 MaHcype (1250) 11 noHeCJIH raM TH)KeJibie noTep11c; )l{yaHB11Jib ynoMI1Haer TaK)Ke nopa)KeH11e MamcTpa op.n.eHa CBHToro J1a3apH np11 PaMJie B 1252 r.: TOT CO CBOI1M <<OTpH.UOM>> BbieXaJI, l!T06bi 3aXBaTI1Tb CTa,UO, HO no B03Bpaw.eHHI1 ero araKosaJII1 capaUHHhJ, 11 <<H3 scex JIIO.n.eii ero oTpH.n.a cnacJIOCb TOJJbKO lleTsepo•>d. nancKI1e aKThi 1234 H 1248 rr. He.n.sycMhiCJJeHHbi: B nepsoM fp11rop11ii IX a Ibid. N• 30: Fraternitatis leprosorum domus Sancti Lazari in Jerusalem. b Ibid. N• 22. c Paris, Mathieu. Matthaei Parisiensis: monachi sancti albani, chronica majora. Ed. by Henry Richard Luard. London: Longmans: Triibner; Oxford: Parker, 1872-1883. (Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi scriptores;

57.) Vol. IV. P. 301. d Joinville, Jean, sire de . Vie de Saint Louis. Texte etabli, traduit, presente et annote, avec variantes, par Jacques Monfrin. Paris: Garnier, 1995. (Lettres gothiques .) P. 267-268, n• 540. [PyccKHH nepesoa: )/(aft )/(yaHBUJ!b. KHHra 6Jiaro4eCTHBbiX pe4eHHH H ao6pb1X .l.(eRHHH Hawero CBRTOro KOpOJIR JliO.l.(OBHKa I nep. r.<P. I..I,H6yJibKO. He ony6JIHKOBaHo .]

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c Les Registres d'Alexandre IV. Recueil des bulles de ce pape. Pub!. ou analysees d'apres les mss originaux des archives du Vatican par Charles Bourel de Ia Ronciere, Joseph de Loye, Pierre de Canival et Auguste Coulon. Paris: A. Fontemoing: E. de Boccard, 1895-1959. 3 vol. T. I. P. 122, n" 404.

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a Favreau-Lillie, M. L. Aile origini dell'ordine teutonico: continuita o nueva fondazione dell'ospedale gerosolimitano degli Alemanni? I I Militia sacra: gli ordini militari tra Europa e Terrasanta. A cura di Enzo Coli, Maria De Marco e Francesco Tommasi. Perugia: S. Bevignate. 1994. P. 29-47. b Jean de Vitry. Historia orientalis. Livre I. U11TaTa 11 nepeson no: Bogdan, Henry. Les chevaliers teutoniques. Paris: Perrin, 1995. P. 16. Johannis Iperii. Chronicon Sancti Bertini. Pars IV II Thesaurus novus Anecdotorum. Prod it nunc primum studio et opera Edmundi Marlene et Ursini Durand. Lutetiae Parisiorum: Delaulne, 1717. T. 3. Col. 626. c Ben Dov, M . The restoration of St Mary's church of the German knights (sic) in Jerusalem II Ancient churches revealed. Edited by Yoram Tsafrir. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society; Washington D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society. 1993. P. 140-142.- Jean de Wurzbourg II Peregrinationes !res. Saewulf, John of Wurzburg, Theodericus; edited by R. B. C. Huygens. Turnholti [i.e. Turnhout, Belgique]: Brepols, 1994. P. 133: in quia via est hospitali cum ecc/esia, quae fit de novo in honore Sanctae Mariae et uocatur <•Domus Alemannorum•>.

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II H.C ., t. V, p. 323-324. b Flori, Jean. Richard Coeur de Lion: le roi-cheval ier. Paris: Payot & Rivages, 1999. P. I 09. [TaM rosopHTCH, 4TO To Mac BeKeT HBHJJCH PH'lapD.y BO speM51 WTOpMa B DHCKaHCKOM 3aJJHBe. - nepeB.] c Forey, Alan John. The military order of StThomas of Acre II M.O.C., a Sterns, I. The Teutonic knights in the crusader states

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MarHCTPY op.n.eHa CaHTbHro ne.n.po <l>epHaH.n.ecy 32MKH H reppHTOpHH B CBOeM KHH)KeCTBe Ha yCJJOBHHX, 4TO C cero MeCHUa CeHTH6pH H B Te4eHHe nOCJJeJJ.yJOUlero fO)J.a OH H 6paTbH ero OpJJ.eHa TaM 060CHYIOTCH H 4TO, C nOMOUlbiO Bora H KHSI3SI, OHH CMoryT 3aBOeBaTb 3eMJIH, KaKOBble Mbl HM ycrynHJJH, )J.a6b! JJ.ep)l{aTb HX B <flbe<fl H nepeJJ.aBaTb no HacJJeJJ.CTBY no nocrostHHoMy npaaya.

3ror op.n.eH raK H He ycrpoHJICH raM scepbe3. 4ro KacaercH op.n.eHa MoH)Kya, ocHoBaHHoro oKoJio 1174 r. B AparoHe, TO C 1177 r. OH noJiyYaJI B YJepycaJIHMCKOM KOpOJieBCTBe .n.apbl or KopoJieBbi CH6HJIJibi. Bo3MO)KHO, no9roMy OH npHHHJI Ha3BaHHe <<PbiUapcrso CBHTOH MapHH MoH)Kya B 11epycaJIHMe>>. MoH*Ya - raK Ha3biBaJicH xoJIM, c Koroporo BOCXHW.eHHbie naJIOMHHKH MOrJIH BnepBble y3perb CBHTOH ropo.n.. nepBbie HcropHKH op.n.eHa xsaraJIHCb 3a 3To cosna.n.eHHe, .n.eJJaH BbiBO.ll., Yro op.n.eH 3apo.n.HJICH B I1epycaJIHMe. OYeBH.D.HO, 3To Mecro 6biJio npecTH)KHeH, YeM AJJbcpaM6pa - ero caMaH nepsaH, HO peaJibHaH KOJibi6eJib B AparoHe!b

La arden de Santiago y el principado de Antioquia /I Benito Ruano, Eloy. Estudios santiaguistas. Le6n: Colegio Universitario, 1978. P. 16-17.

b Delaville Le Roulx, J. L'ordre de Montjoye II Revue de /'Orient latin. I (1893). P. 42-57 . - Forey, A. J. The Order of Mountjoy II M .O C .. XL P. 250-266. 3-8085

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a Libra de priuilegios de Ia arden de San Juan de Jerusaten en Castilla y Le6n (siglos XII-XV). Ed. Carlos de Ayala Martinez. Madrid : Instituto Complutense de Ia Orden de Malta. 1995. P. 140-178: 26 .noKyMeHros, Kaca!Oll.l11XCH op.neHa 11 .nar11pyeMbiX 1113-1130 rr. b C. T., n'X, p. 7. - Martinez Diez, Gonzalo. Los templarios en Ia Corona de Castilla. Burgos: La Olmeda, 1993. P. 23-25. c C.T., n'XIX, p. 12-13. d Forey, Alan John . The Templars in the *Corona de Arag6n >> . London : Oxford university press, 1973. P. 7-9. Asrop ·noKa3bJBaer, YTO HeKoropbJe aKtbJ, CBH3aHHbJe c .napaMI1 op.neHy XpaMa .no 1131 r., JJI16o oYeHb nJIOXO .nat11pOBaHbl, JJI160 nOJtJJQ)KHble. e Moxa y Montoliu, F. Los templarios en Ia corona · de Arag6n II Arag6n en Ia Edad media, X-XI: Homenaje a Ia Profesora Emerita Marfa Luisa Ledesma Rubio. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza, 1993.

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a CM. KparKoe H3JTO>KeHHe noJTeMHKH Me>K.ny E. Jlypbe 11 A . .ll.>K. <t>op11 B H3.UaHHH : Demurger, Alain. Vie et mort de l'ordre du Temple : 11181314. Paris: Seull, 1993. P. 60-62. MoKco-H-MOHTOJJHY (Moxa y Montoliu, F. Los templarios en Ia corona de Arag6n // Arag6n en la Edad media, X-XI: Homenaje a Ia Profesora EmE!rita Maria Luisa Ledesma Rubio . Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza, 1993), KaK 11 E. Jlypbe, CKJIOHeH noJTaraTb, '-ITO ::no 6biJI llOJIHTHYeCKHH MaHeBp. b Ledesma Rubfo. Marfa Luisa. Templarios y hospitalarios en el Reina de Arag6n. Zaragoza: Guara, 1982. P. 31-32.

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1174

r., HO CKOpO

B03BpameHHOH. Ha 3TY OTHOCHTeJihHYJO Hey.nat.Iy op.neHoB H3 CBHTOH 3eMJIH, OC06eHHO TOfO H3 HHX, KOTOpb!H B HaH60JibilleH CTeneHH 6biJI soeHHbiM, KacTHJIHH orpearYiposaJia opHrHHaJibHO -

C03JI.3B C06CTBeHHbie op.neHbl.

(MTO M ero BOeHHble nopO>KAeHMJI 3TH HaUHOHaJibHbie op.neHbi, so BCHKOM cJiyt.Iae rpH H3 T.IeTbipex, Haxo.nHJIHCb no.n noKpOBHTeJibCTBOM op.neHa CHTO.

a Rodrfguez-Picavea Matilla, Enrique. Las Ordenes militares y Ia frontera. Madrid: Universidad Aut6noma, 1994. P. 42. b Ibid. P. 49.

(11TO 11 ero BOeHHble nopO)!(AeHI1ll

nocJie,nHHH B XII B. HCITbiraJI rpoMa,nHbiH rro,nbeM ITO BCeMy xpHcrHaHCKOMY MHpy. O,nHaKo B I1crraHHH ero poJib ocraBaJiacb 6oJiee cKpOMHOH. Ho OH ycHJIHJI cBoe BJIHHHHe 4epe3 rrocpe.ncrBo BOeHHhlX op.neHOB, B Koropwx yBH,neJI <j}opMy MOHaCrbipH, JIY4We BCero ITOAXOAHlli.YIO K ycJIOBHHM ITOJiyocrpoBa. ,llaJiee OH rrpOBOAHJI C03HareJibHYIO ITOJIHrHKY rrpHCOeAHHeHHH, a ITOrOM HHrerpaU.HH 3rHX HOBbiX HHCrHryroB.

Kanarpaaa B HHBape 1147 r . AJib<j}OHC VII,

KopoJib KacrHJIHH H JleoHa,

JaxBarHJI MYCYJibMaHCKYIO Kperrocrb KaJiaar-PaBa Ha JieBoM 6epery fBa,nHaHbl, B era KHJIOMerpax K lOry or ToJie,no. MHcCHIO 3alli.Hrbi 3roro aBaHnocra xpHcrHaHCKOH PeKOHKHCrbi oH nopy4HJI raMnJIHepaM. Bnpo4eM, KopoJieBCKHe orpHAbi 3,nech ocraJIHCb. Ho B 1157 r., BBH3aBI.l1HCb B KOH<jJJIHKr c KopoJieM HaBappbi, a 3Ha4Hr, Ha ceBepe, AJib<j}oHc VII oroJIHJI CBOH IO)KHblH <j}poHr H ocraBHJI raMITJIHepOB OAHHX orpa)Karb aJibMOXaACKHH HarHCK, KOrOpbiH craHOBHJICH BCe 6oJiee omyrHMbiM. TaMnJIHepbi He MOrJIH J,necb y.nep)KarbcH H rronpocHJIH CaH40 III, yHacJie,noBaBwero KacrHJIHIO rrocJie cMeprH AJib<j}oHca VII B aBrycre 1157 r ., H36aBHrb HX or 3roii 3a,na4H. CaH40 III, Ha KparKoe BpeMH BepHyBWHCb B ToJie,no, craJI HCKaTb B CBOeM oKpy)KeHHH KaKHX-HH6y,nb pbiU.apeH, KOTOpbie 3aXoreJIH 6bl CMeHHrb TaMITJIHepoB; CBOH ycJiyrH rrpe,nJIO)KHJI eMy OAHH MOHaX - PaHMYHA Ceppa, racKoHeu., a66ar U.Hcrepu.HaHcKoro MOHacrbipH <PHrepo B HaBappe. TaK nocrynHrb PaiiMyH.na HK06bi rro6y,nHJI OAHH H3 ero MOHaxoB, caM 6biBWHH pbiU.apb 3 • BHOBb BepHyBWHCb B Hasappy, B HHBape 1158 r. CaH40 o6Hapo,noBaJI .napcrBeHHYIO rpaMory

a 0 nepBbiX warax 3TOro op.neHa eM.: O'Callaghan, J. F. The affiliation of the order of Calatrava with the order of Clteau // Calatrava , I (ony6JJHKOB3HO B Tpex lJ3CTliX: p. 161-193, 3-59 H 255-292).

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1164

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a Bullarium Ordinis Militiae de Calatrava. Matriti: Ex Typographia Antonij Marin. 1761 . P. 2. U11r. no: Calatrava, I. P. 182. b Martfnez Diez, Gonzalo. Los templarios en Ia Corona de Castilla. Burgos: La Olmeda, 1993. P. 34-35. c 芦MoHaxaMH xopa~ (moines de choeur) y UHCTepuHaHues Ha3biBaJJHCb nOJJHOnpaBHble MOHaXH B OTJJI14He OT KOHBepCOB ( ~ o6pameHHbiX~), 33HSITbiX no npeHMy!lleCTBY <j>H3114eCKHM rpyllOM 11 He HMeBWHX npasa nocryna B onpeneneHHbre YaCTH uepKBH, s YaCTHOCTH Ha xopbi (npu.A.te'l.

nep.).

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HOM s XIII a., c nmOTe3aMH paHHero HCTOpHKa :nora op.n.eHa c:t>paHCHCKO Pa.n.eca-H-AH.n.pa.n.a, npe.n.JiaraeT cJie.n,yiOlllYIO cxeMy3 . Co cMepTbiO a66aTa Pai1MyH.n.a, cJiy'-mswei1cH, sepoHTHO, B 1161 r., Me)K.UY MOHaXaMI1 xopa 11 pbiUapHMH B03HHK KOH<!JJIHKT: nepBble H36paJIH a66aTa B Ka'-leCTBe npeeMHHKa Pai1MyH.n.a, a BTOphie - o.n.Horo H3 cso11x. PhiUapH o.n.ep)KaJIH sepx, H MOHaxH noKHHYJIH KaJiaTpasy. feHepaJibHhiH KanHTYJI UHCTepuHaHcKoro op.n.eHa yTsep.n.HJI 3TY nepeMeHy 11 .n.onycTHJI a coo6mecTBO op.n.eHa 11 K ero .n.oxo.n.aM <<.UOCTO'-ITHMO路 ro 6paTa fapcHIO, Marl1cTpa, H ero 6paTbeB He a Ka'-lecTae 6JIH3KHX (fami!iers)b, a KaK HCTMHHblX 6paTheB (non Uf familiares sed ut vera fratresh. OH nopy4HJI UHCTepuHaH路 CKHM .UOMaM J1cnaHH11 YTO'-IHHTb .UJIH HHX OCHOBHhie nOJIO)KeHHH yCTaaa. nana AJieKCaH.n.p III o.n.o6pHJI 3TH .n.ei1CTBHH 6yJIJioi1 oT 26 ceHTst6pH 1164 r., TaK)Ke a.n.pecoaaHHoi1 <<ero .n.oporHM ChiHaM fapcHH, MamcTpy, H 6paTbHM KaJiaTpaBbi. .. )KHBYW.HM no 06hi'-IaiO 6paTheB CHTO>>c. nana noMeCTHJI HO路 BhiH op.n.eH no.n. noKpOBHTeJibCTBO CaHToro npecToJia; oH o.n,o6p11JI MHCCHIO op.n,eHa no 3alllHTe rpaHHUbl OT capaUHH H ero ycTaB. EcJIH :naTa 26 ceHTH6pH 6eccnopHa, TO'-IHO .n.aTHpoaaTh peweHHe KanHTyJia C11To He y.n.aeTCH. 113aecTHO, '-ITO op.n.eH co6paJI a CHTO caoH reHepaJibHbie KanHTYJihi 14 ceHTH6pH. nocKOJibKY nana Tor.n.a HaXO.UHJICH B CaHce, y Hero 6hiJIO .UOCTaTO'-IHO BpeMeHH, 4T06bi nOJIY4HTb CBe.n,eHHH a Rades y Andrada, Francisco. Chronica de las tres Ordenes y Caval路 lerias. de Santiago, Calatrava y Alcantara. En Toledo: En casa de Juan de Ayala, 1572. b MHp~!He, CBH38HHble OC06b1MH OTHOWeHHHMH C UHCTepUH8HCKOH o6W.HHOH: OHH MOrJIH BCTynaTb TOJibKO B 3TOT op.neH, Jl8pHJJH eMy 3eMJilO, H HX XOpOHHJIH Ha MOH8CTblpCKOM KJI8Jl6HW.e

P.L., t. 200.

(npuMe'l. nep.).

310-312. ep. 273. - f1epeBOJl CM. B H3Jl8HHH: Gutton, Francis. L'Ordre de Calatrava. Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1957. P. 38-40.

col.

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1163 f.

Dapa,ll.OKC, YTO OCHOBaHHe cpHJIHaJia UHCTepUHaHCKOfO MOHaCTblpH BbiJIHJIOCb B C03,ll.aHHe YHCTO BOeHHOfO Op,ll.eHa, He npecJie,ll.yJOLI..LefO HH MHJIOCep,ll.HbiX, HH CTpaHHOTipHHMHbiX ueJieH:. KaK, B o6meM, H op.n.eH XpaMa. O'KaJIJiar.3H C'-IHTaeT, YTO KaJiaTpasa CTaJia ,ll.JIH UHCTepuHaHUeB HCnaHCKOH BepcHeH

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(ucn.) ]. Tor.n.a )!(e

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1199

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TIOCTb CaJihBaTbeppa, Haxo.n.Hll.LYJOCH K 10ry OT KaJiaTpaBhi, B rJiy6HHe OTBOeBaHHh!X aJibMOXa,ll.aMH 3eMeJib, H ycTpOHJIH TaM rJiaBHYJO KBapTHPY op.n.eHa. MamcTp, Ha3Ha'-leHHhlH B AJJbKaHhHCe, noKopHJJCH, H e.n.HHCTBO op.n.eHa coxpaHHJIOCh. Dpas.n.a, s

1211

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a O'Callaghan, J. F. The order of Calatrava: years of crisis and survival. 1158-1212 // The Meeting of two worlds: cultural exchange between路 East and West during the period of the Crusades. Editor, Vladimir P. Goss. Kalamazoo, Mich .: Medieval Institute .Publications, Western Michigan University. 1986. P. 422.

(~iTO Hero BOeHHble nopOlKAeHiil'l

1226 r. CaJihBaTbeppa npe.nCTaBJIHJia co6oii nocJie.UHHI1 o'-lar conpoTHBJieHHH MycyJihMaH s 3TOM paiioHe. Ho 3aMOK }ly3HhHC, s .nsyx KHJIOMeTpax OTTy.na, e.nsa KopoJih KacTHJIHH oTsoesaJI ero B 1213 r., 6biJI HeMe.nJieHHO nepe.naH op.neHy. nepeHMeHOBaHHbiH B KaJiaTpasa-Jia-Hy3Ba [Hosy!O KaJiaTpasy (ucn.)l, OH CTaJI MOHaCTbipeM-KpenOCTbiO, rJiaBHOH pe3H.UeHUHei1 op.neHa, H .naTHpyeTCH 3TO co6hrme nepHO.UOM Me:>K.UY 1217 H 1221 rr. 3 AnbKaHrapa )loKyMeHTbl, KaCaiOIUHeCH paHHeH 11CTOp11H 3TOro op.neHa, HeBHHTHbl, H, eCJIH U11THpOBaTb ee, He 6y.neM CJII1WKOM .UOBepHTbCH paCCKa3y, npHBe.U,eHHOMY B 1603 r. UHCTepuHaHueM BepHap.no .ne opHTo s ero <<ll11cTepuHaHcKoii xpoHHKe•>: TaM 06Hapy:>KeHO MHOrO OWH60K H HaMepeHHblX HCKa:>KeHHHb. no era CJIOBaM, Cy3po, pbruapb 113 CaJiaMaHK11, OCHOBaJI 6paTCTBO pbiUapeH, KOTOpoe 060CHOBaJIOCb 6JIH3 uepKB11 CaH-XyJII1aH-.neJih-nepel1po. 3To MecTo, oTowe.nwee n03:>Ke K nopTyraJII111, TOr.U,a np11Ha.U,Jie:>KaJIO JleoHy. Cy3po HK06hr noJiy411JI ycTaB OT Op.noHhO, en11cKona CaJiaMaHKI1, - nepsoro 11cnaHcKoro U11CTepu11aHua, cTaBwero eni1CKonoM. Bee 3TO JiereH.na - Op.noHbO s 1156 r . He 6brJI eni1CKonoM! OcTaeTCH 6paTcTso, MecTo (nepel1po) 11 rpaMoTa JieoHcKoro KopoJIH <l>epHaH.no II, .naT11posaHHaH HHBapeM 1176 r. 11 .uapy!OIUaH 11Myw.ecTso CaH-XyJIHaHy-.neJih-nepe11po 11 foMecy, <<nepBOMY OCHOBaTeJIIO 03Ha'-leHHOrO .noMa•>c. 29 .neKa6pH 1176 r. nana AJieKcaH.np III O'Callaghan , J. F. Sobre los origenes de Calatrava Ia Nueva // Calatrava, III. P. 1-12. b O'Callaghan, J. F. The foundation of the Order of Alcantara, 11701218 // Calatrava, IV. P. 471-486. c Ibid. P. 476. UHTHpyercR H3JJ.aHHe: Gonzdlez , Julio. Regesta de Fernando II. Madrid: lnstituto Jer6nimo Zurita, 1943: predictus domus fundatori prima. 3

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OrMeTHM Hcno~h30BaHHe c~oaa <<MarHcrp» BMecro <<npHop•>. Kopo~h ct>epHaH~o II a nHCbMe or 27 HHBapH 1185 r . ro:>Ke Hcno~b30Ba~ eroc. 11raK, npHMeHeHHe aroro c~oaa 03Ha4aer: TO, '-ITO ~0 1176 f. 6bl~O 6paTCTBOM pbiUapeJ1, renepb aocnpHHHMa~ocb KaK aoeHHO·MOHawecKHH op~eH. YcraaoM ~~H Hero, ec~H BepHTb nHCbMY JlyUHH Ill, ~O~:>KeH 6hi~ crarb ycraa CBHroro BeHe~HKTa B cpopMe, npaKTHKyeMOH B CHro. Bo3MO:>KHO, c 3roro MOMeHra A~bKaHrapy BK~J04H~H a op~eH Ka~arpaabl. B caMoM ~e~e. B HOH6pe 1187 r. nana fpHropHH VIII no~raep~H~ nepeYeHh a~a~e HHH Ka~arpaBbl, B TOM 4HC~e ynoMHHYTbie <<.3~b nepepO>> H .3aopy, a noc~e~HHH , KaK Mbl YBH~HM, 6bi~a nepBOH pe3H~eHUHeH AaHCCKoro op~eHad. B o~HOM H3 noc~e~yJOLUHX naparpacpOB H paCCMOTplO 3TY npo6~e~y BK~J04eHHH B CO· eras Ka~arpaBbi, HO y:>Ke MO:>KHO orMeTHTb: A~eKcaH~p III c HHrepaa~oM YYTb 6o~ee YeM B ~ecHrh ~er yraep~H~ o6a op~eHa H nopy4H~ HM O~HY H ry :>Ke MHCCHIO 3aLUHLUaTb XpHCTHaH OT HeBepHblX B ~BYX pa3HblX T04K3X rpaHHUbl. HoBbiH op~eH no-npe:>KHeMy HOCH~ Ha3BaHHe <<CaH-Xy~H aH-~e~b-nepeiipo•>. Jla:>Ke B03MO:>KHO, '-ITO, npe:>K~e YeM a P.L., t. 200. Col. 1086-1087, n• 1257. b Ibid. T. 215. Col. 668 11 1378: nOJlTBep}KJleHHe pa3HbiX 6yJJJJi1HHOKeH· THeM Ill. c O'Callaghan, J. F. The foundation of the Order of Alc~ntara, 11701218 // Calatrava, IV. P. 479. d Ibid. P. 480-481.

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b Bullarium Ordinis Militiae de Alcantara ... Matriti: ex typographia Antonij Marin: sumptibus eiusdem Ordinis, 1759. Et vas et tatus can-

ventus vester de Alcantara et de Perera quitatis mihi tatam vacem . tatam demandam, tatum jus et quidquid juris habetis in Turgello , sive per danationem aui mei illustris regis domini Aldefansi ...

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OneKa co CTopoHbl qMcrepqMaHqeB OpHcoe.n;HHeHHe KaJiarpaBbi K CHTO 6biJIO HecoMHeHHO HMnpoBH3HposaHHhiM, HO, cosepwHB ero, op.n;eH CHTO HaqaJI a Cocherill, M. Les ordres militaires cicterciens au Portugal I I Bulletin des Etudes portugaises. Lisbonne, 28-29 ( 1967-1968). P. 11-71.

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a P.L., t. 200. col. 310-312. ep. 273. - nepeBOA CM. B li3AaH!11i: Gutton, Francis. L'Ordre de Calatrava. Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1957. P. 38-40.

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C03AaHMe opAeHa CaHTbSiro Op.ueH CaHThHro HH4eM He 6biJI o6H3aH CHTO, H, xoTH ero noMeCTHJIH no.u noKpoBHTeJibCTBO CBHToro I1aKoBa CTapwero (B .uaHHOM cJiy4ae - CBHToro I1aKoBa MeYa), oH He HMeJI HHKaKOrO OTHOWeHHH K IlaJIOMHH4eCTBY B KOMilOCTeJiy. Dpe.uaHHe, B03BO.llHW.ee ero K X B. H Ha.ueJIHJOW.ee MHCcHei1 3aW.HThi naJIOMHHKOB Ha .uoporax B KoMnocTeJiy, npH.uyMaHo Il03:>Ke; MO:>KHO OTMeTHTb, 4TO OHO CKaJihKHpOBaHO c npe.uaHHH o6 HCTOKax op.ueHa XpaMab. Op.ueH po.UHJICH ropa3.uo JO:>KHee, B Kacepece - KpenocTH, 3aBoesaHHOH JieOHCKHM KOpOJieM ¢epHaH.UO IJ B 1169 r. H nepe.uaHHOH IlO.ll oxpaHy 6paTCTBY IlO.ll HaYaJIOM Oe.upo ¢epHaH.ueca <<6paThHM H3 Kacepeca>> . B 1171 r. 6paTcTBO 3aKJIJOYHJio corJiaweHHe c apxHenHcKonoM KoMnocTeJihi, o6H3aBWHCh 3aW.HW.aTh BJia.UeHHH apxHenHcKona B o6JiaCTH Kacepeca. B3aMeH 6paThH H3 Kacepeca noJiy4HJIH npaso HOCHTh 3HaMH CBHTOrO YfaKOBa H IlOJib30BaTbCH IlOKpOBHTeJibCTBOM 3Toro CBHToro (cTaswero CBHThiM I1aKOBOM matamoras y6HI1uel1 Maspos), KOTopoMy 6biJia nocBHW.eHa PeKOHKHCTa. Tor.ua 6paTbH H3 Kacepeca npHHHJIH Ha3BaHHe pbiUapefi 3 Jauierre Muir, A. L. La orden de Calatrava en Portugal I I Boletfn de la Real Academia de la historia. T. CXXX (1952). P. 367-368. b Martfn Rodriguez, Jose Luis. Orfgenes de Ia Orden Militar de Sant-

iago ( 1170-1195). Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas, 1974. -Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago ( 11701275) Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Medievales, 1965.

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a Ibid. P. 7.

b Torres Fontes, J. La orden de Santa Marfa de Espaiia // Anuario de estidios medievales. Xl (1981). P. 795-821.- Rodriguez Carcia, J. M. Idea and reality of crusade in Alfonso's X reign . Castile and Leon, 1256-1284 // A.P.C., p. 379-390.

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b Delaville Le Roulx, J. L'ordre de Montjoye II Revue de /'Orient latin. I (1893). P. 54, n· 2. - Hiestand, Rudolf. Papsturkunden fUr Templer und Johanniter. Gi:ittingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1972. S. 321. Nr. 126.

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a Heinricus Lettus. Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae !Lat. u. deutsch]. Editionis quam paraverant L. Arbusow et A. Bauer textum denuo imprimendum curavit Albertus Bauer. Nachdr. d. !. Aufl. 1959. Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchges,, 1975. S . 24, VI. 4-8085

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a Starnawska, M. Crusade orders on Polish land during the middle ages: adaptation in a peripherical environment II Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae. Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Warszawa: IH UW, 1996-1997. 2 vol. T. 2. P. 128. bE. Benninghoven II DJP., t. 3. Roma. 1976. Col. 749-750. Art. <•Dobrin•>. - Nowak, Z . Der Orden zu Dobrin II Die geistlichen Ritterorden Europas. Hrsg. von Josef Fleckenstein und Manfred Hellmann. Vortrage und Forschungen. Konstanzer Arbeitskreis fUr Mittelalterliche <l<'~chichte; Bd. 26. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1980. 4"

rna sa 4. B cropoHy 6ai1THKH

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1238

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1257

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7 MaH 1211

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rynHJI TeSTOHUaM 3eMJIIO S OOpWe (oypUeHJiaH.U), .U06poSOJibHO H Hascer.ua; KOpOJib TaK)Ke .U06aSHJI, 4TO, <<eCJIH S OHOH 3eMJie ooplllH 6y.uer 06Hapy:x<eHO 30JIOTO HJIH cepe6po, 4acTb ero orol1.uer K Kopo.lleBcKoii Ka3He, a ocraJih3 Starnawska, M. Crusade orders on Polish land during the middle ages: adaptation in a peripherical environment I I Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae. Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Warszawa: IH UW. 1996-1997. 2 vol. T. 2. P. 128. b Ibid . P. 137-139.

3a~~tTa rpaH~Ll OT ll3bl'lHI-1KOB: ~o6p~HCKHH OpAeH

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a Janesch- Troll, Georg [Hrsg.]. Marien burg im Burzenland: zur Geschichte der einstigen Ritterorden-Gemeinde in Siebenburgen. Bielefeld: Gieseking, 1987; .ll,aHHbiH reKcT ony6JIHKOBaH Ha c. 21. CM. raK:>Ke o6 npe6biBaHHH B BeHrpHH rJiasy. Koropy10 nocBHTHJI 3TOMY A. 5or.ll,aH: Bogdan, Henry. Les chevaliers teutoniques. Paris: Perrin. 1995.

P. 85-97. b Dlugosz, Jan. The annals of Jan Dlugosz= Annales seu cronicae incliti regni Poloniae. An English abridgement by Maurice Michael. Chichester, West Sussex: IM Publications, 1997. P. 182.

rnasa 4. BcropoHy oa!ln1KI1

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npycCHH

YTBep)K.LLalOT, 4TO repMaH <t>oH 3aJJbUa, xapH3MaTH4HbiH MarHCTp TeBTOHUeB, ITO.LL HenpHHTHbiM BITe4aTJJeH11eM OT HCTOp11H c BeHrp11el1 rrpoHBHJJ KOJJe6aHI1H, rrpe)K.ne 4eM corJJaC11TbCH Ha yrosopbi KoHpa.na Ma3oseuKoro, HacraHsaswero, 4T06bi TOT rroceJJI1JJ csoii op.neH Ha py6e)Kax ITpycc11H. 3To He cosceM raK. 06pameHHe KoHpa.na H errHcKona XpHCTI1aHa ITpyccKoro rrpHlllJJOCb Ha 3HMY 1225-1226 rr. 3aJJbua Tor.na 6biJJ B <f>o.n)Ke, y <f>pH.np11xa II. KoHpa.n npe.LLJJO)KI1JJ eMy XeJJMHO 11 ero Tepp11TOp11IO (KyJJbM 11 KyJJbMepJJaH.n) c 3a.LLa4el1 3a_ll1.11TI1Tb Ma30BHIO 11 3asoesaTb ITpycc11IO; 3aa Dobronic, L. The military orders in Croatia 1/ The Meeting of two worlds: cultural exchange between East and West during the period of the Crusades. Editor, Vladimir P. Goss. Kalamazoo, Mich. : Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1986. P. 431-438. b Recueil des historiens des Oaules et de La France. 24 tomes en 25 val. Paris: Les libraires associes: impr. royale: impr. nationale, 17381904. T. XXI. 1855. P 81-82. c O'Callaghan, J. F. The affiliation of the order of Calatrava with the order of Citeau I I Calatraua, I. P. 44, n. 3 et 4.

103

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a 3ra 6ynna l\HTHpyercH e H3.llaHHH: Salles, Felix de . Annales de I'Ordre teutonique ou de Sainte-Marie-de-Jerusalem. Paris: Societe generate de librairie catholique, 1887. P. 16-17. b Jasinski, T. The golden bull: allegedly issued in 1226 by Friedrich II for the Teutonic order // Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae. Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Warszawa: IH UW, 1996-1998. 3 vol. T. 3. P. 221-244.

104

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a Gorski, K. The Teutonic order in Prussia // Medievalia et Humanistica. Ire serie. T. 17 ( 1966). P. 23-24. - Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London ; New York: Macmillan, 1980. P. 123. b 3necb H cJJeJJ.yiO naHHbiM BornaHa: Bogdan, Henry. Les chevaliers teutoniques. Paris: Perrin, 1995, XpHCTHaHceHa: Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London; New York: Macmillan, 1980 H l1ryHe: Higounet, Charles. Les Allemands en Europe centrale et orientale au Moyen Age. Paris: Aubier, 1989.

105

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1249 r.

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.LLeHy ycraHOBHTb CBH3H C npycCKHMH BO>K,LlHMH, o6paiUeHHbiMH B xpHCTHaHcrso . K HeMy H eme BepHycb. nocJie :noro op.LLeH HanpaBHJI CBOIO aKTHBHOCTb Ha BocT04· HYIO OpyccHIO H J1HBOHHIO, 4T06bi no.LLaBJIHTb BoccraHHH H3bi4eCKHX Hapo.LLOB KypJIHH.LLHH H 3eMraJIHH 11 orpa>KaTb Hana.LLeHHH BeJIHKoro KHH3H JlHTOBCKoro MHH.LlOBra. B 4eCTb 4ewcKoro KopoJIR Dp>KeMbiCJia

OraKapa, XO.LlHBWero BMe-

cre C TeBTOHUaMH B KpeCTOBbiH nOXO.Ll B

1254-1255

rr.,

MeCTy, r.LLe B03.LlBHrJIH 3aMOK, nocJiy>KHBWHH H.LlpOM D:JIH O,LlHOHMeHHOrO ropo.LLa, 6biJIO .LLaHo Ha3BaHHe KeHHrc6epr, «KO· poJieBcKaH ropa•> (HbiHe 3TO ropo.LL KaJIHHHHrpa.LL). HoBble nopa:>KeHHH, noHeCeHHble TeBTOHUaMH B J1HBOHHH, Bbl3Baml B

1263

r. eme O.LLHO BoccraHHe npyccoB. norpe6oBaJIHCb

HOBble KpecroBble noXO.Llbi, raKHe KaK noxo.LL AJib6pexra 5payHwBei1rcKoro, JiaH.LLrpacpa TIOpHHrcKoro H onHTb :>Ke KOpOJIH 4eXHH B

1265

r ., 4T06bl K

1283 r.

OpyCCHH OKOH4a-

TeJibHO nOKOpHJiaCb. 3ro .LLOJiroe H rpy.LLHOe 3aBoeBaHHe conpoBO>K.LLaJiocb aKTHB· HOH KOJIOHH3aUHeH, xapaKTepHCTHKH KOTOpOH H paCCMOTpiO BO BTOpOH 4aCTH. YfHTepBeHUHH TeBTOHUeB B J1HBOHHIO npOHCXO,LlHJia COBCeM He no reM >Ke npaBHJiaM H npecJie.LLOBa.na He re ueJIH, 4TO B npyccHH. KaK npeeMHHKH Me4eHOCUeB, TeBTOHUbl BeJIH BOeHHbie onepau~m. 4T06bi 3aBepwHTb noKopeHHe 11 o6paJ.UeHHe B XpHCTHaHCTBO JIHBOHCKHX HapO.LlOB (KypweH, JiaTbiWeH, 3CTOHUeB). Ho HM He y.LLaJIOCb, KaK B OpyCCHH, C03· ,LlaTb

TeOKpaTH4eCKOe

MaH

1237

rocy.LLapCTBO.

OancKaH

6yJI.na

r., 06be,LlHHHBWaH Me4eHOCUeB, C TeBTOHUaMH,

YT04HH.na, 4TO J1HBOHHH 6y.LLeT nepe.LLaHa OT.LLeJibHOMY npoBHHLJ.HaJibHOMY Mamcrpy, a He Mamcrpy OpyccHH. Ha3Ha4HB Ha 3TOT nOCT fepMaHa 5aJibKa, KOTOpblH y>Ke 6biJI MarHcTpOM OpyCCHH, 11 pa3peWHB eMy COBMeCTHTb o6e

rnaea 4. B cropoHy 6ann1KH

106

,UOJDKHOCTH, fepMaH cflOH 3aJibU.a 06Hapy)!(HJI HaMepeHHe 06be.UHHI1Tb o6e Tepp11TOp1111. Yi3-3a Bpa)!(,Ue6HOCTI1 enHCKOflOB PH)!(CKHX, KOTOpbiX c

1207

r. npH3HaJIH KHH3bHMH HM-

nepHH 11 BJiaCTb KOTOpblX .UOflOJIHHTeJibHO ycHJIHJiaCb C 803Be,UeHHeM P11m B paHr apxHenHCKoncTsa, 3TOT nJiaH noTepneJI nposaJI.

HIOJIH

1243 r.

YlHHOKeHTHH

ITO.U4HHHJI

enHcKonos TipyccKHX !OpHC.UHKU.HH apxHenHcKona PH)!(CKOro,

HO npHHHJI peweHHe, 4TO OHH flOJiy4aT 6eHe$HU.HH,

npe.UCTaBJI5l!Ollli1H TpeTb TeppHTOpHH HX .UHOU.e3a, r.ue 6y.UyT 06Jia,UaTb flOJIHOH u.epKOBHOH !OpHC.UHKU.HeH; 6yJIJia TaK)!(e nomsep)!(.UaJia rocno.n.CTBYJOIUee noJio)!(eHHe TeBTOHCKoro op.ueHa B TipyccHH, npH3HasaeMoro sepxoBHbiM cysepeHOM, OTKy.Ua CJie,UOBaJIO,

4TO OH 065l3aH o6opOH5lTb f1pyCCI110

11 pyKoBO.UHTb MHCCHOHepcKOH .ueHTeJibHOC'!'b!Oa. B JIHBOHHH )!(e TeppHTOpHH op.ueHa 6hiJia scero JIHWb O.UHOH 113 ITHTH TeppHTOpHH, COCTaBJIHIOlllHX KaTOJIH4eCKYIO JIHBOHHIO, oCTaJibHbiMH 6hiJIH TeppHTOpHH apxHenHcKoncTBa PH)!(CKoro 11 Tpex ero BHKapHbiX enHCKOflCTB B JIHBOHHH: )lopnaT-

CKOrO, .33eJibCKoro CaapeMaa]H KypJIHH.UCKoro ( 4aCTb TeppHTOpHH B

1238

flOCJie,UHero

y)!(e

npHHa,UJie)!(aJia

TeBTOHU.aM) .

r. TeBTOHU.bi 6hiJIH BbiHY)!(.UeHbl o6pa3oBaTb Ha rpa-

HHU.ax JIHBOHHH 11 nepe.uaTb ,UaTCKOMY KOpOJIIO 3CTOHCKMe oKpyra PesaJib [TaJIJIMH] 11 BHpJiaH.u [BHpyMaa]b. Ho BMecTe C TeMH )!(e ,UaT4aHaMH OHH BbiCTYITHJIH npOTHB pyccKMX KHH)!(eCTB, nperpa.UHB 11M Bb!XO.U K MOp!O: B35lTMe f1CKOBa B

1240 r.

flOBJieKJIO 3a C060H OTBeT Hosropo.ua, KOTOpblH

Bbi3BaJI 113 CCbiJIKH KHH35l AJieKcaH.upa HescKoro, MOM ,UeJie, TOT, no6e,UHBWHH B

1240

B ca-

r. WBe.UtKMX KpeCTO-

HOCU.eB, BCKope 6biJI H3rHaH 113 csoero ropo.ua . HescKHH no6e.uHJI TeBTOHU.eB B 3HaMeHHTOM cpa)!(eHHH Ha Jlb.UY 03epa

a Bogdan, Henry. Les chevaliers teutoniques. Paris: Perrin, 1995.

P. 107. b Higounet, Charles. Les Allemands en Europe centrale et orientale au Moyen age. Paris: Aubier, 1989. P. 229-230.

TeeroHI.(bl

1-1

nollRKI-1 a XIII e..

107

neflnyc [4y.ucKoro 5 anpeJIH 1242 r. 0THbiHe pyccKaH rpaHHUa HY:>K.UaJiacb B JaW.HTe. Bo sTopofl noJIOBHHe XIII B. caMyJO 6oJibWYJO onacHOCTb CTaJia npe,UCTaBJIHTb .nHTBa, o6wHpHaH KOHTHHeHTaJibHaH liaCTb KOTOpOH (/KeMaHTHH) C peKaM!1 3ana.UHOH .UBHHOH l1 HeMaHOM Bpe3aJiaCb KJI!1HOM Me:>K.UY npyccHeH l1 .nHBOHHeH Ja npe.ueJiaMH Jiecos H 6oJIOT <<BHJib.UHHCa>). B.uoJib ee rpaHHU, npoliHO yKpenJieHHbiX c TOH H .LLpyrofl cTopoHbi, He npeKpamaJIHCb BOHHa, Ha6erl1, rpa6e:>KH H scesoJMO:>KHbie 3BepCTBa.

HaliHHaJIOCb Bee xopowo: B 1251 r. BeJIHKHH

KHH3b .nHTOBCKHH Mrm.uosr o6paT!1JICH B xpHCTHaHCTBO. Ho c Tex nop KaK TeBTOHUbi HaliaJIH JaBoeBbiBaTb BocTOliHYJO DpyccHJO 11 TeppHTopHH, norpaHHliHbie c .nHTBOH, nocJie.UHHH COliJia, liTO HaXO,lLHTCH B onaCHOCTH. 0TKpbiTaH BOI~!Ha HaliaJiaCb B 1259 r. C BOCCTaH!1H JI!1BOHCKHX JeMraJioB 6JIH3KHX K JIHTosuaM - 路 H Kypwefl. 13 HIOJIH 1260 r . 0Hl1 HaHeCJIH TeBTOHUaM nopa:>KeHHe np11 )lyp6eHe [.llyp6e]. Tor.ua MHH.UOBr nopBaJI c xpHCTHaHcTBOM H BCTynHJI B BOHHy. B HHBape 1261 r. OH pa36HJI TeBTOHUeB 11 HX coJOJHHKOB noJIHKOB npH OoKapBHce, B Ma3oBHH. B TO :>Ke BpeMH, KaK H rOBOpHJI, BOCCTaJIH npyCCbl, TaK 4TO op.ueHy npHWJIOCb cpa:>KaTbCH Ha .usa cppoHTa. BocCTaHHe JeMraJioB, KaK 6ymo no.uaBJieHHoe B 1272 r., pa3ropeJIOCb B 1280-x rr. c HOBOH CHJIOH, TaK liTO BJiaCTH .nHBOHHH, TeBTOHUbi H apxHenHCKon PH:>KCKHH, Ha 3TOT pa3 o6be.UHHHBWHecH, B 1286 r. 6b!Jll1 BbiHY:>K.UeHbl OOHTI1 Ha HeKOTOpb!e ycTynKH. 3eMraJibl, MHO:>KeCTBO KOTOpbiX 6biJIO nepe6HTO, np!13HaJIH ce6H no6e:>K,UeHHbiMH TOJibKO B 1290 r. Bbi:>KHBWHe yKpbiJIHCb B .nHTBe . 0THbiHe TeBTOHUbi Hanps:~颅 MYJO KOHcppoHT!1posaJI!1 c JIHTOBUaMH .

TesTOH4bl H nonSIKH s XIII s. OoJibCKHH xpoHHCT 5IH )lJiyrow, nHcaswHH so BTopoii noJIOBHHe

XV B., paccKa3biBaeT -

Koe-liTO nepenyTaB, noToMy

rnasa 4. B cropoHy 6anr~K~

108

4TO roaopHT o TeaTOHCKOM op.n.eHe fpo6a focno.LJ.HH a l1epycaJIHMe H CMeWHBaeT ero C ,lJ,o6pHHCKHM Op.ll,eHOM, KaK KoHpa.n. ~a30BeUKHH npH3BaJI TeBTOHUeB H OT.ll,aJI HM o6JiaCTb XeJIMHO (KyJibMa). l1 yro4HHeT, 4TO B 3noxy, Kor.na 3TOT .nap 6btJJ c.neJJaH, OH npe.ncraBJJSIJJCSI 3.npaBbJM H 060CHOBaHHbiM, HO IT03>Ke, Kor.na TeBTOHUbl ITOITbJTaJJHCb OBJJa,neTb OCTaJJbHOH floJJbWeH, 4eMy ITOJJSIKH, eCTeCT· BeHHO, BOCnpOTHBHJJHCb, OH CTaJJ BblfJJll.UeTb npH4HHOH , DO KOTOpOH npOJJHJJHCb ITOTOKH KpOBH 2 •

l1HTepeCHO OTMeTHTb B D03.ll,HeM Tpy.n.e 3TOfO HCTOpHKa, o4eHb apa)l(.n.e6Ho HacrpoeHHoro no OTHoweHHJO K TearoHCKOMY Op.LJ.eHy, see MeCTa, r.n.e OH OITHCbiBaeT .ll,eHCTBHfl, 4a!lle Bcero COBMeCTHbie, TeBTOHUeB H DOJIHKOB npOTHB rrpyccoa, a rroroM npoTHB JIHToauea a XIII B. 9TH Hapo.ll.bi H306pa)l(eHbl sapaapCKHMH, )l(eCTOKHMH, CKJIOHHblMH K HaCHJIHIO, H3bi4eCKHMH, KOTOpble )l(fyT, rpa6HT H y6HBaiOT .ll,O· 6pb!X XpHCTHaH -

1217, 1222, 1224

HeMUeB HJIH ITOJIHKOB. l1 OH OTMe4aeT 3a rr. Ha6em npyccoa Ha ~a30BHJO, Ha

0JIOUK, Ha XeJIMHob. ,lJ,aJiee oH ynoMHHaer ace .n.elicraHH, npe.n.npHHHTbie coo6ma rearoHuaMH , OTHbJHe npe.n.craaJieHHbiMH a DoJibWe, H noJIH· KaMH: OCHOBaHHe TopyHH, TpOHCTBeHHblH COI03

1233

r. (op-

.LJ.eH, ~a3oBHH H Bocro4HaH DoMepaHHH CaHronoJIKa), coBMecrHoe y4aCTHe B cpa)l(eHHH C MOHfOJiaMH, BOHHbl

1245

rr., cpa)l(eHHH CO CBHTOITOJIKOM B

npoTHB JIHToaues s

1250-1262

1247

rr. B HHBape

1243

r., .ll,eHCTBHH

1261

r. rea-

TOHUbi, ITOJifiKH H KpeCTOHOCUbl 06be.ll,HHHJIHCb, HO 6b!JIH

TeBTOHI.Ibl H nom:tKH a

1273

pa36HTbi 3 • .llJIH

109

XIII B.

r. OH npe)J.CTaBJIHeT JIHTOBU,eB <cnpH-

pO)J.HbiMH BparaMH nOJIHKOB>)b, OepBbie rpeiUHHbl B C0103e Me)KJI.y nOJIHKaMH H TeBTOHU,aMH, OTHOWeHHH Me)f(JI.Y KOTOpblMH )J.OCeJie 6biJIH 6e306Jia4HbiMH, B03HHKJIH B CBSBH C opraHH3aU,HeH )J.HOU,e30B B perHOHe. C

1244

r. apxHenHcKon PH)f(CKHH 4HCJIHJI enHcKona

XeJIMHHCKoro cpeJI.H csoHx BHKapHbiX enHcKonos, H nana AJieKcaHJI.p IV B

1255

r. yrsepJI.HJI 3TO noJio)f(eHHe serueii:

a Be)J.b nOJibCKHH apxHenHCKOn fHe3HeHCKHH TO)f(e npHTH3aJI Ha XeJIMHO. B

1264

r. enHcKon XeJIMHHCKHH npeo6pa-

30BaJI csoii co6op B MOHacrhipcKyJO u.epKOBb H nepe)J.aJI ee s JI.ap reBTOHU.aMc. Tot.IHO raK )f(e nepsaH nonbiTKa resroHu.es nocrasHTb no)]. KOHrpoJib BocroYHYJO DoMepaHHJO (HJIH 0oMepeJIH10), CbirpaB Ha COnepHH4eCTBe Me)f()J.y CbiHOBbHMH CssnonoJIKa, craJia npeJI.3HaMeHoBaHHeM KOHcpJIHKra, KoropbiH Hat.IHeTCH Me)f()J.y 060HMH 6biBWHMH COI03HHKaMH B Ha4aJie XIV B. d noJIO)f(eHHe CTaJIO erue rpeBO)f(HeH B

1294 r.'

KOr)J.a Mamcrp TeBTOHU,eB OpyccHH MeHHXap)J. B 6opb6e C JIHTOBU,aMH no nyTH HanaJI Ha Ma30BeU.KYIO KpenOCTb BH3HOe. B

1295

r. McrHBOH, CbiH H npeeMHHK CsHronoJIKa, yMep,

He OCTaBHB HaCJie)J.HHKOB. OH 3aseruaJI BocT04HYIO noMepaHHIO nweMbiCJiasy

II,

KHH310 BeJIHKOH OoJibWH, KOTOpblH

BCKOpe CTaJI KOpOJieM 00JibWH; a Be)J.b Ha npasa cpeo)J.aJibHbJX ceHbOpOB BocT04HOH noMepaHHH npereH)J.OBaJIH MapKrpacpbl coce)J.Hero BpaH)J.eH6ypra. nweMbJCJiaB Mor pacc<mTbiBaTb

coJ03

KHH3eM

Ma3oseu.KHM,

a Ibid.

P. 170, 172. 186-188, 204-205.

b Ibid. c Ibid. d Ibid. e Ibid.

P. 217.

P. 208. P. 226. P. 239.

)f(eJiaBWHM

rna sa 4. B cropoHy 6annm1

110

flOJIY'-IHTb

TeBTOHI.LeB

KOMfleHC3Uri!O

pa3pyweHHH

B BH3Ho; oH B3HJI no.n. caoli KOHTpOJib BocTO'-IHYIO OoMepaHHIO, HO 6b!Jl y6HT B pe3yJibT3Te BHe33flHOf0 Hana.n.eHHH 6paH.n.eH6yprcKHX caKCOHUeB B

1296 r.

B TOM )!(e roJJ.y TeB-

TOHUbi B OJJ.HOCTOpoHHeM nopHJJ.Ke BbiBeJIH JJ.HOUe3 XeJIMHO 113 flO.ll.'-IHHeHHH fHe3HO, '-IT06b! nepe.n.aTb ero apXHeriHCKOflCTBY PH)!(CKOMya. Yb-3a B3)!(HOCTH 6oeB C JIHTOBU3MH B 3TOT nepHOJl. flOMepaHCKHH KpH3HC pa3pa3HJICH TOJibKO B

1307

r. BJiaJJ.HCJiaB

KopoTKHH (HJIH JlaJJ.HCJiaB JloKeTeK) cTaJI KopoJieM OoJibWH, HO KaHUJiep KHH)!(eCTBa BoCTO'-!HaH noMepaHHH, Bp3)!(JJ.e6Ho OTHOCHCb K HeMy, OTK333Jl eMy BO BJI3CTH H3Jl. KHH)!(eCTBOM H npeJJ.riO'-IeJI nepeJJ.aTb nocJieJJ.Hee MapKrpacpaM 5paHJI,eH6yprCKHM. JloKeTeK 3anepcH B fJJ.3HbCKe (}].aHUHre) H o6paTHJICH K TeBTOHU3M, '-IT06bl OTp33HTb H3THCK CaKCOHUeB. <f>yHKUHH 0Xp3Hbl fJJ.3HbCKOfO 33MK3 6b!JIH pa3.n.eJl€Hbl

Me)!(JJ.Y

flOJibCKHM

TeBTOHCKHM

rapHH30H3MH.

PoKoBaH owH6Ka! TeBTOHUbi, KOHe'-IHO, noMOfJIH H3rHaTb C3KCOHUeB

113

0oMepaHHH,

BHeJJ.pHJIHCb

fJJ.3HbCK

H o6ecne'-IHJIH ce6e KOHTpOJib H3Jl. BCeM 33MKOM: OHH COfJI3lli3JIHCb BepHyTb ero JloKeTKy, TOJlbKO eCJIH OH B03MeCTHT HM pacxoJJ.bi!

HH J].Jiyrow nHweT: JloKeTeK <<c.n.eJiaJI TaK,

'-ITO pbiU3pH Tenepb CT3JIH BparaMH flOJIHKOB>>b. CyMMa, KOTopyiO noTpe6oaaJIH OT JloKeTeKa, pa3yMeeTCH, 6b!JI3 CJIHWKOM 60JibWOH, H COfJiaWeHHe He COCTOHJIOCb, EcJIH aepHTb J].Jiyrowy, TeBTOHUbi pa3pywHJIH CTeHbi f.n.aHhcKa Yl nepe6HJIH HaceJieHHe, '-IT06bi 3anyraTb noMepaHues. 3TO, HeCOMHeHHO, npeyBeJIH'-IeHHe, HO, flOXQ)!(e, OHH CO)!(fJIH noJibCKoe npeJJ.MeCTbe ropoJJ.a H nepe6HJIH rapHH30H 3aMKa. ConpoTHBJieHHe noJIHKOB npeKpaTHJIOCb, TOJibKO KO-

a Ibid. P. 241.

b Ibid. P. 252, 254.

TearoH4bl H nonllKH a XIII a.

111

r.u.a naJI 6JIYDKHHJ1 3aMOK Cseue. Tor.u.a MamcTp op.u.eHa .u.o6HJICH OT MapKrpa<lJOB 5paHJI.eH6yprCKHX, 4T06bJ OHH T516pH

1309

CeH-

r. npo.u.aJIH eMy CBOH npasa Ha KHH)!(eCTBOa.

BnocJie.U.CTBHH noJIHKH nhiTaJIHCb sepHyTh I1oMepeJIHIO H HeKOTOpbie .U.pyme TeppHTOpHH, TO CHJIOH (B TO np11 nOMOW.H nancKoro ap6HTpa)Ka -

1321

rr. H B

1339

1331-1332 rr.), nanbi B 1320-

r. npHHHMaJIH peweHHH B HX f10Jlb3y, HO

TeBTOHUbl He )KeJiaJIH ::noro CJibJWaTb. no3TOMY f10CJie pacCJie.U.OBaHHH

1339

r. KOpOJib Ka3HMHp, C03HaBaH CBOIO BOeH-

HYIO CJia60CTb, HaKOHeU peWHJICH f10HTH Ha KOMnpOMHCC (oT KOTOporo OH OTKa3aJIC51 B MHPY

1343

1335

r.) : no KaJIHWCKOMY

r. noJibWa noJiy4aJia o6paTHO KyHBHIO H .Uo6-

)KI1Hb, HO npHHOCHJia B <<JI.ap>> TeBTOHUaM f1oMepeJIHIO B HHTepecax MHpa!b TeBTOHCKHH op.u.eH .u.o6HJICH Toro, 4ero xoTeJI, -

KOHTPOJIH

HaJJ. npeBOCXOJl.HbiM nopTOM Ha oaJITHKe, 04eHb UeHHbiM Jl.JIH Bb!B03a 3epHa H3 OT.U.aJieHHblX OT MOps:! npyccKHX 3eMeJib 11 113BeCTHbiM B HeMeUKHX HCT04HHKaX f10Jl. Ha3BaHHeM ,llaHUHra. l.fTO KacaeTCH f10JIHKOB, OTHbiHe JIHWeHHbiX Bb!XOJI.a K MOp!O, OHH He nepecTaHyT Jl.06HBaTbCH B03BpaW.eHHH .. . f.U.aHbCKa! 1--haK, B Ha4aJie

XIV

B. TeBTOHUbi noJIHOCTbiO rocnOJl.CTBOBa-

JIH B f1pyCCJ.iH H cysepeHHO ynpaBJIHJIH el:f; OHH . TaK)!(e npo4HO yTsep.U.HJIHCb B JlHBOHHH. Ho JIHTOBCKaH )KeMaHTHH flO-rrpe)KHeMy pa3JI.eJIHJia o6e 3TH TeppHTOpHH, H OCHOBaHHe MeMeJIH (KJiai1rre.U.bi] B

1252

C03Jl.aBaJIO Me)!(Jl.Y HHMH

JIHWb Hey.u.o6Hyl0 Ka6oTa)!(HYIO CBH3b. O.u.HaKo HM rrpHxo.u.HJIOCb .U.eJIHTb BJiaCTb C enHCKOnaMH JlHBOHHH , a OTHOWeHHH

a Ibid. P. 259. b Belch, Stanislaw Franciszek. Paulus Vladimiri and his doctrine concerning international law and politics. The Hague: London: Paris: Mouton, 1965. T. I. P. 92, 107.

112

rnaaa 4. BcropoHy 6annmt

c apxHem1cKonoM PH:禄<CKHM, acer.na o4eHh KOHcpJIHKTHhie, KaK Mhi yaH.nHM, ace 6oJibWe nopTHJIHCb. nOCCOpHJIHCb. Oepe.n, JIHI.lOM JIHTOBIJ,eB HHKOB -

noJIHKaMH OHH

rp03HbiX npOTHB路

TeBTOHI.lbl OCTaJIHCb O.UHH, H OTCTynaTb HM 6hiJIO

HeKy.na. Bee 6biJIO roroao .UJIH coKpywHTeJibHoro KpH3Hca.

~ACTb

BTOPAH

OPMrMHAJlbHbiM MHCTMTYT CPEAHEBEKOBOrO XPMCTMAHCTBA

rnABA 5

}IU13Hb

(BJITOH

no YCTABY

6eHeAHKT HnH

CBJITOH

AarycTHH?

f1p11 scrynJieHI111 a MOHawecKI1H opJJ.eH ,D.aiOT o6er 11 o6H3yIOTC5! co6JIIOJJ.aTb ycras. B Ha4aJie

XII

B. a 3arra,D.HOH Espo-

ne ycraB CB5!T0f0 DeHe,D.I1KTa 6biJI paCC411TaH Ha MOHaXOB, fi<HBYlllHX B yJJ.aJiemm OT M11pa, B CTeHaX MOHaCTblp5!, TOf.ll.a KaK ycras CBHToro Asrycnma 6oJihwe ITOJJ.XOJJ.I1JI reM, Koro q>yHKU1111 B uepKBI1 065!3b!BaJII1 ,D.eHCTBOBaTb B M11py np11Mep,

KaHOH11KaM

Kaq>e,D.paJibHblX 11Jll1

Ha-

KOJIJierHaJibHblX

Kafl11TYJIOB JII160 TeM, KTO, KaK rrpeMOHCTpaHTbl, BeJII1 KBa311-MOHaWeCKYIO )f(i13Hb. f103TOMY MOfJIO ITOKa3aTbC5!, '-!TO .ll.JI5! JJ.eHTeJibHOCTI1

BOeHHO-MOHaWeCKI1X Op,D.eHOB,

pO.ll.11B-

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a Linage Conde, Antonio. Tipologfa de vida monastica en los 6rdenes militares II Yermo. 12 (1974). P. 73-115. b Forey, Alan John. The military order of StThomas of Acre II M.O.C., XII. P. 486-487 H 500. c Sainz de Ia Maza Lasoli, Regina. La orden de San Jorge de Alfama . Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas, 1990. P. 9, 312: sub regula beati Augustini et invocacione beati Georgi in Loco di Alfama.

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D. W. Lomax II D.I.P., t. 8. Roma. 1988. Col. 788. Art. «Santiago•. b Luttrell, Anthony. The earliest Templars II A.P.C., p. 201: •The Templar's rule was strongly Augustinian in character*. - Legras A.-M., Lema '"tre 1.-L. La pratique liturgique des templiers et des hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de J~rusalem II L'ecrit dans La societe mt!dievale: divers aspects de sa pratique du Xle au XVe si~cle: textes en hommage a Lucie Fossier. Paris: t:d. du Centre national de Ia recherche scientifique, 1991. P. 82-83. c Cpa8HeHHe o6oHx ycra8o8 ll 8 o6ll.leM 8HJJ.e npoHJ8eJ1 8 HJ!laHHH : Demurger, Alain. L'ordre des templiers II Historia Special, n• 19, septembre-octobre 1992: Le Temps des monasteres. P. 135-136. CHc· reMaTH'IecKoe cpa8HeHHe: S. Cerrini I I Y. T. I, t. II, p. 442-448. 3

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b Ibid. T. II. P. 443. Sterns. I. Crime and punishment among the Teutonic knights I I Speculum. 57 (1981) P. 84, n. 4. d Y .T.l, t. I. p. 315. UHTHpyercR pyKonHCb <<Reginense lat. 163~ H3 BaTHKaHcKoi1 6H6JIHOTeKH s PHMe: magister Templi dedit regulam ordinis milicie Templi scriptam. npeJJ.JJO>KeHHYK> JJ,aTy 5 Mapra 1190 r. cJieJJ.yer HcnpasHTb Ha 1198 r.: Buist- Thiele, Marie Luis e. Sacrae c

domus militiae Templi Hierosolymitani magistri : Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Templerordens 1118119-1314. Giittingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1974. S. 145. e

Sterns,/. The Teutonic order in the Holy land

H.C, t. V, p. 324.

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a Beltjens, Alain. Aux origines de l'ordre de Malle. Bruxelles: Impr. Poot, 1995. P. 279-303. b Y. T. I, t. II, p. 369-370. - Demurger, Alain. Vie et mort de l'ordre du Temple: 1118-1314. Paris: Seuil , 1993. P. 68-69.

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1503

1516

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TbHry (Hosoe H33B3HI1e op.neHa CaHTb5lrO B nopTyraJIHI1)b.

PacnpocrpaHeHHOCTb ycraaa 111 ero 1113BeCTHOCTb 5biJIH JI11 3TH TeKCTbl W11pOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHbl B OpJJ:eHaX? MoHawecKHe op.neHbi B ueJioM He JII0611JII1

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CBOH YCT3Bbl 11 npe.QOCT3BJI5lJII1 HX 411T3Tb OnbiTHbiM H CBeJJ:Ylll.HM 6paTb5lM. O.n:HaKo cJie.nosaJio, 4T06br 11x co.nep.>KaHI1e 3HaJIH see 4JieHbi op.neHa. BoeHHbie op.neHbi oCTpe11, 4eM OCT3JibHbie, Olll.Ylll.3JIH 3TO npOTI1BOpe4He, nOTOMY 4TO 60Jibilli1HCTBO HX 4JieHOB 6biJIH MHp5lH3MI1 11 eCTb He 3H3JIH JI3TblHI1.

YCT3Bbl

illiterati,

HI1, HO 11x .nosoJibHO cKopo nepeseJIH, ycTaB XpaMa HTHO, B

1139

6biJIH Hani1C3Hbl Ha JI3Tblsepo-

r., XOT5l HeKOTOpbie 4epTbl HCnOJib30B3HHOfO

5l3biKa BbirJIHJJ:HT 6oJiee no3.QHHMHc.

Retrais

op.neHa XpaMa

a O'Callaghan , J. F. The affiliation of the order of Calatrava with the order of Ctteau II Calatrava, I. P. 191-193. B roii >Ke KH11re asrop ny6JIHKyer difiniciones KanarpaBbl 11 MoHTeCbl. no AJibl<aHTape CM. Josserand, Ph. Pour une etude systematique de Ia legislation statutaire des ordres militaires: Deux manuscrits des difiniciones inedites d'Aicantara de 1306 I I En la Espana medieval. Madrid. 20 (1997). P. 319-336. no ABI1CCKOMY OpJJ.eHy CM. Jauierre Muir, A. L. La orden de Calatrava en Portugal I I Boletfn de la Real Academia de la historia. T. CXXX ( 1952). P. 323-326 11 336-343. b Pinto Costa, P., Pestana de Vasconcelos, A. Christ, Santiago and Avis: an approach to the ru les of the portuguese mi litary orders in the late middle ages II The Military orders, II. P. 251-257. c Y. T.J, t. II, p. 521-522. C. 4epp11HI1 CBHJbiBaer JJ.ary nepeBoJJ.a c JJ.aroii cocrasneHI1H nepBb!X retrais.

124

f11aaa 5. >K~3Hb no ycraay

cpa3y HanHcaJIH Ha ¢paHUY3CKOM H3biKe <•OHJib>>. CraryTbi focnHTaJIH, nepBoHa4aJibHO HanHcaHHble no-¢paHUY3CKH, BeJIHKHH MarHCTp Po>Ke .ue neH (1355-1365) BeJieJI nepeBeCTH Ha JiaTbiHba. Difiniciones H6epHHCKHX op.ueHoB, B nepsoe speMH qacro nHcasumecH Ha MecrHbiX Hape4HHX, C 1350 r. BCe 60JibWe COCTaBJIHJIH Ha JiaTblHH. KoJIHl{ecrso coxpaHHBWHXCH pyKonHceii no3BOJIHeT cy.UHTb o pacnpocrpaHeHHH ycrasa H oueHHTb 3Ha4HMOCTb nepeso.uos no cpaBHeHHJO c JiaTHHCKHMH reKcraMH. TaK, 3a nepHo.u C 1244 no 1442 r. HMeeTCH 4eTblpe JiaTHHCKHX H .UBa.UUaTb nHTb HeMeUKHX pyKOnHceH CTaTyTOB TeBTOHUeB, a TaK>Ke O.UHH ¢paHUY3CKHH nepeBO.U H O.UHH HH.UepJiaH.UCKHHb. Cyruecrsyer nHTb sepcHH H rpHHa.uuarb pyKonHceii ycrasa CaHTbHro: o.uHa KparKaH sepcHH Ha JiaTbiHH H o.uHa Ha KacTHJibCKOM (Ka>K.uaH B O.UHOH pyKonHcH); .UJIHHHaH sepcHH Ha .usyx H3biKax, Ka>K.uaH B nHTH pyKonHcHx; KacTHJibCKaH sepcHH .UJIH >KeHCKoro MoHaCTbipH B CaJiaMaHKec. )KaK )leJiaBHJib Jle Py ynoMHHaer .usa.uuarh .use pyKonHcH a Poutiers, Jean-Christian. Rhodes et ses chevaliers: 1306-1523. Araya (Liban): lmpr. catholique: Bruxelles: diff. E.S.T.C, 1989. P. 43. b Sterns, I. The Teutonic order in the Holy land // H.C .. t. V, p. 326. M. nepJJb6ax (Y. Teem.) ny6JJHKyer 3TY <jlpaHUY3CKYIO sepcHJO B BH,lle napaJJJJeJJbHOfO TeKCTa BMeCTe C JJaTHHCKHMH li HeMeUKHMH BepCHRMH ycrasa. c Echdniz Sans, Marfa. Las mujeres de Ia Orden Militar de Santiago en Ia edad media. Valladolid: Consejerfa de Cultura y Turismo, 1992. P. 44. Pa3Hble sepcHH ycraea CaHTbRro ony6JJHI\osaHbl B cJJe.UyJOW.HX H3.llaHH· fiX: Leclerq, J. La vie et Ia pri~re des chevaliers de Santiago d'apr~s leur regie primitive// Liturgica. 2 (1958). P. 347-357.- Martfn Rodriguez, Jose Luis. Orfgenes de Ia Orden Militar de Santiago ( 11701195). Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1974. P. 248-254.- Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago ( 1170-1275}. Madrid: Escue Ia de Estudios Medievales, 1965. P. 221231. - Gallego Blanco, Enrique. The rule of the Spanish military order of St. James 1170-1493. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1971. P. 292-315. Ha 3TO li3.llaHHe CCbiJlaJOCb R (Y.C.).

125

PacnpocrpaHeHHOCTb ycraea Hero HJBeCTHOCTb

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11 LJeTbipe cppaHUY3CKHX (nocJie.UH11e co.nep)l(aT

retrais).

5apceJioHcKaH

pyKoni1Cb

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retrais,

nHTHa.nuaTb pyKon11cei1

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CKHH .nonycKaJICH TOJibKO B ITpoaaHce 11 JlaHre.noKe. TaKHM o6pa30M, ecTb .nocrarol.JHO OCHOBaHHH noJiararb, LJTO rJiaBHbie ,UOMa CaMbiX 3Hal.JI1TeJibHblX KOMaH,nOpCTB HMeJIH 3K3eMnJIHp ycraaa. <•Ordensbuch•> reBTOHUeB 6biJI Han11caH B rpex 3K3eMnJIHpax, nepBbiH 113 KOTOpblX npe.nHa3Hal.JaJICH .UJI51 BeJII1KOfO Mari1CTpa, BTOpOH 11 rpemii -

.UJI51 MarHcrpa J111BOHHI1

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HHMaTb Tp11 3TaJIOHHbiX 3K3eMnJIHpa -

rJiaBHbie KOMaH,UOp-

CTBa, HecoMHeHHO, .UOJI)I(Hbl 6bJJII1 11MeTb KOnHHe. Op.neHbi, Y KOTOpblX 6b!JII1 )l(eHCKHe ,UOMa, CTapaJIHCb a,nant11pOBaTb

a Delauille Le Roulx, Jacques. Les statuts de l'ordre de I'Hopital de Saint-Jean de Jerusalem II B.E.C., XLVIII (1887). P. 341-356. b The Hospitallers' riwle: Miracula et Regula Hospitalis Sancti Johannis Jerosolimitani. Ed. by Keith Val Sinclair. London: Anglo-Norman Text society, 1984. c Jl. T.l, t. I, p. 50, 326-328. d Ibid. P. 325. e Sterns,/. Crime and punishment among the Teutonic knights II Speculum. 57 (1981). P. 102. n. 100.

rnasa 5. }f{HJHb no ycrasy

126

csoA ycTaB .ll.JH:I HHX. 3To KacaeTCH KaK rocnHTaJihepoK CHxeHhi, TaK H ceCTep H3 MOHaCTbipH CaHThHro s CaJiaMaHKe 3 • Bo3MO)KHO TaK>Ke, 4TO no Mepe BKJIIC4eHHH HOBbiX cTaTyTOB

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ones ~OJI)KHbi Hro

fO~

difinicl-

6hiJIH 3a4HThiBaThCH ~Ba~bi B ro~b. B CaHTb-

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(OAep>KaHHe yCTaBOB H CTayYTOB 8 OCHOBHbiX 1.1eprax Csoeo6pa3He Ka*~oro op~eHa CK33hiBaJioch Ha co~ep)Ka HHH 11X yCTaBOB: CT3TbH, K3C310lUHeC51 3a60Tbl 0 TI3JIOMHHK3X H 60JibHbiX, B 60JibWOM KOJIH4eCTBe CO~ep)K3TCH B ycTaBe

rocnHTaJIH,

HeT

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33-40

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Tbl1 HepapXH4eCKHX CTaTyTOB o6pa3YIOT BOHHCKHH perJiaMeHT, He HMe!OlUHH .9KBHBaJieHTOB B ~pymx op~eHax.

OA-

HaKo, He C4HT35:1 .9THX BTIOJIHe ecTeCTBeHHbiX pa3JIH4HH ,

a Echdniz Sa ns, Marfa. Las mujeres de Ia Orden Militar de Santi ago en Ia edad media. Valladolid: Consejerfa de Cul tura y Turismo, 1992. P. 223-225. b O' Callaghan, J. F. The earliest <•Difiniciones~ of the order of Calatrava, 1304-1383 I I Ca!atra va , VII. P. 273 (difiniciones 1325 r., art. 30). c Echdniz Sans, Marfa. Las mujeres de Ia Orden Militar de Santiago en Ia edad media. Valladolid: Consejerfa de Cultura y Turismo, 1992. P. 44.

(OAepll<aHl-1e ycraBOB l-1 CTaTyTOB B OCHOBHbiX 'leprax

127

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no-

cnywaHI15l, 6e.II.HOCTI1 11 uenoMy.II.p115l; op.II.eH CaHTb5lro, np11HI1MaBW11H )KeHaTbiX 6parheB, noHHMaJI nocJie.II.Hee KaK cynPY*ecKyiO sepHOCTb: Bbi 6yAeTe )!(HTb 6e3 co6crBeHHOro HMyw.ecrsa, B CMHpeHHH H COfJ13CHH, TIOBHHyHCb M3fHCTpy, CJle)l,yH TipHMepy 3TIOCTOJ10B, KOTOpb!e, 4T06bJ TipOTIOBe)I,OB3Tb XpHCTH3HCKYIO Bepy, Tip0)1,3B3JlH CBOe HMyW.eCTBO ... ToT, KTO He CMO)!(eT 6b!Tb B03)I,ep)!(3HHbiM, )!(eHHTCH H C0Xp3HHT BepHOCTb CBOeH CyTipyre, K3K H OHa eMy3 .

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Difiniciones

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1325

r.,

Hanp11Mep npe.II.n11CbiBaiOT MarHCTpy e)KefO.ll.HO npOBO.ll.I1Tb Oni1Cb noMeLUeHHH, a 3a

1468 r.

HanOMI1HaiOT 0 He06XO.II.11-

MOCTI1 CO.II.ep>KaTb B nopH.II.Ke naTp11MOHI1H, .ll.OMa, MOHaCTblpH 11 uepKBH 11 6oporbcH c 6ecxo35lHCTBeHHOCTbiOb. HaKo-

a TeKcT 6yJIJibt np11BOJli1TCR no 113JlaHI1to: Martfn Rodriguez, Jose Luis. Orfgenes de Ia Orden Militar de Santiago ( 1170~ 1195). Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas, 1974. P. 250-251. b O'Callaghan, J. F. The earliest "Difiniciones" of the order of Calatrava, 1304-1383 // Calatrava, VII. P. 273.- <•Difiniciones ... 1468» (art. 13-16) //Ibid. IX. P. 245-246.

rnasa 5. >K1-13Hb no ycrasy

128

HeU, BCe OpJJ.eHbl ,li.OJJ)KHbl BbiJ].eJIHTb lJaCTb ,li.OXO,li.OB CBOHX ,li.OMOB, MI1CCI111

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<flpOHTe:

responsiones 1206 r.a

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difiniciones

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trais

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a Y.f., c. 51 (craryTbl 1206 r.) H c. 57-59 (craryTbJ 1262 r.).

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a Y. T.2. c. 461.

b Garcfa-Guijarro Ramos, L. Exemption in the Temple, the Hospital and the Teutonic order: shortcomings of the institutional approach I I The Military orders, II. P. 289-294.

131

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1113 r. .UO OKOH4aTeJJbHOH BepCHH <<Christiane fidei religio>> 3a 1154 r. YcTynKH, c.ueJJaHHbie AJJeKcaH.upoM III op.ueHy AJJbKaHTapbi, npH3HaHHOMY HM B 1176 r., 6biJJH .uonoJJHeHbi H pacwHpeHbi 6yJJJJOH JlyUHH III OT 4 anpeJIH 1183 r. 5yJJJJbi foHopHH III 3a 1216 H 1220 rr. B noJJb3Y TeBTOHUeB .uonoJIHHIOT 6yJJJJY, npHHHTYIO UeJJeCTHHOM III B 1196 r., H CTaBHT fepMaHCKHH Op.UeH Ha O.UHY Hory C Xpatis>> OT

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Mepy>>. OpHBHJJerHH, pacc4HTaHHbie, B npHHUHne, TOJJbKO Ha 6paTbeB KaKoro~To op.ueHa, pacnpoCTpaHHJJHCb Ha Bcex, KTO HaXO.UHJJCH Ha CJiy.>K6e HJ!H nO.U TIOKpOBHTeJJbCTBOM 3TOf0 Op.UeHa. 3K3eMnUHH B npHHUHne KacaeTCH Tpex BOnpoa Hiestand, Rudolf. Papsturkunden fur Templer und Johanniter. Got· tingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1972..:...1983. Bd. I und 2. TeKcT 6yJJJJbi <<Omne datum optimum~. ony6JJHKOBaHHbiH B TOMe I, TeM >Ke asTopoM llO.QBeprHyT HOBOMY KpHTHlJeCKOMY aHaJJH3Y B TOMe 2, S. 90 H .naJJee. 0 TeBTOHuax CM. Salles, Felix de. Annales de l 'Ordre teutonique ou de Sainte-Marie-de-Jerusalem . Paris: Societe generale de librairie calliolifJue. 1887. P. 546-553.

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a Falkenstein, Ludwig. La papaute et les abbayes fran<;;aises aux Xle et XW siecles: exemption et protection apostolique. Paris: H. Champion, 1997. b Forey, A.J. The Order of Mountjoy II M.O.C ., XI. P. 261. c Solano Rufz, Emma. La Orden de Calatrava en el siglo XV: los seiiorfos castellanos de Ia Orden al fin de Ia Edad media. Sevilla: Universidad, 1978. P. 158.

133

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a Riley-Smith, J. Knights. P. 382-383. b Demurger, A. L'aristocrazia !area e gli ordini militari in Francia nel duecento II Militia sacra: gli ordini militari tra Europa e Terrasanta. A cura di Enzo Coli, Maria De Marcoe Francesco Tommasi. Perugia: S. Bevignate, 1994. P. 62. c Solano Rufz, Emma. La Orden de Calatrava en el siglo XV: los sefto· rios Castellanos de Ia Orden al fin de Ia Edad media. Sevilla: Univer· sidad, 1978. P. 160. d Riley-Smith, J. The Templars and the castle of Tortosa II English Historical Review. 1969. T. 84. P. 278-288. e Aubrun, Michel. L'Ancien diocese de Limoges, des origines au milieu du XI• siecle. Clermont-Ferrand: Institut d'etudes du Massif central, 1981 . P. 387-388. f Falkenstein, Ludwig. La papaute et les abbayes fran~aises aux XI• et XII• siecles: exemption et protection apostolique . Paris: H. Champion, 1997. P. 196-200.

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a Joubert, H. Saint-M~dard: une commanderie des templiers dans le Tonnerois, XIIJe-XIV• siecles. M~moire de mattrise. Paris: Universit~ de Paris I Pantht!on-Sorbonne, 1999 (He HJAaHo) . UHrHpy~arcH H3AaHHH: Laurent, Jacques. Cartulaires de l'Abbaye de Molesmes, ancien diocese de Langres 916-1250. Paris: Picard, 1907-1911. 2 vol.: n· 217 (1218). - Recueil de pieces pour faire suite au Cartulaire general de l'Yonne. Publit! par Ia socit!tt! des sciences historiques et naturelles de l'Yonne. Sous Ia direction de Maximilien Quantin ... Auxerre: siege de Ia socit!tt!; Paris: Durand et Pt!done-Lauriel, 1873. N• 624 (1265) H 331 (1226).- A. D. Yonne. H Supplement 2294 (1246) .

135

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a Cartulaires des Templiers de Douzens. Publies par Pierre Gerard et Elisabeth Magnou; sous Ia direction de Philippe Wolff... Paris: Bibliotheque nationale, 1965. Cartulaire B. p. 195, n• 9. b Solano Rufz, Emma. La Orden de Calatrava en el siglo XV: los seftorfos Castellanos de Ia Orden al fin de Ia Edad media . Sevilla: Universidad, 1978. P. 158.

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a Riley-Smith, J. Knights. P. 376 H 380, n• 3. b Foreuille, Raymonde. Latrann, I, II, Ill et IV. Ed. par Dumerge, Gervais. Paris: Orante, 1965. (Histoire des conciles recumeniques; 6.)

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a lnuentaire. P. 96. N" 318.

b Demurger, Alain. Vie et mort de l'ordre du Temple: 1118-1314. Pa-

ris: Seuil, 1993. P. 74-75. c Barber, M. The order of Saint Lazarus and the Crusades // Catholic historical reuiew. LXXX. 1994. P. 433.

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a Muller, Ewald. Das Konzil von Vie nne 1311 ~ 1312: seine Que lien und seine Geschichte. Munster i. W.: Aschendorff. 1934. S. 703-704. Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers a Rhodes jusqu'a Ia mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310-1421 ). Paris: E. Leroux, 1913. P. 20, n. I. b Forey, Alan John. The Templars in the ~corona de Arag6n•>. London: Oxford university press, 1973. P. 176. c Luttrell, A. Rhodes: base militaire, colonie, metropole I I Luttrell 4 , VI. P. 237.

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a Forey, A. J. Recruitment of the military orders (twelfth and mid-four· teenth century// M.O.C., II. P. 164.- Petrus (de Dusburg). Chro· nik des Preussenlandes (Chronicon terre Prussiae). Obers. u. erl. von Klaus Scholz u. Dieter Wojtecki. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1984. III, 133. S. 252-253.

141

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a Forey, A . J. Towards a profile of the Templars in the early fourteenth century II The Military orders, I. P. 197. b Y.T./, t. J, C. 214 (naT. , CT. 59) H 260 (cpp., CT. 4). c Magnou, £. Oblature, classe chevaleresque et servage dans les maisons meridionales du Temple au xne siecle I I Annates du Midi. 73 (1961 ). d Vic, Claude de; Vaissete, Joseph. Histoire generale du Languedoc. T. VIII. Toulouse: E. Privat, 1879. P. 287-292.

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a Y.C., c. 102-103 (cr. 16); Y.Teem., c. 51 (cr. 30). b O'Callaghan, J. F. «Difiniciones» of the order of Calatrava ... 1468 II Calatrava, IX. P. 248 (art. 23). c Legras A.-M., Lemaltre 1.-L. La pratique liturgique des templiers et des hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jerusalem I I L'ecrit dans Ia societe medievale: divers aspects de sa pratique du XJe au xve siecle: textes en hommage a Lucie Fossier. Paris: Ed. du Centre national de Ia recherche scientifique, 1991. P. 77.

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a Y.T./, T. I, C. 212 H 225 (JJaT., CT. 53 H 69); C. 305-306 (<jlp., CT. 5354). b Tommasi, F. Uomini e donne negli ordini militari di Terrasanta II DoppelklOster und andere Formen der Symbiose mtinnlicher und weiblicher Religiosen im Mittelalter. Hrsg. von Kaspar Elm und Michel Parisse. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1992. S. 200. c Y.r., c. 59 (cTaTyTbl r . PeseJJH, 1262, CT. 22) . d Forey, A. 1. Women and military order in the Holy land II M .O.C. , IV. P. 77-79.

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a Y .Team ., c. 52, cr. 31. b Tommasi, F. Uomini e donne negli ordini militari di Terrasanta // Doppelklaster und andere Formen der Symbiose miinnlicher und weiblicher Religiosen im Mittelalter. Hrsg. von Kaspar Elm und Michel

Parisse. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1992. S. 200-201. c Echdniz Sans, Marfa. Las mujeres de Ia Orden Militar de Santiago en Ia edad media. Valladolid: Consejeria de Cultura y Turismo, 1992.

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a 3ro KpaTKOe (H HenOJIHOe) pe310Me CJleJlaHO Ha OCHOBe ynoMHHYTb!X BbiWe pa6or 34aHHC CaHc, CrepHca, ToMMa3H. <t>opH. K I<OTOpbiM HY>K· Ho no6asHTb: Winter, Johanna Maria van. Sources concerning the hos· pitallers of St John in the Netherlands, 14th-18th centuries. Leiden; Boston; Koln: Brill, 1998 H Garda Larragueta, S. La orden de San Juan de Jerusalem en Navarra II Las 6rdenes militares en el Mediterrdneo occidental (s. X/I-XVII/) : coloquio celebrado los dfas 4, 5 y 6 de mayo de 1983. Madrid: Casa de Velazquez. Instituto de Estudios Manchegos, 1989.

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a Y.C., c. 99-101 (cr. 12-14). b Echdniz Sans, Marfa. Las mujeres de Ia Orden Militar de Santiago en Ia edad media. Valladolid: Consejerfa de Cultura y Ti.Jrismo, 1992. P. 57-58. c Porras Arboledas, Pedro A. La orden de Santiago en el siglo XV: Ia provincia de Castilla. Madrid: Dykinson, 1997. P. 253, 261. d Echdniz Sans, Marfa. Las mujeres de la Orden Militar de Santiago en la edad media. Valladolid: Consejerfa de Cultura y Turismo, 1992. P. 223-224. e Paoli. T. I. P. 312-313. f Pinto Costa, P.; Pestana de Vasconcelos, A. Christ, Santiago and Avis: an approach to the rules of the portuguese military orders in the late middle ages I I The Military orders, ll. P. 257, n. 42.

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a Y.r., c. 50-51 (MapraTcKHe cTaTyTbJ, cT. 12). b Y.r .. c. 58 (cTaTyTbl r . PeseJifl, 1262, CT. 19). c Porras Arboledas, Pedro A. La arden de Santiago en el siglo XV: Ia provincia de Castilla. Madrid: Dykinson. 1997. P. 136.

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a Boockmann, Hartmut. Der Deutsche Orden: zwolf Kapitel aus seiner Geschichte. Munchen: Beck, 1999. Kap. 4 H9. [PyccKHH nepesoJl: SoxMaH, XapmMym. HeMeUKHH opJleH: JlBeHaJluarb rJias HJ ero HCTOpHH I ITep. B. H. MaryJosoii. M.: JlaJlOMHp, 2004.] b Le Proces des Templiers . Textes choisis et pub!. par Jules Michelet. Paris: Ed. du CTHS, 1987. T. I. P. 636. c Y.f., c. 49 (MaprarcKHe craryTbl, cr. II).- J. Riley-Smith. Knights. P. 239-240.- Enquete /373. P. 6-7.- Burgtorf. J . The order of the Hospital's high dignitaries and their claims on the inheritance of deceased brethren, regulations and conflicts I I A.P.C., p. 256. d Y.Teem., c. 138-139 (craryTbJ).

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Y.r., c. 26 (cr. 14). e Riley-Smith, J. Knights. P. 233.- Hiestand, Rudolf. Papsturkunden fur Templer und Johanniter. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 19721983. 2 Bd. T. I. S. 260. fOp. cit. S. 207. Hosoe H3D.aHHe, Bd. 2., S. 99. d

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a Delaville Le Roulx, J. Un nouveau manuscrit de Ia regie du Temple I I Annuaire-Bulletin de La Societe de l'histoire de France. T. 26 ( 1889). P. 207. b A.N., serie S 5235 (I) I, f. 7v., 8 v.; S 5238 (44). 4; S 5240 (57), 1-28.

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a Le Cartulaire de La Selue: Ia terre, les hommes et le pouvoir en Rou· ergue au Xlle siecle. Pub!. par Paul Ourliac ... Anne-Marie Magnou .. . Paris: C.N.R.S. 1985. P. 76-77. b Ha3B3HHe OTJl€JTbHbiX 3eMeJTbHbiX BJTaJleHHii TesroHcKoro opAeHa, ynpaBJIReMbiX KOMTypaMH (KOMaHJlOpaMH) (npuMe'l . nep.). c Wojtecki, Dieter. Studien zur Personengeschichte des Deutschen Ordens im 13. Jahrhundert. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1971. S. 78-79. d Militzer, Klaus. The recruitment of brethren for the Teutonic order in Livonia. 1237-1562 I I The Military orders, I. P. 276. 3ra craTbR KparKO H3Jiaraer COJlep;>t<aHHe sa;>t<Horo rpyAa : Ritterbril.der im liuliindischen Zweig des Deutschen Ordens. Hrsg. von Lutz Fenske und Klaus Militzer. K111n; Weimar; Wien: Bohlau, 1993. Asropbi cocraBHJTH npoconorpa<jJH'leCKHii CnHCOK 6oJTee TbiCR'lH 6paTbeB JlHBOHCKOfO OpJleHa CO speMeH Me'leHocues JlO 1565 r.: S. 265-266. e Le Proces des Templiers. Textes choisis et pub!. par Jules Michele!. Paris: Ed. du CTHS, 1987. T. II. P. 265-266.

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a O'Callaghan, J. F. 芦Difiniciones* of the order of Calatrava ... 1468 I I Calatraua, IX. P. 263 (art. 62). b Mur i Raurell, Anna. La encomienda de San Marcos: Ia orden de Santiago en Teruel ( 1200-1556). Teruel: Instituto de Estudios Turolenses, 1988. P. 135, 390-400 (reKcT cy.ae6Horo n.eJia). c Burleigh, Michael. Prussian society and the German order: an aristo路 cratic corporation in crisis c. 1410-1466. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge university press, 1984. P. 55.

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a Y.r .. c. 175-176 (~Usances+, cT. 89). b Militzer, Klaus. The recruitment of brethren for the Teutonic order in Livonia, 1237-1562 // The Military orders, I. P. 276. c Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago (1170-1275) . Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Med ievales, 1965. P. 86.

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a Le Proces des Templiers . Textes choisis et pub!. par Jules Michele! . Paris: td. du CTHS. 1987. T. II. P. 26. b Y.T.2, CT . 431, 658, 671-672. c Tabulae ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum. Ed. Ernestus Strehlke. Berolini, 1869. P. 381-382. Nr. 540. d Y. T.2, CT. 670. e Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago (1170-1275). Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Medievales, 1965. P. 46.

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a Tabulae ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum. Ed. Ernestus Strehlke. Berolini, 1869. P. 361-362 . Nr. 483. b Forey, A. J. Recruitment of the military orders (twelfth and mid-fourteenth century) // M.O.C., II. P. 153. c Clement VI (I 342-1352): Lett res closes, patentes et curiales se rapport ant a Ia France. Publiees ou analysees d'apres les registres du Vatican par Eugene Deprez et Guillaume Mollat. Premier fascicule. Tome ler. .. Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1901. Col. 294-296. N• 603 et 604. d Y .T.2, 224, 544-549.- Y.Teem., c. 139-141 (JaKOHbi, 46).

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a Aitken, R. The knights Templars in Scottland // Scottish Review . T. 32 (1898) . P. 15.

b Lomax , Derek William. La Orden de Santiago (1170-1275) . Madrid : Escuela de Estudios Medievales. 1965. P. 94. c Y.T.! , c. 174-17611 c . 194 (Jiar., N2 3, 4 H 31) ; c. 300-302 (cpp. , N2 47-49). d Sterns, I. The Teutonic order in the Ho.ly land // H.C .. t. V, p. 340.

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a lnventaire. P. 31, n• 98, et p. 59, n' 240.

The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London: New York: Macmillan, 1980. b Christiansen, Eric.

P. 149. c Jnventaire. P. 67, n' 281, et p. 69, n• 284.

d Ibid. P. 32, n' I 00, et p. 45, n· 169. e Miramon, Charles de. Les donnes au Moyen age: une forme de vie religieuse la'ique (v. 1180- v. 1500). Paris: Cerf, 1999. npe>K!I.e scero p. 70-72, 87-96, 132-134, 324-332.

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a Duby, Georges. Guillaume le Man~chal ou le Meilleur chevalier du monde. Paris: Fayard, 1984. P. 19-22. b Salimbene da Parma. Cronica / Salimbene de Adam. Bari: Laterza, 1966. P. 253.

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a Y.r.. c. 126 (cTaTyTbl 1302 r., cT. 16). b Mori Ubaldini, Ubaldino. La marina del Sovrano militare ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta. Roma: Regionale editrice, 1971. P. 45. UHTHpyeTCH HJ.IlaHHe: Bosio, Giacomo. Histoire des chevaliers de l'ordre de S. Jean de Hierusalem. Paris: M. Soly, P. Billaine et G. Alliot. 1629. Part. II. P. 471. c Y. Teem., c. 92-96 (YcTaHOBJJeHHH .N'2 3-6).

171 AparoHa 3 • B KOHU.e cpe.n.HHX seKoB H6epHikKHe cysepeHbi 6ecu.epeMOHHO aMeWHaaJIHCb a AeJia Op.AeHOa, HaaH3biaaH caoHx KaHAHAaroa. KaK H nanbi: HoaHH XXII B 1319 r. HCnoJih3oaaJI ace caoe BJIHHHHe, "'T06b! nposeCTH K3HAHAaTypy 3JIHoHa .n.e BHJibHesab.

reHepanbHbiM Kamnyn Mamcrp pacnoJiaraJI 3Ha"'HTeJihHOH BJiaCTb!O, Ho oH He 6biJI sceMorym. KaK cKa3aHo a ycraae op.n.eHa XpaMa H 3TO 6biJIO aepHO AJIH acex OpAeHOa, - MOH3CTblpb, TO ecTb ace 6parbH op.n.eHa, o6H3aH nocJiywaHHeM Mamcrpy, HO <<M3fHCTp 06H33H nocJiyWaHHeM caoeMy MOH3CTblp!O>>c. ITocJieAHHH 6biJI npe.n.craaJieH KanHryJioM , KoropbiH HMeJI nepeMeHHblH COCTaa H C06HpaJICH HeperyJIHpHO. MaprarCKHe craryrhi (1206) op.n.eHa focnHraJIH yKa3biBaiOr, "'TO KanHTYJIHpHbie 6aJibH, rJiaabi 3ana.n.HoeaponeHC!{HX KOMaHAOpCTB, HaJIHIOTCH "'JieHaMH KanHryJiad. B op.n.eHax CaHro11 3eMJil1 OHH a npHHU.Hne co6HpaJIHCb pa3 a nHTb Jier. Ha Po.n.oce Op.AeH focnHTaJIH CT3JI JIY"'We BbinOJIHHTb 3TO npaaHJIO: Me)KAY 1421 H 1522 rr. 6biJIO C03aaHO .n.aa.n.u.aTb .n.aa KanHTyJiae. B H6epHHCKHX op.n.eHax KanHryJihi co6HpaJIHCb e)Kero.n.Ho. Cocraa KamnyJia op.n.eHa KaJiarpaahi a ceHrH6pe 1383 f. H3aecreH: nOMHMO MarHCTpa, a Hero aXOAHJIO ceMepo C3HOaHHKOa H AB3AU.3Tb aoceMb (ro eCTb nOJIOaHHa) a Sainz de la Maza Lasoli, Regina. La orden de San Jorge de Alfama . Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas. 1990. P. 13. b Delauille Le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers a Rhodes jusqu'a Ia mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310-1421). Paris: E. Leroux. 1913. P. 51. c Y.T.2, 98. d Y.f., c. 43 (MapraTCKHe cTaTyTbt, 1206, CT. 2). e Sarnowsky, 1. The oligarchy at work. The chapters general of the Hospitallers in the XVth century (1421-1522) // A.P.C., p. 267-276.

172

rnasa 7. OpraHM3al.lHA opAeHoa

KOMaH.n.opoa, a raK.>Ke <•.n.pyrHe 6paTbSI» 3 • Ha nepsoM H3BecrHOM Kam!TyJJe op.n.eHa CaH-)I(op.n.H·.n.e-AJJbcpaMa s 1225 r. co6paJJHCb npHOp, CaHOBHHKH H «BCe np04He 4JJeHbl .ll.OMa CBS!· roro feoprHSI>), eme HeMHorotiHCJJeHHbieb. KanHTYJJbi .n.oJJ.>KHbi 6biJJH co6HpaTbCSI B ueHTpaJJbHOH pe3H· .n.eHUHH op.n.eHa. B focnHTaJJe B03HHKaJJH KpH3HCbi, Kor.n.a fHJJbOM .n.e BHJJJJape B 1297 r. co3BaJJ KanHTYJJ B ABHHbOHe HJJH Kor.n.a XyaH <t>epHaH.n.ec .n.e 3pe.n.Ha orKa3aJJcSI ceJJHTb· CSI Ha Po.n.oce (c 1381 r . .ll.O CBOeH CMepTH B 1396 r. OH He noKH.n.aJJ ABHHbOHa). HHor.n.a BMeWHBaJJcH nana H B 1446 H 1466 rr. C03biBaJJ reHepaJJbHbie r<anHTYJJbi B PHMe. B op.n.eHe CaHThHro reHepaJJbHbiH KanHTYJJ .UOJJ.>KeH 6biJJ B CHJJY nancKoro peweHHH 1175 r. co6HparbCSI B YKJJece; cpaKTH4eCKH OH 43CTO C06Hp3JJCSI B JleoHe (B MOHaCTb!pe CaH-MapKOC) HJJH B Cerypa-.n.e-JJa-Cbeppa, a c cepe.n.HHbi XIII s. B MepH.n.e. B 1264 r. nana Yp6aH IV KO.D.HcpHUHpoBaJJ o6bi· 43H, COrJJaCHO KOTOpoMy B KOHUe K3.>K.ll.Of0 KanHTyJJa .ll.OJI.>K· Hbi 6biJJH o6MBJJS!Tb Mecro co3biBa cJJe.n.yiOll.l.eroc. YKJJec 6b!JJ npe.>K.n.e BCero MeCTOM c6opa KanHTYJJOB npOBHHUHH HJJH KopoJJeBCTBa KacTHJJHSI. PeweHHSI KanHTYJJOB BXO.ll.HJJH B retrais op.n.eHa XpaMa, B CTaTyTbl focnHTaJJSI HJIH TeBTOHUeB, B difiniciones KaJJa· rpaBbi HJJH MoHrecbi. B nocJJe.UHHX op.n.eHax, npHcoe.n.HHeHHbiX K CHTO, difiniciones, o6cy.>K.n.aswHecH Ha KanHTyJJe, o6HapO.ll.OB3JJ UHCTepUH3HCKHH a66aT, OTBeTCTBeHHb!H 3a op.n.eHd. a O'Callaghan, J. F. The earliest ~Difiniciones» of the order of Calatrava, 1304-1383 I I Calatraua, Vll. P. 282. b Sdinz de La Maza Lasoli, Regina. La arden de San Jorge de Alfama. Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas, 1990. P. 225, n• 5. c Lomax, Derek William . La Orden de Santiago ( 1170-1275). Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Medievales, 1965. P. 63. d O'Callaghan, J. F. The earliest «Difiniciones• of the order of Calatrava, 1304-1383 II Calatraua, VII. P. 281-284.

173

B ueHrpe: MarHcrp HKaOHlJ'Il

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(mayoral,

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s CsHTOH 3eMJieb. KpoMe .llOMa, MarHcTpy op.LJ.eHa XpaMa noMoraJIH .LJ.Sa KOMnaHbOHa, pbiUapH, KOTOpbie «He .llOJl)f(Hbl 6b!JlH nO.LJ.SeprHyTbCH HCKJlJOtteHHIO H3 JIJ060f0 COSeTa, Ha KOeM npHCYTCTByeT nHTb HJIH WeCTb 6paTbeB>>c. DO.LJ.06HaH )f(e CTPYKTypa cyu.r.ecTsosaJia s op.LJ.eHe CaHTbHrod. 3TOT .llOM MarHCTpa HeJlb3H nyTaTb C rpynnoH CaHOSHHKOS Op.LJ.eHa, 3aHHMaSWHX cneuHaJibHbJe .llOJl>KHOCTH H o6pa30SasWHX COSeT Op.LJ.eHa. 0Ka3biSaeTCH, BJlaCTb S SOeHHbiX Op.LJ.eHaX HOCHJia TaKOH )f(e .LJ.SOHCTSeHHblH xapaKTep, KaK H npH KOpOJIHX S CSeTCKOM rocy.LJ.apCTBe TOfO speMeHH, y KOTOpblX 6b!Jl KOpoJieBCKHH .llOM H KOpOJieBCKHH COSeT.

a Sdinz de Ia Maza Lasoli, Regina. La orden de San Jorge de Alfama. Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas, 1990. P. 207211, n• 6. b Y. Teem., c. 99-100 (YcraHOBJieHHH, .N'9 II). c Y. T.2. 77 H 79. d Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago (I 170-1275). Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Medievales, 1965. P. 57.

174

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175

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TbHro ct>epHaH nepec manu militari [cHJIOH opy>KHH (Aam.)] H3rHaJI npHopa XHJIH foHcaJieca, KOTOpbiH ocnapHBaJI y Hero pacnopH>KeHHe .li.OXO.llaMH op.lleHa. MarHctp sonpeKH soJie nanbr HaBH3aJI npHopy H seeM CBHW.eHHHK3M Op.lleHa CBOIO BJI3CTb2 • K 3TOH yaKOH rpynne .llOJI>KHOCTHbiX JIHU Ha.llo .ll06aBHTb nepeMeHHoe

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a Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago ( 1170-1275). Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Medievales, 1965. P. 59-63.

npoBHH~HanbH~~yposeHb

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a Paoli. T. 2. P. 149.

b Y.r., c. 97 (craryrbl 1294 r., cr. I) H KOMMeHrapHH Hac. 100.

c Miguet, Michel. Templiers et Hospitaliers en Normandie. Paris: Comit~ des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 1995. P. 124. - Mannier, Eugi!ne. Ordre de Malte: les commanderies du Grand·Prieur~ de France . Reprod. photom~canique de l'~d. de 1872. Brionne: G. Monfort , 1987. P. 375-500.

180

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a Porras Arboledas, Pedro A. La orden de Santiago en el siglo XV: Ia provincia de Castilla. Madrid: Dykinson, 1997. P. 134-135, 145.

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KaK cJJeJlyer H3 cocrasa KaprynRpHR Coca: A.N., serie S n• 5235 (I) I. b Winter, Johanna Maria uan. Sources concerning the hospitallers of St John in the Netherlands, 14th-18th centuries. Leiden; Boston; Koln: Brill, 1998. P. 31, n• 3; p. 35, n• 14. c Enqu~te 1373. P. 99. d Paris, Mathieu. Matthaei Parisiensis monachi sancti Albani, chronica majora. London: Longmans: Trubner; Oxford: Parker, 1872-1883. 7 vol. T. IV. P. 291. 3

HI130Bble crpyKrypt.~: AOM, KOMaHAopcrao, 6anne~

183

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Forey, Alan John. The Templars in the «Corona de Arag6m>. London: Oxford university press, 1973. P. 266. Martinez Diez, Gonzalo. Los templarios en la Corona de Castilla. Burgos: La Olmeda•. 1993. Barber, Malcolm. The new knighthood: a history of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 1994

npMOpaTbl!

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HH>KHRR repMaHHR 38 HaBappa 21 (KoH. XIII B.); 28 (XIV e.) nHJa 39 nopryranHR (XV B.) 41

Enqu~te 1373

Winter, Johanna Maria van. Sources concerning the hospitallers.ofSt. John in. the Netherlands, 14th-18th centuries. Leiden; Boston; Ktlln: Bril~ 1998. P. 72 Ibid.

Luttrell 4. T. 1. P. 121. Nova hist6ria de Portugal. Direc~ao de Joel Serrao eA. H. de Oliveira Marques. - 1a. ed. Lisboa: Editorial Presen~a. 1987-1992. 12 v. Vol. 4. P. 388

f11aea 7. OpraHH3ai.I~HI opAeHOB

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5 10

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Ibid. Ibid. Wojtecki, Dieter. Studien zur Personengeschichte des Deutschen Ordens im 13. Jahrhundert. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1971. S. 65-76 6 MOHaCTblpel! (CI-1- Christiansen, Eric. The northern ryaL~HR y Me~eHoc- crusades: the Baltic and the 14es s 1236 r.) Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. london; New York: Macmillan, 1980. P. 95 KoMaHnp~o~o- Solano Rufz, Emma. La Orden paros de Calatrava en el siglo XV: los AOPCTB sei'\orios castella nos de La Orden al 28 1 fin de La Edad media. Sevilla: 7 1 Universidad, 1978. Cap. 3 11 3

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9 19 17

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CaHTbRro (XV B.)

York; Melbourne: Cambridge university press, 1984. Carte Les orr/res mi/itaires, Ia vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe ocddentale (XIIe~XVIIIe si~c/es). Auch: ~pOt et diffusion, Com it~ d~partemental du Tourisme du Gers, 1986. (Flaran, 6.) Carte

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(XV 8.) 37 41

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Porras Arboledas, Pedro A. La orden de Santiago en el siglo XV: La provincia de Castilla. Madrid: Dykinson, 1997. P. 227-267 Nova hist6ria de Portugal. Direc~ao de Joel Serrao e A. H. de Oliveira Marques. - 1a. ed. lisboa: Editorial Presen~a, 1987-1992. 12 v. Vol. 4. P. 388

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185

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a Solano Rufz, Emma. La Orden de Calatrava en el siglo XV: los seilorfos castellanos de Ia Orden al fin de Ia Edad media. Sevilla: Universidad, 1978. P. 176 H aHaJJHTH4ecKoe HCCJJe.nosaHHe Ha p. 187-290 c Kaproii BHe TeKCTa. b Fuguet Sans, Joan. L'arquitectura dels Tempters a Catalunya. Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau, 1995. P. 365-380. c Starnawska, M. Crusade orders on Polish land during the middle ages: adaptation in a peripherical environment // Quaestiones Medii Aeui Novae. lnstytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Warszawa: IH UW, 1996-1997. 2 vol. T. 2. P. 121-131. d Mur i Raurell, Anna. La encomienda de San Marcos: Ia orden de Santiago en Teruel ( 1200-1556). Teruel: Jnstituto de Estudios Turolenses, 1988. P. 41.

rnasa 7. OpraHHJai.IH.A opAeHos

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e Winter, Johanna Maria van. Sources concerning the hospitallers of St. John in the Netherlands, 14th-18th centuries. Leiden; Boston; Koln: Brill, 1998. P. 39, n. 24.

187

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a Forey, Alan John. The Templars in the <•Corona de Arag6n~. London: Oxford university press, 1973. P. 266. b

f. Riley-Smith. Knights. P. 366-370. -

Y.f. , c. 96-97 (cTaTyTbl

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responsiones

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H MOHaCTblpb Po.llOCa Ha3H34HJIH npHOpOM repMaHHH fepMaHa uy PeiiHa c npasoM noJib3osaTbCH noxo,llaMH c 4eTbipex KOMaHnopcTs: PeiiHcpeJib.lleHa, KJiHHrHay, KeJibHa H YTpexTad.

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a C.H., t. IV. N• 4672. Ha caMOM n:ene «3aMopbe~ He o6RaareJJbHO oaHa4aJJo •Bocro4Hoe CpeJJ:H3eMHOMOpbe•. Bee aasHceno or KOHKperHoro Mecra! b Militzer, Klaus. Die Entstehung der Deutschordensballeien im Deutschen Reich. 2., ilberarb. u. erw. Auf!. Marburg: Elwert, 1981. S. 138-165. c J. Riley-Smith. Knights. P. 351-352. d Winter, Johanna Maria van. Sources concerning the hospitallers of St. John in the Netherlands, 14th-18th centuries. Leiden; Boston; Koln: Brill, 1998. P. 33, n• 9.

189 cyWeCTBOBaHI151 11CnOJlb30BaJI TaKy!O >Ke CI1CTeMy, HO 9TO He 6eccnopHo3 • B HcnaHI111 c11creMa mesa maestral [Marl1crepcKI1H CTOJl (ucn.) ), C03.ll.aHHaH .li.JIH CO.ll.ep>KaHI151 Ma· mcrpa 11 ero .li.OMa, ro>Ke 6biJia conocrasi1MOH: s CaHTbHro Mar11crp noJiy4aJI .li.OXO.ll.bl c KoMaH.li.Opcrs BeHaMexl1 (nop· ryraJII1H), Mep11.ll.a (3crpeMa.ll.ypa), MoHraH4ec (JleoH), YKJiec (Kacri1JI11H) 11 Mypc11Hb. CywecrsosaJia 11 mesa .li.JIH seJII1KI1X KOMaH.li.OpOB regni [KopoJieBCTB (Aam.)); 11MY· wecrsa 11 .li.OXO.ll.bl, pacnpe.ll.eJieHHbie raKI1M o6pa30M, co· crasJIHJII1 encomienda mayor. B KacTI1JII111 seJII1K11H KO· MaH.li.Op 11MeJI rp11 encomiendas mayores, Ha3biBaeMbie KaCTI1JlbCKI1MI1c. HHIIJOpMa1.4H.R H KOMMYHHKa1.41AR

)J,JIH CBH311 Me>K.li.Y ueHTpOM H nep11<f>ep11eH 6b!Jla HY>KHa cerb HH<f>opMaU1111 11 11H<f>opMaropos. C BocroKa Ha 3ana.ll. npe>K.ll.e scero coo6waJIH o noJio>KeHI111 JiaTI1HCKHX roCy.ll.apCTB 11 npOCI1JlH nOMOllll1. ni1CbMa BbinOJIHHJII1 <f>YHKUHIO excitatoria [o6o.ll.p11reJibHbiX nocJiaH11H (Aam.)] - OHI1 .li.OJI>KHbi 6biJII1 pacrporaTb 3ana.li.HOes· poneH:ues Hec4acrbHMI1 xp11cr11aH Ha BocroKe, 4T06bi re OKa3aJII1 noMOlllb. H3 nHTI1.ll.eCHTI1 O.li.Horo nHCbMa, Hanpas· JieHHoro s XIII s. aHrJI11HCKI1M a.ll.pecaraM, .ll.eBHTHa.ll.uarb Han11caHbi raMnJI11epaMI1, ceMHa.ll.uarb - rocni1TaJibepaMH, O.li.HO 4JleHOM aHrJII1HCKOfO Op.ll.eHa CBHTOrO <l>OMbl. Ope.ll.cras11reJI11 op.ll.eHos o6pawaJII1Cb npe>K.ll.e scero K cso-

3 Forey, Alan John. The Templars in the •Corona de Arag6nb. London: Oxford university press, 1973. P. 267-268. b Solano Rufz, Emma. La Orden de Calatrava en el sigto XV: los sei'!o· rios castellanos de Ia Orden al fin de Ia Edad media. Sevilla: Universidad, 1978. P. 308-309. c Porras Arboledas, Pedro A. La orden de Santiago en el siglo XV: Ia provincia de Castilla. Madrid : Dykinson, 1997. P. 352-355.

rnaea 7. OpraHHlai.IHll opAeHoe

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Lloyd, Simon D. English society and the crusade, 1216-1307. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. P. 248-252. b Richard, Jean. Saint Louis: roi d'une France feodale, soutien de Ia Terre sainte. Paris: Fayard, 1983. P. 178-179. c Poutiers, Jean-Christian . Rhodes et ses chevaliers: 1306-1523. Araya (Liban): lmpr. catholique; Bruxelles: diff. E.S.T.C, 1989. P. 196. 3

191

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«responsiones»

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1250 r.

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CO-

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responsio (responsiones) Ha HY)K,D.bi CBHTOH 3eMJJH. Or HHX HeMHOrO OTJ1H4aJ1C51 Wartege/d [neHCHR (HeM.)]. KOTOpbiH B3HMaJ1 TeBTOHCKHH op.n.eH Ha co.n.ep)KaHHe cropo)KeBbiX nOCTOB Ha rpaHHUaX 00JlbWH H JIHTBbl, nOTOMY 4TO nJJaTHTb ero 6biJIH o6H3aHbi see KOMaH.n.opcrsa, KaK cppoHTOBbie, TaK H TbiJlOBbleb.

Responsiones, 4ame scero s .n.eHe)KHOH cpopMe, nepenpasJlHJJHcb pa3HbiMH cnoco6aMH. CraryTbi 1181 r. npe.nnHCbiBaJJH Ka)K.D.OMY rocrmTaJlbepcKOMY np11opary Ha 3ana.ne noCbiJJaTb npocTbiHH .D.J15l 6oJJbHbiX B 3ase.neHH5l HepycaJJHMa: CTO npOCTbiHb 113 OKpaweHHOH XJl0043T06yMa)KHOH TKaHH

rnaaa 7. OpraHH3at.~Hll opAeHoa

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«AH:>KeJIHKa» -

pa»- KOpa6Jib focnHTaJIH

(1278

r.), a TaK)Ke 3HaMeHHTblh

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III AparoHCKHH

Ha CHUHJIHH, XaiiMe

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a Y.f.. c. 36-37 (craryrbl 1181 r., cr. 8). b Demurger, Alain. Vie et mort de l'ordre du Temple: 1118-1314. Pa· ris: Seuil, 1993. P. 220-222. c I registri della Cancelleria angioina. Ricostruiti da Riccardo Filangieri. Napoli: Accademia Pontaniana, 1951. ApxHBbl, soccraHOBJleHHble nocJJe no>t<apa 1945 roAa.

193 HOB 3ana.ll.a He llHHHTb npemiTCTBHI1 TaKHM nepeB03KaM Me)!(.li.Y HX rocy.ll.apcraaMH H Po.li.OCOM 2 • B CBH3H c aonpocoM nepenpaBKH .ll.eHer 6biJIO npoJIHTO HeMaJio llepHHJI. 06HJibHaH HCTOpHOrpa<jlHH C.ll.eJiaJia TaMnJIHepOB -

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a Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram il/ustrantia. Maximam partem nondum edita, ex tabulariis vaticanis deprompta. collecta, ac serie chronologica disposita ab Augustine Theiner. 2 vol. Romae: Typis vaticanis, 1859-1860. V. II. P. 57-58. n• 104 (Yp6aH V, 1363,27 aarycra). b Demurger, A. Tnlsor des Templiers, Tr~sor du roi : mise au point sur les operations financieres des Templiers // Pouvoir et Gestion (<•Histoire, gestion, organization»). Toulouse. N" 5. 1997. P. 73-85. 7-8085

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a Clement VI (/ 342-1352): Lett res closes, patentes et curiales se rapportant a Ia France. Publiees au analysees d'apres les registres du Vatican par Eugene Deprez et Guillaume Mollat. Premier fascicule. Tome Iler ... Paris: A. Fontemoing. 1901. Col. 252. No 1209.

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a Verbruggen, Jean- Frans The art of warfare in Western Europe during the middle ages. Amsterdam; New York: North-Holland, 1977. nepeson. c HH,Il.epnaHD.CKoro HJJJ.aHHR 1954 r. : Verbruggen, Jan Frans. De krijgs· kunst in West-Europa in de middeleeuwen. Brussel: Paleis der Academien, 1954. b Y.T.2, 98. c TaM JICe, 156.

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b Gaier, C. La valeur militaire des templiers // Gaier, Claude. Armes et combats dans l'univers medieval. Bruxelles: De Boeck universite. 1995. P. 47-56. c Y. T.2, 179.

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r TaM :JICe, 105. g TaM :JICe, 166.

200

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acnoMHHJI MarHcTp XpaMa .>Kepap .ue P11.ucpop, 6e3paccy.n.Ho a TaM :JICe, 161. b Duby, Georges. Le dimanche de Bouvines: juillet 1214. Paris: Galli-

mard, 1973. · c Smail, Raymond-Charles. Crusading warfare: 1097-1193. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956.

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202

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a Theodericus // Peregrinaliones Ires . Saewulf, John of WCirzburg, Theodericus; edited by R. B. C. Huygens. Turnholti [i.e. Turnhout, Belgique]: Brepols, 1994. P. 175. b Odon de Deuil. La Croisade de Louis VII: roi de France. Publiee par Henri Waquet. Paris: P . Geuthner, 1949. - nepeso.n .naH B H3)laHHH: La conqu~le de La Terre sainte par les Croises. Vue d'ensemble par Rene de La Croix, due de Castries. Paris: Albin Michel, 1973. P. 425-426. c Ambroise. L'estoire de Ia guerre sainte. Publ. et trad. par Gaston Paris. Paris~ Imprimerie nationale, 1897. d Quinti belli sacri scriptores minores. Edidit Reinholdus Rohricht. Genevae: J.-G. Fick, 1879. - Testimonia minora de quinto bello sacra. Edidit Reinholdus Rohrich!. Genevae: J.-G. Fick, 1882.

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a Demurger, A. Templiers et hospitaliers dans les combats de Terre sainte I I Le combattant au Moyen Age. XVIIIe Congres de Ia Soci~t~ des historiens m~di~vistes de l'enseignement sup~rieur public; pr~face de Michel Balard. Paris: SHMES; Cid ed., 1991. P. 77-96. b Kennedy, Hugh N. Crusader castles. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 1994. fJiaBbi 6 H 7, p. 106-107, nocBHW.eHbl JaMKaM op.n.eHoB. - Pringle, Denys. Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 1997. P. 106-107.

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Riley-Smith, J. The Templars and Teutonic knights in Cilician Armenia I I The Cilician kingdom of Armenia. Edited by T S. R. Boase. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1978. P. 92-117. - Paoli. T. I. P. 98: JiesoH, uapb ApMeHHH, coo6IUaeT o6 o6opoHe csoero uapcTsa rocnHTaJibepaMH s 1209 r. H nepe.naeT HM ropo.n CeJie<jl HlliaTeJib-He<jl. b Deschamps, Paul. Les Chateaux de Crois~s en Terre sainte. 1: le Crac des chevaliers. Paris: P. Geuthner, 1934-1939. 3, La D~fense du Comt~ de Tripoli et de Ia Principaut~ d'Antioche. Paris: P. Geuthner, 1973. 3

206

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a C. T., n• CCCXIV. P 204-205. b Forey, A. J. The military orders and the spanish Reconquest in the

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a Finke, Heinrich. Papsttum und Untergang des Templerordens. Bd. 2: Quellen. Munster i.W.: Aschendorff, 1907. S. 4. Nr. 4 II Forey, Alan John. The military orders: from the 12th to the early 14th centuries. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1991. P. 89. b Torres Sudrez, C. Rodrigo Tellez Gir6n, maestre de Calatrava II Anuario de estudios medievales. XII (1981). P. 790. c Forey, A. J. The military orders and the spanish Reconquest in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries II M.O.C. V. P. 219.

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a Solano Rufz, Emma. La Orden de Calatrava en el siglo XV: los sei'!orlos Castellanos de Ia Orden al fin de Ia Edad media. Sevilla: Universidad, 1978. P. 161-162. b Forey, A. J. The military orders and the spanish Reconquest in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries I I M.O.C. V. P . 226. c Forey, Alan John. The Templars in the •Corona de Arag6n~. London: Oxford university press, 1973. P. 33-34.

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a Sdinz de La Maza Lasoli, Regina . La arden de San Jorge de Alfama . Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas. 1990. P. 199200, n• I. b Corchado Soriano, Manuel. Estudio hist6rico-econ6mico-jurfdico del Campo de Calatrava. Ciudad Real: lnstituto de estudios manchegos; Diputaci6n provincial de Ciudad Real, 1982-1984. 3 vol. - Javierre Muir, A.L. La arden de Calatrava en Portugal I I Boletfn de La Real Academia de La historia. T. CXXX ( 1952). P. 360.

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a Housley, Norman. The later crusades, 1274-1580: from Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford: Oxford university press, 1992. P. 391. b Forey, Alan John. The military orders: from the 12th to the early 14th centuries. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education , 1991. P. 49.

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a Y. Teem., c. 47 (Ycras, cr. 22). - Urban , W. The organization of defense of the livonian frontier in the thirteenth century I I Speculum . T. 48 ( 1973). P. 529. b Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, II 00-1525. London; New York: Macmillan, 1980. P. 210. c Ibid . P. 87,211-213.

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a Housley, Norman. The later crusades, 1274-1580: from Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford: Oxford university press, 1992. P. 332. b Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades : the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London; New York : Macmillan, 1980. P. 156.

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Ibid. P. 87. b Urban, W. The organization of defense of the livonian frontier in the thirteenth century I I Speculum. T. 48 (1973). P. 531. c Ekdahl, S. Horses and crossbows: two important warfare advantages of the Teutonic order in Prussia I I The Military orders, II. P. 125. a

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a Scriptores rerum Prussicarum: Die Geschichtsquellen der preussischen Vorzeit bis zum Untergange der Ordensherrschaft. Hrsg. v. Dr. Theodor Hirsch, Dr. Max Toppen und Dr. Ernst Strehlke. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1861-1874. Bd. 2. S. 572.

216

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a Quinti belli sacri scrip/ores minores. Edidit Reinholdus Rohricht. Genevae: J.-G. Fick, 1879. - Testimonia minora de quinto bello sacra. Edidit Reinholdus Rohricht. Genevae: J.-G. Fick, 1882.

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a Ekdahl, S. Horses and crossbows: two important warfare advantages of the Teutonic order in Prussia // The Military orders. II. P. 133.

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a Lawrence, Thomas Edward. Crusader castles. A New ed. with in trod. and notes by Denys Pringle. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1988. b Kennedy, Hugh N Crusader castles. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 1994. P. 160.

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a Gaier, C. Quelques particularites de l'armement des chevaliers teutoniques dans le bailliage de Germanie inferieure aux XIVe et xve siecles I I Gaier, Claude. Armes et combats dans l'univers medieval. Bruxelles: De Boeck universite. 1995. P. I51-158. bY. T.2, 162. I 73. c Ekdahl, S. Horses and crossbows: two important warfare advantages of the Teutonic order in Prussia I I The Military orders. II. P. 158-160. - Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London; New York: Macmillan, 1980. P. 88.

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a Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London: New York: Macmillan, 1980. P. 158. b Solano Ruiz, Emma. La Orden de Calatrava en el siglo XV: los seflor!os Castellanos de Ia Orden al fin de Ia Edad media . Sevilla: Universidad, 1978. Ta6JJHUa Hap. 163-167. c Cardini, Franco. La culture de Ia guerre: xe-xyme siecle. Traduit de l'italien par Angelique Levi. Paris: Gallimard, 1992. (Bibliotheque des histoires.) d Jacques de Vitry. Histoire des croisades (Historia Hierosolymitana). Traduit du latin par Fran~ois Guizot. Paris: J.-L.J. Briere, 1825. P. 366.

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a Starnawska, M. Crusade orders on Polish land during the middle ages: adaptation in a peripherical environment // Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae. lnstytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Warszawa: IH UW, 1996-1997. 2 vol. T. 2. P. 121-131.

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a Ibid. P. 131.- Richard, J. Templiers et hospitaliers en Bourgogne II Die geistlichen Ritterorden Europas. Hrsg. von Josef Fleckenstein und Manfred Hellmann. Vortrage und Forschungen. Konstanzer Arbeitskreis far Mittelalterliche Geschichte; Bd. 26. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1980. S. 231-242. bY. Teem., c. 31-33 (ycTas. CT. 4). c Y.T.l, T. I. C. 74 (JiaT., cT. 2) H c. 299 (cpp., cT. 46); c. 182 (JiaT., CT. 14) H C. 272 (cpp., CT. J7).

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a Les registres de Gregoire IX: recueil des bulles de ce pape: publiees ou analysees d'apres les manuscrits originaux du Vatican par Lucien Auvray ... Paris: Fontemoing et Boccard, 1890-1955. 4 tomes en 3 val. T. 2. Col. 912, n• 4129 (9 mars 1238) II Richard, Jean. Histoire des croisades. Paris: Fayard. 1996. P. 330. b Caumont, Nompar de. Le voyage d'outre-mer a Jerusalem de Nompar de Caumont, C. et P. Paris, 1997. P. 1095. c Kedar, B. Z. A twelft century description of the Jerusalem Hospital I I Military Orders. II. P. 6-7. d Y.r.. c. 35 (craryTbl Po>Ke n.e MyJieHa, cr. 5).

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a Mur i Raurell, Anna. La encomienda de San Marcos: Ia orden de Santiago en Teruel (1200-1556). Teruel: Institute de Estudios Turolenses, 1988. - Y.C., c. 112-113 (cT. 31) 11 TlpeaM6yJJa, c. II. b D.l.P., t. 5. Roma. 1978. Col. 1219-1228. Art. <•Mercedari•>.- Forey, A. J. The military orders and the ransoning of captives from Islam (twelft to early fourteenth centi.Hie) // M.O.C. VI. P. 259-279.

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a Y.f., c. 193 (<,Usances•>, cr. 121). - Burgtorf, J. The order of the Hospital's high dignitaries and their claims on t he inheritance of deceased brethren, regulations and conflicts // A.P.C., p. 257. - Riley-Smith, J. Knights. P. 332, n. 3. b Luttrell, A. The Hospitallers medical tradition // The Military orders, I. P. 73. c Gabriel, Albert. La Cite de Rhodes, 1310-1522. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1921-1923. 2 vol. T. II: Architecture civile et religieuse. P. 222.

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a Krassava-Tsilingiri, F. The fifteenth century hospital of Rhodes // The Military Orders. I. P. 92. b Gabriel, Albert. La Cit~ de Rhodes, 1310-1522. Paris: E. de Boccard , 1921-1923. 2 val. T. II: Architecture civile et religieuse. P. 221. c Ibid. P. 223-225.

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a Krassava- Tsilingiri, F. The fifteenth century hospital of Rhodes I I The Military Orders. I. P. 89-96. b Luttrell, A . The Hospitallers medical tradition II The Military orders, I. P. 69-70. c O'Callaghan, f. F. Las definiciones medievales de Ia arden de Montesa, 1326-1468 II Calatrava, X. P. 244 (cr. 4, difiniciones 1444 rona). d Kedar, B. Z. A twelft century description of the Jerusalem Hospital I I The Military Orders. II. P. 10.

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The Military or-

c Sterns,!. II H.C., t.V. P. 341 etc. d Luttrell, A. The Hospitallers medical tradition II The Military orders, I. P. 71. CcbiJIKH Ha 3TH reKCTbi ecrb B H3.1taHHH : Gabriel, Albert. La Cite de Rhodes, 1310-1522. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1921-1923.2 vol. T. II: Architecture civile et religieuse. P. 29-32, 35-36, 221-226.

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a Schwarzenberg, C. uon. What a pilgrim saw at Rhodes I I Annales de l'ordre souuerain militaire de Malle. 26 (1968). P. 104. UHrHpyerCH no H3Jl.aHHIO: Luttrell, A. The Hospitallers medical tradition I I The Military orders, I. P. 71. b Ibid. P. 65, 78-79. - Le Grand, L. La priere des malades dans les hopitaux de l'ordre de Saint-Jean de Jerusalem II B.E.C .. LVII (1896). P. 325-338. - Sinclair, K. V. The french player for the sick in the hospital of the knights of St John of Jerusalem at Acre I I Medieual Studies. 40 (1978). P. 448-488.

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a Edgington, S. Medical care in the Hospital of St John I I The Mi· litary Orders. II. P. 33. b Luttrell, A. The Hospitallers medical tradition II The Military orders, I. P. 73.

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a Echdniz Sans, Marfa . Las mujeres de Ia Orden Militar de Santiago en Ia edad media. Valladolid: Consejerfa de Cultura y Turismo, 1992. P. 59.

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a Miguel, Michel. Templiers et Hospitaliers en Normandie. Paris: Co· mite des travaux historiques et scientifiques, J995. P. 35. b Goulet, Noel. Les ordres militaires, Ia vie rurale et le peuplement dans le sud-est de Ia France au Moyen Age II Les ordres militaires, La vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (X/I"- XVIW siecles) . Auch: Depot et diffusion, Comite departemental du Tourisme du Gers, 1986. (Fiaran, 6.) P. 41. c Fossier, Robert. Les hospitaliers et les templiers au nord de Ia Seine et en Bourgogne (XIIe-X!Ve siecles) I I Les ordres militaires, Ia vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (XJJe-xviil" siecles) . Auch: Depot et diffusion, Comite departemental du Tourisme du Gers, 1986. (Fiaran, 6.) P. 26. d Higounet, Charles. Hospitaliers et templiers: peuplement et exploita· lion rurale dans le sud-est de Ia France au Moyen Age II Les ordres militaires, La vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale ( X!leXVIJJe siecles). Auch: Depot et diffusion, Co mite departemental du Tourisme du Gers, 1986. (Fiaran, 6.) P. 68.

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le sud·est de Ia France au Moyen Age // Les ordres militaires, La vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (XIIe-XVI!fe siecles) . Auch: DepOt et diffusion, Comite departemental du Tourisme du Gers, 1986. (Fiaran, 6.) P. 39-40. c Etienne, G. La Villeneuve du Temple a Paris // Actes du IOOe Congres national des societes savantes, Paris, 1975. Paris: Bibliotheque nationale, 1976. T. II. P. 89.

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a Barquero Gomi, C. The Hospitallers and the Castillano-Leonese monarchy: the concession of royal rights I I The Military Orders, I. P. 28-33. b Moreta Velayos, S. Los dominios de las 6rdenes militares en Castilla segun el •Becerra de las behetrias* I I Anuario de estudios medievales. XI (1981). P. 117-138, n. 35.

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a Rodriguez Llopis, M. Peuplement et expansion agraire dans les domaines de l'ordre de Saint-Jacques au royaume de Murcie (14501530) II Les ordres militaires, Ia vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (XIf€-XVIffe siecles). Auch: Depot et diffusion, Comite departemental du Tourisme du Gers, 1986. (Fiaran, 6.) P. 233-240. b Segura Graino, C. La formaci6n del patrimonio de las 6rdenes militares en el alto valle de Guadalquivir II Anuario de estudios medievales. XI (1981). P. 99-112.

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a Ibid. P. 252.- Geometria Culmens is: ein agronomisches Tractat a us der Zeit des Hochmeisters Conrad von Jungingen (1393-1407). Hrsg. von H. Mendthal. Leipzig: Duncker, 1886.

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a Bogdan, Henry. Les chevaliers teutoniques . Paris: Perrin. 1995. P. 106-107. b Higounet, Charles. Les Allemands en Europe centrale el orientale au Moyen age. Paris: Aubier. 1989. P. 251-252 H p. 407. n. 40.

266

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a Porras Arboledas, Pedro A. La orden de Santiago en el siglo XV: Ia provincia de Castilla. Madrid: Dykinson, 1997. Cap. 6. P. 173-225.

267

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a Coulet, Noel. Les ordres militaires. Ia vie rurale et le peuplement dans le sud-est de Ia France au Moyen Age II Les ordres militaires, la vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (XIfe-XV!ffe siecles) . Auch: Depot et diffusion , Comite departemental du Tourisme du Gers, 1986. (Flaran, 6.) P. 59. b Arnold, Udo. Les commanderies de l'ordre teutonique en Allemagne occidentale et leurs activites rurales I I Les ordres militaires, la vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (XIIe-XV/11" siecles). Auch: Depot et diffusion, Comite departemental du Tourisme du Gers, 1986. (Fiaran, 6.) P. 155.

268

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A.N. Serie S. 5238 (42), pieces 3-4 (Jloroaop Ha OllHO noKoJieHHe, 1350 11 1374); pieces 5-6 11 14-21 (Jlorosop Ha llBa noKoJieHI1H. 1391-1393 H 1443-1478). b Arnold, Udo. Les commanderies de l'ordre teutonique en Allemagne occidentale et leurs activites rurales I I Les ordres militaires, La vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (XJJe-XVIW siecles). Auch: Depot et diffusion, Comite departemental du Tourisme du Gers, 1986. (Flaran, 6.) P. 160-162. 3

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Gerbet, M.-S. Les ordres militaires et l'elevage dans l'Espagne meI I Les ordres militaires, Ia vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (Xtte-XV/Ife siecles). Auch: Depot et diffusion,

dievale

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a Arnold, Udo. Les commanderies de l'ordre teutonique en Allemagne occidentale et leurs activites rurales I I Les ordres militaires, Ia vie r~rale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (XII"- XVIII" siecles) . Auch: Depot et diffusion, Comite departemental du Tourisme du Gers ~ 1986. (Fiaran, 6.) P. 166-167.:· :;~ · ·:i ., ·

271

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MH. Ho JI.06pb!H KOH<!>JIHKT HepeJI.KO Bb!JII1B3JICH B JI.06poe corJiallleHHe, yroYHHBlllee 3TH rpaHHU.bi: raKOBbi JI.Orosopbi,

a Actes du Parlement de Paris. 1ere serie, De !'an 1254 a !'an 1328. I, 1254-1299. Ed. par M. E . Boutaric. Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1863. N' 60, 271, 472, 522, 637, 643 etc. b Vial, P. Les templiers en Velay aux Xlle et XIW siecles // Actes du 98e Congres national des socilftes savantes. Saint-I:tienne, 1973, Section de philologie et d 'histoire jusqu 'a 1610. Paris: Bibliotheque nationale, 1975. P. 70-75. c Cartulaire de Trinquetaille. Texte etabli par P.-A. Amargier, 0. P. Gap: Ed. Ophrys, 1972. (Publications universitaires des Lettres et sciences humaines d'Aix-en-Provence.) P. 153-173, n' 171-179. d lnventaire. P. 80, n' 343.

272

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10.

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perymipy!OlUHe rpaHHl.lbl BJia,li.eHHH (B TOM 1-IHCJie aHKJiaBOB) op.n.eHa KanarpaBbl, KOpOJIH, op.n.eHOB CaHTbHfO H rocnHTaJIH3. Kor.n.a op.n.eH CaHThHro H ABHCCKHH op.n.eH npHUIJIH K cornaUieHHJO B o6nacm CaHrapeMa, CaHThHro noMeTHJI CBOH rpaHHllbl no nepHMerpy op,li.eHCKHM 3HaKOM Me4ab. JlHUib pe.n.KHe cnopbi nepepacraJIH B soopy*eHHhie KOHcpJIHKTbi. OrMeTHM croJIKHOBeHHe op.n.eHoB XpaMa H AnhKaHrapbi no noso.n.y BJia.n.eHHH PoH.n.a. Ero B 1191 r. nepe.n.an AJihKaHrape Koponb AnbcpoHc VIII. TaMnJIHepbi 3axsaTHJIH ·ero CHJioii; nocne.n.osano .n.sa;:marb neT Kp104KOrsopcrsa, no HCTe4eHHH KoropbiX B 1243 r. cy.n. aenen raMnJIHepaM BepHyTb POH.ll.y, HO OHH OTKa3aJIHCb, CCbiJiaHCb Ha npoH3Be.n.eHHbie yny4UieHHH H Ha npol.lBeTaJOmee OBI..leso.n.crso, KOTOpoe OHH pa3BHJIHc . .LJ.JIH yJia)KHBaHHH KOHcpJIHKTOB BOeHHbie Op,li.eHbl pa3pa6oraJIH HeKoropbie npol.le.n.ypbi, nopoii opHrHHaJibHbie. 3ro MorJIH 6hiTb nOJIJ060BHb!e COrJiaUieHHH, KaK TO, KOTOpoe 6b!JIO 3aKJIJOLJeHo 28 HHBapH 1255 r. Ha BocroKe Me*.li.Y raMnJIHepaMH H rocnHTaJibepaMH: OHH OTKa3aJIHCb rpe6osaTb onnaTbi paCXO,li.OB H H3,li.ep)KeK Ha BCe TH)I{6bi, B03HHKUIHe Me)l{.li.Y HHMH K TOMY BpeMeHHd. 4ame 3TO 6biJIO o6pameHHe K BHeUIHeMy ap6Hrpa*y: 26 anpeJIH 1240 r. raMnJIHepbi 3 Corchado Soriano, Manuel. Estudio hist6rico-econ6mico-jurfdico del Campo de Calatrava. Ciudad Real: Instituto de estudios manchegos; Di· putaci6n provincial de Ciudad Real, 1982-1984. 3 vol. T. I. P. 65-66. b Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago (1170-1275). Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Medievales, I 965. P. 49 H 105. - Javierre Muir, A. L. La orden de Calatrava en Portugal // Boletrn de Ia Real Academia de Ia historia. T. CXXX (I 952). c Gerbet, M.-S. Les ordres militaires et l'elevage dans I'Espagne medievale // Les ordres militaires, Ia vie rurale et le peuplement en Europe occidentale (XW-XVI!fe siecles). Auch: Depot et diffusion , Comite departemental du Tourisme du Gers, 1986. (Fiaran, 6.) P. 99. d Inventaire. P. 69, n• 293.

CeHbOp1-1aJlbHaA

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273

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p. 63, n' 261.

b Ibid. P. 77, n' 327-329. c Ibid. P. 75, n' 319.

d Ibid. P. 73, n' 312, p. 89, n' 361. -

Tabulae ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum. Ed. Ernestus Strehlke.

Berolini, 1869. P. 98. Nr. 116.

274

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a Lomax, Derek William . La Orden de Santiago ( 1170-1275). Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Medievales. 1965. P. 49-50.

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yMepeHHbiH 11 ypasHoseweHHbiH -

a Vauchez, Andre. Les la'ics au moyen age: pratiques et experiences religieuses. Paris: les td. du Cerf, 1987. P. 59. - Miramon, Charles de. Les donnes au Moyen age: une forme de vie religieuse la'ique (v. 1180v. 1500). Paris: Cerf, 1999. P. 43. b Vauchez, Andre. La spiritualite du Moyen Age occidental: vme-XJW siecle. Paris: td. du Seuil, 1994. P. 66.

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2. C. 466.

b Ibid. C. 470-471 H 473. c Ibid. C. 486. d Y.C., c. 94-95 (cr. 9-1 0).

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a Y.T.2, 306.- Y.C .. c. 90-91 (cr. 6).

b Y.T.2, 284. - Y.C .. c. 92-93 (cr. 7). - O'Callaghan, J. F. The affiliation of the order of Calatrav.a with the order of Citeau I I Calatrava , I. P. 17. c Y.T.2, 74-75.- Y.T.I. r. I. C. 346-348.

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c Fischer, Mary. «Di himels rote•>: the idea of Christian chivalry in the chronicles of the Teutonic order. Goppingen: KOmmerle-Verlag, 1991. P. 125-146. - Riley-Smith, Jonathan. Les Croisades I trad. de I'anglais par Ferdinand Del~ris. Paris: Pygmalion, 1990. P. 165. d Y Teem., c. 23-24.

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Luttrell, A. Juan Fernandez de Heredia and Education in Aragon, 13491369 II Luttrell 3, XVII. P. 238. b Luttrell, A. The spiritual life of the Hospitallers of Rhodes I I Luttrell 4, IX. P. 86-87. c O'Callaghan, J. F. Las definiciones medievales de la orden de Montesa, 1326-1468 I I Calatraua, X. P. 244 (art. 6). d Ibid. P. 248-249 (art. 51). - O'Callaghan, J. F. «Difiniciones• of the order of Calatrava: enacted by abbot William II of Morimond, 2 april 1468 I I Calatraua, X. P. 244 (art. 6). 3

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a Les ilfgendes del' H6pital de Saint-Jean de Jerusalem. Textes. trad., notes et comment. par Antoine Calve!. Paris: Presses de 'Universit~ de Paris-Sorbonne, 2000. - Beltjens, Alain. Aux origines de l'ordre de Malle. Bruxelles: lmpr. Poot, 1995. b Luttrell, A. The Hospitallers' historical activities, 1291-1400 // Luttrell/, XVII. P. 1-10. c 3To TeMa pa6oTbl M. <l>Hwep: Fischer, Mary . <•Di himels rote•>: the idea of Christian chivalry in the chronicles of the Teutonic order. Goppingen: Kummerle-Verlag, 199 I.

298

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<<OJLe)K.na Hrpaer r JiaBHYID poJib B o6o3Ha4eHHH Mecra HH.LLHBH.LLa B rpynne H B o6o3Ha4eHHH Mecra 3TOH rpynnbi B o6w.ecrae•>a. 3ro, pa3yMeercH, OTHOCHTCH H K MOHaweCKHM op.neHaM. CrapaH noroaopKa - <<He o6Jia4eHHe .neJiaer MOHaXa•> - BepHa JIHWb HanOJIOBHHy, nOTOMY 4TO H,LLeHTH4HOCTb, caoeo6pa3He op.neHa npoHBJIHIDTCH npe)K.ne acero B o6Jia4eHHH. <<DepBbie raMnJIHepbi, - nHwer BHJibreJibM THpCKHH, - CO)KaJieJIH, 4TO HOCHT MHpCKHe O,LLe)K,LLbl H no3TOMy HX nyraiDT C MHpCKHMH pbiUapHMH; HX ycraB YT04HHeT, 4TO OHH 6y.nyr HOCHTb 6eJIOe 06Jia4eHHe•>b. lJepe3 rpH.LLUaTb-copoK Jier 6parbH KaJiarpaBbi HJIH AJibKaHrapbi, BOHJLH B op.neH CHro, craJIH HOCHTb 6eJibie pHCbi 3Toro a Pastoureau, Michel . Couleurs, images, symboles: etudes d'histoire et d'anthropologie. Paris: le Leopard d'or, 1989. P. 32. b G. de T. Livre XII, 7. T. I. P. 553-555. flepesoa: C. et P. P. 557.

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er CJie,il.HTb, <<lJT06b! HH 33 O.n,Hy 113 BallJHX O,il.e)l{,il. B3C He MOrJIH 06BHHHTb B H3JIHWeCTBe H 3KCUeHTpH4HOCTH>>; HO npocrora He 03Ha4aer orcyrcraHe KOM¢opra. <<Bbi 6y.n.ere HOCHTb TYHYIKH, n03BOJIH!Olli.He ca.n,HTbCH B ce.n,JIO>>, -

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a Dutton, Francis. L'Ordre de Calatrava. Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1957. P. 39. OpHrHHaJJ H nepeaoLJ. reKcra. b Y .C., c. 110-111 (cr. 29, «De vestibus•). c Dutton, Francis. L'Ordre de Calatrava. Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1957. P. 39.

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a O'Callaghan, f. F. Las definiciones medievales de Ia orden de Montesa, 1326-1468 II Calatraua, X. P. 212.- Y.T.I, t. I, c. 222 (.naT., cT. 66) H 254 (cpp., cT. 7). - Y.r .. c. 54 (cTaTYTbr r. Pese.nR, 1262, CT.

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b Templari e ospitalieri in ltalia: Ia chiesa di San Bevignate a Perugia.

A cura di Mario Roncetti, Pietro Scarpellini, Francesco Tommasi. Milano: Electa, 1987.

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t. I, c. 188 (JJaT., CT. 20) 1i 303 (cpp., CT. 51). b C .H., t. III, n· 24 79. c Miramon, Charles de. Les donnes au Moyen age: une forme de vie religieuse la"ique (v. 1180- v. 1500). Paris: Cerf, 1999. P. 52-53. d G. de T. Livre XII, 7. T. I. P. 553-555. nepeaoll: C. et P P. 557. a Y.T.J,

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a Y.r., c. 27-28: ycTaB Pai1MyHJla JlJO ITJOH, cT. 19.- ITepeBOJl: Beltjens, Alain. Aux origines de l'ordre de Malte. Bruxelles: Impr. Poot, 1995. P. 286. b Echdniz Sans, Marfa. Austeridad verso lujo: el vestido y los frailes de Ia orden de Santiago durante Ia Ed ad media I I Anuario de estidios medievales. XXIII (1993). P. 357-382.

Kpecr 1-1 JM6JleMbl

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HHeT, '-ITO KpecT CJie,nyeT HOCHTb Ha JIJ060H BepxHeH o,ne>K.ne, 6y.nb TO nJiam, TYHHKa HJIH '-ITO .npyroec. 3Ha'-IHT JIH 3TO, '-ITO TaKa51 06513aHHOCTb BBO}l.HJiaCb KaK HOBaH? flo,n KpeCTOM HMeJiaCb B BH.li.Y 3M6JieMa HJIH HeT? Ha,no JIH TIOHHMaTb, '-ITO }l.O TeX nop 6paTb51 UHCTepUHaHCKHX op.neHOB HH-

a O'Callaghan, J. F. The affiliation of the order of Calatrava with the order of Citeau II Ca/atrava, I. P. 33.- Yaguez Boza, M.G. Imagen y signos del caballero calatrave I I A/areas /195: Aetas del Congreso Internacional commemorativo del VIII centenario de Ia batalla de Alarcos ( 1995. Ciudad Real). Coordinadores Ricardo Izquierdo Benito, Francisco Ruiz G6mez. Cuenca: Ediciones de Ia Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 1996. P. 5 H 227-228. UHrHpyercH <• Bulario de Calatrava•> . b O'Callaghan, J. F. Las definiciones medievales de Ia arden de Montesa, 1326-1468 II Calatrava, X. P. 212.- O'Callaghan, J.F. The affiliation of the order of Calatrava with the order of Citeau I I Calatrava, I. P. 36-37 H n. 4. - Gutton, Francis . L'Ordre de Calatrava. Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1957. P. 83-84. c O'Callaghan, J. F. •DifinicioneS•> of the order of Calatrava: enacted by abbot William II of Morimond, 2 april 1468 I I Calatrava. IX. P. 242.

306

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a Gutton, Francis. La Chevalerie militaire au Portugal: I'Ordre du Temple, I'Ordre du Christ, I'Ordre d'Avis, I'Ordre de Santiago. Paris: P. Lethiellieus, 1981. P. 118-120. Aerop, Kco>KaneHHIO, He yKaJbleaeT HCTO'!HHKH. b Sdinz de fa Maza Lasoli, Regina. La orden de San Jorge de Alfama. Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientlficas, 1990. P. 315-316, n· 80.

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a Pastoureau, M . L'tglise et Ia couleur // B.£. C., CXLXVII ( 1989). b Y.T./, t. I, p. 186 (JJaT., CT. 19), 262 (¢p., CT . 6). c Les registres de Gregoire IX: recueil des bulles de ce pape: publiees ou analysees d'apres les manuscrits originaux du Vatican par Lucien Auvray ... Paris: Fontemoing et Boccard, 1890-1955. 4 tomes en 3 vol. T. 2. P. 282, no 3005. d Y. T.2, 434.

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310

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Mac-.D.ey s uepKBI1 CeH-JlopaH Ae JJa CaJJaHK KpeCT JJan'-laTbiHd. Ha MHH113T!Ope 113 <<Hosoro Jl11ca>> )KaKMapa )KbeJJe rocnHTaJJbep H TaMnJJHep (B CBOHX 06JJa'-!eHHHX) OKpy)KaiOT J!Hca, KOTOpb!H O,lleT B CMeWaHHOe 06JJa'-!eHHe, '-!epHOe (focnHT3JJb) C 6eJJbiM ( TaMnJJHepbi), C 6eJJbiM H KpaCHblM KpecTaMH o6o11x op.lleHos; 3TO KpecTbi useTO'-IHhie. Bee 3TH a Schlumberger, G. Neuf sceaux de !'Orient latin I I Reuue de /'Orient latin. 2 (1894). P. 180-181. UHrHpyercff no: Luttrell, Anthony, The earliest Templars II A.P.C. P. 198. vl3o6pa)!{eHHe ne4areii Po)!{e n.e MyJJeHa, HHKOJJa Jle JlopH!!, ct>yJJbKa n.e BHJJJJape- CM. Y.f., BKJJaD.KH. b Sdinz de Ia Maza Lasoli, Regina. La orden de San Jorge de Alfama. Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas, 1990, n.aer ee penpon.yKUHIO Ha c. 138. c Martfnez Diez, Gonzalo. Los templarios en Ia Corona de Castilla. Burgos: La Olmeda, 1993. Cynepo6JJO)!{Ka. d Fuguet Sans, f. Consideracions sobre l'us de Ia creu en l'ordre del Temple I I El Temps sota control: homenatge a F. Xavier Ricoma Vendrell. Tarragona: Diputaci6 de Tarragona, 1997. P. 296. Asrop paccMarpHsaer HeKOTOpoe KOJIH4eCTBO HKOHOrpacpH4eCKHX H306pa)!{eHHH TaMOJJHepCKOfO Kpecra. npe)!{n,e ecero s 11cnaHHH.

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c Penpo.nyKUHll a Ha.naHHH: L'Histoire. N' 198. Avril 1996. P. 38. d O'Callaghan, J. F. The affiliation of the order of Calatrava with the order of Citeau I I Calatraua, I. P. 36. e Turnbo - a cpe.nHeBeKosoi.\ 11cnaHHH 6oJibWall nepraMeHTHall KHHra, Ky.na uepKBH, MOH3CTblpH, MYHHUHOaJIHTeTbl H CeJibCKHe 06W.HHbl aanH· CbiB3JIH aKTbl, KaCa!OW.HeCll HX npHBHJierHH H B006Jlle npaB C06CTBeHHO· CTH (npuMe'l. nep.).

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a Turnbo menor de Castilla. Archivo Hist6rico Nacional, Madrid. Co· dice 1315, libro I, carta 4. Bocnp01-13BOJ<HTCH B H3JJ.aHHH: Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago (1170-1275). Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Medievales, 1965. <l>op3au. b B.N.F., ms. lat. 6067. c CHeHa, My3eif .ll:yoMo. d Chdtelet, Albert. Les Primitifs hollandais: Ia peinture dans les PaysBas du Nord au XVe siecle. Paris: Bibliotheque des arts; Fribourg: Office du livre, 1980. P. 91 etc. e Fuguet Sans, 1. Consideracions sobre l'us de Ia creu en l'ordre del Temple I I El Temps sola control: homenatge a F. Xavier Ricoma Vendrell. Tarragona: Diputaci6 de Tarragona, 1997. P. 299.

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succurendum):

BHJJbreJJbM MapwaJJ JI.aJJ o6er scrynHTb B opJI.eH XpaMa eme so speMH TpeTbero KpecToBoro noxoJI.a. KorJI.a - LJepe3 TPHJI.UaTh JJeT - npH6JIH3HJiaCb cMepTb, OH seJJeJJ yKpbiTb ce6H nJJamoM XpaMa, KOTOpbiH 3a6oTJJHBO xpaHHJJ B cyHJI.yKe; HO oH He 6biJJ 6paroM opJI.eHa, 11 no3TOMY ero He noxopoHHJJH c 6paThHMHe. 5paTbH J!.OJI>KHbl uepeMOHHH:

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a Miramon, Charles de. Les donnes au Moyen age: une forme de vie religieuse la"ique (v. 1180- v. 1500). Paris: Cerf, 1999. P. 53. b Y. T.2, 678. c Forey, Alan John. The Templars in the <•Corona de Arag6n•. London: Oxford university press, 1973. P. 284. OrMeTHM 3JleCb, 4TO noJio>KeHHe <•JlOHara•> npennoJiaraer ron nocJiywHI14ecrsa. d Y.C., c. 152-156. e Duby, Georges. Guillaume le Marechal ou le Meilleur chevalier du monde. Paris: Fayard, 1984. P. 19-22. - Y. T.2, 632.

rnasa 12. KopnopantBHOCTb.

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Ycraa op.ueHa CaHThHro ocy>~<:.uaer H HaKa3hiBaer 6para, KoropbiH, <<npe3pea caoti op.ueH, c rHeBOM 6pocaer caoe o.ueHHHe c KpecroM>>d. TaMnJIHepa, nocrynHBrnero raK .>Ke, npHroaapHBaJIH K yrpare o6JiaqeHHfl Ha ro.u H O.UHH .ueHbe.

a O'Callaghan, J. F. ~Difiniciones~ of the order of Calatrava: enacted by abbot William II of Morimond, 2 april 1468 II Calatrava, IX. P. 242 (par. 6). b O'Callaghan, J. F. Las definiciones medievales de Ia orden de Montesa, 1326-1468 I I Calatrava, X. P. 235 (art. 3). - Sdinz de La Maza Lasoli, Regina. La orden de San Jorge de Alfama. Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas, 1990. P. 451-452, n• 177. c Y. TeBm., c. 38-39 (ycTaB, cT. II). d Y.C., c. 136 (cT. 62). e Y. T.2, 263.

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b Ibid. 266. c Sterns, I. The Teutonic knights in the crusader states

p. 333.

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a Les registres de Gregoire IX: recueil des bulles de ce pape: publiees ou analysees d'apres les manuscrits originaux du Vatican par Lucien Auvray ... Paris: Fontemoing et Boccard, 1890-1955. 4 t., 3 val. T. 2. P. 282, n' 3005. AKT or 6 Mapra 1236 ro.na. b Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago (1170-1275). Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Medievales, 1965. P. 94. c Les Registres d'Alexandre IV. Recueil des bulles de ce pape. Publ. ou analysees d'apres les mss originaux des archives du Vatican par Charles Bourel de Ia Ronciere, Joseph de Loye, Pierre de Canival et Auguste Coulon. Paris: A. Fontemoing: E. de Boccard, 1895-1959. 3 val. T. 3. P. 57, n' 2938.

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b Tabulae ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice

potissimum. Ed. Ernestus Strehlke. Berolini, 1869. P. 269. Nr. 299300. - Salles, Felix de. Annales de l'Ordre teutonique ou de SainteMarie-de-Jerusalem. Paris: Societe generale de librairie catholique. 1887. P. 525-526 (n• X H XIII) H p. 556 (n• XXIX).- Sterns, I. The

318

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peii 0,l{I1H ,l{OJI)KeH 6bJJI .nep)KaTb Ha TIOJie 6051 pa3BepHyTbiH CTHf, a y KOMaH.nopa 3TI1X pbiUapeH 6biJI 3arraCHOH CTHf,

Teutonic knights in the crusader states I I H. C., 1. V, p. 321-323. a Les registres de Gregoire IX: recueil des bulles de ce pape: publiees ou analysees d'apres les manuscrits originaux du Vatican par Lucien Auvray ... Paris: Fontemoing et Boccard, 1890-1955. 4 tomes en 3 vol. T. 2. P. 282, n• 3005. b Y.T.2, 167-168. c Ibid. 99, 121-125, 177-179.

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319

caepHyTbiH 3 • OnycKaTb CTHr BH.ll.HMO, npHKpenJieHHbiH K KOHUY KOnhH - c ueJibiO araKH 6biJio 3anpemeHo. l1KoHorpa<PHH npOTHBOpeli.HT 3TOMY npaBHJiy: Ha cppecKaX 113 CaH-5eBHHbHTe B nepy.n.)l{e TaMITJI11epb! araKyiOT co CTHraMH Ha onyLUeHHbiX KonbHX. Ow116Ka xy.u.o)I{HHKa HJIH cneuHaJibHbiH np11eM, lJ.T06bJ Bbi.ll.eJII1Tb TaMTIJI11epoB cpe.n.11 npoYHX araKyJOLUHX pbiUapeii? Ha cppecKe uepKB11 B KpeccaKe, B lllapaHTe, 11306pa)l{eHbl aTaKyiOLU11e pbiUap11, 0 KOTOpblX cKa3aHo, lJ.TO 3TO raMnJIHepbi; HO CTHra op.u.eHa XpaMa He BH.ll.HO. 03HalJ.aeT Jll1 3TO yaa)l{eHI1e K ycraay HJII1 Ha cppeCKe MHpCKI1e pb!Uap11?b

B KalJ.ecrae Mecra c6opa CTHr .n.eJiaeTcH o.n.yweaJieHHbiM npe.n.MeTOM: OH <<CTaHOBI1TCH JiarepeM>>, OH <<ITOI1T KOHeH>>, oH <<OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH>>c. B 6010 HeJib3H noKH.ll.aTb noJie cpa)l{eHHH, noKa CTflf ITO.ll.HHT; eCJII1 OH noaepmyT 11JII1 3aXBaYeH BparOM, 6paT-TaMnJI11ep .ll.OJI)I{eH np11COe.ll.11HI1TbCH K CTHry focni1TaJIH (np110p11TeTHbiH Bap11aHT) 11JII1 JII060MY .ll.pyroMy Xp11CTI1aHCKOMY 3HaMeHI1d. 5paTa, KOTOpbiH ITOKI1.ll.aJJ nopyll.eHHbiH eMy CTHr 11 6e)l{aJI 113 crpaxa nepe.n. sparoM, np11rosapHBaJJI1 K yTpare .n.oMa; ecJII1 6par ocraBJIHJI CTflf, lJ.T06bi pa311Tb Bpara 11JII1 aTaKOBaTb 6e3 pa3peweHI1fl, 3a 3TO noJiaraJiacb yrpara o6Jia4eHI1H, 1-mor.u.a BMecre c 3anperoM HOCI1Tb CTHr B .n.aJibHeiiweMe. CTaryThi .n.pymx op.n.eHoa MeHee onpe.n.eJieHHbi. Ho, 11CXO.ll.H 113 yKa3aHI1H B retrais op.n.eHa XpaMa, MO)I{HO noJiaraTb, lJ.TO CTHr Tocn11TaJIH a Ibid. 165. b Templari e ospitalieri in ltalia: Ia chiesa di San Bevignate a Perugia . A cura di Mario Roncetti, Pietro Scarpellini, Francesco Tommasi. Milano: EJecta, 1987. P.131-133.- Tommasi, F. L'ordine dei Templari a Perugia // Bolletino della Deputazione di Storia Patria per l'Umbria. T. LXVIII (1981). c Y.T.2, 148, 159-160. d Ibid. 164-168. e Ibid. 232, 419-420, 241-242.

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Hrpan H~eHTHYHY~ ponh -- rrpe~eraBnHn op~eH. KerarH, B o6oHx op~eHax 6bin 3HaMeHoeeu (gonfanonier). CrHr Bo~py)KanH, 3aHHMaH KaKy~-ro reppHropH~, 3a6HpaH KaKoe-TO HMylll.eeTBO; TaKHM o6pa30M 1 H~nH 1253 r. roeITHTanbepbl osna~enH Ka3anHMH (~epeBHHMH) ropbi <Pasop3 . ¢opMbl H UBeTa op~eHeKHX 3HaYKOB 6hinH pa3nHYHblMH. B <<50nbll10H XpOHHKe>> M3Tb~ n3pHea H3o6pa)KeHbl vexilla XpaMa H roerrHranHb. CrHr XpaMa -- YepHo-6enbiH BepTHKanbHblH rrpHMoyronbHHK. no 3TOH ITpHYHHe ero Ha3biBanH <<6oeaH•> (baucent HnH baussant), YTO 03HaYaer rrpoero <<eOeTOHlUHH H3 ~BYX YaereH•>, YepHOH H 6enoif (o YepHo-6enoM KOHe TO)Ke rosopHnH <<6oeaH•>). I1Hor~a ero H Ha3biBanH rrpoero-Harrpoero <<6oeaH•>c. 3rHMonorHH, BbiBO~HLUaH enoso <<6oeaH•> H3 vaut cent [er6Hr era (¢p.)], ro eerb O~HH TaMITnHep eTOHT era 60HUOB, HBHO cpaHTaeTHYeeKaH! O~HaKo H306pa)KeHHH B nepy~)Ke H B PYKOITHeH M3Tb~ n3pHea He eOBITa~a~T : B rrepBOM enyYae ~Be rpeTH YepHbiX, a rpeTb 6enaH, BO BTOpOM Hao6opor; K TOMY )Ke Ha cppeeKaX H3 nepy~)KH B 6eny~ rperb BITHeaH KpaeHblH Kpeerd. • 3HaMH foerrHranH rrpe~erasnHno eo6oH: KpaeHbiH rrpo~onro sarbiH BepTHKanbHbiH rrpHMoyronbHHK e KOeHUaMH H 6enbiM KpeeTOM Ha ITOnOTHHLUe. noXO)Ke, ero HeTOKH Ha~O HeKaTb a J. Riley-Smith. Knights. P. 427-428. b BocnpoH3aeneHbl a H3,1laHHH: Paris, Mathieu . The illustrated chronicles of Matthew Paris: observations of thirteenth-century life. Translated, edited and with an introduction by Richard Vaughan. Dover, NH: A. Sutton; Cambridge: Corpus Christi College, 1993. P. 145. c Y.T.2. 236, 99, 121-125. d Templari e ospitalieri in ftalia: Ia chiesa di San Bevignate a Perugia. A cura di Mario Roncetti, Pietro Scarpellini, Francesco Tommasi. Mi· lana: EJecta, 1987.

321 B HaJlrpo6HOM noKpOBe, KOTOpblH B03JiaraJIH Ha TeJIO yconwero 6para, onHcaHHOM B craryrax 1182 r.: cepe6pHHbiH (6eJibiH) Kpecr Ha llepBJieHH (Ha KpacHoM) 3 • OpJleH CaHTbHro nOLJTH cpa3y noJiyllHJI npaBO HOCHTb 3HaMH CBHTOfO .l1aKOBa. B KOHUe cpe)lHeBeKOBbH Ha 3HaMeHaX UHCTepUHaHCKHX OpJleHOB 6biJI OpJleHCKHH KpecT Ha 6eJIOM cpoHe.

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Ha caMOM .n.eJie asrop nyraer 3Jlecb 3HaMH ,ll.esbi co 3HaMeHeM reHepaJibHOfO MarHCTpa. 00CJie,li,Hee, H306pa)KeHHOe B c6opHHKe 3HaMeH ~lTOfO OpJleHa, COCTaBJieHHOM 51. ,ll.JiyroWeM ( <•Banderia Prutenorum•> ), HMeer cpopMy 6eJioro npHMoyroJibHHKa C KOCHUaMH H yKpaweHO 60JibWHM llepHo-6eJiblM KpeCTOM C opJIOM Ha nepecelleHHH nepeKJiaJlHHc. a Y.r .. c. 35 (craryrbi 1181 r., cr. 6). b Wigand von Marburg. Cronica nova Prutenica II Scriptores rerum Prussicarum: Die Geschichtsquellen der preussischen Vorzeit bis zum Untergange der Ordensherrschaft. Hrsg. v. Dr. Theodor Hirsch, Dr. Max Tappen und Dr. Ernst Strehlke. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1861-1874. Bd. 2. S. 584. - Outh, K. Patronage of Elisabeth in the high Middle ages in hospitals of the Teutonic orders in the Bailiwick in Franconia I I The Military Orders. I. P. 245. c Ekdahl, Sven. Die <•Banderia Prutenorum» des Jan Dlugosz: eine

Quelle zur Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410; Untersuchungen zu Aufbau, Entstehung und Quellenwert der Handschrift. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1976. S. 168 H 170.

322

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b Forey, A. J. Constitutional conflicts and change in the Hospital... // M.O.C. X. P. 19.

323

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3HaMHb. Ha neYaTH opAeHa· CBHToro J1a3apH H3o6pa>KaJicH npoKa>KeHHbiH co csoel'i TpemoTKOHc. YnoMHHeM opJia c TesTOHCKHX ne4aTeH. HaKOHeU, MHOrHe neYaTH npOCTO H306pa>KaJIH 3M6JieMy opAeHa: Me4 y MeYeHocues, EoroMaTepb

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a Saint-Hilaire, Paul de. Les sceaux templiers et leurs symboles. Puiseaux: Pardes, 19~1. b Riley-Smith, J. Knights. P. 278-279, 314.- Y.f., BKJJa.n.KH c HJo6pa)KeHHeM CBHHUOBbiX 6yJIJI MarHCTpa, C. 34, 82, I 08. c Prawer, Joshua. Histoire du royaume latin de Jerusalem. Trad. de l'hebreu par G. Nahan. Paris: Centre national de Ia recherche scientifique, 1969-1970. T. I. P. 495. d Benninghoven, Friedrich. Der Orden der Schwertbruder: Fratres milicie Christi de Livonia. Koln [u.a.]: Bohlau, 1965. BKJJa.n.Ka 26. 11*

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a Miramon, Charles de. Les donnes au Moyen age: une forme de vie religieuse la'ique (v. 1180- v. 1500). Paris: Cerf, 1999. P. 45. b Bernard de Clairvaux, saint. !:loge de Ia nouvelle chevalerie, II, 3 et 4. Paris: Cerf, 1990. P. 58-61. c JI.T.I. t. I, p. 191-192 (naT., CT. 27-28) H265-266 (<jJp., CT. 8-9).Y.T.2, 195.- Y .Tesm ., c. 40. cT. 12. d Burchardi. ut videtur, abbatis Bellevatlis, Apologi; de barbis // Apologiae duae. Ed. by R. B. C. Huygens. Turnholti [i.e. Turnhout]: Brepols, 1985. (Corpus christianorum. Continuatio mediaevalis. 62) e Tumbo menor de Castilla. Archivo Hist6rico Nacional, Madrid. Codice 1315, libra I, carta 4. BocnpoH3BOll.HTCR s H3ll.aHHH: Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago ( 1170-1275). Madrid: Escue Ia de Estudios Medievales, 1965. ¢op3au.

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11 DaJJeCTHHOH, a nOTOM 3a HeCKOJJbKO nOXO.D.OB, '-lepe.D.OBaBlllHXCH c nepeMHp11HMI1, YHH'-ITO>KI1JJH JJaTHHCKHe rocy.napCTBa: KHH>KeCTBO AHTI10XHHCKoe HC'-Ie3JJO B 1268 r., KpaK-.ne-lllesaJJbe naJJ B 1271 r., TpHnOJJH - B 1289 r. 11 ropo.n AKpa- 18 MaH 1291 r. B TOT .neHb B 6oHx 3a AKpy 6biJJI1 cMepTeJJhHO paHeHhi MaplllaJJ rocnHTaJJbepoB MaTBeH KJJepMoHCKHH H MamCTp op.neHa XpaMa fi1JJhOM .ne oo>Ke; 6alllHH XpaMa .nep>KaJJacb eme .necHTb .n.HeH, noKa 28 MaH He. o6pyllli1JJaCb KaK Ha nOCJJe.D.H11X 3alUHTHHKOB, TaK H Ha oca>K.na!OlllHX. lJJJeHhJ soeHHbiX op.neHOB H npe>K.ne scero TaMnJJHepbl cnoco6CTBOBaJJH TOMy, '-IT06bi Ha HeCKOJ!bKI1X HTaJJbHHCKHX cy.nax '-laCTb >K11TeJJeH Bb1Be3JJI1 11 .ll.OCTaBHJII1 Ha K11npa. 3a nocJJe.D.yiOllll1e He.neJJH 6biJJH .3BaKyHpoBaHbJ nocJJe.D.HHe 6eperoBbJe Kpenocm, KOTOpbie y>Ke HeJJb3H 6bJJJo y.nep>KaTb: THp, 5el1pyT, CH.D.OH, TopToca 11, HaKoHei.J,, 14 asrycTa 1291 r. - lllaTo-DeJJepeH. Hecnpase.n.JJHBO rosopHTb, '-ITO 3ana.n ocTaBaJicH J)aBHo.nywHbJM K cy.nb6e JJaTHHHH BocToKa B Te'-leHI1e .nsa.nuam-TpM.nuaTH JJeT .ll.O KaTaCTpOcpbl; HO nonbiTKaM, C.D.eJJaHHbiM nOCJie nepsoro KpecToaoro noxo.na JliO.D.OBHKa CsHToro ( 12481254), He XBaTaJJO cepbe3HOCTH 11 MaClllTa6a. DOKI1.D.aH DaJJeCTHHY B 1254 r., Jl!O.D.OBHK CBHTOH ocTaBHJJ TaM cTo pbiuapel1, co.nep>KalllHXCH nOJJHOCTbiO 3a C'-leT cppaHUY3CKOH KOpOJJeBCKOH Ka3Hblb; ero npHMepy nOCJJe.D.OBaJJ aHrJJHHCKHH KopoJJb 3.nyap.n I. 3m nocTOHHHhJe OTPH.ll.hl, npocJiya Faureau-Lillie, M. L. Gli ordini rnilitari e Ia grande ernigrazione dei Latini dalla Siria : problerni organizzativi e logistici I I Acri 1291: Ia fine della presenza degli ordini rnilitari in Terra Santa e i nuovi orientarnenti nel 14. secolo. A cura di Francesco Tornrnasi. Perugia: Quattroernrne, 1996. P. 7-21. 3TOT TeKCT, npeJlCTaBJJeHHbiH B BHJle coo6w.eHHH Ha KOHcpepeHU1111 1991 r., B paCWHpeHHOM BHJle 6biJI ony6JJHKOBaH no-aHrJJHHCKH B Journal of Medieual History, 19 (1993). b Marshall, C. The french regiment in the Latin East, 1254-1291 Journal of Medieual History. 15 (1989).

)I{HBilll1e .UO KOHUa J1epycaJII1MCKOfO KOpOJieBCTBa, .no6aBI1路 JlHCb K BOopymeHHb!M CI1JiaM, TOme nOCTOHHHbiM, BOeHHbiX op.neHOB. 3ro 6hiJia nonbiTKa co3.narb HOBYIO crparem10 o6opOHbl OCTaBill11XCH JiaTI1HCKI1X TBep.UbiHb. C pacLJeTOM Ha Bropoii J1110HCKI1H co6op 1274 r. nana fpHropmi X ycrpoHJl onpoc Ha npe.n.Mer roro, KaK JIYLJille noMOl.Jb CsHTOH 3eMJie (In subsidium Terrae sanctae). TpaKrarbi, Hanl1caHHbie KJI11p11KaMI1 (11X 6biJIO LJeTbipe), KaK 11 YCTHbie BbiCKa3biBaHI151 KOpOJIH AparoHa 11JII1 Mar11crpa op.neHa XpaMa (Koropbie np11cyrcrsosaJJH Ha co6ope), yKa3biBaJIH, l.JTO HaCTOHTeJibHO He06XO.U11MO cpOLJHO M0611JII130BaTb 11 HanpaB11Tb 3<lJ<lJeKTI1BHbie no.n.KpenJieHI151, He nhiTaHcb noKa opraHI130BaTb KpecroBbiH noxo.n, ro ecrb rpe6osaJII1 roro, LITO Ha3biBaJIOCb ror.na <<LJaCTHOH nepenpasoH>> (passagium particulare). TeM He MeHee nana, sonpeKI1 BCeM Om11.UaHHHM, Bb!6paJI KpeCTOBbiH nOXO.U (o6I.UyiO nepenpasy, passagium generate), HO ero CMeprb npepsaJia ocyi.UeCTBJJeHI1e 3TOfO npoeKTa.

8 1291 r. rocni1TaJibepbi, KaK 11 raMnJJ11epbr, 3BaKy11posaJII1Cb Ha K11np 11 ycrp011JII1 TaM CBOI1 IllTa6-KBapTHpb1. Jlo ocrposa .no6paJII1Cb 11 MHorOLJI1CJieHHbie 6emeHUbi 113 Cl1p1111. KopoJiescrso craJio 11CnbiTbiBaTb rpy.n.HoCTI1 c nponi1TaHI1eM, Koropbre o6a op.neHa crapaJIHCb pellli1Tb, M0611JJH3YH cso11 pecypcbi Ha 3ana.ne 11 npe)l{.ne scero B IOmHOH l1raJIHI1a. )KaK .ne MoJie cpa3y me nocJJe csoero 1136paHHH a Pryor, J. In Subsidium Terre Sanctae: exports of foodstuffs and war materials from the kingdom of Sicily to the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1265-1284 II The medieval levant studies in memory of Eliyahu Ashtor ( 1914-1984). Ed. by B. Z. Kedar and A. L. Udovitch . Haifa: Gustav Heinemann institute-Universite of Haifa, 1988. (Asian and african studies. Vol. 22, no 1-3, 1988.) P. 127-146.- Barber, M. Suplying the crusaders States: the role of the Templars I I The Horns of Hallin: proceedings of the second conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Jerusalem and Haifa, 2-6 July 1987. Ed. by B. Z. Kedar. Jerusalem: Yad lzhak Ben-Zvi; Israel Exploration Society; Gower House [etc.]: Variorum, 1992. P. 315-330.

330

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a A He B 1293 r., KaK o6bi4HO yrsep>KaaroT. B caMOM aene, 20 anpem1 1292 r. :>KaK ae Mane, <•mastre de Ia povre chevalerie dou Temple», pa3petuHJI raMnnHepaM AparoHa npoaaTh TiyHrpei\r 11 Jla-CaHay: Archivo de Ia Corona de Arag6n. Pergamino. Cervera. N" 486. ony6JIHKOBaHo s H3!laHHH: Forey, Alan John. The Templars in the ~corona de Arag6n•>. London: Oxford university press, 1973. P. 405. b Chronique du Templier de Tyr II Les gestes des Chiprois: Recueil de chroniques fran<;aises ecrites en Orient au XIIIe & XV!e siecles. Publie pour Ia premiere fois par Gaston Raynaud . Geneve: Impr. J. G. Fick, 1887. (Publications de Ia Societe de !'Orient latin.) P. 309~310.

331

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a Nicholson, Helen. Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic knights: images of the military orders, 1128-1291. Leicester: Leicester university press, 1993.

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333

JIHJICH o6pa3aMH raMnJIHepos, Kor.ua onHCbiBaJI crpa)!{eH fpaaJIH 3 . BHOBb sepHyJIHCb H K y)!{e .uasHHM ynpeKaM: s rop.UbiHe, aJI4HOCTH. C HMeHeM PH4ap.ua JlhBHHoe Cep.uue CBH3biBaiOT raKyiO npHT4y: peWHB Bbi.LlaTb 3aMy)!{ Tpex CBOHX .Ll04epeH, oH or.uaer nepsy10, fop.UbiHIO, raMnJIHepaM H rocnHTaJihepaM (HCTOpHKH CHCTeMaTH4eCKH 3a6WBaiOT 0 nOCJie.UHHX, UHTHPYH 3TY cppa3y), sropy10, CKynocrb, - UHCrepuHaHuaM, a rpeThiO, CJia.uocrpacrHe, 6eHe.UHKTHHUaMh. B XIII s. s 4HCJie rpexos, s KoropbiX ynpeKaJIH 6paTbes soeHHhiX op.ueHOB, CKynoCTb 4acro conyrcrsosaJia fop.UbiHe. <<Bee OHH HCnOJIHeHbl rop.UblHH H CKynOCTH>>c, - fOBOpHT rpy6a.uyp .nacnoJib o raMnJIHepax H rocnHTaJibepax. OpH TOM or4aHHHOM nOJIO)!{eHHH, B KOTOpOM OKa3aJIHCb JiaTHHCKHe rocy.uapCTBa, 3Ta KPHTHKa CbirpaJia oco6y10 poJib, BbiHBJIHH rJiy60KOe HenOHHMaHHe 06pa3a )!{H3HH BOeHHbiX Op.UeHOB. BoeHHbie op.ueHbi nopHUaJIH 3a 6orarcrso - ynpeK rpa.uHUHOHHbiH, - HO npe)!{.ue scero 3a ero .uypHoe ynorpe6JieHHe. 3TH ynpeKH HCXO.UHJIH, pa3yMeeTCH, OT 3ana.UHOeBpOneHUeB, MaJIO 3HaKOMbiX C CHTyauHeH Ha JiaTHHCKOM BocroKe H .ua)!{e Hese)!{ecrseHHbiX B 3TOM orHoweHHH, KO路 TOpb!e BH.UeJIH, KaK MHOfO Op.UeHCKHX y4pe)!{.UeHHH cyiUeCT路 a Nicholson, Helen. Love, war and the Grail: Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights in medieval epic and romance, 1150-1500. Leiden; Boston; K6ln: Brill, 2001. - Nicholson, Helen. Jacquemart Gielee's Renart le Nouvel: the image of military order on the eve of the loss of Acre I I Monastic Studies. I. 1991. b Demurger, A. Les templiers, Matthieu Paris et les sept peches capitaux I I I templari: milo e storia. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi alia magione templare di Poggibonsi, Siena: 29-31 maggio 1987. Raccolti da Giovanni Minnucci e Franca Sardi. Sinalunga: A. G. VitiRiccucci, 1989. P. 153-169. c Meyer, P. Les derniers troubadours de Ia Provence d'apres le chansonnier Giraud II B.E.C. XXX (1869). P. 285-289 H 497-498.

334

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(oKono 1270-1330 rr.)

syer s 11x KpaHx, 11 Hero.uosaJII1 no noso.uy roro, CKOJibKO rocnl1raJibepos 11 raMnJI11epos, 3TI1X <<TbiJIOBbiX KpbiC>>, o6peraercH Ha 3ana.ue. K roMy )Ke KOMaH.uopcrsa soeHHbiX op.ueHoB He nJiaTI1JII1 decimes Ha KpecroBbiH noxo.u, B311· MaeMbie c .uyxoseHcrsa. Kp11ri1KI1 He )KeJiaJI11 B11.UeTb, YTO rocni1TaJibepbi 11 raMnJI11epbi, )1(11BYJ..UI1e Ha 3ana.ue, B 6oJibllli1Hcrse He 6ol1ub1 (HJIH y)Ke He 6oHUbi). H He )KeJiaJII1 Bl1.uerb, Yro soeHHbie op.ueHbi nepeso.u,Hr Ha BocroK YaCTb cso11x esponeHCKI1X .uoxo.uos (responsiones). TaK )Ke nhiJIKO, )KeJiaH c.ueJiaTb .ueHTeJibHOCTb op.ueHOB 3¢¢eKTHBHeH, .U,0611BaJIHCb 11X 06be.U,HHeHI151 B O.UHH op.u,eH. noroMy 3TOT sonpoc 6b!JI 3arpoHyT Ha BropoM JlHOHCKOM co6ope, HO ero npasoMepHoCTb ycnelllHO ocnopHJI KopOJib AparoHa 3 • Dpe.UJIO)KeHHe o CJIHHHI111 nosropHJI nana HHKOJiaH IV s 3HU11KJIHKe <<Dura nimis•> (18 asrycra 1292 r.) , H ero 06Cy)K.U,aJIH Ha MHOfOYHCJI€HHbiX npOBHHUHaJibHbiX co6opax, co3BaHHbiX ror.ua )!(e. HeKoropbie, KaK PaHMYH.U JlyJIJIHH, np113biBaJIH K CJII151HHIO BC€X cymecrByJOJ..UI1X BOeHHbiX op.ueHoB, KaK CsHTOH 3€MJII1, raK 11 HcnaH11H; .upyme, KaK KapJI II, KopoJib CHUHJII111, npe.unoJiaraJII1 .ua)Ke 06be.UHHHTb BO€HHbie, CTpaHHOnp1111MHbl€ H KaHOHHY€CKI1€ op.ueHbib. O.u,HaKo 4ame scero .uosoJibcrsosaJIHCb rpe6osaHHeM CJIHHHHH focnHTaJIH H XpaMa, .usyx rJiaBHbiX op.ueHOB CsHroii 3eMJII1, a HHor.ua K HHM .uo6aBJIHJII1 11 resroHues . Ho HHKOJiaH IV s 1292 r. yMep, He .uo6HBlllHCb Hl1 MaJieHwHx nO.UBI1)KeK s .ueJie opraHH3aU1111 Kpecrosoro noxo.ua HJII1 peopraHH3aUHH op.u,eHOB. a Ero ynoM!IHYJI :>K. .ue MoJie, Mamcrp op.ueHa XpaMa, s naM!ITHOii 3anHCKe no noso.uy CJIH!IHH!I op.ueHOB. CM. Lizerand, Georges. Le Dossier de !'affaire des Templiers. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1964. P. 2-14. b Forey, 1. A. The military orders in the crusading proposals of the latethirteenth and early-fourteenth centuries I I Traditio. XXXVI ( 1980). P. 320-322.

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335

3ror aonpoc CHOBa noCTaBHJI KnHMeHr V (1305-1314), eme pa 3 3anpOCHBWHH MHeHHH 0 KpeCTOBOM noxo.ne H CJIHHHHH op,neHOB. 6 HIOHH 1306 r. OH HanHCaJI MarHCTpaM focnHTaJiH H XpaMa H nonpOCHJI y HHX COBeTa no .UBYM 3THM BOnpocaM. HMeercH naMHTHaH 3anHcKa o CJIHHHHH, cocraBJieHHaH MarHcrpoM XpaMa :IKaKOM .ne MoJie (s ro *e speMH 3TO 3anHcKa o KpecTOBOM noxo.ne) 3 • DhiJI JIH no.no6HhiH rocnHTaJibepcKHH TeKcT? EcJIH H 6hiJI, To yTpaYeH. :IKaK .ne MoJie ao3pa)KaJI. To, 4TO H3BecrHo o no3HUHH TaMnJIHepos Ha BropoM JlHOHCKOM co6ope, Bbipa)KeHHOH B 3anHCKe, KOTOpaH OTBepraJia HeKOTOpbie 06BHHeHHH npOTHB HHX, B OCHOBHOM CBO,UHTCH K CJie,nyJOI.l.l.eMy: OHH ,UeJiaJIH OC06b!H ynop Ha csoeH MHJiocep,nHoH .neHreJibHOCTHb. Mo)KHO noJiaraTb, 4TO cJIHHHHe op.neHoB HaMeYaJIOCb B cpopMe norJiomeHHH XpaMa focnHTaJieM, op,neHOM, npeHMylll.eCTBO KOTOpOrO COCTOHJIO B TOM, 4TO OH 06be,UHHHJI BOeHHYIO H CTpaHHOnpHHMHYIO npaKnmy. OnaceHHH, KOTOpbie 3TO CJIHHHHe BHywaJio :IKaKy .ne MoJie, cy.nH no ero naMHTHOH 3anHcKe, yKpenJIHJOT 3To sneYaTJieHHe. 0Ho npoH30H.UeT, HO, KaK Mbi ysH.UHM, COBCeM B ,npyroH o6craHOBKe!

BoeHHO~MoHawecKMe opAeHbl M nnaHbl B03BpaaqeHM.R (B.RTOM 3eMJ1M .Uo 1291 r. pe4b wJia o 3alli.HTe Toro, 4TO eme MO)KHO 3amHTHrb; nocJie 1291 r. BepHyJIHCb K HCXO.UHOMY noJIO)KeHHIO - pe4b nowJia, KaK so speMH Tlepsoro KpecTosoro a TeKcT 6biJJ nepese)leH 11 ony6nHKOBaH )K. JIH3epaHoM: Lizerand, Georges. Le Dossier de !'affaire des Templiers. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1964. P. 2-14. b Amargier, P. La defense du Temple devant le concile de Lyon en 1274 II 1274, annee charni~re: mutations et continuites. Colloque international du Centre national de Ia recherche scientifique, Lyon , Paris, 30 septembre- 5 octobre 1974. Paris: f:ditions du CNRS. 1977.

336

rnaBa

13. KpH3HCbl

H TPYAHOCTH (OKOno

1270-1330 rr.)

noxo.n.a, o 3asoesaHHH HepyeaJIHMa, CHpHH H naneerHHhi. TpaKrarhi o B03BpameHHH CsHroH: 3eMJIH, HanHeaHHbie noene 3TOH .n.arhi, Y'-IHThiBaJOr eHryauHJO: rpaKraThi o KpeeroBOM noxo.n.e eo'-IHHHJIH KaraJioHeu PaH:MyH.D. .DyJIJJHH a 1292, 1306 H 1308 rr., KopoJib CHUHJIHH (<PaKTH'-IeeKH HeanoJJH) Kapn II a 1292 r., KopoJih KHnpa feHpHx II a 1306 r., )KaK .n.e MoJie, MarHerp op.n.eHa XpaMa, H ¢yJJhK .n.e BHJI.T'ape, Mamerp op.n.eHa foenHraJIH, a 1306 r., H MHOrHe .n.pyrHe8 . Bee OHH y.n.eJJHIOT soeHHhiM op.n.eHaM sa)I{HOe Meero a KpeerosoM noxo.n.e H noene.n.yiOlUHX .n.etlerBHHX. Bee, 3a HeKJIIO'-IeHHeM MoJie H BHJIJJape, npe.u.nonara10r, '-ITO 6y.n.er o6be.n.HHeHHhiH op.n.eH. He sxo.n.H B .n.eraJihHoe paeeMorpeHHe rpaKraros o B03BpameHHH 3eMeJib, MO)I{HO OTMeTHTb H.D.e!O HenOJJb30BaHH51 npeBOeXO.D.eTBa XpHeTHaH Ha MOpe, n03BOJI5110lUero HaBH3aTb ErHnry roprosy10 6JioKa.n.y H nposo.n.HTb HaJJeTbi Ha no6epe)l{bH e y'-laerHeM MaJieHbKoro orpH.n.a e eoJIH.D.HbiM 6oeBhiM onbiTOM (HOBbiH sapHaHT <•'-laerHoH: nepenpashi>> ). Cne.n.osaJIO raK)I{e 3alUHlUaTh Koponesersa ApMeHHH H KHnpa, 6y.n.yIUHe ThiJIOBhie 6a3bi «'-laerHOH nepenpaBbl» HJIH Kpeerosoro noxo.n.a, KoropblH .D.OJI)I{eH 6hJJI eraTh 3asepweHHeM seero npoueeea. npe.n.noJJaraJJOeb, '-ITO BOeHHbiH op.n.eH (HJIH op.n.eHb!) npe.n.oeTaBHT KOpa6JIH H BOHeKa .ll.JIH nO.ll..ll.ep)l{aHHH 3M· 6apro H npose.n.eHHH '-!aerHoH: nepenpasbi. B'-IHTaeMeH BHHMareJihHeH a naMHTHhle 3anHeKH ¢yJihKa .n.e BHJIJiape H )KaKa .n.e Mone. nepBblH npe.n.naraer raKoe pa3BHTHe eo6hJTHH: 6JioKa.n.a Emma, '-laerHaH nepenpasa e ueJib!O pa3opeHHH MyeyJJhMaHeKHX no6epe)I{HH H eo3.n.aHHH nnau.n.apMa, noroM o6maH nepenpasa. 4ro KaeaereH Moa Schein, Sylvia. Fideles crucis: the papacy, the West, and the recovery of the Holy Land, 1274-1314. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1991. Asrop .neJJaer no.npo6HbiH aHaJJH3 scex 3THX npoeKros.

337

Jiea, TO OH onycKaer CTa,!U110 4aCTHOH nepenpaBbl, HCXO,ll.H 113 roro, 4TO ,ll.ocraro4HO HcnoJib30BaTb KHnp B Ka4ecrae TbiJIOBOH 6a3bi ,li.JIH o6meii nepenpaBbi; OH raKme paryer 3a 6JioKa,ll.y, a 3Ha4HT, H 3a ornpaaKy a Bocro4Hoe Cpe,ll.H3eMHOMOpbe He60JibWOfO BOeHHOfO cpJIOTa C UeJibiO 060p0Hbl Krmpa H no,ll.,ll.ep.>KaHHH 3M6apro. 06a MarHcrpa HHKOHM o6pa3oM He BbiBO,ll.HT Ha nepBbiH nJiaH CBOH Op,ll.eHbl - TeM 6oJiee C06CTBeHHYIO nepCOHY - ,ll.JIH pyKOBO,ll.CTBa BCeMH onepaUHHMH; a ae,ll.b a ro apeMH HHbie aaropbi ,ll.eJiaJIH rJiaay 06be,ll.HHeHHOfO Op,ll.eHa rJiaBHOKOMaH,lly!Oll.I,HM nOXO,ll.a H 6y,ll.yll.I,HM KopoJieM HepycaJIHMCKHM. no MHeHHIO PaHMYH,ll.a JlyJIJIHH, 3THM rex bellator (KOpOJieM-BOHHOM) ,ll.OJI.>KeH 6biJI CTaTb cppaHUY3CKHH KopoJib Â˘HJIHnn KpacHBbiH JIH6o O,ll.HH H3 ero CbiHOBeHb. 4acro nporHaonocraaJIHIOT Hoaaropa BHJIJiape,_ npHaep>KeHI.I.a 4acrHoH rrepenpaBbi, KOHcepaaropy Mone, 3all.I,HTHHKY apxaH4HOH 06ll.I,eH nepenpaBbl. 0,ll.HaKO OHH 6JIH3KH ,11.pyr K ,ll.pyry, nocKOJibKY o6a npe,ll.JiaraJIH nane o6my10 nepenpaay; pa3HHUa COCTOHJia e,ll.HHCTBeHHO B Bonpoce, a Demurger, A. Les ordres militaires et Ia croisade au d~but du XJVe siecle: quelques remarques sur les trait~s de croisade de Jacques de Malay et Foulques de Villaret II Dei gesta per Francos: ~tudes sur les croisades dedi~es a Jean Richard = crusade studies in honour of Jean Richard. Ed. by Michel Balard, Benjamin Z. Kedar and Jonathan RileySmith. Aldershot; Burlington (Vt.); Singapore: Ashgate, 2001. P. 117128. - flaMRTHYIO JamtcKy Cl>yJibKa .ne BHJIJiape ony6JIHKosaJI )!(, flerH: Petit, J. M~moire de Foulques de Villaret sur Ia croisade II B.E.C. LX (1899). P. 602-610. - flaMRTHaR JanHcKa )!( . .ne MoJie ecrb s HJ.naHHH: Baluze, Etienne. Vitae paparum Avenionensium. Parisiis: apud F. Muguet, 1693. 2 vol. flepeHJ,naHHe: Ed. de Guillaume Mollat. Paris: Letouzey et An~. 1914-27. 4 vol. T. Ill. P. 145-149. b Lulle, Raymond. De fine II Lulie, Raymond. Opera latina Raimundi Lulli. 9, 120-122. In monte Pessulano anna 1305 composit~; ed. Aloisius Madre. Turnhout: Brepols. I 981. P. 233-291.

rnaaa 13. Kp1-131o1Cbllo1 TPYAHOCTI-1 (oKonp 1270-1330 rr.)

338

noJie3Ha HJIH HeT npeJJ.sapHTeJihHaH 4acTHaH nepenpasa. DpasJJ.a, snocJieJJ.CTBHH BHJIJiape npeJJ.JIO)KHJI nane KriHMeHTY

npoeKT caMOCTOHTeJibHOH 4aCTHOH nepenpaBbi, He

CBH3biBaH ee C o6meH. <l>aKTH4eCKH 3TO JJ.pyroH npoeKT, CBH3aHHbiH c 3asoesaHHeM PoJJ.oca H pa3pa6oTaHHbiH B TO speMH, KOrJJ.a y)Ke Ha4aJicH npouecc opJJ.eHa XpaMa3 .

npo'"'ecc OpAeHa XpaMa B nHChMe oT

HJOHH

1306 r.

nana KriHMeHT

He YJJ.OBOJib-

cTBOBaJicH TeM, 4TO OTBeTHJI MarHCTpaM OpJJ.eHOB focnHTaJIH H XpaMa Ha Hx BbiCKa3biBaHHH o KpecTOBOM noxoJJ.e H CJIHHHHH OpJJ.eHOB: OH nonpOCHJI HX TaK)Ke npHeXaTb K HeMy BO <l>paHUHIO JJ.JIH 06Cy)KJJ.eHHH 3THX BOnpOCOB. :>KaK JI.e MoJie npH6biJI BO <l>paHUHIO B KOHUe 1306 HJIH Ha4aJie

1307

r. (a <l>yJibK JJ.e BHJIJiape HeMHOrHM n03)Ke)b. no npH-

6biTHH ero no3HaKOMHJIH CO CJiyXaMH H KJieBeTOH, pacnpoCTpaHHBWHMHCH B OTHOWeHHH ero OpJJ.eHa C

1305 r.,

KOTO-

pble KOpOJib <l>paHUHH H ero COBeTHHKH npHHHJIH BCepbe3. YJJ.HBJieHHbiH H woKHposaHHhiH, MoJie CTaJI 3alll.Hlll.aTb penyTaUHJO opJJ.eHa XpaMa H nonpocHJI y nanbi Ha4aTb CJieJJ.CTBHe, 4T06b! 04HCTHTb OpJJ.eH OT BCeX nOJJ.03peHHH. 0H BHJJ.eJICH c KopoJieM H npHcyTCTBOBaJI Ha noxopoHax EKaTepHHbi, )KeHhi KapJia BaJiya -

6paTa KopoJIH. HH4TO He npeJJ.-

semaJio yJJ.apa, o6pywHswerocH Ha TaMnJIHepos <l>paHUY3a Kedar, B. Z., Schein, S . Un projet de *passage particulier~ propose par l'ordre de I'Hopital, 1306-1307 II B.E.C. CXXXVII (1979). P. 211-226. - Demurger, A. Les ordres militaires et Ia croisade au debut du XIV• siecle: quelques remarques sur les traites de croisade de Jacques de Molay et Foulques de Villa ret I I Dei gesta per Francos: etudes sur les croisades dediees a Jean Richard crusade studies in honour of Jean Richard. Ed. by Michel Balard, Benjamin Z. Kedar and Jonathan Riley-Smith. Aldershot; Burlington (Vt.) ; Singapore: Ashgate,

2001. P. 124-125. b Ibid.

339

cKOfO KOpOJieBCTBa 13 OKTH6pH 1307 r. B TOT .LI.eHb S C11JIY KOpOJieSCKOfO np11Ka3a, .n.aT11pOsaHHOfO 14 CeHTH6pH 11 pa3ocJiaHHOfO SCeM 6aJibl1 11 CeHeWaJIHM, KOTOpbie xpaHI1JII1 ero S TaHHe, see TaMnJI11epbl (KpOMe HeCKOJibK11X .LI.eCHTKOS) 6biJI11 apecrosaHbi. l1Myruecrso op.n.eHa on11camr 11 noMecT11JII1 no.n. KopoJiescK11H ceKsecrp3 • KopoJth <t>paHU1111, y6e*.LI.eHHbiH s npas.n.11socr11 cJiyxos, nopo4aiU11X Op.LI.eH, SbiCTyni1JI S KalJeCTBe 3aiU11TH11Ka sepbi; oH .n.ei1crsosaJI 6biCTpo, 4T06bi onepe.LI.11Tb cJie.n.osareJieH, KOTOpbiX TOpOni1JI nana. 3TOT aKT HaCI1JII1H CO CTOpOHbl KOpOJIH so3MYT11JI nany: se.n.b XpaM 6biJI MOHawecK11M op.n.eHOM, 6e3pa3.n.eJibHO no.n.sJiaCTHbiM nocJie.n.HeMy. Ho Kor.n.a S KOHU,e OKTH6pH nOHSI1JII1Cb nepSbie np113HaHI1H, S TOM 411CJie MoJie 11 HeCKOJibKI1X .n.pymx caHOSHI1KOs, <l>11JI11nn SOCTOp)f(eCTSOSaJI. 4T06bi nepexsaTHTb HHHU,HaTI1Sy, nana KJIHMeHT V pewHJI 3a6e*aTb snepe.n.: 22 HOH6pH 1307 r. OH seJieJI apecrosarh scex raMnJI11epos s 3ana.n.Hol1 Espone H Ha KHnpe, a raK*e nepe.n.arb s pyKH uepKsH see HX HMymecrso. MoHapxH He3asHcHMo or roro, y6e.n.HJIH HX o6si1HeHHH cppaHUY3CKOfO KOpOJIH HJIH HeT, 6biCTpO nOHHJIH, KaKYIO Sbiro.n.y Moryr H3BJie4h H3 :noro .n.eJia, H HcnoJIHHJII1 nancKHe npHKa3bi. Oana nbiTaJICH OTCTOHTb CSOe nepseHCTSO, HO 6b!JI SbiHY)K.ll.eH ycrynHTb .n.asJieHHIO CO CTOpOHbl KOpOJIH H OTKa3aTbCH .n.onpawHsaTb rJiaSHbiX caHOSHHKos op.n.eHa XpaMa. CepHeH 6yJIJI <<Facians misericordiam>> or 12 asrycra 1308 r. KJIHMeHr V HatJaJI .n.soi1HyJO cy.n.e6HyJO npoue.n.ypy - cy.n.a Ha.n. TaMnJIHepaMH KaK OT.LI.eJibHbiMH JIHU,aMH, KOTOpblH seJIH a Lizerand, Georges. Le Dossier de !'affaire des Templiers. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1964. - Demurger, Alain. Vie et mort de l'ordre du Temple: 1118-1314. Paris: Seuil, 1993. P. 297-352. - Barber, Malcolm. The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge; London; New York: Cambridge uni· versity press, 1978. - Bordonove, Georges. La tragedie des Templiers. Paris: Pygmalion, 1993.

rnasa 13.

340

Kp1-13lo1Cbllo1 rpyAHOCTI-1

(oKono 1270-1330 rr.)

enHCKOnCKHe KOMHCCHH (O.UHa Ha .UHOUeJ), H cy.ua Ha.U op.ueHOM KaK TaKOBbiM, KOTOpblH npOBO.UliJIH nanCKHe KOMHCCHH (MHHHMYM o.uHa Ha rocy.uapcrso). BbiHeceHHe OKOH4aTeJibHoro np11rosopa npe.unoJiaraJIOCb BOJJIO>KHTb Ha BceJieHCKHH co6op. coJbiBaeMbiH nanoi1 so BbeHHe (s Jlo<t>HHe) oceHbJO

1310

r. (coJbiB OTJIO>KHJIH Ha ro.u). Yro4HHM, l.JTO

pel.!b WJia 0 npouecce npOTHB epeCH H 06 HHKBH3HTOpCKOH npoue.uype, r.ue .uonycKaJIOCb npHMeHeHHe nbiTOK; snpo4eM, areHTbi <l>HJIHnna KpacHsoro HeJaBHCHMO or roro, «npHKpbiBaJIH•> HHKBH3HTOpbl HX .UeHCTBHH HJIH HeT, 6e3 KOJie6aHHH npH6erJIH K nbiTKaM c caMbiX nepBbiX .uonpocos. 06BHHeHHH, Bbl.UBHHYTbie npOTHB Op.UeHa, MO>KHO H3JlO>KHTb s HeCKOJibKHX cJiosax: orpHuaHHe XpHcra, H.UOJionoKJIOHCTBO, OTKa3 OT TaHHCTB, OTnyW.eHHe rpeXOB MHpHHaMH, HenpHCTOHHbie o6pH.Ubl H CO.UOMHH, TaHHbiH xapaKTep KanHTYJIOB, o6orameHHe op.ueHa sceMH cpe.ucrsaMH. B 3TOM He 6b!Jl0 HHl.Jero OC060 HOBOfO, BCe 3TH 06BHHeHHH B3HJIH 113 aHTHepeTH4eCKOfO apceHaJia, C03.UaHHOfO B Tel.JeHHe XIII s.a fHJibOM .ue Horape, KaHUJiep cppaHUY3CKoro KOpOJIH, KoropoMy 6biJIO cneuHaJibHO nopyLJeHo npecJie.uosaTb raMnJIHepos, y>Ke npH6eraJI K HHM .UJIH o6BHHeHHH nanbi 5oHH<PaUHH

VIII

HbH B

1303

ew.e .uo <PH3HLJecKoro Hana.ueHHH Ha Hero B AHar.b

KaK pacueHHBaTb noKa3aHHH raMnJIHepos? Te B ocHOBHOM npH3HaJIHCb B orpHuaHHH XpHcra nyreM nJieBKa Ha Kpecr, B HenpHCTOHHb!X noueJiyHX H B noJiyl.JeHHH COBeTa npaKTH· KOBaTb fOMOCeKcyaJIH3M B CJiyqae, eCJIH <<pacnaJIHWbCH>>.

a Hergemoller, Bernd-Ulrich. Kr6tenkuss und schwarzer Kater: Ketzerei, G6tzendienst und Unzucht in der inquisitorischen Phantasie des 13. Jahrhunderts. Warendorf: Fahlbusch, 1996. Oco6eHHO r.nasa 3, c. 330-404. b Coste, Jean. Boniface VIII en proce~s. Ed. critique. Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider. 1995.

341

!!_2ouecc opAeHa XpaMa

9nr

noKa3aHHH HeJJb3H or6pacbiBarh He paccMarpHBaH, no.n

npe,nJJoroM, YTO HX Yacro ,no6HBaJJHCb no.n nhiTKOH. Coo6meHHH

9THX o6pH,UaX

npas.nono.no6HeM

(retrais

OTJIHYaJIHCb HH,UHBH,nyaJJbHbJM

op.neHa npe.nycMarpHBaJJH HaKa-

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H y6e,nHreJJbHbiM o6pa-

4TO 9TH o6pH,Ubl COCTaBJIHJIH <<,UOnOJIHHTeJibHbJH>>

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He-

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1307

f., TaKHe o6pH,Ubl 6bJJIH ,UOKa3aTeJibCTBaMH epecH.

O,nHaKo He ,UJJH nancKHX Y.nOJJHOMOYeHHbiX, Koropbie a raKoe

ynpomeHHe

snaJJH:

OHH

nocrapaJJHCb Bbi,UeJJHTb

H npOHCHHTb 9TOT <<,UOnOJIHHTeJibHbJH>> pHryaJJ H C,UeJJaJIH Bb[BO,U, 4TO OH 6bJJI, KOHeYHO, npe,nocy,nHTeJibHbJM H no,nJJe)KaJI HCKopeHeHHJO, HO eperHYeCKHM He 6biJJ.

3HaYHT, op-

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1309

r. Ha,U op,neHOM HaYaJJCH cy,n, Ka3a-

JIOCb, KopoJJh ¢paHUHH o.nep:>KaJJ sepx. Ho HMeHHO ror.na TaMnJJHepbl ¢paHUY3CKOfO KOpOJJeBCTBa OnOMHHJIHCb. 0Ka3aBWHCb B napH:>Ke nepe,n JIHUOM nanCKOH KOMHCCHH, OHH B Macce craJJH 3ai.UHI.UaTh csoii op,neH (no)KeJJaJJo BbiCKa3aTbCH npH6JIH3HTeJibHO

600 H3 HHX).

0HH 06bHBHJIH op,neH

HeBHHOBHbJM H orpeKJIHCb OT noKa3aHHH, ,naHHbiX paHee

a Frate, Barbara. L'ultima battaglia dei Templari. Roma: Viella, 2001. CM . npe)K.a.e scero cpaBHHTeJJbHbiH aHaJJH3 .nonpocos 1307 H 1309 rr., CD.eJJaHHbiH B r JJase 5, C. 169-205: ~MO)KHO OTMeTHTb, 4TO CBOe06pa3Ha!l naHTOMHMa, KOTopyiO pa3birpbiBaJJH raMnJJHepbl cpa3y nocJJe uepeMoHHH BCTynJJeHHSI HOBOfO 4JJeHa B op.neH, - 3TO BOeHHbiH HHHUH3UHOHHbiH pHryan. (c. 169).

rnaoa 13. Kp1-13!.1Cbll-1 rpyAHOCTI-1 (oKono 1270-1330 rr.)

342

areHT3M KOpOJIH HJIH KOMHCCHHM JI.HOl~e30B. DocJieJI.HHe KaK pa3 fOTOBHJIHCb BbiHeCTH CBOH npHrOBOpbl B cy.n.ax H3JI. OTJI.eJibHbiMH JIHUaMH. PeaKUHH 6hiJia pa.n.HKaJibHoH:: apxHenHcKon CaHCCKHH (a 3TO 6hiJI He KTO HHOH, KaK ¢HJIHnn .n.e MapHHbH, 6paT AHreppaHa .n.e MapHHhH, B ro speMH rJiasHoro KOpOJieBCKOfO COBeTHHKa), B03rJiaBJIHBWHH KOMHCCHIO DapH)I(CKOfO .ll.HOUe3a (B TO BpeMH DapH)I( 6hiJI BHKapHbiM JI.HOUe30M apxHem:lcKoncTsa CaHCCKoro), CbirpaJI Ha npoTHaope4HH Me)I(JI.Y noKa3aHHHMH, .n.aHHbiMH nepe.n. ero cy.n.oM, H OTKa30M OT 3THX noKa3aHHH nepe.n. nanCKOH KOMHCCHeH, 4T06b!

10 M35I 1310 r.

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KaK ynopcTBYIOW.HX epeTHKOB. 3TO cpa3y CJIOMHJIO conpoTHBJieHHe TaMnJIHepOB.

npe.n.eJiaMH ¢paHUHH C06biTHH nosepHyJIHCb HHa4e .

B AHrJIHH, PHMe, ¢JiopeHUHH, DpoaaHce TaMnJIHepoa apeCTOBaJIH H HHor.n.a nhiTaJIH; B AparoHe OHH oKa3aJIH conpoTHBJieHHe B CBOHX 33MK3X, npe)I(JI.e 4eM CJI.3TbCH H nonaCTb B 33KJII04eHHe. B KacTHJIHH, nopTyraJIHH, fepMaHHH HX no4TH He TpeBO)I(HJIH . ApxHenHcKon PaseHHCKHH PHHaJib.n.o .n.a KoHKopeuuo oTnycTHJI HM rpexH H OTKa3aJICH npH3HaTb

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1311

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Kaeuper, Richard W. Guerre, justice et ordre public: I'Angleterre et Ia France a Ia fin du Moyen age. Paris: Aubier, 1994. P. 78-100 (nepeso11 c aHrJJHHCKoro H3llaHHH: Kaeuper, Richard W. War, justice and public order: England and France in the later Middle Ages. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1988). - Menache, S. The templar order: a failed ideal? II Catholic historical review. LXXIX, .1993. P. 1-20. - Demurger, A. Tr~ sor des templiers, tr~sor du roi : mise au point sur les op~rations financieres des templiers II Pouvoir et Gestion. Toulouse, 1997. N" 5. P. 73-85. b Hillgarth, Jocelyn Nigel. Ramon Lull and Lull ism in fourteenth-century France. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press , 1971. P. 75-76 H 83. XHJJJJrapT C4HTaeT, 4TO <l>HJJHnn KpacHBbiH s caMOM JleJJe nOllYMbiBaJJ OTilpaBHTbCH B KpeCTOBb!H 110X01l, BO 4TO H He sep10. 3

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a Forey, A. f. Constitutional conflicts and change in the hospitallers of St. John during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries // Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 32 ( 1982). P. 21-27. b The trial of the Templars in Cyprus: a complete english edition. By Anne Gilmour-Bryson. Leiden; Boston; Koln : Brill, 1998. P. 439-441.

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a Tranchant, C. Prod~s-verbal de remise de maisons diverses des ternpliers aux chevaliers hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jerusalem dans le Poitou (20 mai 1313) // Bulletin de La Societe des antiquaires de !'Ouest. 2e serie. T. 2 (1882). P. 462-465. b Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers a Rhodes, 1310-1421. London: Variorum Reprints, 1974. Reprint of the 1913 ed. published by E. Leroux, Paris. Chap. 2. P. 28-50.

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b Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers a Rhodes, 1310-1421. London: Variorum Reprints, 1974. Reprint of the 1913 ed. published by E. Leroux, Paris. P . 59.

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a C.H., t. IV. N' 4831 H 4841. UHT. no: Luttrell, A. Gli ospitalieri e l'ereditil dei templari // Luttrell 3. Ill. 1992. P. 71. b Dela ville Le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers il Rhodes, 1310-1421. London: Variorum Reprints, 1974. Reprint of the 1913 ed. published by E. Leroux, Paris. P. 70-72.

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a Roger Bacon. Opus Majus, I, 3; Humbert de Romans. Opus tripartitium I I Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London; New York: Macmillan, 1980. P. 146-147. b Demurger, Alain. La Croisade au Moyen age: idee et pratiques. Paris: Nathan, 1988. P. 79-84.

355

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a Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London; New York: Macmillan, 1980. P. 141-145. b Liv-, esth- und curliindisches Urkundenbuch nebst Regesten. Begr. von F. G. von Bunge. Reval: Kluge und Strohm; Riga [u.a.]: Deubner, 1853-1859. Bd. 2 (1855). Nr. 630. c Das Zeugenverhor des Franciscus de Moliano (/312). Bearb. von August Seraphim. Konigsberg i. Pr.: Thomas & Oppermann, 1912.EnquP/e 1373. P. 10.

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a Balard, M. The urban landscape of Rhodes as perceived by 14th and 15th travellers I I Intercultural contacts in the medieval Mediterranean. Edited by Benjamin Arbel. Portland, OR: F. Cass, I 996. P. 33.

b Luttrell, A. Intrigue, schism and violence among the Hospitallers of Rhodes, 1377-1384 II Luttrell /.XXIII. P. 38.

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a Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers a Rhodes jusqu'a Ia mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310-1421). Paris: E. Leroux, 1913. P. 5 H .no· KyMeHTbl, ony6JJHKOB3HHble Ha p. 361-364, 370-373, 375-376. b Luttrell, A. Settlement in Rhodes, 1306-1366 II Luttrell3. V. P. 273281. - Luttrell, A. Feudal tenure and latin colonization at Rhodes II Luttrell I. Ill. P. 755-775. c Luttrell, A. Settlement in Rhodes, 1306-1366 II Luttrell 3. V. P. 277279.

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a Poutiers, Jean-Christian. Rhodes et ses chevaliers: 1306-1523. Araya (Liban): Impr. catholique; Bruxelles: diff. E.S.T.C, 1989. P. 115. b Vatin, Nicolas. L'ordre de Saint-Jean-de-J~rusalem , !'Empire ottoman et Ia M~diterran~e orientale entre les deux sieges de Rhodes: 1480:... 1522. Louvain; Paris: Peeters, 1994. P. 38. c Barz, Wolf-Dieter. Der Malteserorden als Landesherr auf Rhodos und Malta im Licht seiner strafrechtlichen Quellen aus dem 14. und 16. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Schmidt, 1990. TeKcT ony6JJHKOBaH Ha S. 187195. -Luttrell, A. The fourteenth century Capitula Rodi I I Luttrell 3. VI. P. 204-211.

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Poutiers, Jean-Christian . Rhodes et ses chevaliers: 1306-1523. Araya (Liban): Impr. catholique; Bruxelles: diff. E.S.T.C, 1989. P. 64. Vatin, Nicolas. L'ordre de Saint-Jean-de-Jerusalem, I'Empire ottoman et Ia Mediterranee orientale entre les deux si~ges de Rhodes: 14801522. Louvain; Paris: Peeters, 1994. P. 365 etc. 3

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a Luttrell, A. The Servitude marina at Rhodes, 1306-1462 //Luttrell I. IV. P. 50-65. -Luttrell, A. Lindos and the defence of Rhodes, 13061522 // Luttrell 3. VII. P. 320-321 11 TeKcT Hap. 325-328. b Luttrell, A. The Hospitallers of Rhodes confront the turcs // Luttrell 3. II. P. 80-116.- Lemerle, Paul. L'Emirat d'Aydin, Byzance et !'Occident: recherches sur <•Ia geste d'Umur Pacha~ . Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1957.

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a Valin, Nicolas. L'ordre de Saint-Jean-de-J~rusalem, !'Empire ottoman et Ia Mediterran~e orientale entre les deux si~ges de Rhodes: 14801522. Louvain; Paris: Peeters, 1994. P. 120. b Luitrell, A. The earliest documents on the Hospitallers corso at Rhodes: 1413 and 1416 // Intercultural contacts in the medieval Mediterranean . Edited by Benjamin Arbel. Portland, OR: F. Cass, 1996. P. 177-188. c Vatin, Nicolas. L'ordre de Saint-Jean-de-Jerusalem, !'Empire ottoman et Ia Mediterranee orientale entre les deux sieges de Rhodes: 14801522. Louvain; Paris: Peeters, 1994. P. 93. dtbid.P.91.

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a Luttrell, A. The earliest documents on the Hospitallers corso at Rhodes: 1413 and 1416 // Intercultural contacts in the medieval Mediterranean. Edited by Benjamin Arbel. Portland, OR: F. Cass, 1996. P. 186. b Vatin, Nicolas. L'ordre de Saint-Jean-de-J~rusalem. !'Empire ottoman et Ia M~diterran~e orientale entre les deux sieges de Rhodes: 14801522. Louvain; Paris: Peeters, 1994. P. 299-300. c Luttrell, A. The building of the castle of the Hospita llers at Bodrum // Luttrel/4. VIP. 145.

376

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a H. BaTeH (Valin, Nicolas. L'ordre de Saint-Jean-de-Jerusalem, !'Empire ottoman et Ia Mediterranee orientale entre les deux sieges de Rhodes: 1480-1522. Louvain; Paris: Peeters, 1994. P. 328-365) npHBOAHT ace cse.neHHR, KaKHX MO>KHO no>KeJJaTb, o KOHU.e Po.noca speMeH pbi· u.apeii.

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poM XyaHa <l>epHaH.n.eca .n.e 3pe.n.Ha BonpeKH npoTeCTaM MOHaCTbipH H B HapyweHHe yCTaBa op.n.eHa. ooJiee no3HTHBHbiH

xapaKTep

BMewaTeJibCTBa

nan

HMeJIH,

Kor.n.a

pa3pewaJIH KOHcjJJIHKTbl Me)!(.ll.Y MafHCTpOM H MOHaCTb!peM HJIH KanHTYJIOM (cJiy'-laH <l>yJibKa .n.e BHJIJiape) JIH6o Me)!(.n.y pyKOBO.ll.CTBOM op.n.eHa Ha Po.n.oce· H ero .n.oMaMH Ha 3ana.n.e.

a Clement VI (/342-1352): Lett res closes, patentes et curiales se rapportant a Ia France. Publiees ou analysees d'apres les registres du Vatican par Eugene Deprez et Guillaume Mollat. Premier fascicule. Tome Ier... Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1901. Col. 129-132. No 341. b Paoli. T. 2. P. 91-93. c Enqu~te 1373. P. 74.

PoAOC 11 3anaA

381

Kor,zJ:a s 1445 r. MarHcrp 3axoreJI HaJIO>KHTb 4pe3BbiLJaHHbiH HaJIOr Ha 3ana.D.Hble .li.OMa, 4T06bi noKpblTb .n.ecpHUHT, Bbi 3saHHblH ycneUIHO Bbi.D.ep>KaHHOH oca.n.o/1 MaMeJIJOKOB, npHopbi He corJiaCHJIHCb Ha 3To; Ha KanHTyJie B PHMe 22 cpespaJIH 1446 r. nana 3acrasHJI He.n.osoJibHbiX npHopos ycrynHTb3 • OanCTBO XOTeJIO pecpopMHpOBaTb 3TY <<pyKy XpHCTHaHCTB3 >>

in spiritualibus et temporalibus [s .n.yxosHoM H csercKOM cMbiCJie (Aam.) ]b. LlJIH 3Toro oHo ycrpaHsaJio paccJie.n.osaHHH, BbiHCHHst, KaKHMH cpe.n.crsaMH op.n.eH pacnoJiaraer Ha 3ana.n.e. PaccJie.n.osaHHe 1338 r., peweHHe o KoropoM npHHHJI fieHe.D.HKT XII H HcnOJIHHTeJieH Koroporo roponHJIH caMH rocnHraJibepbi, noLJTH He .n.aJio pe3yJibTaros, KpoMe KaK s npHopare CeH-)I{HJibc. fpHropHH XI 8 cpespaJIH 1373 r. nopy4HJI enHcKonaM nposecrH Hosoe paccJie.n.osaHHe. 0HO 3aBepWHJIOCb 4epe3 ro.n. spy4eHHeM npOTOKOJIOB, H3 KOTOpblX COXpaHHJICH 71 H KOTOpble, KpOMe WeCTH, OTHOCH.Jli1Cb K paHUHH 11 HraJIHH. Hx H3.D.aHHe rorosHTCst. noroM HaLJaJiaCb BeJIHKaH CXH3Ma 3ana.n.a. B PHMe 8 anpeJIH 1378 r. 6biJI H36paH Yp6aH VI, HO HeKoropbie Kap.n.HHaJibi ocnopHJIH ero H36paHHe, Bhi6pas 20 ceHrst6pst I<JIHMeHra VII. 06pa3oBaJIOCb .n.se rpynnHpOBKH: AHrJIHst, HMnepHH 11 11TaJibstHCKHe rocy.n.apcrsa npH3HaJIH Yp6aHa VI, paHUHH, WorJiaH.D.HH, KacTI1JI11H H AparoH - I<JIHMeHra VII. Pe3H.D.eHUHH nepsoro HaXO.li.HJiacb B PHMe, sroporo B ABHHbOHe. KoMaH.n.opcrsa focnHTaJIH pa3.D.eJIHJIHCb Me>K.n.y .li.BYMH 3TI1MH rpynnHpOBKaMI1. Bosio, Giacomo. Histoire des chevaliers de l'ordre de S. Jean de Hie rusalem. Paris: M. Soly. P. Billaine et G. Alliot, 1629. T. I. P. 102. b Enquete 1373. P. 12. c TeKCTbl ony6JIHKOB3Hbl s H3JlaHHH: Beaucage, Benoit. Visites generales des Commanderies de I'Ordre des Hospitaliers dependantes du Grand prieure de Saint-Gilles, 1338. Aix-en-Provence: Universite de Provence; Marseille: diffusion J. Laffitte. 1982. 3

382

r11aea 14. rocm1Ta11bepb1 Ha POAOCe

MamcTp op.ueHa 3pe.uHa (1377-1396) 6biJI aparoHu.eM H sepHbiM KJieMeHTHCTOM. Dana Yp6aH VI B .ueKa6pe 1382 r. CMeCTHJI ero H B anpeJie 1383 r. Ha3Ha4HJI PHKap.uo Kapa440JIO. ToT, 4T06hi o6ecne4HTb ce6e JierHTHMHOCTh, .uoJI.>KeH 6hiJI .uo6HTbCH npH3HaHHH Ha Po.uoce, Ho 3arosop, opraHH30BaHHbiH B ero noJib3Y nheMOHTCKHM 6paTOM PH6aJih.llO BaHhOHe B 1383-1384 rr., pacKpbiJIH. BaHbOHe 6biJI nepe.uaH B pyKH 3pe.uHa B ABHHbOH H 16 HOH6pH 1384 r. npHrosopeH KanHTYJIOM K. yTpaTe o6Jia4eHHH H .usa.uu.aTH nHTH ro.uaM nopbMbia. Kapa440JIO HMeJI HeKOTOpbiH ycnex y HTaJibHHCKHX rocnHTaJibepOB - 28 MaH 1384 f., HanpHMep, ero no.ll.llep.>KaJI BeHeu.HaHCKHH npHopb. Ho aHrJIHHCKHe rocnHTaJibepbi no-npe.>KHeMy nepe.uasaJIH responsiones Ha Po.uoc. Oo3ToMy, Kor.ua Kapa440JIO B 1395 r. yMep, y pHMcKoro nanbi xsaTHJIO 6Jiaropa3yMHH ero He 3aMeHHTb. TaKHM o6pa30M, paCKOJI cpe.UH fOCnHTaJibepOB npeKp3THJIC51 caM 3a .usa.uu.arb JieT .uo Toro, KaK KOH4HJiacb BeJIHKaH CXH3Ma. KcTaTH, npeeMHHK 3pe.uHa, ¢HJIH6ep .ue HaiiHK, CbirpaJI HeMaJioBa.>KHYJO poJib B 0H3aHCKOM ( 1409) H KoHcTaHU.CKOM C06opax (1414-1418), nOJIO.>KHBlllHX KOHeU. paCKOJiy u.epKBHc. OpaB.llY CK333Tb, CXH3Ma MOfJia nOBJie4b H3MHOfO 60Jiee TH.>KeJible nocJie.UCTBHH .UJIH op.ueHa, ecJIH 6bi cosnaJia c CHJibHbiMH Hau.HoHaJibHbiMH TpeHHHMH, cymecrsosaBlllHMH BHYTpH focnHTaJIH. Opeo6Jia.uaHHe cppaHU.Y3CKHX H3biKOB Koe-Koro pa3.upa.>KaJio. Ha3Ha4aH MarHcrpoM 3pe.uHa, aparoHua, a Luttrell, A. Intrigue, schism and violence among the Hospitallers of Rhodes, 1377-1384 II Luttrell 1. XXIII. P. 42. b Luttrell, A. The Hospitallers of Rhodes at Treviso, 1373 II Luttrel/3. XIV. P. 765. c Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers a Rhodes jusqu'a Ia mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310-1421). Paris: E. Leroux, 1913. P. 306.

383

rp 11 ropHH XI HMen B BH.LI.Y oTpeamposaTb Ha CHJJbHoe 03no6neHHe, KOTopoe Ha KanHTynax

1370 11 1373

rr. npoHBJJH-

JJH HTaJJbHHUbi. CxH3Ma npHMHpHna 3pe.n.Ha 11 <f>paHUY30B, noTOMY l.JTO OHH OKa3aJJHCb B O.ll.HOM JJarepe.

Y 3pe.n.Ha

.LI.OC-

TaJIO yMa He 3aMeHHTb <f>paHUY3CKHH KJJaH aparoHCKHM. OH OKPY)KI1Jl ce6H HTaJJbHHUaMH, KaK nanaMe.n.o .ll.H .li.)KOBaHHH, 11 HeMuaMH, KaK Xepco WereJJbXOJJhU. HaiiHK, ero npeeMHHK, XOTb 11 6biJl <f>paHUY30M, OCTaBHJl 3TO HHTepHaUHOHaJibHOe

OKpy)KeHHe

COXpaHHJI

3TH TpeHHH CHOBa npOHBHJlHCb B

e.LI.HHCTBO

1446 f .

Op.LI.eHa 3 •

Ha KanHTyJJe

s PHMe, Kor.n.a nana nocTaBHJJ no.n. sonpoc <f>paHUY3CKYIO rereMOHHIO. <l>paHUY3CKHe 513biKH B OTBeT HanOMHHJIH 0 3Hal.feHHH <f>paHUY30B B Op.LI.eHe 11 .LI.a)Ke B nepBOM KpeCTOBOM noxo.n.e!b OnnoHeHThi s

1462

r . .n.osoJJbCTBOBaJJHCh TeM, I.JTO

yqpe.LI.HJIH sochMOH H3biK, pa3.n.enHB H3biK HcnaHHH.

Ponb 3anaAHOro Tbina a >Kir13Hir1 opAeHa B KOH~e cpeAHeBeKOBb.R Paccne.n.osaHHe

1373

r., XOTb 11 He3aKOHl.feHHOe,

co3.n.ano

HaCTOHill.ee KJJHWe, c<f>opMHpOBaB npe.n.CTaBJieHHH 0 nOJIO:>KeHHH op.n.eHa Ha 3ana.n.e so speMH 6onhworo .n.eMorpa<f>HLJecKoro

3KOHOMHI.JecKoro

cna.n.a

1300 I 1330-1440 I

1460 rr. DoceneHHe op.n.eHa Ha Po.n.oce He nosneKJIO HHKaKHX H3MeHeHHH B opraHH3aUHH KOMaH.LI.OpCTB HJIH 6aJIJieeB H npHopaTOB, KOTopyiO 51 OnHCaJI BO BTOpOH I.JaCTH KH11rl1. Hy)KHO 6biJJO TOJibKO yKpenHTb CB513H UeHTpa C 3ana.LI.OM: npoKypop np11 pHMCKOH KYPHH H reHepaJihHhiH c6oplli.HK

responsiones

a Luttrell, A. Intrigue, schism and violence among the Hospitallers of Rhodes, 1377-1384 //Luttrell I. XXIII. P. 48. b Bosio, Giacomo. Histoire des chevaliers de l'ordre de S. Jean de Hierusalem. Paris: M. Soly, P . Billaine et G. Alliot, 1629. T. I. P. 104.

rnasa 14. rocmnanbepbi Ha PoAoce

384

CTaJII1 HaXO.lli1TbCH TaM flOCTOHHHO, KaK 11 HaMeCTHI1K, npe.llCTaBJIHJOIU11H Mafi1CTpaa. Kp11311C 3aTpoHyJI

focni1TaJib KaK KpynHoro 3eMeJihHOro

C06CTBeHHI1Ka: 113-3a .lleMOrpacpwieCKOfO Kp11311Ca, CTarHaUI111 UeH Ha ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHYJO npo.llyKUHJO, flO.ll.OpO)KaHI1H MaJIO'-II1CJieHHOH pa6oYeH CI1Jibl 11 11HBeHTapH .ll.OXO.llbl, 113BJieKaeMble 113 3eMJII1, pe3KO COKpaTI1JII1Cb. 00CJie.llCTBI1H flOBCJO.llY -

11 .ll.JIH BCeX -

6biJII1 O.lli1HaKOBbJ: onycTeBWI1e

.llepeBHI1, 3a6poweHHbie 3eMJII1, npo.lla)Ka YaCTI1 BJia.lleHI1H, nepeXO.ll OT Henocpe.llCTBeHHOH o6pa60TK11 3eMJII1 .llep)KaTe路 JIHMI1 K apeH.lle (O.ll.HaKO HaHTI1 apeH.llaTOpOB 6b!JIO He BCef.lla B03MO)KHO) 11JII1 ycTynKa .llep)KaHI1H B .llOJifOBpeMeHHYJO apeH.llY 3a orpaHI1'-IeHHbiH '-II1HW

C 1450

(?)

11 T . .ll.

r. HacTaJio apeMH flO.llbeMa 11 aoccTaHOBJieHI1H. Op-

.lleH fOCf111TaJIH Tlp11HHJI yYaCTI1e B 3TOM W11pOKOM .llBI1)KeHI111 H BOCC03.llaJI CBOH naTp11MOHI1H -

.llOMa, 4aCOBHI1 H MeJibHih

Ubi OTpeMOHT11pOBaJII1, .llJII1TeJibHOCTb C.lla'-!11 B apeH.llY 11JII1. 3a YI1HW coKpaTHJII1b. O.ll.HaKo Kp11311C no6y.lli1JI op.lleH H3路 MeHI1Tb CBOe

a.llMI1HHCTpaT11BHOe .lleJieHI1e :

<l>paHUI1H KOMaH.ll.OpCTBa, 11JII1 MeHbWe,

6b!Jil1

np11opaTe

11MeJOIU11e BCero .ll.BYX 4JieHOB

paccpopM11pOBaHbl 11 Tlp11COe.lli1HeHbl

K .llPYrHMc.

Be.llh,

Kp11311c

responsiones

Kp11311C,

HY)KHO

6biJIO

113biMaTb

113 .llOXO.llOB 3ana.ll.HbiX X03HHCTB, YT06bi nepe路

.llaBaTb 11X Ka3HaYeJO Op.lleHa Ha PO.llOCe. no3TOMY Kp11311C

a Comte Riant. Six lett res relatives aux croisades I I Archives de /'Orient latin. T. I (1881). P. 391-392. b Botton, I. de; Ottfredo Sarrot, M. Ruines et reconstructions agraires dans les commanderies du grand priore de France I I Actes du 104e Congres national des societes sauantes, Bordeaux, 1979. Section de philologie et d'histoire jusqu'a 1610. Paris: Bibliotheque nationale, 1980-1981. T. 1: La reconstruction apres Ia guerre de Cent ans . P. 70-122. c Enquete 1373. P. 97.

385

JlOXOJlOB craBHJI cneu.HciJwiecKHe npo6JieMbi. Be.llb Po.lloc CTOHJI JlOporo! 0oJlC4HTaHO, YTO Ha 0./lHO TOJibKO 3aBOeBaHHe fOCllHTaJibepbl norpaTHJIH 3a rpH ro.lla OKOJIO

154

TbiCH4 ciJJiopHHOB,

a B llOCJieJlyJOI.l.lHe fOJlbl focnHTaJib H3paCX0JlOBaJI OKOJIO

350

Tb1CH4 ciJJIOpHHOB Ha TO, 4T06bi BCTynHTb BO BJiaJleHHe

1320 JlOCTHfJIH 585

JlOCTOHHHeM XpaMa. Oo3TOMY B

r. JlOJirH op.lleHa

y ciJJiopeHTHifcKHX 6aHKOB

TbiCH4 ciJJIOpHHOB.

OraercraeHHOCTb 3a 3TO B03JIO:>KHJIH Ha c:f>yJibKa Jle BHJIJiape H oro3BaJIH ero. Ero npeeMHHKY 3JIHOHY Jle BHJibHeay yJlaJIOCb BbJBepHTb C4eTa, HO He paHee

1335

r. 3

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1402 r.,

JlO

1408 r . - Bo.llpyMa (co.llep:>~<aHHe Koro7 TbiCH4 ciJJIOpHHOB B fOJlb), OTCTpOHKa oca.llbi 1480 r. H 3eMJierpHceHHH 1481 r. -

a nocJie

poro OU.eHHBaeTCH B Po.lloca nocJie

BCe 3TO 6biJIO 6bi HeB03MO:>KHO TOJibKO 3a CYeT pecypcOB ocrpoaa H BJiaJleHHH Ha KHnpe. rocnHTaJibepbl H3BJieKaJIH cymeCTBeHHbie JlOXOJlbl H3 npOH3BOJlCTBa TpOCTHHKOBOfO caxapa a KoJioccH Ha KHnpe H a Jlpymx caoHx BJia.lleHHHx; B

responsiones,

1330

HaJio:>~<eHHbie Ha KOMaHJlopcrao KHnp,

r. COCTaBJIHJIH

Tb!CHY KHnpCKHX 6e3aHTOBc.

K 3ToMy Jl06aBJIHJIHCb cyMMbi, noJiy4aeMbie or 6parheB c 3ana.lla, npH6biBlllHX cJiy:>~<HTb Ha Po.llOC (npHHHMaJIH TOJibKO 3KHnHpOBaHHbiX 6paTbeB, C KOHHMH, opy:>~<HeM H KH路 pacaMH), H HMyll.lecrso 6parbeB, yMepwHx Ha Po.lloced. Ha-

a Ibid. P. II. - Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers a Rhodes jusqu'a Ia mort de Philibert de Naillac ( 1310-1421 ). Paris: E. Leroux, 19!3. P. 34-35 H 53-54. b Luttrell, A. The building of the castle of the Hospitallers at Bodrum II Luttrell4. VI. P. 147 H n. 36. c Enquete 1373. P. 35, n. I. d Burgtorf, J. The order of the Hospital's high dignitaries and their claims on the inheritance of deceased brethren, regulations and conflicts II A P c.. p. 261. 13-8085

rnaaa 14. focm1Tallbepb1 Ha POAOCe

386

KOHeu, ,D,JIH sa -

B. Ha.n.o ytU!TbiBaTb npH6hiJib OT KanepcT-

6oraTyiO, HO HenocTOHHHyiO.

Responsiones,

KOTOpbie .n.oJI>KHbi 6biJIH nJiaTHTb npHoparbi

3ana.n.a, KanHTYJI B MoHneJibe B

1330

r. oueHHJI B cyMMY

TbiCHli <PJiopHHOBa. 3Ta cyMMa pacnpe.n.eJIHJiacb no npH-

opaTaM H KOMaH.n.opcTBaM. TpH KOMaH.n.opcTsa TpeBH30, HanpHMep, ,lJ,OJI>KHbl 6b!JIH BblnJ13liHB3Tb M3H,D,OpCTBO

Coc-Ocep

160

280

<PJIOpHHOBb, KO-

<PJiopHHOBc.

3To

6hiJIH

TeopeTHlieCKHe CYMMbl, KOTOpbie ,D,enpeCCHBH351 3KOHOMHlieCK351 KOHbiOHKTypa KOHU3 cpe,D,HeBeKOBbH pe,D,KO n03BOJIHJia co6parb. B KypsaJie, B HopMaH,D,HH, KOM3H,D,Op PayJib nope nHwer: <<03HalieHHbiH .n.oM Bbi>K>KeH H pa3pyweH ... soH:HaMH, KaKOBbie WJIH B CTpaHe c ro.n.a

XLVI (1346)

11 see npo-

,D,OJI>KaiOTCH, 11 MopoM, KaKosoH: 6wJI B OHOH cTpaHe B ro.n.y

XLVIII (1348,

pe4b H.n.er o liyMe) nocJie cero ... •> 11 .n.eJiaer

BbiBO,lJ,, liTO <<responcion M3JIO B03MO>KHO HJIH COBCeM HeB03MO>KHO BblnJI3THTb B TelieHHe

JieT no npHliHHe OHbiX

BOHH H Mopa ... •>d KoMaH.n.op BHJihMya3oHa (a OcepcKOM ,D,HOUe3e) Bbipa>KaeTCH 6oJiee npHMO: no npHliHHe cKy.n.ocrH ,D,OXO,D,OB OH <<He

nJia~HT,

B TelieHHe ,D,eCHTH JieT, 03HalieH-

HYIO lieTsepTb responcion, noeJIHKY eMy ,D,OBOJibHO 11 TOro, YTO OH ,lJ,OJI>KeH KOpMHTbCH J.1 BblnJI3liHB3Tb no,D,3TH, K3KOBbiMH 03H3lieHHbiH ,D,OM 065133H He TOJibKO focnHT3JIIO ... •>e oerJlbiH pacYeT Ha OCHOBe 6aJiaHCa KOM3H,D,OpCTB BeJIHKOfO npHopaTa ¢paHUHH 33

1373

r. BbiHBJIHeT, liTO ,D,Be TpeTH HX

a Tipton, L. The 1330 chapter general of the knights Hospitallers at Montpelliers II Traditio. XXIV (1968). P. 302. b Luttrell, A. The Hospitallers of Rhodes at Treviso, 1373 II Luttrel/3. XIV. c Enqu~te 1373. P. 297. d Ibid. P. 294. e Ibid. P. 297.

PoJlOC

1-1

3ana,ll

387

cTpa.n.aJIH oT .n.eqmuwra 11 HMeJIH TPY.D.HOCTH c y.n.osJieTsopeHHeM Tpe6osaHHH op.n.eHa 3 . XyaH cPepHaH.n.ec .n.e 3pe.n.Ha He nJiaTHJI Hx ew.e Tor.n.a, KOr.n.a 6blJI lllaTeJieHOM AMnOCTbl (npHopoM AparoHa)b. rocnHTaJibepbl CKaH.D.HHaBHH c .n.asHHX nop HH4ero He nJiaTHJIH, a np11op DopTyraJIHH s 1363 r. HMeJI He.D.OHMOK Ha 24 TblCH411 q)JiopHHOBc. 20 MapTa 1366 r. MarHcTp PaliMyH.D. EepeHrep y6e>K.D.aJI csoero reHepaJibHoro npoKypopa Ha 3ana.n.e .n.aTh HaroHHH Hepa.D.HBhlM nJiaTeJihW.HKaM. Op.n.eH y)l{e o6paTHJICH K nane, KOTOpblH B 1363 r. no.n. yrpo30H caHKUHH noTpe6osaJI oT OTBeTCTBeHHblX rocnHTaJibepos 3ana.n.a 3anJiaTHTbd. TH)KeJibJe speMeHa · HJIH (H) He.n.o6pocosecTHOCTb mo.n.eli TOMY BHHOH, HO xoTH pellleHHeM reHepaJibHoro KanHTyJia op.n.eHa OT 18 cpespaJIH 1358 r. B Ka)I{,D.blH npHopaT 3ana.n.HOH Esponhl 6hJJI Ha3Ha4eH c6opw.HK responsiones, 3a,n.aHHOH B 1330 r. cyMMhl T8K HHKOr,n.a 11 He CMOfJIH C06paTbe. He C4HTaH .n.oxo.n.os OT HTaJihHHCKHX npHopaToB, B 13671373 rr. B fO.D. B cpe,n.HeM BblXO.D.HJia CYMMa B 22 700 <t>JiopHHOB, a B 1378-1399 rr. - 38 500 cpJiopHHOBr. TaKHM o6pa30M, a nep11o.n. BeJIHKOH CXH3Mbl npoH30lllJIO ow.yTHMoe noBhlllleHHe .n.oxo.n.a, H :no no.n.Tsep)l{.n.aeT, 4TO oHa BHecJia J!Hlllb noaepXHOCTHbie B03MyW.eHHH B )!{J13Hb Op.D.eHa. Kor.n.a op.n.eH co6HpaJICH npe.n.npHHHTh HaCTynaTeJihHhJe ,D.eHCTBHH HJIH 6b!JI BhlHY)I{.D.eH ,D.eJiaTh Henpe,D.BH,D.eHHhie a Ibid. P. 118-120.

b Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers a Rhodes jusqu'a Ia mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310-1421) . Paris: E. Leroux, 1913. P. 125. c Enquete 1373. P. 14. d Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers a Rhodes jusqu'a Ia mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310-1421). Paris: E. Leroux, 1913. P. 155. e Ibid. P. 136.- B.N.F., fr. 1079, f• 77. r Enquete 1373. P. 35. 13*

388

rnasa 14. rocm1Tallbepbl Ha POAOCe

pacxoJI.hi, rpe6oaaJII1Cb 4pe3Bbi4aHHhie pecypcbi. TorJI.a B311MaJII1 JI.onoJIHI1TeJibHbie responsiones, JI.a>Ke BBOJI.I1JII1 noJI.aTI1. <P11HaHc11poaaH11e <<nepenpaBhi•> JI.JIH 6opb6bi c rypKaMI1 a 1373 r. npeJI.noJiaraJIOCb o6ecne411Th 3a c4er c6opa 80 Tbi· C514 cpJIOp11HOB e>KefOJI.HO B Te4eHI1e Tpex JieT. 3TI1X JI.eHer raK HH pa3y 11 He co6paJII1, 11 «nepenpaaa•> BbipOJI.HJiacb a >KaJIKYIO 3KcneJI.HU.HIO a AJI6aHHIO, rJI.e 3peJI.Ha nonaJI B nJieH. lJro6bi BbinJiaTHTb JI.OJifH H 3anJiaTHTb 3a Hero BblKyn, npoJI.aBaJIH HMymecrao H JI.eJiaJIH 3aHMbi 3 • OcraaaJIHCb JI.apbi: a 1465 r. repuor EypryHJI.HH ¢HJII1nn )lo6pbiH npenoJI.Hec 10 Tb!C514 30JIOTbiX 3KIO, 4T06bi B Te4eHHe JI.BYX JieT Ha Mecre 6biBWeH uepKBH CaHroro HHKOJiaH B03BeJIH 6awmo; repuor, KOHe4HO, norpe6oaaJI, 4T06bi Ha aaJiy y nOJI.HO.>KH5i 6aWHI1 B03JI.BHfJIH MpaMOpHyiO CTaTyiO C ero rep60M 11 rep6aMI1 Ka>KJI.oro H3 ero rocyJI.apcrab. )leHbrH, co6paHHhie c6opmHKaMI1 responsiones a npHoparax, JI.OCTaBJIHJIH KOMHCCHOHepbl cpJiopeHTHHCKHX 6aHKOB a AaHHhOHe HJIH PHMe. DbiJIO JI.Ba Mapwpyra: responsiones 113 npHopaTOB <PpaHU.HH, AKBHTaHHH, npoaaHca H 11cnaHHH npoxoJI.HJIH 4epe3 AaHHbOH (noJI. KOHrpoJieM reHepaJibHoro c6opmHKa), rorJI.a KaK JI.OXOJI.bi or H3biKOB AHrJIHH, fepMaHHH H J1ramm WJII1 TpaH3HTOM 4epe3 J1TaJII110c. YMeHbWaJIHCb JI.OXOJI.bi - yMeHhWaJiach H 4HCJieHHOCTb JIIO· JI.eH. UeJihiO paccJieJI.OBaHHH, npeJI.npHHHToro a 1373 r. fpHropHeM XI, 6biJIO a roM 4HCJie 11 pecpopMHpoaaHHe opJI.eHa. nana >KeJiaJI, 4T06bi BCe 3JieMeHTbl OpJI.eHa, fOJI.Hbie K BOeHHOH cJiy>K6e, 6hiJIH ornpaaJieHhi in remotis [a JI.aJibHHe Mecra a Ibid. P. 27.

b Winter, Johanna Maria van. Sources concerning the hospitallers of St. John in the Netherlands, 14th-18th centuries. Leiden; Boston; Koln: Brill. 1998. P. 59, n• 69 (20 HIOH!l 1465 r.). c Enqu~te !373. P. 36-37.

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a Ibid. P. 17-18.

b Beaucage, Benoit. Visites generales des Commanderies de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers dependantes du Grand prieure de Saint·Gilles, 1338. Aix-en-Provence: Universite de Provence; Marseille: diffusion J. Laffitte, 1982. P. VII. - Enquete 1373. P. 32. c Enquete 1373. P. 103-106.- Coulet, N. Les effectifs des commanderies du grand prieure de Saint-Gilles en 1373 // Provence historique. T. 45 (1995). P. 102-118.

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a Comte Riant. Six lettres relatives aux croisades I I Archives de l'Orient latin. T. I (1881 ). P. 391-392. b Major, A. Vision externe sur !'Empire venitien: les voyageurs rneridionaux au xve siecle II Le Moyen Age. T. 118 (1992). P. 225. c Enqu~te 1373. P. 75-77.

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a Caumont, Nompar de. Le voyage d'outre-mer a Jerusalem de.Nompar de Caumont, C. et P. Paris, 1997. P. I 080.

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a Dygo, M. The political role of the cult of the Virgin Mary in the Teutonic Prussia in the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries I I Journal of Medieval History. 15 (1989). P. 76.

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a Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London; New York: Macmillan, 1980. Chap. 5. b Parauicini, Werner. Die Preussenreisen des europaischen Adels . 2 Teile. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1989-1994. Teil 2. S. 20-41.

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«npyCCKHe KpeCTOBbte nOXOAbl» 3anaAHOeaponeMCKOM 3HaTH B re'-!eHHe acero XIII B. opJJ.eH noJiy'-laJI noMOll1.b or KpecroHocu.ea, npH6bJBaBWHX B OCHOBHOM H3 repMaHHH. B XIV B. opJJ.eH o6parHJICH K 3HaTH acei1 3anaJJ.HOH Eaponhi. XpoHHKH TeX BpeMeH npeJJ.TIO'-IHTa!OT Ha3biBaTb 3TH 3KCTieJJ.HU.HH HeMeU.KHM CJIOBOM <<Reise•>, <<nyrewecTBHe•> (a ocppaHu.y:>KeHHOM aapHaHre <<rese•>), a He <<KpecrOBbiH noxoJJ.•>. BeJIHKHe MarHCTpbl cyMeJIH npHBJle'-lb cppaHUY3CKHX H aHrJIHH· CKHX pbiU.apei1, oKpy:>t<HB 3TH noxoJJ.bi HacrOH111.HM opeonoM 6JieCTH111.eH pbiU.apCTBeHHOCTH H B TO :>Ke BpeMH HCnQJib3YH nponaraHJJ.HCTCKYIO HCTOpH'-!eCKYIO JIHTeparypy, ynoMHHyTYIO MHOH B npeJJ.biJJ.ymei1 rnaae. KcraTH, BHraHJJ. Map6yprCKHH, repoJibJI. H HcropHK TearoH<:Koro opJJ.eHa, ocraBHJI TO'-!HbiH OT'-!eT o6 3THX Reisen B caoei1 <<Cronica nova Pru-

tenica•>b. PerynHpHo, ecJIH He Ka:>KJJ.biH roJJ., - 11 raK JJ.O 1413 r., rpynnhi pbiU.apeH IlOKHJJ.aJIH CBOH CTpaHbl, l.JT06bi B Tel.JeHHe a Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London; New York: Macmillan, 1980. P. 148. b Wigand von Marburg. Cronica nova Prutenica // Scriptores rerum Prussicarum: Die Geschichtsquellen der preussischen Vorzeit bis zum Untergange der Ordensherrschaft. Hrsg. v. Dr. Theodor Hirsch, Dr. Max Tappen und Dr. Ernst Strehlke. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1861-1874. Bd. 2. ITpe)l{)le scero S. 462-463, 500-501, 584-586, 651-653.

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396

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1390-1391 rr. H JieTOM 1392 r. 3 B. napaBHYHHH OTMeTHJI, 4TO c 1335-1336 no 1413 r. B n PYCCHH no6biBaJIH 257 cppaH~Y3CKHX pbi~apeH H 177 aHrJIHHCKHXb. 0HH ca,LJ.HJIHCb B Jla-PoweJIH HJIH Ep10rre Ha raH3eHCKHe cy,LJ.a, t.~acTo nocemaswHe 3TH nopTbi, H ,LJ.o6HpaJIHCb ,LJ.O .UaH~Hra HJIH KeHHrc6epra (facToH ¢e6). 4ame scero HanpaBJIHJIHCb 4epe3 KeJibH, npary H EpecJiay. 4TO KacaeTCH rpacpa .Uep6H, TO OH BbiexaJI 113 BeHe~HH H ,ll.OCTHr npyccHH 4epes BeHy H EpecJiay. ABTop <•XpoHHKH ,LJ.o6poro rep~ora JliO,LJ.OBHKa l3yp6oHCKoro» OTIHCaJI pbi~apCKHH pHTyaJI, xapaKTepHb!H ,ll.JIH TIOXO,ll.OB TaKoro THna. B 1374-1375 rr. osepHCKHe H 6yp6oHCKHe pbi~apH rep~ora JliO,LJ.OBHKa 13yp60HCKOfO BO r JiaBe C )KaHOM ,LJ.e lliaTOMOpaHOM y4aCTBOBaJIH B OTpa:>KeHHH JIHTOBCKOro Ha6era H 3aXBaTe 3aMKa. no,ll. KOHe~ TIOXO,ll.a MarHCTp op,LJ.eHa npHrJiaCHJI pbi~apeA Ha 60JibWOH nHp B ero saMKe MapHeH6ypr . .UseHa,LJ.~aTb caMbiX xpa6pbiX pbi~apeA o6e,LJ.aJIO C MarHCTpOM Sa <•TI04eTHb!M CTOJIOM>>c; TIOXO:>Ke, 3Ta npaKTHKa noHBHJiacb B nocJie,LJ.HHe ro,LJ.bi npe6biBaHHH BHHpHxa cpoH KHHnpo,LJ.e Ha MarHcTepcKOH ,LJ.OJI:>KHOCTH, K 1370 r. B KeHHrc6epre, pe3H,LJ.eH~HH MapwaJia op,LJ.eHa, no OKOHYaHHH TIOXO,LJ.a pbi~apH TIOMelll.aJIH CBOH rep6b!, HanHa Paravicini, Werner. Die Preussenreisen des europi:lischen Adels. 2 Teile. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1989-1994. Teil 2. S. 171-173. - Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land made by Henry Earl of Derby (afterwards King Henry IV.) in the years 1390-1 and 1392-3. Edited from the originals by Lucy Toulmin Smith. Westminster: Camden Society, 1894. b Paravicini, Werner. Die Preussenreisen des europaischen Adels. 2 Teile. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1989-1994. Teil I. CnHCKH Ha s. 94-101, 123-127. c Orronville, Jean d'; Chdteaumorand, Jean de. La chronique du bon due Louys de Bourbon. Publiee par A.-M. Chazaud . Paris: Renouard, 1876. P. 62-66.

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a l1JIJIJocrpauHR K 3TOMY CM.: Ekdahl, Sven. Die ~ sanderia Prutenorum~ des Jan Dlugosz, eine Quelle zur Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410: Untersuchungen zu Aufbau, Entstehung und Quell enwert der Handschrift. Gtlttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, I 976. S. 33.

398

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15. npyCCHIIH TeBTOHCKall nHBOHHII, 1309-1525 rr.

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a Rabikauska, P. La cristianizzazione della Lituania / / L'Eglise et le peuple chn!tien dans les pays de l' Europe du centre-est et du nord (XJVe-xve siecle) : actes du colloque. Rome, 27-29 janvier 1986. Rome: Ecole fran<;aise de Rome; Paris: diff. de Boccard, 1990. P. 3-11 . b Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525. London; New York: Macmillan. 1980. P. 159160.- Housley, Norman. The later crusades, 1274-1580: from Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford: Oxford university press, 1992. P. 353-356. c The Westminster Chronicle: 1381-1394. Ed. and trans!. by L.C. Hector and Barbara F. Harvey. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. P. 37.

400

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a Ekdahl, Suen. Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410: quellenkritische Untersuchungen. Berlin: Duncker & Hum blot, 1982. Bd. I: Einfahrung und Quellenlage. f1o.ll.p06HbiH 3H3JJH3 HCTO'IHHK.OB. b Ekdahl, Suen. Die ~sanderia Prutenorum~ des Jan Dlugosz, eine Quelle zur Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410: Untersuchungen zu Aufbau, Entstehung und Quellenwert der Handschrift. Gilttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1976.

ee nocneACTB~R

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a Ibid. T. I. P. 25 11 90-91 (asTop ony6nHKosaJJ see TeKCTbi nasJJa BJJO.II.KOB114a 11 ero onnoHeHTos). 0 ¢aJJbKeH6epre 11 JaLU11Te TesTOHCKOro op.11.eHa eM.: Boockmann, Hartmut. Johannes Falkenberg, der Deutsche Orden und die polnische Politik. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1985.

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a Christiansen, Eric. The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier. 1100-1525. London; New York: Macmillan, 1980. P. 223-224.

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a Ekdahl, S. The treatment of the prisoners of war during the fighting between the Teutonic order and Lithuania I I The Military Orders. I. P. 263-269. b Burleigh, Michael. Prussian society and the German order: an aristocratic corporation in crisis c. 1410-1466. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge university press. 1984. P. 95 etc. c Dollinger, Philippe. La Hanse. Paris: Aubier, Montaigne, 1964. P. 9798, 117. - 06 3TJ.IX npo6JieMax s ueJioM cM. HccJie)losaHHH: Wee, Herman van der. The growth of the Antwerp market and the European economy (fourteenth-sixteenth centuries). 3 vol. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1963 J.l oco6eHHO Tits-Dieuaide, Marie-Jeanne. La Formation des prix cerealiers en Brabant et en Flandre au XV• siecle. Bruxelles: Universite de Bruxelles, 1975.

406

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a Dollinger, Philippe. La Hanse. Paris: Aubier, Montaigne, 1964. P. 376379. b Mazeika, R. Of cabbages and knights: trade and trade treaties with the infidel on the northern frontier, 1200-1390 I I Journal of Medieval History. 20 (1994). P. 63-76.

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a Burleigh, Michael. Prussian society and the German order: an aristocratic corporation in crisis c. 1410-1466. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge university press, 1984. P. 63-65. b 06pa3eu C'leTa Lieger'a CM.: Contamine, Philippe; Delort, Robert; La RonciiYe, Charles-Marie Bouret de. L'Europe au Moyen Age . Tome III, Fin XIIIe siecle-fin XVe siecle. Paris: Armand Colin, 1971. P. 193-194. c Demurger, Alain. L'Occident medieval: XIne-xye siecle. Paris: Hachette, 1995. P. 98. - Abel, Wilhelm. Crises agraires en Europe (XIII"-xxe siecle). Paris: Flam marion, 1973. d Sarnowsky, Jurgen. Die WirtschaftsfUhrung des Deutschen Ordens in Preussen (1382-1454) . Koln; Weimar; Wien: Bohlau, 1993.

408

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Pacuser 11 Kp11311C npyccKoro Ordensstaat s XIV 11 XV BB.

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DoJibWH, ynopHoH: npoTHBHHU.bi KaTOJIH4ecKoro TesTOHCKoro op.n.eHa nocJie.UHHX .usa seKa cpe.n.HeseKOBbH, OTHbiHe 6biJIH BaCCaJiaMH ,UBa npoTeCTaHTCKHX KHH3H, HacJie.UHHKH H. MOrHJiblllHKH TesTOHCKoro op.n.eHa Ha 5aJJTHKe! a Bogdan, Henry. Les chevaliers teutoniques . Paris: Perrin, 1995. P. 188.

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Pa3peweHMe Aena opAeHa XpaMa a McnaHMM 5yJJJJOH <<Ad Providam•> OT 12 Ma51 1312 r. nana KnHMeHT V nepe.uaJJ ace HMymecTaa op.ueHa XpaMa op.ueHy focnHTaJJH . Ho KopoJJH noJJyocTpoaa He >KeJJaJJH TaKoro peweHHH. 11x no3HU.H51 6biJJa He HOBOH - eme Ha BTopoM JlHOHCKOM co6ope 1274 r. Tor.uawHHH KopoJJb AparoHa XaHMe I Bbipa3HJJ apa>K.ue6HOe OTHOWeHHe K npoeKTY CJJH51HH51 060HX Op.UeHOB. ITo3TOMY 16 MaH nana oco6o Bbi.UeJJHJJ 3TH KopoJJeacTaa H npe.UJJO>KHJJ HX MOHapxaM npe,nOCTaBHTb eMy CBOH coo6pa)f{eHH51 no 3TOMY noao.uy 1 cpeapaJJH 1313 r. 3aTo B MaJJeHbKHX KopoJJeBcTaax Haaappa H MaiiopKa nepe.ua4a HMyll.leCTB focnHTaJJIO npOWJJa HOpMaJJbHO: B nepBOM 20 anpeJJH 1313 r., ao BTopoM- a cpeapaJJe 1314 r. 3 A.N .. K 39, n• I I I De/a ville Le Rou/x, Joseph . Les Hospitaliers ~ Rhodes jusqu'a Ia mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310-1421). Paris: E. Leroux. 1913. P. 43-46.

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422

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a Raynouard, Franf(ois-Just-Marie. Monumens historiques relatifs ~ Ia condamnation des chevaliers du Temple et ~ !'abolition de leur ordre. Paris: A. Egron, 1813. P. 265:...266. b Forey, Alan John. The Templars in the *Corona de Arag6n». London: Oxford university press, 1973.- Sans i Traue, Josep Maria. El proces dels Templers catalans entre el turmet i Ia gloria. Lleida: Pages editors, 1991.

423

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aoeHHbie KOMaHJJ.Hpbi, pyKoBOJJ.HBilJHe onepaUHHMH no ocaJJ.e 3aMKOB: BepeHrep JJ.e TopHa, KOTopoMy CJJ.aJIH KaHTaBbexy, OTKa3aJICH nepeJJ.aBaTh ee noJJ. oxpaHy aJJ.MHHHCTpaTopy, Ha3Ha4eHHOMY KopoJieMc. Kopo4e roaopH, HacJieJJ.He TaMnJIHepoa Cbe)KHBaJIOCb KaK IlJarpeHeBaH KO)!{a.

a npoTOKOJibl JlOnpocos pyccHJibOHCKHX raMnJIHepoB B Mac-,Uey ony6JIHKOBaJI scneJl Ja napH)({CKHMH nporoKoJiaMH )K_ MHWJie: Proces des Templiers. Publie par M. Michelet. 2 vol. Paris: lmpr. royale, 18411851 (nepeH3JlaHHe: Le Proces des Templiers. Textes choisis et pub!. par Jules Michelet. Paris: Ed. du CTHS, 1987). CM. HCCJieJlOBaHHe: A/art, Bernard. L'Ordre du Temple en Roussillon et sa suppression. Rennes-le-Chateau: P. Schrauben, 1988 (reprod . en facsim. de l'ed. de 1867). b Finke, Heinrich . Papsttum und Untergang des Templerordens. Bd. 2: Quellen. Munster i.W.: Aschendorff, 1907. S. 230-237. Nr. 125. c Benito Ruano, E. La encomienda templaria y sanjuanista de Cantavieja (Teruel) // Homenaje a Don Jose Marfa Lacarra de Miguel en su jubilacion del profesorado: estudios medievales. 5 vol. Zaragoza: Anubar, 1977. Vol. 3. P. 149-167.

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a Gutton, Francis. La Chevalerie militaire au Portugal: I'Ordre du Temple, I'Ordre du Christ, I'Ordre d'Avis, I'Ordre de Santiago. Paris: P. Lethiellieus, 1981. P. 23. ·

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a Finke, Heinrich. Papsttum und Untergang des Templerordens. Bd. 2: Quellen. Munster i.W.: Aschendorff, 1907. S. 233-234. Nr. 125. b Ibid. S. 234.

426

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427

HMymecrsa op.n.eHa XpaMa; HOBOMY op.ueHy nepexo.n.HJJH 3aMKH ToMap H AJJMypoJJ 3 • nocKOJibKY KOpOJib KacTHJIHH B 1313 r. He .n.aJJ KJIHMeHTY v HHKaKHX npe.n.JJo)!{eHJn1, HoaHH XXII caM 14 Mapra 1319 r . o6bHBHJI HMymecrsa XpaMa npHHa.n.JJe*aW.HMH op.n.eHy focnHraJJH H pa3pewHJJ np11opy KacTHJIHH H JleoHa scrynHTb so sJJa.n.eHHe HMH. XorH KopoJJh AJJh<PoHc XI 8 HOH6pH 1319 r. yrsep,llHJI 3TO peweHHe, fOCflHTaJIJO npHWJIOCb 6e3 flOCTOpOHHeH flOMOW.H H.llTH Ha YXHlll.peHHH, 4T06bi BepHyTb HMywecrsa, nonaswHe s pyKH 3HaTH H .n.pyrHx soeHHhiX op.n.eHoB. HH o.n.Ho H3 32 KOMaH.n.opcrs, HH O.UHH H3 21 3aMKa op.n.eHa XpaMa, flOXQ)!{e, He nepe.uaJIH op.n.eHy rocnHTaJIHb; HecMorpH Ha Hosoe nocJJaHHe nanbi or 1 MaH 1320 r., AJJhcpoHc XI npo.uoJJ)!{aJJ pa3.n.asaTb BJJa.n.eHHH XpaMa CBOHM npHsep)!{eHuaM. O.n.HaKo Kor.n.a B 1331 r. OH norpe6osaJJ or nanhi peweHHH Hano.n.o6He rex, KaKHe 6hiJIH npHHHTbi .llJIH AparoHa H nopryraJIHH, HoaHH XXII OTKa3aJI. Kopo4e roBOpH, focnHTaJib f10JIY4HJI TOJibKO KpOXH.

OpAeHbl MoHrecbl MXpMcra HraK, Ha nopore XIV s. 6biJIH co3.n.aHbi .n.sa HOBhiX soeHHo-MoHawecKHX op,n.eHa. 0HI1 JIHWb OT4aCTH 6biJIH HaCJJe.UHHKaMH op.n.eHa XpaMa, H op.n.eH XpHcra B 6oJJhWeH Mepe, 4eM op.ueH MoHrecbi. Bnpo4eM, nancrso orseprJJo H.Ue!O npeeMcrseHHOCTH c XpaMoM H nocraBHJIO Hx B 3aBHCHMOCTb or KaJJarpaBhi. Op.ueH KaJJarpaBbi orpH.llHJI B MoHrecy .n.ecHTb pbiUape11, 4T06bi HayLJHTb 4JJeHOB Hosoro op.n.eHa o6hi4aHM KaJJarpaBbl. a Gutton, Francis. La Chevalerie militaire au Portugal: I'Ordre du Temple, I'Ordre du Christ, I'Ordre d'Avis, I'Ordre de Santiago. Paris: P. Lethiellieus, 1981. P. 29. b Martfnez Diez, Gonzalo. Los templarios en Ia Corona de Castilla . Burgos: La Olmeda, 1993. P. 267.

428

rnaea 16.

~cnaHCK~e

BOeHHble opAeHbl (XIV-XVI BB.)

noroM, 22 HJOJHI 1319 r., B xo.n.e rop.>KecrseHHmi uepeMoHHH B 5apceJioHe KOMaH.n.op op.n.eHa KaJiarpaBbi B AJibKaHbHCe nepe.n.aJI o6Jia4eHHe rpeM nepBbiM 6parbHM MoHrechi; 3TO 6b!JIH pbiUapH rocnHTaJISI. A66ar CaHra-Kpeyca or HMeHH nanbl H33H34HJI O.li.HOrO H3 HHX, fHJibeHa 3pHJISI, MarHCT路 poM; TOT B CBOJO OYepe.llb npHHHJI BOCeMb HOBbiX pbiUapeH. fHJibeH 3pHJib yMep 4 OKTS16pS!, He ycneB SIBHTbCH B MoHrecy, no3TOMY a66ar CaHra-Kpeyca Ha3HaYHJI eMy npeeMHHKa, ApHay .n.e CoJiepa (1319-1327), ro>Ke 6biBwero rocnHraJibepa3. B 1327 r. 6bJJia npose.n.eHa HOpMaJibHaH npoue.n.ypa Bbi6opoB, H MarHCTpOM craJI ne.n.po .n.e Toyc. Bo speMSI ero .n.oJiroro npe6biBaHHH Ha MarHcrepcKm1 .li.OJI.>KHOcrH ( 1327-1374) 6h!JIH pa3pa6oraHbi HopMbl .>KH3HH op.n.eHa, npe.>K.n.e scero 6Jiaro.n.apH BH3HTaM MarHcrpa KaJiarpaBbi, nepBbll:f H3 KOTOpblX COCTOSIJICSI B 1326 r. B 1320 r. npHcryTIHJIH K nepe.n.aye MoHrece HMymecrs raMnJIHepos H rocnHraJibepoB, a raK.>Ke op.n.eHa KaJiarpaBbl B KopoJieBcrse BaJieHCHSI. rocnHT3Jlb coxpaHHJI TOJibKO CBOH .lJ.OM B BaJieHCHH H 3aBHcHMbie or Hero nocrpoHKHb. KanHTYJI 1330 r., npose.n.eHHbiH B CaH-Mareo - ropo.n.Ke, KOTOpbiH cKopeH 6biJI HaCTOS!lUHM ueHrpoM op.n.eHa, 4eM MoHreca, - ocyJ..UecrBHJI opraHH33UHJO Op.lleHa H BBeJI KOM2H.li.OpCTBac. no3.>Ke, 24 SIHBapS! 1400 r., op.n.eH CaH-)Kop.n.H-.n.e-AJih<t>aMa, Koropb!H BJ13'1HJI >K3JIKOe cyJ..UeCTBOB3HHe, TIOBeJieHHeM nanbl oeHe.li.HKTa XIII 6biJI o6be.li.HHeH c op.n.eHoM MoHrecbl. oJiaro.n.apH 3TOMY npHpaJ..UeHHJO MoHreca nepecraJia 6biTb YHcro saJieHcHaHCKHM op.n.eHoM, noroMy Yro CaH-)Kop.n.H npHHec a O'Callaghan, J. F. Las definiciones medievales de Ia arden de Montesa, 1326-1468 II Calatrava, X. P. 215. b Guinot Rodriguez, E. La fundaci6n de Ia arden militar de Santa Maria de Montesa I I Saitabi (Valencia). T. XXXV ( 1985). P. 74-86. c Garcfa-Guijarro Ramos, L. Los origenes de Ia arden de Montesa II Las 6rdenes militares en el Mediterrdneo Occidental (s. Xli-XVII/): coloquio celebrado los dfas 4, 5 y 6 de mayo de 1983. Madrid: Casa de Vel~zquez; Instituto de Estudios Manchegos, 1989. P. 82.

Koponb, 3HaTb H opAeHbl

429

eli sJIMeHHH s KaraJIOHHH H Ha MaiiopKe, a TaK>Ke Ha Capt~.HHHH 3 •

B nopryraJIHH opt~.eH XpHCTa TO>Ke CJiet~.OBaJI ycrasy KaJiarpaBbl H 6biJI noMeiUeH not~. oneKy nopryraJibCKoro UHCTepuHaHcKoro a66arcrsa AJIKo6acbib. Pe3Ht~.eHUHIO opt~.eHa, Koropoii cHatiaJia 6biJI Ha3Ha4eH Kawrpy-MapHH, 6biBWee sJiat~.eHHe opt~.eHa XpaMa s ycrbe rsat~.HaHbi, s 1357 r. nepeHeCJIH B ToMap. B Ka4ecrse nepsoro Mamcrpa KOpOJib H36paJI Mamcrpa AsHccKoro opt~.eHa :>KHJia MapTHHWa H 14 MaH 1320 r. nepet~.aJI eMy 3aMKH opt~.eHa XpaMa. nocJiet~.HHH Mamcrp XpaMa B nopryraJIHH, BawKy C!>epHaHt~.Hlll, 3aHHMaBlllHH 9TY t~.OJI>KHOCTb, ~ort~.a HatiaJicH npouecc XpaMa, craJI KoMaHt~.opoM MoHTaJIBaHa. BbiBWHe TaMnJIHepbi, KaK H OH, HaWJIH ce6e Mecro. KanHTYJibi, nposet~.eHHbie s 1321 r., a nOTOM B 1326 r., n03BOJIRIOT COCT8BHTb npe.D,CTaBJieHHe 0 TOrt~.alllHeM 3Ha4eHHH Opt~.eHa: 41 KOM8HtJ.OpCTBO, HMyiUeCTBa B lQ ropot~.aX H 43 t~.epeBHH BO BJiat~.eHHHc.

Koponb, 3HaTb MopAeHbl (AeplKaHHOe AOBepMe I16epHikKHe KOpOJIH IUet~.pO Hat~.eJIHJIH BOeHHbie opt~.eHbl, HO B3aMeH rpe6osaJIH yq·acTHH B onepauHRX PeKOHKHCTbi H o6opoHe crpaHbi. Mo.>KHO npet~.cTaBHTb, KaKHe npo6JieMbi CT8BHJIH nepet~. Opt~.eHaMH KOH<tJJIHKTbl Me~y C8MHMH H6epHHCKHMH rocyt~.apCTBaMH! Opt~.eHbl B OCHOBHOM <tJopMHpOB8JIHCb H3 3HaTH. Hx MarHcTpbi H caHOBHHKH npHHaAJie.>KaJIH a Sdinz de Ia Maza Lasoli, Regina. La arden de San Jorge de Alfama. Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientlficas, 1990. P. 131. b Gutton, Francis. La Chevalerie militaire au Portugal: I'Ordre du Temple, I'Ordre du Christ, I'Ordre d'Avis, I'Ordre de Santiago. Paris: P. Lethiellieus, 1981. P. 30. c Ibid. P. 31.

430

rna8a

16. ~cnaHCKHe 80eHHble OpAeHbl (XIV-XVI 88.)

K MOryiUeCTBeHHbiM pOJI.aM BbiCllleH 3HaTH H B KOHUe KOHUOB, oco6eHHO B XV B., cTaJIH BeCTH ce6H KaK rrpeJI.CTaBHTeJIH 3THX poJI.OB. 3aMel..JaHHe, KOTopoe no rroBOJI.Y KaJiaTpaBhi CJI.eJiaJia 3MMa CoJiaHo PyHc: <•KaJiaTpaBa HCITOJib30BaJia CBOH 3KOHOMHI..JeCKHe H JIIOJI.CKHe pecypCbl K BblfOJI.e BbiCllleH 3HaTH H pOJI.OB DaJI.HJibH, fycMaHOB, 0al..JeKO-XHp<r HOB>>a, -

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1250

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1321

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1326

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1327

nopTyraJihCKOH BeTBH opJI.eHa CaHThHroc.

a Solano Rufz, Emma. La Orden de Calatrava en el siglo XV: los seilorfos castellanos de Ia Orden al fin de Ia Edad media. Sevilla: Universidad, 1978. P. 125. b Finke, Heinrich. Papsttum und Untergang des Templerordens. Bd. 2: Quellen. Munster i.W.: Aschendorff, 1907. S. 230-237. Nr. 125. c Rau V .. Gon~alves I. As ordens militares e a tributac;ao regia em Portugal// Anuario de estudios medievales. XI (1981). P. 81-97.

431

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1284

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3TOrO optteHa BeJIHKOrO KOMaHJLOpa, KOTOpb!H B KOHcpJIHKTe 6biJI sepeH.eMy. ,llJIHTeJibHbiH MHTe:>K, KOTOpb!H B

1323

r. KJII04HHK optteHa

KaJiaTpaBbl XyaH HyHbeC ae npaao nOJLHHJI npoTHB MarHCTpa fapCHH Jloneca tte nattHJibH, CTaJI npOCTO HaXOJLKOH JLJIH AJibcpoHca rHCTpoM.

XI,

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B 1338 r.

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Hro nOCTaBHJI <PattpHKe, OJLHOrO H3 JLBYX CBOHX CbiHOBeH OT a ll.nH HanHcaHHH :nora pa3JJ.eJJa 60JJbWHM no.n.cnopbeM CTaJJH .n.aHHble H3 Tpex npoHJBeJJ.eHHH ct>. fiOTTOHa: Gutton, Francis. L'Ordre de Cala· trava. Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1955; Gutton, Francis. L'Ordre de Santiago: Saint-Jacques de I'Ep~e . Paris: P. Lethielleux; puis Ache!, Belgique: Abbaye cistercienne, 1972, H Gutton, Francis. L'Ordre d'Aicantara. Paris: P. Lethielleux; puis Ache!, Belgique: Abbaye cistercienne, 1975, p. 5J, HeCMOTpH HX lfHCTO C06biTHHHbiH xapaKTep (HJJH no npH4HHe 3TO· ro!) H HecMoTpH Ha noaTopbi. H onHpancH Ha TPH 3THX H3.D.aHHH, conocTaBJJHH HX C HOBeiiweii HCnaHCKOH HCTOpHorpaqlHeH, OCHOBHble npOH3BeJJ.eHHH KOTOpOH y>Ke ynOMHHaJJHCb.

432

rnasa 16. HcnaHCKHe BOeHHble opAeHbl (XIV-XVI 88.)

cpaBOpHTKH JleOHOpbl ,ne fycMaH; TaK KaK <l>a,npHKe 6b!JIO scero wecrb Jier, Ha speMH ero HecosepweHHOJieTHH MarH· crpoM Ha31;1a4HJIH AJioHco MeH.ueca .ue fycMaHa, 6para JieoHOpb!. B 1339 r. JleOHOpa, Bpa.>K.LJ.e6HO OTHOCHBWa51C51 K Ma· mcrpy AJibKaHrapbi foHcaJio MaprHHecy .ue 0Bbe,no, Koropbni reM He MeHee 6bJJI HeKOJie6HMO BepeH KOpOJIIO, o6MaHyJia csoero uapcrseHHoro JII060BHHKa H .uo6HJiacb Ka3HH MarHCTpa H 3aMeHbl ero 4eJIOBeKOM, 6JIH3KHM K KJia· HY fycMaHOB. Becbi Ka4HYJIHCb B o6parHyiO cropoHy npH npeeMHHKe AJibcpOHCa XI, ero 3aKOHHOM CbJHe ne.upo )KecTOKOM ( 1350-1369), KOTOpblH 6e3)KaJIOCTHO HCTpe6JI51JI fycMaHOB H 6JiarOBOJIHJI K KJiaHy CBOeH cpasopHTKH MapHH .ue na,UHJib51: ee 6par craJI MarHcrpoM KaJiarpaBbl. fpa)K,UaH· CKa51 BOHHa Me.>K.LJ.y Oe,npo )KecTOKHM H ero e,UHHOKpOBHbiMH 6parbHMH <l>a.upHKe H 3HpHKe TpacraMapcKHMH 03HaMeHO· saJiacb pacnpasoli Ha.u <l>a.upHKe, MamcrpoM CaHTbHro, B 1358 r. H MHOfHMH ,npyrHMH )KeCTOKOCT51MH. C no6e.UOH 3HpHKe TpacraMapcKoro (3HpHKe II) B 1369 r. H B uapcrsosaHHe ero CbJHa XyaHa I nocJie.UHHe rpH.uuarb Jier seKa BbJ,UaJIHCb 6oJiee cnOKOHHbiMH. BMewareJibCTBa B )KH3Hb op.ueHOB B0306HOBHJIHCb B nepHo.u 1400-1440 rr. B 1404 r. KOpOJib 3HpHKe III oro6paJI y 3H· pHKe .ue BHJibeHbJ ero MapKH3ar BHJibeHa H B Katiecrse KOM· neHcaUHH .uaJI eMy .UOJI)KHOCTb MarHcrpa KaJiarpaBbJ; HOBO· MY MarHcrpy 6biJIO .usa.uuarb. Jier, OH 6biJI )KeHar H He npHHa,UJie)KaJI HH K KaKOMY op,neHy! 0Ka3aJIOCb, 4TO 3TO He noMexa: 6paK aHHYJIHposaJIH, H BHJibeHa cpa3y )Ke .uaJI o6er .UJIH scrynJieHHH B op.ueH, r.ue ero H36aBHJIH or ro.UH4· Horo nocJiyWHHtiecrsa. Co cMeprbiO 3HpHKe III B 1406 r . 6parbH KaJiarpaBbJ onoMHHJIHCb H H36paJIH JlyHca foHcaJie· ca .ue fycMaHa. 3ro BbJ3BaJio pacKoJI B op.ueHe, npo.uoJI)KaBWHHCH Jio 1415 r. XyaH II, MJia.uwmi CbJH 3HpHKe III, Haxo.UHJICH no.u oneKOH 3HeprH4Horo pereHra <l>epHaH.uo AHreKepcKoro (6y.uywero KOpOJifl AparoHa). nocJie,UHHH

433

Ha3Ha4H.{I O.llHOfO H3 CBOHX CbiHOBeH, 3HpHKe, MarHCTpOM CaH:rbHro, a .llpyroro, CaHLIO, MarHcrpoM AJJbKaHrapbi; nocKOJJbKY HM eme He 6biJJO .lleCHTH JJer, <l>epHaH.IlO caM pyKoBOJlHJJ o60HMH Op.lleHaMH! DocJJe)lHHH npHMep, noKa3aTeJJbHbiH: a 1445 r. XyaH II sacraBHJJ (HJJH no3BOJJHJJ!) H36parb rJJaBoH op.lleHa CaHTbHro csoero sceMorymero coserHHKa AJJbBapo )le JlyHy; HO KopoJJescKaH MHJJOCTb nepeMeHLIHBa, H a 1453 r. MarHcrpy CaHTbHro orpy6HJJH roJJosy. He orcrasaJJa H nopryraJJHH. ne.llpy I (1357-1367) nocraBHJJ s 1365 r. csoero 6acrap.lla )l{yaHa so rJJase ABHCCKoro op.lleHa. EMy HacJJe)losaJJ ero saKOHHblH CbiH <l>epHaH.Ily, Ho s 1383 r. yMep, ocraBHB TOJJbKO .ll04b, 5earpHcy, cynpyry KOpOJJH XyaHa I KaCTHJJbCKOro. nopryraJJbUbl He no)KeJJaJJH, 4T06bi nocJJe.llHHH 6biJJ HX KopoJJeM. Boopy*eHHOe BMewareJJbCTBO KacTHJJHH B noMeP*KY npas BearpHCbi H ee cynpyra B 1384 r. Bbl3B8JJO peBOJJIOUHIO, H B KOHeYHOM CYeTe nopryraJJbUbi OT.IlaJJH KopoHy MarHcrpy AsHCCKoro op.lleHa, crasweMy )l{yaHoM I nopryraJJbCKHM (1384-1433). TpH CbiHa 3roro KOpOJJH no3)Ke ynpaBJJHJJH op.lleHaMH CaHTbHro, XpHcra H ABHCCKHM. Cpe.llH HHX 6biJJ 3HaMeHHTbiH reHpHX MopenJJaBaTeJJb, nocraBJJeHHbiH BO rJJaBe op)leHa XpHcra. YIHor)la soeHHbie op.lleHbl nbiTaJJHCb H36aBHTbCH or 3TOH THrocrHOH oneKH, OnHpaHCb Ha nany H, KOr)la 3TO 6biJJH UHCrepUHaHCKHe op.lleHbi, Ha .CHro. Bespe3yJJbrarHo. BHHa sa 3TO JIO)KHTCH H Ha caMH Op.lleHbl: Be)lb OHH 6biJJH He TOJJbKO )KeprBaMH HHTpHr, KOTOpble nJJeJJHCb B 60pb6e 3a BJJaCTb, HO H yYaCTHHKaMH 3THX HHTpHr.

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434

rnasa 16. HcnaHCKMe soeHHble opAeHbl (XIV-XVI ss.)

.n.aHCKYIO sofmy, KOTopy10 c 1354 no 1369 r. seJIH Me)K.n.y C060H KOpOJib fle.n.po )KecTOKHH H ero e,n.HHOKpOBHbie 6paTbH, ct>a.n.pHKe H 3HpHKe TpacraMapcKHe. C no6e.n.hi 3HpHKe, ocHosaswero TpacraMapcKyiO .UHHaCTHIO, Ha'laJicH KOpoTKHH nepHO.ll. era6HJibHOeTH, KOTopy!O UapeTBOBaHHe cJia6oro XyaHa II (1406-1454) noeTaBHJIO no.n. sonpoe, reM 6oJiee 'ITO B .n.eJia KaeTHJIHH BMeWHBaJieH AparoH. Op.n.eHbi - He Bee HJIH )Ke He Bee O,ll.HOBpeMeHHO - yeTpaHBaJIH HHTpHm H MHTe)KH npoTHB KopoJIH H ero cpasopHTa AJibBapo .n.e JlyHbl. HaKOHeU, B uapeTBOBaHHe 3HpHKe IV (145414 74) Mamcrp op.n.eHa, B .n.aHHOM eJiyqae KaJiaTpaBbi, snepBbie HeTIOJib30BaJI esoe TIOJIO)KeHHe .,ll.JIH Y.ll.OBJieTBOpeHHH .n.HHaeTH'IeeKHX npHTH3aHHH. B o6rueM, op.n.eH KaJiaTpasbi 6biJI 3aMeWaH BO Beex HHTpHrax, 'ITO He 03Ha'laeT TIOCTOHHHOH ero Bpa)K.n.e6HOeTH K KOpOJIIO - HanpOTHB. 113 3anyTaHHbiX nepHneTHH 3TOH 6opb6bl H npe.n.eTaBJIIO TpH eHTyaUHH, npOJIHBa!Oll{He pa3HbiH CBeT Ha npo6JieMbi: HeTOpHIO KJiaHa fyeMaHoB, noJIHTHKY HHcjJaHTOB AparoHa, nepe.n.osoro oTpH.n.a 3HaTH B 6opb6e e KopoJieM XyaHOM II, H npHTH3aHHH ne.n.po XHpOHa, MarHeTpa KaJiarpaBbl B uapeTBOBaHHe 3HpHKe IV.

KnaH rycMaHOB r.t OpAeH KanaTpaBbl B HCTOpHH JII06oro H3 op.n.eHOB TOH 3TIOXH MO)KHO HaHTH eTOJibKO )Ke npHMepoB BepHOeTH KOpOJIIO, CKOJibKO H o6paTHbiX npHMepos. .LI.a)Ke 3a.n.aernbcH sonpoeoM: He 6biJIH JIH eaM006MaHOM TIOTibiTKH KOpOJieH KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb noeT MarHeTpa: pa3Be He 6biBaJIO, 'ITO, CTaBH BO rJiaBe op,n.eHOB esoHX JIIO,UeH, Ha eaMOM ,n.eJie OHH B03BbiWaJIH CBOHX npOTHBHHKOB? BoT KJiaH fycMaHoB B op.n.eHe KaJiaTpaBbi. OH npHrneJI ry.n.a B 1323 r . noeJie MHTe)Ka XyaHa HyHbeea .n.e Ilpa.n.o (eBH3aHHoro e fyeMaHaMH) npoTHB fapeHH Jloneca .ne na.n.HJibH; AJibcjJOHe XI e.n.eJiaJI nepsoro MarHeTpOM, HO fle.n.po )KeeTOKHH OTeTpaHHJI ero, a TIOTOM npHKa3aJI y6HTb.

Qp~eHbl KaK l..leHTpbl cent HHTpHr

435

no3TOMY no6e.n.a TpacTaMapcKoro po.n.a B 1369 r. 6biJia no6e.n.oi1 fycMaHOB, XOTH H He nopa)f{eHHeM po.n.a 0a.LlHJib51. Bot:JHa c nopTyraJIHeH B 1383--;-1385 rr. H nopa)f{eHHH KacTHJibUeB HaHeCJIH ypoH soeHHbiM op.n.eHaM: MarHcTpbt CaHTb51ro 11 AJihKaHTapbi 6biJIH y6HTbi B 1384 r., MarHCTp KaJiaTpaBhi noni6 14 asrycTa 1385 r. B cpa)f{eHHH npH AJI)f{y6appoTe, npoHrpaHHOM KaCTHJihUaMH. Tor.n.a noCT MarHcTpa KaJiaTpaBhi 3aHHJI foHcaJio HyHbec .n.e fycMaH, Ha3HaLJeHHbiH s 1384 r. MarHcTpoM AJihKaHTapbi. 0Teu ero npHHa.n.Jie)f{aJI K po.n.y fycMaHOB, a MaTh - K po.n.y Oa.LlHJibH, TaK LJTO OH npHMHpHJI o6a po.n.a, H c Hero HaLJaJicH nepHo.n.6e3pa3.n.eJibHoro sJia.LlhiLJecTsa fycMaHoB B KaJTaTpase, HeHa.n.oJiro npepsaHHbiH MarHcTepcTBOM BHJibeHbi. JlyHc foHcaJiec .n.e fycMaH, nJieMHHHHK foHcaJio HyHbeca, H36paHHbiH B 1406 r., HO npH3HaHHb!H BCeMH TOJibKO B 1415 r., 6e3 OC06biX XJIOnOT pyKOBO.LlHJI op.n.eHOM .LlO CBOeH CMepTH B 1443 r. OocJie KOpOTKOrO ( TpexMeCHYHOfO) npe6b!BaHHH Ha DOCTY MarHCTpa <l>epHaH.LlO .n.e 0a.LlHJibl1 OCB060,n:HJIC51 nyTh .LlJIH BeJIHKOfO KOMaH.n.opa op.n.eHa XyaHa PaMHpeca .n.e fycMaHa, nJieMHHHHKa JlyHca foHcaJieca . KopoJib XyaH II 11 ero <t>asopHT AJibBapo .n.e JlyHa He xoTeJIH 3Toro H .n.o6HJIHCb Ha3HaYeHHH AJih<t>oHca, He3aKOHHoro CbiHa KopoJIH Hasappbi. Ho BOHHa, pa3pa3HBWaHcH B 1445 r . Me)f{.n.y HasappoH H KacTHJIHeH, pacKoJioJia op.n.eH: AJih<t>oHc no.Ll.Llep)f{aJI csoero OTUa, Tor.n.a KaK XyaH PaMHpec coxpaHHJI sepHOCTb XyaHy II. AJib<t>oHca cMeCTHJIH, HO H XyaH PaMHpec He .n.o6HJICH csoero, noToMy YTO KopoJib HaBH3aJI TpeTbero npoxo.n.HMUa, ne.n:po XHpOHa, 6paTa XyaHa naYeKO, sowe.n.wero Tor.n.a B <t>asop. 3TH conepHHYaJOIUHe 3HaTHbte KJiaHbl BCe 6biJIH CBH3aHbl 路B TOT HJIH HHOH nepHO.Ll C KOpoJieBCKOH BJiaCTbiO, nO.Ll.Llep)f{Ka KOTOpOH 6h!Jia He06XO.LlHMa, YT06bi 3aHHTb nOCT MarHCTpa op,n:eHa, HO BepHOCTb KOpOJIIO He rapaHTHpOBaJia Ha.Lle)f{HOH Kapbepbl - TOT CTpeMHJICH npHCTpOHTb CBOHX MHMOJieTHblX <t>aBOpHTOB HJIH KJIHeHTOB

436

f11a8a 16. 11cnaHCK~e 80eHHble OpAeHbl (XIV-XVI 88.)

.3THX cpasopHTOB, KaK BHJibeHy B 1404 r., AJibcpoHca, a noTOM Oe,n.po XHpOHa B 1444 r., KOTOpblX Bbi6paJI TOr,D.aWHHH cpasopHT AJihBapo .n.e JlyHa. fycMaHbi no Tpa.n.HUHH 6biJIH Ha CTopoHe TpacraMap (MaTh 3HpHKe II 6biJia H3 po.n.a rycMaHOB), H npH foHcaJio HyHbece H JlyHce foHcaJiece op.n.eH KaJiaTpaBbi coxpaHHJI sepHOCTb KopoJ!Io; .n.a>Ke npoTHBo.n.eiiCTBYH eMy, OHH He .D.OBO,D.HJIH ,D.eJIO ,D.O pa3pbiBa. 0HH 3aWHIUaJIH KaCTHJIHIO OT aparOHCKHX H HaBappCKHX HHTpHr. I1x n03HUHH WJia Ha fl0Jib3Y HX op,n.eHy, nOCKOJ!bKY OHH ,D.06HJIHCb paCWHpeHHH HeKOTOpblX cpHCKaJibHbiX npHBHJierHH (oco6eHHO B 1429 r.), H HX po.n.y. BbicTynaH B KalfeCTBe ap6HTpos, npHMHpHTeJieH B KOHcpJIHKTaX Me>K.D.Y KOpOJieM H 3HaTbiO, Me>K.D.Y ,D.BOpHHCKHMH KJIHKaMH, HHOr,D.a Me>K.D.Y KopoJiescrsaMH, OHH c.n.eJiaJIH op.n.eH KaJiarpaBbi He npocTo HHCTpyMeHTOM, a naprHepOM ,D.JIH KOpOJIH HJIH 3HaTH.

HHcl»aHTbl AparoHa MopAeH CaHTb$1rO 11HcpaHTbl 3aHHJIH npOTHBOnOJIO>KHYIO fl03HUHIO H npespaTHJIH op.n.eHbi CaHThHro H AJibKaHTapbi B pa.D.HKaJihHbiX npoTHBHHKOB XyaHa II. PereHT KacrHJIHH B MaJioJiercrso XyaHa II, <t>epHaH.n.o AHreKepcKHH B 1412 r. c.n.eJiaJICH KopoJieM AparoHa. Y Hero 6biJIH CbiHOBbH; crapWHH, AJ!bcpOHC, B 1416 r. eMy HaCJie,D.OBaJI B AparoHe; sropoii, XyaH, >KeHHJICH Ha HacJie.D.HHUe Hasappbi oJiaHKe H B 1429 r. cTaJI KopoJieM Hasappbi. .llsa .n.pyrHx CbiHa B 1409 r . 6biJIH nocTaBJieHhi so rJiase op.n.eHoB CaHTbHfO (3HpHKe) H AJihKaHrapbl (CaHlfO). nocJie,D.HHH B 1416 r. yMep, HO 3HpHKe ocrasaJICH MamcrpoM CaHTbHro c 1409 no 1445 r . Mamcrp CaHThHro olfeHb CKopo B03>KeJiaJI ynpaBJIHTb KopoJiescrsoM KacTHJIHH. OH nhiTaJICH npo6HTbCH s coserHHKH K XyaHy II; oH HHrpHrosaJI c ueJibiO >KeHHTbCH Ha cecrpe KopoJIH, KaraJIHHe. XyaH II no coseTy AJ!hsapo .ne JlyHhi orKa3aJI. MarHcrp CaHThHro no.n.HHJI MHre>K. OH 6biJI no6e>K.neH, 3aKJIIOlfeH B TIOpbMY H HaKOHeu

~eHbl KaK ~eHTpbi Cent HHTpHr

437

npomeH (1420-1423). BparoM .D:JIH Hero 6bJJI A.nhsapo .n:e JlyHa, Bbl3biBaBWH11 HeHaBHCTb y 4aCTH KaCTHJibCKOH 3HaTH. 3HpHKe npH no.n:.n:ep:>KKe AparoHa H Hasappbl BTHHYJI op.n:eH CaHThHro s HHTpHrH H MHTe:>KH, Hanpas.neHHbie npoTI1B A.nbsapo. B 1427 r. oH .n:a:>Ke Ha HeKoTopoe speMH npHs.neK Ha csoJO cTopoHy JlyHca .n:e fycMaHa, MarHcTpa Ka.naTpaBhl, H BbJHY.D:HJI A.nhsapo y.n:a.nHThCH . .Ua:>Ke JIHWHBWHCb no.n:.n:ep:>KKH op.n:eHa A.nhKaHTapbl, OH rrpo.n:o.n:>KaJI 6opb6y npoTHB A.nbsapo .n:e JlyHhi, noKa He CKOJIOTHJI KoaJIHUHJO, BKJIJ04aswyJO ero 6paTa XyaHa. - Kopo.nH Hasappbl, ero rr.neMHHHHKa A.nbcpoHca - MamcTpa Ka.naTpashr H KaCTHJibcKyJO 3HaTh, spa:>K.n:e6HyJO A.nhsapo .n:e JlyHe. OH rroTeprre.n rropa:>KeHHe H 6bJJI cMepTeJihHO paHeH B 6010 npH OJibMe.n:o B

1445 r.

neApO XMpOH: MarMCTp KanaTpaBbl MKOpOnb KaCTMnMM?a MarHcTp CaHThHro xoTeJI :>KeHHTbCH Ha cecTpe KopoJIH, 4'T06bi 6biTb HaCTaBHHKOM Kopo.nescTsa. MamcTp Ka.naTpaBbi XOTeJI :>KeHHTbCH Ha Yi3a6eJIJie, e,n:HHOKpOBHOH cecTpe 3HpHKe IV, 4T06br cTaTh Kopo.neM. ne.n:po XHpOH OKOH4aTeJibHO .n:o6HJICH csoero npH3HaHHH r.nasoii Ka.naTpaBbl B 1453 r. OH TO:>Ke rrpoHcxo.n:HJI H3 BblcoKoro po.n:a, .n:aswero HeCKOJibKHX MarHcTpos A.nhKaHTapbl. OH rrocTaBHJI op.n:eH Ha c.ny:>K6y csoHM JIH4HhiM aM6HUHHM; OH MaHHrry.nHposa.n Kopo.neM 3HpHKe IV, rrepexo.n:H.n H3 o.n:Horo JiarepH B ,n:pyroH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CBOeH BbirOJJ:bl To BhiCTyna.n Ha cTopoHe A.nbsapo .n:e JlyHhl, TO rrpoTHB Hero, CHa4aJia OTCTaHBaJI HHTepeCbl J13a6eJIJibl, e,n:HHOKpOBHOH cecTpbl 3HpHKe IV, ITOTOM HHTepeCbl JJ:04epH KOpOJIH XyaHbi, 3aKOHHOCTb KOTopoA ocrrapHsa.nacb. Ho B 1464 r. ero 6paT XyaH na4eKO, MapKH3 .n:e BHJibeHa, cpasopHT 3HO'Callaghan, J. F. Don Pedro Gir6n, master of the order of Calatrava, 1445-1466 // Calatrava. VIII. P. 3-51.

rnaea 16. 1-'lcnaHCKIAe BOeHHble opAeHbl (XIV-XVI BB.)

438 pHKe

IV,

anaJI B HeMHJIOCTb y KOpOJIH H 6biJI CMeHeH oeJibT-

paHOM .n.e Jia Ky3aa, npe.n.noJiaraeMhiM OTUOM XyaHbi. Tor.n.a ne.n.po XHpOH BTHHYJI op.n.eH KaJiaTpaBbl B JIHry, C03.llaHHYJO YaCTbJO 3HaTH, apa.>K.n.e6HoH 5eJibTpaHy .n.e Jia Ky3Ba H KopoJIJO. J1Hra no6e.llHJia, H ne.n.po XHpOH .n.o6HJICH OT KOpOJIH corJiaCHH OT.llaTb pyKy l13a6eJIJibi. OH .n.o6HJICH TaK>Ke OT nanbi pa3peweHHH OT CBOHX MOHaWeCKHX 06eTOB H npoBeJI a MamcTpbi KaJiaTpaBbi caoero CbiHa Po.n.pHro TeJibeca XHpoHa, KOTopoMy 6biJIO aoceMb JieT. OH aKTHBHO roTOBHJICH K CBa.llb6e, Ha3Ha4eHHOH Ha

1466

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300

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1383-1385 1445 r.

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439

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1469

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1492

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rr., qro6hi BoeHHhie op.ll,eHhi, o6be.ll,HHeHHbie no.ll, pyKo-

BO.ll,CTBOM KaTOJIHqecKHX KOpOJieH, CbirpaJIH pOJib, 6oJiee COOTBeTCTBYIOlUYJO HX nepBOHaqaJibHOH MHCCHH. A BOT KOpOJIH AparoHa H nopryraJIHH paHbWe nocraBHJIH HX Ha CJIY>K6y CBOeH 3KCnaHCHOHHCTCKOH TIOJIHTHKe. AparoHCKHe KopoJIH c

1280-x

rr. BeJIH B 3ana.ll,HOM Cpe.ll.H-

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JIJiiO, Cap.ll.HHHJO, KopcHKy), a noToM, Bo BTopoii noJIOBHHe

440

rnaaa 16. ~cnaHCKiile BOeHHble OpAeHbl (XIV-XVI BB.)

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Ha MOpe H Ha cywe, no,naBJIHTb BOCCTaHHH H npOBO.QHTb .QHnJIOMaTH4eCKHe aKUHH, KopoJIH AparoHa pa3HbiMH cnoco6aMH HCnOJib30BaJIH BOeHHble op,neHbl, .Q06HBaHCb OT HHX M06HJIH3aUHH B KOpOJieBCKYIO apMHIO JIH60 cpHHaHCOBOH noMOIUH. B 1323-1324 rr. rocnHTaJibepbi npHopara KaraJIOHHH H wareJieHHH AMnocra BJIO.>KHJIH s onepaUHH Ha Cap.nHHHH nopH.nKa 150 TbiCH4 Mapase.nH (H3 3arpa4eHHbiX .nsyx MHJIJIHOHOB), a op.neH MoHTeCbl .naJI 40 TbiCH4 3 . KopoJib npe.nocrasHJI HM roprosbie npHBHJierHH Ha Cap.nHHHH H KopcHKe. lliaTeJieH AMnOCTbl MapTHH nepec .ne rpec KOMaH.QOBaJI KopoJieBCKHMH BOHCKaMH. BeKoM no3.>Ke PoMey .ne Kop6epa, Mamcrp MoHTecbl, 6biJI a.nMHpanoM KopoJIH Ha CHUHJIHH; no6e.nHB reHy33UeB B 1420 r., oH s 1423 r. araKOBaJI nopr MapceJIHb. TeM speMeHeM MaJieHbKHH op.neH CaH-)Kop.nH-.ne-AJib<f>aMa, Haxo.nHBWHHCR no.n noKpOBHTeJibcrsoM KopoJIR ne.npo IV (1336-138 7), noM or no.naBHTb cap.QHHCKHe BOCCTaHHR B 1354 H 1363. rr.; 3a 3TO op.neH noJIY4HJI sna.neHHR Ha Cap.nHHHH, s 4aCTHOCTH .noM CaH-CarypHo B KaJibRpH (so BJia.QeHHe KOTOpblM OH, Bnpo4eM, He BCTynHJI)c. Bo scex 3THX cJiy4aRx soeHHbie op.neHbi .nelicrsosaJIH Ha CJiy.>K6e KOpOJieH 6e30 BCHKHX CCbiJIOK Ha KpeCTOBbie noxo,nbi. a Meloni, G. L'attivita in Sardegna de Raimundo d'Ampurias dell'ordine de San Giovanni di Gerusalemme I I Anuario de estudios medievales. XI (1981). P. 550. b Garcfa-Guijarro Ramos, Luis. Datos para el estudio de Ia renta feudal maestral de Ia orden de Montesa en el siglo XV. Valencia: Instituto Valenciano de Estudios Hist6ricos. Instituci6n Alfonso el Magnanimo. Diputaci6n Provincial de Valencia, 1978. P. 52-53. c Avunzo, L. de. San Saturno de Cagliari e l'ordine militar de San Giorgio de Alfama I I Anuario de estudios medievales. XI (1981 ). P. 826.

!:!!. CJ1y>K6e Hal.IHH: OT Bei1HKI1X OTKpb1TI1M AO npHCOeAHHeHHA K KOpOHe B nopryraJIHH

441

B XIV B. Op.IleHbl XpHCTa, ABHCCKHH H CaH-

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1384 r.

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c KacTHJIHeH. TOJibKO Op.IleH rocnHTaJIH coxpaHHJI CBH3H c sHeWHHM MHpoM, B .IlaHHOM cJiy4ae c Po.IlocoM. Ho B XV B.• KOr.Ila Ha4aJIHCb HCCJie.IlOBaHHe 6eperos A¢pHKH H BeJIHKHe OTKpbiTHH, Op.IleHbl BHOBb o6peJIH MHCCHJO, 6oJiee COOTBeTCTBY!OlllYJO HX H.IleaJiy. KopoJib )KyaH

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a CM.: Ramalho Cosme, 1; Deus Manso, M de . A Ordem de Santiago e a expansl'!o portuguesa na seculo XV II As Ordens Militares em Portugal: aetas. Coord. Paulo Pacheco, Luis Pequito Antunes; rev. Luiz Pacheco. Palmela: Camara Municipal, 1991. P. 43. - Silua Castillo, M. da. As ordens militares na expansl'!o portuguesa II Ibid. P. 57. b Serrao, Joaquim Verfssimo. Hist6ria de Portugal. 17 v. Lisboa: Verbo, 1977-2007. 2o v. P. 133-134.

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bAs Ordens Militares em Portugal: aetas. Coord. Paulo Pacheco, Luis Pequito Antunes; rev. Luiz Pacheco. Palmela: Camara Municipal, 1991.

P. 61-62. c AoTOp oepoHTHO nyTaeT nopTyraJibCKOro MOpenJiaBaTeJIH neJlpy AJiaapHwa Ka6paJia ( 1467-1520) c JleHTeJieM a<PpHKaHcKoro HaUHOHaJibHO-ocso60JlHTeJibHoro JlBH>KeHHH AMHJIKapoM Ka6paJJoM ( 1924-

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a Gtitton, Francis. L'Ordre de Calatrava. Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1955. P. 112.

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Rodriguez Blanco, Daniel. La Orden de Santiago en Extremadura en Ia Baja Edad Media, (siglos XIV y XV). Badajoz: Diputaci6n Provincial, 1985. P. 50-5!. b Solano Rufz, Emma . La Orden de Calatrava en el siglo XV: los ser'!orfos Castellanos de Ia Orden al fin de Ia Edad media. Sevilla: Universidad, 1978. P. 150-151. 3

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a O'Callaghan, J. F. Las definiciones medievales de Ia orden de Montesa, 1326-1468 // Calatraua, X. P. 227. b Rodriguez Blanco, Daniel. La Orden de Santiago en Extremadura en Ia Baja Edad Media, (sigfos XIV y XV). Badajoz: Diputaci6n Provincial, 1985. P. 52.

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a Demurger, Alain. La Croisade au Moyen age: idee et pratiques. Paris: Nathan, 1988. P. 47-48.

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a Prawer, Joshua. Histoire du royaume latin de Jerusalem. Trad. de l'hebreu par G. Nahon. Paris: Centre national de Ia recherche scientifique, 1969-1970. T. 1. P. 496. b JloK: Lock, P. The military orders in Mainland Greece II The Military Orders. I. P. 333-339- BbiJlBHraer mnore3y o6 oco6oi'! aKTHBHO· CTH B rpeuHH opneHa XpaMa . c Demurger, Alain. Vie et mort de l'ordre du Temple: 1118-1314. Paris: Seuil, 1993. P. 253. d Forey, J. A. The military orders in the holy war against Christians in the thirteenth century II M.O.C. VII. P. 1-23.

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a Conde, Jose Antonio. Historia de Ia dominaci6n de los arabes en Espana. Madrid: Imprenta que fue de Garcia, 1820-1821. 3 vol. b Oliver Asin, J. Origen arabe de «rebato•>, arrobado y sus homonimos: contribici6n al estudf de Ia historia medieval de Ia tactica military de su lexica peninsular // Bolelfn de la Real Academia espanola. T. XV ( 1927). P. 540-542. - Asfn Palacios, Miguel. El Islam cristianizado: estudio del sufismo a traves de las obras de Abenarabi de Murcia. Madrid:

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Plutarco, 1931. - Castro, America. The Spaniards: an introduction to their history I translated by Willard F. King and Selma Margaretten . Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of Califo rnia Press , 1971. a KopaH, 8: 60. b Hartmann, Richard; Arnold, Thomas Walker; Basset, Rene. Encyclopedie de !'Islam. Ire edition. 5 vol. Leyde: E. J . Brill; Paris: A. Picard, 1913-1934.

c Asfn Palacios, Miguel. El Islam cristianizado: estudio del sufismo a traves de las obras de Abenarabi de Murcia . Madrid: Plutarco, 1931.

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a O'Callaghan, J. F. The order of Calatrava and his affiliates I I Calatrava, I. - Lomax, Derek William. La Orden de Santiago ( 11701275). Madrid: Escuela de Estudios Medievales, 1965. - Forey, J. A. The emergence of the military order in twelfth century I I M.O.C., I. P. 177-180.

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a Lourie, E. The confraternite of Belchite, the ribat and the Temple II Viator. 13 (1982). P. 159-178.- Rivera Garreta , M. El origen de Ia idea de orden militar en Ia historiografia reciente I I Acta historica et archaeologica mediaevalia. Barcelona. I (1990). P. 77-90.

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a CM. rJJasy 3. b Miramon, Charles de. Les donnes au Moyen age: une forme de vie religieuse lalque (v. 1180- v. 1500). Paris: Cerf, 1999. P. 70. c Chabi, Jacqeline. Ribat I I Encyclopedie de l'/slam. Nouvelle edition. T. VIII. Livraison 137-138, Raaja-Ribat. Leiden: E.J.Brill; Paris: G. P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1994. P. 510-524.

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a Lezine, Alexandre. Le Ribat de Sousse: suivi de notes sur le ribat de Monastir. Tunis: Rapide, 1954. - Azuar Ruiz, A. Una rabita hispano路 musulmana del siglo X (Guardamar del Segura, Alicante, Espagna) I I Archeologie islamique (Paris). T. I (1991). P. 109-122.- Picard, Ch . Les ribats au Portugal a l'epoque musulmane: sources et definitions. CTaTbH, roTOBHll.laHCH K ne4aTH, KOTopyiO asTop n106eJHO npettocTaBHJl MHe .

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Ordo militiae de Alc~ntara (OpAeH BOHHCTBa A11bKaHTa· C6opHHK 6ynn pbl (17om.)] Craryrbl, 1576 Orden y cavalleria de Alc~ntara [OpAeH 11 pbill3pCrao MbKaHrapbl (ucn.)]. Cavalleria de la orden de Alccintara .[Pbltlapcrao opAeHa MbKaHrapbl (ucn.)]

AeHCCKHi1

Fratres de la milicia de Evora (noroM de Avis) [6parbll BOHHCTea 3aopbl, noroM: Ae11ca (nopm.)]

CaHTbllro

D.I.P., t. 1. P. 1009

Militia sancti Jacobi [BoHHCTBO CBliToro ~aKoea (17om.)] Reg. Cl~ment V, t. 6, n° 7479

Orden de la cavalleria de Santiago de la Spada [OpAeH Pbltlapcrea cel!roro ~aKoaa MeYa (ucn.)] sao Tiago da Espada (CBATOH (nopryranbcKaR eereb) Anb<jJaMbl

~aKOB

MeYa (nopm.) l

Orden de la cavalleria de San Jordi de Alfama

Sainz: p. 320,

(OpAeH Pblllapcrea CBliTOro reopr11ll Mb<jJaMCKOro (Kom.)]

n° 83

Ordo miliciae sancti Georgi de Alfama [ro )l(e, /lam .] CBliTOi1 Map1111 Ordo miliciae sanctae Mariae Hispanae

neYaTb

(0pAeH B011HCTBa CBliTOi1 Map1111 ~cnaHCKOil (17om.)] MoH)I(ya

D.I. P., t. 5. Militia sanctae Mariae Montis Gaudi de Jerusalem [Cell TOe B011HCTBO Mapl111 ropbl MOH)I(ya B~epycanHMe P. 99 (17om.)]

Xp11cra

Ordo militiae Jesu Christi (OpAeH BOHHCTea ~Hcyca Xp11cra (17om.)] Ordem de la milicia de nuestro Senhor Jesus Christo

Jean XIII. 1317 Lettres com. n° 9053

[OpAeH BOHHCTea rocnoAa Hawero ~11cyca Xp11cra (napm.)] MOHTeCbl

06"beAHHeH· Hbli1 OpAeH MoHrecbiH CaH-}i(opAH· Ae·Anb<jJaMa

Militiae de Santae Marfa de Montesa ordinis Baluze, t. III. calatravensis P.256 (BOI1HCTBa KanarpaBCKOrO OpAeHa CBliTOi1 Map1111 MOH· recbl (17om.)] Monasteri de Montesa, ordinis calatravensis (MoHaCTblpb MOHTeCbl KanarpaBCKOrO OpAeHa (170m.)] Casa de Santa Maria de Muntesa del ordre de Calatrava Sainz, l., p. 451 et de la cavalleria del benaventurat Sent Jordi (AoM CBliTOi1 Map1111 MOHTeCbl OpAeHa KanarpaBbll1 pbl· tlapcrea CBliTOrO 6na)l(eHHOrO feoprHll (Kam .)]

XPOHOnOrM11 (1063-1562)

Aarw

BOCTOK

1064

nMpeHeiiCKMM n-01 Eapona B3liTHe 6ap6aapo c no11oIJibiO !jlpaHI.IY3CKHX Pb14apei1

1048/1063 rocnHranb aManb!jlMTliH a ~epycamt11e 1085

3a8oeaaHHe ToneAO KaCTHRb4ai4H

1095 (27.11) 1099 (15.07) 1113•

KnepMOHCKHH co6op. npH3b18 KKpeCTOBOMy nOXOAY BJliTHe ~epycanHMa KpeCTOHOC4aMH (03AaHHe opAeHa rocnHTanbepoe cellTOrO ~OaHHa ~epyca/IHMCKOfO

3aeoeeaHHe Caparocbl XpHCTHaHaMH

1118 1120

fyro Ae llei1eH C03Aaer pb14apcreo XpaMa

1122

Pb14apcKoe 6parcreo lienba AparoHe

~HTe

Co6op 8 Tpya. Ycrae opAeHa XpaMa

1129 1131-1134

1139

1142/1144 KpaK-Ae-Weeanbe npHHOCI1TCll 8 Aap opAeHy focnHTanll

3aeeiJiaHHe Koponll Anb!jloHca AparoHcKoro a nonb3Y OpAeHOB (Bl!TOH 3e11n11 liynna «Omne datum optimum» (npHBHnerHH Anll OpAeHa XpaMa)

495

~oHonon1.11

1143

BocroK rocm1Tanb HeML(ea a HepycanHMe

Eapona

1146-1148 Bropoii Kpecroablii nOXOA np113biB KKpeCTOBOMy noXOAY npor11a R3bi'IHHKOB np116anTHKI1

1147

1148

3aaoeaaHHe Toprocbl c noMOIJlbiO raMnnHepoa

1148

KpenOCTb Kanar-Paaa nepeAaiOT opAeHy XpaMa. nopa>KeHHe

1158

OcHoaaHHe opAeHa Kanarpaabl 3aaoeaaHHe anb-AHAanyca anbMOXaAaMH

1154-1176 1164

npM3HaHHe nanoii opAeHa Kanarpaabl

1167

6paTCTBO 3aOpb1 (6yAYIJlHM ABIICCKHH OpAeH) Bnopryran1111

1170-1175

OcHoaaHHe opAeHa CaHTbRrQ

1187 (4.07) nopa>KeHHe narHHRH np11 XaTTMHe 1187 (2.10) CanaAHH acrynaer a HepycanHM 1191 (6.05) 3aaoeaaHHe KMnpa PH'IaPAOM nbBHHOe CepAL(e 1191 <llpaHKI1 OT611BaiOT (12.07) AKpy OcHoaaHHe TearoHCKOrO OpAeHa 1193 CMeprb CanaAHHa 1195 AnapKOC. nopa>KeHHe XpHCTHaH OT anbMOXaAOB 1198 TearoHL(bl craHOBRTCR BOeHHbiM OpAeHOM BAKpe 1200 OcHOBaHHe P11r11 Bi111BOHI111 1201 KaranoHCKHii opAeH CaH->KOpAH-Ae-Anb¢laMa

A11eH ~eM~~>Ke. Pbll.la~~ XE~cra

496

AaTW

BOCTOK

nMpeHeiiCKMii n-o1

1202-1204

Elpona Co3AIH11e a 1111BOHI111 aoeHHOrO OpAeHa Me~eHOCL4eB

1204

B3HTI1e KoHcraHTI1路 Hono1111 a pe3y11bTare 4eraeproro Kpecroaoro noxoAa 1204-1206 MaprarcKHe craryTbl OpAeHa rocnMTIJIR

1212

Jlac-Haaac-Ae-To11oca. no6eAa Xpi1CTI11H HIA IJ1bMOXIAIM11

1215

4eraeprwi1 JlarepaHCKHi1 co6op

1217-1220 nocrpOHKI TaMnJ111路 epcKoro 31MKa Waro-ne11epeH

1210-1234

repMaH <jlOH 3a11bt4a- Mlr11crp TearoHcKoro opAeHa

1218

Kpenocrb AllbKaHrapa nepeAaiOT OpAeHy CaH-XY1111aH-Ae-nepeilpo

1225

~3rHIH11e TeBTOHL4eB 113 BeHrpHH 6y1111a a PHMHHH

1226 1227/1228 AHmHHCKHii opAeH 1i29 (18.02)

CBIITOrO CIJOMbl AKpcKoro J!<jl<jlCK11H AOroaop, nepeAIBWMH ~epyca1111M 111TI1HliHaM

1230

noce11eH11e rearoH4ea a npyccHM (Meprb E11113aaerw BeHrepcKOH CpaM<eHMe np11 Cay11e a 11Hrae: nopaM<eHMe

1231 1236 (22.09)

Me~eHOCL4eB

1236 1237

3aaoeaaHHe KopAOBbl

1238 1239-1241

B3liTHe Ba11eHCI111

C11HRHI1e opAeHa Me~eHoc4ea c TearoHCKI1M 8TOplt<eHHe MOHrOJIOB B f4eHlpl11bH0-80CTO~HYIO

Eapony

497

~OHOilOrHll

AaTbl

E•pona

BOCToK

no6eAa AneKCaHApa HeaCKOro HaA TeBTOHI.IaMII Ha oJepe nei1nyc

1242 (4.04)

1244 (17.10)

nopallleHue naruHIIH npll na-~op611 XpHCT6yprCKHH AOroaop Meli!AY TeBTOHI.IBMM "'npyccaMH

1248

1248-1254 KpecroabiH noxoA niOAOBHKa (BIITOrO • 1250

MaMenJOKII- XOJIIe· aa Kaupa KpeCTOBbiH nOXOA npllle· Mblcna II OraKapa YewcKo· ro 8 npycCHIO. OcHOBaHHe KeHHrc6epra

1254-1255

1256-1258 SAKpe- aoi1Ha ca.Caaabl,pacKonoawall narHHIIH HaoeH· Hble OpAeHbl 1258 MoHrOnbl Jaxaarbl&a· (tjleapanb) lOT 6arAaA. naAeHHe xanHtjlara 1271 HacrynneHHe cynraHa 6ei16apca. naAe· HHe JaMKOB KpaK (rocmnanbepoa), Warenb·6naH (raM· nnHepoa) HMoHcjlop (reaTOHI.IeB) 1274 1278

BropOH nHOHCKHH co6op

Craryr o6 o6na'leHHH rocnHranbepoa

1282

1291-1327 1291 naAeHHe AKpbl. Ko· (18-28.05) Hel.lnBTHHCKHX rOCy· AapcTB Ha BocroKe. 3aaKyai.IHII aoeHHbiX opAeHoa Ha KHnp 1292-1314 >KaK Ae Mone- Ma· rucrp opAeHa XpaMa

CIII.IHnHHCKall ae4epHII. AparOHI.Ibl - XOJIIeaa CIII.IHnHH ~apcraoaaHHe Xai1Me II AparOHCKoro

498 nMpeHeMCKMM n-oB

80CTOK 1300

Onepa41111 opAeHoa 11 K11npCKOro KOpoill! Ha no6epelKbe C11p1111 11 na~~eCT11Hbl 11 a Er11nre

1302

nopalKeHI1e TaMI1J111epoa Ha ocrpoae PyaA Apecr raMn1111epoa ao <!>paH41111

1307 (13.10) 1308 (22.11)

Eapona

nana l<nHMeHT V np11Ka3bl&aer apecroaarb raMn1111epoa ao seeM Xp11CTI1aHCKOM M11pe

1309

noceneHI1e rearoH4ea a MapHeH6ypre. 3aaoeaaHI1e nOJlbCKOii noMepel11414 11 AaH411ra

1306-1310 3aaoeaaHI1e PoAoca rocnl1ranbepaMI1 1311-1312

nancKoe pacCJ1eAOBaHI1e 0 noaeAeHI111 TeBTOH4eB 8 Jli1BOHI111 8beHHCKI1ii co6op. Ynpa3AHeHI1e opAeHa XpaMa

1312 1314 (8.03)

Kocrep >K. Ae Mone

1317-1319

0CHOBaHHe OpAeHa MOHTeCbl a BaneHCHH

1319

0cHoaaHI1e opAeHa Xp11cra 8 nopryra111111

1323

PacKon a opAeHe Kanarpaabl

1343

KaJI11WCK11ii M11p MelKAY rearOH4aMI111 KOponeM Ka311M11pOM nollbCKI1M

1345

3aaoeaaHI1e (MHpHbl TypKaMI1. (M11pHa noAynpaaneH11eM rocni1Tanbepoa

1354

npOH11KHOBeHI1e TypOK-OCMaH Ha 6anKaHbl

1365

Pa1rpa6neH11e AlleKCaHAp1111 KHnpCK11M KoponeM 11 rocnllranbepaMII

499

~HOJlOrHll

AaTbl

BOCTOK

1369

nMpeHeMCKMM n-oa Ha~ano TpacraMapCKoii A11HaCTI111 a Kacr11111111

Eapona

nanCKOe paCCileAOBaHI1e o6 opAeHe rocn11ran11

1373 1377-1396 XyaH <llepHaHAeC Ae 3peAI1a- Mar11crp opAeHa rocn11ran11

Ha'!allo Be1111Koii CXI13Mbl 3anaAa

1378 1384-1385

BoiiHa Me>KAY Kacr111111eii 11 nopryran11eii

1384

PeB!)J110411ll B nopryral11111. Mar11crp ABHCCKOrO OpAe· Ha CTaHOBI1TCll KOpOileM nopryraJII111 >KyaHOM I 06pa111eH11e .Rraiino a xp11CTI1aHCTBO. nollbCK0-1111· TOBCKall YHI1ll

1386 1396

Kpecroeblit noXOA B H11KOnOilb

1400 1402

06oeA11HeHI1eOpAeHOB MoHrecbiH CaH->KOpA11 Cpa>KeHI1e np11 AHKape. TaMepnaH JaeoeBbleaer Many10 Al1110 11 or611paer (MHpHy y rocnHranbepoe

1407/1408 BlliTI1e 6oAPYMa rocn 11ran bepa Ml1

1410

TaHHeH6epr. nopa>KeHI1eTeBTOH4eB OT nOilliKOB 111111TOBI4f8

1411 1414 1420

nepeblii TopyHbCKI1H MI1P KoHcraH4CKI1ii co6op feHpHx MopennaearellbaAM11H11crparop opAeHa Xp11cra

1431

3aeoeeaHHe AlopcKI1X OCTpOBOB

1440-1444 HanaAeHHll MaMelliO· 1440

KOB Ha PDAOC Ha'lano crpo11TeJ1bCTea 6onbworo rocn11Tallll Ha POAOCe

<llopM11poeaHI1e «npyccKoro COIOJa», o6oeA11HHBwero ap11CTOKpaTI110 11 ropOAa npyCCI111 npOTI1B TeBTOH4eB •.

AneH l:leM~~)I(e.

500 Am.l 1442

BOCTOK

1453 (29.05) 1454

BJliTHe KoHcraHT~HOnOilll OCMaHaMio1

nMpeHeMCKMM n·OI

Eapona «Drdensbuch» (o6'beAio1HeH ~e ycraaa ~ craryroa) TeBTOH4eS

Anbaapo Ae JlyHa, <jlaaop~r Koponl!,- MarHCTP CaHTbl!ro

CornaweHHe «npyccKoro COIOJa» c nonbwe~ nporHs rearoH4ea. HaYano TpHHa· A4aT~neTHei1 BOHHbl Bropoi1 TopyHbCKHi1 Mltp. npyccHl! - aaccan nonbWit

1466

Diftniciones Kanarpasbl

1468 1469 1474 1480 1481 1482

6paK ~1Ja6ennbl KacTio111b· CKOH CCllepAHHaHAOM AparoHCKHM YHHll

1496 1507

HAparoHa

3eMnerpl!ceHHe Ha POAOCe A>KeM, 6par 6al!JH· Aa II, HaXOAHT y6elKHIIIe Ha POAOCe rpaHaACKal! BOHHa 6ynna C~Kcra VI, noJaollliiOIIIall Kopo1110 Jaxaar OpAeHOB Crarycbl rocnHT311ll, cocrasneHHble nbe· poM A'0610CCOHOM (Meprb A>KeMa CoJAaHHe KoponeacKoro cosera OpAeHOB

1510

Anb6pexr 6paHAeH6yprCKHH, MarHCrp TeBTOHCKOrO opAeHa, paJpblsaer saccanbHYIO csl!Jb c nonhwei1

1516-1517 OcMaHbl JaaoesblsalOT rocyAapCTBO MaMelliOKOB

1522

KacrHn~H

OcaAa POAOca OCM3HaMio1

1482-1492 1485 1489

Pbu~a~H X~Hcra

OcaAa POAOCa Cynei1· MaHOM BenHKonenHbiM

501

~OHOllOrHil

AaTiol

BOCTOK

nMpeHeMCKMM n-o•

E1pona

1523 (2.01) YxoA rocnHTiiJlbepoa CPOAOCa

CeKynllpHlal.llilll npyCCHI4: rept.~OrCTBO n pycCHil

1525 1530 1562

noceneHHe rocnuranbepoa Ha Mil11bTe CeKymtpHlal.IHil IlHBOHHH: rept.~orcrao KypnllHACKoe

MepycanMM ao apeMeHa KpeCToHocqea

nanfHCKMe rocyAapCTBa 80CTOKa BXII B.

__ , rpaHKllbl naTHHCKHX rOtyAipCTB, COOTBeTCTBYIOUIHe MX MaKCKManbHOH nno111aAK a XII B.

rnaBHble 3iMKM TiMOJlMepoa

rna&Hble liMKM rocnMTanbepoa

Cpalt<eHHe

Anenno narMHCKMe ropOAi

• )lOMOCK

mlnET