SANITATION
SANITATION IN CHALIS - A CASE OF KHADIA
Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Studio Guides: Prof. Meera Mehta, Prof. Mona Iyer and Prof. Ashwani Kumar, Teaching Associate: Mr. Smeet Maniar
Anushri Alatagi | PG190163 Sanitation Sector Group
Contents 1. Introduction
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1.1 Need for Intervention
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1.2 Aim and Purpose
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1.3 Limitations
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2. Methodology
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3. Existing Condition of Toilets in Ahmedabad
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4. Area Delineation
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5. Khadia
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5.1 Khadia - A mixture of Slums and Chalis 5.2 Existing Condition of Khadia
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5.2.1 Community Toilets 5.2.2 Are IHHLs Possible? 5.2.3 Containment & Emptying - Community Toilets 6. Interventions
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6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
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Option 1.a Converting CTs into Shared Toilets Option 1.b Shared Toilets:A mid-way solution between CT & IHHL Option 2 Regular Desludging of CTs Option 3 Connecting to near-by sewer line
7. Costing and Phasing
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8. Conclusion
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References
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Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21
Sanitation in Chalis - A Case of Khadia
List of Figures Figure 2.1 Figure 3.1 Figure 4.1 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2.1(a) Figure 5.2.1(b) Figure 5.2.1(c) Figure 5.2.1(d) Figure 5.2.1(e) Figure 5.2.1(f) Figure 5.4.1(g) Figure 5.2.2(a) Figure 5.2.2(b) Figure 5.2.2(c) Figure 5.2.2(d) Figure 5.2.3(a) Figure 5.2.3(b) Figure 5.2.3(c) Figure 6 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2 Figure 6.3 Figure 7.1
Methodology Coverage of CTs in Ahmedabad Area Delineation for Sanitation in Chais Emergence of Khadia as mixture of Slums and Chalis Location of CTs in Khadia Percentage of Dependency on CTs Patterns of location of CTs CTs managed by Pvt Organizations/NGO CTs managed by AMC Community Toilet at Kaloiyavadi State of Condition of CTs Percentage Dependency on IHHLs JMP Sanitation Ladder Narrow Lanes of Khadia Are IHHLs Possible? Connection to Sewer Lines Poor Condition of Containment Sewerage Network Proposals Interventions- Short term to Long term Option 1 - Lock and Key System Option 2 - Regular Desludging of CTs Connecting to Near-by Sewer Lines Financing and Phasing of Interventions
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Abbreviations AMC- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AMRUT- Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation ASAL- Ahmedabad Sanitation Action Lab BOT - Built Operate Transfer CBO- Community Based organizations CPCB- Central Pollution Control Board CPHEEO- Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization CT- Community Toilet C-WAS- Center for Water and Sanitation CWSN- Children with Special Needs ESI- Environmental Sanitation Institute IEC- Information Education Communication IHHL- Individual Household Latrines IHHT- Individual Household toilets JnNURM- Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission m/s- meter per second MHT- Mahila Housing Trust MLD- Million Litres per Day MOU - Memorandum of Understanding NGO- Non-Government Organization NGT- National Green Tribunal NSS- National Service Scheme O&M- Operation and Maintenance OMT - Operation & Maintenance Tenure PAS- Performance assessment system PCC- Pre-Cast Concrete PT- Public toilet PPP - Public Private Partnership RFP- Request for Proposal SBM - Swachh Bharat Mission SDG- Sustainable Development Goals SJMMSVY- Swarnim Jayanti Mukhya Mantri Shaheri Vikas Yojana SLB- Service Level Benchmarks SMS- Short Message Service SSA- Sarva Siksha Abhiyan STP- Sewerage Treatment Plant UGD- Underground Drainage ULB- Urban Local Body UNICEF- United Nations Children’s Fund 4
Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21
Sanitation in Chalis - A Case of Khadia
1. Introduction Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The word ‘sanitation’ also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. Importance of Sanitation has been rightly highlighted by Mahatma Gandhi and considered as important as achieving freedom. Ahmedabad has always Proved to be the pioneer in developing strategies to handle sanitation issues, but with the increasing rate of urbanisation the sanitation issues have also increased for the city. The following study is an attempt to identify how Ahmedabad is handling the sanitation issues and make it more accessible, achievable, and affordable to all. Sanitation sector aims at making the sanitation of the city “sustainable” and long effective. There has been many on site issues even after the ground breaking initiatives by the local bodies. Hence attempt to come up with a city sanitation plan to bridge the gap between the services provided and the people practising sanitation in city shall be made. As group, sanitation sector, came up with 5 interventions to develop project appraisals on: 1.Sanitation in Chalis 2.School sanitation program 3.Public convienances for the city 4.Waste-water management for the peripheral areas 5.Reuse of treated domestic waste-water in Industries 1.1 Need for Intervention - Sanitation in Chalis Ahmedabad is one of the largest cities in Western India, located in the highly industrialized and urbanized state of Gujarat. The city is the hub of industrial, trade and commerce activities in Western India. It is often considered a model urban center due to its improved infrastructure and services. In December 2011 a leading market research firm, IMRB, declared it the best megacity in India to live in. Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India that has a pro-poor policy for the provision of water and sanitation to slums. The Slum Networking Programme (SNP) of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) has won many accolades and ir recognized globally as a model for such programme. The housing type Chalis has been a very significant part of Ahmedabad’s history and this project exclusively focuses at Chalis and the slums developed around them in Ahmedabad. The sanitation infrastructure provided in the old city area dates to 15th century and it has not been revitalized currently. Due to the presence of narrow lanes and old and dilapidated infrastructure, it is difficult to retrofit the new sanitation infrastructure in these areas. Thus, there is a need of innovative interventions in terms of organizations, policies, and technology in these areas.
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1.2 Aim and Purpose The purpose of the project is to investigate the possibility to implement a sustainable sanitary system in the slum areas of Ahmedabad, India. The aim is to deliver sustainable sanitation in chalis that provides incentives to multiple stakeholders to work together to deliver community sanitation in a flexible manner. The aim shall be achieved by considering three main objectives: 1. Improving the health and environmental conditions of Chalis/LIG housing of Ahmedabad. 2. Demand -participatory approach to provision of community toilet blocks and IHHL (Individual Household Toilets). 3. Involvement of communities in project implementation right from the planning stage. 1.3 Limitations The Khadia ward was chosen for the study because it has large population living in slums and Chalis and also due to other aspects that will be explained further in the next chapters. Since a specific area is investigated, the result will not include conclusions to be applicable in general for other areas. The Sustainable Sanitation Plan would be looking at the only capture, containment and emptying phase of value chain of sanitation as the aim focuses more on provision of sustainable sanitation that are accessible and maintained well.
2. Methodology This section describes the process on a holistic level for this project.
Figure 2.1: Methodology
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Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21
Sanitation in Chalis - A Case of Khadia
In the early stages of the project, relevant information in the subject was searched for and different sources were found. In the literature study, the situation in Ahmedabad’s slum areas was investigated. Due to the present situation of Covid-19, as it was difficult to have a site visit, the study done by Mr. Bhargav Pandit (MUM, 2017) was studies and analyzed to get an understanding about the situation in Khadia, Ahmedabad. Existing solutions in India were investigated and interesting on-going projects that are developing new sustainable sanitary systems around the world were studied. An expert consultation was done with Ms. Bijjalben from MHT, as the organization has already worked in these slums and the consultation helped in understanding if the solutions provided were feasible for the area.
3. Existing Condition of Toilets in Ahmedabad Overall, Ahmedabad city has a fairly good coverage by access to individual toilets of all households. Out of the total households in the city, 96 percent of households have access to individual toilets and 13 percent of Ahmedabad’s households are staying in slums. Out of which, 33 percent of slum dwellers do not have access to individual toilets. As reported by AMC, all non-slum households have individual toilets.
Figure 3.1: Coverage of Community Toilets in Ahmedabad - Zonewise Source: UMC Report for Technical Audit 2013, Retrievd from Divya Sampath MUI 2017
Ahmedabad city has 1,827 community toilet blocks with 7,160 seats out of which 84 blocks were reported to be non-functional. In addition to community toilets, there are 314 toilet blocks with 1,256 pay and use toilet seats. Many of the pay and use toilets have bathing facilities with a total of 807 bathing units in the city. Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Sanitation Sector
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While community toilets do not charge any user fee, pay and use toilets charge a nominal fee for defecation and bathing, each for men only. There is no charge for use of toilets for women and children. As per AMC, 25 persons have been assumed per seat to assess the coverage. Hence, the current capacity of community and pay and use toilets is estimated to be around 2.4 lakh in Ahmedabad. According to AMC, manual scavenging is not practiced in the city anymore, though despite sufficient provision of public convenience seats and community toilets, open defecation occurs at a few sites. In the absence of AMC conducted a city-wide survey in 2010 and revisited it in 2012 to assess the extent of open defecation in the city. As per the survey, 157 open defecation spots were found in the city. Although, the situation was improved over the years and Ahmedabad was declared ODF++ in the year 2019.
4. Area Delineation Risk assessment of slum sanitation was carried out after looking at the existing condition of toilets in Ahmedabad. As part of the methodology, slums and their respective population and the presence of toilets were identified. Further, four parameters of assessment were considered: 1. Availability 2. Accessibility 3. Quality 4. Hygiene. Each of the parameter looks at the further broader aspects. Availability considers the count of different types of toilets.
Figure 4.1: Area Delineation for Sanitation in Chalis Source: UMC Report for Technical Audit 2013, Retrievd from Divya Sampath MUI 2017 8
Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21
Sanitation in Chalis - A Case of Khadia
In addition to the four parameters of assessment, few other vulnerability parameters were also considered such as number of users (population), availability of sewer connection, and open defecation. Based on the assessment, it was observed that the central zone of Ahmedabad had higher vulnerability index. When each ward was assessed further, it was observed that Khadia ward of Central zone was highly vulnerable due to existing issues such as cleanliness, accessibility, lack of infrastructure and maintenance. Further, Khadia ward was selected for the pilot project based on higher vulnerability index, more number of households dependent on community toilets and higher population living in slums/chalis.
5. Khadia 5.1 Khadia - A mixture of Slums and Chalis
Figure 5.1: The Emergence of Khadia as mixture of Slums and Chalis Source: Ahmedabad Slum Free Action Plan
Khadia is a part of the old city. It is home to landmark of fifteenth century structures. The area is also known for its densely packed clusters. Khadia comprises a mixture of slums and LIG, predominantly owned by low-income group housing. Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Sanitation Sector
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The emergence of Khadia dates back to establishment of textile mills in the 19th century. Low-cost rental units in the form of chalis were provided for the accommodation for industrial workers which had common water and sanitation facilities. This increased the number of Chalis in Khadia. Further, in 1949 Bombay Rent Control Act kept rents extremely low that discouraged maintenance and resulted in deterioration of Chalis. Further, as no new Chalis were built migrant labours and other low-income families had to find shelter in the informal settlements near by chalis. This lead to the slums that emerged as a response to the demand for low-income housing. Hence, eventually Khadia emerged as a mixture of slums and LIG, which is predominantly owned by low-income group housing. 5.2 Existing Condition of Khadia 5.2.1 Community Toilets A community toilet is a shared facility provided for a defined group of residents or an entire settlement/community. It is normally located in or near the community area and used by almost defined users of the community. There are 37 such community toilets in Khadia and users are not asked to pay charges. At present, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) is responsible of cleaning these community toilets in Khadia. Out of 37 Community toilets mentioned in dataset provided Figure 5.2.1(a): Location of Community Toilets in Khadia by AMC’s Ward Office, Khadia, Source: Data provided by AMC ward office, Khadia and 32 community toilets were primary survey conducted by Mr. Bhargav Pandit spotted during primary survey. Remaining 5 Community toilets could not be spotted during primary survey, despite of carrying out primary survey at locations in dataset provided by AMC’s Ward Office, Khadia.
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Sanitation in Chalis - A Case of Khadia
Khadia has a high dependency on community toilets as 72% of Khadia’s population is dependent on community toilets. This is due to the absence of toilets on the upper floors of chalis. As the chalis date back to 19th century, the lack of conveyance in those days made everyone to opt for community toilets. People in present days continue to use community toilets as there is no space available to build Figure 5.2.1(b): Percentage Dependency on IHHs. Community Toilets
Pattern 1
Pattern 2
Pattern 3
Figure 5.2.1(c): Patterns of location of Community Toilets
There are three patterns of community toilets observed in Khadia. These patterns are divided based on the location of community toilet and its users. In pattern 1, it is observed that CT is situated amidst the settlements and no outsiders are allowed. There are 18 number of pattern 1 community toilets present in Khadia. In pattern 2, it is observed that CT is situated at the center of the community and the community settlement is surrounded by the boundary wall and no outsiders are allowed. There are 7 number of pattern 2 community toilets present. In pattern 3, the community toilet is situated at the periphery of the community settlements with no boundary wall and outsiders are allowed. There are 7 number of pattern-3 CTs present in Khadia. Operation and Maintenance of Community Toilets The operation and maintenance of community toilets is done in two ways. Ten CTs from Khadia are managed by private organizations/NGO and the rest of them are managed by AMC. Community toilets managed by private organizations/NGO The CTs that are managed by private organizations/NGO can also be accessed by general pubic in places such as markets, train stations or other public areas. The organizations/NGO is liable for cleaning and day to day maintenance of toilet. The toilets are built by AMC and AMC pays monthly amount of â‚š25,000 to the organization Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Sanitation Sector
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for the operation and maintenance and is liable to do the repair works less than 3lac once a year.
Figure 5.2.1(d): Community Toilets managed by Private Organizations/NGO`
Figure 5.2.1(e): Community Toilets managed by AMC
Source: Data provided by AMC ward office, Khadia and primary survey conducted by Mr. Bhargav Pandit
Community toilets managed by AMC These toilets are provided for a defined group of residents or an entire slum/community, used by almost defined users of the community. AMC oversees the cleaning of these community toilets in Khadia. The CTs in this case are normally located in or near the community area and is used by almost defined users of the community. Kaloliyavadi – The Ideal CT in Khadia
Figure 5.2.1(f): Community Toilet at Kaloliyavadi Source: Primary Survey by Mr. Bhargav Pandit
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Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21
Among all the 32 CTs in Khadia, the one at Kaloliyavadi was found to be the cleanest. The parameters that defines it to be clean are as follows: 1. Overhead tank, underground tank, motor, taps, lights, wash basins, WCs and tiles were undamaged and in good condition.
Sanitation in Chalis - A Case of Khadia
2. Tiles and WCs were clean and free of feacal matter. 3. No plastic/fabric/paper waste was found in and around the CT. 4. Free of foul odor. Considering the CT as Kaloliyavadi as the benchmark, other CTs in Khadia were examined. It was observed that 18 CTs were in poor state of condition and 14 CTs were satisfactory. Figure 5.2.1(g): State of Condition of Community Toilets
The parameters of CTs having poor state of condition were as follows: 1. Damaged or blocked WCs. 2. Filled with feacal matter. 3. Damaged doors. 4. Foul/awful odour. 5. Extremely dirty as seen through naked eye. The parameters of CTs having satisfactory state of condition were as follows: 1. No damaged or blocked WCs. 2. On pour flush, feacal matter drains. 3. Presence of doors and tiles in good condition. 4. Visually, cleaner than the CTs in poor state of condition. 5.2.2 Are IHHLs Possible? The Khadia ward has very less dependency as only 19% of the population is dependent on IHHLs. This is majorly due to absence of toilets on the upper floors in the chalis. Lack of conveyance in the olden days resulted in choosing community toilets over IHHLs. Also, due to no space availability, it is not possible to build IHHLs in present days. ` Figure 5.2.2(a): Percentage Dependency on IHHLs
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According to JMP Sanitation ladder, the use of community toilets is considered limited service, where as the use of individual household toilets is considered basic. Hence, to elevate in the sanitation ladder of JMP, an attempt was made if IHHLs are possible in Khadia.
Figure 5.2.2(b): JMP Sanitation Ladder
Figure 5.2.2(c): Narrow Lanes of Khadia
Figure 5.2.2(d): Are IHHLs Possible
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Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21
Using google imagery, an attempt was made to find out if IHHLs were possible but it was seen that narrow lanes and lack of space are the biggest hindrances towards the provision of the sewer connection to the Chalis/slums in Khadia. Also, there was enough space in the individual units to build IHHL as following observations were made: Minimum size of toilets as per guidelines – 15 Sq.ft Average size of unit Chalis – 50 Sq.ft
Sanitation in Chalis - A Case of Khadia
Thus, it was seen that if IHHLs were provided, it would consume more than 30% of the size of each household and hence, it was concluded that it is not possible to provide IHHLS in Khadia. 5.2.3 Containment and Emptying - Community Toilets
Figure 5.2.3(a): Connection to Sewer Lines
Figure 5.2.3(b): Poor Condition of Containment Source: Primary Survey by Mr. Bhargav Pandit
It was observed that only 12% of the community toilets in Khadia are connected to the sewer lines. Rest of them have onsite containment of the feacal sludge. Most of the CTs have septic tank as the onsite containment. But the cleaning of the septic tanks was not carried out regularly. Hence, it resulted in the creation of nuisance points and this caused the hindrance to accessibility, and quality and hygiene of the toilets.
The map shows that proposal of new sewerage network by Swachhta report 2017 and it is evident that although the new sewerage networks were proposed in almost all the regions of Ahmedabad but the central zone of Ahmedabad was not proposed with the new sewerage network. Hence, as the old city is still dependent on the old sewerage network, Figure 5.2.3(c): Sewerage Network Proposals Source: Sewerage SLIP, AMRUT, Swachhta Report-2017, by Presenjit most of the community 2017 MUI toilets found on-site sanitation as the solution. The low maintenance of septic tanks resulted in the fecal deposition in the capture point of toilets. Thus, it was observed that in order to Water and Sanitation Studio 2020 Sanitation Sector
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improve the accessibility and quality and hygiene of the toilets, the on-site containment has to be revamped or rethought.
6. Interventions
Figure 6: Interventions - Short term to Long term
Looking at the existing situation of the toilets in Khadia, three project appraisals were proposed ranging from short term to long term. As connection of sewer lines in Khadia would take longer time, other alternative options were considered as short term options. The following options of projects were proposed: 1. Converting Community Toilets into Shared Toilets a. Shared Toilets b. Handing over the O&M to the communities 2. Regular Desludging 3. Retrofitting of Sewer Lines in Khadia 6.1 Option 1.a - Converting Community Toilets into Shared Toilets Converting Community toilets into Shared toilets with lock and key system. They key will be given to the registered households around the community toilet. Such households par monthly fees for maintenance. The stakeholders involved will be AMC, NGO and communities. AMC identifies such toilets and provides contract for organizations for maintenance. NGO identifies HHs for registration and looks after maintenance of toilets. Communites will take inFigure 6.1 : Option 1 - Lock and Key Sytem charge of Lock & key. Pays monthly fees for maintenance. 6.2 Option 1.b -Shared Toilets: A Mid-way Solution between CTs & IHHLs The CTs that follow pattern 1 and pattern 2 will be handed over to communities for operation and maintenance. The resposibilities of stakeholders involved will be as follows: 1. AMC : Provides the initial capital, creates the enabling environment, facilitates participation 16
Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21
Sanitation in Chalis - A Case of Khadia
2. NGO - Mobilize communities and facilitate their participation. 3. Private Contractor - Technical knowledge to build/revamp toilet blocks. 4. CBO - Act as end-service providers, taking charge of the management of the service. 6.3 Option 2 - Regular Desludging of Community Toilets On-Site Sanitation exists in all the CTs of Khadia which aren’t desludged regularly. Existing practice is of Emergency Complaint Redressal system which gets delayed. Hence, CTs turn into nuisance points, Septic tanks desludged once in a 3-5 years on a pre-determined schedule. Regulations and penalties to ensure compliance. Awareness generation for regular desludging. Good Business prospects for private sector participation with regulation. All community toilet users pay a particular amount of fees along with the O&M fees of CTs. Proposed Regular Desludging Area Figure 6.2 : Option 2 - Regular Desludging of CTs
6.4 Option 3 - Connecting to near by Sewer Line The area of Khadia ward is 2.2 sq.km. 70% of HHs are covered by sewer network where as only 12% of CTs have sewer network coverage. The near-by area of the old city do have sewer network coverage. Thus a new sewer line network of length 2.3 km can be constructed and connected to the already existing near-by sewer line. AMC, central and state grant will channelise funding and will take incharge of implementing. The O&M will be looked after by AMC. It will take a time period of 3 years to complete the project. Hence, the option 1 and option 2 interventions will help untill this option Proposed Sewer line Existing Sewer line is implemented. Figure 6.3 : Option 3 - Connecting to near by Sewer Line
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7. Costing and Phasing
Figure 7.1 : Financing and Phasing of the Interventions
The total capex of all the projects is 29.85 cr, O&M varies for each of the project depending on the fees collected. Along with the funding from AMC , other investors that shall have to be seeked for funding are: Govt. of India, Govt. of Gujarat, CSR funding from local industries and investments through PPP, multilateral agencies. All the projects together will be completed by 2025 which will have an impact for long time in the future.
8. Conclusion The sustainable sanitation which is the overall aim of the sanitation were kept in mind while developing the appraisal for each project. The project of sanitation in Chalis has all taken up the gender equality and universal accessibility in the designing of toilets. The project of sanitation in Chalis helps in preventing/ controlling the spread of contagious diseases. Hence, it is seen that SDG 11 , 6 and 5 are achieved. Impact on Shit Flow Diagram by 2035 With the provision of CTs in good condition, regular desludging and connecting to near by sewer line, toilet discharges directly t a centralised combined sewer and the percentage of toilets that are failed, damaged connected to sewer, soak-pit, open drain or storm will reduce to 2%. Hence, with this the percentage of safely managed sewerage will increase to 84% by 2035.
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Sanitation in Chalis - A Case of Khadia
References (n.d.). Retrieved from www.ngocacr.com: http://www.ngocacr.com/washreports/Third%20party%20assessment%20of%20 WASH%20facilities%20in%20MCGM%20schools%20103%20schools%20final.pdf Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. (2019). Treated Sewage Reuse and Recycle Action Plan. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. Ahmedabad: Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. Retrieved September 21, 2020 C-WAS , p a s. (2018-19, march). Retrieved from pas.org.in: https://www.pas. org.in/web/ceptpas/knowyourcity?p_p_id=Knowyourcity_WAR_Portal&p_p_ lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_ count=1&actionVal=Retrieve&SkipAccessChecking=false Divya Sampath. (2017, December). Portfolio 2017 CEPT Universtiy. Retrieved from CEPT University : https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/2017/M/fp/infrastructure-project-studio4560-monsoon-2017/public-sanitation-in-ahmedabad-monsoon-2017-pp0003016 (2018). Policy for Reuse of Treated Watewater. Water Supply Department. Government of Gujarat. Retrieved September 21, 2020 (2019). Sabarmati River Action Plan. Gujarat Pollution Control Board. Gujarat Pollution Control Board. Retrieved September 21, 2020 (2017)Data provided by AMC ward office, Khadia and primary survey conducted by Mr. Bhargav Pandit Sewerage SLIP, AMRUT, Swachhta Report-2017, retrieved from portfolio of Prasenjit Shukla, MUI 2017
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About The Studio IInfrastructure project studio will focus on Water-Sanitation system. Often the absence of a comprehensive city wide plan and an inadequate understanding or attention to cross-sectoral issues in water and sanitation, results in poor project formulation. This studio focuses on developing integrated infrastructure projects for stormwater, water, sanitation and solid waste management for Ahmedabad city and its immediate periphery. Infrastructure development activities for these sectors whether in the public or private domain, involves plan preparation, project formulation and implementation. This is accompanied by appropriate technical and financial analysis and leads to the selection of feasible projects.
About The Sector Sanitation sector is one of the crucial and invested upon sector since a few years in India. With newly coming technologies for handling the human waste, to different type of toilets, to dealing with waste water with different treatment and reuse methods, the sanitation in India is what the current government and the people are working towards. With India signing up for the Sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030, the sanitation group has tried to work upon provision of sustainable sanitation as per the value chain for the citizens of Ahmedabad city.
About The Project
Anushri S Alatagi 20
Master of Urban Infrastructure 2019-21
The combination of inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene is responsible for many diseases such as Dengue, Chikungunya etc. in slums of Ahmedabad. The world is now addressing a new set of aspiration goals, the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 6 explicitly addresses water and sanitation. Ensure Availability and Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for all. The lack of safe sanitation is a large problem for everyone in slums, but especially for women and young girls. The risk of diseases increases with poor sanitary conditions. The slum sanitation will focus on safe sanitation in all the aspects of value chain.
