Girdler-Sulfide Process Physical Properties PDF

AECL-5702
ATOMIC ENERGY m£tt L'ENERGIE ATOMIQOE

OF CANADA LIMITED fi&Jr DU CANADA LIMITEE
GIROLER-SULFIDE PROCESS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
by
H.J. NEUBURG, J.F. ATHERLEY and L.G. WALKER
Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario
May 1977
GIRVLER-SULFIVE PROCESS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
by
H.3. Uzu.bu.KQ, J.F. kthzilty and L.G. Walkzx.
Chemical Engineering Branch

May 1977
AECL-5702
Propriétés physiques du procédé GS
par
H.J. Neuburg, J.F. Atherley et L.G. Walker
Résumé
On a déterminé les propriétés physiques du sulfure d'hydrogène
pur et des solutions gazeuses et liquides du système H2S-H2O. On
présente des tableaux couvrant quarante-neuf propriétés différentes
dans le domaine des pressions et des températures d'intérêt pour le
procédé GS (Girdler-Sulfi'de) de production d'eau lourde. Toutes
les propriétés sont présentées en unités SI.
Un programme machine permettant de calculer les propriétés des
composants purs ainsi que les mélanges gazeux et les solutions
liquides dans des conditions saturées et non-saturées est inclus.
Ce manuel est une édition complètement révisée du rapport
AECL-4255. Son but est de servir de répertoire standard des
propriétés physiques dans les usines d'eau lourde GS du Canada.
L'Energie Atomique du Canada, Limitée

Laboratoires Nucléaires de Chalk River
Avril 1977
AECL-57O2
GIRPLER-SULFZPE PROCESS PHVS1CAL PROPERTIES
by
H.3. Unu.bu.fLQ, J . F . Ath<LHlo.y and L.G. Walke.1
ABSTRACT
Physical properties of pure hydrogen sulfide and of
gaseous and liquid solutions of the H 2 S-H 2 0 system have been
formulated. Tables for forty-nine different properties in the
pressure and temperature range of interest to the Girdler-Sulfide
(GS) process for heavy water production are given. All propertie
are presented in SI units.
A computer program capable of calculating properties

of the pure components as well as gaseous mixtures and liquid
solutions at saturated and non-saturated conditions is
included.
The present handbook is a completely revised edition
of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report AECL-4255, and is
intended to be used as a standard physical property package
at the GS heavy water plants in Canada.
Chemical Engineering Branch

May 1977
AECL-5702
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pag<
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. PHASE DIAGRAMS OF GS PROCESS MATERIALS 4
2.1 P-V-T Surfaces of Pure H 2 O and H 2 S 5
2.2 P-T-X(Y) Surfaces for the Binary System 5
3. FIXED POINT PROPERTIES OF WATER, HYDROGEN SULFIDE 14
AND THE BINARY SYSTEM H 2 0-H 2 S
3.1 Fixed Point and Condensed Thermophysical 14
Data for Water
3.2 Fixed Point Properties of H 2 S and Quadruple 14
Point Properties of the H 2 O-H 2 S System
4. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE 21
4.1 Vapour Phase Properties of H 2 S 21
4.1.1 P-V-T Properties and Equations of 21
State
4.1.2 Heat Capacity of H 2 S as an Ideal Gas 24
4.1.3 Enthalpy of H 2 S Gas 25
4.1.4 Entropy of H 2 S Gas 26
4.1.5 Fugacity of H 2 S Gas 21
4.1.6 Joule-Thomson Coefficient of H 2 S 28
4.2 Properties of Liquid and Gaseous H 2 S Along 30
the Saturation Line
4.2.1 Orthobaric Densities and Molar Volumcr 30
at Saturation
4.2.2 Saturation Vapour Pressure 31
A.?. .3 Heat of Vaporization 32
4.2.4 Enthalpy of Saturated H 2 S Gas 32
4.:?. 5 Enthalpy of Saturated H 2 S Liquid 33
4.2.6 Heat Capacity of Liquid H 2 S at 33
Saturation
4.3 Transport Properties of Pure H 2 S 34
4.3.1 Viscosity of H 2 S Gas 34
4.3.2 Viscosity of H 2 S Liquid 36
4.3.3 Thermal Conductivity of H 2 S Gas 37
4.3.4 Thermal Conductivity of H 2 S Liquid 38
4.3.5 Surface Tension of Liquid H 2 S 39
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE H 2 O-H 2 S SYSTEM 46
5.1 Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium Properties of the 46
H 2 O-H 2 S System
5.1.1 Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Compositions 46
5.1.2 Gas-Phase Fugacity Coefficients 48
5.1.3 Henry's Law Constant 50
5.1.4 Activity Coefficients 52
5.1.5 Densities of Aqueous Solutions of H 2 S; 53
Apparent and Partial Molar Volume of
Dissolved H 2 S
5.1.6 Molecular Weight of Solutions and Humid 54
Vapour
5.1.7 Compressibility Factor and Density of 55
Humid Vapour
5.1.8 Enthalpy of Humid H 2 S 55
5.1.9 Entropy of Humid H 2 S 58
5.1.10 Heat of Solution of H 2 S in Water 59
5.1.11 Enthalpy of H 2 0 Liquid Saturated with 60
Dissolved H 2 S Gas
5.1.12 Liquefaction Temperature of H 2 S in H 2 0 61
Mixtures
5.1.13 Hydrate Formation Temperature 62
5.2 Transport Properties of Saturated Solutions 62
5.2.1 Viscosity of H 2 S Gas Saturated with 62
Water Vapour
5.2.2 Viscosity of H 2 S Saturated Aqueous 64
Solutions
5.2.3 Thermal Conductivity of H 2 S Gas 66
Saturated with Water Vapour
5.2.4 Thermal Conductivity of H 2 S Saturated 67
Aqueous Solutions
5.2.5 Diffusion Coefficient of H 2 0 in H 2 S 69
Gas
5.2.6 Diffusion Coefficient of H 2 S in H 2 0 71
Liquid
5.2.7 Surface Tension of Water Against H 2 S 72
Vapour
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
6. DEUTERIUM EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIUM 83
6.1 Equilibrium Constant for D Exchange Between 83
H 2 0 and HDS
6.2 Relative Volatility of (HD0/H 2 0) g to 84
(HDO/H 2 OH
6.3 Relative Volatility of (HDS/H2S)cr to 84
(HDS/H 2 S) £
6.4 Heat of Reaction for D Exchange Between 85
H 2 0 and HDS
6.5 Equilibrium Constant for Distribution of D 85
in H 2 0
6.6 Equilibrium Constant for Distribution of D 85
• in H 2 S
6.7 Overall Distribution Coefficient (3) 86
7. COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING PHYSICAL 93
PROPERTIES OF GS PROCESS MATERIALS
APPENDIX A T. Tables of Properties 106

APPENDIX B - Conversion Factors 184
7. IHTROVUCTIQU
A basic set of physical properties of the H 2 S-H 2 0

system is required for calculations related to the Girdler-
Sulfide (GS) process for production of heavy water and the
associated distillation units. The earliest collections of
such properties were made by Spevack (1) and at Savannah
River (2,3). The Lummus Company assembled their own set of
properties for designing the Port Hawkesbury and Bruce plants,
and Canatom Ltd. have made a collection of properties in
conjunction with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), for
the rehabilitation of the Glace Bay Heavy Water Plant. Ontario
Hydro (4) have produced a set of properties in the International
Systems of Units (SI) for use at the Bruce Heavy Water Plant,
and a collection of properties was also made by the Indian
Atomic Energy Commission (5).
When GS Process studies commenced at Chalk River

Nuclear Laboratories (CRNL) in 1969, the properties used
initially were those reported by Burgess et al. (6), but it
was found that in many instances these were not as accurate as
desirable especially with respect to enthalpies. In an effort
to overcome the lack of information on some of the properties,
AECL with the collaboration of Canatom published AECL-4255 (7)
which was the most complete account of properties of the H 2 S-H 2 0
system so far reported, and was recommended for adoption as the
standard physical property package for all the heavy water plants
in Canada. Unfortunately, no better solubility data for H 2 S in
H 2 0 than those reported by Selleck et al. (8) were available at
the time. The polynomial functions fitted to those data by Burgesi
et al. were used in manual AECL-4255. The experimental data of
Selleck et al. presented only a few points in the pressure-
temperature region of interest to the GS process so that the
solubility and humidity data used in GS process calculations
were in large measure dependent on conditions outside the region
of real importance. Since most of the properties concerning the
saturated vapour and liquid phases are functions of humidity and
solubility respectively, the need to have a reliable model for
the equilibrium of the H2S-H2O system in the GS process region
became evident.
• 2 -
The present publication is a completely revised

edition of AECL-4255. A therraodynamic model for the
equilibrium of the H 2 S-H 2 0 system in the GS process region
was developed. The model was based on the extensive
solubility data measured more recently by Mather (9) in
the region of 10°to 180°C and 155 to 6670 kPa. The Redlich-
Kwong equation of state is used to calculate fugacity
coefficients and P-V-T behaviour for pure H 2 S gas and
H 2 S-H 2 0 gas mixtures, which is preferable for high
pressure systems over the virial type of equation used in
manual AECL-4255.
Many properties calculated in AECL-4255 have been

included without modification in the present manual, mainly
those concerning deuterium exchange equilibrium and transport
properties of pure compounds. All properties of mixtures have
been recalculated and many new ones have been introduced. It
was established that the predictions are generally in excellent
agreement with experimental measurements whenever they are
available; unfortunately quite a few of the properties calculated
here stem from fundamental relationships and cannot be checked
against experimental evidence. Measurements of these would
be advantageous to confirm or to modify these calculations.
All properties in the present report are given in SI

units and tables for forty-nine different properties are
appended covering mostly the P,T range of interest to the GS
process. Figures and bibliographic references are included
at the end of each section, and the nomenclature of equations
is given following each formula. Computer function subroutines
for most of the tabulated properties are appended. A detailed
description of the use and limitations of this computer program
is included.
Revisions and updating of this report will be made with

the publication of new and more accurate data, or when there is
need of new sections.
REFERENCES
1. Spevack, J.S., "The Concentration of Deuterium by the
S Process. I. Fundamental Principles and Basic Method
of Calculation", USAEC Report A-393, Office Tech. Services,
U.S. Dept. Commerce (1942).
— 3—
Bebbington, W.P., Thayer, V.R., and Proctor, J.F.,

"Production of Heavy Water - Savannah River and Dana
Plants Technical Manual", USAEC Report DP-400, Office
Tech. Services, U.S. Dept. Commerce (1959).
Polh, H.A., and Hull, H.L., "Thermal Behaviour of
Countercurrent Equipment", USAEC Report DP-97, Office
Tech. Services, U.S. Dept. Commerce (1955).
Meranda, D.G., "Physical Properties of H 2 O-H 2 S System",
Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Report
CNS-IR-70, January 1971.
Bhargava, R.K., et al., "Thermodynamic Properties of
H 2 S-H 2 0 System", Government of India Atomic Energy
Commission, Report B.A.R.C.-316, Bhaba Atomic Research
Centre, Bombay, India (1968).
Burgess, M.P., and Raymond, P.G., "Physical Properties
of Hydrogen Sulfide-Water Mixtures", AIChE Journal,
15(2), 272 (1969).
Galley, M.R., Miller, A.I., Atherley, J.F., and Mohn, M.,
"GS Process Physical Properties", Atomic Energy of Canada
Limited Report No. AECL-4255 (1972).
Selleck, F.T., Carmichael, L.T., and Sage, B.H., "Phase
Behaviour in the Hydrogen Sulfide-Water System", Ind.
Eng. Chem., 44 (9), 2219 (1952).
Mather, A.E., "Composition of the Co-existing Phases in
the Hydrogen Sulfide-Water System", Atomic Energy of Canada
Limited Unpublished Internal Report, June 26, 1974.
— 4—
f. PHASE V1AGRAMS OF GS PROCESS MATERIALS
A knowledge of the phase properties of materials is

frequently required in planning laboratory work as well as in
the development of plant processes. These properties include
the nature of the phase (whether gas, liquid, or solid) as well
as the composition. This information is conveniently summarized
graphically usually by outlining the regions of stability for
the various phases. The diagram may be two or three dimensional
depending on the number of components involved as well as the
number of independent variables. The kind of information sought
most frequently, which is readily available from the phase
diagram, ranges from the simple question of what equilibrium
phase is to be expected under a given system temperature,
pressure and'composition, to a quantitative use of the diagram
in determining the relative proportions zf various phases
after a phase transformation. The phase rule of J.W. Gibbs is
a statement of the number of degrees of freedom, F, that must
be specified for a heterogeneous system of various phases and
component substances to be in thermal, mechanical, and chemical
equilibrium. If F is non-zero there is freedom to change some
intensive property of the system such as temperature, pressure,
or composition without altering the number of phases present.
If the equation of state (a statement of the behaviour) of the
system is determined only by temperature, pressure, and composition,
the degrees of freedom for a system of C components and P phases
are given by F=C-P+2. For a single pure substance, the system
becomes invariant when three phases coexist; so long as these
three are present (their relative amounts are immaterial) the
pressure and temperature have definite invariant values. What
these values are must be determined by measurement. In the case
of pure water, the temperature of the invariant triple point for
coexisting gas, liquid and solid, is the basis of the absolute
temperature scale and was set arbitrarily at exactly 273.16 K.
A binary system becomes invariant when four phases coexist. In
evaluating the value of P, each distinct solid phase or immiscible
liquid constitutes a different phase. At least one invariant
condition exists in these simple systems and frequently many are
observed in those that show various polymorphic crystalline states
or show compound (e.g., hydrate) formation.
Thermodynamic principles alone such as the phase rule

are unable to give any indication of the conditions of temperature,
pressure, or composition required to ensure the existence or
stability of a phase nor the positions of phase boundaries and
invariant points in the diagrams. However, thermodynamic re-
lations when combined with valid experimental results enable one
-5-
to calculate the properties of a phase under conditions

slightly removed from the measured ones. For example,
the boundaries of the stability regions for the various
phases are frequently mapped on the diagrams using relations
such as the Clapeyron equation, one of the most useful in
this regard.
2.7 P-I/-T Su/i6ac.e.& o& Vaftz H20 and H2S
Figures 2.1 and 2.2 illustrate the P-V-T surfaces

of the various easily observed phases for pure H 2 0 and H 2 S
respectively. The figures show primarily, as three dimensional
models, the specific volume of the substance as a function of
pressure and temperature. The various phases are easily seen
because of the usually marked change in density along the
boundaries for their coexistence. These figures also show tne
projections of the stability regions on the T-V, P-T, and P-V
planes where the corresponding phase diagrams are displayed.
The P-V and P-T diagrams show various isotherms and isochores
respectively, whereas the isobars have been deleted on the T-V
diagrams to emphasize the other features shown. The figures also
illustrate the critical point and a triple point representing
the invariant nature of a single-component system when solid,
liquid and gas coexist (a "triple point line" has been drawn
joining the specific volume points corresponding to solid,
liquid, and gas phases on the P-V-T surface, and in the P-V
and T-V diagrams).
2.2 ?-T-K[V) SafLâati ion the. Blnaiy Syitzm
For a two-component system existing as a single phase,

three variables, i.e., temperature, pressure, and concentration,
are necessary to fu ".y describe the system. The complete and
simultaneous representation of these variables in a phase
diagram requires three axis, that is, a solid model. Planes
can be passed through the model at convenient locations to
describe the behaviour of the system with variation of two
coordinates. As an illustration, P-T, P-X(Y) and T-X(Y)
diagrams were constructed, and are presented in Figures 2.3,
2.4, 2.5 and 2.6.
The P-T diagram of Figure 2.3 shows the regions of
coexistence of two phases, the solid lines of three-phase
coexistence and two quadruple points where four phases are
-6-
coexisting. The information needed to represent the several

lines and fixed points on this diagram was obtained from the
experimental data of Selleck et al. (1). The point of cold
tower operation in the GS process is about 31°C and 2070 kPa
and it can be seen from Figure 2.3 that it lies in the region
where aqueous liquid and gas can coexist; if the pressure is
increased to about 2300 kPa at 31°C, liquid E 2 S (saturated with
water) will appear in the solution, and if the temperature in the
tower drops to about 29 C at 2070 kPa, a solid hydrate (6H2S-46H2O)
will be formed.
The P-X diagrams shown in Figures 2.4 and 2.5 were
constructed at constant temperatures of 25°C and 37.8°C. The
last temperature was chosen because experimental data were
available for the aqueous liquid saturation line and the dew-
point line over a limited pressure region. Also the composition
of the water-saturated liquid H 2 S (hydrogen sulfide - rich liquid)
in equilibrium with aqueous liquid has been measured at 37.8°C (1).
The experimental points are plotted together with the predicted
saturation lines in Figure 2.5, and the extrapolation of these
lines to the low pressure region was achieved with a model for the
liquid and vapour phase equilibrium compositions of the H 2 S-H 2 0
system. This is explained in Section 5. The liquefaction
pressures of H 2 S and the hydrate (6H2S-46H2O) formation pressures
were determined from the equations given by Burgess et al. (2).
The P-X diagram at 25°C (Figure 2.4) was constructed from the
same equilibrium model. In Figures 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6, the mole
fraction coordinate was magnified at the low and high H 2 S con-
centration extremes to give a better picture of the saturation
lines. Figure 2.4 shows that if the pressure is increased at
25°C, hydrate will be formed first; whereas at 37.8°C (Figure 2.5),
H 2 S liquid will appear in solution before the hydrate is formed.
If the temperature is 29.5°C, both hydrate and H 2 S liquid would
form simultaneously at 2238.8 kPa, one of the quadruple point
conditions.
Figure 2.6 shows a temperature-composition diagram at a

constant pressure of 2.05 MPa (cold tower GS process operating
pressure). The saturation lines and the hydrate and liquid H 2 S
formation temperatures were determined as before. It can be
observed from this figure that by decreasing the temperature to
28.7°C hydrate will be formed, and a further decrease in temperature
to 26°C will result in the additional formation of H 2 S liquid (for
most proportions of H 2 S and H 2 0 ) .
-7-
REFEREHCES
1. Selleck, P.T., Carmichael, L.T., and Sage, B.H., Ind.
Eng. Chem., 44 (9), 2219 (1952).
2. Burgess, M.P. , and Germann, R.P. , AIChE Journal, 3.5 (2),
273 (1969). —
8-
GAS
^Criticol point
/ CritM
Crilicol isotherm
^.LIOUID
'LIQUID
\ VAPOR
Triple point line \

CE"
SOUO-SOUD
-Triple poinl# .
SOUO-UQWO/ /
Isometrics
MS
LIQUID.
FIGURE 2.1 p-V-T SURFACE AND PROjECliONS FOR FLO

FROM DAVID M. HIMMELBLAU, BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CALCULATIONS IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 3rd ed., (CJ 1974, pp. 220-221. REPRINTED
BY PERMISSION OF PRENTICE-HALL, INC., ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, NEW
JERSEY, U.S.A.
GAS
,Critical point
jf Criticol isotherm
FIGURE 2.2 p-V-T SURFACE AND PROJECTIONS FOR H 2 S

ADAPTED FROM DAVID M. HtMMELBLAU. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CALCULATIONS
IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 3rd ed., (£) 197^, pp. 220-221. REPRINTED
BV PERMISSION OF PRENTJCE-HALL, INC., ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, NEW JERSEY,
U.S.A.
- 10-
H 2 S LIQUID AND flQUEOUS LIQUID
CRITICAL
10< HYDRATE AND
H 2 S LIQUID 00
7
5
=3
CO
to
UJ
Cd
Q_
AQUEOUS LIQUID AND GAS
QUADRUPLE POINT Gas

:, AQUEOUS LIQUID, ICE AND GAS
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1G0 110 120

TEMPERATURE °C
F I G U R E 2.3 PRESSURE - TEMPERATURE DIAGRAM FOR HYDROGEN SULFI DE-
WATER SYSTEM
-11 -
3000 H 2 S LIQUID-
AQUEOUS
LIQUID , HYDRATE AND LIQUID H 2 S
ÂQUEOUS
LIQUID AND
2000 " HYDRATE
HYDRATE AND GAS
1000 -

100
-a:
CC
50
az
Q.
20
GAS
10
F I G U R E l.k
PRESSURE - COMPOSITION
WATER - HYDROGEN SULFIDE
25°C
I I I 1
0.04 0.08 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.92 0.96 1.0
MOLE FRACTION HYDROGEN SULFIDE
-12-
HYDRATE AND H 2 S LIQUID

3000- ' /AQUEOUS LIQUID AND H 2 S L I I
/AQUEOUS LIQUID
> AND I./DRATE H 2 S LIQUID
2000
1000
500

200
100
GAS
10
FIGURE 2.5
PRESSURE - COMPOSITION
WATER - HYDROGEN SULFIDE
37.8°C
iL I I
0.04 0 08 0 1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.92 0.96 1 0
-13-
AQUEOUS LIQUID GAS

150 AND GAS
100
UJ F I G U R E 2.6
cc
TEMPERATURE COMPOSITION
cc WATER HYDROGEN
SULFIDE
AQUEOUS P = 2.05 MPa
LIQUID
50
HYDRATE
AND GAS
AQUEOUS
\V LIQUID AND
HYDRATE HYDRATE LIQU11
AND H 2 S LIQUID
I I I I • , I i I
0 .02 .06 .1 .2 .3 A .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .92 .94 .96 .98 1
— 14 —
3. FTXEP P0IWT PROPERTIES OF WATER, HVVROGEN SULF1VE, ANV THE

BINARY SYSTEM H20-HzS
3.1 Tlxzd Point and Condzntzd Thufimophysical Datafaon.Watzfi
Table 3.1 presents the important fixed point properties

of water. Table 3.2 shows the important thennophysical
properties of liquid water at the saturation vapour pressure
in the range 0 to 230°C. The enthalpy of subcooled liquid
water over the temperature range 30 to 220 C, required in the
calculation of aqueous H 2 S solution enthalpies, is generated
from the formulation presented in the manual of the "Properties
of Water and'Steam in SI Units" (1).
3.2 Fixed Point ?fiope.fitie.* o& HZS and Qjxadn.ix.plz. Point Pnopz.fitle.li
O|J thz H2Q-HZS
Selected thennophysical properties of H2S are given in
Table 3.3 for the primary triple point, the normal boiling
state and the critical state. Important properties of the H2O-H2S
system at the major quadruple points are presented in Table 3.4.
REFERENCE
1. E. Schmidt, "Properties of Water and Steam in SI Units",
Springer-Verlarg, West Berlin (1969).
- 15-
TABLE 3.1
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF WATER
Property Reference
Molecular weight H 2 0 18.05 g/mol

oc K
Triple point temperature 0.01 273.16 (1)
Freezing point temperature 0.00 273.15 (1)
Normal boiling point 100.00 373.15 (1)
Critical temperature 374.15 647.30 (2)
Critical pressure 22.04 MPa (2)
Critical density 0.317 kg/dm3 (2)
Critical volume 3.15 dm3/kg; 56.7 cm3/tnol (3)
Critical compressibility
factor, Z 0.232
Pitzer accentric factor 0.348 (3)
Latent heat of fusion
(273.16 K, 6.11 kPa) 6.008 kJ/mol (4)
Latent heat of vaporization
at normal boiling point 40.656 kJ/mol (4)
Redlich-Kwong constants,
fia . 440 (5)
(gas) Qb .090
TABLE 3 . 2
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUID WATER ALONG THE SATURATION CURVE FROM O - 2 2 O ° C ( b )
Tetiperatur* Vapour Density<2) Enthalpy(61 Heat of Relative Isobaric Viscosity(71 Surface Thermal
°c X Pressure(6) kg/dm' kj/mcl Vaporization(6) Entropy(6) Heat UPa.B Tension(7) Conductivity 17)
JtPa kJ/mol J/faol.K) Capacity 16) <nN/m W/(m.K|
J/ftnol.K)
O.O1 273.14 0.611 0.999S 0.000 45.063 0.000 75.99 1786 75.60 0.569
2 275.15 0.706 0.9999 0.151 44.978 0.549
5 278.15 0.872 0.9999 0.378 44.850 1.371
10 283.15 1.23 0.9996 0.757 44.636 2.720 75.55 1304 74.24 0.587
15 298.15 1.70 0.9991 1.135 44.423 4.044
20 293.15 2.34 0.9982 1.512 44.211 5.343 75.34 1002 72.78 O.iO3
25 298.15 3.17 0.9971 1.889 43.998 6.619
30 303.15 4.24 0.9957 2.266 43.785 7.871 75.28 798.3 71.23 0.618
32 305.15 4.76 0.9950 2.417 43.699 8.366
34 2.567 43.614 8.858
36 309.15 5.95 0. 9937 2.718 43.S28 9.346
38 311.15 6.63 0.9930 2.868 43.443 9.832
40 313.15 7.38 0.9923 3.019 43.357 10.31 75.28 653.9 69.61 0.631
45 318.15 9.59 0.9902 3.395 43.142 11.51
50 323.15 12.35 3.9880 3.771 42.924 12.68 75.32 547.8 67.93 0.643
55 328.15 15.76 0.9856 4.148 42.708 13.83
60 333.15 19.94 0.9831 4.524 42.488 14.97 75.39 467.3 66.19 0.653
65 338.15 25.03 0.9805 4.901 42.266 16.10
70 343.15 31.19 0.9777 5.278 42.043 17.20 75.50 404.8 64.40 0.662
75 348.15 3B.58 0.9748 5.655 41.820 18.29
80 353.15 47.39 0.9717 6.033 41.593 19.37 75.63 355.4 62.57 0.670
85 358.15 57.83 0.9685 6.412 41.362 20.43
90 363.15 70.14 0.9652 6.790 41.132 21.49 75.79 315.6 60.69 0.676
95 368.15 64.55 0.9618 7.169 40.898 22.52
100 373.15 101.3 0.9583 7.549 40.660 2 3.54 75.99 283.1 5B.79 0.681
105 378.15 120.8 0.9546 7.929 40.420 24.55
110 383.15 143.3 0.9507 8.310 40.173 25.55 76.20 254.8 56.83 0.684
115 388.15 169.1 0.9468 8.692 39.925 26.54
120 393.15 198.5 0.9429 9.074 39.674 27.52 76.46 231.0 54.85 0.687
122 395.15 211.4 0.9412 9.227 39.572 27.91
124 397.15 225.0 0.9396 9.380 39.469 28.29
126 399.15 239.3 0.9379 9.534 39.366 28.66
128 401.15 254.4 0.9362 9.688 39.254 29.06
130 403.15 270.1 0.9346 9.842 39.157 29.44 76.78 210.9 52.83 0.688
132 405.15 266.7 0.9328 9.995 39.053 29.02
134 407.15 304.1 0.9311 10.150 38.947 30.20
1-16 409.15 322.3 0.9294 10.305 3R.83R 3n.;8
138 411.15 341.4 0.9276 10.458 3B.732 30.95
Idn 413.15 361.4 0.9258 10.613 38.624 31.3] 77.12 194.1 50.79 0.688
145 418.15 415.5 0.9214 11.000 38.348 32.26
150 423.15 476.0 0.9168 11.387 38.069 33. IB 77.57 179.8 48.70 0.687
160 433.15 618.1 0.9073 12.172 37.505 3'j.00 78.08 167.7 46.59 0.684
170 443.15 792.0 0.8973 12.958 36.903 36.79 78.65 157.4 44.44 0.681
ISO 453.15 1002.7 0.8869 13.751 36.278 38.55 7'J.32 148.5 42.26 0.677
190 463.15 1255.1 0.8760 14.551 15.620 40.28 80.09 140.7 40.05 0.671
200 473.15 1554.9 0.8647 15.360 34.934 42.00 80,96 133.9 37.81 0.664
210 4S3.15 1907.7 0.8528 16.176 34.211 43.6'J 81.97 127.9 35.53 0.657
220 493.15 2319.8 0.8403 17.005 33.449 45.37 83.10 122.4 3J.23 0.648
230 503.15 2797.6 0.8273 17.845 32.647 47.04 84.40 117.5 30.90 0.639
(a) The r e l a t i v e entropy i s obtained by substracting the absolute entropy of liquid water at the t r i p l e point from the absolute entropy of
l i q u i d water a t a given temperature and saturation vapour pressure. The absolute entropy of liquid water at the t r i p l e point i s 63.52
J/{mol-X) including a residue entropy of 0.B1 j/(mol.K) a t 0 K.
(b) Vapour pressures, e n t h a l p i e s , heats of vaporization, and r e l a t i v e entroi ies of liquid vater arc based on the formulations prepared
by the 1967 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Formulation Cw-iittee on the Properties of Steaii as compuud Dy L. Schmidt (6). The other properties in
t h i s table use values published in the U70 UK Steam Tables in SI Units (7).
-17
REFERENCES FOR TABLES 3.7 and 3.2
1. The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968.

2. Kell, G.S., "Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of
Fluid Water", in "Water, A Comprehensive Treatise", Vol.
1, F. Franks, ed., Plenum, New York, 1972.
3. Reid, R.C., and T.K. Sherwood, "The Properties of Gases and
Liquids", 2nd ed., p. 584, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966.
4. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, "Selected Values of
Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, Series II", Bulletin
500, p. 539, Washington, D.C., 19.
5. Besserer, G.J., Canatom MonMax Report No. 9003 - Part 2,
1974.
6. E. Schmidt, "Properties of Water and Steam in SI Units",
Springer-Verlag, West Berlin, 1969.
7. "UK Steam Tables in SI Units 1970", Edward Arnold, London
1970.
-18-
TABLE 3.3
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF H 2 S AT FIXED POINTS
Property References
and Notes
Molecular weight 34 .080
Melting point at 101.3 kPa, °C -83 1
Boiling point at 101.3 kPa, °C -60 .27 a
Triple point temp (C,I-l-g), °C -85.75 2
Triple point pressure, kPa 22 .69 2
Density of-solid (C,I) at triple point, 1.1 3,b
kg/dm3
Thermodynamic Properties
AH (fusion) at triple point, kJ/mol 2 .377 3
AH (sublimation) at triple point, kJ/mol 19 .292 3
AH (evap) at normaj. boiling point, kJ/mol 18.670 3
Cp (solid I) at triple point, J/(mol.K) 61..49 3
Cp (liquid) at triple point, J/(mol.K) 67..8 3
Cp (ideal gas) at triple point, J/(mol.K) 33.,37 3
Absolute entropy of solid I at triple 84.,66 3
point J/(mol.K)
Critical State Properties
Critical temperature, Tc (K) 373. 6 4
Critical pressure, Pc (kPa) 9010 4
Critical molar volume, Vc (dm3/mol) 0.09771 c
Critical compressibility factor, Zc 0.283 d
Other Properties
Dipole moment (debye) 0.98 5
Pitzer accentric factor 0.0964 e
Redlich-Kwong Constants fia 0.4340 6
(gas) ah 0.0882 6
REFERENCES
1. Babb, S.E., Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 51, 847 (1969).
19-
2. Clark, A.M,. Cockett, A.H., and E' ner, H.S., Proc.

Roy. Soc. A209, 408 (1951).
3. Giauque, W.F., and Blue, R.W., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58,
831 (1936). ~
4. Kobe, K.A., and Lynn, R.E., Jr., Chem. Revs. 52, 117
(1953). ~~
5. McClellan, A.L., "Tables &J Experimental Dipole Moments",
W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1963.
6. Chueh, P.L., and Prausnitz, J.M., I & EC Fundamentals,
6, 492 (1967).
MOTES FOR TABLE 3.3

a) Value calculated from the vapour pressure data of E.C.W.
Clarke and D.N. Glew, Can. J. Chem. 48, 764 (1970).
b) Value estimated by Giauque and Blue, Ref. 3 above.
c) Determined from the limiting orthobaric density at the
critical point.
d) Determined from the relation Z c = P C V C /RT C .
e) The Pitzer accentric factor is defined as W = -log(Ps/Pc)

- 1.000 where P s is the vapour pressure at reduced
temperature Tr = 0.700 (see G.N. Lewis and M. Randall,
"Thermodynamics", revised by K.S. Pitzer and L. Brewer,
McGraw-Hill, N.Y. 1961, Appendix 1). The vapour pressure
of H2S at T r = 0.700 was calculated from the formulation
given in Section 4.2.2.
-20-
TABLE 3.4
PROPERTIES OF H2O-H2S SYSTEM AT QUADRUPLE
POINTS WITH COEXISTING VAPOUR PHASE
Pressure Temperature Mole Fraction of H 2 S Coexisting Re ferenc*

(kPa) (°C) Gas H2S Aqueous Phases
Liquid Liquid
2239 29.5 0.9971a 0.997a2 0.0329b 1. Hydrate, 1,2
0.987 6H2S.46H2O
2. Aqueous liquid
3. H 2 S rich liquid
4. Humid vapour
93.1 -0.39 1. Hydrate, 3
6H2S.46H20
2. Aqueous liquid
3. Ice (H20s)
4. Humid vapour
(a) Value of Selleck et al. (Reference 4) obtained by extrapolating

higher temperature data.
(b) Value based on the work of E.A. Mather (unpublished results).
REFERENCES
1. Sage, B.H., and Lacey, W.N., "Some Properties of the Lighter
Hydrocarbons, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Carbon Dioxide", American
Petroleum Institute Monograph on Project 37, New York, 1955,
Section XXI.
2. Scheffer, F.E.C., Zeit. f. phys. Chem. 84, 734-45 (1913).
3. Scheffer, F.E.C., Proc. Koninkl. Nederland, Akad, Wetenschap.
13, 829 (1911).
4. Selleck, F.T., Carmichael, L.J., and Sage, B.H., Ind. Eng. Chem.
44, 2219 (1952).
— 21 —
4. THEMOPHVSICAL PROPERTIES OF HVVROGEN SULTIVE
4.1 Vapoun. Pha&e. PKopzKtl<n> oh H2S
4.1.1 P-V-T Pxope.KtizA and Equation* o& State. {Table A-JJ
Numerous equations of state have been developed up to

the present time, and for many of these H 2 S has been used as
a test substance (1).
Equations of state fall roughly into two categories:
a) the van der Waals type involving two or more parameters
which attempt to account empirically for the free volume
of the gas and intermolecular attractions,
b) the virial type in which the compressibility factor is
expressed as a converging infinite series in reciprocal
molar volume (or density) or in pressure.
Leiden form: Z = Pv/RT = 1 + B/v + C/v2 + D/v3 + ... (4.1)
Berlin form: Z = 1 + B'P + C'P2 + D'P3 + ... (4.2)
The following relations exist between the first few coefficients
of these two infinite series:
B
" RT
^ (RT)"
3
TV = (D - 3BC +3 2B )
(RT )
For a pure substance, the virial coefficients depend only on

temperature, while for gas mixtures composition enters as an
additional variable. The most satisfactory equation of the
van der Waals type is the empirical, two-parameter, Redlich-
Kwong equation (2):
-22-
- Pv _ v a ,, ,N
Z =
WT " TTTT TD (4.3)
RT v-b RT3/2(v + b)
constants a and b are related to the critical temperature and

pressure by:
(4 . 4)
b - SlLRJ* (4.5)
Eq. (4.3) is a cubic in v which yields one real root above the
critical temperature and three real roots below the critical
temperature. At saturation P,T conditions (dew point), the
largest root gives an accurate calculation of the molar volume
of the gas, and the smallest root gives an estimate of the
molar volume of the saturated liquid.
Although the virial equation approach has the advantage
of simplicity and a theoretical basis in the statistical
mechanics of intermolecular forces, it presents the drawback
of inadequate information on the coefficients beyond the second,
particularly below the critical temperature. The lack of
knowledge about the third virial coefficient of water prevents
a convenient description of saturated H 2 S-H 2 O gas mixtures under
GS process conditions by 1 the virial equation of state. It was
found that Redlich-Kwong s equation gave better results when
used in modelling the phase equilibria of the H 2 S-H 2 0 system (3).
To be consistent in the use of the equation of state,

Redlich-Kwong1s equation was employed in treating the properties
of pure H 2 S under each of the following conditions:
a) superheated pure H 2 S vapour
b) pure H 2 S gas at temperatures above T c (373.6 K) and at
densities less than half of the critical density
c) humid H 2 S in vapour-liquid equilibrium with aqueous solutions.
-23-
Quantitative data on the volumetric properties of

pure H 2 S gas are presently available from three primary
sources, each covering fairly distinct pressure and
temperature ranges:
a) the low pressure and low temperature results of Wright
and Maass (4) extending from -35°C to 47°C with pressures
up to 0.40 MPa
b) the work of Reamer, Sage and Lacey (5) covering moderate
temperature and pressure ranges (4.4°C to 171°C with
pressures up to 69 MPa)
c) the high temperature and high pressure results of Lewis
and Fredericks (6) (100°C to 220 C with pressures between
9.1 and 168 MPa).
During the development of the present work it was found that
Redlich-Kwong's equation of state gives good reproducibility
of the experimental measurements of molar volumes of pure H 2 S
gas in the P,T range of interest to the GS process. Table A-l
gives the specific volume of dry H 2 S in the pressure range of
1.3 to 2.3 MPa and temperatures between 20 and 180°C.
Other Equations of State for H 2 S Gas
Besides the Redlich-Kwong and the usual virial equations,

several other equations have been used in the past for expressing
P-V-T behaviour of compressed H 2 S. In most instances the values
of the equation parameters are questionable. Also their
application to H 2 0-H 2 S vapour mixtures is uncertain because
of the empirical nature of their mixing rules. Many of the
equations chosen previously to describe the behaviour of H 2 S
have outstanding reputations in predicting the volumetric
behaviour of well-studied gases such as the lighter hydrocarbons.
However, their application to H 2 S is severely limited due to the
scarcity of precise volumetric data particularly at temperatures
less than T c .
West (7) used the five-constant Beattie-Bridgeman equations
for calculating several thermodynamic properties of H 2 S with the
constants determined from those of N 2 using corresponding states
scaling factors (8). A set of eight parameters for use with the
Benedict-Webb-Rubin (BWR) virial type equation were determined
for H 2 S by numerical analysis of P-V-T data from Sage and Lacey1s
work on CHit-H2S gas mixtures at temperatures between 71 C and
138°C and pressures to 34.5 MPa (9). The parameters for CHi»
were well known from previous work with this gas.
-24-
Starling (10) extended to eleven the number of

parameters in the various density coefficients of the BWR
equation for better results with low temperature gases.
The eleven parameters were obtained from a regression
analysis of the previously published volumetric data for
H2S (5). As the data used are inaccurate for temperatures
below 100 C, some of the constar^ ~'n Starling's equation
are of doubtful value.
Holleran (11) has developed a new type of state

equation that uses only three parameters and satisfies the
principle of corresponding states. It is based on the
observation that for many non-polar and polar gases (water
vapour excepted) a linear relation occurs between temperature
and gas density over a wide range of conditions where the
compressibility factor of the compressed gas is unity (the
so-called "unit compressibility law"). Holleran shows that
H 2 S obeys the unit compressibility law within the accuracy
of Lewis and Frederick's data for supercritical H 2 S. The
equation appears to hold for temperatures between T c and 5 T c
and from zero to somewhat beyond the critical density.
4.7.2 Heat Capacity oi H2S a* an Id&al Gai,
The best published data on the constant pressure heat

capacity of H 2 S as an ideal gas, based on statistical mechanical
calculations with spectroscopic data, have been expressed as a
regression polynomial (12):
Cp* = 34.1242 - 1.35836 x 10"2T + 5.76578 x 10~ s T 2
- 3.56297 x 10" 8 T 3 (4
-6)
where, Cp* = molar isobaric heat capacity for the ideal gas,
J/(mol.K)
T = temperature, K
Eq. (4.6) is recommended for use between 200 K and 620 K, which
adequately covers the temperature range of interest to the GS
process.
The heat capacity at constant volume for the ideal gas
is:
Cv* = Cp* - R (4.7)
where R is the molar gas constant (8.3143 J/(mol.K)).
-25-
4.7.3 Enthalpy o$ H2S Ga.4 (Table. A-2)

Theoretical estimates of H 2 S enthalpy have been made
by West (7), Burgess et al. (13) and in AECL-4255 (14),
using the method described by Dodge (15)• A different equation
of state to describe P-V-T behaviour of H2S was used in each
case. The fundamental equation for enthalpy is:
H(P,T) - H(PO,TO) = f (0\ dP +/ Cp*dt + / ( | p \ n d P <4 8)

'
where H(P,T) = enthalpy of H 2 S at T,P, J/mol

H(P ,T ) = enthalpy of H 2 S at reference conditions
P 0 ,T 0( J/mol
P* = sufficiently low pressure such that the gas
behaves ideally, kPa
The reference state of zero enthalpy has been chosen as pure

H 2 S taken as the vapour at To = 273.15 K and P o = 101.3 kPa.
After suitable transformations, eq. (48) converts to:
H(P,T) - H(PO,TO) = RTOU - ZO + f -£ (U)

v f
dv} +f Cp*dT
K
RT{Z - 1 + / i (^1 dv> (4.9)
'v
where Z o = compressibility factor at reference (T O ,P O ) conditions

Z = compressibility factor at final T,P conditions
v_0 = molar volume of pure H2S at reference conditions,
dmVmol
V£ = molar volume of pure H 2 S at final P,T conditions,
dm3/mol
Equation (4.9) can be further expanded in terms of
the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. However, this is a
special case of the expression for the enthalpy of humid
H2S (when the mole fraction of water vapour is zero). Since
the enthalpy of humid H 2 S is fully formulated in Section 5,
eq. (4.9) will not be further developed at this stage.
Enthalpy values of the pure H 2 S gas in the ranges of 20 C
to 180 C and 1.3 MPa to 2.3 MPa are presented in Table A-2.
4.1.4 Enttopy 0 (, H2S Gas [Table. A-3)

The absolute entropy of H 2 S as an ideal gas at the
normal boiling point was calculated from measured heat
capacities and heats of phase transitions in the temperature
range from 6 to 212.9 K (16,17):
S* - (101.3 kPa, 212.9 K) = 194.0 ± 0.4 J/(mol.K)

ri 2 £>
Absolute entropies of the real gas under other conditions

of temperature and pressure can be determined from the general
formulation.
b-real gas U,„F)

p . _ -* ,/
H2S ' " b H 2 S+J
212.9
Since in the present work the interest was to calculate

entropies of H 2 S gas relative to the entropy of the pure
real gas at 101.3 kPa and 273.15 K the following cycle was
employed to perform the calculations:
-real gas ( T p ) _ s£eal gas (273.15 K, 101.3 kPa) =
(4.
-27-
By noting that
/• P 2 / \ /-V2
l^\ dv
the Redlich-Kwong equation of state was used to yield:
q real
b gas p.
(r e)
{i <,real
b gas (2T>-ic K 1(11 o kPfl\ _
H2S ' H2S U/J.ia «-. 101.J KFa;
/"T Cp*dT + R ^ v-b _ 0 5a ^ v

r _ 0.5a £n (v+b)
Vr T b Vr T b
J213.15 " r' '
(4.12)
where a,b = Redlich-Kwong constants for H 2 S

T = reference temperature (273.15 K)
vr = reference molar volume of H 2 S, dm3/mol
v = final volume of H 2 S, dm3/mol
T = final temperature, K
Relative entropies of pure H 2 S in the range 1.3 to 2.3 MPa and

20 to 180°C are presented in Table A-3.
4.1.5 Fugacity oh H2S Gat> [Tabto. A-4J
The fugacity of the real gas is related to the actual gas

pressure through the equation:
f
H Q = % Q P (T fixed) (4
n2 D n2 D
where f„ s = fugacity of the real gas, kPa
P = pressure of the pure H 2 S gas, kPa
<PW „ = fugacity coefficient
•28-
When using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state, the fugacity

coefficient for pure H 2 S is conveniently expressed by the
equation (18):
In (-^ "
" RT / [[pp""^^
RT / Jdv "
and after integration:
_v_ - (Z-l) -£nZ (4.15)
Fugacities for pure H 2 S gas predicted from eq. (4.15), deviated

by not more than 2 per cent from the fugacities calculated by
Hoffman and Weber (19) using the volumetric data of Reamer,
Sage and Lacey (5) from the normal boiling point to the critical
temperature of H 2 S and pressures from 101.3 kPa to 6900 kPa.
Fugacities of H 2 S in the ranges of 20 to 180°C and 1.3 to
2.3 MPa are given in Table A-4.
4.1.6 3oule.-Thomi>on CQe.nie.lnnt oi H2S {Table. A-5)
The temperature change experienced by a gas through

adiabatic expansion is described by the Joule-Thomson coefficient,
defined as
rA
(4.16)
H
Eq. (4.16) can be converted into:
Cp \WJT
TOv/ST)- - v
-29-
From the point of view of the pressure explicit

Redlich-Kwong equation of state, the Joule-Thomson coefficient
is better expressed as:
yJT = - ^ (T(3P/3T)v/(3P/3v)T - v) (4.18)
T(3P/3T) - -5* + \ - * (4.19)
and
RT _
O P / 9 v ) 1 = T i/2^[v(v+b)]
j
2
(v-b)2
(4
The combination of eqs. (4.18), (4.19) and (4.20) was used to

calculate Joule-Thomson coefficients of pure H2S gas in the
temperature range of -60°C to 220°C and pressures from 100 to
2800 kPa. The results are given in Table A-5. The symbol -R
in the table indicates that H 2 S is not in gaseous state under
these P,T conditions.
Another important feature is given by the fact that the
Joule-Thomson effect gives rise to a cooling of the gas only
when M J X is positive. In certain regions of P,T yj^ is negative
and the gas will be heated by isoenthalpic expansion. The P.T
locus when yjx is zero sets the limits of possibility for
liquefying the gas by expansion.
For yjT = 0, eq. (4.18), (4.19) and (4.20) yield the

following cubic in molar volume.-
v 3 (5a-2RT 3/2 b) - v 2 (4RT 3 / 2 b 2 + 7ab) - v(2RT 3/2 b 3 + ab 2 ) + 3ab3 = 0
(4.21)
For a given temperature the molar volume is found from eq. (4.21),
and with v & T the pressure corresponding to the inversion curve
is calculated from Redlich-Kwong's equation of state.
The Joule-Thomson coefficient inversion curve of H 2 S is
illustrated in Figure 4.1.
-30-
4.2 Vfiope-fLtlzA ofi liquid and Ga&zoui, H 2 3 Along the. Saturation linn
4.2.1 Qtithobanlc. Ve.nAltle.6 and Molar Volume.* at Saturation

[Table.* A-6 and A-7]
Numerous measurements of the densities of coexisting

vapour and liquid phases of pure H 2 S have been reported. The
results are presented in Figure 4.2 with literature references.
The rule of "rectilinear diameter" for the mean of the orthobaric
densities at each temperature is followed very well along the
whole liquid-vapour equilibrium line. Liquid and gas densities
at saturation are related by a linear function of temperature:
(p. + p )/Z = 0.6416 - 0.7889 x 10" 3 T, T < T (4.22)

* g ~~ c
where p 0 , p = liquid and gas densities respectively, kg/dm3
T = temperature, K
This equation may be used to determine the specific volume
of H2S liquid at saturation when the specific volume of H2S gas at
saturation is known.
The Redlich-Kwong equation of state is capable of predicting
the experimental saturation volumes of the gas accurately up to
nearly the critical point. Expressed as a cubic in molar volume
it reads:
va . - 0 (4.23)
with a = 0.434 R T C 2 > 5 / P C

b = 0.0882 RT C /P C
At temperatures under T c the largest real root of eq. (4.23)

is to be associated with the saturation molar volume of the vapour
phase while the smallest real root is associated with the liquid
state. However, the predicted saturated liquid molar volumes
were consistently higher than those measured.
-31-
Another approach was attempted to predict the molar

volume of saturated liquid by using the generalized equation
of state for compressed liquids proposed by Tien Tsung et al.
(20). This followed the experimental volumes up to 75°C but
showed considerable deviations at higher temperatures.
At present, the most precise predictions use the Redlich-
Kwong molar volume for saturated vapour volumes and from this
the saturated liquid volume is determined by using the equation
of "rectilinear diameter". Tables A-6 and A-7 indicate the
saturation densities of H2S vapour and liquid respectively, in
the temperature range of -70 to 89°C.
4.2.2 Saturation Vapoui Vn.zi>i>ViKt [Table. A-8)

The vapour pressure of pure H 2 S was formulated over
the entire liquid range by the Cox equation (21),
log10 P s = A (1 - T b /T) + 2.00572 (4.24)

where P g = saturation vapour pressure, kPa
T = temperature, K
T b = normal boiling point, 212.88 K
A = temperature dependent constant
The constant A is expressed as a function of reduced temperature
using the vapour pressure data of Clarke and Glew (22) , Kay and
Rambosek (23), and Kay and Brice (24):
A = 5.6958 - 2.5610 T r + 1.3958 T r 2 (4.25)
Figure 4.3 shows the calculated vapour pressures for temperatures
between the triple point and the critical point.
Cox's equation is inconvenient to calculate T given a
certain saturation pressure P s . For this reason, the same
vapour pressure data were used to formulate the Antoine equation
(25) which is satisfactory up to 0.85 T c (^318 K with a corresponding
pressure of ^ 3200 kPa).
T < 318 K (4 26)

log10 (Ps/kPa) = 6.25411 - f^^yy, -
T
= 625411 8 -°io^ 0 (PS) + 19 77
' ' p s < 3200
-32-
Table A-8 presents saturation vapour pressures in the

range of -70 to 99°C.
4.2.3 Heat o& Vaporization [Table. A-9)

The heat of vaporization of pure H2S liquid is calculated
using the Clapeyron equation:
dp
s
1 = A (A O R )
dT T(v g - v £ ) W'**)
where A = latent heat of vaporization, kJ/mol
P s = saturation vapour pressure, kPa
T = saturation temperature, K
Vg = molar volume of gas at saturation, dm3/mol
v. = molar volume of liquid at saturation, dm3/mol
dPs/dT is available from the Cox equation as presented in 4.22,
while vj, results from the combined relations for the "rectilinear
diameter" and for Vg (from the Redlich-Kwong equation). The
calculated values or A agree within 3 per cent with those
predicted from the Watson correlation (26):
X- >'L . t , 1 (4.29)
1
using A' and Tr as the enthalpy of vaporization and the reduced
temperature respectively, at the normal boiling point.
Heats of vaporization in the temperature range of -70
to 89°C are presented in Table A-9.
4.2.4 Enthalpy o{, Satutatud H2S Gai {Table. A - J O )

The same formulation indicated in Section 4.1.3 was
used in the present case to calculate the enthalpy of H 2 S gas
along the saturation line. For a given temperature, the
saturation pressure was calculated with Cox's equation and
molar volumes of the vapour were determined using Redlich-Kwong's
equation of state. The results are presented in Table A-10.
-33-
The reference state for enthalpy values was taken as the real
gas at 273.15 Kand 101.3 kPa with H| a s = 0.
4.2.5 Enthalpy o£ Sa.tu.na.tzd U2S Liquid [Tablz A-77)

The enthalpy of saturated liquid H 2 S was calculated
at each temperature as
H
liq=Hgas " X (4
Results are presented in Table A-11. The calculated liquid

enthalpies agree well with the equivalent values reported by
West (7) throughout their common range.
4.2.6 Hzat Capacity o& Liquid H2S at Saturation [Tablz A-7Z)

Two sets of experimental data (16,27) are available
for the constant pressure molar heat capacity. Both sets are
for temperatures between the triple point and normal boiling
point. The formulation obtained for this low temperature range
is (12):
(Cp) - 3939.0 - 58.2807T + 2.92107 x 10"J T 2 - 4.87358 x
3
(4.31)
where (Cp) s = constant pressure molar capacity at saturation
conditions, J/(mol.K)
T = temperature, K
To estimate (Cp) s for liquid H2S at higher temperatures, the
fundamental equation
dH = CpdT + vdP - T(|^) dP (4.32)

9T p
indicates that the desired heat capacity may be determined from

the temperature coefficient of the liquid-phase enthalpy along
the saturation line:
8HT\ / /8vT\ \ dP o
) ltaJ ))
-34-
(Cp)g was calculated in the te~:r.stature range of -70 to 89°C

and is presented in Table A-12. dPs/dT was determined by
differentiation of the Cox equation and ( V L ) S as above
(Section 4.2.1). The quantities ( 9 H L / 9 T ) S and ( 9 V L / 3 T ) P S were
estimated by numerical differentiation of the values generated
from the formulations for H L and V L .
4.3 TfianApotLt Vnopzfitlz^ o{ Pu/te H2S

4.3.1 VUcalty o& H2S Ga& (Table. A-13)
Three experimental values for the viscosity of gaseous
H 2 S are given in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (28).
For the determination of viscosity at other temperatures,
the Chapman-Enskog equation for viscosity has been used (29),
employing the method of Monchick and Mason (30) to determine
the collision integral term ftv.
In general terms, the solution for viscosity is:
y = 2.669x10"5 Mr/ (a2ftv) (4.34)
where y = viscosity in mPa.s

M = molecular weight of H 2 S = 34.08 g/mol
T = temperature, K
a = hard-sphere diameter = .349 nm
2V = collision integral for polar gas, determined by
using Stockmayer potential
For H 2 S, U = 0.001274 /F x l/«v
The collision integral n v is tabulated by Monchick and

Mason (30) and Reid and Sherwood (29) as a function of T* and
6, where
T* = kT/e = J J ? T for H 2 S
and <$ = (dipole moment)2 /2ea 3 = 0.21 for H 2 S

-35-
The collision integral has been fitted to the

equation:
Slv = a + b log 10 T + c(log 1 0 T) 2 +d(log10T)3 (4.35)
giving
a = 8.19631
b = -1.22152
c = -1.38768
d = +0.33337
T = temperature, K
Testing the correlation against experimental data gives
good agreement (Table 4.1).
TABLE 4.1
VISCOSITY COMPARISON FOR H 2 S GAS
Viscosity, mPa.s
Temp. Experimental Data Monchick and Deviation
°C Ref. 28 Mason From Experiment
0 0.01166 0.01161 -0.4%

17 0.01241 0.01255 +1.1%
100 0.01587 0.01606 +1.2%
At pressures up to a few hundred kPa, the viscosity

remains essentially constant and at higher pressures it increases
with density.
The Coreman and Beenakker correlation has been found
to be quite accurate for low molecular weight gases (29):
= [1 + (0.55 pb Q + 0.96(pb o ) 2 + 0.61(pb o ) 3 )T* ( ~°- 59) ]
(4.36)
-36-
where y = viscosity at elevated pressure, mPa.s

y = low-pressure viscosity at the same temperature, mPa.s
T* = kT/e Q = T/301.1 for H 2 S
T = temperature in degrees K
p = density of gas in mol/cm3
b o = hard-sphere volume - 60.02 for H 2 S
For H 2 S:
V = VQ [1 + (957.319p + 100.282 x 10 3 p 2 + 38.252 x 10 5 p 3 )T ( "°- 59) ]
(4.37)
Table A-13 shows viscosity vs. temperature at various
pressures.
4.3.2 Vi&coAity ojj HZS Liquid [Table. A-14)

The viscosity of liquid H 2 S at saturation has been
reported between the triple point and the normal boiling point
(31,32) and it was also measured in the range of -11.5 to 50°C
by Hennel and Krynicki (33).
The data of Hennel and Krynicki covered a temperature
range of interest to the GS process, and were fitted by the
equation:
log (y) = a + k + «£. (4.38)
10 i •••
with a = -3.6480
b = 1.25601 x 10 3
c = -1.31834 x 10 5
y is viscosity in mPa.s, T is temperature in degrees K.
The calculated viscosities as a function of temperature are
shown in Table A-14.
37-
4.3.3 Thtfimal Conductivity o{, H2S Gcu [Table. A-15)

Barua et al. (34) have recorded the thermal con-
ductivity of H2S gas by hot wire cell measurements at
atmospheric pressure.
These data are in good agreement with those given in
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (28) (Table 4.2).
Barua's experimental data were fitted to give the

thermal conductivity as a function of temperature:
k = a + bT + cT 2 + dT 3 (4.39)
where a = -3.64399 x 10" 2

b - 3.34427 x 10"*"
c = -7.34909 x 10" 7
d = .63274 x 10" 9 and T = K, k - W/(m.K)
The thermal conductivity of all gases increases with

pressure, although the effect is relatively small at low and
moderate pressures,
A general figure of about 1% increase in conductivity
per 0.1 MPa pressure increase up to 1 MPa has been suggested.
For polar compounds at higher pressures, no method
of estimation has been established.
As an approximation, the generalized charts of Lenoir,
Junk and Comings (35) have been used.
For pressures up to 2700 kPa, the following relation
was derived from the charts:
k/kQ = 0.043 Pr + 1.0 (4.40)
where k = conductivity at pressure P, temperature T
k = conductivity at low pressure, temperature T
Pr = P/Pc = P/9007.49
P = pressure, kPa
-38-
Values of conductivity at various temperatures and

pressures are given in Table A-15.
TABLE 4.2
EXPERIMENTALLY MEASURED H 2 S GAS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal Conductivity
W/(m.K) x 10 2
Temperature Barua et al. Handbook of Chem.
°C
-78.5 0.548
-26.2 1.059
0.0 1.340
20.1 1.432
80.0 1.784
120.0 2.010
160.0 2.181
200.0 2.432
-17.8 1.176
- 6.7 1.246
4.4 1.315
15.6 1.401
37.8 1.540
4.3.4 Tkeimal Conductivity o& HZS Liquid [Tablz A-16)

No experimental data exist for the thermal conductivity
of liquid H 2 S. It was estimated from Vargaftik's modification
of Palmer's equation (36), which can be applied to inorganic
liquids:
-39-
where k = thermal conductivity, W/(m.K)

Cp = specific heat, J/(g.K)
p = density, g/cm3
a = abnormality factor = g? 354 T

A, = latent heat of vaporization at normal boiling
D
point (18,670 J/mol)
Tb = normal boiling point (212.88 K)
M = molecular weight (34.08 g/mol)
For liquid H 2 S a = 1, and eq. (4.41) is reduced to:
k - 0.13186 Cp p 4 / 3 W/(m.k) (4.42)
The density of liquid H 2 S was determined as explained

in Section 4.2.1 and the specific heat as explained in 4,2.6.
The calculated values of k for liquid H 2 S at saturation are
given in Table A-16.
4.3.5 SU.H&O.C.Z Jun&ion ofi Liquid H2S [Table. A-17]
The surface tension of anhydrous liquid H 2 S was measured

by Herrick and Gaines (37) in the temperature range of 25 to 40°C
They found that their data were well represented by the Guggenhei
equation (38):
/ T \ll/9
Y Y 1 <4 43)
" o I " T> "
where y = surface tension of liquid H 2 S, mN/m
YO= 80 mN/m
T = temperature, K
Tc = critical temperature (373.6 K)
The calculated values of y axe presented in Table A-17.
-40-
REFERENCES
1. Shah, K.K. and Thodos, G. , Ind. Eng. Chem., 57 (3),

30 (1965). ~
2. Redlich, 0., and Kwong, J.N.S., Chem. Rev., 44, 233
(1949). ~
3. Neuburg, H.J., and Walker, L.G., AECL* Unpublished Internal
Report, (1976).
4. Wright, R.H., andMaass, 0., Can. J. Research, 5, 442
(1931).
5. Reamer, H.H., Sage, B.H., and Lacey, W.N., Ind. Eng.
Chem. , 42, 140 (1950).
6. Lewis, L.C., and Fredericks, W.J., J. Cheiu. Eng. Data,
U (4), 482 (1968).
7. West, J.R., Chem. Eng. Progr., 44, 287 (1948).
8. Maron, S.H., andTurnbull, D., Ind. Eng. Chem., 33, 408
(1941). ~
9. Sage, B.H., and Lacey, W.N., "Some Properties of the Lighter
Hydrocarbons, Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide", American
Petroleum Institute (1955).
10. Starling, K.E., and Powers, J.E., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam.,
9, 531 (1970).
11. Holleran, E.M., J. Chem. Phys., 47 (12), 5318 (1967).
12. Touloukian, Y.S., and Makita, T., "Thermophysical Properties
of Matter, The TPRC Data Series", V. 6, p. 78, N.Y.,
Plenum (1970).
13. Burgess, M.P., and Germann, R.P., AIChE Journal, 15 (2),
273 (1969). ~
14. Galley, M.R., Miller, A.I., Atherley, J.F., and Mohn, M.,
"GS Process Physical Properties", AECL*4255 (1972).
15. Dodge, B.F., "Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics", p. 218,
McGraw-Hill, N.Y., (1944).
16. Giauque, W.F., and Blue, R.W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58, 831
(1936). —
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited.

-41 -
17. Cross, P.C., J. Chem. Phys., 3, 168 (1935).

18. Prausnitz, J.N., "Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase
Equilibria", p. 41, Prentice Hall Inc. (1969).
19. Hoffman, D.S., and Weber, J.H., Petroleum Refiner, 35
(3), 213 (1956). ~
20. Tien-Tsung Chen and Goug-Jen Su, AIChE Journal, 21 (2),
397 (1975). ~~
21. Cox, E.R., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 613 (1936).
22. Clarke, E.C.W. , and Glew, D.N., Can. J. Chem., 48, 764
(1970).
23. Kay, W.B., and Rambosek, G.M., Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 221
(1953). ~~
24. Kay, W.B., and Brice, D.B., Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 615 (1953).
25. Antoine, C., Compt. Rend., 107, 681 (1888).
26. Bhargava, R.K., et al., "Thermodynamic Properties of H2S-H2O
System", Government of India Atomic Energy Commission
Report B.A.R.C.-316, Bahba Atomic Research Centre, Bombay,
India (1968).
27. Clusius, K., and Frank, A., Z. Physik. Chem., B34, 420
(1936).
28. Weast, R.C., "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", 52nd
Edition, Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio (1967).
29. Reid, R.C., and Sherwood, T.K., "The Properties of Gases
and Liquids", McGraw-Hill, New York (1966).
30. Monchick, L., and Mason, E.A., J. Chem. Phys., 35, 1676
(1961). —
31. Steele, B.D., Mclntosh, D., and Archibald, E.H., Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc., A205, 99 (1906).
32. Runovskaya, J.V., Zorin.A.D., and Devyatykh, G.G., Zhur.
Neorg. Khim., 15, 2581 (1970).
33. Hennel, J.W., and Krynicki, K., Acta Physica Polonica, XIX,
523 (1959).
-42-
34. Barua, A.K., Marra, A., and Mukhopadhyay, P., J. Chem.

Phys., 49, 2422 (1968).
35. Lenoir, J.M. , Junk, W.A. , and Coinings, E.W., Chem. Eng.
Progr., 49, 539 (1953).
36. Perry, R.H., Chilton, C.H., "Chemical Engineer's Handbook",
5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (1973).
37. Herrick, C.S., and Gaines, G.L., Jr., J. Phys. Chem., 77
(22), 2703 (1973).
38. Guggenheim, E.A. , J. Chem. Phys., 13_, 253 (1945).
£UUU
1
^""""-•-•^^^ FIGURE 4.1
1800 ^"""""^^^ JOULE-THOMSON COEFFICIENT INVERSION CURVE OF H2S
1600
1400
1200
yn > 0 (COOLING)
1000
\
800 —
)
600
CRITICAL POINT ^_0^-^*
y jjn < 0 (HEATING)
/ •
400
f LIQUID H2S
200 1
25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000
PRESSURE, kPa
1.0000
FIGURE 4 . 2 ORTHOBARIC DENSITIES OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE
0.9000
• LIQUID DENSITY ,|Y t KUBOSH. IM.EM.
f ME!. 45.221(1153)
t> VAPOR DENSITY J ~
0.8000 O LIQUID DENSITY) H K I t t l l mO.EW.Oia.

+ VAPOR DENSITY J I?.' 1 4 0 1 1 8 5 0 *
n LIQUID DENSITY - CUM ( CUI. CU.l.Cm.

41.764(1970)
0-7000 A LIQUID DENSITY IIEKIC t iMMISII.Mmn.
CHE».2M,3«(I932)
V LIQUID DENSITY ZOIII el il ZHM.IEOtt.Mmil
12,2529(1967)
O.bOOO O LIQUID DENSITY]
i.Him. ICTI rnsic*
' POLOMICI. 23.4IK11S3)
EQUATION OF RECTILINEAR DIAMETER: (Pl+Pl) o VAPOR DENSITY
0.641fc-0.7889ilO' 3 T
- 0.5000 [T in k e l v i n s ) O
0.4000
-CRITICAL DENSITY = 0-3169 kg.dm"3

(V c = 0.09824 dtn3.mol "'
0.3000
0•2000
0.1000
TRIPLE POINT NORMAL
TEMP. BOILING POINT CRITICAL TEMP.
(-B5.8°C). I (-t>0.27°C) s o I (100.t°C)
0.0000
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 faO 80 100 120
TEMPERATURE (°C)
-45-
10
D TRIPLE POINT
O BOILING POINT
A CRITICftL POINT
103
FIGURE 4.3 SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE OF H 2 S
102
10
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 bO 80 100
TEMPERflTURE
-46-
5. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OV THE HZO-HZS SYSTEM
5.7 Llquld-Va.pou.fi Equilibrium P/iopzitlzA of, the. H20-H2S System
5.7.J Vapoufi-Liquid Equltlbilum Compositions [Tabtts A-1& and A - I 9 )

For a binary gas-liquid system, the basic equilibrium
relationships are:
fi g - f / (5.1)
f 2 g - fi1 (5.2)
where:
f.g = fugacity of component i in gas-phase
a
f. = fugacity of component i in liquid-phase.
The fugacities in the gas-phase can be written as:
fi g = <hyiP (5.3)
f2g = <f>2y2P (5.4)
where:
ij). = fugacity coefficients of component i in the gas-phase
y. = mole fraction of component i in the gas-phase
P = total pressure, kPa
If unsymmetrically normalized activity coefficients are
used, the liquid-phase fugacities can be written as:
s
f/ - YlxlPl ^ exp j v ' | (5.5)
. PO .- £
fa - Y2*x2H2>1 explî-} (5.6)
-47-
where:
Yi =• activity coefficient of component 1 (solvent)
=
Y2 activity coefficient of component 2 (solute)
= mole fraction of component i in liquid-phase
Pi = saturation (vapour) pressure of pure liquid 1 (solvent)
at temperature T, K
<J>i = fugacity coefficient of pure saturated vapour 1 (solvent)
at temperature T and pressure P x s
0
Vi = molar liquid volume of pure 1 (solvent) at temperature T,
dm3/mol
R = gas constant, dm3.kPa/(mol.K)
PO
H 2 > i= Henry's law constant of solute 2 in reference solvent 1
at temperature T, adjusted to zero pressure, kPa
Vz = partial molar volume of solute 2 in the liquid solution
at temperature T, dmVmol
In equations (5.5) and (5.6) the unsymmetrical normalization
of the activity coefficients has been used, so that:
Yi •> 1 as x, + 1
Y2 •*• 1 as x 2 •*• 0
Since all the variables defined in eqs. (5.1) to (5.6)

are functions of P,T and the mole fractions, for a given pressure
and temperature the mole fractions in equilibrium were calculated
iteratively (1), by making use of equations (5.1) to (5.6) and
the additional stoichiometric relationships:
xi + x 2 =1 (5.7)
yi + y 2 =1 (5.8)
-48-
A complete description of the system requires a

definition of the models used to calculate the different
variables in eqs. (5.3 to 5.6), as indicated in the
following sections. Also experimental information on
equilibrium compositions in a broad range of pressures
and temperatures is necessary for parameter adjustments.
For that purpose, the solubilities measured by Mather (2)
in the range of 10 to 180°C and 154 to 6670 kPa were
employed.
The experimental solubilities measured by Mather are

shown in Figure 5.1 together with predictions made by the
model for the same isotherms. Figure 5.2 shows the vapour-
phase mole fractions of H 2 S predicted by the model for the
conditions of the experimental measurements made by Selleck et
al. (3). The measured points are also included.
Figure 5.3 indicates different isobars between 100
and 5000 kPa for the solubility of H^S in HaO, for temperatures
up to 190 C. The limiting curves of three-phase coexistence
are also shown, with inclusion of the experimental data which
determined the boundaries of the region of coexisting aqueous
liquid (La), H2S liquid (Ls) and gas; and the region of co-
existing hydrate (Ss), aqueous liquid (La) and gas. The quadruple
point (S s , Ls, La and gas) is also included. The calculated
vapour-phase humidities and liquid-phase solubilities in
equilibrium are given in Tables (A-18) and (A-19) respectively.
5.1.2 Gat>-Vhcu>z Fugacltij Coniilclnnti, [Table.* A-20 and A-21)

In terms of the independent variables V and T, the
fugacity coefficient of species i in a gas mixture is given
by (4):
RT In*. = 1 |(^-) - — j dv - m n Z (5.9)

n
iT,v,n,
where Z is the compressibility factor of the gas mixture.

Eq. (5.9) when applied to the Redlich-Kwong equation
of state yields for the fugacity coefficient of component
k in a mixture of m components (4):
-49-
+^ L rto 3 * . * i .to is
where
<J>, = fugacity coefficient of component k

v - molar volume of gas mixture, dm3/mol
b = Redlich-Kwong constant for the gas mixture, dm3/mol
b^ =* Redlich-Kwong constant of component k, dm3/mol
y. =» gas-phase mole fraction of component i
a.., = binary Redlich-Kwong constant between components i and k,
1K
dm6.kPa.K°-;mol2
a - Redlich-Kwong constant for the gas mixture, dm6.kPa.Kc"
R -= gas constant, dm3 ,kPa/ (mol .K)
T » temperature, K
P = pressure, kPa
The molar volume of the gas mixture, v, is calculated from
the Redlich-Kwong equation of state (eq. 4.3 in Section 4.1.1).
The characteristic constants a and b of the Redlich-Kwong equation
of state are given by the following mixing rules:
a - E z y. y. a., (5. 11)
b - E y ± b. <5. 12)
where a. = a.. = ^ (5. 13)

1 1X P
ci
RT
' ci (5. 14)
-50-
fiai and flî are dimensionless constants, T c i and P c i are the

critical temperature and pressure of component i respectively.
The terms alj for i f j have been relaxed from the
geometric mean assumption and are calculated through the series
of equations:
al
ij Z p :
where
R T
w. + w.
Z .. = 0.291 - 0.08 (-i 1) (5.18)
cij 2
T
cij - ( T ci T CJ
c , vci are the critical volumes of i and j respectively, Zcij

the critical compressibility factor of the mixture, wi, WJ the
accentric factors of components i and j , and k^. a binary constant
representing the deviation from the geometric mean for
As discussed elsewhere (1), it was found advantageous
to use Redlich-Kwong's eq. (5.10) to calculate fugacity coefficients
of the gas-phase components as compared to a model derived from
the virial equation of state. Tables A-20 and A-21 show the
fugacity coefficients as functions of pressure and temperature
in the ranges of interest to the GS process.
5.7.3 He.nny'6 Law Constant {Table. A-22)

If Henry's law constant is referred to the saturation
pressure of the solvent (P?), eqs. (5.4) and (5.6) can be
combined to yield:
-51 -
p,S 5
logi0(<!>2y2P/x2) = logxoYf + logmHa,! + (v2 /2.303RT)(P-Pp
(5.20)
At a certain temperature, when (P-P ) ->-0, x 2 •*• 0 and y 2 ~*"1,
according to the unsymmetrical normalization of the activity
coefficients. Therefore, from eq. (5.20):
(5.21)
Figure 5.4 is a plot of the quantity i o g i 0 ( y )

as a function of the H 2 S "over-pressure", (P-Pi s ) s at the five
temperatures for which humidity data have been measured by
Selleck et al. (3). The values of x2 corresponding to Selleck's
y 2 values were obtained from Mather's data (2) at the same P,T
conditions. The solubilities determined at moderate pressures
(to 6.7 MPa) by Mather, are thought to be more accurate than
those measured by Selleck et al., especially at low temperatures.
Henry's law constant for each of the five temperatures

was determined as the intercept in Figure 5.4, corresponding
to (P-Pis) = 0. The values of K?1^ are given in Table 5.1.
TABLE 5.1
HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT DERIVED FROM FIGURE 5.4
p s
Temperature Logi o (<t>2y2P/x2) H 2j i
(°C) kPa
37.8 4.854 7.145x10"

71.1 5.076 1.191xl05
104.4 5.190 1.549xlO5
137.8 5.266 1.845xlO5
171.1 5.307 2.028xl05
These results together with those calculated by Clarke and

Glew (5) at low temperatures, were regressed to produce the
following polynomial suitable for calculating Henry's law
constant in the temperature range 0" to 180 C.
-52-
H?J? - 7.26781 x 10 6 - 9.42662 x 1O*T + 4.69977 x 10 2 T 2

- 1.12991T3 +1.33215 x 10- 3 T 4 - 6.22023 x 10~ 7 T 5 (5.22)
where Hfjf = Henry's law constant, kPa
T = temperature, K
The Henry's law constants calculated through eq. (5.22) can
be reduced to zero pressure by the relationship:
H??! - Hi,1? exp <v£ Pf/RT) (5.23)
The values of H|?I in the range of 273 to 473 K are plotted in

Figure 5.5 together with those obtained from the correlations
presented by Clarke and Glew (5), and Besserer (6). Table A-22
gives Hfif in the range of 0° to 180°C.
(To.blt A-?3J
The activity coefficients of the liquid-phase components
were calculated from the two-suffix Margules model (4), with
for the unsymmetric normalization convention yields:
In Yi = ^ x| (5.24)
and In y* = A ( x f _ i) (5.25)
Constant A is temperature dependent only, and was optimized with

a least-squares criterion by making use of the H 2 S solubilities
measured by Mather. The resulting values of A at each temperature
are shown in Figure 5.6 together with those calculated through
the fitted polynomial.
A(J/mol) = -.308509690 x 10 8 + T(.502979155 x 10 6 + T(-.341175130
x 10" + T(.123159307 x 10 2 + T(-.249394105 x 10"*
+ T(.268515538 x 10"--Tx.120066900 x 10~7)))))
(5.26)
where:
T = temperature, K
Equation (5.26) is applicable in the range of 10 to 180°C.
Activity coefficients of solute H 2 S (Y2) are given in
Table A-23. The activity coefficients of solvent H 2 0 ( Y I )
were found to be equal to one for all practical purposes.
-53-
5.1.5 VtM-Lt-izA o6 Aqu&oai Solat-ioni, o& H 2 S ; kppa.n.tnt and

Vatitlal Mola.fi Volume. o£ Vl^&olsjzd HZS [Tablz A-Z4)
Densities of H2S-H2O saturated solutions were reported
by Selleck et al. (3) and by Murphy and Gaines (7). To check
the consistency of the available data and to formulate densities
for the saturated solutions, the apparent molar volumes of
dissolved H2S were calculated using the published densities by
(7):
\ (5>27)
where:
<S> „ = apparent molar volume of H2S, dm3/mol
Mu o = molecular weight of H 2 S, 34.08 g/mol
H2O
Mj. Q = molecular weight of H 2 0, 18.02 g/mol

x = mole fraction of H 2 S in solution
d = density of the solution, kg/dm3
dr. 0 = density of pure liquid water at the temperature and
pressure of the solution, kg/dm3
Although Murphy and Gaines had calculated $„ s from their
density results using Selleck1s solubilicy data, $ H 2 S w a s recal-
culated using the better solubility resulcs of Matner and properly
introducing the density of pure water as given by Franks (8):
d
H 2 0 <kS/m3> =
<ao + a i T + a a T 2 + a 3 T 3 + aitT4 +
a 5 T 5 )/(l + bT)
(5.28)
with
T = temperature, K
aQ = 5.0756897 x 10 2 aM = -1.7344969 x 10" 7
a, = 3.2813464 a5 = 9.9308722 x 10" ! !
a2 = -4.6638625 x 10" 2 b = -4.5854083 x 10" 3
a3 = 1.2941179 x 10"1*
-54-
In the pressure range of interest to tl:•"• GS process,

the pressure correction of d ^ O *-S negligible for all practical
purposes. Figure 5.7 shows the values of $H2S calculated from
the various experimental sources. Included for comparison are
molar volumes of pure liquid H2S at its bubble point as well as
the molar volumes of dissolved H 2 S calculated from Lyckman's
correlation (9). Except at the lowest temperatures, the apparent
molar volumes determined from the data of Selleck et al. appear
to be too large and too dependent on pressure. As there are no
appreciable effects of system pressure on $H2S obtained from Murphy
and Gaines results (i.e., they are independent of concentration),
the values are essentially the true molar volumes for dissolved
H 2 S, Vgol^^ which was correlated
rrelated as a linear temperature function
over tRebrange 21° to 42°C:
°C:
="9.938 x 10" 3 + 4.865 x 10"5T (5.29)
where T = temperature, K
The molar volumes of dissolved H2S(Vu2g ) , were approximated by

the partial molar volumes of H 2 S (v|;( which is justified for
dilute solutions of gases in liquids at high pressures, provided
the unsymmetric convention for normalization is used (4). The
partial molar volume of solvent (H2O) was assumed to be equal to
the molar liquid volume of pure H2O at temperature T, which is
possible if the solution is remote from the critical conditions
of the solvent (10).
Although the formulation of Vu°i n given by eq. (5.29) is

valid only in the indicated temperature range, its use over the
entire range of interest to the GS process should not introduce
significant errors considering the good agreement between
extrapolated values at higher temperatures with those predicted
by Lyckman's correlation.
Densities of HjS-saturated solutions are given in
Table A-24.
5.1.6 Mottcu.Za.fi We-lght o{, Solution* and Humid Vapoui [TabZe.&

K-1S and A-Z6).
For each P,T set the mole fraction of dissolved H 2 S can
be determined, and the molecular weight of the saturated solution
is given by:
-55-
WML = 18.02 (1 - X R g) + 34.08 X^ g.g/mol (5.30)
Likewise, by knowing the humidity at a certain P,T, the

molecular weight of the humid vapour will be:
WMG = 18.02 y H 0 + 34.08 (1 - y R Q ) , g/mol (5.31)
5.1.7 Compxz-i-ilbmty Vactot and VznAlty ofi Humid Vapoun.

[Tablz& A-27 and A-2S)
By determining the molar volume of the humid vapour

through eq. (4.3) with the mixing rules of Section 5.1.2, the
compressibility factor of the gas mixture can be calculated as
Z
= <5
Table A-27 gives the compressibility factors of humid H 2 S as a

function of P,T.
The density of the gas-mixture can then be determined from:
p
m " r~KT~ (5.33)
m
Table A-28 gives the density of gas mixtures.
5.1.S Enthalpy o & Humid H2S [Table. A-29)

The enthalpy of H2S-H2O gas mixtures relative to suitable
reference conditions of the two components can be calculated
through a convenient thermodynamic cycle. The reference state
chosen for water is the pure liquid at 273.15 K and its saturation
vapour pressure (0.61 kPa). For H 2 S, the reference state is taken
as the gas at 273.15 K and 101.3 kPa. The cycle for determining
the enthalpy of one mole of gas mixture, at some prescribed
temperature and pressure, consists of the following steps starting
with the pure components in their reference states:
-56-
1. H n moles of water are vaporized at 273.15 K and 0.61 kPa

equiring 45,069 y R Q joules.
2. Water vapour is transformed into ideal gas at 273.15 K by

reducing the pressure to zero, requiring an enthalpy change
that is small and neglected here.
3. The temperature of the ideal water vapour is changed from
273.15 K to T requiring
•T
273.15
LH2n° dT
yH2S(= l-yH 2 0) moles of H 2 S gas at 273.15 K and 101.3 kPa

are converted to ideal gas at 273.15 K. The enthalpy change
here is 58.06 (1 - yn o) joules.
H2S as an ideal gas is changed in temperature from 273.15 K
to T requiring
273.15
6. The ideal gas components are mixed at temperature T, and
the enthalpy of mixing is assumed to be negligible.
7. The mixed ideal gases are compressed isothermally to the required
final pressure with an accompanying enthalpy change given by
(5.34)
From the Redlich-Kwong equation of state applied to the gas

mixture, the integral of the right hand side of eq. (5.34) is:
T (3Zm
(5.35)
/5 v \3T~ )
v,y±
dv ln
-57-
The calculation of constants a and b has been outlined in

Section 5.1.2.
The relative molar enthalpy of the gas mixture will
be expressed as:
H f s (T.P) - y H20 4z0 - (1 - yHz0) 4zS (J/mol)
= y H20 (45069
+ RT (Zm - 1 +R T l.D
V fb tn&&)
v
(5.36)
It can be observed from eq. (5.36) that the enthalpy of pure

H 2 S gas relative to H 2 S gas at 273.15 K and 101.3 kPa can be
calculated by setting yH 2 0 = 0. The Redlich-Kwong parameters
a and b will be automatically converted to those for pure H 2 S.
The same argument is true for the calculation of the enthalpy
of pure water vapour if yH 2 0 = 1.
Table A-29 shows the enthalpy of H2O saturated vapour
mixtures for the temperature range 303 to 453 K with system
pressures between 1.3 and 2.3 MPa.
The heat capacity at constant pressure employed for
H2O as an ideal gas was (11):
C * = 32.2245 + .1923 x 10" 2 T + 1.0550 x 10' 5 T 2

PH 2 O
- 3.5937 x 10" 9 T 3 , J/(mol.K) (5.37)
The heat capacity of H 2 S as an ideal gas is given in eq. (4.6)

-58-
5.J. 9 Entlopy oh Humid HZS [Table. A-30)

For simplicity, it was assumed that the pure gases
would be in the ideal state at a pressure equal to the vapour
pressure of pure water at 273.15 K (i.e., 0.61 kPa).
As with the enthalpy of humid H 2 S, the entropy of
H 2 S-H 2 O gas mixtures referred to liquid water at 273.15 K, 0.61
kPa and H 2 S gas at 273.15 K, 101.3 kPa, can be calculated through
a thermodynamic cycle as follows:
1. Entropy change from evaporation of pure water at the
reference state:
" ^H 2 O = 165 -° y H2 o
2. Entropy change by heating pure water from the reference
temperature (273.15 K) to the final temperature Tf:
» dT,
3. Entropy change by expansion of pure H 2 S from 101.3 kPa to

0.61 kPa at 273.15 K:
^0.63
<! - yH2o>
5aH „ (v + b u o ) v \
H2o • H2D O I
T L bb b
o - bHu 2 o
S < V H2S) v / '
here, v is the molar volume of H 2 S at 0.63 kPa, 273.15 K
and v o the volume at 101.3 kPa, 273.15 K.
-59-
4. Entropy change by heating H 2 S from T Q = 273.15 K to T f :
dT, J/(K.mol)
5. Entropy of mixing at TVc, 0 Gi kPa:
ln + ln
H0 yH0 U " yH0) »
6. Entropy change by compressing the gas mixture from 0.61

kPa to final pressure at the final temperature:
f v b C v + b)Vl
f fA f' 05a f
= m
J WT
V / T
ni ^
n i
^ ^ " x tt D <vf + b)v£t '
0.61 ' f
J/(K.mol)
V! is the volume of the mixture at 0.61 kPa and Tf, and

vf the final volume of the mixture.
Entropies of H 2 0 saturated vapour mixtures are given in
Table A-30.
5.1.10 Htdt 0& Solution oi H2S In (Hate.fi [Table. A-37)

Heats of solution of H 2 S were originally calculated by
Pohl (12) using low pressure solubility data from Wright and
Maass (13) and Selleck et al. (3). The Van't Hoff equation
was employed in the calculations,
AH - d(Rlnc) (c. oo\

AH (5 38)
s d<l/T) '
-60-
where AH S is the heat of solution and c the solubility at

101.3 kPa. The results were tabulated by Pohl and Hull (14),
and Burgess (15) fitted the heats of solution as a polynomial
function of temperature. This relationship was used in
AECL-4255 (16).
However, the heat of solution of gases at high pressure
should account for vapour and liquid-phase nonideality effects,
which will yield a temperature and a pressure dependence as
well. Sherwood and Prausnitz (17) derived a general expression
for the heat of solution with no simplifying physical assumptions,
whereby:
AH
Since extensive data on fugacity coefficients, activity

coefficients, mole fractions in the vapour-phase and mole
fractions in the liquid-phase are now available, eq. (5.39) was
used to calculate numerically the heats of solution in the pressure
and temperature range of interest to the GS process. Figure 5.8
shows the heats of solutions in the temperature range of 25 to
170°C at the pressures of 1.30 and 2.35 MPa. The pressure
independent values calculated by Pohl are also included.
Values of the heat of solution in the pressure range of

1.30 and 2.30 MPa and temperatures between 303 and 453 K are
presented in Table A-31.
5.1.11 Enthalpy ofi H20 Liquid Satutiatdd With VlAAolvzd H2S Gai
[Table. A-3Z)
With the newly formulated enthalpies of H 2 S gas, mole
fractions of dissolved H 2 S in H 2 0 and heats of solution, using
the same thermodynamic cycle as in AECL-4255 (16), the enthalpy
of saturated solutions was calculated from the equation:
-61-
H
s - *H,S H H 2 S + (1
" X H 2 S> H
H20 + X
H2S
where:
Hs = enthalpy of the solution at T,P, J/mol
HH Q = enthalpy of dry H 2 S gas at T,P referred to the pure
tt2b
gas at 273.15 K and 101.3 kPa, J/mol
H H n = enthalpy of liquid H 2 O at T,P referred to the pure
a u
* liquid at 273.15 K, 0.61 kPa, as given in reference (18),
J/mol
xH 2 s = mole fraction of dissolved H 2 S at T,P

AH = heat of solution per mole of H 2 S dissolved at T,P, J/mol
Table A-32 gives the enthalpy of saturated solutions in

the ranges of 1.30 to 2.30 MPa and 303 to 453 K.
5.7.7 2 Li.qu.zfac.tlon TzmpzuatuKe. o& H2S In H20 Mlxtuizi [Table A-33

This is the temperature at which H 2 S will liquefy in a
mixture of H 2 S gas, H 2 0 vapour, H 2 0 liquid and dissolved H 2 S.
Burgess (15) gives the following equation to relate liquefaction
point and pressure:
T = 47.558 £nP - 64.206 (5.41)

where P = absolute pressure, kPa
T = saturation temperature, K
This equation does not fit Selleck's (3) data below
1380 kPa and a more accurate fit is given by:
T = A + B £nP + C(£nP) 2 + D(£nP) 3 + E(^nP)" (5.42)
A - -3912.288
B = 2331.902
-62-
C = -495.4914
D = 46.90283
E = -1.64319
Equation (5.42) fits Selleck's data over the whole experimental
range.
5.J.7 3 Hyd.Ka.te. VoKma.tX.on Tzmpz.Katu.Ke. [Table. A-34)

This is the temperature at which hydrogen sulfide-hydrate
will form at a specified pressure. Burgess (15) uses the
following equation to fit Selleck's (3) data:
T - 9.3987 lnP + 230.15 (5.43)
where T = hydrate temperature, K
P — absolute pressure, kPa
This equation fits Selleck's data well over the whole experimental
range.
5.2 TKan&poKt PKopzKtlz-d otf SatuKatzd Solution*

5.2.7 Vi&co&ity o£ HzS Ga& SatuKat&d w-Lth Wate.K VapouK {Table. A-35
No "iscosity data for the H 2 S-H 2 0 gas mixture are available.
However, several accurate methods are listed in the
literature (19,20) to determine gas mixture viscosities.
Based on Sutherland's kinetic theory model, Wilke (19)
gives the following expression for the estimation of viscosity
for a binary gas mixture at low pressure
y° = m / [ l + (yz/yi)*i2] +uz/U + (yi/y2)<f>21] (5.44)
where y° = viscosity of mixture at low pressure, mPa.s

ya, H2 = low pressure viscosity of pure components, mPa.s
yi, y2 = mole fractions
-63-
<f> 12 = Ma/M 2 ) % ]
The viscosity of water vapour at low pressure (101.3 kPa) can

be determined from the international formulation of properties
of water and steam (18):
y = 10"- (263.4511 (Tr - .4219836243) + 80.4) (5.45)
where y = viscosity of steam at 101.3 kPa, mPa.s
T => reduced temperature, T/647.3
Equation (5.45) is valid in the range of 100° to 700°C. However,

extrapolation to colder temperatures (^ 30°C) yields values of
y within 0.4 percent of those tabulated for water vapour at the
same temperature and saturation pressure. Equation (5.45)
extrapolated to low temperatures was considered sufficiently
accurate to be used in the calculation of viscosity of H 2 S-H 2 0
gas mixtures.
Viscosity of pure H 2 S at 101.3 KPa was determined from

eq. (4.34) given in Section 4.3.1.
liitct OJJ Pie.A4u.fie.

As indicated by Reid and Sherwood (19), the most accurate
method at present to account for the effect of pressure on gas
mixtures viscosity is a modification of the residual-viscosity
technique. Dean and Stiel (21) have presented the equation:
(ym - y^)5m = 10.8 x 10"5(exp(1.439prm) - exp(-l.
(5.46)
where y = high-pressure mixture viscosity, mPa.s

-64-
y° = low-pressure mixture viscosity, mPa.s

p = pseudo-reduced mixture density, P m /P c m
p o mixture density, mol/cm3

p = pseudo-critical mixture density, mol/cm3
= P /Z RT
cm' cm cm
_ T l/6. l/2p2/3
cm ' m cm
\n is the mixture molecular weight, and the pseudo-critical

mixture parameters are calculated from the following mixing
rules:
T
cm = I
Z =
cm I
v
cm
cm cm cm cm
To use eq. (5.46), P c m should be given in atmospheres (kPa/101.3),

Tcni in K and M^ in g/mol.
Table A-35 shows the viscosity of wet H 2 S as a function
of temperature and pressure.
5.2.2 Vlt>co&<Lty oi H2S Saturated Aqatoui Solution* [Table. A-36)

The viscosity of H 2 S saturated aqueous solutions has been
calculated from the equation developed by Tamura and Kurata (22).
X2U2<|>2 + 2V112(X1X2<1>1<|>2)^ (5.47)

-65
where u = viscosity of mixture, mPa.s

xi, x 2 = mole fractions of components
4>i, <f>2 = volume fractions of components
=
Pi, P2 viscosity of pure substances, mPa.s
p12 = viscosity of interacting substances, mPa.s
P12 can be determined as a function of temperature using the

previous equation, if experimental values of y a r e available at
different temperatures. The only data availabxe for y m were
measured by Murphy and Gaines (7) in the. narrow temperature
range of 28.1 to 35.2°C. The calculated values of n u using
these data were fitted as a function of temperature using the
Guzman-Andrade equation (23):
y 1 2 - A exp(B/T) (5.48)
To determine the volume fractions <j>i, <J>2, the molar

volumes of the pure liquid components were required. They
were calculated using equation presented in Section 5.1.5 for
H 2 S, and the equation given by Franks (8) for H 2 0.
The viscosity of pure liquid H 2 S was determined from
equation 4.37 of Section 4.3.1, and the viscosity of pure liquid
water calculated from the equation given by Schmidt (18):
a2
T r - a3 r -i
n = a, 10 L1+ (p
r-P r S ) a" (T
r - a5>J (5.49)
where n = viscosity of water, mPa.s
Tr = reduced temperature
Pr = reduced pressure
= reduced saturation pressure of water
rs
and
-66-
ai - 2.414000000 x 10"*
a 2 = 3.828209486 x 10" 1
a 3 = 2.162830218 x 10" x
a* - 1.498693949 x 10"*
a 5 = 4.711880117 x 10" 1
Table A-36 presents the viscosity of the saturated

solution as a function of temperature and pressure in a narrow
temperature range.
It was found that the model predicts the observed
increase in viscosity of the solution with respect to pure
water in the P,T range of Murphy and Gaines' experiments.
However, for temperature above 40°C the viscosity of the
solution becomes about 4% smaller than that of pure water, due
to the fact that the term including y i2 in equation 5.47
becomes negligible at higher temperatures, and the viscosity
of pure H2Sj, is smaller than that of pure liquid water. This
projected tendency of p m with temperature cannot be confirmed
in the present absence of experimental information.
5.2.3 lkin.ma.1 Conductivity o& H2S Gai Satanatzd with Wate.fi Vapou
[TabU A-37)
No experimental conductivity data for H2S-water vapour
mixture were found in the literature, neither are there any
reliable methods of estimation available for polar-polar
mixtures.
As an approximation, the method quoted in Perry (24) for
gas mixtures has been used.
The mixture thermal conductivity at atmospheric pressure
can be calculated from component conductivity values with the
equation:
zy±v.
k
"
y H2S (34.08) 1/3 + y H20 (18.02) 1 / 3

-67-
where k's are in W/(m.K)

and y's are molar fractions of H2S and H 2 0 respectively,
(at the actual pressure)
The thermal conductivity of pure water vapour at

atmospheric pressure can be determined by the internationally
accepted formulation published by Schmidt (18):
- 1.0245 x 10" 2 - 8.2100 x 10"6T + 1.4096 x 10"7T2

- 4.51 x 10~llfI3 (5.51)
where \i is in W/(m.K) and T in K.
Equation (5.51) is valid in the range of 100° to 700°C.

Extrapolation to colder temperatures (^30 C) yields values of
Ai within 2 percent of those of water vapour at the same
temperature but at saturation pressure. Equation (5.51) was
considered accurate enough to be used in the calculation of
H2S-H2O gas mixtures thermal conductivities.
Thermal conductivity of pure H2S at atmospheric pressure
was calculated by equation (4.39) given in Section 4.3.3.
A correction for pressure effects on the thermal conductivit
of the gas mixture is difficult to calculate. However, it is
quite small and can be estimated from equation (4.40) of Section
4.3.3, where P r in this case will be the pseudo-reduced pressure
calculated as explained in Section 5.2.1.
Thermal conductivities of saturated gas mixtures are given
in Table A-37,
5.2.4 The.n.ma.1 Conductivity oh H2S Satufiatzd Aqu.eou-6 Solution*

[Tabla A-3S)
Several equations have been proposed in the past to

calculate the thermal conductivity of binary liquid mixtures
(25, 26, 27). However, usually one or more experimental
measurements are required to evaluate parameters of these
equations. Unfortunately, experimental thermal conductivities
of H 2 S saturated aqueous solutions have not been reported so
far, ruling out the use of these equations. One exception is
the equation proposed by Filippov and Novoselova (28):
-68-
k m = kjWi + k 2 w 2 - 0.72(k2 - k 1 )(w 1 w 2 ) (5.52)
where k = thermal conductivity of liquid mixture

Wi, w 2 = weight fractions of components 1 and 2
ki, k 2 = thermal conductivities of the pure liquid components
1 and 2.
This equation was used in the present work in spite of
the fact that it seems to be only moderately successful with
polar compounds. The thermal conductivity of pure H 2 S liquid
was determined as indicated in Section 4.3.4. The thermal
conductivity of pure liquid water was calculated from the
equation presented by Schmidt (18):
v =4 v=3 v=3
T
* = E \ r + (Pr-Prs) E V r " + <rr-^rs £ • CvTr
) <5 53)
'
v=0 v=0 v=0
with the constants:
a Q = -9.224700000 x 10"'
aa = 6.728934102 x 10°
a 2 = -1.011230521 x 10 1
a 3 = 6.996953832 x 10°
a- = 2.316062510 x 10°
b Q = -2.095427600 x 10"l
hi - 1.320227345 x 10°
b 2 = -2.485904388 x 10°
b 3 = 1.517081933 x 10°
c Q = 8.104183147 x 10" 2
ci = -4.513858027 x 10" 1
c 2 = 8.057261332 x 10" 1
c 3 = -4.668315566 x 10" J
where:
A = thermal conductivity of water, W/(m.K)
T = reduced temperature
P = reduced pressure
P__ = reduced saturation pressure
Table A-38 presents the thermal conductivity of the
saturated solution as a function of temperature and pressure.
The predictions were not extended beyond 80°C since the thermal
conductivity of pure liquid H 2 S could not be predicted beyond
this temperature. Anyhow, at 80°C the difference between the
thermal conductivity of pure water and that of the solution is
not greater than 2.6 percent, so that for higher temperatures k m
can be replaced by k,, Q for practical purposes.
5.2.5 Vifîuion Coe.i6icie.nt oh Hz0 in H2S Gai [Table A-39)

Hirschfelder et al. (20) predicted that for binary gp_aous
mixtures the diffusion coefficient should vary only slight-ly
with composition, and this is confirmed by experiment. In the
diluted gas mixtures of H2S saturated with H20, it can be
assumed that the diffusion coefficient is independent of com-
position in the P,T range of interest. Due to the lack of
experimentally determined diffusivities of H 2 0 gas in H 2 S gas,
the most accurate estimates can be achieved with Wilke and
Lee's (29) modification of the equation of Hirschfelder et al. (20)
p B
V2
i,2 = (ltl)* 1 M M . 1 (5-54)
Pa 2
-70-
with
B = 0.21684 x 10"6 - 0.04985 x 10"6 x + M2¥

MjM2 J
where D 1 > 2 = gas diffusivity, m 2 /s

T = absolute temperature, K
M!,M2 = molecular weights of components 1 and 2
P = absolute pressure, kPa
°i»2 = collision diameter, ran
= 0.5 (Oj + o2)
n = collision integral for diffusion, function of

fil 2
' kT/e l f 2
El, 2 =
) (x)
k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 10" 6 erg/K
£i,2 = energy of molecular interaction, ergs.
For the gas pair H 2 S-H 2 O, av,Q = . 3623nro and ou n = .2641nm

n?v
(19), and equation (5.53) is converted to:
2/2
D,,z = 6.007 x 10" 7 — J r^ (5.55)
Accuracies within + 5 percent are claimed for the

predictions made through equation (5.55).
-71 -
The collision integral ft},1! was fitted as a function

kT
of T* = - — , using the table presented by Hirschfelder et al. (20)
For H2S-H2O, —
,2 493.579
and
fifja1^* = 0.664266 + 0.852823T*"1 - 0.0761734T*"2 (5.56)
Table A-39 shows the calculated values of D ] , 2 as a function

of P.T.
5.2.6 Vllfau&lon Coe.Hlcle.nt ofi H2S In Hz0 Liquid [Table. A-40)
To predict diffusion coefficients of dilute aqueous

solutions, good approximations are achieved by the equation
of Othmer and Thakar (30) as modified by Hayduk and Laudie (31)
n 13.26 x 10~ 9 2. ,_ _7v

Di, 2 = , m /s (5.57)
where y2 = viscosity of the solvent (H 2 0), mPa.s

Vi = molar volume of the solute at the normal boiling
point, cmVmol (35.2 cm3/mol for H 2 S)
Few experimental values of Dj, 2 for the system H2S-H2O.
have been reported (32), and they appear to be very scattered
and confined to the low temperature region of 15 to 25°C. The
predictions through Hayduk1s equation were close to the
experimental data at low temperatures. Table A-40 shows the
calculated values of D j , 2 as a function of temperature.
-72-
5.2.7 Suifiace. lQ.ndi.on oh Wate.1 Agaln-it H2S Vapout (Tablz A-41}
The surface tension of water against H2S vapour was

measured by Herrick and Gaines (33) in the temperature range
of 25 to 40°C and pressures up to about 1900 kPa. More
recently Strathdee (34) extended the temperature range from
25 to 130°C and partial pressures of H2S up to 3200 kPa. The
experimental surface tension data measured by Strathdee were
fitted within the experimental error by the equation:
Y = Ci + C 2 T 3 + C3T5 + P(Ci, + CsT + CeT 2 ) (5.58)
where Y = surface tension, mN/m

T = temperature, °C
P = partial pressure of H2S, kPa
The numerical values of the coefficients are:
Ci - 72.7118
C 2 = -.239994 x 10"*
C 3 - .885018 x 10" 9
Ci = -.275632 x 10" J
C 5 = .384792 x 10" 3
C 6 - -.157879 x 10" 5
This equation is able to reproduce the experimental
results with an average deviation of 2 percent, and its range
of applicability is 25 < T < 130°C, 0 <_ P _< 3200 kPa.
Table A-41 presents the predicted values of surface
tension as a function of P,T.
-73-
REFERENCES
1. Neuburg, H.J., and Walker, L.G., Atomic Energy of Canada
Limited, Unpublished Internal Report (1976).
2. Mather, A.E., "Composition of the Co-existing Phases in
the Hydrogen Sulfide/Water System", U. of Alberta Progress
Report to AECL (1974)
3. Selleck, F.T., Carmichael, L.T., and Sage, B.H., Ind.
Eng. Chem., 44 (9), 2219 (1952).
4. Prausnitz, J.M. , "Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase
Equilibria", Prentice Hall, Inc. (1969).
5. Clarke, E.C.W. and Glew, D.N., Can. J. Chem., 49, 691
(1971). —
6. Besserer, G.J., "Investigation of the Phase Behaviour of
the Water-Hydrogen Sulfide System Using the Chueh-Prausnitz
Correlation", Canatom MonMax Report No. 9003 - Part 2,
August 1974.
7. Murphy, J.A., and Gaines, G.L., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 19
(4), 359 (1974). ~~
8. Franks, F., "Water a Comprehensive Treatise", Plenum Press,
Vol. 1 (1972).
9. Lyckman, E.W., Eckert, C.A., and Prausnitz, J.M., Chem.
Eng. Sci., 20, 685 (1965).
10. Prausnitz, J.M., Eckert, C.A., Orye, R.V., andO'Connel,
J.P., "Computer Calculations for Multi-component Vapour-
Liquid Equilibria", Prentice Hall, Inc. (1967).
11. Hougen, O.A., Watson, K.M., and Ragatz, R.A., "Chemical
Process Principles", Part 2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1959).
12. Pohl, H.A., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 6 (4), 515 (1961).
13. Wright, R.H., and Maass, 0., Can. J. Research, 6, 94 (1932).
14. Pohl, H.A., and Hull, H.L., "Thermal Behaviour of Counter-
current Equipment", USAEC Report DP-97, Office Tech. Services,
15. Burgess, M.P., and Germann, R.P., AIChE Journal, 15 (2),
273 (1969).
-74-
16. Galley, M.R., Miller, A.I., Atherley, J.F., and Mohn, M.,
"GS Process Physical Properties", AECL*4255, August 1972.
17. Sherwood, A.E., and Prausnitz, J.M., AIChE Journal, 8 (4),
519 (1962).
18. Schmidt, E., "Properties of Water and Steam in SI Units",
Springer-Verlag, N.Y., Inc. R. Oldenbourg Munchen (1969).
19. Reid, R.C., and Sherwood, T.K., "The Properties of Gases
and Liquids", 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (1966).
20. Hirschfelder, J.O., Curtiss, C.F., and Bird, R.B., "Molecular
Theory of Gases and Liquids", John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
New York (1953).
21. Dean, D.E. , and Stiel, L.I., AIChE Journal, 11., 526(1965).
22. Tamura, M., and Kurata, M., Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 25,
32 (1952). ~~
23. Guzman and Andrade, Nature, L25_, 309, 582 (1930).

24. Perry, R.H., and Chilton, C.H., "Chemical Engineer's
Handbook", 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (1973).
25. Barrat and Nettleton, "International Critical Tables", V.S.
p. 227, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., (1929).
26. Saskena, M.P., and Harminder, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 13
(3), 245 (1974).
27. McLaughlin, E., Chem. Revs., 64, 389 (1964).
28. Filippov, L.P., and Novoselova, N.S., Vestn. Mosk. Univ.
Ser. Fiz.-Mat. 10 (3), 37 (1955).
29. Wilke, C.R., and Lee, C.Y., Ind. Eng. Chem. 47, 1253 (1955).
30. Othmer, D.F., and Thakar, M.S., Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 589 (1953;
31. Hayduk, W. , and Laudie, H. , AIChE Journal, 2_0 (3), 611 (1974).
32. Himmelblau, P.M., Chem. Rev., 64, 527 (1964).
33. Herrick, C.S., and Gaines, G.L., Jr., J. Phys. Chem., 77
(22), 2703 (1973).
34. Strathdee, G.G., and Given, R.M., J. Phys. Chem., 80 (15),
1714 (1976).
7C
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report No. AECL-4255.
-75-
FIGURE 5.1 SOLUBILITY OF H 2 S IN
O MATHER'S EXPERIMENTAL DATA

7.0
PREDICTED 423.15 593.15
363.15
453.15 K
6.0
5.0 ~
Q_
4.0
3.0
2.0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
MOLE FRACTION H2S (X 1000)
-76-
FIGURE 5.2 MOLE FRACTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN

GAS-PHASE SYSTEM H 2 0 - H 2 S
EXPERIMENTAL DATA BY
O SELLECK, CARMICHAEL & SAGE
PREDICTED
444
310.93K
j I
0.70 0.80 0.90 1.0
MOLE FRACTION H2S
-11 -
FIGURE 5 . 1 SOLUBILITY OF H.S IN MTER
COMPOSITION or L , BASED ON SMOOTHED DATA OF MATHER
COMPOSITION OF L , «T PHASE BOUNDARY MEASURED BY HOIHEH
O L, COMPOSITIONS AT PHASE BOUNDARY MEASURED BY SELLECK et
COMPOSITIONS OF L , AT QUADRUPLE POINT ACCORDING TO

5EUECK c l al
D COMPOSIIIOKS OF I , COEXISTING l.'ITH SOLID HYDBATE

DETEBHINED B f 5CHEFFEfl
B L j COMPOSITIOHS flT QUADRUPLE POINTS DETERMINED BY
SCHEFFER
L , = LIQUID WflTER SATURATED WITH HjS

L , s LIQUID H ; S SATURATED WITH HjO
S ( H SOLID HYDRATE x H,S.6H;0
DAS E H,S GAS SATURATED WITH H.O VAPOR
REGION OF COEXISTING L, IHD G«S
REGION OF COE«1S'INS I,
OH OF COtXISTlNG 5, L, INC U S
24 n
MOLE TRACTION H,S IN SOLUTION (XIOOO)
FIGURE 5 . 4 DIAGRAM FOR HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT
5,50[ DETERMINATION IN THE H S-H 0 SYSTEM
5.40
5.30
171.1°C
5.20,
104.4°C So
5.10
5,00 71.1"" P
4.90
37.8°C
4 80
4.701
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
P - Pt (MEGAPASCALS)
-79-
FIGURE 5 . 5 HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT AT ZERO PRESSURE

SYSTEM H n O~H,S
20
(0
a.
15
^ CLARKE & GLEU

O BESSERER
PRESENT WORK
O
(Eq. 5.22)
O
10
>-
txJ
I I
200 300 400 500
TEMPERATURE, K
-80-
FIGURE 5 . 6 TWO-SUFFIX MARGULES PARAMETER
1
O OPTIMUM VALUES FROM MATHER S DATA
FITTED BY EQ. ( 5 . 2 6 )
14 —
12
/
jou !1 e/mo1e
10
8
/
1
19
O
6
: /
4
- /
2
; /
0 i I I 1 1
200 300 400 500
TEMPERATURE, K
FIGURE 5.7 MOLAR VOLUME OF PURE LIQUID H 2 S AND APPARENT MOLAR VOLUME OF
H 2 S IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
- SOLH
V,,
H 2 S. PREDICTED BY LYCKMAN CORRELATION
too H s OBTAINED FROM
90 FORMULATION OF MURPHY AND GAINES DATA:
MOLAR VOLUME OF PURE LIQUID (dmVmol) = 0.03351 + 4.865 x10'5t°C
H 2 S AT THE BUBBLE POINT
o (AFTER REAMER et al. IND CHEM.
o
o ao 42.140(1950)) RESULTS EXTRACTEO FROM
DATA OF SELLECK et al
o xH s = 0.0228
70
D X
H s = 0.0437
I
D A X
H s = 0.0556 ex
60
A
D
A
~ 50 o
A
D
30
T C (H 2 S)
20
20 40 60
1.
100
I
120 140 160 180 200 220
F.MPERATURE (°C)
-82-
FIGURE 5.8
MOLAR HEAT OF SOLUTION OF H 2 S IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
- - O - CALCULATED BY POHL
PREDICTED FROM SOLUBILITY MODEL
-ifc.O
-14.0
PHASE \ S. \
REGION N \
-12.0
o
3 -io.o
-8.0
o
-b.o
-4.0
-2.0
20 40 60 80 100 120 U 160

TEMPERATURE °C
-83-
6. VEUTERIUH EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIUM

6.1 Eqalllbulum Constantfaon.V Exchange. Be-tween H20 and HVS
[Table.* A-42 to A-44)
For the reaction:

HzO^ + H D S ^ H D C ^ . HjS^ (6.1)
the equilibrium constant is expras ed as.
[HDO]
KOmlt}
[HDS]£
There is some confusion in the publ ' -* literature as

to what constitutes Ko. It is often errc --J-y reported as
the mixed-phase equilibrium constant Kg£ because nearly all
experimental determinations have been for Kg£, where:
[H2S]
THDSj
A summary of the experimental and empirical determinations of

Kg and K-r£ are given in DP-97 (1). There have been some more
recent diterminations of chese equilibria and it was concluded
that the values reported in DP-97 are as accurate as any other
determinations.
The values of K p can be extracted from Kg£ if the relative
volatility of (HDS/H?S7g to (HDS/H2S)£, aR2S, if known. The
mixed-phase equilibrium constate is given by (1):
298
K , = 0.871 e( / T ) where T = temperature, K (6.4)
also:
[HDS] g
(6 5)
-
from where:
Kg£ . aH2g (6.6)
84-
K,£ can also be related to the gas-phase equilibrium

constant Kg, if additionally the relative volatility of
is
(HD0/H 2 0) g to (HDO/H2O) OIH2O. known. The gas-phase
equilibrium constant is expressed as (1):
[HDO1 [H2S1
K = ,3 g (6 7)
K
g [H20] • [HDS] '
(233/T)
K = 1.01 e (6.8)
also:
[HD01 [H20]
* (6.9)
[H 2 0] g
and Ko = K .^S^ (6.10)

g
* aH 2 S
Rzlative. Volatility oh (HV0/H20)g to (HVO/HzO)^ [Table. A-4S)

The relative volatility a^jp °f ^D0 to H 2 0 has been
determined experimentally and results from several sources are
reported by Kirschenbaum (2). These experimental results fit
the equation:
= 1.1596 e <- 65 - 43 ' T > (6.11)
6.3 R&tative. Volatility of, {HVS/H2S)g £ • {HVS/H2S)l [Table A-46)

The relative volatility «H?S of HDS to H 2 S can be calculated
from vapour pressure data measured by Clarke and Glew (3) for H 2 S
and D 2 S, which were fitted by the equation:
a H 2 S = 1.034 e<- 8 ' 037 / T > (6.12)
-85-
6.4 Hzat o& Rza.ci.lonfaonV Exckangz Between HzO and HVS

For the reaction H 2 O + HDS Z HDO + H 2 S, Pohl (1) has
reported for the heat of reaction AH° = -2481.7 J/mol HDO.
AH has been recalculated by Norton ^4) and the revised value
for the aqueous phase reaction is -2369 ± 40 J/mol HDO. This
value is used for all exchange reaction heat calculations.
6.5 Equilibrium Constant ôfi Vi&tKibutian o& V in Hz0 [Tablo. A-47)
K is defined as the equilibrium constant for the

reaction 2 HDO t H 2 0 + D 2 0
whereK
o =T7TT
The variation of K o with temperature has been reported by
Kirschenbaum (2) and fits the equation.
K Q = A + BT - CT 2 (6.14)
where T = temperature, °C
A = 3.7621
B = 1.5057 x 10" 3
C = 4.0 x 10" 6
6.6 Equilibrium Constant ôh. distribution o& V in H2S [Table. A-4S)

In a similar way to K in Section 6.5,
_ [HDS]2
K
ss " [H2S][D2S]
The variation of K with temperature has been estimated

by using the method of JacRson (5).
-86-
K = A + BT + CT2 + DT3 (6.16)

s
A = 3.33811
B = 4.19099 x 10" 3
C = -9.28477 x 10" 6
D = 7.1767 x 10" 9
6.7 Ovz/iall Vl6tn.lbu.tlon CoQ.HlclQ.nt (6) {Table. A-49)

The overall distribution coefficient, B, should be
defined as:
ft - X E (1 - YE) f6
3 (6>
- YE ' (1 - XE)
where XE -IÎTE? j l i q u i d H,,o+ d i s s o i v e d H2S
YE
•W
»^,TTf g a s e o u s H S + H 0 v a p o u r
At low concentrations of deuterium, i.e., <1000 ppm,
Q % XE f r -I g \
3 % Yg- (b.io)
Spevack (6) derived an expression for £ which is

sufficiently accurate for design purposes at deuterium
concentrations below one percent. By defining:
[HDO]
N = m n A , — •"r« Ai— = mole fraction of HDO in the water as vapour.
[HDOJ + [H2O]
[HDS]
= ra
n = TupWT—+ [U gi °le fraction of HDS in the hydrogen sulfide
-87-
where Kg = "gas-phase" reaction equilibrium constant.

For low deuterium concentrations the approximation
can be made that:
Kg £ £ (6-20)
The fraction of total deuterium in the liquid regardless of
molecular species can be expressed as:
Ah = \, 0 .
( 1 ) + S ( l )
a
H2O H2S
where S = moles dissolved (H2S)/mol (H20) liquid

a a
u nt u o = relative volatilities
similarly, the fraction of total deuterium in the gas-phase,
regardless of molecular species will be:
V
YEP _ n + H N , (6r
TT-n)4 Ny -
where: H = moles (H20) vapour/mol (H2S) gas
Introducing eq. (6.20) into eqs. (6.21) and 6.22, the

simplified definition of the overall distribution coefficient,
3, yields:
YTr (S + («„ Q / a H n ) Kg) (1 + H)
6 b
^ YE SZ q (l + KF.H)(1 +~S) (b.U)
-88-
The original definition of 3 derived by Spevack is equivalent

to eq. (6.23), except that he considered aft2s - aji2Q. Equation
(6.23) is in general use for deuterium concentrations below
1 percent.
To calculate distribution constants accurately at
concentrations above 1 percent D 2 0, a rigorous deviation for
XE (\ — YF^
a = Y E • (1 I YR) must be made. For a better understanding of
the next steps, the separation factor, a, will be defined as:
where: X = x^.TTi•,
. .j
\D+Hy]
'liquid water
"(WH)hydrogen sulfide dissolved in water

At higher deuterium concentrations, besides the exchange
reaction:
H 2 0 £ + HDS £ t HDO^ + H 2 S £ )
other reactions in equilibrium are also important, namely,
2HD0£ t H2()£ + D 2 0 £ and (6.25)

2HDS£ t H2S£ + D2S£ (6.26)
with the respective equilibrium constants given by:

[HDO]£
K (6
o - [H20]£[D20l£ "27)
[HDS]"
and K = JT;-^ * (6.28)
S ln2i>J lD2bj£
- 89 -
On the o t h e r hand, t h e d e f i n i t i o n s of X and Y lead t o :
/ n \ [HDO]O + 2[D 2 0] 0
X _
[water 2T[H 2 0] £ + [HDO]£ + [D 2 0] £ )
[HDO]^ + 2[D 2 0] £
fHDO]p + 2[H 2 0] £
similarly.
v [HDS]? + 2[D Z S] 5
Introducing the definitions of K o and K s in eqs. (6.30) and (6.31)

and rearranging:
K [H2 ]
x =
o °.
iTx fHlFT
1 + 2 [HDO]
2 l™Sh
•L + v~
(6.33)
1-Y
By defining:
[HDO] [HDSK
RTl and RSj
" TH7OT7 " TCTI7
^ _ 1 + 2RTi/Kn
-90-
Solving eq. (6.34) for RTj,

2X - 1 + V(l ~ 2 X ) 2 + 16X(1 - X)/K
RT, = ^ 4(1 - X)/KQ " <6"35>
Also:
Y 1 + 2RS1/Ks
= (6>36)
TTy 1 + 2/RS,
and RSi can be obtained from:

[HDO]^ [H 2 S] A _ RT,
/. KSi = RTi/K^ (6.37)
Thus if a value of X is selected, RTi can be calculated

from eq. (6.35) and RSi from eq. (6.37). Substituting RSi in
eq. (6.36) enables Y to be calculated. XE can then be found
from :
XE = (X + Y.S)/(1 + S) (6.38)
with S as defined previously. This completes the liquid-phase
calculations.
The concentration of deuterium in the water vapour above
the liquid, XV, is defined as:
XV -( D \
VD+H/water vapour
In a similar way as the derivation made for X.
1 +
XV _
" 1+ Z "39)
Since all the variables of the right-hand side of eq. (6.39) are
known, XV can be determined.
-91 -
Similarly, the concentration of deuterium in the H2S

gas above the liquid, YQ, is related to that dissolved in
the liquid by the relative volatility CXH2S S O that:
1 + 2RS..q
YE can then be calculated from:
„„ YQ + XV.H -,
YE = ( 6 )
a + H)
With XE and YE known, the overall distribution coefficient
g can then be found from eq. (6.17).
This derivation of 6 is a function of X (or XE) and enables
calculations to be made when X > 0.01. Table 6.1 shows how |3
varies with X at higher concentrations. It should be noted that
for X < 0.001, 3 differs from Spevack's (SRP) value by 0.09% at
32.2°C and by 0.02% at 129.4°C.
For low deuterium concentrations, 3 can be calculated
using Spevack's equation, or through the derived method by
assuming a low value of X (e.g., X = 10~ 6 ). For high deuterium
concentrations, 3 can be obtained by substituting the appropriate
value of X. Table A-49 presents the overall distribution constant
as a function of P,T.
REVERENCES
1. Pohl, H.A., and Hull, H.L., "Thermal Behaviour of Counter-
current Equipment", USAEC Report DP-97, Office Tech. Services,
2. Kirschenbaum, I., "Physical Properties and Analysis of Heavy
Water", National Nuclear Energy Series 111-4A, McGraw Hill,
New York (1951).
3. Clarke, E.C.W., and Glew, D.N., Can. J. Chem., 48 764 (1970).
4. Norton, P.R., and Richards, P.J., Atomic Energy of Canada
Limited, Unpublished Internal Report (1971).
5. Jackson, D.P., Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Report
AECL-3382, (1970).
6. Spevack, J.S., USAEC Report A-393, Office Tech. Services,
- 92 -
TABLE 6.1
VARIATION OF DISTRIBUTION CONSTANT (Beta)
WITH DEUTERIUM CONCENTRATION
Beta (Cold) Beta (Hot)

kPa 2031. 2169.
°C 32.2 129.4
SRP Value 2.2711 1.6405
D/(D+H)
.000100 2.2690 1.6402

.000250 2.2691 1.6402
.000400 2.2691 1.6402
.000550 2.2691 1.6402
.000700 2.2691 1.6403
.001000 2.2691 1.6403
.002500 2.2693 1.6404
.004000 2.2694 1.6406
.005500 2.2695 1.6407
.007000 2.2697 1.6408
.010000 2.2699 1.6411
.025000 2.2712 1.6425
.040000 2.2725 1.6439
.055000 2.2738 1.6453
.070000 2.2750 1.6466
.100000 2.2775 1.6494
.250000 2.2893 1.6636
.400000 2.2996 1.6783
.550000 2.3081 1.6934
.700000 2.3140 1.7089
7. COMPUTER PROGRAM TOR CALCULATING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OT
GS PROCESS MATERIALS
The computer program included consists of three
FORTRAN functions written to calculate the properties of
water (WATER), hydrogen sulfide (HTWOS), and mixtures of
both in aqueous and gaseous phase (GSPROP). The properties
are calculated in SI units following the formulation described
in Sections 3 to 6. Most properties of pure water were
programmed from internationally accepted formulations (1).
To improve computational efficiency, the original equations
were rearranged and constants regrouped whenever possible.
In most cases the resultant calculations may be performed
on a programmable desk calculator.
Documentation that precedes the logic in each function

indicates the arguments required, and the properties calculated
in that function with the corresponding units.
The programming structure is essentially modular so
that each property consists of a relatively short number of
statements executed independently from the rest of the function.
Exceptions are those properties which require the gaseous molar
volume, involving the solution of tha Redlich-Kwong equation of
state which is a cubic in volume. To avoid machine dependency
resulting from the use of a library subroutine, a subfunction was
included in each function which calculates only the required root
for the gaseous molar volume. This subroutine was linked to the
property modules requiring molar volumes by ASSIGN statements.
The modules are reached by entry points and each entry

name consists of six letters. The first two indicate the
property (VI - viscosity, CF - compressibility factor, etc.).
The next three describe rhe material (HHO - water, HHS - hydrogen
sulfide, HSO - gaseous mixtures and liquid solutions). The
sixth letter indicates the phase (L - liquid, G - gas or vapour,
M - mixed phases). For example, ENHHOL is the entry point for
the enthalpy of liquid water, and the user would require a
statement such as X = ENHHOL (TK.PK) in his main program to
obtain the value.
Since the vapour-phase and liquid-phase mole fractions
of saturated H 2 S-H 2 O mixtures have to be determined iteratively
as explained in Section 5.1.1, the tabulated values between 30
and 180 C and 1.3 to 2.3 MPa were regressed as functions of pressure
and temperature. The vapour-phase mole fraction of water at
saturation was included in function WATER (ENTRY HUHHOG), and
the liquid-phase mole fraction of hydrogen sulfide at saturation
was included in function HTWOS (ENTRY SOHHSL). In addition to
the properties of pure hydrogen sulfide, function HTWOS also
includes entries for the heat of solution of hydrogen sulfidc
in water (HSHHSG), dew point of wet gas (DPHMSG), and temperature
of hydrate formation (THHHSL).
Function GSPROP calculates the properties of gas mixtures
and liquid solutions not necessarily at saturation conditions.
Therefore, the mole fractions of dissolved hydrogen sulfide (XH2S)
and water vapour in gaseous mixtures (YH2O), are included as
arguments in addition to temperature and pressure. To calculate
the properties at saturation for a certain pressure and temperature,
XH 2 S and YH 2 O have to be determined from functions HTWOS and
WATER respectively.
A number of properties in GSPROP (namely equilibrium
constants and relative volatilities) are only temperature
dependent, and in this case pressure and mole fractions are
carried as dummy variables. Surface tension was measured at
saturation conditions whereby its formulation is only pressure
and temperature dependent, and in this case, the mole fractions
are dummy variables. The rest of the properties are composition
dependent, and only the mole fraction of the other phase is a
dummy variable.
REFERENCE
1. Schmidt, E., "Properties of Water and Steam in SI Units",
Springer Verlag, N.Y., 1969.
05
1 *0ECK HHO
FUNCTION WATER<TK,FK>
C
C PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AKC STEAM
5 C
C ARGUMENTS
C TK - TEMFERATURE IN DEGREES KELVIN
C PK - PRESSURE IN KILOPASCALS
C
10 C ENTRY POINTS LIST OF PROPERTIES UNITS
C
C CFHHOG COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR FOR H20 VAFOR
C OEHHOG DENSITY OF H20 VAPOR KG./CU.METRE
C DEHHOL DENSITY OF LIQUID WATER KG./CU.METRE
15 C ENHHOG ENTHALPY CF H20 VAPCR JOULES/MOLE
C ENHHOL ENTHALPY CF LIQUID WATER JOULES/MOLE
C HCHHOG HEAT CAPACITY OF WATER VAFOR JOULES/MOLE/DEG.K
C HUHHOG HUMIDITY CF WATER Ih H2S MOLES/MOLE
C PSHHOL SATURATION PRESSURE OF LICUID WATER KILOPASCALS
20 C TCHHOG THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER VAPCP WATTS/MFTRE/OEGcK
C TCHHOL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIOUID WATER WATTS/METRE/DEfi.K
C VIHHOG VISCOSITY OF WATER VAPCP KG./METPE/SEC.
C VIHHOL VISCOSITY OF LICUID WATER KG./METPF/SEC.
C
25 C STATEMENT FUNCTION FOR THE SATURATION PRESSURE OF WATER
C
PSAT(TK) = EXPM-.256674F 03 • TK*( .13938PE 01 • TK*(-.318580E-02
« • TK*< .405906E-05 + TK*(-.302229E-0P + TK* .1P46G6E-11
"5 ))))) / ( TK»< .403865F.-01 • TK* (-. 110066E-03
30 « • TK* .77336<5E-07> ) ) ) * 22120.
C
C SOLUTION OF RECLICH EQUATION OF STATE FOR WATFR VAPOR
C
1 7 = SHRT(TK)
35 P = -?.771AP « TK/PK
C = <4P9fl.296/IP**l) - 6,0flfl05E-2*TK/PK - 1.60fl47E-A
D = -T22.aO01/<PK»T>
o = r - R*B
R = P « (0 • . 5 * 0 ) - .S*D
40 D = 0*0*0 • R*P
IF(D .GF. 0.0) GO TO 2
PSI = ATAN(SQRT(-C)/P)
IF (R .I.T. 0.0) PSI = PSI • 3.1A15926
V = ?. » S0RT(AFS(O)) * CCS(0.33333«PSI) - F
45 GO TO LAPFL(10»20f30>
C
2 0 = SCRT(D)
C = R • 0
D = R - 0
50 V = C/APS(C) * <C*C)*«.1^6667 • D/APS(D> * (D*D<*•.166667 - *
GO TO LAPEL<10<20«30)
C
ENTRY cn-HOG
C
55 ASSIGN 10 TO LAPEL
GO TO I
10 WATft? = PK * V / ( f i . 3 1 4 4 3 * TK)
RETURN
C
60 ENTRY DEHHOG
C
ASSIGN 20 TO LABEL
GO TO 1
20 WATER = 18.02 / V
65 RETURN
C
ENTRY OEHHOL
C
T = TK/647.3
70 P = PK/22120.
Z = 1. - .84383fi»T*T - .536216E-3/T«»6
2 - .397208 * (Z • SORT(!.72*2*Z - ,146846»T • ,0995172«P)>
$ #*(-.294118)
WATER = 7 - 2.616572E-2 • T»(1.522412E-3 • 2.284279E-2»T> •
75 $ 242.1647«(.6537 - T>«*10 • 1.269716E-10/(1.15E-6 •
* -(2.074838E-? • P* (4.34fl04E-8 • 3.317132E-9»P)) /
% (1.510PE-5 • T*»ll)
WATER = 315.457 / < WATER - 12.93440*T»*18«(.14188 • T»T) •
* (-3./(7.00275 • P>»*4 • 2.99528E-4) • P*»2»(8.00569E-6 -
80 % 3.924357E-5*T • 2.41905E-13«P/T*«20>)
RETURN
c ENTRY ENHHOG
c ASSIGN 30 TO LABEL
GO TO 1
30 WATER = 36128.5 • TK#(?3.<; • TK»<9.6129E-4 • TK«(3.516PE-6 -
* 8.9e415E-10*TK>)> - 1 .00344E6»ALOG(1 . • .021966«/\/»
% / T
RETURN
c ENTPY 1FfMNHDL
c T TK/647.3
95 P = PK/?2120.
Y
DY = 1.6876751»T • 3.217?97E-3/T»«7
7 = Y • SORT(1,7?»Y«Y - .146fi456«T •
WATEP = 542.206367 • T«(-6824.6e7741 • T«( 39412.W7P7 • T«(
100 % -134665.555 • T* ( 2=17071.4308 • T* (-437564.7096 • T« (
% 429542.083 • T« (-P70670.1245 * T*( 992(f<J.7?4pp -
% 16138.16PQ«T ))>>))))
WATER = - WATEC • 7 ,9826t5*7«* (-.2941181 « (7* { ,586207»7 -
* 1.41667*Y • .41(£.667»T»nY> + .073422S»T - ,72«T»Y»nY)
105 WATFP = WATEP - P*(.026U57184 • . 022842791«T«T - 2179.4823»
* (T+ .07263505)*(.65371543 -
% (T*«19 • 5.75E-8) / (T»#ic> • l,I5E-6)*«2)
WATEP a ii«ATEP - p * < ?. .489P06E-6 • P* ( 2 . 6 0 8 8 2 4 4 E - 7 •
HO WATER = <WATFP • 2 4 5 . 7 5 3 9 6 » T « « 1 8 • ( . 1 2 6 9 4 5 2 6 • T»T) «

* <2.9952849E-A*P • 1./(7.0027532+P)«»3) • P**3»
t (2.6698563F-6 • 1 .2701^01EE-12 * P / T*«?0>> » 1263.5696
-97-
115 ENTRY HCHHOG

C
WATER = .322245E 2 • TK*( .i:2259E-2 • TK*( .105504E-4 -
f .359366E-e * TK))
RETURN
120 C
ENTRY HUHHOG
C
P = 1.E3/PK
GSPROP = .01852978 - TK* .7E07126E-4 • .6865968E-17*TK«*6 • P«(
125 « 13.544038 • TK*(-.1B88656 • TK*(.1C20128F-2 • TK*(
? -.26140565E-5 - .5309210E-10*P*P • TK» (.3036590E-R •
$ ,3738S32E-12»P - .1115869F-11*TK)))))
RETURN
C
130 ENTRY PSHHOL
C
,'ATEP = PSAT(TK)
RETURN
C
135 ENTRY TCHHOG
C
WATER = .010245 • TK*(-.82132F-5 • TK*(.1410E-6 - TK».451F-10>)
RETURN
C
140 ENTRY TCHHOL
C
T = TK/647.3
p = (PK - PSfiT(TK)) / 22120.
WATFP = -.922470 •
145 * T*( 6.72893 • T*(-10.1123 • T*( o.99695 - T«?.31606))) •
* "»(-.209543 • T*< 1.32023 • T*(-2.43590 • T*l.51708)) *
^ PM.081041P + T*(-.451386 • T*( .805726 - T*.466832)* ))
RETURN
C
150 ENTRY VTHHOG
C
WATER = .407E-7*TK - .30772F-5
RETURN
C
155 ENTRY VTHHOL
C
WATEP = (.2414E-4 • .25041F-12 • «PK - PSAT(TK)) * (TK - 305.))*
« 1O.**(247.4O4P / <TK - 140.))
RETURN
160 END
-98-
«DECK HHS
FUNCTION HTWOS<TK»PK)
C
C PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASEOUS AND LlfiUID *YORCG't"N SULFIBE
C
C ARGUMENTS
C TK TEMPERATURE IN DECREES KELVIN
C PK PRESSURE IN KILOPASCALS
C
10 C ENTPY POINTS LIST OF PROPERTIES UNITS
C
CFHHSG COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR CF H2S GAS
DEHHSG DENSITY OF H2S GAS KG./CU.METRE
DPHHSG DEW PCINT OF WET H2S GAS DE6.K.
15 ENHHSG ENTHALPY CF H2S GAS JOULES/MOLE
HCHHSG HF.AT CAPACITY OF H2S GAS JOULES/MOLE/DEG.K
HSHHSG HEAT CF SOLUTION OF H2S IK H20 JOULES/MOLE
PSHHSL SATURATION PRESSURE OF *>2S LI«UIO KILOPASCALS
SOHHSL SOLUBILITY OF H2S IK WATER MOLES/MOLE
20 TCHHSG THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF H2S GAS WATTS/METRE/DEr,.K
TCHHSL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LlflUIR H2S WATTS/METRE/DEG.K
THHHSL TEMPERATURE OF HYORATE FORMATION OEG.K.
TSHHSL SATURATION TEMPERATURE OF H2S Ll«tlD OEG.K
VIHHSG VISCOSITY OF H2S GAS KG./MFTRE/SEC.
VIHHSL VISCOSITY OF LIOUID H2S KG./METRE/SEC.
SOLUTION OF RECLICH EQUATION OF STATE FOR +YDRCGFN SULFIDF

T = SORT(TK)
30 R = -?.771Afi « TK/PK
C = ?<J9ft.25/(PK*T> - . - 3.08567E-A
D = -?73.<f862/<FK«T>
0 = c - W»B
R = q • (0 • .5«C> - . 5«n
35 D = O»O*O • R»R
IF<0 .GF. 0.C) GO TO 2
PSI = ATAN(S<JPT(-C)/R>
IF (P . L T . 0.0) PSI = PSI • 3.1415926
V = ?. » SQRT(AeS<On C0S(0.33333«PSI) -
GO TO LAPFLU0«20»30.40>
0 = SORT(D)
c = P • 0
D = R - 0
V = C/ARS(C) * (C»C)«*.166667 • D/APS<D) * <O«D)««.166667 - 9
GO TO LAPEI.(10»20»30«AO)
C
C
FNTRY CFHHSG
ASSIGN 10 TO LARF.L
GO TO 1
10 HTWOS = PK » V / <fi.31443 « TK)
RETURN
ENTRY OF.HHSG
-99-
ASSIGN 20 TO LABEL
60 TO 1
60 20 HTWOS = 34.08 / V
RETUPN
C
ENTPY DPHHSG
C
65 P = ALOG(.145029*PK)
HTWOS = -942.249 • P*( 895.750 • P«<-260.564 • P»(34.2120 -
% P* 1.64319)))
PETUPN
C
70 ENTPY ENHHSG
C
ASSIGN 30 TO LABEL
GO TO 1
30 HTWOS = -9098.32 • TK«<25.8089 • TK«(-6.7918F-3 • TK#(1.92193E-5 -
75 $ 8.90742E-9*TKM) • PK«V - 4.43l54E5*AL0G < 1.*.03042537/v>
$ /T
RETURN
C
ENTRY HCHHSG
80 C
HTWOS = .341242E 2 • TK*(-.135836E-1 • TK»< .576578E-4 -
S .356297E-7*TK))
RETUPN
C
P5 ENTRY HSHHSG
C
T = l./TK
P = 1.E3/PK
HTWOS = -,197f2823E07 • .493«J2654E07«P • .23553729E04*P»»5 * T*(
90 % .220P1637E10 - ,90716291E10*P • T« ( .66424594R:i3*P • T# {
"S -,1001062eF16 - ,24245227E16*P - .71433945E12*P»*3 • T* <
$ ,549e8942E18 > .441167O5E18*P • ,42967062E15»P#*2 • T# (
% -.12046576F21 - .32115756E20»P • .97538143P22»T )))))
RETURN
9S C
ENTRY PSHHSL
C
HTWOS = 10.«»<9.1*0fl - 1212.52/TK - TK*(.89838E-2 - l.F-5*TK) )
RETURN
100 C
ENTRY SOHHSL
T = l./TK
HTWOS = - . 1 6 3 3 4 8 9 1 • .14096132E-4»FK • T » ( 9 5 . 9 0 9 5 4 -
f ,56263771E-2*PK • T»»3«<-.2945149E10 • 1 2 . 1 6 7 9 P 3 * P K * P K •
10°; f T*(.54391156Efl*PK + T« (-.19275704F7«PK»FK • T* (
f . H 0 0 « e 5 4 E 1 8 - ,19429'=04E20»T )))>)
RETURN
C
ENTRY TCHHSG
110 C
T = T* - 273.15
HTWOS = <1.2966E-2* T«(7.4542F-5 - T*(?.1632E-7 - 6.3247F-10«T)))
.11O98E-O1 • T*<-4.78236E-04 • T«(-3.94523E-0? •
120 * T«(4.70e«30E-08 *T*T»(3.55215E-12 *T« 9*5!847E-14 )
RETURN
C
ENTRY THHHSL
C
125 HTWOS s 9.3987 • ALOG(PK) • 230.15
RETURN
C
ENTRY TSHHSL
C
130 HTWOS = 19.77 • 1. / (.76215AE-2 - .529257E-3 • ALOC(PK))
RFTUPN
C
ENTRY VIHHSG
C
135 T = ALOGIO(TK)
HTWOS = P.1963 • T»l-1.22152 • T«(-1.3P768 • .13337»T>>
ASSIGN 40 TO L/»BEL
GO TO 1
40 RO = 1.E-3/V
140 HTWOS = 1 . 2 7 4 E - * * T / HTWOS * ( 1 . • TK*#(-.59> * RO #
« <<?57.31<5 • RO»(1.00283F5 • 3.8252E6«R0) ) )
RETURN
C
ENTRY VIHHSL
145 C
T = l./TK
HTWOS = l.E-3 • EXP<-8.4013 • T*(2.S92fF3 - 3.0361E5*T>>
KITURN
END
- 101 -
#0ECK HS0
FUNCTIOM GSPROP <TK.PK,XH2S»YH20)
c
C PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF H2S - H2C SOLUTIONS AND MIXTURES
c
c ARGUMENTS
c TX - TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES KELVIN
c PK - PRESSURE IN KILOPASCALS
c YH20 - MOLE FRACTION OF f*20 VAFOR IN GASEOUS MIXTURES
10 c XH2S
- MOLE FRACTION OF H2S IN A9UE0US SOLUTIONS
c
c ENTRY POINTS LIST OF PROPERTIES UNITS
c
c CFHSOG COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR FOR MIXTURES
15 c DEHSOG DENSITY OF MIXTURES KG./CU.METRE
c DEHSOL DENSITY OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS KG./CU.METRE
c DIHSOG DIFFUSIVITY OF H20 IN H2S GAS S«.MFTRES/SEC.
c DIHSOL DTFFUSIVITY OF H2S IN H20 LIQUID Sfl.METRES/SEC.
c ENHSOG ENTHALPY CF MIXTURES JOULES/MOLF.
20 c ENHSOL ENTHALPY CF SOLUTIONS JOULES/MOLE
c EXHDOM EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT - H2C-HOO-D20
c EXHDSM EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT - H2S-HDS-D2S
c EXHSOG EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE CONSTANT - GAS PHASE
c EXHSOL EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE CONSTANT - LliUIC PHASE
25 EXHSOM EQUILIBRIUM F.XCHAN6F. CONSTANT - MIXED PHASE
c HFAT CAPACITY OF MIXTURES
c HCHSOG JOULES/MOLE/DEG.K
ODHSOM OVERALL DISTRIBUTION CONSTANT (BETA)
c RELATIVE VOLATILITY - HTO/H2O GAS TO LIQUID
c RVHDOM
RVHDSM RELATIVE VOLATILITY - HCS/H2S GAS TO LISUID
c SURFACE TENSION OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS MILLINEWTONS/MfTRE
c STHSOL
TCHSOG THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MIXTURES WATTS/METRE/DEG.K
c THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS WATTS/METRE/DEo.K
c TChSOL
VIHSOG VISCOSITY CF MIXTURES KG./METRE/SEC.
c VISCOSITY OF SOLUTIONS KG./METRE/SEC.
c VIHSOL
35 WMHSOG MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF MIXTURES GRAMS/MOLE
c MOLECLLAR WFIGHT OF SOLUTIONS GRAMS/MOLE
c WMHSOL
c SOLUTION OF RECLICH EQUATION OF STATE FQR HlXTLRFS OF H2S AND H?C
c
c T «rPT(TK)
AR «P.7121' • YH20*(12.71374 + YH20»43.601A)
RP .03042537 - YH20 » S.45B54E-3
B -P.77148 * TK/PK
C 3T.775*AR/<PK*T) - BP*(8.3144*TK/PK • BR) • .33131
D -101.32"J#AR«PR/(PK»T>
0 C - R«B
R = B * (0 4 ,5*C> - 5»D
D = 0*Q*Q • R*R
IF(D .GF. 0.0) GO TO 2
50 PSI = ATAN(SQRT(-C)/P)
ÏF <R .LT. 0.0) PSI = PSI • 3.1415926
V = ?. • SOPT<AFÇ<«M » CCS«0.33333*PSI) - F
GO TO LAPEL(10»20»30f40)
0 = S(jr.- -' D)
= R
c
D = R - 0
- 102-
V = C/AGS<C) * <C»C>**,166667 • D/ABS(D> * (D«D>*». 166667 - »

GO TO LARELU0»2C.30.40>
60 C
ENTRY CFHSOG
C
ASSIGN 10 TO LABEL
GO TO 1
65 10 GSPROP ~ PK * V / <8.31443 * TK)
RETURN
C
ENTRY DE^SOG
C
70 ASSIGN 20 TO LABEL
GO TO 1
20 GSPROP = (34.Oe - 16.06»YH20> / V
RETURN
C
75 ENTRY OEHSOL
C
XH2O = 1. - XH2S
WATER = <34.0e»XH2S • lfi.02»XH2C) / (XH2S*(2.022E-2 • 4.865E-5*
$ TK) • ie.02»XH20/DEhHOL<TK»PK))
80 RETURN
C
ENTRY OTHSOG
C
T = 4<53.5?9/TK
85 GSPROP = 6.007PE-7 » TK«»1.5 / (PK«<.664266 • T«<.952823 -
$ ,0761737*T)))
RETURN
C
ENTRY O1HSOL
90 C
GSPROP = 1.6279F-9 « < 1 ,E3*VIH»-iCL (TK»PK) ) *« (-1 . 14)
RETURN
C
ENTRY ENHSOG
95 C
ASSIGN 30 TO LABEL
GO TO 1
30 GSPROP = <1. - Y^2O»(-909fl.32 • TK*(25.80P9 • TK» (-6.79 lflE-3 •
% TKM1.92193F-5 - 8.90742E-9«TK)) )) • YH20« (3612P .5 • TK a
100 « <?3.9101 • TK#(9.61?9F-4 • TK«r3.516PE-6 - R . 9 P 4 1 5 E - 1 0 » T K
* ))>) • PK»V - 1S1.9R7 • AR * ALOG<1.•BR/V) /
RETURN
C
ENTPi- ENHSOL
105 C
GSPROP = XH2S»(ENHHSG(TK.PK) • HSHHSG(TK»PK)) •
Si (1. - Xh2S) • EKHHOL (TK»PK)
RETURN
C
110 ENTRY F.*HDOM
C
GSPROP - 3.7621 • TK» <1 ."50S7E-3 - 4.0E-6«TK)
RETURN
- 103 -
115 ENTRY EXHDSM

C
GSPROP = 3.33811 • TK«(4.19099E-3 • TK«(-9.28477E-6 •
* 7.1767E-9«TK))
RETURN
120 C
ENTRY EXHSOG
C
GSPROP = 1.01»EXP(233./TK)
RETURN
125 C
ENTRY EXHSOL
C
GSPROP = .9006 • EXP(289.963/TK)
RETURN
130 C
ENTRY FXHSOM
C
GSPPOP = .871 « EXP(298./TK>
RETURN
135 C
ENTRY HCHSC3
C
GSPROP = 3 4 . 1 2 4 2 • T K » ( - 1 . 3 5 S 3 6 F - 2 • T K « ( 5 . 7 6 5 7 8 E - 5 -
S 3.56297E-P*TK)> - Y H 2 0 M 1 . 8 9 9 7 • TK»(-1.55062fT-2 • TK»<
140 S 4.71074E-5 - 3.20360F-6*TK)n
RETURN
C
ENTRY Of>SOM
C
145 X = l.E-6
XH20 = 1. - XH2S
YH2S = 1. - YH2O
AKO = 1 . / (3.7621 • TK<Ml.S057E-3 - 4 . E-6*TK))
AKS = 1 . / (3.33P1 • TK«(4.1910E-3 - TK*(9.2848E-6 - 7.1767E-9«TK
150 * )))
RT = (X*X-1 • SORT((1.-X-X)»«2 • 16.«X*(l.-X)*AK0)> /
S (4.«(l.-X)*flK0)
RS c RT » 1.1104 • EXP<-2A9.9€3/TK>
Y = 0.5»(l. • ?.*RS*AKS) / (1. • RSÂKS • l./PS)
155 XE = XH20»X • XH2S«Y
V = RT * 1.1596 « EXP(-65.43/TK»
0 s P« » 1.0340 * EXP(-fl.037/TK)
XV = 0.5 * (1. • 2.»V»AK0> / (1. • V*AKO • l./V)
YO « 0.5 • (1. • 2.*0«AKS) / (1. • G«AKS • l./C)
160 YE s YH2S*YQ • Yh?O«XV
GSPPOP = XE»<1.-YE) / fY€»(l#-XE))
RETURN
C
ENTRY RV^DOM
165 C
GSPROP = 1.1596 * EXPC-65.43/TK)
RETURN
C
ENTRY RVHDSM
170 C
GSPROP = 1.034 * FXP<-8.037/TK)
- 104-
RETURN
ENTRY STHSOL
175
T = TK - 273.15
p = PK - PShHOL(TK)
GSPROP = 72.7118 - T»«3*(.23994E-4 - .885018E-9«T«T> •
S P*(-.0275632 • T*<.384792E-3 - .157879E-5«T>)
180 RETURN
ENTRY TOSOG
T = TK - 273.15
185 AKS * ,012966 • T «( 7.4542E-5 •» T «M-2.1632E-7 • 6.3247E-10«T )>
AKO = .010245 • TK«(-8.213?E-6 • TK#( O.141OE-6 - 0 . 4 5 1 0 F - 1 0 * T K ) >
YS = 3.24215 • (1. - YH20)
YO = 2 . 6 2 1 7 0 « YI-20
AKM s (AKS»YS • AKO*YO) / <YS • YC)
190 PPM r 1.5fl84E-5»PK / (YH20 - 2.0875 - 13.0218/(YH2O-2.4067)) •
GSPROP ~ PRM * AKM
RETURN
ENTRY TCHSOL
195
XH2O = 1. - XH?S
SV = 1. / <3<i.08*XH2S • lfl.02*XH20>
AKO = TCHKOL<TK»PK)
AKS = TCHHSL(TK*PK)
200 GSPROP = SV«<3A.08«XH2S»AKS • IP,0c*Xh2O#AKO - 442.168*<AKS-AKO)«
5 XH2S*XH2O«SV)
RETMPN
ENTRY VIHSOG
205
ASSIGN 40 TO LflREL
fiO TO 1
40 V = .0406 « (L.4067 - YH20) / V
YH2S =
T = AIOGIO(TK)
VIO = .4070E-7*TK - .30772E-5
VIS = l . F - 3 » SSPT(TK) / (6433.5 • T « ( - 9 5 8 . 8 1 - T»(1098.2 -
s ?61.67*T)))
vos = VTO SORT(VIC/VIS)
• YH2O / (YH2C YH2SM.5347 • ,6271*V0S>*«2) •
VTS » YH2S / (YH2S YH2C«(.456O • .388P/VOS)»«2>
VIC = .28511 « (Yh20 • 1. «.16667 / (S«RT(34.08 - 16.06«YH?O>
* (YH20 - 2.0875 - 13.0218 / (YH2C - 2 . 4 0 6 7 ) ) • * . 6 6 6 6 7 )
GSPROP = GSP • 1.06E-7 » <FXPU.439»V) - EXP (-1 .111«V»»1 .858) ),
2?0 RETURN
ENTRY VTHSOL
XH2O = 1 . - XH2S
225 VS = 4.865E"S*TK • .020221
VO = l».O2 / DEhf-OHTK.PK)
GSPROP = <XH2S««2»VS*VIH»"SL(TK,PK) • XH2O««2*VC*VIHHOL (TK.PK) •
I 5.2274F-13 «XH20«XH2S * SOPT<VS»VO) • EXP(6770.3/TK)) /
— 105 —
$ (XH2S»VS • XH20*V0>
230 RETURN
C
ENTRY WMHSOG
C
GSPROP = 34.08 - 16.06*YH20
235 RETURN
C
ENTRY WHHSOL
C
GSPROP = 18.02 • 16.06*XH2S
240 RETURN
END
- 106-
APPENDIX A
TABLES OF PROPERTIES Page
Table A-l Specific Volume of H 2 S Gas 108

Table A-2 Enthalpy of H 2 S Gas 110
Table A-3 Entropy of H 2 S Gas 112
Table A-4 Fugacity of H2S Gas 114
Table A-5 Joule-Thornson Coefficient of H 2 S 116
Table A-6 Saturation Density of H 2 S Vapour 117
Table A-7 Saturation Density of H 2 S Liquid 118
Table A-8 Saturation Pressure of H2S 119
Table A-9 Latent Heat of H2S Vaporization 120
Table A-10 Enthalpy of H 2 S Gas at Saturation 121
Table A-11 Enthalpy of H 2 S Liquid at Saturation 122
Table A-12 Specific Heat of Liquid H 2 S 123
Table A-13 Viscosity of H 2 S Gas 124
Table A-14 Viscosity of H 2 S Liquid 126
Table A-15 Thermal Conductivity of H 2 S Gas 127
Table A-16 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid H2S 129
Table A-17 Surface Tension of Liquid H 2 S 130
Table A-18 Mole Fraction of H 2 0 Vapour in H 2 S and H 2 0 131
Table A-19 Mole Fraction of H 2 S Dissolved in H 2 0 and H 2 S 133
Table A-20 Fugacity Coefficient of H 2 S in H 2 S and H 2 0 Gas 135
Table A-21 Fugacity Coefficient of H 2 0 in H 2 S and H 2 0 Gas 137
Table A-22 Henry's Law Constant Reduced to Saturation 139
Pressure of Solvent
Table A-23 Activity Coefficient of H 2 S in H 2 0 and H 2 S 140
Liquid
Table A-24 Density of Saturated Aqueous Solutions 142
Table A-25 Molecular Weight of Saturated Aqueous Solutions 144
Table A-26 Molecular Weight of Saturated Gas Mixtures 146
Table A-27 Compressibility Factor of H 2 S and H 2 0 Gas 148
Mixtures
Table A-28 Density of Saturated Gas Mixtures 150
Table A-29 Enthalpy of H 2 S Saturated with H 2 O Vapour 152
Table A-30 Entropy of H 2 S Saturated with H 2 0 Vapour 154
Table A-31 Heat of Solution of H 2 S in H 2 0 156
Table A-32 Enthalpy of H 2 0 Saturated with Dissolved H 2 S 158
Table A-33 Saturation Temperature of Wet H 2 S 160
Table A-34 Hydrate Formation Temperature 161
Table A-35 Viscosity of Water Saturated H 2 S Gas 162
Table A-36 Viscosity of H 2 0 Saturated With Dissolved H 2 S 164
-107-
Table A-37 Thermal Conductivity of Water-Saturated H 2 S

Gas
Table A-38 Thermal Conductivity of H 2 0 Saturated with
Disso ved H2S
Table A-39 Diffusion Coefficient of H 2 0 in H 2 S Gas
Table A-40 Diffusion Coefficient of H 2 S in H 2 0 Liquid
Table A-41 Surface Tension of H 2 0 Against H 2 S Vapour
Table A-42 Equilibrium Constant for Gas Phase Reaction
Table A-43 Equilibrium Constant for Mixed Phase Reaction
Table A-44 Equilibrium Constant for Liquid Phase Reaction
Table A-45 Relative Volatility of (HD0/H20) Gas to
(HD0/H20) Liquid
Table A-46 Relative Volatility of (HDS/H2S) Gas to 179
(HDS/H2S) Liquid
Table A-47 Equilibrium Constant for H20-HD0-D20 180
Table A-48 Equilibrium Constant for H2S-HDS-D2S 181
Table A-49 Overall Distribution Constant 182
- 108 —
u r- n .» u. in (Vi u- i/i ^- iii ^ a- <t 4 IT c * » in a>• - Cl ^

cv. n .» .» r, (v. — a- in r: c r- •»f - CC » (^ ct •* cr ffcir e
-I r* o m o i v u n vD o- — -» m in co © m
** —i (vi <\i c j - m inin in co cc cc cr c^
<Vi o- — a, Ob © -> O au ixi ~ * • in m 4. h- r- 41 >T (V

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TABLE A-13 VISCOSITY OF H2S GAS (xnPa.s)
PRESSURE MPa
1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80
20. .012786 .012798 .012811 .012824 .012837 .012850 .012864 .012878 .012892 •012906 .012921
.012993 .013005 .013018 .013030 .013043 .013056 .013069 .613082 .013096 .013110 .013124
.013201 .017213 .013225 .013237 .013249 .013262 .013275 •61328" .013301 •013314 .013326
3oT .013409 .013421 .013432 .013444 .013456 .013469 .013461 •Q13494 .013506 .013519 .013533
4o! .013617 .013629 .013640 .013652 .013663 .01367= .013687 •013700 .013712 .013725 .01373P
45. .013826 .013837 .013848 .013859 .013871 .013882 .013894 •013906 .013918 .013931 .013943
50. .014034 .014045 .014056 .014067 .014078 .014090 .014101 •014113 .014125 .014137 .014149
S5. .014243 .014253 .014264 .01427": .0142e6 .014297 .014308 .014320 .014331 .014343 .014355
60. .014452 .014462 .014473 .014483 .014494 .014505 .014516 .014527 .014538 .014550 .014561
65. .014660 .014671 .014681 .014691 .014702 .014713 .014723 .014734 .014745 .014756 .014766
70. .014869 .014879 .014889 .014900 .014910 .014920 .014931 .014942 .014952 .014963 .014974
75. .015078 .015088 .015098 .015108 .015118 .015126 .015139 .615149 .015160 .015170 .015181
80. .015287 .015297 .015306 .015316 .015326 .015336 .015346 .015357 .015367 •01537e .015386 |
85. .015496 .015505 .015515 .01552= .015534 .015544 .015554 .015564 .015575 .015585 .015595 -
90. .015704 .015714 .015723 .015733 .015743 .01575? .015762 .015772 .015782 .015792 .01580? £
95. .015913 .015922 .015932 .015941 .015951 .015960 .015970 •015980 .015990 .015999 .016009 |
100. .016122 .016131 .016140 .016149 .016159 .016166 .016178 .gl6187 .016197 .016207 .016217
105. .016330 .016339 .016348 .01635P .016367 .01637C .016385 .016395 .016404 .016414 .0164?4
110. .016539 •01654P .016557 .016566 .016575 .016584 .016S93 .016602 .016612 .016621 .016631
115. .016747 .016756 .016765 .016774 .016783 .01679? .016801 .016810 .016819 .016828 .016836
120. .016955 .016964 .016973 .016981 .016990 .01699? •017008 " .617017 .017026 .017035 .017045
125. .017163 .017172 .017180 .017189 .01719a .017207 .017215 .617224 .017233 .01724? .01~*251
130. .017371 .017380 .017388 .017397 .017405 .017414 .017423 .617431 .017440 .017449 .01. »5P
135. .017579 .017587 .017596 .017604 .017613 .017621 .017630 .017638 .017647 .017656 .017665
140. .017786 .017795 .017803 .017811 .017820 .017826 .017837 .617845 .017854 .01786? .017871
145. .017994 .019002 .018010 .01801P .61802? .016035 .018043 • .018052 • .018060 .018069 .018077
150. .01R201 .018209 •01P217 .01822= .0ie233 .018241 .018250 •Q18258 .018267 .018275 .0182R4
155. .01840ft .018416 .01P424 .018432 .018440 .018446 .018456 •018464 .018473 .018481 .0184P9
160. .018614 .018622 .018630 .018638 .016646 .018654 .018662 •018670 .018679 .018687 .018695
165. .018821 •01P828 .01«836 .018844 .018852 .018860 .018868 .018876 .018884 .018892 .018901
170. .019027 .019034 .019042 .019050 .019058 .019066 .019074 •019082 .019090 .019096 .019106
175. ,019?3? .019240 .019248 .019255 .019263 .019271 .019279 .619287 .019295 .019303 .019311
180. ,019438 .019446 .019453 .019461 .019468 .019476 .019484 .619492 .019500 .019508 .019516
TABLE A - 1 3 VISCOSITY OF H 2 S GAS (mP, 1.8)
PRESSURE MPa
l.BO 1.85 1.90 1.95 £.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
?6* .012921 .012936 .012951 .012967 .012983 •012999 .013016 .613033 •013050 .01306* .0130*6
25. .013124 .013139 .013153 .013168 .013183 .013199 .013215 .Q13231 .013248 .013265 • .01328?
30. .013328 .013342 .013356 .013370 .013385 .013400 .013415 .013431 .013447 .013463 .013479
35. .013533 .0H546 .013560 .013574 .013Se8 .013602 .013617 .613631 .013647 .013662 .013678
40. .013738 .013751 .013764 .013777 .013791 .013805 .013819 .613833 .013848 .013862 .013878
45. .013943 .013956 .013968 .013981 .013995 .014006 .014022 .014035 .014049 .014064 .014078
50. .014149 .014161 .014173 .014186 .014199 .014212 .014225 .614238 .014252 .014266 .014280
55. .014355 .014367 .014379 .014391 .014404 .014416 .014429 .614442 .014455 .01446e .0144*?
60* .014561 .014573 .014585 .014597 .014609 .014621 .014633 .614646 .014659 .014672 .014665
65. .014763 .014779 .014791 .014802 .014814 .014826 .014838 .614850 .014863 .014875 .0148*0
70. .014974 .014986 .014997 .01500B •015020 .015031 .015043 ,Q1^05b .015067 .015079 .01509?
75. .015181 .015192 .015203 .015214 .015226 .015237 .015249 .015260 .015272 .015284 .015296 |
80. .015388 .015399 .015410 .015421 .015432 .015443 .015454 .615465 .015477 .015489 .015500 -
85. .015595 .015606 .615616 .015627 .015630 .015649 .015660 .615671 .015682 .015693 .015705 ^
90. .01580? .015813 .015823 .015833 .015844 .015855 .015866 .615876 .015887 .015899 .015910 |
95. .016009 .016020 .016030 .016040 .016050 .016061 .016071 .016082 •016093 .016104 .016115
100. .016217 .016227 .016237 .016247 .016257 .016267 .016277 .616288 .016298 .016309 .0163?0
105. .016424 .016433 .016443 .016453 .016463 .016473 .016483 .(J16494 .016504 .016515 .016525
110. .016631 .016640 .016650 .016660 .016670 .016680 .016690 .$16700 .016710 .016720 .016730
115. .016838 .016847 .016857 .016866 .016876 .016886 .016896 .016905 .016915 .016926 .016936
120. .017045 .017054 .017063 .017073 .017082 .017092 .017102 •017111 .017121 .017131 .017141
125. .017251 .017261 .017270 .017279 .017289 .017298 .017308 •017317 .017327 .017336 .017346
130. .017458 .017467 .017476 .017486 .017495 .017504 .017513 .617523 .017532 .01754? .01755?
135. .017665 .017674 .017683 .017692 .017701 .017710 .017719 .017728 .017738 .017747 .017757
140. .017871 .017880 .017889 •017P9P .017907 .017916 .017925 .617934 .017943 .01795? ,0179fi?
145. .018077 .01*086 .018095 .616164 .018113 .818121 " .619130 .018139 .616143 .618156 .018167
150. .018284 .018292 .018301 .018309 .018318 .018327 .018336 .018345 .018354 .018363 .01837?
155. .01*489 .01*498 .01*506 .018515 .018524 .018532 .018541 .618550 .018559 .018567 .018576
160. .018695 .018703 .018712 .018720 .018729 .018737 .018746 .618755 .018763 .018772 .018781
165. .018901 .01*909 .018917 .018925 .018934 .018942 .018951 .618959 .018968 .018977 .0189*5
170. .019106 .019114 .019122 .019130 .014139 - .019147 .019155 .019164 .019172 .019181 .0191*5
175. .019311 .019319 .019327 .019335 .019343 .919352 .019360 •Q19368 .019377 .019385 .019393
180. .019516 .019523 .019532 .019540 .019548 .019556 .019564 •019572 .019581 .019569 .019597
- 126
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TABLE A-15 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF H 2 S GAS (W/(m.K))
PRESSURE MPa
l.flO 1.95 1.90 1.95 .2.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 ?.25 2.30
20. .014499 .014502 .014506 .014509 .014513 .014516 .014520 •014523 .014526 .014530 .014533
25. .014*31 .014034 .014838 .014841 .014845 .014848 .014P52 .614855 .014859 .014862 .014866
30. .015154 .015:157 .015161 .01516= .015168 .015172 .615175 .615179 .015183 .015186 .015190
35. .015469 .015473 .015476 .015480 .015484 .015487 .015491 .015495 .015498 .015502 .015506
40. .015777 .0157B0 .015784 .015788 .015792 .015795 .015799 .015803 .015806 .015810 •015814
45. .016077 .016081 •01S092 .016096 .016100 .Q16104 •016108 .016111 .016115
50. .016371 .016375 .016379 .016383 .016386 .016390 .016394 .016398 .016402 .016406 .016410
55. .016659 .016663 .016667 .016671 .016675 .016678 .016682 •616686 .016690 .016694 .016698
60. .016941 .016945 .016949 .016953 .0169=7 .016961 .016965 •016969 •016973 .016977 .016981
65. .017218 •017222 .017226 .017230 .017234 .017238 •017242 •617246 .017250 .017254 .017259
70. .017490 .017494 .017498 .017502 .01750T .017511 .017515 .017519 .017523 .017527 .617531
75. .01775S .017762 .017767 .017771 .017775 .017779 .017783 .617788 .017792 .017796 .017800
80. .018022 •01P027 .018031 .018&35 .018039 .018044 •018048 •018052 •018057 .018061 .018065
85. .018283 •01P288 .018292 .018296 .018301 .018305 .018309 • 0.18314 .018318 .018322 .018327
9Q. .011542 •01P546 .018551 .018555 .018564 .018568 .018577 .018581 .018586 to
.0185=9 •Q18572
00
95. .01B79P .018602 .018807 .018811 .018816 •UT8820 •018B24 •518829 •018833 .018838 .01884?
100. .019052 .019056 .019061 .019065 .019070 .019074 .619079 .019083 •019088 .019093 .019097
105. .019305 .019309 • 019314 .01931P .019323 .019328 .019332 .619337 •019341 .019346 .019350
110. .019557 .019561 .019566 .019571 .019575 .019580 .019585 •619589 .019594 .019598 .019603
115. .019808 •019E13 .019818 .019822 .019827 .019832 .019836 •019841 •019846 .01.9851 .019855
120. .020060 .020065 .020070 .020074 .020079 .020084 .020088 .020098 .020103 .020107
125. •02C312 .020217 .020322 .020327 .020331 .020336 .020341 ,020346 .020351 .020356 .020360
130. .020566 .020570 .020575 .0205RO .020585 .020590 .020595 .020600 .020664 .626609 .020614
135. .020820 .020825 .020830 .020835 .020840 .020845 .020850 .g20855 .020860 .620865 .026870
140. .021077 .021082 .021087 .021092 .021097 .021102 .021107 .Q2U12 .021117 .021122 .021127
145. .021337 .021342" .021347 .021352 .021357 .021362 .021367 .021372 .021377 .021382
150. .021599 .021604 .021609 .021614 .021619 .021624 .021630 .021635 .021640 .021645 .021650
155. .021865 .021870 .021P75 .021880 .021885 .621890 .021896 •Q21901 .021906 .021911 .021916
160. .022134 .022140 .022145 .022150 .022155 .62216C .022166 .022171 .022176 .022181 .022187
165. _t02240fl .022414 .022419 .022424 .022430 .622435 .022440 .022445 .022451 .022456 .022461
170. .02?(SB7 .022693 .022698 .022703 .022709 .022714 .022720 .022725 .022730 .022736 .022741
175. .022972 .022977 .022982 •02298P .022993 .022995 .023004 .623010 .023015 .02302) <,0?3026
180. .02326? .023267 .02?273 .02327P .023284 .623285 .023295 .623300 .023306 .023311 .023317
TABLE A-16 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUID H2S (W/(m.K))
TEMPERATURE °C
°c 0.00 1.00 ?.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
-70.0* .236879 .236811 .236758 .236696 .236633 .236568 .236502 .236434 .236364 ..23629]
-60.00 .236216 .236137 .236055 .235970 .235fleO .235786 .235688 .235585 .235476 .235363
-50.00 .235244 .235119 .234989 .234852 .234769 .234559 .234403 .234240 .234069 .233891
-40.00 .233706 .233514 .233313 .233105 .232889 .232665 .232433 .232192 .231944 .231687
-30.00 .231421 .231147 .330575 .230275 .229968 .229(^2 .229327 .228994
-20.00 .228303 .227945
.zsoees
.227579 .227205 .226823 .226432 • 2260.." .225628 .225215
.228653
.224794
-10.00 .224366 .223930 .223488 .223038 .222582 .222120 .221651 .221176 .220695 .220208
0.00 .219716 .219218 .2ie715 .21P2C» .217696 .217179 .216*59 .216134 .215606 .215075
.214541 .214004 .213464 .212923 .212380 .211835 .211288 .210141 .210194 .209646
io.oo .209098 •20P550 .208004 .20745*" .206914 .206371 .205831 .205293 .204758 .204226
20.00
30.00 .203697 •203173 .202653 •20213P •201628 .201123 .200624 .200132 .199646 .199168
40.00 .198696 .198233 .197778 .197332 .196896 .196469 .196052 .195645 .195250 .194866
50.00 .194495 .194135 .1937P9 .193456 .193138 .192834 .192545 .192271 .192014 .191775
60.00 .191552 .191348 .191163 .190998 .190854 .190730 .190*30 .19CS52 .190500 .190473
70.00 .19047? .190501 .190560 .190650 .190775 .190937 .191138 .191382 .191673 .1920)6
ao.oo .192417 .192882 .193421 •194045 .194770 .195613 .196603 .197773 .199175 .200455
TABLE A-17 SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID H2S (N/m)
TEMPERATURE °C
0.00 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.OQ 3.50 4.00 4.50
?0.00 .012P47 •01P154 .ClEOfcl .C1196B .011875 .011783 .011691 011599 .011S06 .011415
?5.00 .011323 .011231 .011)40 .01104S .010957 .010866 .010775 010684 .010594 .010503
30.00 .010413 .010322 .01023? .010142 .010052 .009963 .009ft73 009164 .009695 .009606 o
35.00 .009517 •0094PP .00S339 .009251 .009162 .009074 .00H966 00*898 .008811 .008733 I
40.00 .00R636 .0OP549 •00P461 .00*375 •00P288 .008201 .008)15 0OCQ29 .007943 .007857
TABLE A-18 MOLE FRACTION OF H2O VAPOUR IN H 2 S AND H 2 O
PRESSURE MPa
1.3P 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 i.eo 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80
?0. -D -P -R -K -R -fi -R -R -R -R -R
25. ,O0?P0f> ,0O?71? -R -R -R -E -R -R -R -R -R
30. .003739 • ne-«6?i • nn-3Si3 .00341? .002318 .003230 .00314ft .(J03071 .002999 .002932 • 002P.6P
35. .004929 .004773 .P046?H .00449*4 .004369 .004252 .004143 .004041 .003946 .003856 .003771
«0. .00643? •0062?7 .006037 ,OO5»60 .005696 .005543 .005399 .005265 .005139 .005020 .004908
4S. • 00P313 .O0"046 .007799 • 00756<; .00735S .00715= .006969 .006793 .006629 .006474 .006329
50. •01P647 .010303 • 00<59fl4 .0096PP .00^412 .009154 .00*913 •608687 .0Ce475 .008275 .008087
55. • 013MP • cno7«> .(11?67? .012293 .011940 .011611 .011303 •011014 .010742 .010487 •010?4f
60. .0170?? ,0164rf- .015950 .015471 .016024 .014607 •014216 •013P50 .013506 .013182 •012876
65. •0?l?67 .0205ft« •C19921 .019310 .0167=7 .018232 .017741 •017281 .016848 .016441 .016057
70. • 0263M •02 c Ôl ,n?ii(S93 .023S41 .022243 •02258? •021977 .021402 •020862 .020354 .019875
75. .032467 .03)39(1 .C30391 .02946? .02P597 •0277P7 .027030 .026319 . 025650 .025021 •02442P
SO. .039690 ,(nP37fr •C37150 ,O3600<; .034945 .033951 .033020 •032146 .031325 .030551 •0298?!
85. .04H??*! •04661? .ft4Cllf, .0437?! .042425 .041212 .040076 •Q39009 .038007 .037062 .036172
•30. .05P217 .056?f? .0S444S .052760 .051157 .049716 .04833P. .047045 .045829 .044684 .043603
<55. .06985P .067504 ,06 c 319 .0632R6 •0613S0 .0SSS1P •05795« .0^6400 .054934 .053554 .052252
100. .08334P .PP.0 = ?9 .077912 .07547P .072208 •071085 .069097 .067230 .065475 .063822 .062261
105. ,09P«9f, . 09==39 .092A?4 .0P9526 .0O6P22 .0P4295 • 0P.1927 •679704 .077614 .075644 .0737P5
110. •ll*7?ft .II?? 1 :! .10«061 .105630 .102429 .059435 .096631 .693998 .051522 .089189 .0B69P7
115. .137073 .13239? ,l?P047 .124003 .120232 .11670= .113401 .110299 .107381 .104632 .102037
120. .154690 .149fiC6 .J44P67 .140446 .136312 •13?439 •1ZB803 .125382 .122159 .119117
125. .I«ft31« .179919 •17T9P0 .16P.45? .163296 .15P474 .153S55 .149713 .145722 .141962 .138412
130. .?lci74? .?0P314 .?0141P .195001 ,1P C O13 .1P3415 •17P168 .173242 .168608 .164241 .160119
135. .?4«733 .P401/.7 .?3?17P .224760 .217840 .21136F .205304 .199609 .154252 .169204 •184438
140. •?P5575 .?7=69 C .P66S23 .2579P; .250022 .242=74 .235=94 .?29039 .222873 .217061 .211575
145. .3?6=;5<J .2P^612 .277276 .269275 •?61762 .254694 .240032 .241743
150. .3719*? .359057 .335P90 .32 C 469 .315724 .306590 .?58013 .289943 .282337 .275157
155. .4??143 .407447 .•>91803 .38110.-' .3692=3 .3=8171 .3477*4 .338029 •328851 .320201 .312033
160. .47734S .46069* .445239 .43005? .417426 .404P70 .393102 Oe2049 .371650 .361848 .352594
165. .537BP9 .51O0Q6 .=01649 .4P5407 .4702=2 .456077 .442791 .430314 .418573 .407506 .397057
170. .60407* . c fl?9->7 .C6?311 .=45041 •5279T1 .51204= •49709P .AP3060 .469851 .457400 .445643
17-;. ,676?03 ,*c;5Cn = .630502 .610011: .5S09C4 .57302= .556266 .540526 .525714 .511752 .498569
180. .7=4560 .72O0P0 ,7f|->493 • 6P.ce 04 .6=C243 •639?62 .620533 .A02941 .=£6387 .570782 .556047
TABLE A-18 MOLE FRACTION OF H 2 O VAPOUR IN H2S AND H 2 O
PRESSURE MPa
l.BO l.P= 1.95 -.00 2.05 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
20. -P -B -R -c -P -C -P -R -R -R -P
?.=!. -p -P -C -c -P -c -R -R -R -R -R
30. ,no?7â .0C364fl .002601 .002556 •Ô02513 •002472 -R -P
35. .003771 ,CPT=4= .003477 .003414 .003353 .003296 .003241 .003190 .003141
40. ,no4<>o« .004PCT .«04704 .004ftlC •0C4S21 .004437 .004357 •Ô04281 .004209 .004140 .004075
4*. .roîoi .or";c;3<; .C1=P?3 .00"5713 .00560* •005509 •005414 .005325 ,005239
p .«07910 .00774? .007?90 •Ô07027
50. .00 0" ,no7Ç»1 .TC7433 •007155 .006904 .0067PP .006677
?«;. .oioni<5 • .nn<3P04 .noqôi .OtÇ4flP, .009??f •009052 •Ô0P887 •00P731 .008581 .008*39
f 6*
.mw>
.01?P7fv ,ri?ii(s .n?csp .011813 •OllSfll .011361 .ÔU151 .010952 .010762 .0105P1
*«;. .016057 .01 c^Qi, • OI C T;I ,ni5n?7 .01471<5 .014427 .014149 .013885 .013634 .013394 t 013165
.Ol^P"? ' .0144?? .rlp<594 .Ô17P40 .0174«3 .017163 .016849 .016S4<3 ,016?63
to.
75. ,0?.44?P. ,C?'»Sft7 • nj^'îs? •0?2P3 c
.0223=9 .021906 .021476 •Ô21067 .020677 .020306 .019951
PÔ. .0?9P?l .o?<;i-»? .r?B4«o ,r?7pc? .027277 .026720 .026191 •Ô25688 .025208 .02475C .024313
.03M7? .pii, ^ 3 4 .033775 .C330<:4 .032384 .031737 •Ô31122 .029975
es. •04360T .n42=p3 #fl41ftl7 •04r70i .C?";P33 .039007 .03*223 .037475
.030535
.036763 .036084
,029441
.035435
9=:. .05??5;» ."S10?) ,<<4<:P^7 .n^P7ST .04770f. .046710 .045764 .044862 .044003 .043183 ,042400
100. ,o*??6i • 0f)7P7 # csq3<5i .rsppftp ,C=fR13 • 0C.5620 .054486 •Ô53405 .052374 .051391 .05045?
1
10e;. .073785 ,P750?° ,' 703f'ft .n^.p7Qr • C^72<;4 .065P7J .064520 .063232 .CC2004 .060831 ,059711
.OR69R7 .rR?O36 .0792Ç5 .077611 .074481 .071635
iiô.
e
11 ;. •10?037
.()P4<;(i^
.oqoçpc ,flq7?f:3
• CSICf'P
• r<;297? .0";098f
•07600P
•0P9096 •Ô? 7 296
.073025
•0P5579 .083940
,070307
,082374
120. .119)17 • 11*-?*! .llT^lP .l^^37 • lreAPfi •1Û6157 .103941 ~ .101829 ".099815 .097892 ,096054
1?S. .13c0c;7 • niPflo .l?P.Pf.7 .12600» •I23?e? .120702 •Ï18237 .115886 .113641 .111496
130. . 1 f i Î •=» .1 C ?S3? .14903" .14=711 •142=S3 .139548 .Î36684 •1339S3 .131344 .128851
135. .1P443R, .17Q<3->2 .17=^6=; .U7779 .164127 .160651 .157339 •154180 .151163 .148279
140. .?ÎJ575 • ?-'!]476 .i^ftpi1; .1Ç23Ç6 •1PP)9? •1P4190 •Î80376 •176738 .173264 .16994?
145. ,?41743 •?3C7Q7 .?3P16S .??4P? C
.2197ÇS • 214<!34 .210345 .?05972 .201800 .197816 ,194007
.?751=.7 ,?M^37 .2S5P3Ç .2=0049 .244=4? .239303 •?34308 •229543 .224992 .220641
15*. ,-»l?n3T .?04->)(l .•=qf t,q7 .PQOOft) .283474 •277?11 .271249 .?65567 .260146 .2S496P .25001P
160. ,1Ç?S94 .'13 = '=l;4 .1?7f-Q4 .320229 .313131 .306374 .?99934 .293789 .287920 .282309
1*5. .TQ70S7 ,''77fll7 .3^P.1;42 .3^5512 .3=2497 .344P67 .337594 .330654 .324025 .3176P7
170. ,4?-iQ94 .414C07 .404S2? • 39=.<?02 .386915 .37P736 .370920 .3é3459 ,3563?6
175. ,4qpSftC) ,4P*icn ,474?q? .4^3091 .4=2454 .44233? .432706 •4tJ526 .414766 .406397 ,398396
1PÔ. .^••^047 •C 4 ? n 1 .c?o<))l •S16391 ,cf45C0 .493192 ,4P?42 C .472161 .462367 .453011 .4440*5
TABLE A-19 MOLE FRACTION OF H 2 S DISSOLVED IN H 2 O AND
PRESSURE MPa
1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.5C 1.55 l.eo 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.S0
20. -P -P -R -K •P -K -« -R -R -P -P
25. .0218*6 .02263? -P -R -P -P -R -R -R -R -R
30. .019P01 ,020COP .021210 •02190P .022601 ,023?P? .023973 .624651 .025325 .025994 .026657
35. .01799P, .01«650 .01^299 •P19943 .0^0585 .021222 .021856 .622486 .023112 .023734 .024352
40. .016440 .01704? .017641 .01P.23P .01P831 .019422 .020010 .620594 .021176 .021754 .022330
45. .1)1509*. ,<nc*=4 .01*210 .016763 .617314 ,017fl63 .618409 .51H<3S3 .C19495 .020033 .020570
50. .013937 .0144=* .014971 •0154R5 .016002 .016514 .017024 .017531 .018037 .018540 .019042
55. .01293? .on4i7 .017901 •0143R3 .014864 .015343 .015821 .016296 .016770 .017242 .01T713
60. ,01?057 .01?51-> .0129*7 .013420 .012872 .014323 .01477? •615219 •C15666 .016110 .016554
65. .011289 =011719 .(11214fl .01257= .013002 .01342P .013652 .614275 .014697 .015117 .015S17
70. .010610 •01101P •P11424 • OUP?5 .012234 .012637 .013040 .Q13441 .013841 .014241 .014639
7=;. .010005 .010393 .010779 .01116= .0115=0 .01K>34 .012317 .012699 .013081 .013461 .013841
PO. .0094*1 •009P31 .010200 .01056H .010936 .011102 .011669 .012034 .012399 .012762 .013125
85. .00P967 •0093?l .009*74 .010027 .010379 .010731 .011082 .Q11432 .CH782 .012131 .012479
90. .00P514 ,P0OP=4 .009193 .00953? .005871 .010205 .010546 .010883 .011220 .011555 .011890
"9?. .6flflO<34 .flfl94?l .00^749 .00907= .60?4"62 .069727 .010053 .610378' .010702 .011026 .011349
100. .007700 .0OP017 .00*333 •0OP645 .00P964 .009275 .009593 .609907 •C10221 .010534 .010847
105. .007328 .007634 .007940 • 00fl?4f. .OOc5=l .008P5* .009161 .009465 .009769 .010073 .010376
110. .006970 •0072*P .007565 .0O7P6? .OOP1=9 ,0Ce45= .00"751 •Q09046 .009341 .009636 .009931
115. .00*6?4 .00*914 .007203 .00749? •0077PO .00P06P .00P356 .008644 .008931 .009218 .009505
120. .006285 .006"=*7 ,06*P49 .007130 " .00/412 .007*93 • 007<Jn .§0H2S4 " .608534 •"" .068814 .009094
125. .005949 •00«??4 .00*500 .006774 .007049 .007324 .007598 •007P72 .008146 .008419 .008692
130. .00561? .00CP°2 .00*151 •00642P •0C66P8 .006957 .007225 •007494 .007762 •0C8029 .008297
135. .005271 .005535 .00=799 .006063 .006326 .006585 .006852 • 6.07115 •007378 .007640 .007903
140. .004923 .0051P? .00=441 .005700 .00=9=8 .006217 .006475 •006733 .006991 .00724P .007506
145. .004565 .004H?0 .00=074 •00572» .0C55PJ .005036 .006690 .666343 .006597 .006850 .007103
150. .004193 .004444 .004694 .004544 .00=154 .005444 .005693 .605943 •006192 .006442 .00669]
155. .003R05 .0040=2 .004?9fl .004=44 •00475O .005037 •0052R3 .005528 •005774 .006020 .006265
160. .00739P .107641 .007PP4 .004127 .004369 .004612 .004854 .605097 .005339 .005581 .005823
165. .002970 .CC>209 .003449 •00368P .003927 .004161 .004406 .604645 •004884 .005123 .005362
170. .002517 ,(!027 = 4 •00?990 .01322* .003462 .00369P .003534 .004176 .004406 .004642 .004878
175. .00203" .00227? •00?5Q5 .00273P .002971 .003204 .003437 .603670 .003903 .004136 .004369
IPO. .001531 .0017*? .r.01992 .00222? .0024=2 .002682 .002913 .603143 .003373 .003603 .003832
TABLE A-19 MOLE FRACTION OF H 2 S DISSOLVED IN H 2 O AND H 2
PRESSURE MPa
1.9C 1.91; r.00 .OS 2.10 2.15 Z.20 2.25 2.30
-P -P -p -G -R -C -P -R -R
20.
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30. • O?**^ •0?731* .T2797C .O2«*1P .029262 .029900 .030533 .031160 .0317B2 -R -R
3*. .024IS? •C?4967 ,f?=S77 .02613? .026785 .027382 .027977 .028566 .C29151 .029732 .030309
40. • o??no .0??90? .023471 .n?4037 .0245S9 .02515? .025714 .626266 .026815 .027360 .027902
«•;. •02o?7o •0?1104 .021*35 .02216? .0226P9 .023212 .02373? •024250 .024764 .025276 .025785
50. .01904? .019541 ,r?003P .02053"" .021036 .021516 .022004 .Q22490 .022974 .023455 .023934
55. .017711 •O1°1P? .01P649 .019114 .019577 .020039 .020498 .020956 •021411 .021865 .022317
60. .01*554 .01^<;9f: .017416 .017P7? .C1P312 .01P74P .0191S2 .619614 .020045 .020474 .020902
6S. .015537 .01 c 9cc .01*372 •0167P7 .01720? .017*15 .018026 • 61P.436 .018845 .019252 .01965e
70. .014639 ,ni c 03» 1 •P1543? •015P27 .016221 ,016ftl4 .017006 •017396 •017785 .018173 .018560
75. •011P41 .014219 •H14C97 ,Q14q74 .015350 .015725 .016099 •616472 .016843 .017214 .0175P4
PO. • Ol.li?^ • 01->4fiP .m«49 .014210 .014570 .01492? .015287 .615644 .016000 .016356 .016711
p*. .01?4 79 .01?P?7 .flni74 .013520 .013R*6 .Ol4?10 .014554 •614898 .015240 .015582 .015923
90. .011 ««50 .-M22? c
.IM2SS9 •012 B 9? .013225 .013557 •013PP8 •614219 .014549 .014879 .015207
95. .011349 .011*7? .<!1 1 9 9 4 .012316 .012637 ;01295F •••.013JW "" .§13597 .013916 .014234 .014552
100. .010P47 .0!H" .011471 •0117P? .012053 .012403 .012713 .013022 .013331 .013639 .013947
105. .01037ft .010679 •C109P1 •0112P? .011584 .011PP5 .0121P6 .612486 •012766 .013085 .0133P4
110. .00993] •OlOPPS •01P?19 •010P1? .01110? .01139P .011690 .011982 .012273 .012564 .012855
115. .009505 .P0979] .510077 .01036? .01064P. .010933 •01121P .611503 .011787 .012070 .012354
120. .009094 .06*373 .0099T! .010209 .-010413? .010766 .511043 '"• .C1132O .61159? .011874
I?*. ,00«69? ,no p 9* c ; .flO923B .009511 .00S7P3 .01005= .010327 .010598 .010869 .011140 .011411
130. .00P?97 .00°5ft4 .00PH31 .00909P .009365 .009631 .009897 .010163 .010429 .010694 .010959
p
135. .00790.1 .no l*? ,nOP4?7 ,00fi6«P .OOP950 .009211 .00947? .009733 .009994 .010254 .010514
140. ,00750ft .0077f-» .00P021 .00P27P .00P534 .O0P791 •00904P .009304 .009560 .009816 .010072
145. .007101 .no73Sf .007609 .C07P62 .00P115 .O0P.367 .008620 .008872 .009124 .009376 .009627
150. .00**91 .00*940 .0071R9 .00743? .0076P7 .007936 .0081P4 .608432 .008681 .008929 .009177
15S. •006?65 .00*511 .fO*756 .007002 .007247 .007492 .007737 .007982 .008227 .008471 .008716
160. •005P?l .00*06* •fl0*30H .006550 .006791 .007033 .007275 .007517 .007758 .008000 .008241
16S. .00^.16? .noc*Ol ,OOCP4O .0P607P .00*317 .00655* .006794 .007033 .007271 .007510 •00774P
.004R7R .00^114 .00=349 ,001?5R = .ftO5S2l .006056 .006292 .(J06527 .006763 .00699P .007233
175. '
no. .004369 .00460? .004R34 .005067 .005300 .005532 .005765 .005997 .006230 .00646? .006695
IPO. .003P3? .00406? .004?9? .004=?? .0047=2 •0049PJ .005211 .005440 .005670 .005899 • 0061?<5
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TABLE A-3A HYDRATE FORMATION TEMPERATURE (°C)
PRESSURE MPa
MPa 0.000 .005 .010 .016 .020 .025 .010 .035 .040 .045
1.80 27.45 27.47 27.50 2 7 . =3 27.55 27.58 27,60 27.63 27.65 27.6P
1.P5 27.71 27.73 27.76 P7.7P 27.81 27.83 27 f 86 27.88 27.91 27.93
1.90 27.96 27.9f> 21?.01 2P.03 2S.05 2P.08 28,10 28.13 28.15 28.IP
1.95 28.20 28.22 ?/?.2S ?fl.?7 2P.30 2P.32 28,34 2S.37 28.39 28.4?
?.00 28.44 28.46 2P.49 28.51 2P. 53 28.56 28,58 2«.60 28.62 2fi.f>5
2.05 28.67 28.69 28.72 28.74 2P.76 28.78 28,81 21.83 28.85 28.87
2.10 28.90 28.92 2P.94 28.96 2P.99 29.01 29.03 25.05 29.07 29.10
2.15 29.12 29.14 2-5.16 29.IP 29.21 29.23 29,25 2S.27 29.29 29.31
2.20 29.33 29.36 25.3P 29.40 29,42 29.44 29,46 2S.48 29.50 29.52
2.25 ?9.55 29.57 25.59 29.61 29.63 29.65 29,67 2?.69 29.71 29.73
2.30 29.75 29.77 29.79 29.81 29.S3 29.85 29,87 25.89 29.91 29.93
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TABLE A-35 VISCOSITY OF WATER SATURATED H 2 S GAS (mPa.s)
PRESSURE MPa
1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 3.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
20. -R -R -R -R -R -K -R -R -P -R -R
?S. -R -R -R -fi -R -R -R -R • ft -R -P
30. .013328 .011342 .013356 .013370 .013385 .013400 .013415 .013431 .013447 -R -R
35. .013533 .013546 .013560 .013574 .013588 .013602 .013617 .613631 .013647 .013662 .013678
40. .013738 .013751 .013764 .013777 .013791 .013805 .013819 .613833 .013848 .013862 .013878
45. .013943 .013956 .011968 .013981 .013995 .014008 .014022 ~ .014035 .014049 .014064 .014078
50. .014149 .014161 .014173 .014186 .014199 .01421c .014225 .614238 .014252 .014266 .014280
55. .014355 .014367 .014379 .014391 .014404 .014416 .014429 .614442 .014455 .014468 .014492
60. .014561 .014573 .014585 .014597 .014609 .014621 .014633 .614646 .014659 .014672 .014685
65. .014768 .014779 .014791 .014802 .014814 .014826 .014838 .614850 •014863 .014875 .014888
70. .014974 .014986 .014997 .015008 .015020 " .015031 ' .015043 •015055 .015667 :i615679 ' • OJ'5092
75. .015181 .015192 .015203 .015214 .015226 .015237 .015249 .015260 •015272 .015284 .015296
80. .015388 .015399 .015410 .015421 .015432 .015443 .015454 .615465 .015477 .015489 •015500
85. .015595 .015606 .C15616 .015627 .015638 .015649 .015660 .015671 .015682 .015693 .01570=
90. .015802 .015813 .015823 .015833 .01E844 .015855 .015866 .615876 .015887 .015899 .015910
95. .016009 .016020 .016030 .016040 .016050 .016061 .016071 .016082 .016093 :0l6l04 .016115
100. .016217 .0U227 .016237 .016247 .016257 .016267 .016277 .616288 .016298 .016309 .016320
105. .016424 .016433 .016443 .016453 .016463 .016473 .016481 •616494 .016504 .0165)5 .016525
110. .016631 .016640 .016650 .016660 .016670 •01668C .016690 •Q16700 .016710 .016720 .016730
115. .016838 .016847 .016857 .016866 .016876 .016886 .016896 •016905 .016915 .016926 .016936
120. .017045 .017054 .017063 .017073 .017062 .01709? .01710? .(117111 .017121 .017131 .0171'!
125. .017251 .017261 .017270 .01727? .017289 .017298 .017308 •617317 .017327 .017336 .017346
130. .017458 .01746? .017476 .017486 .017455 .017504 .017511 •Q17S23 .017532 .017542 .017552
135. .017665 .017674 .017683 .017692 .017701 .017710 .017719 •017728 .017738 .017747 .017757
140. .017871 .017880 .017889 .017898 .017907 .017916 .017925 •617934 .017943 .017952 .017962
145. .018077 •01P086 •OleO95 .018104 .018113 .01812) .018130 •01P139 .018148 .018158 .018167
150. .018284" .018292 .018301 .018309 .01831R .018327 .018336 .018345 .018354 .018363 .018372
155. .018489 .018498 .018506 .018515 .018524 .018532 .018541 .618550 .018559 .018567 .018576
160. .018695 .018703 .01871? •01872C .018729 .0ie737 .018746 .018755 .016763 .018772 .0187PI
16S. .018901 .018969 .01*917 .01892= .018934 .018942 .018951 •618959 .018968 .018977 .018985
170. .019106 .019114 .019122 .019130 .019139 .019147 .019155 .019164 .019172 .019iei .019189
175. .019311 .019319 .019327 .0)9335 .019343 .019352 .019360 .619368 .019377 .019385 .019393
180. .019516 .019523 .019532 .019540 .019548 .019556 .019564 .619572 .019581 .019589 .019597
TABLE A-36 VISCOSITY OF H 2 O SATURATED WITH DISSOLVED H 2 S (mPa.s)
PRESSURE MPa
1.30 1.35 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80
20. -P -P -D -R -R -R -R -R »P -R -R
25. •902020 .902017 -P -R -R -R -R -R -K -P -R
30. •flQ0934 ,e00933 .P0C33 •800S32 .800921 .800930 .800930 ,800929 .(00928 .800928 •8009?7
35. .717310 .717311 .717312 .717-313 .717314 ,717315 .717316 .?17318 .717319 .717320 .717321
40. .647266 .647269 .647271 .647274 .647277 •64727S .647282 •f47285 .647287 .647290 •647?93
45. .587954 .587958 .=87962 .587966 . = (?7970 •5P7974 .587978 ,5<=7982 .cg79£6 .S879S0 .587993
50. .537245 .537250 .=37255 •S37J60 .537265 .537?70 .537274 .537279 .537284 .537289 .537294
TABLE A-36 VISCOSITY OF H 2 O SATURATED WITH DISSOLVED H 2 S (mPa.s)
PRESSURE MPa
1.80 1.85 1.90 .00 2.05 2.10 Z.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
20. -R -P -R -s -9 -c -R -R -R -f? —R
25. -R -P -P -p -R -K -R -R -R -R -P
30. • »00<327 .800926 •P00925 .P00925 .800924 .800923 .800523 .800922 .800921 -K -R
3 "5. .717321 .717322 .717323 .717324 .717326 .717327 •7173?R .717329 .717330 .717331 .717332
40. .647293 .647295 .^47298 .'•47301 .647303 .647306 .647308 .647311 .647314 .647311s ,64731<;
45. .SP7993 .587997 •cRP001 .c»S00= .5PF009 .588013 .588017 .588021 .5*>B025 .588029 ,5RflO33
50. .537294 .537299 •c37304 .53730<5 .537314 .53731? .537324 .537329 .537334 .537339 .337344
TABLE A-37 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER-SATURATED H 2 S GAS (W/(m.K))
PRESSURE MPa
1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.B0
20. -R -R -R -fi -f? -P -R -R -It -R •P

25. .014796 .014799 -R -c -R -B -R -R -* -R -P
30. .015118 .015123 .015125 • 01512<i .015132 .015136 .015140 .015143 .015147 .015150 .015154
35. .015432 .015436 .015440 .015443 .015447 .015451 .015454 .Q15458 .015462 .015465 .015469
40. .015739 .015743 .015747 .015750 .01S7S4 .015756 .015762 .015765 .015769 .015773 .015777
45. .016039 .016043 .016047 .01605C .016054 .016056 .016062 .016066 .016069 .016073 .016077
50. .01633? .016336 .016340 .016344 .016348 .016352 .016355 .01*359 .016363 .016367 .016371
55. .016619 .016623 .016627 .016631 .016635 .01663? .016643 .016647 .016651 .016655 .016655
60. .016901 .016905 .016909 .016913 .016917 .016921 .016925 .016929 .016933 .016937 .016941
65. .017177 .017181 .017185 .01718? .017153 .017197 •017202 .017206 .017210 .017214 .017218
70. .017449 .017453 .01745- .017461 .01T465"" 70T746? ~ .017474 •017476 .017482 •017486 .017490
75. .017716 .017720 .017725 .01772"; .017733 .017737 .017741 •017746 .017750 .017754 .017758
80. .O17«»fiO .017984 .017988 .01799.1 .017997 .01800) .018005 •oieoio .018014 .016018 .0180?2
85. .018240 .01«245 .018249 .018253 .01P2E8 .01826? .018266 .018271 .018275 .018279 .018283
90. •01P498 .018502 .018507 .018511 .016515 .01852C .018524 .618529 .018533 .018537 .018542
95. .018753 .01P75P .018762 .018767 .018771 .016776 .018780 •012784 .018789 •018793 •01879P
100. .019007 .019011 .019016 .019020 .019025 .01902? •019034 .019038 .019043 .019047 .01905?
105. •019?59 .019264 .019268 .019273 .015277 •01928? .019287 •619291 .019296 .019300 .019305
110. .019510 .019515 .019520 .019524 .019529 .019534 .019538 .619543 .019547 .01955? .019557
115. .019761 .019766 .019771 •019776 .019780 .019785 .019790 .019794 .019799 .019804 .01980P
120. .020013 .020017 .020022 .020027 .026032 .030036 .020041 .020046 .030051 .020055 .020060
125. ,020?64 .020269 .020274 •02027S •0202P3 •02028e •02029T .620298 .020303 .020307 .020312
130. .020517 .020522 .020527 •020532 .030536 .020541 .020546 .020551 .020556 .020561 .020566
135. .020771 .020776 .020781 •020786 .0207S1 .030796 .020801 .6.20806 .020811 .020815 .020fl?0
140. .021027 •021032 .021037 .021042 .031047 .021053 .021057 .021062 .021067 .021072 .021077
145. .021286 .021291 .021296 .021301 .031306 .021311 .021316 .021321 .021326 .021332 .021317
150. .021548 .021553 .021558 .021563 .021568 .031572 .021578 .621584 •031589 .021594 .021599
155. .021B13 •02181P .021823 .021P.2P .021834 •031P3? .021844 .021849 .021854 .021859 .02186=
160. .022082 .0220P7 .022092 •022098 .032103 .022108 .022113 •022119 .022124 .022129 .022134
165. .022355 .022361 .022366 .022371 .032377 .032382 .022387 •622392 .032398 .022403 •02240P
170. ,0??*34 .022639 .022644 .022650 .0226=5 .022660 .022666 •022671 .032677 .022682 .0226P7
175. .022917 .022523 .02292R .022934 .022939 .022944 .022950 .022955 .022961 .022966 .02297?
180. .023207 .023212 .023218 .023223 .023229 .023234 .023240 .623245 .033251 .023256 .02326?
TABLE A-37 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER-SATURATED H 2 S GAS (W/(m.K))
PRESSURE MPa
l.fiO 1.P5 1 .«90 1.95 .00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.3H
?0. -P -P -P -c -P -R -R -R -R -P -p
25. -R -R -R -R -R -R -R -R -B -R -R
30. .015154 .015157 .015161 .015165 .015168 .015172 .015175 .615179 .015183 -P -R
35. .0154*9 .015473 .015476 .0154RC .0154P4 .015487 .015491 •Q15495 .015498 .015502 .015506
40. .015777 .015780 .015784 .01578P .015792 .01579= .015799 .015803 .015806 .015810 .015P14
"45. .016077 .016001 .016085 •01608S .016092 .016096 .016100 .016104 .016108 .016111 .016115
50. .016371 .016375 .016379 .016383 .016366 .016390 .016394 .016398 .016402 .01640* .016410
55. .016659 .016663 .016667 .016671 .016675 •01667E .016682 .016686 .016690 .016694 .01669P
60. .016941 .016945 .016949 .016953 .016957 .016961 .016965 .016969 .016973 .016977 .O169S1
6«5. .017218 .017222 .017226 .017230 .017234 .01723F. .C17242 •017246 .017250 .017254 •017259
70. .017490 .017494 .017498 .017502 .017507 .017511 .017515 •Q17519 .017523 .017527 .017531
75. .01775R .017762 •017767 .017771 .017775 .017779 .017763 •517788 .01779? .017796 .017800
.01802? .01P027 • 01P.031 .018035 •01P039 .018044 •01R048 •018052 .018057 .018061 .018065
eo.
85. •01P?P3 •01P28P •01P292 .018296 .016301 .018305 .018309 •018314 .018318 .01832? •0183?7
•5Q. .01*542 .01*546 .018551 .018555 .018559 .018564 .018568 .018572 .018577 .018581 .018586
95. .01H79H .01PS0? .01P807 .018P11 •OieP16 ,oi8P20 •01«824 .018829 •018633 .018838 .018842
100. .019052 .019056 • 01<5061 •019065 .019070 .019074 .019079 .619083 .019088 .019093 .019097
105. .019305 .019309 .019314 •01931P .019323 .019326 •0J9332 .619337 .019341 .019346 .019350
110. .019557 .019561 .019566 .019571 .019575 .019580 .019585 .619589 .019594 •01959e .019603
115. .019808 .019813 .019H1B .019P22 .019827 •019P32 .019836 •619841 .019846 .019851 .019855
120. .020060 .020065 .020070 .020074 .020079 .020084 .020088 •020093 .020098 .020103 .020107
125. .02031? .020317 .020322 .020327 .020331 •020336 .020341 •020346 .020351 .020356 .020360
130. .020566 .020570 .020575 .020580 .020585 .020590 .020595 •620600 .020604 .020609 .020614
135. ,0208?0 .0208?5 .020830 .020P35 .020840 •030P4C .020850 .620855 .020860 .020865 .020870
140. .021077 •0210»2 •0210P7 .021092 .021097 .021102 .021107 .621112 •021117 .021122 .021127
145. .021337 .021342 .021347 .021352 .021357 •0Z136Z -02136^ .021372 •021377 .021382 .021387
ISO. .021599 .021604 .021609 .021614 .021619 .021624 ,.021630 .021635 • 0216'0 .021645 .021650
155. .021865 .021870 .021875 .021880 .021885 .021S90 .021896 .621901 .021906 .021911 .021916
160. .022134 .022140 .022145 .022150 .022155 .022160 .022166 .622171 .022176 .022181 .022187
16S. •0?240« .022414 .022419 .022424 .022430 .02243= .022440 .622445 .022451 .022456 .022461
170. .02?687 .022693 .022698 .022703 .022709 .022714 .022720 .622725 .022730 .022736 .022741
175. .02207? .022977 .(!2?9fl2 .02298P .022993 .022999 .023004 •623010 .023015 .023021 .023026
180. .02326? .023267 .023273 •02327P •0232P4 .023289 .023295 •023300 .023306 .023311 .023317
TABLE A-38 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF HjO SATURATED WITH DISSOLVED
H2S (W/(m.K);
PRESSURE MPa
°c 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80
20. -R -R -R -c -P -K -R -R -H -R -R
2S. .014796 .014799 -R -p -R -B -R -R -R -R -R
30. ' .015118 .01=122 .015125 .015129 .015132 .01513* .015140 .615143 •015147 .015150 .015154 I
35. .01543? .01c436 .015440 .015443 .015447 .015451 .015454 .615458 .015462 .015465 .015469
40. .015739 .015743 .015747 .015750 .015754 .01575? .015762 .615765 .015769 .015773 .015777 00
45. .016039 .01*043 .01*047 .016050 .016054 .01605? .016062 .016066 .016069 .016073 .016077 1
50. .016332 •01*336 .01*340 .016344 .016348 .016352 .016355 .Q16359 .016363 .016367 .016371
55. • 016M9 .01*623 .016627 .016631 .016635 .016639 .016643 .(J16647 .016651 .016655 .01665?
60. .016901 .016905 .016909 .016913 .016917 .016921 .016925 .016929 .016933 .016937 .016941
65. .017177 .017181 .017185 ,017189 .017193 .017197 .017202 .017206 .017210 .017214 .01721P
70. .017449 .017453 .017457 .017461 .017465 .017469 .017474 .Q17478 .017482 .01748* .017490
75. .017716 .017720 .017725 .017729 .017733 .017737 .017741 .017746 .017750 .017754 •01775P
80. .017980 .017984 .017988 .017993 .017997 .018001 .018005 .618010 .018014 .018018 .018022
85. .018240 .018245 .01P249 .018253 .018258 .01826c .018266 •018271 .018275 .018279 .018283
90. .018498 .01"502 .01P507 .018511 .018515 .018520 .018524 .018529 .018533 .018537 .01854?
TABLE A-38 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF H 2 0 SATURATED WITH DISSOLVED
PRESSURE MPa
l.PO 1.8S 1.95 .00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.3"
20. -P -P -P -P -R -P -R -R -R -p -R
2S. -P -R -R -C -P -K -P -R -R -P -P
30. .015154 .015157 .015161 .01516= .015168 .015172 .015175 .615179 .015183 -R -P
35. .015469 .01^473 .015476 .015480 .015484 .015487 .015491 •615495 •015498 .015502 .015506
40. .015777 .015780 .0157*4 •01578P .015792 .015795 .015799 .015803 .015806 .015810 .015814
45. .016077 .0.6081 .01*085 .0160P-"5 .016092 .016096 .016100 .016104 .016108 ".0T6Tlt .01611=
50. .016371 .016375 .016379 • 016.183 .0H3P6 .016390 .016394 •016398 •016402 .016406 .016410
55. .01*659 .016663 .016667 .016671 .016675 .C16676 .016682 .016686 .016690 .016694 .0166^
60. .016941 .016945 .016949 .016953 .016957 .016961 .016965 .616969 .016973 .016977 .0169M
65. • 017P1R .017222 .017226 .017230 .017234 .017238 .017242 •017246 .C17250 .017254 • 0172«;<3
70". .017490 .017494 .017498 .017502 .017507 .017511 .017515 .017519 ~~ •017523 .017527 .017531
75. •01775« .017762 .017767 .017771 .017775 .017779 .017783 .017788 •017792 .017796 .017800
R0. .018022 .01*027 .01*031 .01803"? .016039 .018044 .018048 .618052 .018057 .018061 .018065
p.s. •01P2P3 •01*2RP •01P292 .018296 .018301 •01P305 .018309 .618314 .018318 .018322 .018327
90. .01*54? .01*546 .01P551 .018555 .01P559 .018564 .018568 .618572 .018577 .018581 .018586
- 170 —
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U
TEMPERATURE C
.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.S00

°c 0.000
?0. .001636 .001650 .001682 .001705 .001728 .001751 .001775 .001799 .001823 .001R47
?5. .001871 .001895 .001920 .001944 .001969 .001994 .002019 .002044 .002070 ' .002096
30. .002121 .002147 .002173 •00220& .002226 •002253 .002279 .002306 .002333 .002360
35. .002388 .002415 .002443 .00247 0 .002498 .002526 .002555 .002583 .002611 .002640
40. .002669 .00269R .002727 .002756 .002786 .002815 .002845 .002875 .002905 .002935
45. .002965 .002995 •003G?6 .003056 .66308? .063118 .003149 " .003180 - .003243
.003212
50. .003?75 .003306 .003338 .003371, .003402 .003435 .003467 .003499 .003532 .003565
55. .00359R .003631 .003664 .003657 .003731 .003764 .003798 .003831 .003865 .003899
60. .003934 .003968 .00400? .004017 .004071 .004106 .004141 .004176 .004211 .004?4f
65. .004281 .004317 .004 352 .0043P8 .004424 .004459 .004495 .004531 .004568 .004*04
70. .004640 .004677 .004713 .0 04750 .004787 .004824 .004*61 .004898 .004935 .004973
75. .005010 •00504P .0050P5 .00512:* • O0M61 .005199 .005237 .005275 .005313 .005351
RO. .005390 .005428 .00=467 .005506 ,OOt.i544 .005583 .005622 .005661 .005700 .005740
85. .005779 •005«18 .005P5P .005857 .005937 .005977 .006617 .006057 .006097 .006137
90. .006177 •006?17 .006257 .006258 .00633e .006379 .006420 .006460 .006501 .006542
95. .006583 ,0066?4 .006665 .00*70* .00*748 .006789 .006P.30 .00(872 .006913 .006955
100. .006997 .007038 .007080 .007122 .007164 .007206 .007?48 .007290 .007332 .007375
105. .007417 .007460 .007502 .007545 .007587 .007630 .007*73 .007715 .007758 •007S01
110. .007844 .007887 .007930 .007973 .00801? .008060 .008103 .00ei47 .008190 •006?33
115. .008277 .00P321 •00P364 .0OP4C? .008452 .008496 .008539 .008583 .008627 .008671
l?0. .008715 .008759 •O0P804 .P0Pfl4P • oe^r-.-? .008936 .008981 .009025 .009070 .009114
1?5. .009159 .009203 .005248 •009?5? .01 'IT .009382 .009*27 .009472 .009516 .009561
130. .009606 .009651 .005656 .009741 .009832 .009«77 .009922 .009967 .010013
135. ,01005ft .010103 .010149 .010154 .010240 .010285 .010-531 .010377 .010422 .010468
140. .010514 .010559 .010605 .010697 .010742 .010788 .010834 .010880 .010926
145. .010972 .CU01P .011064 .011110 .011157 .011203 .011?49 .611295 .611341 .011388
ISO. .011434 .0114PO .Oil 1 -?* .011573 •011619 .011666 .011712 .011758 .011805 •011851
155. .011898 .011945 .011951 .012038 .012084 .012131 .012178 .012224 .012271 •01231P
160. .012364 .012411 .O124'5« .012505 .012552 .012598 .012645 .012692 .012739 .012786
165. .012833 •0128PO .01?9?7 .012974 .013021 .013068 .013115 .013162 .013209 .013256
170. .013303 .013350 .013397 .013445 .013492 .013539 .013se6 •013633 .013681 .013728
175. .013775 .013822 .ni1P70 .C13917 .013964 .014011 .014059 .014106 .014153 .014?01
l«0. •014?48 .014295 .014343 .01435'. .014438 •0144P5 .014533 .014580 .014627 .014*75
TABLE A-41 SURFACE TENSION OF H 2 O AGAINST H 2 S VAPOUR (N/m)
PRESSURE MPa
1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.T5 1.80
20. -R -R -a -R -R -K -R -R -R -ft -R
25. .047796 .046850 -fi -R -K -R -R -P» -P •R
30. .049487 .04S615 .047743 .046871 .045999 .045127 .044255 .Q433B3 .042511 .041639 .040767
35. .050981 .050180 ,o49378 .048577 .047775 .046974 .046172 .045371 .044569 .043768 .04296*
40. .052260 .051533 .050798 .0500£'« .049329 .048594 .047659 .0^7124 .046389 .045654 .044919
45. .053339 .05*667 .051995 .051323 .050650 .64997? .049306 .048634 .047961 .647284 .646617
50. •0S41R9 .053575 .052961 .052348 .051734 .051121 .050507 .649894 .049280 .048667 .048053
55. .054813 .054254 .05-'95 ,05313f .0=2578 .052019 .051460 .650901 .060343 .049784 .049225
60. .055212 .054704 . 05<.i<56 .053688 .053180 .052672 .052164 •551657 •051149 .050641 .050133
65. .055391 .054930 .054469 .054008 .0=3546 .0=3085 .052624 .052163 • OS 1702 .051241 .050780
70. .055357 .054938 .054520 .054102 .053684 .053266 .052847 • 052429 .052011 .051593 .051175
75. .05512? .054742 .054363 .053984 .053605 .053226 .052846 .«52467 .052088 .051709 .051329
f>6. .054703 .054359 .054015 .053671 .053326 .0S29P2 .052638 • 05229' .051950 .051605 .051261
85. .054123 ,05-»810 .053497 .053184 .052871 •0S255e .052245 .051 051618 .051305 .05099?
90. .053410 •05T124 .052838 .05255? .052266 .0=1980 .051694 .0? £1122 .050836 .050550
95. .052598 .052335 .052073 .051810 .051547 .051284 .051021 ,e a8" .050496 .050233 .049970
100. .051727 .051484 .051240 .05C5V7 .650753 .0=0510 .050266 .• vO22 .049779 ,049S3'5 .04929?
105. .050846 .050618 .050389 .050161 .049933 .049704 .049476 •049248 .049019 .04879! .048563
110. .050009 .049792 .049575 .049358 .049141 .048924 .048707 .048490 .048273 .048056 .047839
il5. .049279 .049070 .048R60 .048651 .048441 .048231 .048022 .047812 .047603 • 0«i7393 .047184
120. .048730 .040524 .048318 .048112 .047906 .047699 .047493 .047287 .047081 .046875 .046669
125. .048442 .048236 .048029 .047822 .047616 .047409 .047203 .046996 .C46789 .046583 .046376
130. .048508. .048297 .048085 .047874 .047663 .047452 .047241 .647030 .046819 .046608 .046397
TABLE A-41 SURFACE TENSION OF H 2 O AGAINST H.,S VAPOUR (N/m)
PRESSURE MPa
1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 £.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
20. -R -R -R -K -R -G -R -P. -R -R -P
25. -R -R -R -C -R -C -R -R -R -R ' -R
30. .040767 .039895 .039023 .038151 .037279 .036407 .035535 .634663 .033791 -R -P
35. .042966 .042165 .041363 .040562 .039761 .038955 .038158 .637356 .036555 .035753 .034952
40. .044919 •0441P5 .043450 • 042711; .041980 .04124= .040510 .639775 .039040 .038305 .03757?
45. .046617 .045945 .045273 .044600 .043928 .043256 .042584 .041911 .041239 .040567 .039895
50. .048053 .047440 .046826 .046213 .045599 .044986 .044372 .643759 .043145 .042531 .04191P
55. .049225 •04P666 .04P107 .047549 .046990 .046431 .045872 .645314 .044755 .044196 .043637
60* .050133 .049625 .049117 .048609 .0481C1 .047593 .047085 •646577 .046069 .045561 .045053
65. .050780 .050319 .049858 .049397 .048935 .048474 .048013 .047552 .047091 .046630 .046165
70. .051175 .050757 .050338 .049920 .049502 .049084 .048666 .048247— .647829 .047411 .04699?
75. .051329 .050950 .050571 .050192 .049813 .045433 .049054 •048675 .048296 .047916 .047537
80. .051261 .050917 .050573 .05022P .0498P4 .049540 .049196 .648852 .048507 .048163 .047819
85. .05099? .050679 .050366 .050053 .045740 .049426 .049113 .048800 •048487 .048174 .047861
90. .050550 .050264 .049978 .049692 .049406 .049120 •048834 .(J48548 .048262 .047976 .047690
95. .049970 .049707 .049444 .049182 .048919 .048656 .048393 .048130 .047867 .047605 .047342
100. .04929? .04904P .04P804 .048561 .048317 .048074 .047P30 .Q47S86 .047343 .047099 .046856
105. .048563 •04P334 .048106 .04787P .047650 •047421 .047193 •046965 .046736 .04G50P •046?80
110. .047839 .047622 .047405 .0471RP .046971 .046754 .046537 •646320 .046103 .045886 .045669
H«5. .047184 .046974 .046764 .046555 .046345 .046136 .045926 •645716 .045507 .045297 .04508P
120. .046669 .046463 .046256 .046050 .045844 .045638 .045432 •645226 .045620 .044614 " .044667
125. .046376 .046169 .045963 .045756 .045549 .045343 .045136 •644930 .044723 .044516 .044310
130. .046397 .046186 .045975 .045763 .045552 .045341 .045130 •644919 .044708 .044497 .044286
- 175-
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- 184 —
APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
psx atm torr

1 pascal (Pa) 1. 4504x10"* 9.86923x10"6 7.50062x10"
1 lbf/in. (psi) 6.89476x103 1 6.8046x10"2 51.7149
pressure 1 atmosphere (atm) 1.01325xl05 14.696 1 760
1 torr (=1 mm Hg) 1.33322xl02 1.93368x10" 1.31579x10"s 1
1 bar = 100 kPa = 10 s Newton/m2
m 3 /mol ftVlbf mol
3
molar volume 1 m /mol 16.0185
1 ft3/Ik mol = 0.0624280 1
1 litre/mol = 1 dm3/mol
kJ/kg kcal/kg Btu/lb pcu/lb
1 kJ/kg 1 0.238845 0.429923 0.238845 I
Specific 1 kcal/kg 1.8
Enthalpy 4.1868 1 00
1 Btu/lb 2.3260 0.555556 1 0.555556

1 pcu/lb 4.1868 1 1.8 1
1 pcu (pound-centigrade unit) « 9/5 Btu
J/mol cal/mol Btu/lb mol pcu/lb mol
1 J/mol 1 0.238845 0.429923 0.238845
Molar 1 cal/mol 4.1868 1 1.8 1
Enthalpy 1 Btu/lb mol 2.3260 0.555556 1 0.555556
1 pcu/lb mol 4.1868 1 1.8 1
kJ/(kg.K) kcal/(kg.K) Btu/(lb.°F) pcu/(lb.°C)
Specific 1 kJ/(kg.K) 1 0.238846 0.238846 0.238846
Entropy or 1 kcal/(kg.K) 4.1868 1 1 1
Specific Heat 1 Btu/(lb.°F) 4.1868 1 1 1
Capacity 1 pcu/(lb.°C) 4.1868 1 1 1
K/(mol.K) cal/(mol.K) Btu/(lb-mol.°F) pcu/(lb-mol. C)
Molar Entropy 1 J/(mol.K) 1 0.238846 0.238846 0.238846
or Molar 1 cal/(mol.K) 4.1868 1 1 1
Heat 1 Btu/(lb-mol. F) 4.1868 1 1 1
1 pcu/(lb-mol, 3 1 1
Capacity 4.1868 1
APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued)
kg/(m.s) poise lbf/(ft.s) mPa. s

1 kg/(m.s) 1 10 0.671969 1000
Dynamic 1 poise 0.1 1 0.0671969 100
Viscosity 1 lbf/(ft.s) 1.48816 14.8816 1488.16
1 mPa.s 0.001 0.01 0.000671969 1
W/(m.K) kcal/(m.h.K) Btu/(ft.h.°F)
1 W/(m.K) 1 0.85984 0.577789
Thermal 1 kcal/(m.h.X) = 1.1630 1 0.671969
Conductivity 1 Btu/(ft.h.OF) = 1.73073 1.48816 1
1 pcu/(ft.1i.°C) = 1 Btu/(ft .h.°F)
cm 2 / s ft 2 /h
Diffusivity 1 cm 22 /s 1 3.87501
1 ft /h = 0.258064 1
N/m dyne/cm lbf/ft
1 N/m 1 1000 6.85218xl0"2
Surface 1 dyne/cm 0.001 1 6.85218x10"5
Tension 1 lbf/ft = 14.5939 14593.9 1
Values of the Universal Gas Constant R in Various Units

R = 8.3143 J/(mol.K) or dm3.kPa/(mol.K)
= 0.082055 dm 3 , atm/(mol.K)
= 62.361 mm Hg.dm3/(mol.K)
= 1.9858 cal/(mol.K)
= 1.9858 Btu/(lb-mol.°F)
= 21.85 in Hg.ft3/(lb-mol.°R)
The International Standard Serial Number
ISSN 0067-0367
has been assigned to this series of reports.
To identify individual documents in the series

\ we have assigned an AECL—number.
Please refer to the AECL-number when

requesting additional copies of this document
from
Scientific Document Distribution Office

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
KOJ 1J0
Price $9.00 per copy
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AECL-5702

ATOMIC ENERGY m£tt L'ENERGIE ATOMIQOE

GIROLER-SULFIDE PROCESS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

H.J. NEUBURG, J.F. ATHERLEY and L.G. WALKER

Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories

Chalk River, Ontario

H.3. Uzu.bu.KQ, J.F. kthzilty and L.G. Walkzx.

Chemical Engineering Branch

H.J. Neuburg, J.F. Atherley et L.G. Walker

L'Energie Atomique du Canada, Limitée

H.3. Unu.bu.fLQ, J . F . Ath<LHlo.y and L.G. Walke.1

A computer program capable of calculating properties

Chemical Engineering Branch

APPENDIX A T. Tables of Properties 106

A basic set of physical properties of the H 2 S-H 2 0

When GS Process studies commenced at Chalk River

The present publication is a completely revised

Many properties calculated in AECL-4255 have been

All properties in the present report are given in SI

Revisions and updating of this report will be made with

Bebbington, W.P., Thayer, V.R., and Proctor, J.F.,

f. PHASE V1AGRAMS OF GS PROCESS MATERIALS

A knowledge of the phase properties of materials is

Thermodynamic principles alone such as the phase rule

to calculate the properties of a phase under conditions

2.7 P-I/-T Su/i6ac.e.& o& Vaftz H20 and H2S

Figures 2.1 and 2.2 illustrate the P-V-T surfaces

2.2 ?-T-K[V) SafL^aati ion the. Blnaiy Syitzm

For a two-component system existing as a single phase,

coexisting. The information needed to represent the several

Figure 2.6 shows a temperature-composition diagram at a

Triple point line \

FIGURE 2.1 p-V-T SURFACE AND PROjECliONS FOR FLO

FIGURE 2.2 p-V-T SURFACE AND PROJECTIONS FOR H 2 S

H 2 S LIQUID AND flQUEOUS LIQUID

QUADRUPLE POINT Gas

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1G0 110 120

AQUEOUS LIQUID AND GAS

HYDRATE AND H 2 S LIQUID

AQUEOUS LIQUID AND GAS

AQUEOUS LIQUID GAS

3. FTXEP P0IWT PROPERTIES OF WATER, HVVROGEN SULF1VE, ANV THE

3.1 Tlxzd Point and Condzntzd Thufimophysical Datafaon.Watzfi

Table 3.1 presents the important fixed point properties

Molecular weight H 2 0 18.05 g/mol

REFERENCES FOR TABLES 3.7 and 3.2

1. The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968.

2. Clark, A.M,. Cockett, A.H., and E' ner, H.S., Proc.

MOTES FOR TABLE 3.3

e) The Pitzer accentric factor is defined as W = -log(Ps/Pc)

Pressure Temperature Mole Fraction of H 2 S Coexisting Re ferenc*

(a) Value of Selleck et al. (Reference 4) obtained by extrapolating

4. THEMOPHVSICAL PROPERTIES OF HVVROGEN SULTIVE

4.1 Vapoun. Pha&e. PKopzKtl<n> oh H2S

4.1.1 P-V-T Pxope.KtizA and Equation* o& State. {Table A-JJ

Numerous equations of state have been developed up to

For a pure substance, the virial coefficients depend only on

constants a and b are related to the critical temperature and

To be consistent in the use of the equation of state,

Quantitative data on the volumetric properties of

Other Equations of State for H 2 S Gas

Besides the Redlich-Kwong and the usual virial equations,

Starling (10) extended to eleven the number of